CONSOLIDATION TEST

CE 381 - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SRI LANKA
 CONSOLIDATION TEST

Introduction

When loaded with external stresses, pore water pressure (pwp) in saturated cohesive soils will go up.
As the water in the pore spaces of the soil under higher pressure than the surrounding area, water
will drain out and the pwp will dissipate with time resulting reduction in volume of the soil. Time
taken for dissipation of pwp depends on the coefficient of consolidation of the soil and, if it is low (as
in cohesive soils), the dissipation of excess pwp takes place very slowly. Consolidation is defined as
the time dependent reduction of the volume of a soil due to the expulsion of pre water.
Practical example of this situation is loading of a footing on a clay layer. Pore water preassure in the
clay layer will be increased when the footing is loaded and with time water will drain out reducing the
pwp in the clay layer and causing volume reduction of the clay layer. Reduction in the volume of
the clay layer can cause settlement of the footing with time.

Settlement of the footing

Sand

Clay PWP increased

Drainage of water

Reduction in volume

With time the footing will undergo settlement causing cracking and tilting of the structure.
Therefore, it is important to find out:
What is the total settlement of the footing; and
How long will it take to settle or rate of settlement.

To estimate the above, certain consolidation properties of the clay soil is required and laboratory
consolidation test is done to determine those parameters.
Laboratory consolidation test
A cohesive soil sample inside a metal ring of 50mm diameter and 20mm in height having two
porous stones at the top and bottom is loaded in the laboratory consolidation test.

Porous stones
Saturated
clay sample
Cylindrical
metal ring

A conventional consolidation test is conducted over a number of load increments, each time
doubling the previous stress on the soil sample (for example loading increments may be 25kPa,
50kPa, 100 kPa, 200 kPa etc. The number of load increments should cover the stress range from
the initial stress state of the soil to the final stress state the soil layer expected to experience due to
the proposed construction.
Each loading increment is held over a time period of 24 hrs while measuring the settlement of the
soil sample with time. In this laboratory assignment, each group will monitor the sample for one
loading increment for a period of 24hrs. Each student should determine:
The coefficient of volume compressibility, mv; and
The coefficient of consolidation, Cv, for that load increment.
The rate of consolidation settlement is estimated using the Coefficient of consolidation Cv. This
parameter is determined for each load increment in the test. In this laboratory assignment, the
coefficient of consolidation should be estimated using two methods - the square root time method
(Taylor's method) and the log (time) method - Casagrande's method.

Course work report - Important points to remember

1. Objectives of the test

2. List the equipment used in the test with a diagram of the equipment used

3. Describe the test procedure in your own words

4. Enter the observations in the sheets provided

5. Carry out the computations, draw the necessary graphs in the sheets provided and estimate

(a). The coefficient of volume compressibility for the load increment

 (b). The coefficient of consolidation for the increment by both the root time method and the

log (time) method.

6. Discuss the importance and relevance of the test, the parameters obtained, shortcoming and

possible ways of improvement.

Assessment

Attendance in the laboratory session and submission of the laboratory report is essential to earn the
marks for the assignment.

Generic Information

Any type of plagiarism is not allowed.

Plagiarism: Academic honesty is crucial to a students credibility and self-esteem, and ultimately
reflects the values and morals of the Institute as whole. A student may work together with one or a
group of students discussing assignment content, identifying relevant references, and debating
issues relevant to the subject. Plagiarism occurs when the work of another person, or persons, is
used and presented as ones own.
 Laboratory Consolidation Test and Analysis

Data obtained from one increment in a conventiional multi increment Consolidation Test

Sample Diameter (mm) = 50.00

Initial Sample tickness (mm) = 20.00
Dial gauge reading at the stat of the test (mm) = 0.000
Dial gauge reading at the stat of the = 1.210
current increment (mm)
Initial Moisture content of the sample % = 31.34
Specific gravity of the particles = 2.65

Current load increment is from 50 kN/m2 to 100 kN/m2

Time Root Dial

Date Time Elapsed Time Reading Settlement (mm)
(min) (min 1/2 ) (mm)

