466 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO.
2, FEBRUARY 2015
A Novel Wideband Differentially-Fed Higher-Order
Mode Millimeter-Wave Patch Antenna
Dian Wang, Student Member, IEEE, Kung Bo Ng, Member, IEEE, Chi Hou Chan, Fellow, IEEE, and
Hang Wong, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper presents a novel differentially-fed wide-
band patch antenna working at millimeter-wave band. The
antenna is fabricated using conventional low-cost printed-cir-
cuit-board and plated-through-hole technologies and the patch
size of the element has been enlarged by exploiting higher-order
mode operation for good fabrication tolerance. The antenna
element is a 0.86 guided wavelength ( at 60 GHz) long patch
shorted at one end. A slot of 0.09 in width is introduced on
the shorted patch and the distance between the slot center to the
other end of the patch is 0.5 . The shorted patch resonates
at mode and the 0.46 patch, created by presence of
the slot, operates at mode. The combination of these two
modes broadens the impedance bandwidth of the element to
18%. Asymmetric radiation patterns in the E-plane and large
cross-polarization levels in the H-plane generated by a single patch
are eradicated by feeding two mirrored elements differentially.
The designed differentially-fed prototype has more than 18%
measured impedance bandwidth, stable gain at 910 dBi and
symmetric and stable radiation patterns across the operating
band from 56 to 67 GHz.
Index TermsBandwidth enhancement, differential feed,
higher-order mode, millimeter wave, patch antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ILLIMETER-WAVE (MMW) wireless communica-
tions system is one of the hottest topics in recent years
for today's ever-increasing demand for faster data transmission
rate in vast applications. This frequency band provides not only
sufficient unlicensed bands but also a much higher transmission
rate at the level of Gb/s. At the same time, oxygen absorp-
tion of MMW, especially in the 60 GHz window, limits the
transmission to short range, resulting in lower interference and
higher security level. Therefore, MMW communications draws
much attention for its potential in wireless personal network
(WPAN) applications [1], [2]. Today many countries have
already set up their frequency band standards around 60 GHz
[1] for high-speed and short-range communications system
in which wideband, low-cost and high-performance 60 GHz
antennas are essential components. At 60 GHz, the systems
can benefit from the small antenna footprint. On the other
Manuscript received June 15, 2014; revised September 22, 2014; accepted
November 03, 2014. Date of publication December 05, 2014; date of current
version January 30, 2015. This work was supported by the Research Grants
Council of Hong Kong SAR, China, under Project CityU110609.
The authors are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves (Hong
Kong), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (e-mail: aeolus@live.hk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2378263
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
hand, minute size of 60 GHz antennas necessitates expensive
fabrication cost as well as strict requirements on fabrication
processes and facilities. In [3], a high-gain 8-by-8 microstrip
patch array and a low-gain 10-cell uniform line width rampart
antenna were developed. At the 60 GHz band, the size of these
antenna arrays is only a few square centimeters but the required
etching tolerance is 10 microns. Thus, unlike conventional
low-frequency band antennas, a more accurate fabrication
technology is needed which essentially increases the antenna
cost. In [4], an integrated active patch antenna array using
benzocyclobutene (BCB) and silicon substrate was proposed
and fabricated. Each antenna element is a cavity-backed patch
with dimensions 1.53 mm by 2.13 mm. Again, due to the small
size of the antenna it is hard to achieve an antenna array where
many identical elements are required. When the antennas are
fabricated, the center frequency varies as much as 3% from
wafer to wafer while their bandwidth is only 1.5% which is not
acceptable.
There are also many on-chip antennas fabricated on silicon
[5][10]. These antennas are highly integrated with the radio
systems. However, besides the fabrication tolerance problems,
they suffer from very low gain. Antenna in package provides
solutions for gain improvement [11][17]. In [11][14], var-
ious antenna designs based on LTCC technology have been pro-
posed. The antennas have much design flexibility since it is rel-
atively easy for LTCC to realize multilayer structures. These
antennas have achieved good gain performance. Nevertheless,
they are complex in structure and the fabrication process re-
quires a longer turn-around time and it is also costly.
Recently, printed-circuit-board (PCB) technology is also
popular in millimeter-wave antenna design, for its low cost and
standardized fabrication process [17][20]. These antennas are
simple with good gain and sufficient bandwidth. However, they
suffer from asymmetric radiation pattern or high cross-polar-
