Safe Respirator Use

Breathe Safer
How to use respirators safely

and start a respirator program
About WorkSafeBC
WorkSafeBC (the Workers Compensation Board) is an independent provincial statutory agency governed
by a Board of Directors. It is funded by insurance premiums paid by registered employers and by
investment returns. In administering the Workers Compensation Act, WorkSafeBC remains separate and
distinct from government; however, it is accountable to the public through government in its role of
protecting and maintaining the overall well-being of the workers compensation system.
WorkSafeBC was born out of a compromise between B.C.s workers and employers in 1917 where
workers gave up the right to sue their employers or fellow workers for injuries on the job in return for a
no-fault insurance program fully paid for by employers. WorkSafeBC is committed to a safe and healthy
workplace, and to providing return-to-work rehabilitation and legislated compensation benefits to
workers injured as a result of their employment.
WorkSafeBC Prevention Information Line

The WorkSafeBC Prevention Information Line can answer your questions about workplace health
and safety, worker and employer responsibilities, and reporting a workplace accident or incident. The
Prevention Information Line accepts anonymous calls.
Phone 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland, or call 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE) toll-free in British Columbia.
To report after-hours and weekend accidents and emergencies, call 604 273-7711 in the Lower Mainland,
or call 1 866 922-4357 (WCB-HELP) toll-free in British Columbia.
Breathe Safer
How to use respirators safely
and start a respirator program
WorkSafeBC publications
Many publications are available on the WorkSafeBC web site. The Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation and associated policies and guidelines, as well as excerpts and summaries of the Workers
Compensation Act, are also available on the web site: WorkSafeBC.com
Some publications are also available for purchase in print:

Phone: 604 232-9704
Toll-free phone: 1 866 319-9704
Fax: 604 232-9703
Toll-free fax: 1 888 232-9714
Online ordering: WorkSafeBC.com and click on Publications; follow the links for ordering
1996, 2001, 2005, 2011 Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia. All rights reserved. The Workers
Compensation Board of B.C. encourages the copying, reproduction, and distribution of this document to
promote health and safety in the workplace, provided that the Workers Compensation Board of B.C. is
acknowledged. However, no part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, or distributed for profit or
other commercial enterprise, nor may any part be incorporated into any other publication, without written
permission of the Workers Compensation Board of B.C.
2011 edition
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data

Main entry under title:
Breathe safer : how to use respirators safely and start a respirator program. -- [1996] -
Irregular.
ISSN 1496-449X = Breathe safer
1. Breathing apparatus. 2. Respiratory organs Protection.

3. Industrial safety Equipment and supplies. I. Workers Compensation Board of British
Columbia.
T55.3.G3B73 681.76 C96-960050-X
Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

- ii -
How to use this manual
For many workers, respirators provide protection from breathing hazards when no other means are
effective. This manual is for employers, supervisors, and workers who need information on respirators
and breathing hazards. You may want to read the whole manual, or you may prefer to select information
according to your needs. It is divided into four parts to make it easier for you to find the information you
need. The glossary on pages 118121 explains terms used in this manual.
If you use a respirator or are involved in the use of See Part 1 for information about:
respirators in any way When a respirator is needed
Types of breathing hazards
If you are responsible for selecting the See Part 2 for information about:
appropriate respirator or the cartridge or filter Types of respirators
for any given breathing hazard How to choose the appropriate respirator for a
particular hazard
If you use a respirator, or supervise workers who See Part 3 for information about:
use respirators, or are responsible for ensuring Your medical fitness to use a respirator
that respirators are used and maintained Fitting your respirator
correctly Caring for your respirator
Replacing the filter or cartridge
If you are responsible for implementing a See Part 4 for information about:
respirator program Respirator program responsibilities
The essential elements of a respirator program
See page 99 for a sample respirator program
This manual does not replace the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. It helps explain the
requirements of the Regulation and is a tool to help you work safely in workplaces where there are
breathing hazards. In this manual, the word must means that a particular safety step is required by the
Regulation. The word should indicates that a particular action, although not specified in the Regulation,
will improve safety in the workplace.
You may have questions about some of the requirements of the Regulation or about situations specific to your
worksite. A WorkSafeBC officer can help you. Call your local WorkSafeBC office, or call 604 276-3100 in the
Lower Mainland or toll-free in B.C. at 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE).
WorkSafeBC exposure limits are available in OHS Guideline 5.48-1, Table of Exposure Limits. At the
WorkSafeBC web site (WorkSafeBC.com), look for the Quick Links box, and click the OHS Regulation
link. The Regulation page has links to Part 5 of the Regulation and its Guidelines, as well as to the Table
of Exposure Limits.

- iii -
Acknowledgments
This manual would not have been possible without the generous assistance of industry. WorkSafeBC
thanks the following organizations and their representatives for their contributions to the working group
that reviewed and gave input on previous editions of this manual:
Acklands Grainger Inc.

B.C. Ferries
B.C. Hydro
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades
Construction and Specialized Workers Union (Local 1611)
Greater Vancouver Regional District
International Woodworkers of America (IWACanada)
MacMillan Bloedel Ltd.
TimberWest Forest Ltd.
3M Canada Company
University of British Columbia
Weyerhaeuser B.C. Coastal Group

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Contents
Part 1: Introduction
What is a respirator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
When is a respirator needed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Types of breathing hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Particulate contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Gas and vapour contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Oxygen deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Combination of hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
How breathing hazards can affect you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Part 2: Selecting the right respirator

Types of respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Overview of respirator types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Air-purifying respirators (APRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Air-supplying respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Escape respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A step-by-step approach to choosing the right respirator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Step 1: Identify the breathing hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Step 2: Check the concentration of each air contaminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Step 3: Compare the concentration of each contaminant with WorkSafeBC exposure limits . . 36
Step 4: Check the IDLH concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Step 5: Check the properties of each contaminant to select possible respirator types . . . . . 38
Step 6: Check the assigned protection factor of respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Step 7: Calculate the hazard ratio for each air contaminant and compare it
with the assigned protection factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Step 8: Calculate the maximum use concentration (MUC) and compare it
with the contaminant concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Step 9: Identify the general classification of respirator required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Step 10: Consider the state of the contaminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Step 11: Consider the warning properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Step 12: Select an appropriate filter or cartridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Step 13: Consider special requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Part 3: Using your respirator safely

Safe respirator use is everyones responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Medical assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tips for safe respirator use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Essential information about air-purifying respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Essential information about air-supplying respirators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

-v-
Fitting your tight-fitting respirator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Putting on your respirator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Preventing interference with the respirator seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
User seal check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Negative-pressure user seal check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Positive-pressure user seal check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fit testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Qualitative fit testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fit testing records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Caring for your respirator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Filter and cartridge replacement schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Maintenance and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Part 4: Setting up an effective respirator program

About respirator programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Elements of an effective respirator program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Statement of purpose and responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Written procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Instruction and training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Medical assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Program review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Appendices
Sample respirator program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Respirator selection guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

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1
Introduction
What is a respirator?
A respirator is a protective device that covers the workers nose and

mouth or the entire face and head to keep airborne contaminants out of
the workers respiratory system and provide a safe air supply.
There are many different kinds of respirators.

-1-
When is a respirator needed?
In some workplaces, there is a risk to workers from breathing in airborne

contaminants or air that is low in oxygen (called breathing hazards in
this manual). The employer must find ways to eliminate the hazard or
control it below harmful levels.
There are four basic methods of controlling breathing

hazards. The list below contains some examples of
different controls:
Substitution involves replacing the hazardous
substance or process with a non-hazardous or less
hazardous one.
Engineering controls include enclosing the process
so that contaminants do not get into the workspace,
improving the ventilation, and changing the equipment
or processes.
Engineering controls such as local exhaust Administrative controls include restricting access to
ventilation can be used to control contaminant contaminated areas, limiting the total time workers are
levels. In this picture, the soldering fumes do exposed, and establishing housekeeping procedures to
not go past the workers face. control exposure.
Personal protective equipment includes the use of
respirators.
The employer has substituted a non-toxic glue for one with toxic ingredients
to eliminate the hazard. The new glue takes longer to dry, so changes to work
schedules were also needed.

-2-
Most breathing hazards in the workplace can be reduced or eliminated
by the first three controls. Wherever practicable (i.e., reasonably capable Workplace monitoring
of being done), substitution, engineering controls, or administrative and exposure control
controls must be used before relying on respirators as the main way to plans
control exposure. Properly used, respirators can protect the worker from
If respirators are used
the hazard. However, they dont reduce or eliminate the hazard. If the
as a control measure,
respirator fails, is not used properly, or is not suitable for the task, the employers must assess
worker will be at risk of exposure. airborne contaminants
at the worksite and
In some cases, however, respirators are the only means to protect workers. select respirators that
Respirators are permitted as the primary means of control only in the are appropriate to the
following situations: hazard. A respirator
Substitution, engineering controls, or administrative controls are not program is also required
practicable. (see pages 8996).
Additional protection is needed because engineering or administrative Section 5.53 of
controls cannot reduce the exposure level enough. the Occupational
The exposure results from temporary conditions (non-routine work). Health and Safety
The exposure results from emergency conditions. Regulation describes
how employers are
required to assess and
monitor the level of air
contaminants present
in the workplace.
Section 5.54 describes
exposure control
plans and when one is
required.

-3-
Types of breathing hazards
This manual deals with the following breathing hazards:

Particulate contaminants (dusts, fibres, mists, fumes, and biological
contaminants)
Gas and vapour contaminants
Oxygen deficiency (air that is low in oxygen)
A combination of the above hazards
Different hazards require different kinds of respirators, so it is important

to understand basic information about breathing hazards.
Particulate contaminants
The air we breathe may contain very small particles of solids and
liquids. These particles, small enough to be suspended in air, are called
particulates. You will also see the term aerosol used to describe tiny
particles of liquid or solid matter suspended in air.
Particulates come in different sizes and are formed in different ways.

Particulate contaminants may be found in the workplace, where they can
harm workers.
Dusts and fibres (small solid particles)
Dusts and fibres are formed when solid materials are

broken down by processes such as sanding, milling,
cutting, crushing, grinding, or drilling. Powders and
granules are used in some industrial processes, and dusts
from these can contaminate the air.
Dusts and fibres can irritate the nose, throat, and airways.
Very small dust particles and longer fibres can lodge deep
in the lungs and cause serious lung disease, depending on
the type of dust or fibre inhaled. For example, silica dust
can cause a type of lung scarring called silicosis. Asbestos
fibres can cause a type of lung scarring called asbestosis.
Both of these contaminants can also cause lung cancer.
Dusts and fibres are formed when solid

materials are broken down.

-4-
Mists (small liquid drops)
Mists are airborne drops of liquid. They form when liquid

is sprayed, shaken, mixed, or stirred. Some examples are
oil mist produced from the lubricants produced during
metal cutting and paint spray mist produced during
painting operations. The acid mist produced during
electroplating results from air being forced into the liquid
to form bubbles.
Mists can irritate the surface tissues they touch, such

as the skin, eyes, airways, and lungs. For example, a
strong irritant mist such as chromic acid can erode the
tissue inside the nose. Mists of some substances can
also enter the bloodstream through the lungs and cause
damage to internal organs. For example, organophosphate Paint spraying produces misttiny drops of
insecticides (OPs) can enter the bloodstream and affect the liquid suspended in the air.
nervous system.
Fumes (tiny solid particles)
Fumes form when solid material such as metal or plastic

is heated, causing some of the material to boil off.
The boiled-off material cools in the air and condenses
into fumestiny solid particles. Fumes are produced by
processes such as welding, smelting, soldering, and brazing.
Inhaling some types of fumes can cause health problems.

For example, exposure to cadmium fumes can cause
symptoms such as breathing irritation, coughing, and
shortness of breath, and can result in lung disease and
even death. Long-term (chronic) exposure to cadmium
fumes can result in lung and kidney damage.
Fumes form when boiled-off material cools
Biological contaminants
and condenses into tiny solid particles.
Airborne biological hazards can include bacteria (such as
Mycobacteria tuberculosis), viruses (such as hantavirus), fungi (such as mould
and Histoplasma), and plant and animal materials (such as grain dust, spores,
and dander). If inhaled, these contaminants can cause health problems.
Workers in many jobs may have some exposure to biological hazards such
as moulds and pathogens found in bird and rodent droppings.

-5-
Organic (biological) airborne particles share the same physical
characteristics in the air or on surfaces as inorganic particles from
hazardous dusts. Choosing the correct respirator fitted with the correct
particulate filter is essential to ensuring adequate protection (see pages
2123). In addition, other personal protective equipment may be required
to protect the worker from other routes of exposurefor example, gloves
may be needed if the skin is a route of exposure. For more information on
hantavirus, see the WorkSafeBC publication A Hantavirus Exposure Control
Program for Employers and Workers.
Hantaviruses are found in some rodents, especially deer mice. Workers can
become infected by inhaling the viruses from the droppings or urine of infected
rodents.

-6-
Gas and vapour contaminants
Gases, such as carbon monoxide and chlorine, are materials that exist
as individual molecules in the air at normal room temperature and air
pressure. Gases are often used at the workplace in industrial processes,
or are produced as by-products of these processes. Gases readily spread
throughout an enclosure or work area.
Vapours are the gaseous form of substances that are normally liquid or
solid at room temperature. Substances in vapour form are in the air and can
be inhaled. Examples of liquids that can easily evaporate to form vapours
at room temperature are solvents such as paint thinners, acetone, and
turpentine. Examples of solids that can produce vapours are naphthalene
and paradichlorobenzene (both used in mothballs). Whenever liquids are
present, you can expect vapours to form.
Depending on the contaminant, gases and vapours can irritate your eyes,
nose, throat, lungs, and skin, and can be easily absorbed through your
lungs into your bloodstream. Once in your bloodstream, some of these
chemicals can go on to damage your nervous system and other internal
organs. Some gases and vapours cause health effects right away, and some
result in health problems only after a long period of exposure.
The health effects may also depend on the concentration of the contaminant
in the air. A low level of hydrogen sulfide gas, for example, may cause only
a sore throat and runny nose, while a higher level can cause breathing
failure and death within minutes. The vapours produced by solvents can
cause headache, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, and death. The
vapours produced when mothballs evaporate can damage your liver and
kidneys.

-7-
Oxygen deficiency
The air we breathe contains a number of different gases. Almost 21% of
normal air is oxygen. Where there is less than 19.5% oxygen by volume,
the atmosphere is considered oxygen-deficient. Lack of oxygen can
damage your brain and cause your heart to stop after a few minutes. In
slightly reduced levels of oxygen, you will feel dizzy and your heart will
speed up.
Oxygen deficiency can develop in confined or enclosed spaces such as

silos, tanks, ship holds, sewers, and large pipelines. Treat all confined
spaces as immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) until proven
otherwise by testing with gas-monitoring equipment.
Oxygen deficiency can occur in two ways:

Oxygen can be consumed when it reacts with other material. For
In an oxygen-deficient
example, rusting iron, burning materials, or rotting organic material
atmosphere, a worker
must use a respirator that such as leaves, wood, or sewage all use up oxygen.
supplies clean air. Normal air can be displaced by other gases. For example, welders use
argon gas as a shielding gas to displace normal air around the weld
during some welding processes. Shielding gas used in a confined
or enclosed workspace can build up and displace the air the worker
needs for breathing. Leaking gas lines can also discharge gas into
areas where it is not normally present.
HAZARD ALERT
Low levels of oxygen can kill
A worker suffocated while preparing to clean a beverage storage tank (a

confined space). He crawled through a small opening to position a spray ball
used to spray the inside walls of the tank with detergent. The tank had been
previously cleaned and purged with nitrogen gas and was low in oxygen. The
level of oxygen in the tank was not tested before the worker entered it. After
about five minutes in the tank, the worker was found unconscious by a fellow
worker, and could not be revived.
The oxygen level in
confined spaces must The only way to know how much oxygen is present in a confined space is
be tested before workers for a trained person to test the atmosphere with an oxygen monitor. Before
enter them. Workers must anyone enters a confined space, test the air and provide ventilation.
be trained and must follow
written confined space
entry procedures.

-8-
Combination of hazards
Look carefully around your work area to identify all types of breathing
hazards that may put workers at risk. Take special note of confined or
enclosed spaces. Remember that more than one type of breathing hazard
can be present at a time. For example, paint spraying may produce mists
and vapours. Welding may produce gases and fumes. Oxygen deficiency
can occur along with air contaminants (particulates, gases, and vapours).
Workers need protection from each type of breathing hazard present in
the workplace.
Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

Some situations are considered immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH). IDLH atmospheres contain hazardous substances at a concentration
that places the worker in immediate danger because they either:
- Impair the ability of the worker to leave the work area (self-rescue) or
- Lead to irreversible health effects, including serious injury or death, in a
matter of minutes
Conditions considered IDLH include:

- A known contaminant at a concentration known to be IDLH
- A known contaminant at an unknown concentration with the potential to be
IDLH
- An unknown contaminant at an unknown concentration
- An untested confined space
- An oxygen-deficient atmosphere
- Firefighting
- Contaminants at or above 20% of their lower explosive limit (LELthe
concentration at which the gas or vapour could ignite)

-9-
How breathing hazards can affect you
Air contaminants and oxygen deficiency can affect your health in many
ways. Some breathing hazards are life-threatening. Other hazards cause
minor health problems. A hazard may have health effects after a short
period of exposure or a long period, or both. Workers may not be aware of
any health effects while they are exposed to certain contaminants, but the
contaminants can still have serious long-term effects.
Brain: Lack of oxygen can

damage your brain and cause
your heart to stop after a few
minutes. In slightly reduced levels
of oxygen, you will feel dizzy and
your heart will speed up. Some
gases and vapours can damage
your brain.
Airways: Particulates, gases, and
vapours can irritate your nose,
throat, and upper airways. Gases
and vapours can get deep into your
lungs, where they can damage
your lung tissue and cause serious
health problems. If particulates are
the right size and shape, they can
also enter the lungs.
Bloodstream and internal organs:
Some particulates, gases, and
vapours can pass directly from
your lungs into your bloodstream.
Once in your blood, they can
damage your internal organs.

- 10 -
2
Selecting the
right respirator
Types of respirators
There are many types of respirators available on the market. It is

important to choose the right type of respirator for the breathing hazards
in your workplace. In addition, some respirators must also be fitted with
the correct filter or cartridge. This section provides information on the
most common types of respirators.
If you are responsible for selecting respirators, or if you must select the
cartridge or filter to wear in your respirator, you should read this section.
If you use a respirator and want to know more about the type of respirator
you use, you will find useful information in this section.
The table on pages 1415 gives an overview of the respirators discussed in

this manual for quick reference. (Note that it does not include mine rescue
respirators.)
Facepiece
body
Headband
Yoke
Particulate
filter
Inhalation valve OR
(behind holder)
Combination
gas and
Cartridge or particulate
filter holder cartridge
Gasket
(if applicable)
Exhalation valve
and cover
The basic parts of a typical half-facepiece respirator are shown. Two common options are illustrated on the right.
Both sides of the respirator would take the same type of filter or cartridge.