26/06/2009 2:00 PM 0.00 0.00 1.210 0.000

0.25 0.50 1.359 0.149
0.50 0.71 1.421 0.211
1.00 1.00 1.509 0.299
2.00 1.41 1.632 0.422
4.00 2.00 1.807 0.597
8.00 2.83 2.055 0.845
15.00 3.87 2.340 1.130
30.00 5.48 2.644 1.434
60.00 7.75 2.796 1.586
120.00 10.95 2.860 1.650
1440.00 37.95 2.960 1.750
Taylors method (Square root time method)
Log (Time) Plot
 Specimen Calculations
Coefficient of Volume Compressibility (mv)

1.75
= = = 1.86 103 2 /
50 18.79
-3 2
mv is 1.86 x 10 m /kN for this loading increment.

Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv)

Time factor, v = is uniquely related to the average degree of consolidation, U. Note that
2
the time factor Tv is dimensionless.

H is the length of the longest drainage path. As the sample is covered from top and bottom using
two porous discs, water inside the sample can drain either to top or bottom boundaries. Therefore,
length of the longest drainage path, H for the soil sample is half the thickness of the sample at the
beginning of the load increment.

Table 1 Relationship between degree of consolidation and the time factor of uniform pwp
increment

Degree of consolidation, U% Time factor, Tv

0 0
10 0.008
20 0.031
30 0.071
40 0.126
50 0.197
60 0.287
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848
100

a) Square Root Time (Taylors) Method

t90 = 6.0 min1/2 t90 = 36 min

From Table 1, T90 is 0.848 =
2
 90
90 =
2

Thickness of the sample at the beginning of the load increment is 20 - 1.21 = 18.79 mm
Therefore, H = 18.79/2 = 9.40mm

T90 = 36 min (From the graph)

90 2 (18.79/2)2
= = 0.848 = 2.08 mm2/min = 1.09 m2/year
90 36.0

Coefficient of consolidation, Cv, for this loading increment is 1.09 m2/year.

b) Log (Time) Casagrandes Method

0 = 0.0 mm 100 = 1.60 mm

0.0+1.60
50 = = 0.80mm. The corresponding time, t50 = 7 min
2
Where,
0 = Settlement at the beginning of consolidation (zero % degree of consolidation)
50 = Settlement at the 50% degree of consolidation
100 = Settlement at the 100% degree of consolidation (at the end of consolidation)
t50 = Time taken for 50% degree of consolidation to occur

From Table 1, T50 is 0.197.

=
2
50
50 =
2

Thickness of the sample at the beginning of the load increment is 20 - 1.21 = 18.79mm
Therefore, H = 18.79/2 = 9.40mm

50 = 6 min (From the graph)

50 2 (18.79/2)2 = 2.48 mm2 / min= 1.31 m2 /year

= = 0.197
50 7.0

Coefficient of consolidation, Cv, for this loading increment is 1.31 m2/year

 DIRECT SHEAR TEST
CE 381 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SRI LANKA INSTITUTEOF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DIRECT SHEAR TEST

AIM: To determine the angle of internal friction () for a given cohesionless

soil (sand) sample.
INTRODUCTION:

Depending on the source of its strength, a soil can be divided into two
groups namely, cohesionless and cohesive soil. Cohesionless soils have no
cohesion or attraction between individual particles and cohesive soils
exhibits interaction between individual particles.

The shear strength of soil mass is its property against sliding along internal
planes within itself. The stability of slope in an earth dam or hills and the
foundations of structures built on different types of soil depend upon the
shearing resistance offered by the soil along the possible slipping surface.
Shear parameters are also used in computing the safe bearing capacity of
the foundation soils and the earth pressure behind the retaining walls.

The resistant to shear of a cohesionless soil is derived from the friction

between grains and the interlocking of grains. Friction between soil grains
is similar to friction between any surfaces. In soils, friction may be either
sliding friction or rolling friction. Interlocking of soil particles is
important factor, which affect the shear strength of particles of soil
because interlocking occurs to greater extent when soil grains are closer
together, thus soil shows a higher shear strength for small shear
displacements than loose soils.

