SECTION 1 TEXT A

Study the advertisement below and answer questions 13.

IN TUNE WITH NATURE!

Vuitar top for quality and tone now

leading the way in producing guitars
from sustainable materials.

Nowadays there is wide concern about

the environment. Vuitar is the first
company to use rosewood recycled
from old furniture. And our mahogany
comes from eco-certified forests in
Africa. With a wider choice than ever of
guitar producers youll want to be sure
youre buying from a company that
takes action on the environment and
thats Vuitar.

So you cant go wrong if you buy a

Vuitar guitar. As well as having fun,
you can be sure that youre a key
player in looking after our environment.

For more information, contact us on

www.vuitar.com.

1 (a) Give one way wherein the title of the advertisement is linked to the illustration of the guitar.

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(b) Write two words from the advertisement which will appeal to guitarists who are concerned about the
environment.

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2 Identify two linguistic features of the advertisement which make it informal and friendly.

(a) ..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) ..............................................................................................................................................................

3 In one sentence, summarise the main message the advertisement is intended to convey.

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SECTION 1 TEXT B
Read the text below and answer questions 416.

The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to ancient China, where they were invented as a
logical progression to the Chinese invention of gunpowder. Initially, they were used only by royalty and
the rich: records show an empress being terrified by the speed of a firework during a festival held in
her honour. But by the 14th century, fireworks were used in family events celebrated by ordinary
5 people, and were associated with contentment and prosperity. Through time, pyrotechnics, or firework
making, developed into an independent profession. Fireworks-masters, as they were respected for the
richness of their knowledge and skill in mounting dazzling displays of light and sound.

Amazingly, fireworks have continued to feature in many diverse cultures through the centuries: today,
firework displays are common throughout the world and are focal point of many cultural and religious
10 celebrations. Appropriately enough, China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the
world, employing thousands of people and generating huge income. The manufacture of fireworks is
both an art and a science, and fireworks have four different primary effects: noise, smoke, light and
colour. Noise and smoke are unavoidable by-products of gunpowder, and beautiful patterns of light are
created by the explosion of fireworks against a dark sky, whereas various colours including gold,
15 purple and silver can be produced in laboratories through the use of metals. Vietnam has its own
Fireworks Celebrations, an annual event which is part of Vietnams National Day.

Fireworks can be classified according to where they perform, either on the ground or in the air. There
are many types: among the favourites are the spider, the chrysanthemum, the spinning wheel and the
palm tree. You might prefer a skyburst of colours from a many-layered firework with a stem-like trail, or
20 a firework which bursts in the heavens with leaf-like showers against a long, more solid trunk.
Alternatively, you may delight in a firework which appears in the sky as a series of long, spindly lines,
or in a ground display from a spiral tube which rotates quickly to produce a dizzying display of sparks.

However, many animal lovers disapprove of fireworks: how do you explain to your cat there is no need
to be terrified of the noise of the firework display when you ignore advice and leave him at home alone
25 that night? Other critics claim that the smoke and dust some of them produce, and the metal that goes
into the production of their colours, can damage fish and other water-life because they contain toxic
material. In addition, fireworks leave behind a considerable amount of solid debris, some of which will
gradually disappear into the soil, and some of which wont, such as non-biodegradable plastic
containers. However, pollution from other sources makes it difficult to measure pollution that comes
30 specifically from fireworks. Some argue that alleged concern over firework pollution constitutes a red
herring, since contamination from fireworks is minuscule compared to, say, emissions from the burning
of fossil fuels.

The safety of fireworks is a hotly debated topic in some parts of the world, although a distinction must
always be borne in mind between official, public displays and those hosted by private individuals.
35 Fireworks available to the general public contain limited amounts of explosive materials to reduce
potential danger. Critics point to injuries attributed to fireworks as a justification for severely restricting
access to them. But others look at the same statistics and conclude that, when used probably,
fireworks are a perfectly safe form of recreation, which, given their history, are probably here to stay!

4 The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to ancient China (line 1).
Which other word in the text is closest in meaning to documentation?

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5 Decide if each of the following statements is T (true), F (false) or NG (not given).

(a) Fireworks-masters became rich.

(b) Gunpowder was first produced in China.

(c) In 15th century China, only the rich and royal had fireworks.

6 In your own words, explain two things fireworks used in family events (line 4) were associated with.

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 (a) ..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) ..............................................................................................................................................................

