Anno Domini

AD and Before Christ redirect here. For other uses

of Anno Domini, see Anno Domini (disambiguation).
For other uses of AD, see AD (disambiguation).
Before Christ redirects here, so this article deals with both
Anno Domini and Before Christ.
The terms anno Domini[lower-alpha 1][1][2] (AD) and be-

Anno Domini inscription at a cathedral in Carinthia, Austria.

follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in

525, but was not widely used until after 800.[11]
The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calen-
dar in the world today. For decades, it has been the un-
ocial global standard, adopted in the pragmatic inter-
ests of international communication, transportation, and
commercial integration, and recognized by international
institutions such as the United Nations.[12]
Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the
AD abbreviation before the year number.[lower-alpha 2]
However, BC is placed after the year number (for exam-
ple: AD 2017, but 68 BC), which also preserves syntactic
order. The abbreviation is also widely used after the num-
ber of a century or millennium, as in fourth century AD
Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. or second millennium AD (although conservative us-
age formerly rejected such expressions).[14] Because BC
fore Christ[3][4][5][6] (BC) are used to label or number is the English abbreviation for Before Christ, it is some-
years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term times incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death,
anno Domini is Medieval Latin, which means in the year i.e., after the death of Jesus. However, this would mean
of the Lord[7] but is often translated as in the year of our that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with
Lord.[8][9]:782 It is occasionally set out more fully as anno the life of Jesus would not be included in either of the BC
Domini nostri Iesu (or Jesu) Christi (in the year of Our and the AD time scales.[15]
Lord Jesus Christ). Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neu-
introduced the AD system in AD 525, counting the years tral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this
since the birth of Christ.[10] the Current, or Common Era (abbreviated as CE), with
This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned the preceding years referred to as Before the Com-
year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with mon, Christian, or Current Era (BCE). Astronomical year
AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations
denoting years before the start of the era. There is no related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD
year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately years.

1
2 1 HISTORY

1 History to prevent people from believing the imminent end of

the world. At the time, it was believed by some that the
The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years
Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter after the birth of Jesus. The old Anno Mundi calendar
table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that theoretically commenced with the creation of the world
had been used in an old Easter table because he did not based on information in the Old Testament. It was be-
wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted lieved that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was
Christians.[16] The last year of the old table, Diocletian born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was
247, was immediately followed by the rst year of his ta- created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar
ble, AD 532. When he devised his table, Julian calendar marking the end of the world.[22][23] Anno Mundi 6000
years were identied by naming the consuls who held of- (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the res-
ce that yearhe himself stated that the present year urrection and the end of the world[24] but this date had
was the consulship of Probus Junior", which was 525 already passed in the time of Dionysius.
years since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.[17]
Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus Incarnation occurred
1.1 Popularization
525 years earlier, without stating the specic year dur-
ing which his birth or conception occurred. However,
The Anglo-Saxon historian the Venerable Bede, who was
nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius re-
familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used Anno
late his epoch to any other dating system, whether con-
Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English
sulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of
People, completed in 731. In this same history, he also
Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the un-
used another Latin term, ante vero incarnationis domini-
derlying date.[18]:778
cae tempus anno sexagesimo (in fact in the 60th year be-
Blackburn & Holford-Strevens briey present arguments fore the time of the Lords incarnation), equivalent to the
for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended English before Christ, to identify years before the rst
for the Nativity or Incarnation. Among the sources of year of this era.[25] Both Dionysius and Bede regarded
confusion are:[18]:7789 Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus,
but the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was
In modern times, Incarnation is synonymous with not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places
the conception, but some ancient writers, such as the Incarnation epoch was identied with Christs concep-
Bede, considered Incarnation to be synonymous tion, i.e., the Annunciation on March 25 (Annunciation
with the Nativity style).[18]:881
The civil, or consular year began on 1 January but On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced
the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the
in the year before a Julian leap year). English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth cen-
tury. Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his
There were inaccuracies in the list of consuls
successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spread-
There were confused summations of emperors reg- ing it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies
nal years at the core of the systems prevalence. According to the
Catholic Encyclopedia, popes continued to date docu-
It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Je- ments according to regnal years for some time, but us-
suss birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based age of AD gradually became more common in Roman
his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries.[26]
Jesus was about thirty years old shortly after the f- In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European
teenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, and hence country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[27]
subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD in-
counted back 532 years (the period during which the stead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did
dates of Alexandrian Easter repeat) from the rst year of so, with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries.
his new table.[19][20] It is convenient to initiate a calendar Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th
not from the very day of an event but from the beginning century, the term Before Christ (or its equivalent) did
of a cycle which occurs in close proximity. For exam- not become common until much later. Bede the Vener-
ple, the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the able used the expression "anno igitur ante incarnationem
Hegira, but rather weeks later, on the rst subsequent oc- Dominicam" (so in the year before the Incarnation of the
currence of the month of Muharram (corresponding to Lord) twice. "Anno an xpi nativitate" (in the year be-
16 July AD 622). fore the birth of Christ) is found in 1474 in a work by a
It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq[21] that German monk.[28] In 1627, the French Jesuit theologian
Dionysius desire to replace Diocletian years with a cal- Denis Ptau (Dionysius Petavius in Latin), with his work
endar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended De doctrina temporum, popularized the usage ante Chris-
 3