In a Direct Shear test, the sample is sheared along a horizontal plane.

This indicates that the failure plane is horizontal. The normal stress ()
on this plane is the external vertical load divided by the area of the soil
sample. The shear stress at failure is the external lateral load divided by
the corrected area of the soil sample.

The main advantage of direct shear apparatus is its simplicity,

smoothness of operation and the rapidity with which testing programmes
can be carried out. But this test has the disadvantage that lateral pressure
and stresses on planes other than the plane of shear are not known during
the test.
 Figure 1: Shear of soil in
a box

Figure 1 shows an element of soil being subjected to a shear force. The

shear force is equal to the multiplication of the normal force and tan .

If the area, which is subjected to shear force equals to A, the shear stress
( ) is equal to the shear force divided by A, and the normal stress () is
equal to the normal force divided by A. therefore,

= tan (1)

The shear strength (S) is the shear stress, which is necessary to cause
slippage on a surface through the soil. It can be expressed mathematically
as,

S = tan (2)

In equation 2, angle tempts to at slippage (or at critical point).

The shear strength of the soil can be expressed as S (shear strength) or

(angle of internal friction or friction angle).

There are three common methods to determine shear strength parameters of

soil, namely direct shear, cylindrical or tri-axial compression and torsional
shear. In direct shear test the soil is subjected to a longitudinal force by
moving one part of the soil container relative to another. When a shear
force of sufficient magnitude is applied, the bottom of the box moves
relative to top causing the soil to shear along surface A. This type of shear is
illustrated in Figure l .

THEORY:

From Coulomb's equation,

For effective stress parameters,

= + ( ) tan (3)

In which is pore water pressure

 Because = 0 and c = 0 for cohesionless soil (sands etc.) for
unsaturated samples, we can rearrange the equation 3 in total stress
parameters as,

S = tan (4)
Therefore can be determined by drawing the graph of shear strength (S)
vs. normal stress ( ) (refer Figure 2).

Shear stress ()
Normal stress ( ) Shear Displacement

Figure 2: Graph of shear Figure 3: Graph of shear stress

strength (S) vs. normal stress () vs. shear displacement

Shear strength can be determined using the graph of shear stress

( ) vs. shear displacement (refer Figure 3).

APPARATUS:

a) Direct shear machine (Figure 4)

P

Figure 4: Direct shear apparatus

PROCEDURE:

a) Measure internal dimensions of direct shear container

b) Arrange the apparatus using grated plates at top and bottom of the soil
sample.
c) Apply the desired normal load.
d) Separate two parts of the soil container. Using set screws (spacing
screws) and check there is no connection between two parts of the soil
container.
e) Apply the loading at the rate approximately at 0.05 inches for minute
(1.25 mm/min) and start taking readings of shear displacement and
shear force.
t) Repeat steps (c)-(e) while changing the magnitude of normal load at
least three times.
CALCULATIONS:

( ) = 60 (60 ) 2

= /2
( )

a) Complete the observation sheet.

b) Plot the shear stress () vs. shear displacement for each normal
loading and determine the respective shear strength (S).
c) Plot the graph shear strength (S) vs. normal stress ().
d) Determine the angle of internal friction ().

DISCUSSION:

a) Discuss the shortcomings of this method, giving alternative solutions

b) What are the necessary precautions should be taken out when carrying
out this test?
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:

Data: Dimension of the shear box = 60 x 60 mm2

Area, Ac (mm) Normal Load (kN)

Displacement
( 0.01 mm)

Corrected

Normal Load (1) : Normal Load (2) : Normal Load (3) :

Shear

Shear Shear Shear

Shear force Shear force Shear force
(N) Stress, (N) Stress, (N) Stress,
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
 UNCONSOLIDATED
UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST
(QUICK TEST)
CE 381 - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II

SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 Test for determination of shear strength of Silts and Clays

1. General
The shear strength of soil is expressed by the Mohr Coulomb failure criteria given below:

Where
s shear strength of the soil
n Normal stress on the shearing plane
c, and Soil strength parameters