7 Write one word of your own in each blank to show your understanding of the text.

It is .................................................. that fireworks are still .................................................. in many

cultures nowadays, and that they are at the .................................................. of many celebrations.

8 China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world (lines 1011).
Why is this described as appropriate from the evidence in the text?

....................................................................................................................................................................

9 The manufacture of fireworks is both an art and a science (lines 1112). According to the writer, which

one, of the four primary effects of fireworks, is definitely an art? ...........................................................

10 Fireworks have four different primary effects (line 12). Which two other words in the text are closest in

meaning to different? ...............................................................................................................................

11 Below are the descriptions of four types of fireworks as outlined in the text.
Complete the table with the names of fireworks.

Description of firework Name of firework

colours coming from a many-layered firework with a stem-like trail
leaf-like showers against a more solid trunk
a series of long, spindly lines
a spiral tube which rotates quickly

12 Fireworks perform either on the ground or in the air (line 17). Of the four fireworks outlined in the text,

how many do not perform in the air? .........................................................................................................

13 Which two of the following statements are correct?

(a) All fireworks produce dust.

(b) Pet owners are advised not to leave their pets unattended during firework displays.

(c) Solid debris from fireworks will gradually disappear into the soil.

(d) The burning of fossil fuels produces more pollution than do the fireworks.

14 Alleged concern over firework pollution constitutes a red herring (lines 3031).

In your own words, explain what red herring means here. ....................................................................

15 In which way are fireworks sold for official, public displays different from those to the general public

(line 34)? ....................................................................................................................................................

16 Critics point to injuries attributed to fireworks as a justification for severely restricting access to them
(lines 3637). Explain what the critics mean here. Do not use any of the words in italics.

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SECTION 1 TEXT C
Read the text below and answer questions 1721.

Malaria is a deadly disease, the very name of which strikes fear into peoples hearts. Although
economic development and public health efforts have eliminated malaria in many countries, it still
affects 240 million people globally every year, killing about a million, many of them children.

Malaria has been around for thousands of years. The word comes from the Italian for bad air, which
5 was an early attempt at defining the cause of this disease. Its symptoms were described even earlier in
ancient Chinese medical writing, and some Greek writers described an illness linked to swamps, which
historians assume was malaria.

Nowadays, steps can be taken to prevent malaria. Among these is education, such as public health
campaigns to instruct people in basic preventative measures. This is particularly important in poorer
10 countries where malaria is prevalent: in some African countries a child dies of malaria every thirty
seconds, and education is one way to change this shocking statistic.

People are more vulnerable to mosquitoes when they are asleep, and the use of bed nets is one
obvious measure which can be taken. Reducing the number of places where mosquitoes might live
and breed is achievable: people can spray insecticide on the inside walls of houses; they can keep
15 drains and water barrels covered. If people are outdoors they can protect their skin by, for example,
using insect repellent or covering up as much as possible.

Additionally, drugs are available to cure those unfortunate enough to fall prey to this disease, and
research shows that, when taken weekly at low dosages, these drugs can actually reduce the risk of
infection as well as cure it. An exciting breakthrough came in October 2011 when scientists developed
20 the worlds first vaccine against malaria. When this good news was broken to the team who had been
working on it, some of them for more than twenty years, many broke down in tears. If tests on the
vaccine are satisfactory, the WHO plans to roll it out as early as 2015. How thrilling itd be if mothers
didnt carry ill babies to hospitals, but healthy ones to busy vaccination centres!

However, the eradication of malaria is unlikely to be straightforward. In some parts of the world where
25 malaria is widespread, people live in remote villages or rural areas, with no access to health-care or
education. In war-torn countries where malaria is rife, massive movements of population make
education unrealistic. Some countries are too poor to implement health-care strategies: a bed net may
be cheap by the standards of developed countries, but providing even one for each child in a
developing country may be prohibitive, even with the assistance of outside agencies.

30 Mosquitoes build up immunity to some insecticides, making them ineffective and making it necessary
for scientists to develop other types, all of which is costly and time-consuming. Similarly, anti-malarial
drugs are sometimes ineffective because the malarial infection has become resistant to them another
problem for scientists. There is no doubt that the development of a vaccine is an exciting one, but there
are many uncertainties surrounding it, such as how much it will cost and which organisations will pay
35 for it, although some scientists are optimistic that it can be produced cheaply in India or Africa.

