Gimbal rotation

Aircraft yaw rotation

Gyro rotation

Yaw force

Resultant force on gyro

(KIWTG6JGVWTPCPFUNKRKPFKECVQTUI[TQTGCEVKQPVQVJGVWTPKPIHQTEGKPCTKIJVJCPFVWTP6JG[CYHQTEGTGUWNVUKPCHQTEGQP
VJGI[TQuCTQWPFVJGTQVQTKPVJGFKTGEVKQPKVKUVWTPKPIFWGVQRTGEGUUKQP6JKUECWUGUVJGVQRQHVJGTQVQTVQVKNVVQVJGNGHV6JTQWIJ
EQPPGEVKPINKPMCIGVJGRQKPVGTVKNVUVQVJGTKIJV

#WVQRKNQV5[UVGOU QH PCXKICVKQP HWPEVKQPU KU EQOOQP GXGP QP NKIJV CKTETCHV
CWVQRKNQVU #U CWVQRKNQVU KPETGCUG KP EQORNGZKV[ VJG[ PQV
#P CKTETCHV CWVQOCVKE RKNQV U[UVGO EQPVTQNU VJG CKTETCHV
QPN[OCPKRWNCVGVJGKIJVEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUDWVQVJGTKIJV
YKVJQWV VJG RKNQV FKTGEVN[ OCPGWXGTKPI VJG EQPVTQNU 6JG
RCTCOGVGTUCUYGNN
CWVQRKNQVOCKPVCKPUVJGCKTETCHVUCVVKVWFGCPFQTFKTGEVKQPCPF
TGVWTPUVJGCKTETCHVVQVJCVEQPFKVKQPYJGPKVKUFKURNCEGFHTQO
5QOGOQFGTPUOCNNCKTETCHVJKIJRGTHQTOCPEGCPFVTCPURQTV
KV#WVQOCVKERKNQVU[UVGOUCTGECRCDNGQHMGGRKPICKTETCHV
ECVGIQT[CKTETCHVJCXGXGT[GNCDQTCVGCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOUMPQYP
UVCDKNK\GFNCVGTCNN[XGTVKECNN[CPFNQPIKVWFKPCNN[
CUCWVQOCVKEKIJVEQPVTQNU[UVGOU
#(%56JGUGVJTGGCZKU
U[UVGOUIQHCTDG[QPFUVGGTKPIVJGCKTRNCPG6JG[EQPVTQN
6JGRTKOCT[RWTRQUGQHCPCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOKUVQTGFWEGVJG
VJG CKTETCHV FWTKPI ENKODU FGUEGPVU ETWKUG CPF CRRTQCEJ
YQTMUVTCKPCPFHCVKIWGQHEQPVTQNNKPIVJGCKTETCHVFWTKPINQPI
VQ NCPFKPI 5QOG GXGP KPVGITCVG CP CWVQVJTQVVNG HWPEVKQP
KIJVU /QUV CWVQRKNQVU JCXG DQVJ OCPWCN CPF CWVQOCVKE
VJCV CWVQOCVKECNN[ EQPVTQNU GPIKPG VJTWUV VJCV OCMGU CWVQ
OQFGUQHQRGTCVKQP+PVJGOCPWCNOQFGVJGRKNQVUGNGEVU
NCPFKPIURQUUKDNG
GCEJ OCPGWXGT CPF OCMGU UOCNN KPRWVU KPVQ CP CWVQRKNQV
EQPVTQNNGT6JGCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOOQXGUVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGU
(QTHWTVJGTCWVQOCVKEEQPVTQNKIJVOCPCIGOGPVU[UVGOUJCXG
QHVJGCKTETCHVVQRGTHQTOVJGOCPGWXGT+PCWVQOCVKEOQFG
DGGPFGXGNQRGF6JTQWIJVJGWUGQHEQORWVGTUCPGPVKTGKIJV
VJGRKNQVUGNGEVUVJGCVVKVWFGCPFFKTGEVKQPFGUKTGFHQTCKIJV
RTQNGECPDGRTQITCOOGFCJGCFQHVKOGCNNQYKPIVJGRKNQVVQ
UGIOGPV6JGCWVQRKNQVVJGPOQXGUVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUVQ
UWRGTXKUGKVUGZGEWVKQP#P(/5EQORWVGTEQQTFKPCVGUPGCTN[
CVVCKPCPFOCKPVCKPVJGUGRCTCOGVGTU
GXGT[CURGEVQHCKIJVKPENWFKPIVJGCWVQRKNQVCPFCWVQVJTQVVNG
U[UVGOUPCXKICVKQPTQWVGUGNGEVKQPHWGNOCPCIGOGPVUEJGOGU
#WVQRKNQVU[UVGOURTQXKFGHQTQPGVYQQTVJTGGCZKUEQPVTQN
CPFOQTG
QH CP CKTETCHV 6JQUG VJCV OCPCIG VJG CKTETCHV CTQWPF QPN[
QPGCZKUEQPVTQNVJGCKNGTQPU6JG[CTGUKPINGCZKUCWVQRKNQVU
$CUKUHQT#WVQRKNQV1RGTCVKQP
MPQYPCUYKPINGXGNGTU[UVGOUWUWCNN[HQWPFQPNKIJVCKTETCHV
=(KIWTG?1VJGTCWVQRKNQVUCTGVYQCZKUU[UVGOUVJCV 6JGDCUKUHQTCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOQRGTCVKQPKUGTTQTEQTTGEVKQP
EQPVTQN VJG CKNGTQPU CPF GNGXCVQTU 6JTGGCZKU CWVQRKNQVU 9JGPCPCKTETCHVHCKNUVQOGGVVJGEQPFKVKQPUUGNGEVGFCPGTTQT
EQPVTQNVJGCKNGTQPUGNGXCVQTUCPFVJGTWFFGT6YQCPFVJTGG KUUCKFVQJCXGQEEWTTGF6JGCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOCWVQOCVKECNN[
CZKUCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOUECPDGHQWPFQPCKTETCHVQHCNNUK\GU EQTTGEVUVJCVGTTQTCPFTGUVQTGUVJGCKTETCHVVQVJGKIJVCVVKVWFG
FGUKTGF D[ VJG RKNQV 6JGTG CTG VYQ DCUKE YC[U OQFGTP
6JGTG CTG OCP[ CWVQRKNQV U[UVGOU CXCKNCDNG 6JG[ HGCVWTG CWVQRKNQV U[UVGOU FQ VJKU 1PG KU RQUKVKQP DCUGF CPF VJG
CYKFGTCPIGQHECRCDKNKVKGUCPFEQORNGZKV[.KIJVCKTETCHV QVJGTKUTCVGDCUGF#RQUKVKQPDCUGFCWVQRKNQVOCPKRWNCVGU
V[RKECNN[JCXGCWVQRKNQVUYKVJHGYGTECRCDKNKVKGUVJCPJKIJ VJGCKTETCHVUEQPVTQNUUQVJCVCP[FGXKCVKQPHTQOVJGFGUKTGF
RGTHQTOCPEG CPF VTCPURQTV ECVGIQT[ CKTETCHV +PVGITCVKQP CVVKVWFGQHVJGCKTETCHVKUEQTTGEVGF6JKUKUFQPGD[OGOQTK\KPI