The above relationship may be expressed in terms of the effective stress or total stress. In the
design of foundations, earth retaining structures, analysis of the stability of earth slopes etc.,
shear strength parameters of the soil are very essential.
There are in-situ testing methods that can be done in the field to determine the in-situ shear
strength parameters. But soil samples from the field can be taken to the laboratory and test to
obtain the shear strength parameters. The samples taken to the lab can be a disturbed sample
or an undisturbed sample. If the field strength parameters are to be determined, undisturbed
samples should be used for the tests.
There are different types of laboratory tests that can be used to determine the shear strength
parameters. Triaxial tests, direct shear test, vane shear test etc. are some of the tests that can
be used to determine the soil shear strength parameters in the laboratory. Out of the above
tests, triaxial test is very popular among geotechnical engineers as the stress condition in the
field can be simulated accurately. Further, possibility of controlling the drainage in and out
of the sample and measurement of pore water pressure (pwp) in the sample are some other
advantages of the triaxial test.
Generally, about 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm high, cylindrical SOIL sample wrapped in a
rubber membrane is used for this test. The specimen is wrapped with an impermeable rubber
membrane, and o-rings are used at the top and bottom to provide a watertight seal.
Therefore, drainage is allowed only from the top and bottom sides of the soil sample, as
shown in the Figure below.
The specimen is first saturated and then subjected to equal all-round confining (cell)
pressure, 3 by the compression of water in the chamber. This cell pressure is usually held
constant during the test. An axial load P is steadily applied to the specimen through a
vertical loading ram until failure occurs.
Two stages of a triaxial test are identified:

Stage 1 Application of cell pressure Stage 2 Application of the deviator stress

 The deviator stress is gradually increased while measuring applied deviator force, vertical
deformation of the sample, applied force, pore water pressure inside the sample. The test is
performed a number of times on several specimens of the same soil using different initial
cell pressures, 3, and the corresponding deviator stresses at failure, d, are determined so
that the axial stresses at failure are calculated, i.e. 1 = 3 + d. The data collected are used to
determine the soil strength parameters c and .

Depending on whether drainage is allowed from the sample or not, three types of triaxial
tests are done:
ConsolidatedDrained CD
ConsolidatedUndrained CU
UnconsolidatedUndrained UU
The first letter refers to the consolidation stage (Stage 1).
If drainage is allowed, Consolidated or C;
If drainage is not allowed, Unconsolidated or U;
The second letter refers to the shearing stage (Stage 2).
If drainage is allowed, Drained or D;
If drainage is not allowed, Undrained or U;

2. Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial Test or referred as Quick Test

Drainage is not allowed during the consolidation stage (Unconsolidated) by keeping the
drainage valves closed. Drainage is not allowed during the shearing stage (Undrained) by
keeping the drainage valves closed. Pwp developed in the sample can be expressed by the
Skempton pwp equation
u = Bc + Ad

It can be shown that the deviator stress at failure is the same irrespective of the confining
pressure. The failure envelope for total stress Mohrs circles become a horizontal line and
hence, this is called = 0 condition.
3. Procedure

3.1 Preparation of the Sample

Following factors should be given due considerations during the test:

Undisturbed or remoulded samples could be used. Undisturbed samples should be
handled very carefully to minimize disturbance;
The sample used should have a length/diameter ratio between 2 to 3; and
Sample should be encased inside the rubber membrane and sealed at the top and bottom
using O-rings

3.2 Procedure of Testing

Prepare the soil sample to the required size and shape;

Encase the sample inside the rubber membrane;
Place the sample on the bottom cap and seal with an O-ring;
Place the top cap and put the O-ring;
Assemble the triaxial cell and tighten the screws;
Carefully place the loading piston on the top cap without applying a higher deviator stress
to cause failure;
Fill the cell with water so that chamber is completely filled without any air bubles inside
the cell;
Apply the cell pressure;
Apply the deviator stress upto failure of the sample. If the sample has not failed showing
a reduction in the deviator load, loading shall be continued to 15% strain. If the residual
strengths are required test may be continued further
4. Presentation of Results

