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Section 5.

3 Notes Page 1
5.3 The Definite Integral
In the previous section, we used the same width for all of our rectangles when finding area. You dont always
need to have the same width. Let P be the norm, which represents the largest subinterval (partition), or the
largest width. In the last section we added several rectangles together. If the widths are all the same, then
ba
P x . We want the number of rectangles to go to infinity so we can get the exact area. Another
n
way of looking at it is to have the norm go to zero. Now if the width of each rectangle goes to zero we can fit
an infinite amount of them in our interval. So as P 0 , n .

n
The following expression can be used to find the exact area: lim f (ci )xi . This is referred to as a Riemann
P 0
i 1
Sum. This is also the definition for what is called the definite integral. This is basically an antiderivative but
n b
now we have an a and a b. So our definition notation will be: lim
P 0

i 1
f (ci )xi f ( x)dx .
a
3
EXAMPLE: Evaluate using the limit process: x dx .
2

3 (2) 5
From this form we know that a = -2 and b = 3. Then we know P x . As P 0 , n .
n n
5i
We also know that f ( x) x . We can also find our ci , which is ci 2 . We know that
n
5i 5i n n
f 2 2 . Our limit formula is lim f (ci )xi , which is also lim f (ci )x . From our
n n P 0
i 1
n
i 1
n
5i 5 n
10 25i
information we know lim 2 . We can multiply to get: lim 2 . Now we can break up
n
i 1 n n n
i 1 n n
1 n 25 n 1 25 n 2 n
the summations: lim 10 2 i . Using Theorem 4.2 we will get: lim 10n 2
n n n i 1 n n n 2
i 1

25n 2 25n 25 25
Multiplying gives us: lim 10 2
. Break up the fraction to get: lim 10 . Taking the
n 2n n 2 2n
25 5
limit we get 10 .
2 2

n
EXAMPLE: Change the following into a definite integral: lim 6ci (4 ci ) 2 xi where P is a partition of
P 0
i 1
[0, 4].

In our example we have a = 0 and b = 4. Our expression inside the summation is our f. If we put in an x for ci
then we have f ( x) 6 x(4 x) 2 . The width of the rectangle is really dx. So our answer is:

6 x(4 x)
2
dx
0
Section 5.3 Notes Page 2
n 3
EXAMPLE: Change the following into a definite integral: lim
P 0
c xi where P is a partition of [1, 3].
2
i 1 i

In our example we have a = 1 and b = 3. Our expression inside the summation is our f. If we put in an x for ci
3
3 3
then we have f ( x)
x2
. The width of the rectangle is really dx. So our answer is: x
1
2
dx .

EXAMPLE: Set up an integral that gives the area of the shaded region
1
if you are given f ( x) 2 .
x 1

From our graph we know that the area is between -1 and 1, so we know
a = -1 and b =1. Our integral is:

1
1
x
1
2
1
dx .

EXAMPLE: Set up an integral that gives the area of the shaded region
if you are given f ( y ) ( y 2) 2 .

This time our function is in terms of y. This means our a and b must be
y values. From our graph we know that a = 0 and b = 2. When we set
up the integral, we must use a dy since this is in terms of y. Our integral is:

( y 2)
2
dy
0

EXAMPLE: Set up an integral that gives the area of the shaded region:
Then use a geometric formula to find the area.

The shaded region is between 0 and 2, so we know a = 0 and b = 2.


This is a line with a slope of -2 and a y-intercept of 4. Therefore we can
write the equation, which is f ( x) 2 x 4 . Our definite integral is:

2 x 4 dx
0

1
We have a triangle, so we can use the formula A bh
2
1
The base is 2 and the height is 4. So A (2)(4) . The area is 4. This would be the exact area.
2
Section 5.3 Notes Page 3
EXAMPLE: Set up an interval that gives the area of the shaded region:
Then use a geometric formula to find the area.

The shaded region is between -3 and 3, so we know a = -3 and b = 3.