ization level. Dielectric resonator antenna [21], [22] is also a
potential candidate for 60 GHz applications. It provides simple
design with higher efficiency, but the profile is relatively high
and the bandwidth is around 11% [22]. In addition, many highly
integrated 60 GHz radios implemented on silicon are designed
with differential signals [23][25]. They take advantage of
lower noise, higher linearity and lower offset, etc. [26]. Thus,
a differentially-fed antenna is more attractive but the antennas
mentioned above are all designed with single feed signal which
may need an external balun for system integration.
To address the fabrication cost, tolerance and differential
signal issues, alternate solutions are proposed in this paper.
The design based on higher-order mode patch antenna is
WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA
Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed wideband higher-order mode patch element.
physically larger in size. It can be easily fabricated with ex-
isting PCB technology for cost reduction. However, there are
limited works on rectangular higher-order mode patch due to
undesirable radiation pattern and narrow impedance bandwidth
[27]. They either have end-fire radiation patterns or large side
lobes. In this paper, techniques are employed for eliminating
undesirable side lobes and shaping the radiation patterns to
broadside direction. A much wider impedance bandwidth has
also been achieved. Furthermore, a differentially-fed antenna
is eventually designed to cover the entire 60 GHz band from
57 to 64 GHz. This simple and cost effective antenna promises
a lower cross-polarization level, symmetric radiation patterns
and easier integration with differential active devices.
II. WIDEBAND HIGHER-ORDER MODE PATCH ELEMENT
To cover the whole band of 60 GHz standards, a wideband an-
tenna is required. However, for regular higher-order mode patch
antennas, only a few percent bandwidth can be achieved which
cannot meet the requirement. A wideband higher-order mode
element has been reported in [28]. In this section, its working
mechanism is investigated and design flow is presented.
A. Element Geometry and Working Principle
The geometry of the higher-order mode patch element is
shown in Fig. 1. It is designed at millimeter-wave band using
Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant
( at 60 GHz) and thickness
(0.08 ). The patch, printed on the substrate, has a length and
width . The shorting pins are fabricated by plated-through-hole
technique. A probe is fed to the patch to excite the antenna
element. There is a slot with width located near the shorting
pins. The distance between the center of the slot and the op-
posing edge of the patch is . All the parameters involved are
listed in Fig. 1.
The design starts from a traditional rectangular patch with a
length 1.5 working at mode. This higher-order mode
patch has better fabrication tolerance. However, the conven-
tional higher-order mode patch results in two undesirable side
467
Fig. 2. Current distribution for (a) the shorted higher-order mode patch and (b)
the shorted higher-order mode patch with slot at 61 GHz.
Fig. 3. Current distribution of the fundamental mode for shorted higher-order
mode patch with slot at 55 GHz.
lobes on the E-plane along the length of the patch where the
major current flows. Shorting pins are thus added to remove
the side lobes and their inclusion also reduces the patch to 0.86
. Comparing with a conventional half-wavelength rectangular
patch operating at mode printed on the same substrate
where the length is about 0.46 , the antenna is enlarged to
about 1.87 times along the current direction. With the presence
of the shorting pins, the antenna retains similar fabrication tol-
erance as the original higher-order mode patch (with length of
1.5 ).
To enhance the bandwidth, a slot near the shorting pins is
introduced and the parameters ( and ) need to be carefully
tuned. Thus, the added slot does not destroy the original oper-
ation mode of the shorted patch and allows an addi-
tional resonance . These two modes work in close fre-
quency range so that the antenna can achieve a wider band-
width. Fig. 2(a) shows the current distribution on the shorted
higher-order mode patch. The currents flow in opposite direc-
tions along the patch and there is a zero current point at about
one third of the patch from the shorting pins. To introduce an-
other resonance, the slot must be located at that zero current
point so that the original higher-order mode will not be de-
stroyed. A shown in Fig. 2(b), after adding the slot at the right
position, the current distribution on the patch remains the same
as that in Fig. 2(a) at higher frequency band (around 61 GHz).
In contrast, the current distribution at 55 GHz shown in Fig. 3 is
quite different from the one shown in Fig. 2(b) at 61 GHz,
the current is mainly distributed on the portion of the patch
without the shorting pins. Thus, it implies another resonance
mode . To further investigate the two resonant modes,
468 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2015