17 In your own words, write the headings that summarise the main ideas of the paragraph(s).

Paragraph 1 ........................................................................................................................................

Paragraph 2 ........................................................................................................................................

Paragraphs 34 ........................................................................................................................................

Paragraph 5 ........................................................................................................................................

Paragraph 6 ........................................................................................................................................

Paragraph 7 ........................................................................................................................................

18 Identify two things in the text which some people in the past believed caused malaria.

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 (a) ..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) ..............................................................................................................................................................

19 Give two reasons why many of the team members referred to in the text broke down in tears.

(a) ..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) ..............................................................................................................................................................

20 What are the contrasting attitudes to the cost of implementing health-care expressed in the text?

....................................................................................................................................................................

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21 Using your own words as far as possible, summarise the steps that can be taken to prevent malaria,
and the difficulties associated with these preventative measures.

Your summary must be no longer than 90 words.

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SECTION 2 TEXT D
Study the webpage below and answer questions 14.

1 What effect is the slogan The World is Yours intended to have on the readers?

....................................................................................................................................................................

2 Identify the two phrases of no more than six words each which suggest that Projects Abroad can
attend to its volunteers.

(a) ..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) ..............................................................................................................................................................

3 Look at the photographs. What impression do you think the photographs are intended to present as far
as teaching is concerned?

....................................................................................................................................................................

4 Which sentence on the webpage gives the impression that, for this organisation, nothing is impossible?

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Page 5 of 14
Page 6 of 14
SECTION 2 TEXT E
The text below is about two young biologists, Mark and Delia Owens, who are living on their
own in a camp in the Kalahari Desert, researching lion behaviour. After two years, they have
just got a small plane to help them track the lions. Read the text and answer questions 513.

There, in those trees! Delia shouted above the engine. Mark banked the plane steeply and they
swept low over the flat-topped trees. Below them a pride of lions was sprawled near an antelope
carcass. Mark took a compass bearing on a big forked acacia tree, and they set their route back to
camp.

5 They packed their truck with camping gear, food and water. Delia then drove off alone in the direction
of the lions. Mark watched until she was lost in the wavering heat mirage. Several hours later he flew
along the course she had taken, searching for the white speck of the truck below. He finally spotted it,
crawling like a beetle through the bush. Satisfied she was going the right way, Mark flew to the trees
where they had seen the lions earlier that morning but they had gone. He started making slow turns
10 over the area, hoping to find the pride.

Delia arrived at the acacia tree and began driving the truck back and forth along a relatively smooth
section of ground to make a landing strip. Then she walked down it with a spade, filling in holes and
knocking down humps of clay and the longer grass. When she had finished, she turned to walk back to
the truck, three hundred metres away.

15 Then, glancing up, she saw the lions. They were strung out in a line between her and the truck, the
nearest one not more than fifty metres away. She stood rooted to the ground as they began to walk
slowly and deliberately towards her, watching her every move. She could hear the plane turning lazy
circles in the sky less than a kilometre away, but she had no way to signal to Mark. She began to back
away, but then she realised that, by retreating, she was inviting the lions pursuit, so she forced herself
20 to stand still. The lions kept pressing forward, and when they closed to thirty metres, her fear reached
a primal level. She raised the spade and from deep inside her came a sound so primitive it could have
come from a Neanderthal woman. HAARRAUGGH!"

As if on command, the lions stopped and slowly sat down on their haunches in a long line, their heads
and necks craned forward, watching the young woman who stood before them brandishing her
25 weapon. Delia was terrified that if she moved, they would come closer. Yet she had to get past them to
the safety of the truck. Slowly she took one step, then two, then began moving sideways past the lions,
holding her spade at waist level, her eyes fixed on the pride. They tracked her like radar, their heads
slowly turning as she worked her way past them.

She had flanked the pride and begun backing away when one lioness abruptly stood up and stalked
30 quickly towards her, head low. Resisting an overpowering urge to run, Delia stomped the ground,
screamed, and waved the spade high above her head. The lioness stopped, one forepaw poised
above the ground. Delia stood still. The lioness sat down. Again Delia backed towards the truck, and
again the lioness followed. She yelled and slammed the spade on the ground, and the lioness sat.
Once more the predator and her prey played the game to the same conclusion. But now Delia was
35 nearing the truck. When she was ten metres away, she threw the spade towards the lioness and ran
for the truck. The lioness leaped for the spade and was sniffing it when Delia jerked open the door and
scrambled to safety. For several minutes she lay on the seat, trembling.