of the 13th century.

From 25 March 754 AUC (today in AD 1). That
second Annunciation style may have originated in
Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century, but it was
spread by the Cistercians. Florence adopted that
style in opposition to that of Pisa, so it got the name
of calculus orentinus. It soon spread in France and
also in England where it became common in the late
12th century and lasted until 1752.
From Easter, starting in 754 AUC (AD 1). That mos
gallicanus (French custom) bound to a moveable
feast was introduced in France by king Philip Au-
gustus (116511801223), maybe to establish a
new style in the provinces reconquered from Eng-
land. However, it never spread beyond the ruling
lite.

With these various styles, the same day could, in some

cases, be dated in 1099, 1100 or 1101.

2 Historical birth date of Jesus

Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini (1725), at St.
Peters Basilica, Vatican, Italy. Charlemagne promoted the usage
of the Anno Domini epoch throughout the Carolingian Empire See also: Date of birth of Jesus, Nativity of Jesus
and Chronology of Jesus

tum (Latin for Before Christ) to mark years prior to The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the
AD.[29][30][31] gospels or in any secular text, but most scholars assume a
date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.[33] The historical
evidence is too sketchy to allow a denitive dating,[34] but
1.2 Change of year the date is estimated through two dierent approaches -
one by analyzing references to known historical events
When the reckoning from Jesus incarnation began re-
mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke
placing the previous dating systems in western Europe,
and Matthew, and the second by working backwards from
various people chose dierent Christian feast days to
the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus.[35][36]
begin the year: Christmas, Annunciation, or Easter.
Thus, depending on the time and place, the year num-
ber changed on dierent days in the year, which created
slightly dierent styles in chronology:[32] 3 Other eras

From 25 March 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e., no-
tionally from the incarnation of Jesus. That rst
Annunciation style appeared in Arles at the end of
the 9th century, then spread to Burgundy and north-
ern Italy. It was not commonly used and was called
calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and sur-
vived there till 1750.
From 25 December 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e.,
notionally from the birth of Jesus. It was called
Nativity style and had been spread by the Ven-
erable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the
early Middle Ages. That reckoning of the Year of
Grace from Christmas was used in France, England
and most of western Europe (except Spain) until the
12th century (when it was replaced by Annuncia-
tion style), and in Germany until the second quarter
Further information: Calendar era
During the rst six centuries of what would come to be
known as the Christian era, European countries used var-
ious systems to count years. Systems in use included
consular dating, imperial regnal year dating, and Creation
dating.
Although the last non-imperial consul, Basilius, was ap-
pointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I, later emperors
through Constans II (641668) were appointed consuls
on the rst 1 January after their accession. All of these
emperors, except Justinian, used imperial post-consular
years for the years of their reign, along with their reg-
nal years.[37] Long unused, this practice was not formally
abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI
did so in 888.
4 7 NOTES