 Suction from controller

Cable clamp

Diaphragm

Wing leveler vacuum

vacuu lines

Turn coordinator

Engine-driven vacuum pump

(KIWTG6JGYKPINGXGNGTU[UVGOQPCUOCNNCKTETCHVKUCXCEWWOQRGTCVGFUKPINGCZKUCWVQRKNQV1PN[VJGCKNGTQPUCTGEQPVTQNNGF
6JGCKTETCHVUVWTPEQQTFKPCVQTKUVJGUGPUKPIGNGOGPV8CEWWOHTQOVJGKPUVTWOGPVXCEWWOU[UVGOKUOGVGTGFVQVJGFKCRJTCIOECDNG
CEVWCVQTUVQOQXGVJGCKNGTQPUYJGPVJGVWTPEQQTFKPCVQTUGPUGUTQNN
VJGFGUKTGFCKTETCHVCVVKVWFGCPFOQXKPIVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUUQ
VJCVVJGCKTETCHVTGVWTPUVQVJCVCVVKVWFG4CVGDCUGFCWVQRKNQVU
WUGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGTCVGQHOQXGOGPVQHVJGCKTETCHV
CPFOQXGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUVQEQWPVGTVJGTCVGQHEJCPIGVJCV
ECWUGUVJGGTTQT/QUVNCTIGCKTETCHVWUGTCVGDCUGFCWVQRKNQV
U[UVGOU5OCNNCKTETCHVOC[WUGGKVJGT
#WVQRKNQV%QORQPGPVU
/QUV CWVQRKNQV U[UVGOU EQPUKUV QH HQWT DCUKE EQORQPGPVU
RNWU XCTKQWU UYKVEJGU CPF CWZKNKCT[ WPKVU 6JG HQWT DCUKE
EQORQPGPVUCTGUGPUKPIGNGOGPVUEQORWVKPIGNGOGPVQWVRWV
GNGOGPVUCPFEQOOCPFGNGOGPVU/CP[CFXCPEGFCWVQRKNQV
U[UVGOUEQPVCKPCHVJGNGOGPVHGGFDCEMQTHQNNQYWR6JKU
TGHGTUVQUKIPCNUUGPVCUEQTTGEVKQPUCTGDGKPIOCFGD[VJG
QWVRWVGNGOGPVUVQCFXKUGVJGCWVQRKNQVQHVJGRTQITGUUDGKPI
OCFG=(KIWTG?
5GPUKPI'NGOGPVU
6JGCVVKVWFGCPFFKTGEVKQPCNI[TQUVJGVWTPEQQTFKPCVQTCPF
CPCNVKVWFGEQPVTQNCTGVJGCWVQRKNQVUGPUKPIGNGOGPVU6JGUG
KGRKVEJ
WPKVU UGPUG VJG OQXGOGPVU QH VJG CKTETCHV 6JG[ IGPGTCVG
GNGEVTKEUKIPCNUVJCVCTGWUGFD[VJGCWVQRKNQVVQCWVQOCVKECNN[
VCMGVJGTGSWKTGFEQTTGEVKXGCEVKQPPGGFGFVQMGGRVJGCKTETCHV
[KPICUKPVGPFGF6JGUGPUKPII[TQUECPDGNQECVGFKPVJG
EQEMRKV OQWPVGF KPUVTWOGPVU 6JG[ ECP CNUQ DG TGOQVGN[
OQWPVGF4GOQVGI[TQUGPUQTUFTKXGVJGUGTXQFKURNC[UKP
VJGEQEMRKVRCPGNCUYGNNCURTQXKFGVJGKPRWVUKIPCNUVQVJG
CWVQRKNQVEQORWVGT
/QFGTP FKIKVCN CWVQRKNQVU OC[ WUG C XCTKGV[ QH FKHHGTGPV
UGPUQTU/'/5I[TQUOC[DGWUGFQTCEEQORCPKGFD[VJG
WUG UQNKF UVCVG CEEGNGTQOGVGTU CPF OCIPGVQOGVGTU 4CVG
DCUGFU[UVGOUOC[PQVWUGI[TQUCVCNN8CTKQWUKPRWVUGPUQTU
OC[ DG NQECVGF YKVJKP VJG UCOG WPKV QT KP UGRCTCVG WPKVU
VJCV VTCPUHGT KPHQTOCVKQP XKC FKIKVCN FCVC DWU 0CXKICVKQP
KPHQTOCVKQPKUCNUQKPVGITCVGFXKCFKIKVCNFCVCDWUEQPPGEVKQP
VQCXKQPKEUEQORWVGTU
%QORWVGTCPF#ORNKGT
6JG EQORWVKPI GNGOGPV QH CP CWVQRKNQV OC[ DG CPCNQI QT
FKIKVCN+VUHWPEVKQPKUVQKPVGTRTGVVJGUGPUKPIGNGOGPVFCVC
KPVGITCVGEQOOCPFUCPFPCXKICVKQPCNKPRWVCPFUGPFUKIPCNU
VQVJGQWVRWVGNGOGPVUVQOQXGVJGKIJVEQPVTQNUCUTGSWKTGF
VQEQPVTQNVJGCKTETCHV#PCORNKGTKUWUGFVQUVTGPIVJGPVJG
UKIPCNHQTRTQEGUUKPIKHPGGFGFCPFHQTWUGD[VJGQWVRWV
FGXKEGUUWEJCUUGTXQOQVQTU6JGCORNKGTCPFCUUQEKCVGF
EKTEWKVT[ KU VJG EQORWVGT QH CP CPCNQI CWVQRKNQV U[UVGO
+PHQTOCVKQP KU JCPFNGF KP EJCPPGNU EQTTGURQPFKPI VQ VJG
CZKUQHEQPVTQNHQTYJKEJVJGUKIPCNUCTGKPVGPFGF
EJCPPGNTQNNEJCPPGNQT[CYEJCPPGN&KIKVCNU[UVGOUWUG
UQNKFUVCVGOKETQRTQEGUUQTEQORWVGTVGEJPQNQI[CPFV[RKECNN[
QPN[CORNKH[UKIPCNUUGPVVQVJGQWVRWVGNGOGPVU
1WVRWV'NGOGPVU
6JGQWVRWVGNGOGPVUQHCPCWVQRKNQVU[UVGOCTGVJGUGTXQU
VJCVECWUGCEVWCVKQPQHVJGKIJVEQPVTQNUWTHCEGU6JG[CTG
KPFGRGPFGPV FGXKEGU HQT GCEJ QH VJG EQPVTQN EJCPPGNU VJCV


 Sensing Elements Command Elements Output Elements

TURN
L NAV
ALT MASTER
R
PITCH
ON
ON Command
OFF
DOWN OFF

UP

Feedback
ck

3
Flight controller
33
Aileron servo actuator
6
30

I2
24

I5
2I

Directional gyro indicator

Command
and

Feedback
ck
Rudder servo actuator
er
put
m
Turn-and-bank indicator gyro
Co
Elevator
e ato se
servo
o actuator
actuato