The sound of the plane grew louder, and the plane glided in for a landing, the lions watching it intently
form nearby. Mark taxied next to the truck and cut the engine. Great! Youve found the lions, he said
40 cheerfully.

5 Find words in the text which suggest:

(a) a sudden turn of the plane ...................................................................................................................

(b) flying quickly over the land ...................................................................................................................

6 The writer describes the van as crawling like a beetle through the bush (line 8). What does this

description suggest about how the van appears to the biologist? .............................................................
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7 Delia arrived at the acacia tree and began driving the truck back and forth along a relatively smooth
section of ground to make a landing strip (lines 1112). Why do you think she needed to do this?

....................................................................................................................................................................

8 (a) What does the phrase rooted to the ground (line 16) tell us about Delias reaction when she first
caught sight of the lions?

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(b) What does turning lazy circles in the sky (lines 1718) tell us about Marks state of mind?

..............................................................................................................................................................

9 We are told that the sound Delia made to try to frighten the lions was primitive.
Find two more words in the text that also suggest primitive behaviour or feelings.

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10 (a) Which two phrases in the text suggest that the lions are team-working?

..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) What does their heads and necks craned forward (lines 2324) suggest about the lions?

..............................................................................................................................................................

(c) Find another phrase in the text that conveys the same idea about the lions as in question 10(b).

..............................................................................................................................................................

11 (a) The writer says that Delia and the lioness played the game (line 34).
In what two ways was their conduct like a game?

..............................................................................................................................................................

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(b) What was the same conclusion (line 34) that the writer refers to?

..............................................................................................................................................................

12 Great! Youve found the lions, he said cheerfully. (lines 3940). How does this comment show the
difference between Marks view of the situation and what had actually happened?

....................................................................................................................................................................

13 The main stages of the narrative are reflected in the structure of the text. Complete the flow chart
below, using your own words, to summarise the main focus of each of the stages in the narrative.

Main focus

Paragraphs 12 ..................................................

Paragraph 3 ..................................................

Paragraphs 46 ..................................................

Paragraph 7 ..................................................

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SECTION 2 TEXT F
Read the text below and answer questions 1419.

When asked why he had wanted to climb Everest, the mountaineer George Mallory famously replied,
Because it was there. It appears that the wish to explore is an intrinsic part of human nature. By
seeking to discover the unknown, we push back boundaries of our knowledge of the universe, and at
the same time explore our physical and psychological potential as humans.

5 There have always been risk takers who ventured ahead so that the rest of us could follow. Because of
sailors who made voyages into the unknown hundreds of years ago, we now know that the earth is
round and not flat. More recently, the pioneering work of aviators such as the Wright Brothers meant
that air travel could become commonplace. The economic and social benefits of such developments
are not always immediately evident, but they do follow, as does our understanding of human potential
10 to overcome challenges.

When Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the earth in 1961, space became the new frontier
for exploration. Since then, space flights have brought many benefits to humanity. Early manned space
missions increased our understanding of human development through study of the effects of gravity on
the human body, and led to new treatments for bone diseases. Satellites orbiting the earth have
15 revolutionised our lives at home and at work, with the spread of cell phones, satellite TV and global
banking. They provide meteorological forecasts which are far more accurate than those of the past,
including warnings of potential disasters such as hurricanes. The Global Positioning System (GPS)
allows us to pinpoint buildings anywhere in the world, and to navigate accurately from place to place.
Some people say that it was the first photographs of the earth taken from space that led to our
20 increased awareness of our environment and of its fragility, and it is certain that data from satellite
observations have allowed more reliable environmental monitoring and the collection of data on
climate change.

Further out in space, we now know there are lava plains on Venus, a buried ocean on Jupiters moon
Europa, and lakes of methane on Saturns moon Titan. In the future, it may be possible to exploit the
25 mineral resources of other planets to support life on Earth. Evidence of life on other planets may give
us an increased understanding of where we come from and how life has developed on Earth. Should
the need arise, these planets may provide new habitats to ensure the survival of humanity. One day
we may even manage to contact other civilisations in our universe, and discover that we are not alone.

Many of the benefits described above have been brought about, not by manned space flights, but by
30 robotic technology. Robots do not need to be protected from cosmic radiation or solar flares on the
long journey across space as humans would. They leave no grieving families if something goes wrong.
They can record phenomena such as magnetic fields that cannot be sensed directly by humans.