Another calculation had been developed by the China adopted the Minguo Era, but used the Western
Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400, calendar for international purposes. The translated term
placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 (Julian) was (x yun, Western Era). Later, in 1949,
eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to the Peoples Republic of China adopted (gngyun,
imply. Although this incarnation was popular during the Common Era) for all purposes domestic and foreign.
early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, years numbered
from it, an Era of Incarnation, were exclusively used and
are yet used, in Ethiopia. This accounts for the seven- 5 No year zero / Start and end of a
or eight-year discrepancy between the Gregorian and
Ethiopian calendars. Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus century
the Confessor, George Syncellus, and Theophanes dated
their years from Annianus creation of the world. This Further information: 0 (year), Astronomical year num-
era, called Anno Mundi, year of the world (abbreviated bering, and Millennium
AM), by modern scholars, began its rst year on 25
March 5492 BC. Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the
Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC, the Byzantine Julian or Gregorian calendars, AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC.
Era. No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant There is no year 0 between them.[11]
throughout the Christian world. Eusebius of Caesarea
in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth Because of this, most experts agree that a new century
of Abraham, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno begins in a year which has 01 as the nal digits (e.g.,
Abrahami).[38] 1801, 1901, 2001). New millennia likewise are consid-
ered to have begun in 1001 and 2001.[11]
Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the
Caesars or Spanish Era, which began counting from 38 This is at odds with the much more common conception
BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, Portugal be- that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing dig-
came the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini its are zeroes (1800, 1900, 2000, etc.); for example, the
system.[26] world-wide celebration of the new millennium took place
on New Years Eve 1999, when the year number ticked
The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the ac- over to 2000.[11]
cession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet
most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering
Church of Alexandria and is still used, ocially, by the and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 =
[lower-alpha 3]
Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year 1, etc. In
also used by the Ethiopian church. Another system was to common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian
date from the crucixion of Jesus Christ, which as early as calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and
Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending
in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or nega-
in some medieval manuscripts. tive years may require further investigation before being
converted to BC or AD.