Feedback
ck

Command
20

20 I0
I0

I0
I0 20

20
TEST

STBY
PW
R Selected radio
navigation input

Altitude indicator

Altitude control

(KIWTG6[RKECNCPCNQICWVQRKNQVU[UVGOEQORQPGPVU

KPVGITCVG KPVQ VJG TGIWNCT KIJV EQPVTQN U[UVGO #WVQRKNQV VJCPGZENWUKXGN[HTQOVJGRKNQV4GICTFNGUUCWVQRKNQVUGTXQU

UGTXQ FGUKIPU XCT[ YKFGN[ FGRGPFKPI QP VJG OGVJQF QH
CEVWCVKQP QH VJG KIJV EQPVTQNU %CDNGCEVWCVGF U[UVGOU
V[RKECNN[WVKNK\GGNGEVTKEUGTXQOQVQTUQTGNGEVTQRPGWOCVKE
UGTXQU*[FTCWNKECEVWCVGFKIJVEQPVTQNU[UVGOUWUGGNGEVTQ
J[FTCWNKE CWVQRKNQV UGTXQU &KIKVCN HN[D[YKTG CKTETCHV
WVKNK\G VJG UCOG CEVWCVQTU HQT ECTT[KPI QWV OCPWCN CPF
CWVQRKNQV OCPGWXGTU 9JGP VJG CWVQRKNQV KU GPICIGF VJG
CEVWCVQTU TGURQPF VQ EQOOCPFU HTQO VJG CWVQRKNQV TCVJGT
OWUVCNNQYWPKORGFGFEQPVTQNUWTHCEGOQXGOGPVYJGPVJG
CWVQRKNQVKUPQVQRGTCVKPI
#KTETCHVYKVJECDNGCEVWCVGFEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUWUGVYQDCUKE
V[RGUQHGNGEVTKEOQVQTQRGTCVGFUGTXQU+PQPGCOQVQTKU
EQPPGEVGFVQVJGUGTXQQWVRWVUJCHVVJTQWIJTGFWEVKQPIGCTU
6JGOQVQTUVCTVUUVQRUCPFTGXGTUGUFKTGEVKQPKPTGURQPUG
VQVJGEQOOCPFUQHCWVQRKNQVEQORWVGT6JGQVJGTV[RGQH


GNGEVTKEUGTXQWUGUCEQPUVCPVN[TWPPKPIOQVQTIGCTGFVQVJG OCMGWUGQHCOWNVKVWFGQHTCFKQPCXKICVKQPCNCKFU6JGUG
QWVRWV UJCHV VJTQWIJ VYQ OCIPGVKE ENWVEJGU 6JG ENWVEJGU ECPDGUGNGEVGFVQKUUWGEQOOCPFUFKTGEVN[VQVJGCWVQRKNQV
CTGCTTCPIGFUQVJCVGPGTIK\KPIQPGENWVEJVTCPUOKVUOQVQT EQORWVGT=(KIWTG?
VQTSWGVQVWTPVJGQWVRWVUJCHVKPQPGFKTGEVKQPGPGTIK\KPI
VJG QVJGT ENWVEJ VWTPU VJG UJCHV KP VJG QRRQUKVG FKTGEVKQP
=(KIWTG?'NGEVTQRPGWOCVKEUGTXQUECPCNUQDGWUGF
VQ FTKXG ECDNG KIJV EQPVTQNU KP UQOG CWVQRKNQV U[UVGOU TURN
NAV
L ALT
6JG[CTGEQPVTQNNGFD[GNGEVTKECNUKIPCNUHTQOVJGCWVQRKNQV PITCH
ON
R MASTER

CORNKGTCPFCEVWCVGFD[CPCRRTQRTKCVGCKTRTGUUWTGUQWTEG ON

OFF
6JGUQWTEGOC[DGCXCEWWOU[UVGORWORQTVWTDKPGGPIKPG OFF
DOWN

DNGGFCKT'CEJUGTXQEQPUKUVUQHCPGNGEVTQOCIPGVKEXCNXG UP

CUUGODN[CPFCPQWVRWVNKPMCIGCUUGODN[

#KTETCHVYKVJJ[FTCWNKECNN[CEVWCVGFKIJVEQPVTQNU[UVGOUJCXG
CWVQRKNQVUGTXQUVJCVCTGGNGEVTQJ[FTCWNKE6JG[CTGEQPVTQN
XCNXGUVJCVFKTGEVWKFRTGUUWTGCUPGGFGFVQOQXGVJGEQPVTQN
UWTHCEGUXKCVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGCEVWCVQTU6JG[CTGRQYGTGFD[
UKIPCNUHTQOVJGCWVQRKNQVEQORWVGT9JGPVJGCWVQRKNQVKUPQV
GPICIGFVJGUGTXQUCNNQYJ[FTCWNKEWKFVQQYWPTGUVTKEVGF
U6JKUUYKVEJQRGTCVGFD[VJWODRTGUUWTG
KPVJGKIJVEQPVTQNU[UVGOHQTPQTOCNQRGTCVKQP6JGUGTXQ
XCNXGU ECP KPEQTRQTCVG HGGFDCEM VTCPUFWEGTU VQ WRFCVG VJG
CWVQRKNQVQHRTQITGUUFWTKPIGTTQTEQTTGEVKQP
(KIWTG#PCWVQRKNQVEQPVTQNNGTQHCUKORNGCWVQRKNQVU[UVGO
+PCFFKVKQPVQCPQPQHHUYKVEJQPVJGCWVQRKNQVEQPVTQNNGT
OQUV CWVQRKNQVU JCXG C FKUEQPPGEV UYKVEJ NQECVGF QP VJG
EQPVTQNYJGGN
ECP DG WUGF VQ FKUGPICIG VJG CWVQRKNQV U[UVGO UJQWNF C
OCNHWPEVKQPQEEWTKPVJGU[UVGOQTCP[VKOGVJGRKNQVYKUJGU
VQVCMGOCPWCNEQPVTQNQHVJGCKTETCHV