So it may appear that the heroic phase of space exploration, once celebrated in popular science
fiction stories, with chisel-jawed astronauts venturing into deepest space to boldly save Earth from
35 unspeakable danger, is now a thing of the past. However, there are still limits to what robots can
achieve. A robot can be designed to collect a sample, but not to collect the correct sample. It can pick
up a rock, but it cant turn it over and wipe away the dust, decide its not a useful find, and drop it
again. And, as former astronaut Thomas Jones said, Only a human can experience what being in
space feels like, and only a human can communicate this to others. Our future scientific and
40 technological progress, and possibly our future survival as a species, depends on directing the creative
interests of our youth towards careers in science and engineering. Nothing does this better than
manned space exploration. In the end, it will be humans who continue the exploration begun by those
early travellers in space.

14 (a) According to the text, why do human beings wish to discover the unknown?

..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) The writer refers to risk takers who ventured ahead so that the rest of us could follow (line 5).
Which three groups of risk takers are referred to in the text?

..............................................................................................................................................................

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15 What was the effect on the general public of seeing the first photographs of Earth taken from space?
Answer in your own words.

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16 Below is part of a conversation between two students, Phong and An, who have read the article.

Phong: I think using robots is the most effective way of exploring space.

An: No, the writer mentions things that only humans can do.

(a) Identify two examples from the text that Phong can use to support his arguments.

..............................................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain how An would justify her position.

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17 What attitude towards science fiction stories is implied in the text?

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18 In your own words, explain why it is important to inspire youngsters to become scientists.

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19 Using your own words as far as possible, summarise the benefits that space travel has brought, and
could bring in the future.

Your summary must be no longer than 90 words.

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SECTION 3 TEXT G
Read the text below and answer questions 111.

The fame of the heroes of the ancient world was created by their deeds which were anything an
ordinary human being could achieve. Mostly they were remembered and worshipped for their warlike
qualities, battling valiantly against seemingly insurmountable obstacles, but in addition to courage,
such men demonstrated charisma and resilience. Indeed, this emphasis on qualities traditionally
5 associated with the masculine is what denied women such fame as that bestowed on Achilles and
other warrior heroes.

Courageous soldiers and leaders are still with us and venerated by many, but the term hero has
become much wider in its application. However, it is still associated with the extraordinary, the
inspirational, whether in the field of sporting endeavour, artistic creation, scientific discovery, dedication
10 to the improvement of the lives of others or the righting of wrongs. It can be argued that heroes are
essential to societies and to individuals. They may embody the attributes a society values and, as
such, provide role models for members of that community. Such people could be at the absolute limits
of our aspirations, and their qualities ones we wish we possessed. Often these heroes are adventurous
risk-takers, and perhaps we admire them as we do not want to take those risks ourselves, or we know
15 that such achievements are, frankly, beyond us.

Either way, the heroes who are personally admired extend peoples sense of what it is possible for
humans to achieve, as well as reflecting cherished values and accomplishments, be it physical and
moral courage, selflessness or dedication. Furthermore, the laudable achievements of a member of a
community or nation may increase the unity and self-esteem of that grouping as it takes pride in the
20 feats of one of its own. (However, the opposite is true: a well-publicised failure may impact negatively
on that same sense of self-worth.)

Todays world is more cynical about its public figures who in the past might have been more uncritically
esteemed. This is due to relentless media scrutiny which may uncover failings which take the gloss off
their image. Alternatively, one could argue this is no bad thing, as such failings humanise these
25 people, making them more like us and thus more within our capacity to emulate. Their weaknesses did
not stop their accomplishing so much and this is encouraging as perhaps we, with our faults, might
achieve in the same way. Dismissing the lifes work of a renowned individual on the strength of a
perceived failing is merely a ploy to save us the considerable effort involved in trying to better
ourselves.

30 However, today we are in danger of confusing deserved fame with simply being well- known. Lives and
actions which are truly admirable may be undervalued by comparison with the never-ending interest in
the trivial doings of people who seem to have no talent other than one for self-promotion: celebrities,
who do nothing worthy of celebration.