- 13 -
Overview of respirator types
Type of Subtype How does it How is it used? Used in Used Advantages Disadvantages Protection
respirator work? oxygen in factor
deficiency? IDLH?
Air-purifying Non-powered Cleans the air before Protection against No No Small and compact. Cannot be used for 1050
respirator (APR) (half-facepiece; the worker breathes it lower levels of Lightweight. gases and vapours (depends
full facepiece) (see in. Air passes through contaminants. Filters with poor warning on type of
pages 18-19) a filter or cartridge. and cartridges Low initial costs. properties unless facepiece)
selected for specific end-of-service-life
contaminants. indicator available.
Negative pressure
inside facepiece may
result in leakage with
improper fit.
Selection of proper
type is critical.
Fit testing required.
Generally high
replacement and
maintenance costs.
Powered (half- Cleans the air before Protection against No No No mobility Cannot be used for 251,000
facepiece; full the worker breathes it higher levels of restrictions. gases and vapours (depends
facepiece; loose- in. Battery-powered contaminants than Minimal breathing with poor warning on type of
fitting facepiece; blower draws air non-powered resistance and properties unless facepiece)
hood; helmet) (see through filter or respirators. Filters and discomfort. end-of-service-life
page 20) cartridge. cartridges selected for indicator available.
specific contaminants. Selection of proper
type is critical.
Fit testing required
for tight-fitting
facepieces.
High replacement
and maintenance
costs.
Air-supplying Supplied-air Supplies clean air to Protection against No No Can be used for Trailing air-supply 101,000
respirator (airline) (see pages worker through an higher levels of long periods. hose restricts (depends
28-29) airline from air tank contaminants Minimal breathing mobility and can be on negative
or air compressor and highly toxic resistance and damaged. or positive
(compressed or non- contaminants. discomfort. Loss of protection pressure
compressed source) with air supply and type of
Low weight and facepiece)
bulk. failure.
High level of Air quality must meet
protection with specific standards.
some devices. Fit testing required
Moderate with tight-fitting
maintenance costs. facepieces.
High initial costs for
complete system.

- 14 -
Type of Subtype How does it How is it used? Used in Used Advantages Disadvantages Protection
respirator work? oxygen in factor
deficiency? IDLH?
Air-supplying Combination Supplies clean air to Protection against Yes Yes Can be used for Trailing air-supply 10,000
respirator supplied-air worker through an higher levels of long periods. hose restricts
(airline) with airline from air tank contaminants Preferred over SCBA mobility and can be
auxiliary supply or air compressor and highly toxic in confined spaces. damaged.
bottle (positive (compressed or non- contaminants. Air quality must meet
pressure only) (see compressed source). Minimal breathing
resistance with specific standards.
page 29) In addition, worker
wears escape bottle some types. Fit testing required
of air connected to Simple with tight-fitting
airline. construction, low facepieces.
bulk. High initial costs for
Escape bottle complete system.
protects if air
supply fails.
Moderate
maintenance costs.
Self-contained Supplies air from a Protection against Yes Yes Maximum mobility Complex. 10,000
breathing apparatus cylinder carried by the higher levels of with minimum Heavy and bulky.
(SCBA), pressure- worker. contaminants restriction. Not suitable for long
demand (postive and highly toxic Maximum level of periods.
pressure only). contaminants. protection. Generally not suitable
Demand (negative for confined spaces.
pressure) no longer Fit testing required.
manufactured. (see Extensive training
pages 29-30) required.
Air quality must meet
specific standards.
High initial and
maintenance costs.
Escape Air-purifying (see Various types, but all Allows the worker No For No fit test required Not for rescue or to Not assigned
pages 31-32) must be carried by the to quickly leave an escape for bite block enter contaminated
worker or kept within area that has become only (mouthpiece) type. area.
arms reach. contaminated. Requires appropriate
filter and/or
cartridge.
Air-supplying (see Small SCBA with Allows the worker For escape only For Easy to use. Not for rescue or to Not assigned
page 32) enough air for 5-10 to quickly leave an escape No fit test required. enter contaminated
minutes. area that has become only area.
contaminated.

- 15 -
Use only approved respirators
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a U.S.
agency that approves respirators. Workers must be supplied with NIOSH-
approved respirators at the workplace, or with respirators that have been
accepted for use by WorkSafeBC. However, single-strap dust masks and
surgical masks are not NIOSH-approved and do not meet WorkSafeBC
requirements for respiratory protection.
Included with the respirator or on the filter, cartridge, or package is

information that states:
- Type of substance(s) the filter or cartridge protects against
- Limitations of the respirator and of cartridges or filters
- Proper cleaning and maintenance procedures
- Parts (filters, cartridges, airlines, and so on) that make up the complete
NIOSH-approved assembly
- The label NIOSH on the parts
- Approval number (always starting with the letters TC)
Make sure your respirator has all its proper parts. Since each manufacturer
uses a different design, parts are not interchangeable between brands. Make
sure you use the correct snap-on or screw-in filter or cartridge for your brand
of respirator. Never use cartridges interchangeably. They will not fit correctly
and will allow contaminants to leak into the facepiece.
Making alterations and modifications, interchanging parts, or using parts not

approved by NIOSH for a specific respirator voids the NIOSH approval.

- 16 -
Air-purifying respirators (APRs)
An air-purifying respirator (APR) uses an air-purifying filter or cartridge
to clean the air before you breathe it in. As air is pulled through the filter
or cartridge, the contaminant is removed. Air must go through the filter or
cartridge to be cleaned.
If you choose an air-purifying respirator, you need to know the

concentration of the contaminant in your workplace (see Step 2, page 35).
Never use air-purifying respirators in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

Air-purifying respirators do not supply air. These respirators only clean
the air that is present around you. Cleaning the air does not add the
oxygen you need in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Cartridges and filters
are not effective with certain contaminants (for example, nitrogen dioxide,
nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide). In those cases, air-supplying respirators
must be used (see pages 2730).
Air-purifying respirators come in two basic types: non-powered and

powered. Note that escape respirators are discussed separately on pages
3132.
Filters and cartridges

Filters are made of fibrous material that traps particles as you breathe
in. Respirators that use filters provide protection against particulate
contaminants.
Cartridges provide protection against some gases and vapours. Some

cartridges contain a sorbent material such as activated charcoal that
removes contaminants from inhaled air. Other cartridges contain a substance
that causes a chemical reaction with the contaminant, changing it into a
harmless gas.
Some chemical cartridge respirators can also be fitted with filters to provide
protection against particulates as well as gases and vapours. Combination
gas/vapour and particulate cartridges are also available (see pages 2627).

- 17 -
Non-powered air-purifying respirators
Non-powered air-purifying respirators come in two main

types:
Half-facepiece respirators (in filtering facepiece or
elastomeric styles)
Full-facepiece respirators
Half-facepiece respirators
A half-facepiece respirator covers only your nose, mouth,
and chin. Half-facepieces (sometimes referred to as half
masks) are a very popular, versatile type of respirator and
are available in many different models and sizes.
Half-facepiece respirators in the filtering facepiece style

are respirators where the entire facepiece acts as a filter
medium. Some models have an elastomeric (rubber-like)
seal along the edge where it meets the face.
Filtering facepiece respirators must be held in Filtering facepiece respirators have no replacement parts,
place by two elastic head straps. and the whole respirator is disposed of at the end of its
service life. They must have two straps: one above the ears
and over the crown of the head, and the other below the
ears and around the neck. Single-strap dust masks are
not accepted by WorkSafeBC for use as respirators. They
do not provide an effective seal on the face, and the filter
medium may not provide adequate protection against the
contaminant.
This filtering facepiece respirator has a one-

way exhalation valve and an elastomeric edge
to give a good seal with the face

- 18 -
Half-facepiece respirators in the elastomeric style have a silicone,
thermoplastic, or rubber facepiece that is held against the face by
two head straps. One or more filters or cartridges attach onto the
facepiece.
When you inhale, a one-way inhalation valve opens and allows air
to be drawn through the filter or cartridge, where contaminants
are removed. When you exhale, a one-way exhalation valve opens,
letting the air out. After you exhale, this valve closes to stop
contaminated air from entering the respirator when you take your
next breath.
Full-facepiece respirator
A full-facepiece respirator is similar to a half-facepiece but
covers the entire face from the hairline to below the chin. These
An elastomeric half-facepiece
respirators have a silicone, thermoplastic, or rubber facepiece
respirator fits over the nose and under
that is held against the face by two or more head straps. One the chin. Cartridges or filters are
or more filters or cartridges attach onto the facepiece. A clear attached.
lens is built into the facepiece. These respirators are often used
when contaminants irritate the eyes or when a greater level of
protection from contaminants is required.
A full-facepiece respirator covers the

entire face.

- 19 -
Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) uses a battery-powered

blower to continuously draw air through the filter or cartridge and
deliver it to the facepiece. It is easier to breathe with a PAPR. Other
advantages of PAPRs are that they are more protective and more
comfortable than non-powered air-purifying respirators.
PAPRs are air-purifying; they do not supply clean air. PAPRs

should never be used in oxygen-deficient situations.
There are various styles of PAPRs:

Half-facepiece respirators (in elastomeric styles)
Full-facepiece respirators
Loose-fitting facepiece
Hood
Helmet (includes hardhat protection)
PAPRs use a battery-powered blower Half-facepiece and full-facepiece respirators form a tight seal with
to draw air through the filter. This the face. The others are loose-fitting and can be worn with some
worker is also wearing protective facial hair and glasses. The amount of protection varies depending
clothing. on the facepiece.
The style chosen depends on the workplace application. For example,

helmet styles are popular for welding. Refer to the manufacturers
instructions and the NIOSH approval for acceptable uses of PAPRs.
The motor blower and filter are built This welding helmet provides head If the contaminant is a skin irritant, a
into the headgear of this loose-fitting protection. Helmets also come in hood can protect the skin, face, and
facepiece visor. In other models, they other styles for rugged activities eyes.
are mounted on a belt. such as grinding and chipping.

- 20 -
Air-purifying filters and cartridges
The filters and cartridges you use in your respirator are designed to
remove specific contaminants from the air. Choose the correct type of
filter and cartridge for the contaminants present at your worksite. If the
correct type isnt chosen, the contaminant wont be removed, and the
worker will inhale it.
Air-purifying filters and cartridges are effective only up to a certain

concentration of the contaminant. For more information about when these
filters and cartridges can safely be used and what other factors limit use,
see the step-by-step selection guide on pages 3346.
Particulate filters
As a respirator filter traps particles, it becomes clogged, making it harder
for air to pass through. This may increase the chance that contaminated
air will enter the respirator around the seal.
For powered air-purifying respirators, the only approved particulate filter

available is the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. This type is
known as the NIOSH 100 series filters (HEPA filters), or 100 (HEPA)
filters.
There are nine classes of particulate filters with NIOSH approval for
non-powered respirators. These classes apply to particulate material such
as dusts, mists, fumes, and airborne biological contaminants. The nine
classes of filters are based on three levels of oil resistance and three levels
of filter efficiency.
Oil degrades and reduces the filtering efficiency of the filter material.
NIOSH certifies the following three classes of filter according to the oil
content of the atmospheric particles that the filters are designed to trap:
N series (Not resistant to oil) may be used in any atmosphere where
there is no oil particulate.
R series (Resistant to oil) may be used in any atmosphere where there
is no oil particulate, or up to one shift where there is oil particulate
present. One shift means eight hours of continuous or intermittent
use.
P series (Oil-Proof) may be used in any atmosphere, including those
with oil particulates, for more than one shift. If the filter is used in
atmospheres with oil particulates, contact the manufacturer to find out
the service life of the filter.

- 21 -
Each of the N, R, and P series of respirators is further classified according to
three levels of filter efficiency. The filters are rated as 95%, 99%, or 99.97%
efficient at removing particles 0.3 micrometres in diameter. For example,
a filter marked N95 is not resistant to oil and is at least 95% efficient at
removing particles 0.3 micrometres in diameter. The 99.97% efficient filters
(N, R, and P) are NIOSH 100 series filters (HEPA filters).
Particulate filters
Class Filter type

95% efficiency 99% efficiency 99.97% efficiency
N N95* N99 N100
R R95 R99 R100
P P95 P99 P100*
* most common filters
Although these nine classes of filters have been approved by NIOSH,

they may not all be available from manufacturers. Many manufacturers
have chosen not to make the 99% efficient filters or the R series. The most
common filters available are N95 and P100.
The table on page 23 shows all the types of filters that are approved for
use with non-powered air-purifying respirators according to the type of
contaminant. For example, if the air contaminant is a solid particulate,
with no oil particulates in the air, then any of the N, R, or P series can be
used. The most economical choice would likely be the N series, but the R
and P series also provide adequate protection. If the air contains any oil
particulate, such as a lubricant, then your choice is restricted to the R and
P series of filters.
Depending on the contaminant, you then need to select the appropriate

efficiency. For most contaminants the minimum protection needed is N95,
but for asbestos, lead, hantavirus, or cadmium, for example, you need
a 100 (HEPA) filter. Some viruses, such as hantavirus, are very small
particles and require a 100 (HEPA) filter. Other biological contaminants,
such as the tuberculosis bacterium, are larger particles, and the minimum
protection needed is N95.
You can get help with selecting the right kind of filter by contacting the
respirator manufacturer or distributor or a WorkSafeBC occupational
hygiene officer.

- 22 -
For information about filter replacement schedules, see page 79. Keep in
mind that you must use the same manufacturer for both the filter and the
respirator to ensure that the parts are compatible and fit correctly.
The following table is based on the NIOSH description of particulate

filter classes for non-powered air-purifying respirators. Remember that
powered air-purifying respirators require 100 (HEPA) filters.
Approved particulate filters for non-powered air-purifying respirators
Type of Contaminant N Class R Class P Class

(Not resistant to oil*) (Resistant to oil*) (Oil-Proof*)
Solid and water-based particulates, but N95, N99, N100 R95, R99, R100 P95, P99, P100
not oil-based
Any particulates (oil or non-oil) R95, R99, R100 P95, P99, P100
(use for up to one (use for more than one
shift in the presence shift in the presence of
of oil particulates) oil particulates)
Non-oil particulates for which a 100 N100 R100 P100
(HEPA) filter is required (e.g., asbestos,
lead, hantavirus, cadmium)
Any particulates (oil and/or non-oil) for R100 P100
which a 100 (HEPA) filter is required (use for up to one (use for more than one
(e.g., asbestos, lead, hantavirus, shift in the presence shift in the presence of
cadmium) of oil particulates) oil particulates)
* Oil is defined as a high boiling point liquid hydrocarbon that will accumulate on a respirators particulate filter with
minimal evaporation. Some examples are lubricants, cutting fluids, and glycerine.
Gas and vapour cartridges

Cartridges are used to remove gases and vapours from the air you
breathe. The cartridges contain activated charcoal or other chemical
compounds that trap or react with specific contaminants and remove
them from the air. These cartridges are also called gas and vapour
cartridges, or chemical cartridges.
Cartridges act like sponges, but, like sponges, they have a limited
capacity. When a cartridge is saturated, it will stop working, and the gases
and vapours will leak through. This is called breakthrough. For information
about cartridge replacement schedules, see pages 7980.

- 23 -
Contaminant
You must use the same manufacturer for both the
cartridge and the respirator to ensure that the parts
are compatible and fit correctly. Some cartridges screw
into the facepiece; others snap on. Cartridges are not
interchangeable among brands and models of respirators.
Air-purifying canisters are like cartridges but are much

larger and last longer. They attach to the facepiece of a
Charcoal Cartridge
(saturated) respirator (at the chin) or are worn on the chest or back.
Warning properties
For respirators fitted with gas and vapour cartridges
to be used safely, the contaminant must have warning
Contaminant breakthrough properties that will let you know if the cartridge is no
longer working. You must be able to sense the contaminant
When a cartridge is saturated, the
(by smell, taste, or breathing irritation) when it starts to
contaminant will leak through.
penetrate the cartridge. Otherwise, you will not know
when you are breathing it. An exception is that cartridges
can be used for escape even if the warning properties
are poor (see pages 3132). Different contaminants have
different warning properties. Some gases and vapours
have poor warning properties.
Odour can sometimes be used as a warning property. Be

aware that different contaminants have different odour
thresholds. Odour threshold is defined as the lowest
concentration of a contaminant in the air that can be
detected by the human sense of smell.
If you are relying on odour as a warning property, the

odour threshold of a contaminant must be below its
exposure limit. The exposure limit is the maximum
concentration of a contaminant that workers are allowed
to be exposed to without respirators. When comparing
Treat canisters like larger versions of regular
cartridges. Date them when they are first odour threshold to the exposure limit, always use the
opened. 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) limit, where there is
one, even if the substance has a short-term exposure limit
or a ceiling limit listed as well. If a substance has only a ceiling limit, then
use the ceiling limit. WorkSafeBC exposure limits are available on the web
site (see page iii).

- 24 -
Odour thresholds are often given as a range because people differ in their
ability to detect odour. It is important to look at the upper end of the range
in order to protect all workers. The table below gives the odour thresholds
and 8-hour TWA limits for four different contaminants.
As you can see from the table, both styrene and acetic acid are smelled
well before the concentration gets close to the 8-hour TWA limit. Workers
would smell the contaminant when it starts to break through the chemical
cartridge. With chloroform, however, by the time the concentration is high
enough for the worker to smell, the contaminant level is above the 8-hour
TWA limit and the worker has been overexposed. With methanol, some
workers in certain environments will smell methanol before the 8-hour
TWA limit is reached. For most workers, the concentration will exceed the
8-hour TWA limit before they can smell methanol. Workers cannot use
air-purifying respirators to protect themselves against chloroform and
methanol.
Odour threshold and exposure limits for four contaminants
Contaminant Odour threshold 8-hour TWA Warning

(ppm*) limit (ppm*) property (odour)
Styrene 0.0171.9 50 Good
Acetic acid 0.0370.15 10 Good
Chloroform 133276 2 Poor
Methanol (methyl alcohol) 4.25,960 200 Poor
* ppm = parts per million
Source for odour thresholds: Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established
Occupational Health Standards (Akron, Ohio: American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 1989).
Diisocyanates are another common example. You cannot use an

organic vapour cartridge for spraying paints or coatings that contain
diisocyanates. Diisocyanates such as MDI and TDI have very poor
warning qualities. A worker using an air-purifying respirator would not
smell these diisocyanates until they have been exposed to hazardous
levels.
For more information about exposure limits and odour thresholds, contact
the WorkSafeBC Prevention Information Line or a local WorkSafeBC
occupational hygiene officer.

- 25 -
Special cartridges with an end-of-service-life indicator (for example, a
mercury vapour cartridge) have been designed for a few contaminants
that have poor warning properties. An end-of-service-life indicator is a
device that changes colour to indicate when the cartridge is used up and
needs to be replaced.
Cartridges should not be used for contaminants with poor warning

properties unless the respirator manufacturer has an end-of-service-life
indicator cartridge available (or for escape use). If no end-of-service-life
indicator cartridge is available, use an air-supplying respirator (see pages
2730) instead of an air-purifying respirator.
HAZARD ALERT
Worker overcome by solvent with poor warning properties
A new worker was told to clean out the sludge from an open tank used to
degrease parts. He had to climb into the tank, bend down below the rim, and
shovel out sludge that was still soaked with the solvent trichloroethylene.
The worker wore a half-facepiece respirator fitted with organic vapour

cartridges. He was overcome by the vapour and collapsed. He was rescued,
was hospitalized briefly, and recovered.
An air-purifying respirator is not adequate protection against trichloroethylene

because this solvent has poor warning properties. A worker using organic
vapour cartridges with this solvent would not know when the vapour was
breaking through the cartridges. In this case, the worker should have been
fitted with and trained to use a supplied-air respirator and trained in proper
work procedures.
Combination cartridges and filters

You can buy gas and vapour cartridges in various combinations. For
example, cartridges are available that protect workers against more than
one type of vapour or gas. Some cartridges contain a filter medium to
provide protection against particulates as well as certain vapours or
gases.

- 26 -
Particulate contaminant
Filter
Purified air
Organic vapour contaminant
Organic vapour cartridge
Purified air
Particulate and organic

vapour contaminants
Combination filter and cartridge
Purified air
Combination cartridges and filters protect against more than one type of
contaminant.
Air-supplying respirators
Air-supplying respirators supply clean air. They do not filter or clean the
air. They are also called atmosphere-supplying respirators. There are four
types:
Supplied-air (airline) respirators
Combination supplied-air (airline) respirator with auxiliary self-
contained air supply
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Escape only (escape respirators are discussed on pages 3132)
Air-supplying respirators are generally used to protect workers from high

levels of contaminants or against highly toxic air contaminants. This type
is also used if the contaminant has poor warning qualities. In addition,
air-supplying respirators must be used if a cartridge or filter cannot
effectively remove the contaminantfor example, nitrogen dioxide, nitric
oxide, or nitrous oxide.