This is a semicircle of radius 3. The equation is: f ( x) 9 x 2 , so our
definite integral is:

3
9 x 2 dx

1
Since we have a half-circle, the area formula is A r 2 . I just took
2
the area of a circle and multiplied it by a half since we have a semicircle.
1 9
So the area is: A (3) 2 . This simplifies to A .
2 2

EXAMPLE: Set up an integral that gives the area of the shaded region:
Then use a geometric formula to find the area.

The shaded region is between 0 and 2, so we know a = 0 and b = 2.


This is a line with a slope of 1 and a y-intercept of 1. Therefore we can
write the equation, which is f ( x) x 1 . Our definite integral is:

x 1 dx
0

We need to do two different areas, one for the triangle and one for a
rectangle. Then we will add these together. For the triangle, we can
1 1
use the formula A bh . The base is 2 and the height is 2. So A (2)(2) . The area is 2. We also have a
2 2
rectangle with a length of 2 and height of 1, so A = (2)(1) = 2. The total area of the shaded region will be 2 + 2,
which is 4.

EXAMPLE: Set up an integral that gives the area of the shaded region:
Then use a geometric formula to find the area.

The shaded region is between -1 and 3, so we know a = -1 and b = 3.


This is a an absolute value because of the V shape. This is shifted to
the right one unit and up 2 units. Then it is flipped. The equation for
2
this is: f ( x) 2 x 1 Our definite integral is: 2 x 1 dx . For
0

the area, we have a triangle with a base of a 4 and a height of 2. The


1
area is A (4)(2) = 4.
2
Section 5.3 Notes Page 4
Properties of Definite Integrals (Assume f and g are integrable on [a, b]).

a
1.) f ( x)dx 0
a
From a to a we have a rectangle with a width of 0, so the area is 0.

b a
2.)
a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
b
If we switch the order of a and b the area changes sign.

b c b
3.)
a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a c
We can split up the area in to two separate areas.

b b
4.) k f ( x)dx k f ( x)dx We are allowed to take a constant k out of the integral.
a a

b b b
5.) f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a a a
We can do two separate integrals.

4 4 4

x dx 60 , x dx 6 , and dx 2 evaluate the following using properties of definite


3
EXAMPLE: Given
2 2 2
integrals:

x
3
a.) dx
2

This is using property number one, so the answer is 0.

4
b.) 15 dx
2
4 4
First we will use property #4 to take out the constant 15: 15 dx . From our given information, dx 2 , so
2 2
our answer is 15(2) = 30.

x
4
c.) 3
4 dx
2
4 4

x dx 4 dx .
3
We can use property #5 to break this up and property #4 to take out the constant 4. You will get
2 2
Now put in our given information: 60 + 4(2) = 68.
Section 5.3 Notes Page 5
2

x(2 x
2
d.) ) dx
4

First we want to switch the limits of integration (2 and 4) so that it matches what we are given (property #2). I
4
will also multiply the expression. You will get: 2 x x 2 dx . Now we will break up the integral and
2
4 4
distribute the negative: 2 x dx x 3 dx . Now we put in our given information: -2(6) + 60 = 48.
2 2

3 6
EXAMPLE: Given
0
f ( x) dx 4 and f ( x)
3
dx 1 , evaluate the following using properties of definite

integrals:

6
a.) f ( x) dx
0
6 3 6
We will use property #3: 0
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx . This is equal to 4 + 1 = 3.
0 3

0
b.) 3 f ( x) dx
6
0
We can use property #4 to take out the 3: 3 f ( x) dx . Now we will switch the limits and use property #2:
6
6
3 f ( x) dx . We can now put in our answer from part a: -3(3) = 9 .
0

3
c.) f ( x) dx
3

This is using property number one, so the answer is 0.

3
d.) 5 f ( x) dx
6
3
First we will take out the -5: 5 f ( x) dx . Now we will switch the limits of integration using property #2:
6
6
5 f ( x) dx . Now put in our given information: 5(1) = 5.
3

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