How has this interest come about? Partly it results from the technological revolution of the late
35 nineteenth century, when it became possible to reproduce photographs in print and then distribute
them quickly around the country. The actual faces of the powerful and famous, which were once only
seen in idealised form on coins, statues or engravings, now filled newspapers and magazines. With the
subsequent rise of Hollywood and its industry built around glamorous stars whose every doing was the
subject of interest, especially against the harsh backdrop of economic depression, celebrity culture
40 was established. Today, the internet transmits images and information even more quickly to increasing
numbers of diverse interest groups, each with its own celebrities, and reality TV is similarly
proliferating.

On a more personal level, fascination with celebrities may offer an antidote to the perception of day-to-
day existence as routine and colourless. Also, these days many seem to know their real neighbours
45 less and less, and celebrities are an interest which many will have in common, providing entertainment
and a source of gossip and thereby encouraging social bonding with like-minded fans. A love-hate
dynamic is at work in the relationship fans have with celebrities, who are not just to be admired and
copied, but can be resented for the ease with which their material success is achieved. Celebrity status
is fragile: the private lives of those who enjoy it are under intense scrutiny. It does not take much of a
50 transgression to go from being adored to being derided. An audiences loyalty can quickly wane or
migrate to the next big thing as it is in the nature of modern celebrity culture that a steady stream of
fresh faces be found or created.
Page 11 of 14
 Furthermore, perhaps interest in celebrities is a symptom of social fragmentation. With the weakening
of family ties, a bond with a celebrity may be easier to create and sustain than one with ones own
55 family. For some, being an adherent of a celebrity may be a way of rekindling the hero-worship they
first experienced that which they felt for their parents with whom they may have become
disenchanted. Additionally, in a world where religion is losing some of its centrality to peoples lives,
celebrities fill the vacuum, on some level satisfying an innate need to idolise. It is therefore
unsurprising that research suggests that members of a formal religion are far less likely to profess
60 interest in celebrities and their world than those who are not.

Some defend modern celebrity as a sign of the increasing democratisation of the media, where it
appears that almost anyone, however unremarkable and from whatever social background or ethnic
grouping, can become a subject of interest; others see it as a reflection of a world obsessed with vain
self-display. However valid these views are, modern celebrity is much easier to obtain than fame in its
65 traditional sense. It is instantaneous rather than gradually earned by what may be a lifetimes patient
development of skills, achievements or attributes; it is fleeting rather than lasting; it is constructed by
an alliance of photographers, journalists and the media rather than being forged by individual merit; it
is, in the end, about personal gain and status and not about the betterment of the lives of others.

Can the modern world still produce heroes in the traditional sense? Mother Theresas compassion,
70 Martin Luther Kings idealism and Gandhis unflinching adherence to non-violence all continue to
inspire. And consider the lesser-known case of Jonas Salk, who developed the first effective vaccine
against polio. He did so after years of dedicated research, spurning the chance of lucrative private
medical practice for the lure of the laboratory. Salk refused the offer of a triumphal ticker-tape parade
through New York and was embarrassed by the adulation bestowed on him. When asked if he had
75 patented his vaccine, thereby ensuring immense personal gain, Salk replied, There is no patent.
Could you patent the sun? Such selfless dedication to the welfare of mankind each year half a
million cases of the disease are prevented by the vaccine reminds us, encouragingly, that the true
hero is not only to be found in antiquity and myth.

1 Using your own words as far as possible, explain the characteristics exhibited by ancient heroes,
apart from courage, according to the author.

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2 In your own words, explain the authors use of the word seemingly (line 3).

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3 Why is the comment in lines 2021 placed in parentheses?

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4 What does the author imply by putting the word celebrities in inverted commas (line 32)?

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5 What contrast about images of the famous before and after the printing of photographs is presented?
Use your own words as far as possible.

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6 What explanations are offered for the development of a personal attachment to celebrities?
Use your own words as far as possible.

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7 Why are the findings of the research described as unsurprising (line 59)?

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8 According to the text, how do the ancient heroes differ from the more contemporary ones?
Use your own words as far as possible.

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9 Identify three qualities of traditional heroism which the story of Jonas Salk shows.
Use your own words as far as possible.

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10 Using your own words as far as possible, summarise what defines a hero, why heroes are
significant to individuals and a society, and how their failings do not undermine their importance.

Your summary must be no longer than 130 words.

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Page 13 of 14
11 According to the text, Hilary Johns distinguishes between actions which earn true fame and the
modern-day interest in the actions of celebrities who have no talent other than one for self-promotion.
To what extent do you agree with the observations? Relate your opinions to the Vietnamese society.

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Page 14 of 14