Report should include

1. The state of the sample; i. e. undisturbed / remoulded

2. Whether the test is strain controlled or stress controlled, and rate of strain/ stress used
in the test,

3. Visual description of specimen, perhaps with the soil group symbol,

4. Initial dry unit weight and moisture content for all the specimen tested at different cell
pressures,
5. Deviator stress at failure at different cell pressures, and therefore the minor and major
principal stresses,

6. Axial strain at maximum deviator stress for all cell pressures,

7. Remarks about any unusual conditions observed or failure patterns observed,

8. Mohr circles of stress at failure for all the cell pressures

9. Soil shear strength parameters Cu and u

10. Deviator stress vs. Axial strain information for all the cell pressures together with
the stress strain curves

Discussion
Briefly explain the differences between the three types of triaxial tests, Consolidated -
Drained (CD), Consolidated Undrained (CU) and Unconsolidated Undrained (UU).
What are the other tests that can be used to determine the shear strength parameters of
soil.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Triaxial Test over other test methods
which are used to find the shear strength parameters.
Assessment

Attendence in the laboratory session and submission of the laboratory report is essential to earn
the marks for the assignment.

Generic Information

Any type of plagiarism is not allowed.

Plagiarism: Academic honesty is crucial to a students credibility and self-esteem, and ultimately
reflects the values and morals of the Institute as whole. A student may work together with one or
a group of students discussing assignment content, identifying relevant references, and debating
issues relevant to the subject. Plagiarism occurs when the work of another person, or persons, is
used and presented as ones own.
Sample Calculation
 GROUP ENGINEERING LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD.
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
TEST METHOD - ASTM D 2850 03a

Client : M/s Geotech (Pvt) Ltd,

Project : Ceylinco Life PLC, Park St. , Colombo -02
Job No : GL/0665/003 Test Date : 21/05/2012
BH No : BH-04 Depth (m) : 10.00-10.40

Initial Specimen Data After Test Specimen Data

Initial Diameter (mm) 48.0 Wet weight of specimen (g) 322.81
Initial Height (mm) 96.0 Dry weight of specimen (g) 248.56
Moisture content of specimen (%) 29.87
2
Initial Area (A0) (mm ) 1809.56 Wet density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.858
Initial Volume (mm3) 173717.51 Dry density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.431

Proving Serial No. 18099 Applied Lateral Pressure (KN/m 2) 50

Deviator Load Minor Major

Strain Corrected Deviator
Strain Principal Principal
Dial Area (mm2) Stress
Dial N % Eff. Stress Eff. Stress
(0.01mm) A =A0/(1-S) kPa
(kPa) (kPa)
0 0 0.000 0.00 1809.56 0.000 50 50.00
70 70 108.465 0.73 1822.85 59.503 50 109.50
140 92 140.454 1.46 1836.34 76.486 50 126.49
210 105 159.118 2.19 1850.03 86.009 50 136.01
280 118 177.620 2.92 1863.92 95.293 50 145.29
350 129 193.156 3.65 1878.03 102.851 50 152.85
420 137 204.392 4.38 1892.35 108.010 50 158.01
490 147 218.366 5.10 1906.89 114.514 50 164.51
560 156 230.879 5.83 1921.65 120.146 50 170.15
630 165 243.337 6.56 1936.65 125.648 50 175.65
700 173 254.367 7.29 1951.88 130.319 50 180.32
770 180 263.987 8.02 1967.36 134.184 50 184.18
840 187 273.580 8.75 1983.08 137.957 50 187.96
910 194 283.147 9.48 1999.05 141.641 50 191.64
980 201 292.691 10.21 2015.28 145.236 50 195.24
1050 208 302.213 10.94 2031.78 148.743 50 198.74 Failure Sketch
1120 214 310.359 11.67 2048.56 151.501 50 201.50
1190 221 319.846 12.40 2065.61 154.844 50 204.84
1260 226 326.612 13.13 2082.94 156.803 50 206.80
1330 231 333.370 13.85 2100.57 158.704 50 208.70
1400 237 341.471 14.58 2118.51 161.185 50 211.18
1470 243 349.563 15.31 2136.75 163.596 50 213.60
1540 248 356.301 16.04 2155.30 165.313 50 215.31
1610 253 363.033 16.77 2174.19 166.974 50 216.97
1680 257 368.416 17.50 2193.40 167.966 50 217.97
1750 261 373.797 18.23 2212.96 168.913 50 218.91
1820 265 379.176 18.96 2232.87 169.815 50 219.82
1890 269 384.554 19.69 2253.15 170.674 50 220.67
 GROUP ENGINEERING LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD.
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
TEST METHOD - ASTM D 2850 03a