%QOOCPF'NGOGPVU
6JGEQOOCPFWPKVECNNGFCKIJVEQPVTQNNGTKUVJGJWOCP
KPVGTHCEGQHVJGCWVQRKNQV+VCNNQYUVJGRKNQVVQVGNNVJGCWVQRKNQV
YJCVVQFQ(NKIJVEQPVTQNNGTUXCT[YKVJVJGEQORNGZKV[QHVJG
CWVQRKNQVU[UVGO$[RTGUUKPIVJGFGUKTGFHWPEVKQPDWVVQPU
VJGRKNQVECWUGUVJGEQPVTQNNGTVQUGPFKPUVTWEVKQPUKIPCNUVQVJG
CWVQRKNQVEQORWVGTGPCDNKPIKVVQCEVKXCVGVJGRTQRGTUGTXQU
VQECTT[QWVVJGEQOOCPF
U.GXGNKIJVENKODUFGUEGPVU $WVOQXGOGPVYQWNFUVKNNQEEWTCUVJGUWTHCEG
UTGVWTPGF
VWTPKPIVQCJGCFKPIQT[KPICFGUKTGFJGCFKPICTGUQOG
QHVJGEJQKEGUCXCKNCDNGQPOQUVCWVQRKNQVU/CP[CKTETCHV
(GGFDCEMQT(QNNQYWR'NGOGPV
#U CP CWVQRKNQV OCPGWXGTU VJG HNKIJV EQPVTQNU VQ CVVCKP
C FGUKTGF HNKIJV CVVKVWFG KV OWUV TGFWEG EQPVTQN UWTHCEG
EQTTGEVKQP CU VJG FGUKTGF CVVKVWFG KU PGCTN[ CVVCKPGF UQ VJG
EQPVTQNUCPFCKTETCHVEQOGVQTGUVQPEQWTUG9KVJQWVFQKPI
UQ VJG U[UVGO YQWNF EQPVKPWQWUN[ QXGTEQTTGEV 5WTHCEG
FGGEVKQPYQWNFQEEWTWPVKNVJGFGUKTGFCVVKVWFGKUCVVCKPGF
VQRTGGTTQTRQUKVKQP6JGCVVKVWFGUGPUQTYQWNFQPEGCICKP
FGVGEVCPGTTQTCPFDGIKPVJGEQTTGEVKQPRTQEGUUCNNQXGTCICKP

Clutch activation
signal from amplifier
DC m
otor Clutches
ble
l ca
o
ntr
Co

Bridle cable

Capstan Capstan

Reversible motor

(KIWTG #TGXGTUKDNGOQVQTYKVJECRUVCPCPFDTKFNGECDNG
NGHVCPFCUKPINGFKTGEVKQPEQPUVCPVOQVQTYKVJENWVEJGUVJCVFTKXG
VJGQWVRWVUJCHVUCPFEQPVTQNECDNGKPQRRQUKVGFKTGEVKQPU
TKIJV


8CTKQWUGNGEVTKEHGGFDCEMQTHQNNQYWRUKIPCNUCTGIGPGTCVGF CP[FGXKCVKQPECWUGUVJGEQORCUUU[UVGOVQUGPFCUKIPCN
VQRTQITGUUKXGN[TGFWEGVJGGTTQTOGUUCIGKPVJGCWVQRKNQVUQ VQ VJG TWFFGT EJCPPGN VJCV KU RTQRQTVKQPCN VQ VJG CPIWNCT
VJCVEQPVKPWQWUQXGTEQTTGEVKQPFQGUPQVVCMGRNCEG6JKUKU FKURNCEGOGPVQHVJGCKTETCHVHTQOVJGRTGUGVJGCFKPI
V[RKECNN[FQPGYKVJVTCPUFWEGTUQPVJGUWTHCEGCEVWCVQTUQT
KPVJGCWVQRKNQVUGTXQWPKVU(GGFDCEMEQORNGVGUCNQQRCU 6JG UGEQPF UKIPCN TGEGKXGF D[ VJG TWFFGT EJCPPGN KU VJG
KNNWUVTCVGFKP(KIWTG TCVGUKIPCNVJCVRTQXKFGUKPHQTOCVKQPCP[VKOGVJGCKTETCHVKU
VWTPKPICDQWVVJGXGTVKECNCZKU6JKUKPHQTOCVKQPKURTQXKFGF
D[ VJG VWTPCPFDCPM KPFKECVQT I[TQ 9JGP VJG CKTETCHV
Amplifier
CVVGORVUVQVWTPQHHEQWTUGVJGTCVGI[TQFGXGNQRUCUKIPCN
Gyro input signal
B A RTQRQTVKQPCNVQVJGTCVGQHVWTPCPFVJGEQWTUGI[TQFGXGNQRU
C UKIPCN RTQRQTVKQPCN VQ VJG COQWPV QH FKURNCEGOGPV 6JG
Control surface VYQUKIPCNUCTGUGPVVQVJGTWFFGTEJCPPGNQHVJGCORNKGT
feedback signal YJGTGVJG[CTGEQODKPGFCPFVJGKTUVTGPIVJKUKPETGCUGF6JG
Feedback
circuit CORNKGFUKIPCNKUVJGPUGPVVQVJGTWFFGTUGTXQ6JGUGTXQ
Servo
VWTPUVJGTWFFGTKPVJGRTQRGTFKTGEVKQPVQTGVWTPVJGCKTETCHV
VQVJGUGNGEVGFOCIPGVKEJGCFKPI