- 27 -
Certain types of air-supplying respirators are used to protect workers
from IDLH situationsvery hazardous situations where exposure may
impair the workers ability to leave the work area, or self-rescue. Such
situations may lead to irreversible health effects, serious injury, or death
in a matter of minutes. For example, an oxygen-deficient atmosphere is
classified as IDLH.
Air-supplying respirators are complicated systems.

Workers need to be well trained to use them safely. This
section gives only basic information on these systems. It is
not a substitute for proper training on this equipment. For
information on maintaining the quality of compressed air,
see pages 5556.
Air-supplying respirators come with half-facepiece, full-

facepiece, loose-fitting facepiece, hood, and helmet styles
(see pages 1920).
Supplied-air (airline) respirators
Supplied-air respirators supply the user with clean air

through a hose called an airline. The airline is attached to
a source of clean, respirable air. The air can be provided by
either a high-pressure system (compressor or compressed
air cylinder) or by a low-pressure system with a pump to
supply ambient air. Only NIOSH-approved airlines can be
usedyou cannot improvise your own airlines. There are
three types of supplied-air respirators:
Pressure-demand (or positive pressure)
Supplied-air respirators provide clean air Continuous-flow
through an airline. Demand (or negative pressure)

The pressure-demand type normally maintains a positive pressure in
the facepiece by using regulators and exhalation valves. Air flows into
the facepiece when leakage or inhalation reduces the pressure inside the
facepiece. The positive pressure and the supply of clean air flowing into
the facepiece reduce the chance of contaminated air leaking in. This type
is commonly used where the air supply is from a limited source, such as a
compressed air tank with a 30-minute supply of air.

- 28 -
Continuous-flow
A constant supply of air is delivered to the facepiece, hood, helmet, or
suit, which are all under positive pressure. This type of respirator is
commonly used for painting, welding, and sandblasting. This type is
most suitable where the air supply is essentially unlimited, such as a
compressor or a low-pressure pump supplying ambient air.
Demand (or negative pressure)

This is the least commonly used type. Air is supplied to the facepiece only
when the user inhales, so the facepiece can be under negative pressure.
This makes it easier for contaminated air to leak inside the facepiece,
reducing the amount of protection provided by the respirator. This type of
system is unlikely to be used in the workplace since these respirators are no
longer being manufactured and parts are not available.
Combination supplied-air (airline) respirators with auxiliary self-

contained air supply
These devices combine the capabilities of a supplied-air (airline)

respirator and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). They
are available only in positive-pressure types. A small auxiliary air
cylinder is usually worn attached to a belt. This is called an escape
bottle or an egress bottle. The escape bottle is plumbed into the
workers airline system and is used if the supplied air fails or if
the worker must disconnect the airline temporarily for any other
reason. The bottle contains a limited supply of clean air, enough
to last about 520 minutes to enable the worker to escape from the
hazardous area. These combination supplied-air systems are the
only class of supplied-air (airline) respirators permitted for use in
IDLH conditions.
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is also permitted

in IDLH conditions. It provides air from a cylinder containing
compressed air carried by the wearer. The exhaled air is then
released to the surrounding air.
The drawbacks of SCBAs include the limited air supply and the
Combination supplied-air (airline)
extra bulk and weight that the user has to carry. Because of these
respirators are equipped with an
limitations, the combination supplied air system described on
auxiliary air cylinder.

- 29 -
page 29 is preferred over an SCBA in confined spaces. As with
supplied-air (airline) systems, the compressor used to fill the
air tanks and the quality of compressed air must be carefully
maintained.

This type normally maintains a positive pressure in the facepiece
by using regulators and exhalation valves. Air flows into the
facepiece when leakage or inhalation reduces the pressure inside
the facepiece. This is the most commonly used type of SCBA and is
the only type of open-circuit SCBA being manufactured. It can be
used in IDLH conditions. (Consult the manufacturers instructions
for specific applications.)
Demand (or negative pressure)

The demand valve permits clean air to flow into the facepiece
only when the user inhales. Exhaled air passes through one or
SCBAs provide air from a cylinder that more valves in the facepiece to the outside atmosphere and is not
is carried by the wearer. recirculated. Because the facepiece is not under positive pressure,
contaminants can enter the facepiece. This type of SCBA is not
acceptable for use in IDLH conditions, including firefighting.
Demand-type SCBAs are not widely used and are no longer
manufactured.
Rebreathers
A rebreather is a type of SCBA normally used only in underground mines
for rescue applications. Some or all of the exhaled air is cleaned and then
inhaled again (rebreathed). Because the exhaled air is recirculated, oxygen
is conserved and the SCBA can be used for a longer time.
Disadvantages of these systems include the increased complexity of the

equipment, high maintenance, and cost. Because of their limited use, this
manual does not discuss rebreathers further.

- 30 -
Escape respirators
Escape respirators are used only for emergency escape from contaminated
areas (for example, where there is a gas leak or toxic spill). Never use an
escape respirator to enter a contaminated area, to attempt a rescue, or to
do work. Escape respirators must be carried on the worker or be within
arms reach whenever the worker is in a potentially hazardous area. If an
area has become contaminated, escape respirators enable the worker to
leave quickly and without assistance.
This manual does not cover all types of escape respirators for specialized
activities such as mining.
Escape respirators are available as air-purifying or air-supplying types.

For both types, potential eye irritation should be considered in choosing
the type of facepiece.
Air-purifying escape respirators
Do not use air-purifying escape respirators in areas that

are or could be oxygen-deficient. For gases and vapours
with poor warning qualities, air-purifying respirators can
be used for escape only, not for routine or emergency use.
Air-purifying respirators for escape use include the

following types:
Mouthpiece (bite block)
Dual cartridge
Gas mask (canister)
Auxiliary air-purifying respirator in combination with
supplied-air (airline)
The mouthpiece respirator is also called a bite block.

Workers in pulp mills and in chemical manufacturing Bite blocks are often used by workers in pulp
plants often carry these for emergency use in the event mills and chemical manufacturing plants.
of a harmful gas leak. This compact respirator is held in
the teeth and the lips seal around it. A nose clamp prevents the worker
from breathing contaminated air through the nose. When the worker
inhales through the mouth, the respirator purifies the air. Bite blocks have
the advantage that they can be carried around the neck and put on very
quickly in an emergency.

- 31 -
Air-purifying dual cartridge respirators may be used for escape. It is
important to determine in advance that the sorbent and/or filter will
remove the airborne contaminants for the duration of the exposure.
Gas mask is a term for a canister respirator. A gas mask used for
routine work can also be used as an escape respirator. It consists of a full-
facepiece and a canister with the appropriate sorbent for the contaminant.
The canister can be mounted on the chin, front, or back. The maximum
use concentration should not be exceeded. (For more information on
maximum use concentration, see page 42.)
A combination supplied-air (airline) with an auxiliary air-purifying

respirator can be used where the air-purifying element is
sufficient for escape purposes. This type of escape respirator is
mainly used in high-hazard asbestos abatement. It is less bulky
than an auxiliary SCBA for carrying in case the airline fails.
All single-use escape respirators must be discarded after use.

Some escape respirators have replaceable cartridges. Record the
date the escape respirator or cartridge was put into service.
Air-supplying escape respirators
An SCBA must be used in areas that are or could be oxygen-

deficient. The escape SCBA uses a small cylinder of compressed
air with a full-facepiece or a hood that fits over the entire head.
The air cylinder will be rated for a supply of air for units of
time usually ranging from 3 to 15 minutesenough time for the
worker to exit the hazardous area.
A combination supplied-air (airline) respirator with auxiliary

self-contained air supply can be used for escape (see page 29). The
An SCBA-type escape respirator must
be used if there is a risk of oxygen auxiliary bottle provides an air supply if the airline fails so that
deficiency. the worker can escape a hazardous atmosphere.

- 32 -
A step-by-step approach to choosing the right respirator
Choosing the correct type of respirator is a key employer responsibility.

If the wrong type of respirator is chosen, workers will not be protected CSA Standards
from hazards and could develop serious short-term or long-term health
For the selection
problems, which may even lead to death.
of respirators, the
If you are not responsible for selecting the type of respirator suitable for Occupational Health
your workplace, it is not essential that you read this section. You may and Safety Regulation
references the 1993
wish to proceed to Part 3: Using your respirator safely.
CSA Standard CAN/
When selecting respirators, the employer must consult with the workers CSA-Z94.4-93,
Selection, Use, and
who will be using respirators and with the joint health and safety
Care of Respirators.
committee or worker representative. Respirators should be selected in More recent standards
accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and can be used as long
Care of Respirators, or another standard acceptable to WorkSafeBC. as the respirator
meets the minimum
To choose the correct respirator for the job, employers, supervisors, or others requirements of the
responsible for respirator selection can follow the step-by-step approach in 1993 standard.
this section. Use the selection flow chart in the appendix on pages 116117 as
you work through each step. Each step of the flow chart is also shown with
the text on the following pages. The flow chart sets out the options for each
yes or no answer. You may wish to complete an information form (see sample
on page 47) with the information you gather at each step.
You can also get help in selecting a respirator by contacting a WorkSafeBC

occupational hygiene officer, manufacturers and distributors of respirators,
or occupational health and safety consultants.
This step-by-step process is intended for emergency and regular-use

respirators. For information about selecting a respirator for escape use
only, see pages 3132. If you use an air-purifying respirator for escape
only, you must determine that the sorbent or particulate filter will safely
remove the airborne contaminants for the duration of the exposure. If
there is any doubt, use an SCBA escape respirator.
A word of caution: Some of the steps require an understanding of difficult

concepts and depend on accurate calculations. If you find yourself in
difficulty working through any of the steps, you should get help with
the selection process. A WorkSafeBC occupational hygiene officer or the
manufacturer or distributor of respirators will be able to help you.

- 33 -
Step 1: Identify the breathing hazard
Oxygen Emergency Abrasive Unknown Known Known

deficiency conditions blasting contaminant, contaminant, contaminant,
non- unknown known
emergency concentration concentration
Use positive-pressure Use supplied-air Go to

self-contained breathing type CE respirator Step 3
apparatus (SCBA) or full- approved for
facepiece supplied-air (airline) protection
respirator with auxiliary against abrasive
self-contained air supply. blasting.
a. Is there an oxygen deficiency?
Air-purifying respirators must not be used when the atmosphere is

oxygen-deficient. If these respirators are to be used to protect against a
contaminant, the oxygen level must be at least 19.5%. Any oxygen reading
of less than 20.9% should be investigated as it may indicate the presence
of other undetected but harmful gases or problems with the monitor. (For
more information on oxygen deficiency, see pages 89.)
Where the oxygen level is below 19.5% and the condition cannot be
corrected, an air-supplying respiratoreither a self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) or a supplied-air respirator with an escape bottlemust
be used.
b. Is there an emergency?
An emergency is an urgent situation in which a worker must enter an

atmosphere that is oxygen-deficient, or contains toxic contaminants at an
unknown concentration, or contains unknown contaminants. The worker
may need to rescue someone or perform an urgent task for safety reasons.
An example of an emergency situation would be a chemical gas release or
a spill where people need to be rescued or equipment turned off. There
would be no time to do air sampling.
In situations such as an emergency or a short-term lack of access to experts

who can identify the contaminants, an air-supplying respiratoreither an
SCBA or a supplied-air respirator with an escape bottlemust be used.

- 34 -
c. Are there hazardous air contaminants?
The breathing hazard could be an air contaminantone or more gases,

vapours, or particulates (such as dusts, mists, and fumes). If you do
not know the contaminant and it is not an emergency, identify the
contaminant or contaminants and proceed to Step 2. You may already
know what the contaminant is:
Known contaminant, unknown concentrationproceed to Step 2
Known contaminant, known concentrationproceed to Step 3
In all the remaining steps, each identified air contaminant must be

considered. Different contaminants will have different respirator
requirements, and the respirator selected must be capable of protecting
workers against all air contaminants. For example, a supplied-air type CE
respirator, or equivalent, should be used for abrasive blasting.
If there are no hazardous levels of air contaminants, no emergency, and

no oxygen deficiency, a respirator is not required.
Step 2: Check the concentration of each air

contaminant
Can contaminant be identified and
the concentration determined?
YES
Use positive-pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or full-
facepiece supplied-air (airline) respirator
NO
with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
Find the concentration range of each type of air contaminant identified in

the workplace, either by measurement or from historical records.
Measurement can be achieved through a monitor worn by the worker

(the most accurate method). Concentration can also be estimated by
monitoring fixed locations or by sampling for short periods under a
range of conditions to account for day-to-day and worker-to-worker
variability. Estimating the concentration should be performed under the
worst-case conditions to ensure that workers receive adequate protection
from breathing hazards. If your workplace has no occupational hygiene
specialist on staff, you can hire an occupational hygienist as a consultant
to do air sampling and help you determine the type of respirator required.

- 35 -
The person performing the measurements needs to be knowledgeable
about the testing process, and should always err on the side of over- rather
than under-protection.
Historical measurements may be available from other similar workplaces,

from trade organizations, or from the manufacturers of the products
or materials used in your workplace. Care must be taken when using
historical measurements to ensure that the conditions under which the
historical measurements were made (for example, the processes, types of
materials, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions)
are similar to those in your own workplace.
If you do not know the contaminant concentration, you must use a

positive-pressure SCBA or full-facepiece supplied-air respirator with
auxiliary self-contained air supply. If you know the contaminant
concentration, proceed to Step 3.
Step 3: Compare the concentration of each

contaminant with WorkSafeBC exposure limits
Is contaminant concentration less than exposure limit?
NO YES
Respirator not required (unless advised

as part of a health and safety program, or
contaminant is an ALARA substance)
WorkSafeBC sets limits on the level of airborne contaminants to which

workers can be exposed in the workplace. The 8-hour TWA limit is the
level of an airborne contaminant that must not be exceeded unless the
worker is using the appropriate respirator. WorkSafeBC exposure limits
for hundreds of workplace chemicals are available on the web site (see
page iii).
If there are no exposure limits for the contaminant, use professional

judgment. If no information on the contaminant is available, use pressure-
demand SCBA or pressure-demand supplied-air respirators with an
auxiliary self-contained air supply.

- 36 -
Compare the concentration of each air contaminant found in the
workplace with the exposure limits. Employers must take action when Additive effects
workers may be exposed to more than 50% of the 8-hour TWA limit. At
this level, the employer must implement an exposure control plan, which When there is exposure
to a mixture of two
must include regular review. If the concentration of any contaminant
or more substances
exceeds its 8-hour TWA limit, proceed to Step 4. that exhibit similar
toxicological effects,
It is not possible to take into account all the factors that can influence
you must consider the
how exposure to a substance may affect an individual worker. For additive effects. See
all designated substances (including carcinogens, sensitizers, and section 5.51 of the
reproductive toxins, as defined under section 5.57), the guiding principle Occupational Health
is eliminating exposure or reducing it so that workers exposure is as low and Safety Regulation
as reasonably achievable (ALARA) below the 8-hour TWA limit. for more information.
Step 4: Check the IDLH concentration
Use positive-pressure self-contained

Is contaminant concentration less than
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or full-
NO immediately dangerous to life or
facepiece supplied-air (airline) respirator
health (IDLH) concentration?
with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
YES
One of the most critical factors in selecting a respirator is whether or not

the contaminant is IDLH. If the contaminant is a known contaminant at a IDLH levels
concentration known to be IDLH, you must use a positive-pressure SCBA
You can contact
or a full-facepiece supplied-air respirator with auxiliary self-contained air
the WorkSafeBC
supply. (See page 9 for more information on IDLH atmospheres.) Prevention Information
Line or an occupational
If the contaminant concentration is less than IDLH concentration, you can
hygiene officer to find
consider other types of respirators in the succeeding steps. out the IDLH level of
contaminants.
The IDLH concentration is very low for some contaminants. For example,
lacquer thinners contain the contaminants toluene and xylene, which You can also find this
have IDLH concentrations of 500 ppm (toluene) and 900 ppm (xylene). information in the
Some other low IDLH concentrations are 5 ppm for chlorine dioxide, 10 NIOSH Pocket Guide
ppm for chlorine, and 300 ppm for ammonia. to Chemical Hazards,
which can be viewed
online at www.cdc.gov/
niosh/npg/npg.html.

- 37 -
Step 5: Check the properties of each contaminant
to select possible respirator types
Does the contaminant cause eye irritation?
NO YES
Half-facepiece respirator Use respirator with full-facepiece,

may be an option. hood, or helmet only.
Consider the need for other

Does the contaminant irritate the skin
personal protective equipment YES
or can it be absorbed through the skin?
such as gloves and apron.
NO
Check the material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for information about
contaminants from products used in the workplace. MSDSs are produced
by the product manufacturer or supplier. They provide information about
hazardous ingredients and protective measures to take when using the
product. Under the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
(WHMIS), employers are required to have up-to-date MSDSs for all
controlled products used in the workplace.
Check the MSDS for:

Whether the contaminant is an inhalation hazard
Whether it is an eye irritant
Whether it can irritate the skin or can be absorbed through the skin
Warning properties and odour threshold of the contaminant
Thermal decomposition products, if appropriate
Suggested respirator(s)
If the MSDS does not supply enough information, check the NIOSH
Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (see box on page 37).
Once you know the concentration and properties of the contaminant in

your workplace, you can begin considering which respirator type is the
most appropriate for your workplace.

- 38 -
If the contaminant is not irritating to the eyes, a half-facepiece respirator may
be an option. If the contaminant is irritating to the eyes, the respirator must
provide protection to the eyes (full-facepiece, hood, or helmet).
The MSDS and manufacturers information will indicate whether other

personal protective equipment, such as gloves or body suit, may also be
requiredfor example, if the contaminant is easily absorbed through the
skin.
Step 6: Check the assigned protection factor of

respirators
Check the assigned protection factor for each respirator being considered.
Each type of respirator is assigned a number called a protection factor.

The assigned protection factor is used to help select the type of respirator
that will protect workers from the level of contaminant that exists in the
workplace. Check the assigned protection factor for each type of respirator
you are considering.
The table on page 40 shows the assigned protection factors. A respirator

with a higher number gives more protection than a respirator with a
lower number. For example, the assigned protection factor is 10 for half-
facepiece respirators (elastomeric) and 50 for full-facepiece respirators.
Since full-facepiece respirators have a higher protection factor, they can
be used to protect against a higher concentration of the contaminant. The
greater the assigned protection factor, the higher the concentration of
contaminant where the respirator can be used. You will see how this is
calculated on a case-by-case basis in Step 7.
The protection factors listed on page 40 are taken from the Occupational
Health and Safety Regulation, Part 8, Table 8-1.

- 39 -
Assigned respirator protection factors
Respirator type Protection

factor
Air-purifying respirators
Non-powered air-purifying
Half-facepiece 10
Full-facepiece 50
Powered air-purifying
Loose-fitting facepiece PAPR 25
Full-facepiece PAPR equipped with 100 (HEPA) filters for
exposure to asbestos 100
Full-facepiece PAPR or helmet/hood PAPR for exposure to
contaminants other than asbestos 1,000
Hood/helmet
Hood/helmet PAPR 25
Hood/helmet PAPR (manufacturer has tested the respirator
and demonstrated a protection factor of at least 1,000) 1,000
Airlinedemand (negative pressure)
Half-facepiece 10
Full-facepiece 50
Airlinecontinuous flow
Loose-fitting facepiece 25
Half-facepiece 50
Full-facepiece 1,000
Helmet/hood 1,000
Airlinepressure-demand (positive pressure)
Half-facepiece 50
Full-facepiece 1,000
Full-facepiece, with egress (escape) bottle 10,000
Demand (negative pressure) 50
Pressure-demand (positive pressure) 10,000
Note: Protection factors do not apply to escape respirators.