Client : M/s Geotech (Pvt) Ltd,

Project : Ceylinco Life PLC, Park St. , Colombo -02
Job No : GL/0665/003 Test Date : 21/05/2012
BH No : BH-04 Depth (m) : 10.00-10.40

Initial Specimen Data After Test Specimen Data

Initial Diameter (mm) 48.0 Wet weight of specimen (g) 325.13
Initial Height (mm) 96.0 Dry weight of specimen (g) 252.49
Moisture content of specimen (%) 28.77
2
Initial Area (A0) (mm ) 1809.56 Wet density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.872
Initial Volume (mm3) 173717.51 Dry density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.453

Proving Serial No. 18099 Applied Lateral Pressure (KN/m 2) 100

Deviator Load Minor Major

Strain Corrected Deviator
Strain Principal Principal
Dial Area (mm2) Stress
Dial N % Eff. Stress Eff. Stress
(0.01mm) A =A0/(1-S) kPa
(kPa) (kPa)
0 0 0.000 0.00 1809.56 0.000 100 100.00
70 81 124.526 0.73 1822.85 68.314 100 168.31
140 101 153.393 1.46 1836.34 83.532 100 183.53
210 113 170.522 2.19 1850.03 92.173 100 192.17
280 126 188.929 2.92 1863.92 101.361 100 201.36
350 137 204.392 3.65 1878.03 108.833 100 208.83
420 146 216.972 4.38 1892.35 114.657 100 214.66
490 155 229.492 5.10 1906.89 120.349 100 220.35
560 164 241.955 5.83 1921.65 125.910 100 225.91
630 172 252.990 6.56 1936.65 130.633 100 230.63
700 182 266.731 7.29 1951.88 136.653 100 236.65
770 189 276.316 8.02 1967.36 140.450 100 240.45
840 196 285.876 8.75 1983.08 144.158 100 244.16
910 204 296.775 9.48 1999.05 148.458 100 248.46
980 210 304.930 10.21 2015.28 151.309 100 251.31
1050 218 315.782 10.94 2031.78 155.421 100 255.42 Failure Sketch
1120 225 325.259 11.67 2048.56 158.775 100 258.78
1190 232 334.721 12.40 2065.61 162.045 100 262.05
1260 236 340.122 13.13 2082.94 163.289 100 263.29
1330 245 352.259 13.85 2100.57 167.696 100 267.70
1400 252 361.687 14.58 2118.51 170.727 100 270.73
1470 258 369.762 15.31 2136.75 173.049 100 273.05
1540 264 377.832 16.04 2155.30 175.303 100 275.30
1610 270 385.898 16.77 2174.19 177.491 100 277.49
1680 275 392.618 17.50 2193.40 178.999 100 279.00
1750 277 395.306 18.23 2212.96 178.632 100 278.63
1820 282 402.024 18.96 2232.87 180.048 100 280.05
1890 286 407.399 19.69 2253.15 180.814 100 280.81
 GROUP ENGINEERING LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD.
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
TEST METHOD - ASTM D 2850 03a

Client : M/s Geotech (Pvt) Ltd,

Project : Ceylinco Life PLC, Park St. , Colombo -02
Job No : GL/0665/003 Test Date : 21/05/2012
BH No : BH-04 Depth (m) : 10.00-10.40