#UVJGTWFFGTUWTHCEGOQXGUCHQNNQYWRUKIPCNKUFGXGNQRGF
(KIWTG  $CUKE HWPEVKQP QH CP CPCNQI CWVQRKNQV U[UVGOVJCVQRRQUGUVJGKPRWVUKIPCN9JGPVJGVYQUKIPCNUCTGGSWCN
KPENWFKPIHQNNQYWRQTHGGFDCEMUKIPCN KPOCIPKVWFGVJGUGTXQUVQRUOQXKPI#UVJGCKTETCHVCTTKXGUQP
EQWTUGVJGEQWTUGUKIPCNTGCEJGUC\GTQXCNWGCPFVJGTWFFGT
#TCVGU[UVGOTGEGKXGUGTTQTUKIPCNUHTQOCTCVGI[TQVJCVCTG KUTGVWTPGFVQVJGUVTGCONKPGRQUKVKQPD[VJGHQNNQYWRUKIPCN
QH C EGTVCKPRQNCTKV[CPFOCIPKVWFGVJCVECWUGVJGEQPVTQN
UWTHCEGUVQDGOQXGF#UVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUEQWPVGTCEVVJG 6JGCKNGTQPEJCPPGNTGEGKXGUKVUKPRWVUKIPCNHTQOCVTCPUOKVVGT
GTTQTCPFOQXGVQEQTTGEVKVHQNNQYWRUKIPCNUQHQRRQUKVG NQECVGFKPVJGI[TQJQTK\QPKPFKECVQT#P[OQXGOGPVQHVJG
RQNCTKV[CPFKPETGCUKPIOCIPKVWFGEQWPVGTVJGGTTQTUKIPCN CKTETCHVCDQWVKVUNQPIKVWFKPCNCZKUECWUGUVJGI[TQUGPUKPI
WPVKNVJGCKTETCHVUEQTTGEVCVVKVWFGKUTGUVQTGF#FKURNCEGOGPV WPKVVQFGXGNQRCUKIPCNVQEQTTGEVHQTVJGOQXGOGPV6JKU
HQNNQYWR U[UVGO WUGU EQPVTQN UWTHCEG RKEMWRU VQ ECPEGN UKIPCNKUCORNKGFRJCUGFGVGEVGFCPFUGPVVQVJGCKNGTQP
VJGGTTQTOGUUCIGYJGPVJGUWTHCEGJCUDGGPOQXGFVQVJG UGTXQYJKEJOQXGUVJGCKNGTQPEQPVTQNUWTHCEGUVQEQTTGEVHQT
EQTTGEVRQUKVKQP VJGGTTQT#UVJGCKNGTQPUWTHCEGUOQXGCHQNNQYWRUKIPCN
DWKNFUWRKPQRRQUKVKQPVQVJGKPRWVUKIPCN9JGPVJGVYQ
#WVQRKNQV(WPEVKQPU UKIPCNUCTGGSWCNKPOCIPKVWFGVJGUGTXQUVQRUOQXKPI5KPEG
6JG HQNNQYKPI CWVQRKNQV U[UVGO FGUETKRVKQP KU RTGUGPVGF VJGCKNGTQPUCTGFKURNCEGFHTQOVJGUVTGCONKPGVJGCKTETCHV
VQ UJQY VJG HWPEVKQP QH C UKORNG CPCNQI CWVQRKNQV /QUV PQYUVCTVUOQXKPIDCEMVQYCTFNGXGNKIJVYKVJVJGKPRWV
CWVQRKNQVUCTGHCTOQTGUQRJKUVKECVGFJQYGXGTOCP[QHVJG UKIPCNDGEQOKPIUOCNNGTCPFVJGHQNNQYWRUKIPCNFTKXKPIVJG
