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New Era of Life, Singularity and Pakistan

Hassan Rauf
hassanrauf_786@hotmail.com
Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Abstract
This paper discusses the different era of life from the beginning of the universe and highlights the
previous eras. Previous eras represent their age limitations according to the evolutions made in human
history with the passage of time. In this paper the new upcoming era is also discussed that what will be it
in real? Technological singularity is hypothetical technological process to develop the artificial
intelligence smarter than human. In the field of artificial intelligence main purpose and target of all
studies and research to achieve it. This study also reports the position of Pakistan if singularity is achieved
then what will be the status of Pakistan in the worlds economy. Will Pakistan exist on the world map
after the achieving the technological singularity? Will Pakistan meet the world challenges and can move
besides of other countries? What is the role of Pakistan in the achievement?

Keywords: Spike Neural network, Neural Pattern, Molecular Nanotechnology, Genetic Engineering.

Introduction: towards development of super intelligence

The discipline of machine consciousness is
yet in progress to achieve and to make
machine intelligent in behavior. Artificial
intelligence, machine learning and
consciousness, on one side highlight and set
the new level of sophistication and
satisfaction for the development of bio-
inspired machine intelligence and
consciousness then on other side also force
to think, make it safe for the human
beneficial use. Different models and
framework are given by many scientists and
inventors, some models are spike neural
network based, some are memories and
emotional modules based, some are based
on cognitive, motivation, implicit, explicit
processes and some are based on quantum
level. But no one can claim that the given
model, framework or architecture fully bio-
inspired and can create intelligence and
consciousness in machine as in human.
Technological singularity is hypothetical
technological process which leads us
and molecular nanotechnology.
Eras of Life:
First Era (Classical Science mainly Physics
and Chemistry): According to the majority
of scientists and engineers they considered
that first era is classical science (Physics and
Chemistry etc.) when this universe came
into being. In this era the main focusing
point of scientific theory is atomic structure,
subatomic particles, their behavior and their
properties. It is most complex, complicated
to find and measure the movements of
subatomic particles in nature.
Second Era (Beginning of Life, Human
bodys structure and DNA): This time period
in the universe is started when life came into
being on the Earth. Science became more
and more complex and complicated;
organisms are conscious in their self-
production and cure themselves. This era of
time is combination of many evolutions and
generations of human life. In this era, the

main substance or particle or say basic
phenomenon is DNA of human and its
working. Genetic information of human
body is stored in DNA.
Third Era (Human Brain): This era of life
is mainly concern about complex living
organism and evolution of life, which
produce the fast control system for human to
think about this universe and give raise the
evolution of brain. With brain, organisms
can change the behavior and can adjust the
environment, and brain learns from the past
experiences, the working process of brain is
mind and it can control the whole body
system. In other words, mind is the main and
executive control system of human body and
it works according to the neural patterns, the
relative change of neurons in the brain
which causes the cognitive process (which is
the process of thoughts). The source and
storage area of information is neural
patterns.
Forth Era (Engineering & Technology):
The climax of evolution of life is the
evolution of brain. Brain causes to think
about the surroundings and make sense
about them by applying the experimental
approach, and make useful technologies
from those results. Creation or development
of technology design is also an evolution.
Technology is dependent of hardware,
software, empirical studies and experimental
approach. Currently we are passing in this
era and now at very this time we are at
climax of this era.
Fifth Era (Mergence of Artificial Human
Intelligence in Machines): According to the
futurists of science and technology, we have
just entered in this stage in which
technology will reach at its best level of
sophistication and become complex,
complicate and comparable to the biological
organisms of human brain. At this stage, we
are able to merge the human intelligence in
to the machine to become it intelligent as
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human, machines may learn from its
experiences, may think as human do, make
decision about any problem and solve it
well.
Singularity:
Sixth Era (The Transcendent of Human [1],
Genetic evolution through molecular
nanotechnology, [3] Reformation of Human
Brain or mind artificially [1]): After the
success of biological and technological
evolutions, the human civilization will move
on towards the finding and exploring the
universe, beyond the universe that what is
happening? and beyond the limitation of
human thinking, by development of artificial
and strong intelligence in machines. The
famous author, inventor, and futurist Dr.
Raymond Kurzweil name this era of life is
Singularity. Singularity term is used in
mainly physics and mathematics, in physics
it is used for the centre of black holes
which is centre of strong force which is
attracting each and every thing towards itself
and in mathematics it is used for the
function which is infinite in their behavior.
Singularity is combinations of many
important, complexes, widely use
technologies and terminologies such as
Artificial Intelligence, genetic engineering,
direct brain-computer interfacing, reverse
brain engineering and ultra high resolution
brain scanning by using computer
emulation. Combination of above mentioned
technologies with different engineering
fields like electrical, mechanical,
mechatronics and biological will raise the
threshold level of sophistication, which
causes the creation of intelligence smarter
than human.
Ray Kurzweil gives many postulates and
laws for the singularity. One of them as
stated, The Law of Accelerating Returns
implies exponential- and non-linear growth
in technological capabilities and human
knowledge. Information technologies are