- 40 -
Step 7: Calculate the hazard ratio for each air
contaminant and compare it with the assigned
protection factor
Determine the hazard ratio (minimum protection factor) required
(divide the contaminant concentration by the 8-hour TWA limit). Select
respirators with a higher assigned protection factor than the hazard ratio.
Calculate the hazard ratio (also called the minimum protection factor)
by dividing the airborne concentration of a contaminant by its 8-hour
TWA limit. (In Step 2, you checked the contaminant concentration.
WorkSafeBC exposure limits are available on the web sitesee page iii.)
In one workplace, for example, measurements have shown an airborne
concentration of 750 ppm of acetone. The 8-hour TWA limit for acetone is
250 ppm. The hazard ratio for acetone is therefore 750250 = 3.
The hazard ratio should then be compared with the assigned protection
factor of the respirators being considered. Select respirators with an
assigned protection factor greater than the value of the hazard ratio. For
example, you might select a non-powered air-purifying half-facepiece
(elastomeric) style, which has a protection factor of 10. Fit the respirator
with the appropriate cartridge for acetone vapour.
When a worker is exposed to a combination of gases/vapours and

dusts, select possible respirators based on the contaminant with the
greater hazard ratio. For example, suppose that workers, in addition to
being exposed to acetone, are exposed to fibreglass with an airborne
concentration of 15 fibres per cubic centimetre (f/cc). The 8-hour TWA
limit for synthetic vitreous fibres (continuous filament glass fibres) is 1
f/cc. The hazard ratio for fibreglass is therefore 151 = 15. The hazard
ratio for acetone is 3. Therefore, fibreglass has the higher hazard ratio.
An appropriate respirator with an assigned protection factor greater
than 15 is required. In this example, a full-facepiece respirator would
be suitable. Make sure this respirator is fitted with the appropriate
combination gas/vapour and particulate cartridge for acetone and
fibreglass.
Some of the possible respirators on your list from Step 7 may be

eliminated when you proceed through the remaining steps.

- 41 -
Step 8: Calculate the maximum use concentration
(MUC) and compare it with the contaminant
concentration
Calculate the maximum use concentration (MUC) for the contaminant by
multiplying the 8-hour TWA limit by the assigned protection factor. The
workplace contaminant concentration must not be greater than the MUC.
The highest concentration of a specific contaminant that a certain

type of respirator can be effective against is called the maximum use
concentration (MUC). You are allowed to use air-purifying filters and
cartridges up to the MUC. Never use air-purifying respirators when the
air contaminant concentration exceeds the MUC.
To find the MUC, multiply the 8-hour TWA limit for the contaminant
(found in the WorkSafeBC Table of Exposure Limits, available on the web
sitesee page iii) by the assigned protection factor for the respirator being
considered (Step 6). For example, the 8-hour TWA limit for ammonia is
25 ppm. The assigned protection factor for an air-purifying half-facepiece
(elastomeric) respirator is 10. Therefore, the MUC is 25 x 10 = 250 ppm.
This respirator can be used up to a concentration of ammonia of 250 ppm
in the workplace. If the workplace concentration is greater than 250 ppm,
choose a respirator with a higher assigned protection factor (see Step 2 for
workplace concentration).
Each time you select a respirator with a higher protection factor, calculate
the MUC again. Repeat this until the air contaminant concentration in
the workplace is less than or equal to the MUC with the respirator you
have chosen. The selected respirator may be either air-purifying or air-
supplying, depending on the contaminant concentration and the MUC.
In Step 4, you checked that the contaminant concentration was less than
the IDLH concentration. It is very important that Step 4 has been followed
properly because it is possible for the MUC to be greater than the IDLH
concentration. Remember that if the contaminant concentration is equal to
or greater than the IDLH concentration, you must not use an air-purifying
respirator.

- 42 -
Step 9: Identify the general classification of
respirator required
Is an air-supplying or air-purifying respirator most appropriate for your workplace?
Air-supplying. Use selected Air-purifying

air-supplying respirator.
Based on the information in the previous steps, decide whether you need
an air-supplying or air-purifying respirator:
If an air-supplying respirator is appropriate, proceed to Step 13 and
consider any special requirements.
If an air-purifying respirator is appropriate, complete Steps 1113.
Keep in mind any special requirements. For example, section 12.135 of the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation states that if a spray operation
(such as painting or coating) involves a sensitizer (such as diisocyanates),
then an air-supplying respirator must be used.
Step 10: Consider the state of the contaminant

What is the state of the contaminant?
Gas or vapour Combination gas/ Particulate

vapour/particulate
For air-purifying respirators, consider the state of the contaminant

(gas or vapour only, combination gas/vapour/particulate, or particulate
only). This will help you decide both the type of respirator and the filter,
cartridge, or canister/cartridge combination required.
If the contaminant is a gas or vapour (either alone or in combination with

a particulate), proceed to Step 11. If the contaminant is a particulate only,
proceed to Step 12.

- 43 -
Step 11: Consider the warning properties
Use only supplied-air respirator, self-contained
breathing apparatus, or air-purifying respirator Does the gas or vapour have
with an end-of-service-life indicator specific
NO adequate warning properties?
for the contaminant.
YES
By this step, you are looking at an air-purifying respirator for a gas or

vapour or for a combination gas/vapour/particulate. In order to know if
this type of respirator is suitable, you must find out if the contaminant
has warning properties that will let you know (by smell, taste, or
breathing irritation) if the cartridge is no longer working. See pages
2426 for more information on warning properties. (Note that warning
properties do not need to be considered with escape respirators.)
If the contaminant does not have adequate warning properties, you can
use:
An air-supplying respirator.
An air-purifying respirator with an end-of-service-life indicator
specific for the contaminant (if one is available).
An air-purifying respirator, provided the cartridges are changed out
on a regular basis (e.g., once per half-shift or full-shift) according to a
schedule prepared by a qualified person. In preparing the schedule,
the qualified person uses the manufacturers product information or
derives an estimate based on a knowledge of the effectiveness of the
cartridge and conditions on the worksite.
If the contaminant has adequate warning properties, proceed to Step 12.

- 44 -
Step 12: Select an appropriate filter or cartridge
For gas or vapour, use For combination gas/vapour/ If there is no Select

air-purifying respirator particulate, use air-purifying effective appropriate
with appropriate respirator with appropriate sorbent, use type of
cartridge or canister combination gas/vapour and air-supplying particulate
for the contaminant. particulate cartridge or canister. respirator. filter.
Depending on the state of the contaminant (gas, vapour, particulate, or

combination of these), select an appropriate filter, cartridge, or canister.
Cartridges are available for a wide range of contaminants. Each type

of cartridge protects against only certain types and concentrations of
gases, vapours, and/or particulates. Read the label on the cartridge or
the manufacturers instructions carefully, and make sure you are using
the right cartridge for the contaminant in your workplace. If there is
more than one contaminant, you must have the right cartridge or filter to
protect against all contaminants in the workplace.
For particulates, there are nine different classes of filters. See pages 2123
for more information on selecting the right filter.
Workers who have questions about cartridges or filters should

contact their supervisor. Supervisors should contact the safety supply
representative, the manufacturer, or the distributor.
There is no effective sorbent for some contaminantsfor example,

nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide. With these contaminants,
you must select an air-supplying respirator.

- 45 -
Step 13: Consider special requirements
For any respirator selected, consider special requirements, including the workers comfort,
ease of breathing, communications, vision, and movement. Also consider the workers
ability to perform work using the respirator, potential for fatigue, and confidence in
the respirators level of protection. Once the respirator has been selected, ensure that
a sufficient number of respirator sizes and models are provided to correctly fit and
meet the special requirements of each user.
When choosing a respirator, think about all the personal

protective equipment worn by the worker. Is the respirator
compatible with glasses, goggles, hard hats, face shields, welding
hoods, and other such gear? Can the worker communicate easily
and perform the job without removing the respirator? Must the
respirator be worn in a hot environment, or worn for an extended
period of time, or during strenuous activity? (In the last case, a
good choice would be a lightweight respirator with low breathing
resistance, or a powered air-purifying respirator to reduce the
workers breathing effort.)
Workers should be asked their opinion regularly about:

Comfort
Resistance to breathing
Fatigue
When choosing a respirator, consider Blocking of vision
all the other protective equipment that Trouble with communications
will be worn. Trouble with movement
Ability to do their job
Their confidence in the respirators ability to protect them
from the contaminants in the workplace
Make sure you have considered any other personal protective

equipment needed if the contaminant can irritate the skin or be
absorbed through the skin.

- 46 -
Respirator selection information form (sample)
Process/operation information
Work area location _________________________________________________________________________
Work area characteristics (open area, confined space) _____________________________________________

Location of hazardous area relative to safe area _ ________________________________________________
Work description/operation __________________________________________________________________
Anticipated length of time that respirator will be used _ ____________________________________________
Worker activity level (light, moderate, or heavy)_ _________________________________________________
Information for each breathing hazard

Step 1: Oxygen level_ _______ % (if below 19.5%, air-purifying respirators cannot be used)
Steps 1, 2: Air contaminant and concentration _ _________________________________________________
Step 3: 8-hour TWA limit _________________________________________________________________
Step 4: IDLH concentration_______________________________________________________________
Step 5: Can contaminant cause eye irritation?________________________________________________
Step 5: Can contaminant irritate skin or be absorbed through skin? _ _____________________________
Step 6: Respirators under consideration and assigned protection factors _ ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Step 7: Hazard ratio (minimum protection factor) _ ____________________________________________
Step 8: Maximum use concentration (MUC) _ ________________________________________________
Step 9: Air-supplying or air-purifying respirator?_ _____________________________________________
Step 10: State of contaminant_ _____________________________________________________________
Step 11: Adequate warning properties (odour, irritation, etc.)?____________________________________
Recommended approved respirator(s)_ __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Recommended approved filter or cartridge_ ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Other protective equipment required_ ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

- 47 -
3
Using your
respirator
safely
Safe respirator use is everyones responsibility
Part 3 contains information about:

Medical assessment
Tips for safe respirator use
Seal checks and fit tests
Caring for respirators, including inspection, cleaning, storage,
maintenance, and repair
Filter and cartridge replacement schedules
Read this part if you are:

A worker with responsibility for using your respirator correctly,
inspecting your respirator before use, or cleaning, maintaining, and
storing your respirator
A supervisor with responsibility for ensuring that workers use
respirators correctly as required and ensuring that respirators are
properly cleaned, inspected, maintained, and stored
An employer with responsibility for providing and maintaining
the appropriate respirators, ensuring that workers use them when
required, and ensuring that respirators are well maintained and
function properly

- 51 -
Medical assessment
Some health problems may prevent you from using a respirator. If you,
your supervisor, or your employer has any doubt or concern about
your ability to use a respirator, you should be examined by a doctor
knowledgeable in occupational health.
The doctor will need information about:

The type of work to be done
The types and concentrations of contaminants present
The work environment and work conditions, including potential
extremes of temperature and humidity
The type of respirator to be used
The duration of use
On the basis of this information, the doctor will advise the employer only
whether you can use a respirator. The doctor cannot disclose any of your
personal medical information without your informed consent.
Medical conditions that may prevent you from using a respirator include,
but are not limited to:
Claustrophobia
Problems with breathing during normal work activities
A history of breathing problems such as asthma, emphysema,
bronchitis, or shortness of breath
High blood pressure or heart disease
Use of medications with side effects that might affect lung or
heart function or cause drowsiness or lowered alertness
Diabetes
Seizure disorders
Facial skin problems
Physical factors that make it hard to put on or adjust the
respirator, such as arthritic or missing fingers or a limited
Some health problems may prevent a
worker from using a respirator. range of motion in the upper body
Past problems with respirator use
In addition, if you have facial injuries or facial scars, or if you wear

dentures, it could be difficult to fit you with a respirator. If you have
prescription glasses, you will need special frames to use with certain
types of full-facepiece respirators. An impaired or non-existent sense of
smell may prevent you from detecting when a contaminant is leaking into
the facepiece. These factors should be taken into account when fitting and
using a respirator.

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Tips for safe respirator use
The following pages contain essential information for using your respirator.
Read the section that describes the type of respirator you are using. If
you want more information about how your respirator works, read the
appropriate section under Types of respirators on pages 1332.
Essential information about air-purifying respirators

Air-purifying respirators use a filter or cartridge to clean the air before
you breathe it into your lungs. As air passes through the filter or
cartridge, the contaminant is removed. You must use the correct type of
filter or cartridge for the specific contaminant in your workplace.
What to do if your respirator malfunctions
If you detect an odd smell or taste, get a headache, or feel dizzy while
wearing an air-purifying respirator fitted with a gas and vapour cartridge,
these could be signs that the respirator is not protecting you. Leave the
work area immediately and inform your supervisor.
Check that your respirator is being used and worn correctly:

You are clean-shaven where the respirator seals with your face so that
air does not leak in through the sides, top, or bottom of the facepiece;
through broken valves; or through cracks in the facepiece, filter, or
cartridge. If air leaks in from the outside, it wont be cleaned and you
will breathe contaminated air.
The facepiece seals correctly with your face (perform a seal check) to
keep out contaminants.
The cartridge is the correct one for the hazard.
The cartridge is not saturated or used up. If the cartridge is saturated,
it cannot remove any more contaminant, and the contaminant will leak
through. This is called breakthrough. Immediately replace the cartridge if
you think breakthrough is occurring. (See pages 7980 for information on
replacement schedules.)
You may need to check that the concentration of the contaminant is

not above the maximum use concentration for the cartridge. Use the
appropriate method of testing for contaminant concentration.
Do not return to the work area until you are sure you have identified and
fixed the problem. If you have problems again after returning to work,
leave the area and report the problem to your supervisor.

- 53 -
How to use filters and cartridges safely
Always read the NIOSH labels for your cartridge or filter prior to use to
make certain that you are using the one that is:
Correct for your application
For use with the respirator you have been fitted for and trained to use
Respirators labelled for protection against particulates only must not be

used for gases or vapours. Respirators labelled for protection against gases
and vapours only must not be used for particulates.
You must use the same manufacturer for both the respirator and the filter or
cartridge to ensure that the parts are compatible and fit correctly. Some filters
and cartridges screw into the facepiece; others snap on. Filters and cartridges
are not interchangeable among brands and models of respirators.
Gas and vapour cartridges

Dont use them in oxygen-deficient situations (less than 19.5% oxygen).
Dont use them to protect against dusts, mists, and fumes unless they
are combination gas/vapour and particulate cartridges.
Dont use them to protect against very toxic gases or vapours, such as
ethylene oxide or cyanides.
Dont use them when the contaminant concentration in the workplace
is above the maximum use concentration (see the manufacturers
instructions or Step 8 on page 42).
Dont use them when the gases or vapours have poor warning
propertieswith diisocyanates and methanol, for exampleunless
approved by a qualified person (e.g., an occupational hygiene
professional who calculates a change-out schedule).
Dont use them to protect against gases and vapours that are not
readily removed by chemical cartridgesfor example, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide.
Filtering facepiece respirators

Dont stretch the respirator over the top of a hard hat. This warps the
facepiece and stretches the straps.
Dont fold respirators that arent designed to be folded. Folding creases
the filter, and as a result, the filter may not seal properly with your
face.

- 54 -
Dont cut off the bottom or top strap. The respirator needs both straps
to seal with your face.
Dont wear a damaged or distorted respirator or one with holes in the
filter. Throw it away and get a new one.
You may not get a good seal if you Do not use a respirator that is
fold or crease a filtering facepiece. damaged or does not have both top
and bottom straps.
Essential information about air-supplying respirators

A supplied-air respirator must have sufficient airflow to provide the rated
level of protection. The required airflow for tight-fitting facepieces is 115
litres per minute (4 cubic feet per minute); for loose-fitting facepieces, the
flow must be 170 litres per minute (6 cubic feet per minute). Follow the
manufacturers instructions to make sure you have the proper airflow.
If you do not have a proper airflow, it is easier for contaminants to enter

the facepiece. This can happen if the air supply hose is too long, the hose
diameter is incorrect, or the pressure specified by the manufacturer is not
maintained at the point of attachment. Note that the maximum length of
hose allowed is 90 metres (300 feet).
Quality of compressed air
Compressed breathing air supplied for equipment such as SCBAs and

supplied-air respirators must be tested at least annually. The air quality
must meet the requirements of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z180.1-00,
Compressed Breathing Air and Systems.

- 55 -
Compressed breathing air can easily become contaminated, either by
contaminants drawn into the air intake or by the compressor itself.
The air the worker inhales will contain the contaminants found at the
compressors air intake unless the compressor has an in-line filtering
system. Always follow the manufacturers instructions for maintaining
the filters at recommended intervals to prevent the breathing air from
becoming contaminated.
To avoid drawing in contaminated air, place the compressors air intake

in a clean area. Do not place the air intake in areas where the compressor
can draw in car exhaust or exhaust from other combustion systems, such
as furnaces or fuel-fired space heaters. Other work activities in the area
can also produce contaminants near the air intake. These could include
vapours from painting, dusts from sanding or grinding, or fumes from
welding.
The compressor itself can add contaminants to the breathing air. The
most common type of air compressor system uses oil to lubricate the
air compressor. The system can contaminate the breathing air with
particulate matter (including oil mist) and hydrocarbons. With oil-
lubricated compressors, suitable in-line air-purification filters should be
installed to ensure acceptable breathing air quality. These filters remove
odours, oil mist, and water vapour. Always follow the manufacturers
instructions for maintaining the filters at recommended intervals.
Under some conditions, such as overheating, it is also possible for oil-

lubricated compressors to generate carbon monoxide. These compressors
should be equipped with high-temperature automatic shut-off and
carbon monoxide alarms to warn of possible contamination. Using a
non-lubricated compressor eliminates the problem of carbon monoxide
contamination by the compressor.
For other precautions to prevent contamination of breathing air, refer to

CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z180.1-00, Compressed Breathing Air and Systems.

- 56 -
Fitting your tight-fitting respirator
To protect you, your respirator must prevent you from breathing the
contaminated air around you. All respirators with tight-fitting facepieces
must be checked to make sure they fit properly. When it fits properly, this
type of respirator forms a good seal on your face. This seal is necessary to
prevent contaminated air from leaking in past the sides, top, or bottom of
the respirator and then being inhaled. If you wear a respirator with a half-
facepiece or full-facepiece, take the time to make sure your respirator fits
properly and forms an effective seal with your face.
Every time you put your respirator on, you must do a seal check for fit. In
addition, when you are first fitted with your respirator, you will do a fit
test, which must be repeated at least once a year.
This section describes how to test the fit of the following types of air-
purifying respirators:
Non-powered air-purifying respirators
Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) that use a half-facepiece or
full-facepiece
Additional information on fitting your air-purifying respirator may be

found in the manufacturers instructions.
For checking the seal and testing the fit of all air-supplying respirators,
follow the procedures set out in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02,
Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators, or in the manufacturers instructions,
or by NIOSH or OSHA. All SCBA tight-fitting positive-pressure respirators
require annual fit testing. Testing is done in a negative-pressure mode even
though the SCBA is actually used in a positive-pressure mode. Check with
the manufacturer or supplier for the appropriate fit testing method and
equipment required. Typically, an air-purifying element is attached to the
positive-pressure port of the facepiece. You can use any of the qualitative or
quantitative fit tests described in the following pages.
Putting on your respirator

When fitting a new respirator, try on several brands and sizes. Different
brands will fit slightly differently on your face.
Respirator manufacturers usually have small, medium, and large

facepieces available. Adjust the straps so that the respirator fits tightly but
does not dig into your face or leave red marks on your skin. The respirator
should feel snug but comfortable.

- 57 -
Procedure for putting on a filtering facepiece respirator
Position the straps correctly, one above the ears and over the crown of the
head, and the other below the ears and around the neck. If the respirator
has adjustable straps, you can tighten or loosen them without removing the
respirator. If there is a metal nosepiece, mould it around your nose to obtain
a proper seal.
Procedure for putting on an elastomeric half-facepiece respirator
Take the time to form a The respirator should fit tightly but it should not be uncomfortable or
proper grip over the nose. leave red marks on your face.
1. Hold the mask over your nose 2. Position the neck strap below your
and chin. Position the head strap ears and around your neck.
above your ears and over the
crown of your head, and adjust it.
3. Fasten the clasp of the neck strap. 4. Adjust the neck strap.