Fig. 5. Reflection coefficients of three types of patches.

Fig. 4. Comparison of the normalized along the center line of the proposed
antenna with (a) the fundamental mode patch and (b) the shorted higher-order
mode patch.

we explored the electric field along the center line of the patch.
Figs. 4(a) and (b) show the magnitudes of the electric field
normal to the plane where the patch resides , at 55 GHz
and 61 GHz, respectively. Here is normalized to its peak
value and the total length of the proposed patch is normalized
to 1 as depicted in Figs. 4(a) and (b). It should be pointed out
that is the only component on the conductor and off the con-
ductor, the electric field has other components. The shorting pins
are located at the normalized distance of 0.84 to 1, resulting in
in this distance range for the proposed antenna and
the shorted higher-order mode patch. At 55 GHz, the distribu-
tion of generated by the proposed patch is similar to that of
a fundamental mode patch (0.46 long). At higher frequency
band, e.g., 61 GHz, more resembles to that of a shorted
higher-order mode patch. The discrepancy in at the nor-
malized distance of 0.530.64 (location of the slot) is due to the
presence of the slot and the electric field is no longer purely in
z direction. Thus, is reduced.

B. Antenna Element Performance

To validate the proposed wideband patch element, a proto-
type of this patch antenna was fabricated based on parameters
given in Fig. 1. The antenna is driven by a probe feed at a proper
position. The antenna performance is shown in Fig. 5. The sim-
ulated reflection coefficient shows 18% impedance bandwidth
from 53.5 to 64 GHz for the reflection coefficient less than 10
dB. Measured result of the fabricated prototype also confirms
well with the simulation result. By combining the higher-order
mode and fundamental mode operations, bandwidth of the pro-
posed antenna can be greatly improved. The simulated result of
Fig. 6. Radition patterns of the shorted higher-order mode patch with slot.
the shorted higher-order mode antenna and fundamental mode
antenna are compared in the same graph to demonstrate the
bandwidth enhancement effect. In addition, Fig. 6 shows the ra-
diation patterns from 55 GHz to 63 GHz. The patterns keep rel-
atively stable across the band. Nevertheless, due to structural
asymmetry, they are asymmetric in the E-plane which is the
WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA
Fig. 7. Parametric study on patch length .
Fig. 8. Parametric study on slot width .
xz-cut in Fig. 1. The current component going in the y direc-
tion is very small which results in very low cross-polarization
level in the E-plane. On the contrary, the currents going through
the feeding pin and shorting pins are much stronger. This is the
main reason for the higher end-fire cross-polarization level in
the H-plane. It is also worth noting that the larger cross-polariza-
tion level at the higher frequency band is due to the stronger cur-
rents going through the shorting pins as shown in Fig. 2(b) com-
paring with those in Fig. 3. The undesirable cross-polarization
level degrades the performance of the antenna.
C. Parametric Studies and Design Flow
In the following, parametric studies are carried out for
guiding the design. Due to the simple structure, there are only
three critical parameters, viz., the length of the patch , the
width of the slot and the position of the slot from the edge of
the patch . When one parameter is studied, all other parameters
are fixed at the values shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 7 shows the simulated results of the reflection coefficient
when varying the length of the patch . As expected, when the
length is increased the resonant frequency shifts down towards
a lower frequency. In Figs. 8 and 9, the variation on the param-
eters of the slot is critical for the patch design. The width and
position of the slot not only have influence on the resonant fre-
quency of the patch, but also have great effects on bandwidth
469
Fig. 9. Parametric study on slot position .
Fig. 10. Resonant frequencies for different modes versus the slot position, ,
for different values of slot width, .
and matching condition. Improper design of the parameters will
result in either narrower bandwidth or poorer matching condi-
tion. The main reason for this can be explained by the antenna
structure and its operating principle as the wideband operation is
achieved by the combination of two resonant modes mentioned
previously and these two modes are mainly affected by the po-
sition and width of the slot.
Fig. 10 demonstrates further investigation on the design of the
slot. The resonance of the antenna cavity is simulated by HFSS
and it gives the relationship of two modes' eigen-resonant fre-
quencies versus the slot width and position. From Fig. 10, it is
much easier to understand that the position of the slot mainly
controls the separation of two modes' resonances. For the same
slot width, when is around 1.7 mm, resonances of the two
modes are closer to each other which implies a better merging
of two modes for widening the bandwidth. Other values will
result in further separation of the resonances of the two modes.
This gives explanation for cases shown in Fig. 9 where the two
modes are not well located to provide wideband performance.
At the same time, for the same position of the slot, the width
of the slot also has great impact, especially on the fundamental
mode. It is because the slot itself does not destroy higher-order
mode much, as analyzed previously. Thus, this parameter is crit-
ical for adjusting the modes for better bandwidth performance.
470 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2015