QRGTCVKPIHWPFCOGPVCNUCTGUKOKNCT EQPVTQNUWTHCEGUDCEMVQYCTFVJGUVTGCONKPGRQUKVKQP9JGP
VJGCKTETCHVJCUTGVWTPGFVQNGXGNKIJVTQNNCVVKVWFGVJGKPRWV
6JGCWVQOCVKERKNQVU[UVGOKGUVJGCKTETCHVD[WUKPIGNGEVTKECN UKIPCNKUCICKP\GTQ#VVJGUCOGVKOGVJGEQPVTQNUWTHCEGU
UKIPCNU FGXGNQRGF KP I[TQUGPUKPI WPKVU 6JGUG WPKVU CTG CTGUVTGCONKPGFCPFVJGHQNNQYWRUKIPCNKU\GTQ
EQPPGEVGFVQKIJVKPUVTWOGPVUVJCVKPFKECVGFKTGEVKQPTCVGQH
VWTPDCPMQTRKVEJ+HVJGKIJVCVVKVWFGQTOCIPGVKEJGCFKPI 6JG GNGXCVQT EJCPPGN EKTEWKVU CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG QH VJG
KU EJCPIGF GNGEVTKECN UKIPCNU CTG FGXGNQRGF KP VJG I[TQU CKNGTQPEJCPPGNYKVJVJGGZEGRVKQPVJCVVJGGNGXCVQTEJCPPGN
6JGUG UKIPCNU CTG UGPV VQ VJG CWVQRKNQV EQORWVGTCORNKGT FGVGEVUCPFEQTTGEVUEJCPIGUKPRKVEJCVVKVWFGQHVJGCKTETCHV
CPFCTGWUGFVQEQPVTQNVJGQRGTCVKQPQHUGTXQWPKVU (QTCNVKVWFGEQPVTQNCTGOQVGN[OQWPVGFWPKVEQPVCKPKPICP
CNVKVWFGRTGUUWTGFKCRJTCIOKUWUGF5KOKNCTVQVJGCVVKVWFG
# UGTXQ HQT GCEJ QH VJG VJTGG EQPVTQN EJCPPGNU EQPXGTVU CPFFKTGEVKQPCNI[TQUVJGCNVKVWFGWPKVIGPGTCVGUGTTQTUKIPCNU
GNGEVTKECN UKIPCNU KPVQ OGEJCPKECN HQTEG YJKEJ OQXGU VJG YJGPVJGCKTETCHVJCUOQXGFHTQOCRTGUGNGEVGFCNVKVWFG6JKU
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EQOOCPFU 6JG TWFFGT EJCPPGN TGEGKXGU VYQ UKIPCNU VJCV RKVEJUGTXQUYJKEJOQXGVQEQTTGEVVJGGTTQT#PCNVKVWFG
FGVGTOKPGYJGPCPFJQYOWEJVJGTWFFGTOQXGU6JGTUV UGNGEVHWPEVKQPECWUGUVJGUKIPCNUVQEQPVKPWQWUN[DGUGPVVQ
UKIPCNKUCEQWTUGUKIPCNFGTKXGFHTQOCEQORCUUU[UVGO#U VJGRKVEJUGTXQUWPVKNCRTGUGNGEVGFCNVKVWFGJCUDGGPTGCEJGF
NQPICUVJGCKTETCHVTGOCKPUQPVJGOCIPGVKEJGCFKPIKVYCU 6JG CKTETCHV VJGP OCKPVCKPU VJG RTGUGNGEVGF CNVKVWFG WUKPI
QPYJGPVJGCWVQRKNQVYCUGPICIGFPQUKIPCNFGXGNQRU$WV CNVKVWFGJQNFUKIPCNU