- 58 -
Preventing interference with the respirator seal
Where your respirator seals with your face, nothing must come between
the respirator and your skin. Eyeglass frames, head coverings, beards,
sideburns, and stubble must not interfere with the seal.
You must be clean-shaven where the respirator seals with the face. Some
workers think the clean-shaven rule is too strict. Does it really matter
if theres a bit of stubble on my face? The answer is yes. It matters a lot.
Stubble prevents the mask from forming a good seal with the face.
Stubble may seem small, but it is huge when you compare it with dust,
mist, fibres, fume particles, and gas and vapour molecules. Stubble under
the respirator seal creates plenty of room for contaminants to enter the
mask.
Glass fibre Fume particles
Asbestos fibre
Human hair
Relative sizes of a human hair, a glass fibre, an asbestos fibre, and fume particles.
If there is enough room for a hair between the skin and the respirator, there is
room for many contaminants to enter.
The need to be clean-shaven applies only to those respirators that depend
on a tight seal between the face and the facepiece. Respirators such as
loose-fitting hoods or helmets that do not require a tight face seal may
be an appropriate alternative for workers with facial hair such as many
mustaches or beards.

- 59 -
If you have prescription eyeglasses, you may need to obtain special
frames to use with a full-facepiece respirator so that your glasses do not
affect the seal. Contact lenses can be worn with a full-facepiece if all of
the following precautions are taken:
The employer is notified that contact lenses will be worn.
The worker puts on the respirator in an atmosphere that does not
cause the eyes to be irritated and that does not cause irritating gases
or vapours to be absorbed by the contact lens.
The worker does not wear contact lenses when the eyes are irritated
or inflamed. If the respirator is necessary for planned work or in the
event of an emergency, alternative corrective eyewear that does not
interfere with the seal should be used with the respirator.

- 60 -
User seal check
When you are satisfied that you have found a respirator that fits,
there are two simple checks to test the seal. You must do one of
these checks each time you put on your respirator:
Negative-pressure user seal check
Positive-pressure user seal check
General instructions for each type are given on the following

pages. There are many different types of respirators. With some
models, it may be difficult to cover either the inhalation or the
exhalation valve, so you can choose to do either a negative- or a
positive-pressure seal check.
If the respirator is to be used with any other personal protective

equipmentsuch as goggles, hearing protection, or a hard Cover the filtering facepiece to do the
seal check. If you do not have a good
hatall seal checks must be done while you are wearing this
seal, reposition the respirator and
equipment. adjust the nosepiece or straps.
Remember that a seal check must be done each time you put on your
respirator. Before doing any seal check, make sure your respirator has all
its inlet and exhaust valves. Make sure that all inlet and exhaust valves
are in good condition and lie flat. Doing these checks will help you tell
whether you have a good seal and whether the valves are in place and
working.
You can do a seal check with a filtering facepiece respirator. Follow the
manufacturers instructions. One method is to cover the facepiece with
your hands or place a modified plastic cup to cover the facepiece (available
from the manufacturer). If there is a valve, it must be blocked off. When
you inhale, the filtering facepiece should collapse slightly on your face
(negative-pressure seal check) if there is a good seal. When you exhale,
you should feel no air escaping (positive-pressure seal check). Contact
the manufacturer for more information about doing seal checks for these
respirators.

- 61 -
This test is called a negative-pressure user seal check because you create
a slightly negative air pressure inside the respirator facepiece by inhaling.
Follow these instructions:
1. Put on the respirator and other associated personal protective
equipment. Tighten the head straps until the respirator feels
snug but comfortable. Wear the respirator for a few minutes
so that it will warm up and conform to your face better.
2. Close off the inlet openings of the cartridges or filters by
covering them gently with the palms of your hands, a piece
of plastic, a special adapter, or gloves. (In some cases, you
may have to remove the cartridges so you can cover the
inlet valves.) If you are carrying out this test while wearing
a PAPR or an air-supplied respirator, close off or disconnect
the hose to stop the airflow.
3. Breathe in slightly to create a vacuum.
4. Hold for 10 seconds.
5. If you have a good seal, the facepiece should collapse slightly
against your face and stay collapsed. No air should leak into
the facepiece past the sides, top, or bottom.
For a negative-pressure seal check,
close off the inlet openings with your If the facepiece doesnt collapse and stay collapsed, there is an
palms and inhale gently. air leak. Check the exhalation valve(s) and try repositioning the
respirator on your face and adjusting the head straps. Carry out
the negative-pressure seal check again. If you cannot get a seal after a few
attempts, try on another size, make, or model of respirator. Repeat the
check until you find a respirator that passes the seal check.

- 62 -
This test is similar to the negative-pressure user seal check except that you
breathe out slightly while gently covering the exhaust valve with your palm.
This creates positive pressure in the facepiece. If you have a good seal, the
facepiece will bulge or puff out slightly from your face. Again, no air should
leak past the sides, top, or bottom of the respirator.
1. Put on the respirator and other associated personal protective
equipment. Tighten the head straps until the respirator feels
snug but comfortable. Wear the respirator for a few minutes so
that it will warm up and conform to your face better.
2. Close off the exhaust valve opening by covering it with the
palm of your hand.
3. Breathe out slightly to force air into the facepiece.
5. If you have a good seal, the facepiece should bulge out and stay
out. No air should leak out of the facepiece past the sides, top, or
bottom.
If the air does leak out, check the inhalation valves and try
repositioning the respirator on your face and adjusting the
head straps. If you cannot get a seal after a few attempts, try on
another size, make, or model of respirator. Repeat the check until
you find a respirator that passes the seal check.
Note that the configuration of some air-purifying respirators may For a positive-pressure seal check,
make it impossible to conduct an effective positive-pressure check cover the exhaust valve and breathe
without dislodging the facepiece. Consult the manufacturers out slightly.
instructions to see whether the positive-pressure user seal check
applies to the respirator.

- 63 -
Fit testing
After the respirator has passed either the positive- or the negative-
pressure user seal check, another test of the seal, called a fit test, must be
done and the results recorded.
When fit tests are performed, workers must be clean-shaven and must
wear all other protective equipment that they need, such as goggles and
hard hats. Prescription eyeglasses must not interfere with the seal of the
respirator (specialty eyeglasses are available). Ideally, fit tests should be
done under operating conditions similar to those that workers would
experience at the worksite.
Fit testing is done:

When the worker is first fitted with a tight-fitting respirator (either
half-facepiece or full-facepiece), before the respirator is worn in a
hazardous area
At least annually, or more frequently in some occupations such as
asbestos abatement work
If a worker has had a major weight loss or gain, has been fitted with
dentures, has undergone facial surgery, or has had broken facial bones
If a worker switches from a half-facepiece to a full-facepiece respirator
or another brand or model of respirator
If a change in work conditions changes the type or model of respirator
used (for example, when a change in equipment results in an increase
in the concentration of a contaminant)
There are two types of fit testing: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative fit testing: In qualitative fit testing, workers with poorly

sealing respirators will detect an irritant, an odour, or a taste when
exposed to a test agent. Overviews of four qualitative fit tests are
provided later in this section. These are not complete descriptions of the
procedures. A complete description can be found in CSA Standard CAN/
CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators.
Quantitative fit testing: In quantitative fit testing, specialized equipment

is used to actually measure the amount of the test agent leaking into
the facepiece. The concentration of the test agent outside the facepiece
is compared with the concentration inside the facepiece to determine
the level of protection provided by the respirator. This procedure is not
outlined in this manual but is described in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-
Z94.4-02.

- 64 -
Qualitative fit testing
A qualitative fit test relies on a persons ability to detect a particular test
agent by odour, taste, or irritation. The test agent is released near the person
wearing the respirator. If the agent in the air leaks into the facepiece of the
respirator, it will be detected and the worker will know that the seal is not
tight enough. If it cannot be detected, then the seal is good.
The fit tests may be grouped according to three types of response:

Irritation fit test (irritant smoke)
Odour fit test (isoamyl acetate, also called banana oil)
Taste fit test (bitter aerosol; saccharin)
The following pages give only an overview of these fit tests, not complete
descriptions of the procedures. You must follow the complete protocol for
any of these fit tests found in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection,
Use, and Care of Respirators. Refer to any health and safety information in
the standard and in the manufacturers MSDS. You can also ask your fit test
kit supplier for additional instructions.
Ensure that selection of the fit test agent takes into account any medical
assessment of individual workers (see page 52). If there are any health
concerns resulting from a workers reaction to a test agent in the
threshold screening, do not continue with the fit test for that agent. Use
an alternative agent or consider a loose-fitting respirator that does not
require a fit test.
Keep in mind that air-purifying respirators clean the surrounding air

before the worker inhales it. These respirators must therefore be equipped
with the right filter or cartridge to remove the test agent from the air that
is being inhaled. This enables the worker to react to the test agent only
when it leaks in past a poor seal.
The following procedures apply to all qualitative fit tests, no matter which
test agent is used. See page 57 for the respirators covered by these fit tests.
Respirator selection
The employer should first determine what types of respirator are appropriate
for the contaminant(s) and workplace concentration (see pages 3346). The
worker should be allowed to select from a variety of sizes and models of
these respirators. The worker should choose the respirator that is most
comfortable and that he or she would use most consistently.

- 65 -
Threshold screening
Before doing the fit test and before putting on the respirator, the worker
is given a threshold-screening test to make sure he or she can detect the
selected test agent. Some workers may not be sensitive to the chemicals
in the test. If the worker does not respond to the selected test agent, an
alternative test agent or method is chosen.
User seal check
The worker should put on the respirator and perform a successful user
seal check before doing the fit test.
Fit test exercises
The following fit test exercises apply to all qualitative fit tests. These
exercises are intended to simulate actual workplace wearing of the
respirator and to challenge the seal of the respirator during the test. The
worker should wear the respirator for at least 10 minutes before doing the
fit test exercises.
There are six exercises, and each must be performed for a prescribed
amount of time. CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and
Care of Respirators, prescribes 30 seconds for each exercise.
1. Normal breathing (regular)
2. Deep breathing (deep and regular)
3. Turning the head from side to side (take care not to bump the
respirator on the shoulders)
4. Nodding the head up and down (take care not to bump the respirator
on the chest)
5. Talking out louduse Rainbow Passage (an appendix to CSA
Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4) or count out loud
6. Normal breathing (regular)
If there is any leakage, try on different sizes or models of appropriate

respirators, repeating the six exercises each time, until a successful test
has been completed.
Irritant smoke fit test
In this test, a worker wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritating

smoke (stannic chloride). If the respirator fits properly, no smoke will leak

- 66 -
into the facepiece and be detected by the worker. If smoke does leak in,
it will cause an involuntary reaction in the worker, such as coughing. It
is important to follow instructions carefully to avoid exposing workers to
any unnecessary smoke irritation. The smoke can be irritating to the eyes
and airways.
Do not place a hood or bag over the head of the test subject. The test
must be performed in a location with sufficient ventilation to prevent
contamination of the work area and ventilation system.
Irritant smoke tests must be conducted with facepieces equipped with

combination organic vapour/acid gas (OV/AG) and 100 (HEPA) filter
cartridges. After the respirator has passed the fit test, the facepiece can be
fitted with the appropriate filter or cartridge necessary for protection in
the workplace.
An irritant smoke fit testing kit can be purchased from suppliers of safety
equipment. These kits contain glass tubes of irritant smoke-forming
compounds and a small rubber bulb. The bulb forces air through the
glass tube. Only stannic chloride smoke tubes can be used for the irritant
smoke test.
Use a well-ventilated room or area to carry out the irritant smoke tests
(both threshold screening and the fit test).
Caution: This test agent may be an irritant to the worker being fit
tested or to the tester. Do not use this test agent to fit test workers with
respiratory sensitivities. The tester should consider wearing a respirator if
a number of fit tests are being performed.
Irritant smoke threshold screening

1. Break off both ends of the smoke tube and insert one end into the
rubber bulb (watch for the other exposed sharp end).
2. Squeeze the bulb to force air through the tube and produce smoke.
3. Warn the worker that the smoke can be irritating and that he or she
should keep eyes closed throughout the test.
4. Carefully direct a small amount of the smoke in the workers direction.
5. Discard used tubes in sharps containers at the end of the test.
6. After the worker coughs, proceed with the fit test procedure outlined
on the next page.

- 67 -
Irritant smoke fit test procedure
The worker should put on the respirator and all other personal protective
equipment, such as eye protection or a hard hat. A successful seal check
must be done before the fit test.
1. While the worker performs the first fit test exercise on page 66,
pass the smoke stream around the perimeter of the facepiece.
You should direct the smoke at the facepiece seal, starting with
the smoke stream about 30 cm (12 in.) away from the respirator.
Go around the seal a total of three times, gradually bringing
the smoke to within 5 cm (2 in.) of the respirator. If the worker
does not detect the stream of smoke by coughing, continue
with the next fit test exercise. Repeat this step for each of the
six exercises.
2. Because the smoke can be irritating, do not direct puffs of smoke
at the eyes, and keep the smoke tube at least 5 cm (2 in.) away
from unprotected skin. Ask workers to keep their eyes closed if
Workers should keep their eyes closed
during the irritant smoke test. they are being fitted with a half-facepiece.
3. If the worker does not cough, no smoke has leaked into the
facepiece and the respirator has passed the fit test.
Caution: Testers must be careful with the sharp, broken end of the smoke
tube. Coughing workers may unexpectedly jab themselves if they make
sudden movements. The fit tester may wish to cover the broken end of the
tube with a short length of tubing. Always discard used tubes in sharps
containers at the end of the test.
Bitter aerosol taste fit test
In this test, a worker is exposed to a spray containing denatonium benzoate.

It has an extremely bitter taste. The worker wears a respirator equipped with
any particulate filter and puts on a test enclosure or hood that covers the
head and shoulders. The fit tester exposes the worker to the bitter aerosol
by spraying the test solution into the enclosure. Because it is a very bitter
solution, it can be easily detected by the worker if it leaks through the face
seal. If the worker cannot taste the bitter aerosol after the predetermined
number of squeezes, it means that the respirator fits properly.
A bitter aerosol fit testing kit can be purchased from suppliers of safety
equipment. These kits contain pre-mixed solution as well as instructions
for administering the fit test.

- 68 -
Workers should not eat, drink (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum
for at least 15 minutes before taking the bitter aerosol fit test.
Before conducting the test, make sure the worker being fit tested can
detect the bitter taste by performing a threshold screening check. The
threshold screening should be done under a test hood, and the worker
being tested should not wear a respirator.
Caution: This test agent may affect workers with respiratory sensitivities.
Bitter aerosol threshold screening

1. Instruct the worker to breathe through a slightly open mouth with the
tongue extended.
2. Ask the worker to let you know when a bitter taste can be detected.
3. Insert a nebulizer containing the threshold check solution into an
opening located at the front of the test hood. Direct the spray away
from the workers breathing zone.
4. Rapidly squeeze the bulb of the nebulizer 10 times and ask if the
worker can taste the bitter aerosol.
5. If the worker cannot taste the bitter aerosol, rapidly squeeze the nebulizer
bulb 10 more times and ask again if the worker can taste it. If the response
is still negative, squeeze the nebulizer bulb 10 more times.
6. Once the worker reports tasting the bitter taste, proceed with the fit
test. If the worker cannot detect the bitter taste after 30 squeezes,
perform a different fit test.
Bitter aerosol fit test procedure

The worker should put on the respirator and all other personal protective
equipment, such as eye protection or a hard hat. A successful seal check
must be done before the fit test.
1. Prepare a solution made of bitter aerosol and salt solution in warm
water and pour the solution into a nebulizer.
2. Have the worker put on a test hood while wearing the respirator. The
front portion of the hood should be clear of the respirator and provide
sufficient room for free head movement.
3. Instruct the worker to breathe through a slightly open mouth with the
tongue extended. Ask the worker to let you know if a bitter taste can
be detected.
4. Insert the nebulizer filled with prepared solution into the opening in
the test hood directly in front of the workers nose and mouth. Direct
the spray away from the workers breathing zone.

- 69 -
5. Firmly squeeze the bulb of the nebulizer containing the test solution
either 10, 20, or 30 times, depending on the workers sensitivity to the
bitter aerosol (as determined by threshold screening).
6. Instruct the worker to perform the six fit test exercises and tell you if a
bitter taste can be detected.
7. Every 30 seconds, replenish the aerosol concentration by squeezing the
nebulizer bulb half the number of squeezes used previously (i.e., use
5, 10, or 15 squeezes). Squirt the solution into the test hood.
8. If the worker reports tasting the bitter aerosol, the respirator has failed
the fit test. If the worker cannot detect the bitter aerosol, the respirator
has passed the fit test.
For more detailed information on this test, refer to Appendix B2 of CSA

Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02.
Saccharin solution aerosol fit test
This test is similar to the bitter aerosol solution fit test. Instead of using a
bitter-tasting aerosol, the fit tester exposes the worker to the sweet taste
of saccharin. The threshold screening and the fit test are done in a test
enclosure or hood that covers the head and shoulders.
The saccharin solution threshold screening is identical to that of

the bitter aerosol, except that the worker must demonstrate the
ability to detect the sweet taste of the test agent.
For the fit test, a worker wears a respirator equipped with any
particulate filter. The tester sprays the test solution into the
test hood, directly in front of the workers nose and mouth. If
the worker cannot detect a sweet taste after either 10, 20, or 30
squeezes, it means that the respirator fits properly. Workers should
not eat, drink (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum for at least
15 minutes before taking the saccharin solution aerosol fit test.
A bitter or sweet solution is sprayed Workers who eat or drink something sweet before the test may not
into the test hood for the bitter aerosol be able to detect the taste of saccharin and must not be allowed to
or saccharin fit test. undergo the fit test.

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Isoamyl acetate (banana oil) fit test
This test is similar to the bitter aerosol and saccharin fit tests in that
the threshold screening and the fit test are done in a test enclosure. A
worker wearing a respirator is exposed to a compound called isoamyl
acetate (known as banana oil), which smells strongly like bananas. Before
starting the test, you must make sure the person being fit tested can smell
the banana oil. If the worker cannot smell the banana oil, perform the fit
test using another test agent. For complete instructions on how to conduct
this test, refer to CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and
Care of Respirators.
Since the banana oil test uses a vapour, it can only be used to fit test
air-purifying respirators that take a cartridge. The respirator should be
fitted with an organic vapour cartridge. After the respirator has passed
the fit test, attach the appropriate filter or cartridge for the workplace
contaminant.
Fit testing records

Fit testing must be done at least annually, and written records of the
results must be kept. Records should also be kept of repeat fit testing done
at other times (see page 64).
A sample fit test form is shown on pages 7273. At a minimum, the

following information should be recorded and retained on file:
Name of worker fit tested
Date of fit test
Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator
Type of test done and test agent used (e.g., irritant smoke, banana oil,
bitter aerosol, or saccharin for qualitative tests)
Results of fit tests (pass/fail)
Comments on test difficulties
Name of fit tester

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Respirator fit test form (sample)
Name of worker: Date:
Does the worker wear:

Eyeglasses Contact lenses Dentures Facial hair
If yes to any of the above, discuss how the respirator seal will be affected.
(Workers must be clean-shaven where the respirator seals with the face.)
Does the worker have any medical concerns about wearing a respirator?
Yes No
If yes, refer worker for a medical assessment.
Fit test procedure

Fit testing must be repeated annually to ensure that a proper face seal is maintained.
Check when completed successfully:
Correct positioning of respirator and strap adjustment
Negative- or positive-pressure user seal check
Qualitative fit tested using:
Irritant smoke with HEPA/organic vapour cartridges
Bitter aerosol with particulate filter
Isoamyl acetate (banana oil) with organic vapour cartridges
Saccharin with particulate filter
Other _________________________________________________________
Pass Fail
Quantitative fit testing:

Pass Fail
Respirator(s) fit tested by worker:
When a worker wears different makes and models of respirators, fit testing
must be done on each make and model of respirator and the results recorded.
The worker should also wear all other required personal protective equipment,
such as hearing and eye protection, while undergoing the test.
1. Make/model/size_ ______________ /________________ /_________________

2. Make/model/size_ ______________ /________________ /_________________
3. Make/model/size_ ______________ /________________ /_________________

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Respirator fit test form (sample)
Points discussed with worker:
Respirator selection Respirator limitations Storage and maintenance
Cartridge dating, change frequency, and limitations
Where to get replacement parts
Fit test date Next fit test date
Fit tested by
Comments
I, the undersigned, have been fit tested and counselled in the use, limitations,
and maintenance of the above-noted respirator(s).
Workers signature: Date:

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Caring for your respirator
Your healtheven your lifemay depend upon your respirator. Dont toss
it in a corner to collect dust until the next time its needed. A respirator
must be well maintained to work properly. Clean it regularly, inspect it for
damage, and replace missing parts.
Respirators must be maintained according to the manufacturers

instructions. The manufacturer includes full instructions for inspection
and maintenance with each respirator sold. Refer to the manual or
instruction sheet provided with your respirator.
Facepiece
body
Headband
Yoke
Particulate
filter
Inhalation valve OR
(behind holder)
Combination
gas and
Cartridge or particulate
filter holder cartridge
Gasket
(if applicable)
Exhalation valve
and cover
The basic parts of a typical half-facepiece respirator are shown. Two common options are illustrated on the right.
Both sides of the respirator would take the same type of filter or cartridge.