III. DIFFERENTIAL HIGHER-ORDER MODE PATCH ANTENNA

In many 60 GHz radios, differential signal is adopted for
better system performance as mentioned previously. Thus a
differentially-fed antenna has the advantage of easier integra-
tion with active devices and also better radiation characteristics.
In this section, a new differential patch antenna will be demon-
strated based on the wideband shorted higher-order mode patch
element. The antenna fully covers the typical 60 GHz band
from 57 to 64 GHz. It can achieve symmetric radiation pat-
terns and much lower cross-polarization levels. In addition,
the proposed antenna is simple and takes the advantage of in-
tegration with differential signal based ICs directly without an
external balun.

A. Antenna Geometry and Working Principle

The antenna structure is shown in Fig. 11. It employs two
mirrored wideband patch elements, with an external waveguide
fixture which could provide wideband differential signal [29],
[30]. The waveguide fixture is needed as our measurement fa-
cility does not currently have a differential input at 60 GHz
band. The fixture has a waveguide-to-finline transition followed
by a finline-to-offset-parallel-coupled-strip transition to form
the differential feed. The left and right portions of the transi-
tion are printed on the opposite sides of a Duroid 5880 sub-
strate with a thickness of 0.127 mm as shown in Fig. 11. The
key parameters of the transition are also listed in the figure. In
addition, two columns of shorting pins are fabricated to reduce
field leakage through the slits between the two waveguide split
blocks. The patch element has been tuned to a slightly shorter
length at 0.82 to shift the working frequency up to 60 GHz
band. All the other parameters are identical to the element patch
except . The position of the slot also needs to be tuned ac-
cordingly to maintain the wideband characteristics. The sepa-
ration between the two mirrored patches is . It is limited by the
feeding structure. Nevertheless, it only has minor effects on the
radiation patterns and input impedance. The antenna is differen-
tially fed by two pins with each pin through a small aperture on
the ground plane connected to one of the offset parallel-coupled
strips.
Due to the differential feed design, the antenna not only has
the advantage of wideband characteristic of the single element,
but also eradicates radiation pattern problems of the single el-
ement. The design achieves symmetric radiation patterns and
much lower cross-polarization levels. Shown in Fig. 12, the
current on the differentially-fed patch is symmetric and 180 de-
grees out of phase for both modes. This current distribution also
conforms to the analysis in Section II. As one can observe, cur-
rents going through the shorting pins on one patch is comparable
with its image counterpart in amplitude, but with different direc-
tion. This leads to cancelation of the radiation in the far field in
the H-plane and results in much lower cross-polarization com-
paring with the single element design. Furthermore, the antenna
is fabricated on a single layer substrate by standard PCB process
which is cost effective for integration with ICs. In this design the
differential feed can be connected to differential signals from
the IC without the waveguide transition. Either flip chip or bond Fig. 11. Antenna geometry with waveguide transition, top, 3-D and cross-sec-
wire technology can be adopted for the connection. tional views.
WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA 471

Fig. 14. Simulated and measured refection coefficients and gains.

Fig. 12. Current distribution on differentially-fed patch for different frequen-

cies. The dark arrows represent the directions of the horizontal and vertical
currents.

Fig. 13. Photos of fabricated antenna prototype with waveguide transition. (a)
Topside view of the antenna. (b) Sectional view of the waveguide transition. (c)
Bottom view of the waveguide transition.