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TWFFGTKPRWVKUPGGFGFVQEQWPVGTCEVVJKUGHHGEV#[CYFCORGT GTTQTEQTTGEVKQPECNEWNCVKQPU6JGUGTXQUEQOOWPKECVGYKVJ
KUWUGFVQEQTTGEVVJKUOQVKQP+VECPDGRCTVQHCPCWVQRKNQV FGFKECVGF CXKQPKEU EQORWVGTU CPF FKURNC[ WPKV EQORWVGTU
U[UVGO QT C EQORNGVGN[ KPFGRGPFGPV WPKV # [CY FCORGT VJTQWIJCEQPVTQNRCPGNYJKNGPQEGPVTCNCWVQRKNQVEQORWVGT
TGEGKXGUGTTQTUKIPCNUHTQOVJGVWTPEQQTFKPCVQTTCVGI[TQ GZKUVU=(KIWTG?
1UEKNNCVKPI[CYOQVKQPKUEQWPVGTCEVGFD[TWFFGTOQXGOGPV 
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GNGEVTQPKEEQORQPGPVUVJCVEQORWVGCPFKPFKECVGVJGCKTETCHV
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TGNCVGFU[UVGOUKPVGITCVGFKPVQCUKPINGU[UVGOKUECNNGFCP UJQYUVJGRKNQVJQYOWEJCPFKPYJCVFKTGEVKQPVJGCVVKVWFG
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CFXCPEGUKPFKIKVCNVGEJPQNQI[HQTCKTETCHVOQFGTPCKTETCHV QH VJG OGPVCN ECNEWNCVKQPU TGSWKTGF HQT KPUVTWOGPV KIJVU
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CKFU VJG KPVGITCVKQP QH HNKIJV FKTGEVQT CPF CWVQVJTQVVNG CTG OCFG DWV VJG RKNQV EQPVTQNU VJG CKTRNCPG CPF OCMGU
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RQUUKDNG5OCNNIGPGTCNCXKCVKQPCKTETCHVDGKPIRTQFWEGFYKVJ FKURNC[UVJGCKTETCHVUCVVKVWFG6JGRTQEGUUKUCEEQORNKUJGF
#(%5OC[NCEMVJGVJTQVVNGFGRGPFGPVHGCVWTGU YKVJ C XKUWCN TGHGTGPEG VGEJPKSWG # U[ODQN TGRTGUGPVKPI
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OQFGTPEQORWVGTCTEJKVGEVWTGHQTVJGCWVQRKNQV
CPFKIJV QDLGEVKUCNYC[UVQ[VJGCKTETCHVU[ODQNKPVQVJGEQOOCPF
FKTGEVQT U[UVGOU VJCV KU UNKIJVN[ FKHHGTGPV VJCP FGUETKDGF DCTU[ODQN=(KIWTG?