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Inspection
Missing valves. Cracked or warped facepieces. Used-up cartridges. Frayed
and knotted head straps. These are just a few problems that can mean
your respirator is not protecting you.
Inspect your respirator before each use and during cleaning. Check
for damaged or worn parts. The rated level of protection provided by a
respirator may not be achieved if any of the required components are not
present or if the wrong components have been substituted. Check the
following basic respirator parts:
Facepiece: Look for any warping, and check for dirt, holes, tears, and
cracks. The rubber or silicone should be flexible, not stiff.
Yoke: Some respirators have a yoke across the facepiece front that
strengthens and supports the facepiece. Check for cracks. Plastic
yokes will crack from too much bending. Weak points may show up as
black lines on aluminum yokes.
Inhalation and exhalation valves: Make sure the valves are there! Inspect
the valve and the valve seat for cracks, tears, dirt, and curling. The valves
should be very flexible and lie flat. Missing, curled, or damaged valves
wont stop contaminated air from entering the respirator and being
inhaled. Make sure that the exhalation valve cover is present.
Valve
cover
Valve
Valve
Check that the exhalation valve is Check that the inhalation valves are
present and in good working order. present and in good working order.

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Head straps: Look for breaks or tears. Stretch the straps to test the
elasticity. Replace any straps that have knots in them. Make sure all
fasteners are present and work properly.
Cartridge and filter holders: If the respirator uses a snap-on mount to
hold the cartridges or filters, all sealing surfaces must be clean. If the
respirator uses a screw mount, the threads must not be worn. If the
respirator uses gaskets, make sure they are present.
Cartridges and filters: Look for cracks and other damage such as
dents and holes. Replace filters or cartridges if they are heavily coated
with paint or other material. Make sure you are using the correct type
of filter or cartridge for the hazard. The wrong type of cartridge, or
cartridges that are used up, will make the respirator useless.
If inspection shows that any parts of the respirator are missing or

defective, or if the respirator is not serviceable for any other reason, it
must not be used until it has been repaired.
The sample inspection checklist on pages 7778 can be adapted for your
use, depending on the type of respirator you use.

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Respirator inspection checklist
Air-purifying respirators
Filtering facepiece
Check for:
Holes in the filters
Worn-out (torn, no longer elastic) or missing straps
Missing or curled valves (if the respirator has them)
Folds, creases, or distortion in the facepiece
Air-purifying respirators with replaceable cartridges or filters

Check the facepiece for:
Dirt
Cracks, tears, holes
Warped surfaces
Broken fittings (for example, strap holders)
Cracked, scratched, or loose-fitting lenses in full-face models
The presence of filter seal gaskets (if the respirator has gaskets)
Check the head straps for:

Wear and tear
Lack of elasticity, knots
Broken or faulty buckles
Check the valves for:

Soap residue or dirt on valves or on the valve seat
Cracks, tears, hardening, or warps in the valves or the valve seat
Missing or damaged valve cover
Valves that are curled under the valve seat
Check that the cartridges and/or filters are:

Made by same manufacturer as the respirator
The right ones for the hazard
Fitting securely in the facepiece (threads are not worn)
Free from cracks or dents
Marked with the date they were put into service

In addition to the previous checklist items, check the:
Condition of battery pack, wires, and connections
Airflow (does it meet manufacturers specifications?)
Condition of breathing tube (if respirator has one)

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Respirator inspection checklist
The following is a basic checklist for air-supplying respirators. Refer to the
manufacturers instructions for details about your specific equipment.
For both supplied-air (airline) and SCBA, check the compressed breathing
air supply system for:
Damage to air supply lines and hoses, attachments, and end fittings
Correct operation and condition of regulators
Location of compressor and air intake (must be in contaminant-free areas)
Correct regulator and flow control valve settings
Whether breathing air from the compressor meets air quality standards
Whether air pressure and volume are within manufacturers specifications
for the length of airline
Tight connections between the compressor, the airline, and the facepiece
Whether compressor maintenance record is present and up-to-date
Whether filtration system, carbon monoxide monitor, high temperature
alarm, and water trap, if present, are in good condition and operating properly
On supplied-air (airline) respirators, perform all the pre-use checks in the
manufacturers instructions and check:
For cracks or breaks in the faceshield
That an emergency escape device is included, if required
Condition of facepiece straps, gaskets, and valves
On self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), perform all the pre-use
checks in the manufacturers instructions, as well as the following.
Check the regulator for:
Condition of connections
Emergency bypass test
Low pressure alarm on SCBA
Positive-pressure regulator test
Check the air cylinder for:
Physical damage (dents or corrosion)
Date of last fill
Date of last hydrostatic test
How much air the cylinder contains (it must be fully charged)

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Filter and cartridge replacement schedules
Filters and cartridges should be replaced regularly according to a
predetermined change-out schedule. Dont wait until you have difficulty
breathing or can smell or taste the contaminant to change the filter or
cartridge. Date all cartridges and filters when you open them so you will
know when they were put into service. Do not use cartridges or filters of
unknown age.
Check with the manufacturer for information about the service life of
filters and cartridges. However, some factors change the service life:
If the work involves fast movement or heavy labour, the service life
is shorter than if the work is slower or less physical. (More air moves
through the filter during heavy work.)

Very low concentrations of contaminants increase service life. (Reducing
concentration by a factor of 10 will increase service life by a factor of 5.)
Humidity above 85% will reduce service life by 50%.
Many manufacturers offer assistance in determining the expected life

span for filters and cartridges under various conditions.
When to change filters
The following table provides guidelines from NIOSH on when filters need
to be changed, according to the class of filter.
Filter replacement schedule

N Class R Class P Class
(Not resistant to oil) (Resistant to oil) (Oil-Proof)
Change filter when: Change filter when: If the filter is used in an
It becomes damaged, soiled, or It becomes damaged, soiled, or atmosphere with non-oil
difficult to breathe through difficult to breathe through particulates or both oil and non-oil
or or particulates, change filter when
The total mass loading* of the filter The total mass loading* of the filter it becomes damaged, soiled, or
reaches 200 mg (100 mg per filter reaches 200 mg (100 mg per filter difficult to breathe through.
for dual-filter respirators) for dual-filter respirators) Contact the respirator
or or manufacturer or supplier for
Oil particulates are present It undergoes 8 hours of service life information.
(change to R or P Class) continuous or intermittent use
where oil particulates are present
* mass loading: the amount of particulate deposited on the filter

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When to change cartridges
Gas and vapour cartridges have a limited life span. Cartridges should be
marked with the date that they are first used or put into service. They
must be replaced according to a pre-set schedule. Contact the respirator
manufacturer or supplier for the replacement schedule.
In addition, replace the cartridge right away if you experience any

breakthrough warning signs. Make sure you know what to expect from
the contaminant that may be present at your worksite. Your cartridge
needs to be replaced if:
You smell or taste the contaminant through your respirator
Your throat or lungs feel irritated
Cleaning
Employers are responsible for providing cleaning materials and for giving
workers time to clean their respirators properly.
Reusable respirators need to be cleaned regularly to remove dirt and

kill bacteria, especially when they are shared by different people. If the
respirator is shared, clean it when you have finished using it. Respirators
that have not been cleaned are unpleasant to wear and can cause skin
rashes at the seal. Aftershave lotions and powders can also cause skin
irritation, so dont use these products on your face where it touches the
respirator.
The following is an example of a cleaning and sanitizing procedure for

half-facepiece and full-facepiece respirators. For more details, see the
cleaning and sanitizing procedures in the manufacturers instructions.
1. Remove the filters or cartridges from the respirator facepiece. The
filters or cartridges must not become wet or damp. Wipe the cartridge
exterior with a damp cloth if necessary. Do not clean the cartridge
interior. If the filters or cartridges are heavily coated with paint or
other material, replace them.
2. Remove the head straps, gaskets, and valves from the facepiece.
Carefully wash the facepiece in warm water. Water that is too hot
can warp the facepiece. If possible, use a mild soap designed to
kill bacteria. Use a soft scrub brush to remove stubborn material.

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Never use solvents such as turpentine or gasoline to clean the
facepiece because these liquids can damage plastic and rubber parts.
Commercial respirator cleaning solutions, kits, and related products
are available through safety equipment suppliers.
3. Rinse the facepiece in clean, warm water to remove any soap residue.
(Soap left on the facepiece can cause skin rashes and seal the valves
shut.)
4. If youre not using an antibacterial soap, soak the facepiece in a
disinfecting solution for at least two minutes. You can follow the
manufacturers recommendation or you can make your own solution
daily. For example, add 30 millilitres (2 tablespoons) of household
bleach to 4 litres (1 gallon) of water. Remove the facepiece and rinse it
again with warm water. Wash off all disinfectant as it can cause skin
rashes.
5. Dry the facepiece on a clean surface or hang it from a line. Make sure
that the facepiece will not become distorted. If you dry it with a cloth,
use a soft, lint-free cloth.
6. Wash valves and any gaskets carefully. Allow them to air dry. Make
sure the valves dry flat. Replace any curled or damaged valves with
new ones.
7. Reassemble the respirator, making sure all pieces, especially the
valves and gaskets, are in their correct positions. Reattach the filters or
cartridges. Your respirator is now ready for use.
After you take a coffee or lunch break, you may want to do a quick
cleanup of your respirator. Hypo-allergenic wipes can be purchased for
this purpose. Use them to wipe the facepiece seal and the inside of the
facepiece before putting the respirator on. Avoid hanging your respirator
on your arm or leaving it in a dusty environment during breaks.
Sharing respirators should be discouraged. However, if workers have to

share respirators, it is especially important to enforce strict cleaning and
maintenance. Ideally, workers should have their own respirators because
they would then be much more likely to wear and take care of them.

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Sample schedule for cleaning and disinfecting respirators
Type of use Schedule for cleaning and disinfecting
Exclusive use by one worker As needed to keep respirator sanitary
Shared by workers Before being worn by different workers
Emergency use After each use
Used for fit testing and training After each use
Use a moist wipe to clean the facepiece when a quick touch-up is needed.

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Be aware of other routes of exposure
Respirators control only the airborne contaminants that you inhale. You can
also be exposed to these hazardous materials in other ways.
You can swallow some hazardous materials. If you spray pesticides, you may
get some on your clothing. The pesticide may be transferred to your hands
when you take off your hat, for example. You may then swallow the pesticide
when you start to eat. To avoid swallowing hazardous materials, wash your
face and hands before taking coffee or lunch breaks. This will prevent
contaminants on your skin from being transferred to food and cigarettes.
Some other hazardous materials can be absorbed into your body through
the skin. To avoid this type of exposure, make sure you wear all required
personal protective equipmentsuch as gloves and coverallsto protect
you on the job.
Respirators used with highly toxic particulates such as asbestos and

hantavirus require special decontamination and disinfecting procedures.
For details, read the manufacturers instructions and see the following
WorkSafeBC publications:
Safe Work Practices for Handling Asbestos
A Hantavirus Exposure Control Program for Employers and Workers

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Storage
Too often, respirators are left out to get dirty or damaged at the end of the
workday. Storing your respirator properly will protect it from chemicals,
strong sunlight, and extreme heat or cold.
Store your respirator in a safe place such as a cabinet or
locker. Do not store it with your toolsthey can damage the
respirator.
When storing your respirator, position it so that the facepiece,
hoses, and head straps are not bent or stretched out of shape.
Dont fold respirators that arent designed to be folded.
Some cartridges can continue absorbing moisture and
contaminants from the surrounding air after you take the
respirator off. Store your respirator in a resealable plastic
bag before putting it away. This will stop the cartridges from
absorbing contaminants and getting used up. It will also keep
the respirator clean and dust-free.
If you are using 100 (HEPA) filters for highly toxic
Keep your respirator clean by storing it particulates such as asbestos or hantavirus, seal the filters
in a plastic bag. NIOSH 100 (HEPA) with duct tape before taking the respirator off your face. This
filters used for highly toxic particulates will prevent any toxic dust from shaking loose from the filters
should be sealed with tape to contain and getting into the air or onto the facepiece during handling.
the contaminants. Remove the tape from the filters after you have put the
respirator back on. When discarding old 100 (HEPA) filters,
seal them with tape to keep the contaminant in the filter.
Maintenance and repair

Respirators need to be properly maintained to remain effective. Follow the
manufacturers instructions to ensure the best possible protection.
You can do simple maintenance on your respiratorsuch as replacing

valves or clampsyourself. Make sure any replacement parts you use are
specifically approved by the manufacturer for the model you are using.
Using unapproved parts voids the NIOSH approval for the respirator (this
refers to all respirator parts, including straps, cartridges, valves, regulators,
hoses, and seals). Employers must provide an adequate supply of respirator

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parts or extra respirators to ensure that only well-maintained respirators are
used. Any non-functioning or defective respirators must be tagged as out
of service and be removed from use until repaired.
More complicated maintenance and repair on respirators must be done by

qualified people. For example, the manufacturer or another trained person
must repair powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) and air-supplying
systems that include regulators and monitoring and alarm devices. If
respiratory equipment is not repaired properly, it may become ineffective
or malfunction. In some cases, even minor modifications can significantly
change the performance of the respirator. Make sure only specially trained
people repair these types of respirators.
The employer must maintain a record of maintenance for air-supplying

respirators, powered air-purifying respirators, and sorbent cartridges and
canisters. The sorbent cartridges and canisters should be checked regularly
for expiry dates and to make sure they are sealed and stored properly.
Proper maintenance of SCBA respirators is essential

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) respirators are used to protect
workers in dangerous and IDLH conditions. To ensure that workers can
rely on this equipment, it is essential that all maintenance and inspections
be carried out according to the manufacturers instructions accompanying
each SCBA. Inspections usually include a visual inspection and periodic
hydrostatic testing of the air cylinder.
A major hazard that is often overlooked is allowing previously filled air tanks
to stand unused for long periods. In the presence of moisture, the metal in
the cylinder wall will oxidize and use up the oxygen inside the tank. Oxygen
concentrations as low as 5% have been found in tanks as a result of this. Do
not use air tanks that were filled longer than 12 months ago.
Only people trained and certified by the manufacturer of the specific SCBA
are authorized to repair or maintain the parts of the system that affect flow
and function. For example, inspection, re-assembly, and repair of SCBA
regulators must be done by qualified people. Deaths and close calls have
resulted when untrained people have repaired regulators improperly.

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4
Setting up
an effective
respirator
program
About respirator programs
A respirator program is a formal plan for using respirators at a specific

worksite. You cannot simply hand out respirators and expect workers to Exposure control
use them properly. If respirators are necessary to protect workers, then an plans and confined
effective respirator program will: space entry programs
Help protect the workers health and prevent illnesses related to
Some employers may
breathing hazards in the workplace
also be required to
Promote more effective use of respirators develop an exposure
Make it easier to comply with WorkSafeBC requirements control plan and/or a
confined space entry
If respirators are used at a workplace, a respirator program must be in
program.
place. Ideally, one person in the organization should be designated as the
program administrator and have overall responsibility for the program. The requirements
Parts of the program can be delegated to others, but the final authority for for exposure control
plans are listed in
running the program should rest with one administrator. It is important
section 5.54 of the
that whoever is assigned the responsibility for respirators has the
Occupational Health
knowledge to perform the job. and Safety Regulation.
A sample respirator program is provided in the appendix on pages 99115. The requirements for
confined space entry
programs are listed
in section 9.5 of the
Regulation.

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Elements of an effective respirator program
Section 8.5 of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation lists six
essential elements of a respirator program:
Statement of purpose and responsibilities
Written procedures for selection, use, inspection, cleaning,
maintenance, and storage of respirators
Instruction and training
Medical assessment of respirator wearers, where required
Documentation
Program review
Statement of purpose and responsibilities

A written statement of purpose acknowledges the need for and scope of
the respirator program. It is important that the workers understand the
purpose of the program and know their own responsibilities as well as
those of others in the organization.
The purpose of a respirator program is to ensure that the respirators

provide workers with effective protection against the airborne
contaminants to which they may be exposed, as well as against oxygen
deficiency.
The employer, supervisors, and workers all have responsibilities to ensure

that workers are protected from breathing hazards. The general health
and safety responsibilities of employers, supervisors, and workers in the
workplace are defined in the Workers Compensation Act. Requirements
specific to respirator equipment are listed in sections 8.28.9 and 8.32
8.45 of the Regulation.
Employers responsibilities
The employers general occupational health and safety responsibilities as

applied to respirators include:
Implementing a written respirator program and designating a
respirator program administrator
Ensuring that the worksite is evaluated for breathing hazards
Eliminating or minimizing all breathing hazards
Providing and maintaining the respirators needed for any airborne
hazard present at the worksite, and ensuring that the workers use the
respirators when required

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Providing time and materials for workers to clean their respirators
Providing supervisors with the education and training necessary to
ensure that workers use respirators safely
Providing workers with the education, training, and supervision
necessary for safe use of respirators
Developing emergency evacuation procedures and ensuring that
supervisors and workers receive appropriate training in any workplace
where workers may need to be rescued or evacuated because of
breathing hazards
Ensuring that all illnesses or injuries resulting from breathing hazards
and requiring medical aid are reported and recorded
Requiring a medical assessment if there is a concern about a workers
ability to wear a respirator
Program administrators responsibilities
The program administrator is responsible for managing the respirator

program. The program administrator must:
Take responsibility for all aspects of the respirator program
Ensure that the program meets the requirements of the CSA Standard
Ensure that respiratory hazards in the workplace are assessed by a
qualified person
Make sure that a list of respirator types used in the workplace is
maintained
Ensure that all workers required to wear respirators are properly
trained to wear and maintain their equipment
Ensure that the respirator program is reviewed on an annual basis
Maintain written records as required by the CSA Standard
Supervisors responsibilities
Supervisors play a crucial role in worksite safety. They must ensure

the health and safety of all workers under their direct supervision.
Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that:
Workers are aware of breathing hazards
Respirators are available when required
Workers use respirators correctly as required
Respirators are properly cleaned, inspected, maintained, and stored

- 91 -
In addition, supervisors should be alert to situations that could interfere
with the safe use of respirators, including:
Other protective equipment or clothing that may interfere with
respirator use
Changes in working conditions that may result in exposure to higher
concentrations or to new contaminants
Problems experienced by workers during respirator use, such as
discomfort, skin irritation, or breakthrough of contaminants causing
breathing difficulty
Because of their knowledge of the workplace, supervisors can also play an

important role in:
Identifying breathing hazards and making suggestions as to how they
can be eliminated
Being alert to changes in the workplace that could require a change in
the type of respirators being used
Workers responsibilities
Workers have a responsibility for their own safety as well as that of

their co-workers. Workers have the following responsibilities related to
respirators:
Understanding and following safe work procedures
Using respirators as instructed
Understanding the limitations of the respirators they are using and
following the manufacturers instructions carefully
Inspecting their respirators before use
Immediately reporting any equipment malfunction or other problem
to their supervisor
Properly cleaning, maintaining, and storing respirators if these
responsibilities have been assigned to them
Reporting all symptoms related to respirator use to their supervisor or
first aid attendant
Reporting unsafe or harmful conditions
Notifying the supervisor if they have medical concerns about using a
respirator

- 92 -
Written procedures
Well-written procedures explain how certain tasks are to be done and who
will do them. Written procedures serve as a useful reference for employers,
supervisors, and workers. The process of writing procedures helps ensure
that the unique characteristics of the worksite are considered. All procedures
should be kept together, and a copy should be filed with the joint health and
safety committee or worker health and safety representative.
You must include written procedures for at least the following aspects of
respirator use:
Selection
Use
Inspection
Cleaning
Maintenance
Storage
If the written procedures are provided elsewhere, such as the

manufacturers instructions or in this manual, you can simply reference
those procedures and who is responsible for them.
The type of hazard, the level of the contaminant, and the working
conditions dictate what type of respirator can be worn. Improper selection
can lead to serious injuries or fatalities. Purchase and use only respirators
that are approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) or that have been accepted for use in writing by
WorkSafeBC.
Your respirator program should list the approved respirators (make and
model), the type of cartridge or filter (for air-purifying respirators), and
the contaminants they protect against.
For more information on respirator selection, see pages 3346.
Respirator use
Written procedures for respirator use should state important conditions of

use, such as the following:
Under what circumstances the assigned respirator must be used
(routine use and escape respirators)

- 93 -
The need for a user seal check each time a tight-fitting respirator is put
on, and for an annual fit test
With tight-fitting respirators, that the worker must be clean-shaven
and must not wear glasses or protective equipment that interferes with
the seal
When a worker must leave a work area in the event of respirator
problems (such as breakthrough, a leak in the facepiece, a change in
breathing resistance, dizziness, or eye irritation)
Procedures for working in IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or
health) situations, if applicable, including the requirement for standby
rescue personnel
Inspection
List the procedures for inspecting respirators before use. List who
is responsible for any other regular inspections and how often the
inspections are to be done. For more information on inspecting
respirators, see pages 7576.
Cleaning
Put in writing when respirators are to be cleaned and disinfected and who
is responsible for cleaning. For more information on cleaning procedures
and schedules, see pages 8083.
Maintenance
Written procedures for the care and maintenance of respirators should

include:
Responsibilities for minor repairs
Responsibilities for major repairs
Criteria for removing defective respirators from service
For more information on maintenance and repair, see pages 8485.
Storage
Written procedures should describe the proper storage of respirators and

responsibilities for storage, including accessible storage of emergency
respirators.
For more information on storing respirators, see page 84.