4 CE and BCE 6 See also

Main article: Common Era Ante Christum natum

Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vul-
garis aerae (found 1615 in Latin),[39] Vulgar Era (in
English, as early as 1635),[40] Christian Era (in English,
in 1652),[41] "Common Era" (in English, 1708),[42] and
Current Era.[43] Since 1856,[44] the alternative abbrevi-
ations CE and BCE, (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.)
are sometimes used in place of AD and BC.
The Common/Current Era (CE) terminology is of-
ten preferred by those who desire a term that does not
explicitly make religious references.[45][46] For example,
Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that B.C.E./C.E.
do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more
appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional
B.C./A.D.[47] Upon its foundation, the Republic of
Calendar
Common Era
Holocene calendar
7 Notes
[1] The word anno is often capitalized, but this is consid-
ered incorrect by many authorities and either not men-
tioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative.
Wikipedias manual of style also prescribes lowercase.
[2] This convention comes from grammatical usage. Anno
500 means in the year 500"; anno domini 500 means in
8.1 Citations
the year 500 of Our Lord. Just as 500 in the year is
not good English syntax, neither is 500 AD; whereas AD
500 preserves syntactic order when translated.[13]
[3] To convert from a year BC to astronomical year number-
ing, reduce the absolute value of the year by 1, and prex
it with a negative sign (unless the result is zero). For years
AD, omit the AD and prex the number with a plus sign
(plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the
year is after the year 0).[48]
8 References
8.1 Citations
[1] anno Domini. Collins English Dictionary.
[2] anno Domini. American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton
Miin Harcourt.
[3] The word before is often capitalized, but this is con-
sidered incorrect by many authorities and either not men-
tioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative.
Wikipedias manual of style also prescribes lowercase.
[4] BC. Collins English Dictionary.
[5] before Christ. American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton
Miin Harcourt.
[6] BC. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary.
[7] Anno Domini. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary.
Merriam-Webster. 2003. Retrieved 2011-10-04. Ety-
mology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord
[8] Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
[9] Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, p. 782 since AD
stands for anno Domini, 'in the year of (Our) Lord'".
[10] Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D..
[11] Teresi, Dick (July 1997). Zero. The Atlantic.
[12] Eastman, Allan. A Month of Sundays. Date and Time.
Archived from the original on 2010-05-06. Retrieved
2010-05-04.
[13] Chicago Manual of Style 2010, pp. 4767; Goldstein
2007, p. 6.
[14] Chicago Manual of Style, 1993, p. 304.
[15] Donald P. Ryan, (2000), 15.
[16] Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 767
[17] Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius Introduction and First
Argumentum.
[18] Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003
[19] Tndering, Claus, The Calendar FAQ: Counting years
[20] Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). The Easter Computus and
the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford. p. 347.
5
[21] Declercq, Georges, Anno Domini. The Origins of the
Christian Era Turnhout, Belgium, 2000
[22] Wallra, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche
Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006
[23] Mosshammer, Alden A.: The Easter Computus and the
Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press,
2009, p. 254, p. 270, p. 328
[24] Declercq, Georges: Anno Domini. The Origins of the
Christian Era. Turnhout Belgium. 2000
[25] Bede 731, Book 1, Chapter 2, rst sentence.
[26] Patrick, 1908
[27] General Chronology. New Advent Catholic Encyclo-
pedia. Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York.
1908. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
[28] Werner Rolevinck in Fasciculus temporum (1474) used
Anno an xpi nativitatem (in the ...(th) year before the birth
of Christ) for all years between creation and Jesus. xpi
is the Greek in Latin letters, which is an abbreviation
for Christi. This phrase appears upside down in the cen-
tre of recto folios (right hand pages). From Jesus to Pope
Sixtus IV he usually used Anno Christi or its abbreviated
form Anno xpi (on verso foliosleft hand pages). He used
Anno mundi alongside all of these terms for all years.
[29] Steel, Duncan (2000). Marking time: the epic quest to
invent the perfect calendar. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-471-
29827-4. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
[30] Hunt, Lynn Avery (2008). Measuring time, making his-
tory. p. 33. ISBN 978-963-9776-14-2. Retrieved 2010-
06-01.
[31] Petau, Denis (1758). search for ante Christum in a 1748
reprint of a 1633 abridgement entitled Rationarium tem-
porum by Denis Petau. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
[32] C. R. Cheney, A Handbook of Dates, for students of British
history, Cambridge University Press, 19452000, pp. 8
14.
[33] Dunn, James DG (2003). Jesus Remembered. Eerd-
mans Publishing: 324.
[34] Doggett 1992, p579: Although scholars generally believe
that Christ was born some years before AD 1, the histor-
ical evidence is too sketchy to allow a denitive dating.
[35] Paul L. Maier The Date of the Nativity and Chronology
of Jesus in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chrono-
logical studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi
1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1 pp. 113129
[36] New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992
ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pp. 121124
[37] Roger S. Bagnall and Klaas A. Worp, Chronological Sys-
tems of Byzantine Egypt, Leiden, Brill, 2004.
[38] Alfred von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, F. Ruehl,
Leipzig, 1889, p.433.
6 8
[39] Johannes Kepler (1615). Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chroni-
cae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mu-
tuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis
Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum
non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N.
Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo
33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis &
Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamen-
tum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii ob-
scurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum. (in Latin). Fran-
cofurti : Tampach. Retrieved 2011-05-18. anno aerae
nostrae vulgaris
[40] Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Ephemerides
of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era
1633... Retrieved 2011-05-18.
[41] Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris
for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissex-
tile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary mo-
tions, congurations & ecclipses for this present year ... :
with many other things very delightfull and necessary for
most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ...
Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Station-
ers.
[42] The History of the Works of the Learned. 10. London:
Printed for H. Rhodes. January 1708. p. 513. Retrieved
2011-05-18.
[43] BBC Team (8 February 2005). History of Judaism
63BCE1086CE. BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broad-
casting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2011-
05-13. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Year 1: CE What is
nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with
the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers
came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later
split away from Judaism to found Christianity
[44] Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of
The Jews. Moss & Brother. Archived from the original
on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The term com-
mon era does not appear in this book; the term Christian
era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere
in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded di-
rectly.
[45] Robinson, B.A. (20 April 2009). Justication of the use
of CE & BCE to identify dates. Trends. Religious-
Tolerance.org.
[46] William Sare (17 August 1997). On Language:
B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?". The New York Times Maga-
zine.
[47] Cunningham, ed. by Philip A. (2004). Pondering the Pas-
sion : whats at stake for Christians and Jews?. Lanham,
Md. [u.a.]: Rowman & Littleeld. p. 193. ISBN 978-
0742532182.
[48] Doggett, 1992, p. 579
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Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513097-9.
Goldstein, Norm, ed. (2007). Associated Press
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Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc
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Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214231-3.
Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.
Cunningham, Philip A; Starr, Arthur F (1998).
Sharing Shalom: A Process for Local Interfaith Di-
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Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini: The ori-
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Declercq, G. Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduc-
tion of the Christian Era. Sacris Erudiri 41 (2002):
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Doggett. (1992). Calendars (Ch. 12), in P. Ken-
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the astronomical almanac. Sausalito, CA: Univer-
sity Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Patrick, J. (1908). General Chronology. In
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Appleton Company. Retrieved 2008-07-16 from
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03738a.htm
Richards, E. G. (2000). Mapping Time. Oxford:
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Riggs, John (January 2003). Whatever happened
to B.C. and A.D., and why?". United Church News.
Retrieved 2005-12-19.
Ryan, Donald P. (2000). The Complete Idiots Guide
to Biblical Mysteries. Alpha Books. p. 15. ISBN
0-02-863831-X.
 7