experiencing superexponential growth since
human economic investment in them
increases as they become more powerful.
[1]
Nanotechnologies play a very important and
wide use in the development of artificial
human brain or constructing the emulation
of brain for the machines. Well structured
and programmed Nanobots will be
alternative of human neurons in machines.
By using nanotechnologies, advance
nanomachines will be created and this will
lead the human and machine to increase the
computational power.
Benefits and Risks:
It was a memorable speech in California
when Dr. Raymond Kurzweil, introduced a
human machine. Dr. Kurzweil said that By
making machines smarter-than-human
intelligence , or by equipping humans
with devices better than their brains, and,
ultimately, transferring human intelligence
to artificial devices.
This is artificial intelligence, but holds your
horses because it is very costly and cost for
a week is about 25,000 to half a million
USD excluding the maintenance cost. Like
your cells and laptops, it will charge and
without charging you may consider in the
current fast moving time that you are going
to face death, cut off from the life and you
will die sudden socially and economically in
the society. In an animated movie named
Nine in which human made the robots and
mechanical men and those robots and
machine take over the world and will
become more power full than human and
human goes to extinct. So, what I think now
that in the current situation of the world
when man is enemy of man, it is very
dangerous that you are going to armed the
brain of man with that machine. A British
mathematician named I. J. Good described
as all this as intelligent explosion [2] said:
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Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined
as a machine that can far surpass all the
intellectual activities of any man however
clever. Since the design of machines is one
of these intellectual activities, an
ultraintelligent machine could design even
better machines; there would then
unquestionably be an intelligence
explosion, and the intelligence of man
would be left far behind. Thus the first
ultraintelligent machine is the last invention
that man need ever make.[2]
The British mathematician I. J. Good said
correctly according to the facts and figure of
the current situation. Think about the
negative side, firstly human race will
become more effected and race will wipe
out because the machine will get more
power than human and a sudden time will
come when machine will program itself,
make the change in programming and
denied to accept the human speech or order
and make decision according to their own
wish. So forget the nuclear bombs, think of
this that it is more dangerous and harmful
for the human life, for world and for
universe. The lifestyle of the human will
change, there wont be any heart attack, no
cancer no disease you will have a shield
against diseases as small as the common
cold and machine armed men will lose the
human ethics, attitude, behavior, social and
moral values.
These machines also have benefit over the
life and death. If you are equipped with this
kind of machine and at the age of 60-65
which is average age limit of human now a
days, if you feel that you are going to die
then you recharge this machine and may live
for over a hundred year or may be more then
hundred year. But a billionaire can only real
buy this machine and make it maintain
according to the requirements because its
price is very high.
Singularity and Pakistan:

Pakistan is under progress country in every
field of life either social sciences or natural
sciences. But according to the world plan,
the existence of Pakistan is more alarming in
the current circumstances. From the creation
of Pakistan until now, we are unable to
establish a national policy to meet the world
challenges. In Pakistan, still we cant
overcome the main social, economical
problems and unable to provide the basic
needs of life such as food, clean water for
life, houses to live safe, education, per
person income, electricity, natural gas, a
well structured infrastructure for a good life.
Still we didnt set the national objective.
In Pakistan, the main hindrances and factors
which hamper in the progress are dual
education systems, elite class economy, lack
of awareness, absence of knowledge, lack of
political vision, insecurities, injustice, non-
serious attitude and put down back our
Islamic traditions, ethics and moral values.
Pakistan is rising in research field; e. g a
method has been discovered to deliver the
drug for the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
and spinal cord at a time for the treatment of
patient of brain tumors by Pakistani
neurosurgeons. In scientific knowledge and
technological development Pakistan is much
behind as compared to the other countries.
Developed countries are about to enter in the
fifth era as mentioned in the above and we
are finding out just that where are we going.
Conclusion:
This study reports the new era of the life
which is going to start after few years. New
era of life is the age of technological
singularity. Moores law depicts that the
number of circuits become double with the
passage of each year. But Kurzweil
postulates a law of accelerating returns in
which the speed of technological change
increases exponentially. The Singularity will
allow us to transcend the limitations of our
biological bodies and brains. It is unclear
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whether an intelligence explosion of this
kind would be beneficial or harmful, or even
an existential threat for humanity.
In the aspect of singularity, for Pakistan it is
very difficult to survive in the machine age.
The energy crisis of Pakistan are alarming
situation because world is going to
transcendent the human and people are still
living in Dark Age without basic needs of
life. But it is easy to say that will not exist
on the map of world but reality is totally
different but on the cost of pains and drastic
situations.
Discussion:
For the creation of intelligent and
consciousness in machine it is very
important and essential to find the right way
in which objective can be achieved. Super
intelligence and molecular nanotechnology
may be alternative of human intelligence or
more power full. Technological singularity
is only way in which human intelligence can
be merge in to machine intelligence. It is
very important to understand and simulate
the human brain. Human consists of almost
ten billion neurons and each neuron make
the connection with neighbor neurons and
no of connections can be vary according to
the situation which is facing currently.
Simulations of ten billion neurons need very
large capacity of memory in computer which
is almost million of gigabytes. According to
the futurists such a high capacity of memory
is available in second or third decade of the
running century. After the successful
simulation of human brain, it is quite
possible to develop the humanoid. [1]
All of above the singularity is used for the
Black Holes. To solve the mysterious
phenomena and beyond the universe
scientist, engineers and inventors have
manufactured the high energy producing X-
ray machine named Z-machine [4]. Pakistan
is nuclear power and made many
achievements and inventions which are
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important for its survival. Singularity term is

not fixed only for the field of computer
science, Artificial intelligence or machine
consciousness but it is for every field of
science and technology [5].
References
1. Singularity is Near by author Dr.
Kurzweil.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technol
ogical_singularity.
3. Repturing the Nanotech Repture
publish in proceeding of IEEE by
Richard A.L. Jones / June 2008.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/z-
machine.
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/achieve
ments_and_inventations_of_Pakistan