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Instruction and training
Every worker who may be required to wear a respirator in either
routine or emergency situations must be trained in the proper use of
the respirator. Workers must be completely trained before they use a
respirator in a hazardous area.
The instruction and training component should include:

The breathing hazards that are or may be present at the specific
worksite and their potential effects on the workers health
The capabilities and limitations of the selected respirator
Inspection and maintenance procedures
Cleaning and storage methods
Putting on the respirator
Doing a user seal check and fit test (with tight-fitting respirators)
Proper use of the respirator in routine and emergency situations,
including what to do if the respirator malfunctions
Annual retraining will ensure that workers are prepared to use the
appropriate respirators safely when the need arises. Keep records of all
training sessions, the dates the sessions were held, and who attended.
Medical assessment
If a worker is required to use a respirator and there is any doubt about the
workers ability to use it because of medical reasons, the worker must be
examined by a doctor who can advise the employer of the workers ability
to wear a respirator. A re-assessment should be performed if there is any
change in the workers health status that might affect respirator use.
The respirator program should state that medical assessment will be

provided when required.
Documentation
The program should state who will be responsible for keeping the records
up-to-date. The employer must maintain a record of:
Fit test results
Worker instruction
Maintenance records for air-supplying respirators, powered air-
purifying respirators, and sorbent cartridges and canisters

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The manufacturers instructions for the respirators used and for any
accessories such as cartridges and breathing air compressors
Annual tests of compressed breathing air for supplied-air respirators
Program review
The respirator program must be evaluated annually in consultation
with the joint health and safety committee or worker health and safety
representative. The annual review must:
Assess exposure control measures to ensure that they are still effective
Determine the need for further control measures
Evaluate training and instruction
Assess the adequacy of exposure monitoring data and assess the need
for further monitoring
Ensure the adequacy of the fit test program
In addition, it is good practice to have an ongoing review process to

identify any problems and correct them as they come up. Here are some
suggestions for carrying out a review of your program:
Consult with supervisors and workers and get their opinion on
the respirators currently in use. Do the respirators interfere with
other personal protective equipment? Do the respirators hamper
communication or restrict workers vision?
Observe actual working conditions.
Keep informed about new respirators available on the market that
could correct or alleviate problems.
Be aware of technological advances that may make it possible to
engineer contaminants completely out of the work area, eliminating
the need for respirators altogether.
Be alert to changes in the workplace such as the use of new materials
or processes that could change the concentration of contaminants or
introduce new contaminants, requiring the use of a different type of
respirator. If the airborne concentration of a contaminant increases, a
respirator with a higher assigned protection factor may be necessary. If
new contaminants are present, air-purifying respirators may require a
different kind of filter or cartridge.

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Appendices
Sample respirator program
Respirator selection guide
Glossary
Sample respirator program
Purpose
[Company name] has determined that our workers in [locations/departments] are potentially exposed
to the following respiratory hazards during routine operations:
The purpose of this program is to ensure that respirators used by our workers provide effective
protection against airborne contaminants in our workplace(s).
Note that before considering respirators as a way to control exposure, the employer is required to first
consider engineering or administrative controls to eliminate or minimize the risk of exposure. Examples
of such controls include ventilation, enclosing the process, substituting less hazardous products, and
other effective means.
Responsibilities
Employer
The employer is responsible for:

Implementing a written respirator program and designating a respirator program administrator
Ensuring that the worksite is evaluated for breathing hazards
Eliminating or minimizing all breathing hazards
Providing and maintaining respirators needed for any airborne hazard present at the worksite, and
ensuring that workers use the equipment when required
Providing time and materials for workers to clean their respirators
Providing supervisors with the education and training necessary to ensure that workers use
respirators safely
Providing workers with the education, training, and supervision necessary for safe use of respirators

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Developing emergency evacuation procedures and ensuring that supervisors and workers receive
appropriate training in any workplace where workers may need to be rescued or evacuated because of
breathing hazards
Ensuring that all illnesses or injuries resulting from breathing hazards and requiring medical aid are
reported and recorded
Requiring a medical assessment if there is a concern about a workers ability to wear a respirator
Program administrator
The program administrator [insert name] is responsible for:

Assessing the type and amount of exposure
Selecting the appropriate respirators
Implementing training and instruction programs
Administering the overall program, including the maintenance of records
Reviewing the program on an annual basis
Supervisors
Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that:

Workers are aware of breathing hazards on the worksite(s)
Respirators are available when required
Workers use respirators correctly as required
Workers are clean-shaven
Respirators are properly cleaned, inspected, maintained, and stored
Workers are aware of any equipment or clothing that may interfere with respirator use
Working conditions are monitored in order to alert supervisors of exposure to higher concentrations
of a contaminant or a new contaminant
Workers are aware of potential issues that may develop during respirator use, such as discomfort,
skin irritation, or breathing difficulty
The program administrator is notified of concerns or conditions that might affect workers respiratory
protection
Workers
Workers are responsible for:

Understanding and following safe work procedures
Using their respirators as instructed
Understanding the limitations of their respirators and following the manufacturers instructions
Inspecting their respirators before use
Immediately reporting any equipment problems to their supervisors
Properly cleaning and storing their respirators

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The selection of a respirator must be appropriate to the contaminant, its concentration, and the level of
protection provided by the respirator (i.e., the protection factor and maximum use concentration).
Only respirators bearing NIOSH/MSHA (U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration) approval or other
respirators acceptable to WorkSafeBC will be provided to workers.
The following respirators are available to workers and are to be worn for the work activities listed below.
Work activity Contaminants Type of respirator
Always read cartridge or filter labels and instruction manuals prior to use and be certain the correct
cartridge or filter is selected.
For example: a) organic vapour cartridge respirators do not provide adequate protection against isocyanate-
based automotive paints; b) only fume-rated particle masks provide protection against welding fumes.
Respirator fitting
To fit properly and provide protection, respirators that are designed to fit the face, such as rubber half-
masks, must have an effective seal.
Workers using this type of respirator must be clean-shaven in the area where the respirator seals with
the face (i.e., no visible stubble). Workers will receive a fit test once a year (see the Respirator fitting
procedures section).
[insert name] will arrange fit testing and keep records of the results of these tests.

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Worker training
Every worker who may have to wear a respirator will be trained in the proper use of the respirator. Both
the worker and his/her supervisor receive this training. This training includes:
Description of the type and amount of exposure
Description of the respirator
The intended use and limitations of the respirator
Proper wearing, adjustment, and testing for fit
Cleaning and storage methods
Inspection and maintenance procedures
This training is repeated as often as necessary, at least annually, to ensure that workers remain familiar
with the proper use of the respirators. A record will be kept of this training.
The training program is evaluated at least annually by [insert name] to determine that it continues to be
effective.
Always refer to the respirator instruction manual for information.
Proper use of respirators

Corrective eyewear or other equipment must not interfere with the seal of the respirator.
No covering can be used that passes between the respirator facepiece and the wearers face.
Respirators will be inspected before and after every use. Straps, valves, cartridges, other respirator parts,
and general cleanliness will be checked. See the respirator instruction manual.
User seal checks will be performed, where applicable, by respirator users each time they put on their
respirators.
High contaminant levels and other factors such as high humidity can affect filters or cartridges. Workers
noting a resistance to breathing, a smell or taste of chemicals within the respirator, or an irritation shall
immediately leave the work area and report to their supervisor. After an investigation rules out other reasons,
such as failure of ventilation systems, respirators shall be checked and new filters or cartridges installed.
When wearing respirators, workers experiencing any of the following must leave the contaminated area:
Nausea
Dizziness
Eye irritation

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Unusual odour or taste
Excessive fatigue
Difficulty breathing
The program administrator will determine whether or not a worker may be allowed to wear a respirator.
Where there is any doubt on the part of the worker or program administrator about the workers ability to
wear a respirator, the worker is to be examined by a physician. Certain medical conditions, such as lung
disease (e.g., asthma or emphysema) or heart disease, may affect the workers ability to wear a respirator.
Cleaning, maintenance, and storage of respirators

Respirators will be maintained, cleaned, and stored as described by the manufacturers instructions.
Where respirators are shared, they will be cleaned and sanitized after each use. Follow the
manufacturers recommendations for sanitizing.
The following procedure can be used to clean and sanitize most respirators:
1. Remove any filters, cartridges, or canisters.
2. Wash the respirator (and associated parts) in warm water mixed with a mild detergent (or a mild
detergent plus bleach).
3. Rinse the respirator in clean, warm water.
4. Wipe the respirator with disinfectant wipes (70% isopropyl alcohol) or a sanitizing foam to kill
germs.
5. Air dry in a clean area.
6. Reassemble the respirator (e.g., replace the cartridges).
7. Place in a clean, dry plastic bag (or other container).
Defective respirators shall not be used. If during an inspection a worker discovers a fault or defect in a
respirator, he/she will bring it to the attention of the supervisor. The worker or supervisor will attempt
to repair the defective respirator. If the respirator cannot be repaired, it will be given to the program
administrator. The program administrator will then:
Perform a simple fix, such as the replacement of a valve or
head strap, or
Take the respirator out of service until it can be repaired, or
Dispose of the defective respirator and provide a new one
A supply of replacement parts, filters, cartridges, etc. is available at [location].
After inspection, cleaning, and necessary repairs, respirators will be properly stored in plastic bags,
storage cabinets, or lockers.

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Respirator fitting procedures
User seal checks
When you are satisfied that you have found a respirator that fits, there are two simple checks to test the
seal. You must do at least one of these checks each time you put on your respirator.
Before doing any seal check, make sure your respirator has all its inlet and exhaust valves. Make sure
that the valves are in good condition and lie flat. Doing these checks will help you tell whether you have
a good seal and whether the valves are in place and working.
If the respirator is to be used with any other personal protective equipmentsuch as goggles, hearing
protection, or a hard hatall seal checks must be done while you are wearing this equipment.

This test is called a negative-pressure user seal
check because you create a slightly negative air
pressure inside the respirator facepiece by inhaling.
Follow these instructions:
1. Put on the respirator and other associated
personal protective equipment. Tighten the
head straps until the respirator feels snug but
comfortable. Wear the respirator for a few
minutes so that it will warm up and conform to
your face better.
2. Close off the inlet opening of the cartridges or
filters by covering them gently with the palms of
your hands, a plastic bag, a special adapter, or
gloves (in some cases, you may have to remove
the cartridges so you can cover the inlet valves).
If you are carrying out this test while wearing a
PAPR or an air-supplied respirator, close off or
disconnect the hose to stop the airflow.
3. Breathe in slightly to create a vacuum.
5. If you have a good seal, the facepiece should
collapse slightly against your face and stay
collapsed. No air should leak into the facepiece For a negative-pressure seal check, close off the
past the sides, top, or bottom. inlet openings with your palms and inhale gently.

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If the facepiece doesnt collapse and stay collapsed, there is an air leak. Check the exhalation valve(s)
and try repositioning the respirator on your face and adjusting the head straps. Carry out the negative-
pressure seal check again. If you cannot get a seal after a few attempts, try another size, make, or model
of respirator. Repeat the check until you find a respirator that passes the seal check.

This test is similar to the negative-pressure user
seal check except that you breathe out slightly while
gently covering the exhaust valve with your palm.
This creates positive pressure in the facepiece.
If you have a good seal, the facepiece will bulge
or puff out slightly from your face. Again, no air
should leak past the sides, top, or bottom of the
respirator.
1. Put on the respirator and other associated
personal protective equipment. Tighten the
head straps until the respirator feels snug but
comfortable. Wear the respirator for a few
minutes so that it will warm up and conform to
your face better.
2. Close off the exhaust valve opening by covering
it with the palm of your hand.
3. Breathe out slightly to force air into the
facepiece.
5. If you have a good seal, the facepiece should
bulge out and stay out. No air should leak out of
the facepiece past the sides, top, or bottom.
If the air does leak out, check the inhalation valves

and try repositioning the respirator on your face and
adjusting the head straps. If you cannot get a seal
after a few attempts, try on another size, make, or
For a positive-pressure seal check, cover the
model of respirator. Repeat the check until you find a exhaust valve and breathe out slightly.
respirator that passes the seal check.
Note that the configuration of some air-purifying respirators may make it impossible to conduct
an effective positive-pressure check without dislodging the facepiece. Consult the manufacturers
instructions to see whether the positive-pressure user seal check applies to the respirator.

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Fit testing
After the respirator has passed either the positive- or the negative-pressure user seal check, another test
of the seal, called a fit test, must be done and the results recorded.
When fit tests are performed, workers must be clean-shaven and must wear all other protective
equipment that they need, such as goggles and hard hats. Prescription eyeglasses must not interfere
with the seal of the respirator (specialty eyeglasses are available). Ideally, fit tests should be done under
operating conditions similar to those that workers would experience at the worksite.
There are two types of fit testing: qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative fit testing, workers with
poorly sealing respirators will detect an irritant, an odour, or a taste when exposed to a test agent. In
quantitative fit testing, specialized equipment is used to actually measure the amount of the test agent
leaking into the facepiece.
Our workplace utilizes qualitative fit testing procedures.
Irritant smoke fit test

In this test, a worker wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritating smoke (stannic chloride). If the
respirator fits properly, no smoke will leak into the facepiece and be detected by the worker. If smoke
does leak in, it will cause an involuntary reaction in the worker, such as coughing. It is important to
follow instructions carefully to avoid exposing workers to any unnecessary smoke irritation. The smoke
can be irritating to the eyes and airways.
Caution: This test agent may be an irritant to the worker being fit tested or to the tester. Do not use this
test agent to fit test workers with respiratory sensitivities. The tester should consider wearing a respirator
if a number of fit tests are being performed.
Irritant smoke threshold screening

1. Break off both ends of the smoke tube and insert one end into the rubber bulb (watch for the other
exposed sharp end).
2. Squeeze the bulb to force air through the tube and produce smoke.
3. Warn the worker that the smoke can be irritating and that he or she should keep eyes closed
throughout the test.
4. Carefully direct a small amount of the smoke in the workers direction.
5. Discard used tubes in sharps containers at the end of the test.
6. After the worker coughs, proceed with the fit test procedure.

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Irritant smoke fit test procedure
The worker should put on the respirator and all other personal protective equipment, such as eye
protection or a hard hat. A successful seal check must be done before the fit test.
Irritant smoke tests must be conducted with facepieces equipped with combination organic vapour/acid gas
(OV/AG) and 100 (HEPA) filter cartridges. After the respirator has passed the fit test, the facepiece can be
fitted with the appropriate filter or cartridge necessary for protection in the workplace.
Do not place a hood or bag over the head of the test subject. The test must be performed in a location
with sufficient ventilation to prevent contamination of the work area and ventilation system.
Use a well-ventilated room or area to carry out the irritant smoke tests (both threshold screening and the
fit test).
The following exercises shall be performed while the respirator seal is being challenged by the smoke:
Normal breathing.
Deep breathing. Be certain breaths are deep and regular.
Turning head from side to side. Be certain movement is complete.
Nodding head up-and-down. Be certain motions are complete. Alert the test subject not to bump the
respirator on the chest. Have the test subject inhale when his/her head is in the fully up position.
Talking. Slowly and distinctly, count backwards from 100.
Normal breathing.
Each exercise shall be performed for one minute.

1. While the worker performs the first fit test exercise (above), pass the smoke stream around the
perimeter of the facepiece. You should direct the smoke at the facepiece seal, starting with the smoke
stream about 30 cm (12 in.) away from the respirator. Go around the seal a total of three times,
gradually bringing the smoke to within 5 cm (2 in.) of the respirator. If the worker does not detect the
stream of smoke by coughing, continue with the next fit test exercise. Repeat this step for each of the
six exercises.
2. Because the smoke can be irritating, do not direct puffs of smoke at the eyes, and keep the smoke
tube at least 5 cm (2 in.) away from unprotected skin. Ask workers to keep their eyes closed if they
are being fitted with a half-facepiece respirator.
3. If the worker does not cough, then no smoke has leaked into the facepiece, and the respirator has
passed the fit test. Fill out the fit test record.
Caution: Testers must be careful with the sharp, broken end of the smoke tube. Coughing workers may
unexpectedly jab themselves if they make sudden movements. The fit tester may wish to cover the
broken end of the tube with a short length of tubing. Always discard used tubes in sharps containers at
the end of the test.

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Bitter aerosol taste fit test
In this test, a worker is exposed to a spray containing denatonium benzoate. It has an extremely bitter
taste. The worker wears a respirator equipped with any particulate filter and puts on a test enclosure
or hood that covers the head and shoulders. The fit tester exposes the worker to the bitter aerosol by
spraying the test solution into the enclosure. Because it is a very bitter solution, it can be easily detected
by the worker if it leaks through the face seal. If the worker cannot taste the bitter aerosol after the
predetermined number of squeezes, it means that the respirator fits properly.
A bitter aerosol fit testing kit can be purchased from suppliers of safety equipment. These kits contain pre-
mixed solution as well as instructions for administering the fit test.
Workers should not eat, drink (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum for at least 15 minutes before
taking the bitter aerosol fit test.
Before conducting the test, make sure the worker being fit tested can detect the bitter taste by performing
a threshold screening check. The threshold screening should be done under a test hood, and the worker
being tested should not wear a respirator.
Caution: This test agent may affect workers with respiratory sensitivities.
Bitter aerosol threshold screening

1. Instruct the worker to breathe through a slightly open mouth with the tongue extended.
2. Ask the worker to let you know when a bitter taste can be detected.
3. Insert a nebulizer containing the threshold check solution into an opening located at the front of the
test hood. Direct the spray away from the workers breathing zone.
4. Rapidly squeeze the bulb of the nebulizer 10 times and ask if the worker can taste the bitter aerosol.
5. If the worker cannot taste the bitter aerosol, rapidly squeeze the nebulizer bulb 10 more times and
ask again if the worker can taste it. If the response is still negative, squeeze the nebulizer bulb 10
more times.
6. Once the worker reports tasting the bitter taste, proceed with the fit test. If the worker cannot detect
the bitter taste after 30 squeezes, perform a different fit test.
Bitter aerosol fit test procedure

The worker should put on the respirator and all other personal protective equipment, such as eye
protection or a hard hat. A successful seal check must be done before the fit test.
1. Prepare a solution made of bitter aerosol and salt solution in warm water and pour the solution into a
nebulizer.
2. Have the worker put on a test hood while wearing the respirator. The front portion of the hood
should be clear of the respirator and provide sufficient room for free head movement.