9 External links
Calendar Converter
8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
Anno Domini Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini?oldid=757840992 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, Derek Ross, Wo-
jPob, Dan~enwiki, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Tim Chambers, Ffaker, Amillar, BenBaker, Andre Engels, Christian List, Roadrunner,
SimonP, Zoe, Panairjdde~enwiki, Karl Palmen, Fonzy, Olivier, Someone else, Leandrod, Frecklefoot, Edward, D, Michael Hardy, Paul
Barlow, Wshun, Llywrch, Brian Sayrs, Dante Alighieri, Jtdirl, Taras, Sannse, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, J'raxis, Stevenj, Docu, Snoyes,
Kingturtle, Vzbs34, Tkinias, Susurrus, Andres, Kaihsu, Mxn, Dwo, Hashar, Jengod, Mulad, HolIgor, Adam Bishop, Harris7, RickK,
Ike9898, Sbwoodside, Jerey Smith, Furrykef, Zero0000, Karukera, Raul654, Dpbsmith, Jusjih, JorgeGG, RadicalBender, Mrdice, Phil
Boswell, AlexPlank, Robbot, Ke4roh, Josh Cherry, Astronautics~enwiki, Chrism, Nurg, Chris Roy, Rursus, Gidonb, DHN, Caknuck, Sun-
ray, Wikibot, Wereon, Diberri, David Gerard, Alerante, Centrx, DocWatson42, Barbara Shack, Oberiko, Rafaelgr, Ringbark, Tom harrison,
Meursault2004, Lupin, Quadra23, Bkonrad, Mcapdevila, Henry Flower, Bensaccount, Varlaam, Joe Kress, Matt Crypto, Pne, Bobblewik,
Manuel Anastcio, Utcursch, LordSimonofShropshire, Uranographer, Toytoy, Bringiton, Gdr, Antandrus, JimWae, OwenBlacker, Tothe-
barricades.tk, Pmanderson, Arcturus, John Mark Williams, Gary D, Neutrality, Ratiocinate, Zondor, Lacrimosus, Mike Rosoft, Perey,
DanielCD, Dablaze, Groucho~enwiki, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Qutezuce, Vsmith, Roybb95~enwiki, Dbachmann, AlanBarrett,
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10.2 Images 9

ProKro, EV1L DUCKEY, History by Christians, Kylo Ren, Jjjjjjdddddd, Monkbot, PorkyPie58848, Yija Honkgua, Zacwill, Ia De-
vat, Quark8967, Secretkeeper12, JudeccaXIII, Quaker Qweer, Mulch15, Eurodyne, Jamesl.baker, Ritikchanana, WyattAlex, Patrick-
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Ivanjaviervillalaz, Abed.mobile.android, Naleang, CLCStudent, Ikk920, Harry Baker15, Anush rawat, Marianna251, Awesomemeeos,
Bender the Bot, Bijay Tiwari, AChildOfGod and Anonymous: 930

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