Initial Specimen Data After Test Specimen Data

Initial Diameter (mm) 48.0 Wet weight of specimen (g) 328.14
Initial Height (mm) 96.0 Dry weight of specimen (g) 257.38
Moisture content of specimen (%) 27.49
2
Initial Area (A0) (mm ) 1809.56 Wet density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.889
Initial Volume (mm3) 173717.51 Dry density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.482

Proving Serial No. 18099 Applied Lateral Pressure (KN/m 2) 150

Deviator Load Minor Major

Strain Corrected Deviator
Strain Principal Principal
Dial Area (mm2) Stress
Dial N % Eff. Stress Eff. Stress
(0.01mm) A =A0/(1-S) kPa
(kPa) (kPa)
0 0 0.000 0.00 1809.56 0.000 150 150.00
70 90 137.568 0.73 1822.85 75.469 150 225.47
140 109 164.828 1.46 1836.34 89.759 150 239.76
210 121 181.867 2.19 1850.03 98.305 150 248.31
280 133 198.780 2.92 1863.92 106.646 150 256.65
350 144 214.182 3.65 1878.03 114.046 150 264.05
420 153 226.714 4.38 1892.35 119.806 150 269.81
490 163 240.573 5.10 1906.89 126.160 150 276.16
560 172 252.990 5.83 1921.65 131.652 150 281.65
630 181 265.359 6.56 1936.65 137.020 150 287.02
700 190 277.683 7.29 1951.88 142.264 150 292.26
770 198 288.604 8.02 1967.36 146.696 150 296.70
840 207 300.854 8.75 1983.08 151.711 150 301.71
910 214 310.359 9.48 1999.05 155.253 150 305.25
980 220 318.492 10.21 2015.28 158.038 150 308.04
1050 229 330.668 10.94 2031.78 162.748 150 312.75 Failure Sketch
1120 237 341.471 11.67 2048.56 166.689 150 316.69
1190 244 350.911 12.40 2065.61 169.883 150 319.88
1260 252 361.687 13.13 2082.94 173.642 150 323.64
1330 258 369.762 13.85 2100.57 176.029 150 326.03
1400 266 380.521 14.58 2118.51 179.618 150 329.62
1470 272 388.586 15.31 2136.75 181.859 150 331.86
1540 279 397.993 16.04 2155.30 184.658 150 334.66
1610 284 404.712 16.77 2174.19 186.144 150 336.14
1680 291 414.118 17.50 2193.40 188.802 150 338.80
1750 296 420.838 18.23 2212.96 190.170 150 340.17
1820 301 427.560 18.96 2232.87 191.484 150 341.48
1890 305 432.939 19.69 2253.15 192.149 150 342.15
 GROUP ENGINEERING LABORATORIES (PVT) LTD.
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
TEST METHOD - ASTM D 2850 03a

Client : M/s Geotech (Pvt) Ltd,

Project : Ceylinco Life PLC, Park St. , Colombo -02

Job No : GL/0665/003 Test Date : 21/05/2012
BH No : BH-04 Depth (m) : 10.00-10.40

Initial Specimen Diameter (mm) 48.5 48.5 48.5

Initial Specimen Height (mm) 96.0 96.0 96.0
Moisture content of specimen (%) 29.87 28.77 27.49
Wet density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.858 1.872 1.889
Dry density of specimen(g/cm3) 1.431 1.453 1.482
Specific Gravity 2.49 2.49 2.49
Voids Ratio 0.74 0.71 0.68
Degree of Saturation (%) 100.48 100.45 100.58

200
190 50 kPa
180 100 kPa
170 150 kPa
160
150 Results
140 (Refer the graph attached in next page)
Deviator Stress (kPa)

130
120 Average Cu = 86 kPa
110
100 u (Deg) = 0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Strain %

Applied Cell Pressure (kPa) 50.00 100.00 150.00

% Strain at max. Dev. Stress 15.00 15.00 15.00
Max. Dev. Stress (kPa) 163.00 172.00 180.00
Minor Principal Stress (kPa) 50.00 100.00 150.00
Major Principal Stress (kPa) 213.00 272.00 330.00

Remarks : This Report refers specially to the sample analyzed

Tested By Checked By Date