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3. Instruct the worker to breathe through a slightly open mouth with the tongue extended. Ask the
worker to let you know if a bitter taste can be detected.
4. Insert the nebulizer filled with prepared solution into the opening in the test hood directly in front of
the workers nose and mouth. Direct the spray away from the workers breathing zone.
5. Firmly squeeze the bulb of the nebulizer containing the test solution either 10, 20, or 30 times,
depending on the workers sensitivity to the bitter aerosol (as determined by threshold screening).
6. Instruct the worker to perform the six fit test exercises and tell you if a bitter taste can be detected.
7. Every 30 seconds, replenish the aerosol concentration by squeezing the nebulizer bulb half the number of
squeezes used previously (i.e., use 5, 10, or 15 squeezes). Squirt the solution into the test hood.
8. If the worker reports tasting the bitter aerosol, the respirator has failed the fit test. If the worker
cannot detect the bitter aerosol, the respirator has passed the fit test.
Saccharin solution aerosol fit test

This test is similar to the bitter aerosol solution fit test. Instead of using a bitter-tasting aerosol, the fit
tester exposes the worker to the sweet taste of saccharin. The threshold screening and the fit test are
done in a test enclosure or hood that covers the head and shoulders.
The saccharin solution threshold screening is

identical to that of the bitter aerosol, except that the
worker must demonstrate the ability to detect the
sweet taste of the test agent.
For the fit test, a worker wears a respirator equipped

with any particulate filter. The tester sprays the test
solution into the test hood, directly in front of the
workers nose and mouth. If the worker cannot detect
a sweet taste after either 10, 20, or 30 squeezes, it
means that the respirator fits properly.
Workers should not eat, drink (except plain water),

smoke, or chew gum for at least 15 minutes before
taking the saccharin solution aerosol fit test. Workers
who eat or drink something sweet before the test may
not be able to detect the taste of saccharin and must A bitter or sweet solution is sprayed into the test
not be allowed to undergo the fit test. hood for the bitter aerosol or saccharin fit test.

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Isoamyl acetate (banana oil) fit test
This test is similar to the bitter aerosol and saccharin fit tests in that the threshold screening and the fit
test are done in a test enclosure. A worker wearing a respirator is exposed to a compound called isoamyl
acetate (known as banana oil), which smells strongly like bananas. Before starting the test, you must
make sure the person being fit tested can smell the banana oil. If the worker cannot smell the banana oil,
perform the fit test using another test agent. For complete instructions on how to conduct this test, refer
to CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-02, Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators.
Since the banana oil test uses a vapour, it can only be used to fit test air-purifying respirators that take
a cartridge. The respirator should be fitted with an organic vapour cartridge. After the respirator has
passed the fit test, attach the appropriate filter or cartridge for the workplace contaminant.

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Respirator selection information form
Process/operation information
Work area location:
Work area characteristics

(open area, confined
space, etc.):
Location of hazardous
area relative to safe area:
Work description/
operation:
Anticipated length of time

that respirator will be used:
Worker activity level (light,

moderate, or heavy):
Information for each breathing hazard

Step 1: Oxygen level (if below 19.5%, air-purifying respirators cannot be used) %
Steps 1, 2: Air contaminant and concentration
Step 3: 8-hour TWA limit
Step 4: IDLH concentration
Step 5: Can the contaminant cause eye irritation?
Step 5: Can the contaminant irritate skin or be absorbed through the skin?
Step 6: Respirator under consideration and assigned protection factors
Step 7: Hazard ratio (minimum protection factor)
Step 8: Maximum use concentration (MUC)
Step 9: Air-supplying or air-purifying respirator?
Step 10: State of contaminant
Step 11: Adequate warning properties (odour, irritation, etc.)?

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Recommended approved respirator(s):
Recommended approved filter or cartridge:
Other protective equipment required:

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Respirator inspection checklist for air-purifying respirators
Filtering facepiece
Check for: Holes in the filters

Worn-out (torn, no longer elastic) or missing straps
Missing or curled valves
Folds, creases, or distortion in the facepiece
Air-purifying respirators with replaceable cartridges or filters
Check the facepiece for: Dirt

Cracks, tears, holes
Warped surfaces
Broken fittings (for example, strap holders)
Cracked, scratched, or loose-fitting lenses (full-face models)
The presence of filter seal gaskets (if the respirator has gaskets)
Check the head straps for: Wear and tear

Knots, lack of elasticity
Broken or faulty buckles
Check the valves for: Soap residue or dirt on valves or on the valve seat
Cracks, tears, hardening, or warps in the valves or the valve seat
Missing or damaged valve cover
Valves that are curled under the valve seat
Check that the cartridges or filters are: Made by the same manufacturer as the respirator
The correct type for the hazard
Fitting securely in the facepiece (threads are not worn)
Free from cracks or dents
Marked with the date they were put into service
In addition to the previous checklist items, Condition of battery pack, wires, and connections
check the:
Airflow (does it meet manufacturers specifications?)
Condition of breathing tube (if respirator has one)

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Respirator fit test form
Name of worker: Date:
Does the worker wear/have:
Eyeglasses Contact lenses

Dentures Facial hair
If yes to any of the above, discuss how the respirator seal will be affected (workers must be clean-shaven where
the respirator seals with the face). Other comments regarding counselling on eyeglasses, dentures, contact
lenses, and facial hair:
Does the worker have any medical concerns about wearing a respirator?
Yes No
If yes, refer worker for a medical assessment.
Fit test procedure
Fit testing must be repeated annually to ensure that a proper face seal is maintained.
Check when completed
Correct positioning of respirator and strap adjustment
successfully:
Negative- or positive-pressure user seal check
Qualitative fit testing

Irritant smoke with HEPA/organic vapour cartridges
using:
Bitter aerosol with particulate filter
Isoamyl acetate (banana oil) with organic vapour cartridges
Saccharin with particulate filter

Other _ ___________________________________________
Qualitative fit testing: Pass

Fail
Quantitative fit testing: Pass

Fail

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Respirator(s) fit tested by worker
When a worker wears different makes and models of respirators, fit testing must be done on each make and
model of respirator and the results recorded. The worker should also wear all other required personal protective
equipment, such as hearing and eye protection, while undergoing the test.
Make/model/size
Make/model/size
Make/model/size
Points discussed with the worker
Respirator limitations
Storage and maintenance
Cartridge dating, change frequency, and limitations
Where to get replacement parts
Fit test date: Next fit test date:
Fit tested by:
Comments:

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Respirator selection guide
Step 1: Known Known

Unknown
Oxygen Emergency Abrasive contaminant, contaminant,
Identify the contaminant,
deficiency conditions blasting unknown known
breathing hazard non-emergency
concentration concentration
Step 2: Use supplied-air type CE

respirator approved for Can contaminant be identified and
Check contaminant
protection against the concentration determined?
concentration abrasive blasting.
YES
NO
Step 3:
Compare Is contaminant concentration less
concentration with than the exposure limit?
exposure limit
NO YES
Use positive-pressure
Respirator not required
self-contained breathing Is contaminant
Step 4: (unless advised as part
apparatus (SCBA) or concentration less
of a health & safety
Check IDLH full-facepiece supplied-air NO than immediately
program, or the
concentration (airline) respirator with dangerous to health
contaminant is an
auxiliary self-contained (IDLH) concentration?
ALARA substance).
air supply.
YES
Go to Step 13. Does the contaminant cause eye irritation?
NO YES
Step 5:
Check properties of Half-facepiece respirator may be an Use respirator with full-facepiece, hood,
option. or helmet only.
each contaminant
to select possible
respirator types
Consider the need for other Does the contaminant irritate
personal protective equipment YES the skin or can it be absorbed
such as gloves and apron. through the skin?
NO
Step 6:
Check the assigned protection factor for each respirator
Check the assigned
being considered.
protection factor
Step 7: Determine the hazard ratio (minimum protection factor) required (divide
Calculate the the contaminant concentration by the 8-hour TWA limit). Select
hazard ratio respirators with a higher assigned protection factor than the hazard ratio.

- 116 -
Step 8:
Calculate the Calculate the maximum use concentration (MUC) for the contaminant by multiplying the 8-hour TWA limit by
maximum use the assigned protection factor. The workplace contaminant concentration must not be greater than the MUC.
concentration (MUC)
Is an air-supplying or air-purifying respirator most appropriate

for your workplace?
Step 9:
Identify the general
classification of
respirator required
Air-supplying. Use
selected air-supplying Air-purifying
respirator.
Go to Step 13. What is the state of the contaminant?

Step 10:
Consider the state
of the contaminant
Gas or vapour Combination gas/vapour/particulate Particulate
Use only supplied-air respirator,

Step 11: Does the gas or
self-contained breathing apparatus,
vapour have
Consider warning or air-purifying respirator with an NO
adequate warning
properties end-of-service-life indicator specific
properties?
for the contaminant.
YES
For combination gas/

Step 12: For gas or vapour, use vapour/particulate, use
If there is no
air-purifying respirator air-purifying respirator Select appropriate
Select an effective sorbent,
with appropriate with appropriate type of particulate
appropriate filter use air-supplying
cartridge or canister combination gas/ filter.
and/or cartridge respirator.
for the contaminant. vapour and particulate
cartridge or canister.
For any respirator selected, consider special requirements, including the workers comfort, ease of breathing,
Step 13: communications, vision, and movement. Also consider the workers ability to perform work using the respirator,
Consider special potential for fatigue, and confidence in the respirators level of protection. Once the respirator has been selected,
requirements ensure that a sufficient number of respirator sizes and models are provided to correctly fit and meet the special
requirements of each user.

- 117 -
Glossary
8-hour TWA limit The time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of a substance in air which
may not be exceeded over a normal 8-hour work period.
Aerosol Particulate matter suspended in air; includes dust, fumes, and mists.
ALARA As low as reasonably achievable; in reference to a substance, ALARA means

that measures must be taken to keep a workers exposure to a level as low as
is reasonably achievable.
ANSI American National Standards Institute.
Assigned protection factor See Protection factor.
Breakthrough The penetration of a contaminant through an air-purifying cartridge or

canister when the cartridge or canister is saturated with the contaminant.
Compressed air Air under pressure that exceeds 15 pounds per square inch or 103 kPa. See
also Respirable (compressed) air.
Contaminant A harmful or irritant material, or nuisance dust, foreign to the normal

composition of a substance, or a material that varies the normal proportions
of components in a mixture such as air.
Confined space A space such as a tank, silo, storage bin, process vessel, sewer, or other
enclosure not designed or intended for human occupancy.
Or an area, other than an underground working (such as a tunnel or shaft),

that
(a) is enclosed or partially enclosed
(b) is not designed or intended for continuous human occupancy
(c) has limited or restricted means of entry or exit that may complicate
the provision of first aid, evacuation, rescue, or other emergency
response service, and
(d) is large enough and so configured that a worker could enter to
perform assigned work
Controlled product A product, material, or substance specified by regulations made pursuant
to section 15(1)(a) of the Hazardous Products Act (Canada) as products,
materials, and substances included in any of the classes listed in Schedule
II of that Act.

- 118 -
CSA Canadian Standards Association.
Dust Fine solid particles dispersed in air that have been formed by mechanical
means such as grinding, crushing, blasting, or drilling.
Elastomeric Made of natural or synthetic rubber or rubber-like plastic.
End-of-service-life A built-in indicator to tell the user when to replace a cartridge or canister;
indicator available with some air-purifying cartridges and canisters for use with
contaminants that have poor warning properties.
Exposure limit The maximum concentration of a contaminant that workers are allowed to be
exposed to without respiratory protection, as set out in the Occupational Health
and Safety Regulation. See also 8-hour TWA limit.
Fibre A thread-like solid particle that is several times longer than it is wide.
Fit check See Seal check.
Fit test A quantitative or qualitative test to check a respirators fit by detecting

leakage of a test compound into the facepiece. Fit tests must be performed
in accordance with procedures found in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z94.4-
02, Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators, or other procedures acceptable to
WorkSafeBC.
Fume Solid particles formed as a result of vaporization and condensation of a

material. Produced when solid material (such as metal or plastic) is heated,
causing some of the material to boil off, cool in the air, and condense into
tiny solid particles.
Gas A state of matter, not liquid or solid at ordinary room temperature and air
pressure; a gas occupies the space and volume of the area that encloses it.
Hazard ratio The airborne concentration of a substance divided by its 8-hour TWA limit.
Hazardous Refers to the existence or potential existence of an unsafe or harmful

condition, substance, or circumstance.

- 119 -
Hazardous atmosphere Any atmosphere that is oxygen-deficient or that contains an airborne toxic
or disease-producing contaminant in concentrations exceeding the legally
established exposure limit.
HEPA filter High efficiency particulate air filter meeting the specifications of a nuclear-
grade filter, providing a 99.97% filtration efficiency at a particle size of 0.3
micrometres. For respirators, a HEPA filter is a NIOSH 100 series filter (N,
R, or P class).
IDLH atmosphere An atmosphere containing a substance at a concentration that is

immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) because it impairs a
workers ability to escape without serious injury or irreversible health
effects.
Lower explosive limit The concentration of a gas or vapour below which a flame does not spread
(LEL) on contact with a source of ignition.
Material safety data sheet A document that provides detailed information on a controlled product,
(MSDS) including product identification and use, hazardous ingredients, physical
data, fire and explosion data, reactivity data, toxicological properties,
preventive measures, first aid measures, and preparation data. Also defined
as a document disclosing the information referred to in section 13(a)(i) to
(v) of the Hazardous Products Act (Canada) and section 12 (1) to (3) of the
Controlled Products Regulations (Canada).
Maximum use The concentration determined by multiplying the 8-hour TWA limit for an
concentration (MUC) air contaminant by the assigned respirator protection factor selected from
Table 8-1 of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, or as otherwise
determined by WorkSafeBC.
Mist Tiny airborne drops of liquid, usually formed when liquid is sprayed,
shaken, mixed, or stirred.
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.).

Odour threshold The lowest concentration of a contaminant in the air that can be detected
by smell; usually given as a range based on individuals differing abilities to
detect odours.
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (U.S.).

- 120 -
Oxygen-deficient Describes an atmosphere in which there is less than 19.5% oxygen by volume,
or in which the partial pressure of oxygen is less than 16.3 kPa (122 mm Hg).
Protection factor A value assigned to a particular class of respirators that is the anticipated
level of protection that would be provided to a properly fitted user (see Table
8-1 of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation).
Respirable (compressed) Compressed breathing air supplied for equipment such as an SCBA (self-
air contained breathing apparatus) and a supplied-air respirator that meets the
requirements of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z180.1-00, Compressed Breathing
Air and Systems, or another standard acceptable to WorkSafeBC. See also
Compressed air.
Seal check A negative- or positive-pressure check of a respirators fit, performed in

accordance with the respirator manufacturers instructions. Also called a fit
check.
Sorbent A material (such as charcoal) that removes toxic gases and vapours as air is
inhaled through a cartridge or canister.
Supervisor A person who instructs, directs, and controls workers in the performance of
their duties.
Vapour The gaseous form of a substance that is normally liquid or solid at room
temperature.
Warning property A property of a contaminantsuch as smell, taste, or irritationthat alerts

a respirator user when the cartridge or canister is saturated and needs to be
replaced.
WHMIS Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (see sections 5.3 to 5.19
of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation).

- 121 -
Notes

- 122 -
Notes

- 123 -
Notes

- 124 -
WorkSafeBC offices
Visit our web site at WorkSafeBC.com.
Abbotsford North Vancouver

2774 Trethewey Street V2T 3R1 400 224 Esplanade Ave. W. V7M 1A4
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 604 276-3100
1 800 292-2219 1 888 875-6999
Fax 604 556-2077 Fax 604 232-1558
Burnaby Prince George
450 6450 Roberts Street V5G 4E1 1066 Vancouver Street V2L 5M4
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 250 561-3700
1 888 621-7233 1 800 663-6623
Fax 604 232-5950 Fax 250 561-3710
Coquitlam Surrey
104 3020 Lincoln Avenue V3B 6B4 100 5500 152 Street V3S 5J9
Phone 604 276-3100 Phone 604 276-3100
1 888 967-5377 1 888 621-7233
Fax 604 232-1946 Fax 604 232-7077
Courtenay Terrace
801 30th Street V9N 8G6 4450 Lakelse Avenue V8G 1P2
Phone 250 334-8765 Phone 250 615-6605
1 800 663-7921 1 800 663-3871
Fax 250 334-8757 Fax 250 615-6633
Kamloops Victoria
321 Battle Street V2C 6P1 4514 Chatterton Way V8X 5H2
Phone 250 371-6003 Phone 250 881-3418
1 800 663-3935 1 800 663-7593
Fax 250 371-6031 Fax 250 881-3482
Kelowna Head Office / Richmond
110 2045 Enterprise Way V1Y 9T5 Prevention Information Line:
Phone 250 717-4313 Phone 604 276-3100
1 888 922-4466 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE)
Fax 250 717-4380 Administration:
Nanaimo 6951 Westminster Highway
4980 Wills Road V9T 6C6 Phone 604 273-2266
Phone 250 751-8040 Mailing Address:
1 800 663-7382 PO Box 5350 Stn Terminal
Fax 250 751-8046 Vancouver BC V6B 5L5
Nelson After Hours
524 Kootenay Street V1L 6B4 Health & Safety Emergency
Phone 250 352-2824 604 273-7711
1 800 663-4962 1 866 922-4357 (WCB-HELP)
Fax 250 352-1816 R06/06
10/11 PRINTED IN CANADA BK75

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Safe Respirator Use

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Breathe Safer

How to use respirators safely

WorkSafeBC Prevention Information Line

Some publications are also available for purchase in print:

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data

ISSN 1496-449X = Breathe safer

1. Breathing apparatus. 2. Respiratory organs Protection.

T55.3.G3B73 681.76 C96-960050-X

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Acklands Grainger Inc.

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Part 2: Selecting the right respirator

Part 3: Using your respirator safely

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Part 4: Setting up an effective respirator program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

A respirator is a protective device that covers the workers nose and

There are many different kinds of respirators.

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

In some workplaces, there is a risk to workers from breathing in airborne

There are four basic methods of controlling breathing

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

This manual deals with the following breathing hazards:

Different hazards require different kinds of respirators, so it is important

Particulates come in different sizes and are formed in different ways.

Dusts and fibres (small solid particles)

Dusts and fibres are formed when solid materials are

Dusts and fibres are formed when solid

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Mists are airborne drops of liquid. They form when liquid

Mists can irritate the surface tissues they touch, such

Fumes (tiny solid particles)

Fumes form when solid material such as metal or plastic

Inhaling some types of fumes can cause health problems.

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Oxygen deficiency can develop in confined or enclosed spaces such as

Oxygen deficiency can occur in two ways:

A worker suffocated while preparing to clean a beverage storage tank (a

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

Conditions considered IDLH include:

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Brain: Lack of oxygen can

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

There are many types of respirators available on the market. It is

The table on pages 1415 gives an overview of the respirators discussed in

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Included with the respirator or on the filter, cartridge, or package is

Making alterations and modifications, interchanging parts, or using parts not

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

If you choose an air-purifying respirator, you need to know the

Never use air-purifying respirators in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

Air-purifying respirators come in two basic types: non-powered and

Filters and cartridges

Cartridges provide protection against some gases and vapours. Some

Breathe Safer:How to Use Respirators Safely and Start a Respirator Program

Non-powered air-purifying respirators come in two main

Half-facepiece respirators in the filtering facepiece style