B. Simulation and Measurement Result

To examine the performance of the antenna, the prototype
was fabricated and shown in Fig. 13. Reflection coefficient
was measured by a millimeter-wave Agilent Network Analyzer
ranging from DC up to 67 GHz. The measured and simulated
reflection coefficients are plotted in Fig. 14. The proposed
antenna covers the band of 55 GHz to 66 GHz, (reflection co-
efficient 10 dB) in measurement which includes almost all
the 60 GHz band standards around the world [1]. For gain and
radiation pattern measurements, an in-house millimeter-wave
chamber was employed. The gain of the antenna shown in
Fig. 14 is stable across the band of interest which is higher than
Fig. 15. Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 56, 60 and 64 GHz.
9 dBi. The measured radiation patterns at 56, 60 and 64 GHz
are shown in Fig. 15. The measured patterns only show results
from to due to limitation of the facility. Both E-
and H-plane have broadside and symmetric radiation patterns. IV. CONCLUSION
The measured cross-polarization level is more than 20 dB In this paper, a shorted higher-order mode patch antenna
lower than the co-polarization which is much better than that element with a slot has been investigated. The designed element
of the single element. The slight differences between simulated has much better tolerance and bandwidth than conventional
and measured results are due to facility sensitivity, leakage of half-wavelength patch. Different parameters are also studied
the waveguide fixture and some minor alignment problems. for the patch element and detail design flows are described.
Nevertheless, they still fit each other quite well. Based on the wideband element, a new differentially-fed
472 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2015
higher-order mode patch antenna was designed. The antenna
works at millimeter-wave band and has more than 18% (reflec-
tion coefficient 10 dB) measured impedance bandwidth
with stable 910 dBi gain across the band which covers most
frequency band standards at 60 GHz. It also has symmetric
radiation patterns and low cross-polarization levels consistently
across the operating band. Furthermore, this work is based
on single layer design and standard PCB process, making it
simple and easy for fabrication. Differentially-fed arrangement
also allows the antenna to be a suitable candidate for low-cost
millimeter-wave systems.
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Dian Wang (S'10) received the B.Eng. degree
(first-class hons) from the City University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, in 2010. He is currently pursuing
the Ph.D. in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
Waves, City University of Hong Kong.
His current research interests include small
antennas and millimeter-wave patch antennas.
Mr. Wang received the Young Scientist Award
in 2011 International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation (ISAP2011) held in Jeju, Korea.
Kung Bo Ng (S'14) received the B.Eng. degree and
M. Eng. from City University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, in 2001, and M.Sc. degree from the City Uni-
versity of Hong Kong, in 2004, where he is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree.
He is an Engineer in the State Key Laboratory of
Millimeter Waves (Hong Kong). His current research
interests focus on millimeter and Terahertz waves an-
tennas design and antenna measurements.
Mr. Ng was awarded the champion of student
paper competition of the IEEE Hong Kong AP/MTT
joint postgraduate conference.
WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA
Chi Hou Chan (S'86M'86SM'00F'02) received
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL,
USA, in 1987.
In 1996, he joined the Department of Electronic
Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, and
was promoted to Chair Professor of Electronic
Engineering in 1998. From 1998 to 2009, he was first
Associate Dean then Dean of College of Science and
Engineering. He also served as Acting Provost of the
university from July 2009 to September 2010. His
research interests cover computational electromagnetics, antennas, microwave
and millimeter-wave components and systems, RFICs and Terahertz devices
and applications.
Dr. Chan received the US National Science Foundation Presidential Young
Investigator Award in 1991 and the Joint Research Fund for Hong Kong
and Macao Young Scholars, National Science Fund for Distinguished Young
Scholars, China, in 2004. He received outstanding teacher awards from EE
Department, CityU in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2008. Students he supervised also
received numerous awards including one of the 22 Special Awards in the 2003
National Challenger's Cup in China, the Third (2003) and First (2004) Prizes
in the IEEE International Microwave Symposium Student Paper Contests, the
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Graduate Fellowship for 20042005,
Undergraduate/Pre-Graduate Scholarships for 20062007 and 20072008, the
2007 International Fulbright Science and Technology Fellowship offered by the
US Department of State, and the Young Scientist Award in 2011 International
Symposium of Antennas Propagation (ISAP 2011). He is the General Co-Chair
of ISAP 2010 and iWAT 2011.
473
Hang Wong (SM13) received the B.Eng., M.Phil.,
and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from
City University of Hong Kong in 1999, 2002 and
2006, respectively.
He joined the State Key Laboratory (SKL) of Mil-
limeter Waves, in Hong Kong SAR, China, in 2008
as a Senior Engineer. He was an acting Assistant Pro-
fessor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, in 2011.
He joined the Department of Electronic Engineering
as an Assistant Professor at City University of Hong
Kong in 2012. His research interests include design of broadband antennas,
small antennas, GPS antennas, millimeter wave antennas, and terahertz devices
and applications. He is the Deputy Director of Information Communication
Technology Centre of City University of Hong Kong in Shenzhen.
Dr. Wong was awarded the Outstanding Research Thesis Award from City
University of Hong Kong in 2002. He received the Microwave Student Prize
at the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference 2006 held in Yokohama, Japan; and
received the Best Paper Award at the International Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation 2008 in Taipei. He received 2011 State Technology Invention
Award presented by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.He is
the Chair of the IEEE Hong Kong Section of the Antennas and Propagation
(AP)/Microwave Theory and Techniques (MTT) joint chapter.