MACH IAS INS TRK HDG PITCH MACH MAX IAS ALT
HOLD HOLD HDG HOLD TURN HOLD HOLD CLIMB HOLD HOLD

AUTOTHROTTLE
IAS BACK VOR CAT 3 MAX VERT ALT
GO LAND GLIDE
ACO BEAM LOG GROUND CRUISE SPEED ACQ
400 AUTOLAND
17000
KNOTS AP1 AP2 FEET

FD1
110 224 130 220
AP1

AT1 AT2 SPEED SELECT AP2 FD2 ALTITUDE SELECT

(KIWTG6JG#(%5EQPVTQNRCPGNEQOOCPFUUGXGTCNKPVGITCVGFU[UVGOUHTQOCUKPINGRCPGNKPENWFKPIHNKIJVFKTGEVQTUCWVQRKNQVU
CWVQVJTQVVNGUCWVQNCPFCPFPCXKICVKQPCNCKFU/QFGUGNGEVKQPUHQTOCP[HGCVWTGUCTGOCFGHTQOVJKUUKPINGKPVGTHCEG


 PFD MFD

Mode controller

Go-around switch

AHRS
Integrated avionics unit 2
Integrated avionics unit 1

A/P disc

Pitch trim adapter

4 way trim

Pitch servo

Pitch trim cartridge

Roll servo
Yaw servo
(optional)

(KIWTG#WVQOCVKEHNKIJVEQPVTQNU[UVGO
#(%5QHC)CTOKP)INCUUEQEMRKVKPUVTWOGPVU[UVGOHQTCIGPGTCNCXKCVKQPCKTETCHV


 Flight director command bars

20 20 20 20

I0 I0 I0 I0

Airplane symbol
I0 I0 I0 I0

20 20 20 20

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VTKCPIWNCTCKTRNCPGU[ODQNHKVUKPVQVJGEQOOCPFDCTVJGRKNQVRGTHQTOUVJGOCPGWXGTECNEWNCVGFD[VJGHNKIJVFKTGEVQT6JGKPUVTWOGPV
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.KMGCPCWVQRKNQVVJGUGEQPUKUVQHVJGUGPUKPIGNGOGPVUC
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JKIJN[WUGHWN6JGKIJVFKTGEVQTEQPVTKDWVGUVQVJKUWUGHWNPGUU
CVVKVWFG KPFKECVQTU RTGXKQWUN[ FKUEWUUGF +P CFFKVKQP VQ
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FKURNC[KPIVJGCKTETCHVUCVVKVWFGPWOGTQWUQVJGTUKVWCVKQPCN
PCXKICVG C FGUKTGF EQWTUG 5GNGEVKQP QH VJG 814 HWPEVKQP
KIJV RCTCOGVGTU CTG FKURNC[GF /QUV PQVCDNG CTG VJQUG
QPVJGKIJVFKTGEVQTEQPVTQNRCPGNNKPMUVJGEQORWVGTVQVJG
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QOPKTCPIGTGEGKXGT6JGRKNQVUGNGEVUCFGUKTGFEQWTUGCPFVJG
EQOOCPFDCTU#PPWPEKCVKQPQHCEVKXGU[UVGOUUWEJCUVJG
KIJVFKTGEVQTFKURNC[UVJGDCPMCVVKVWFGPGEGUUCT[VQKPVGTEGRV
#(%5CPFPCXKICVKQPU[UVGOUKUV[RKECN
CPF OCKPVCKP VJKU EQWTUG #NNQECVKQPU HQT YKPF FTKHV CPF
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6JGEQPEGRVDGJKPFCP'#&+KUVQRWVCNNFCVCTGNCVGFVQVJG
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FKHHGTGPVFKURNC[UETGGPUFGRGPFKPIQPVJGRTGHGTGPEGQHVJG
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KIJV+.5NQECNK\GTCPFINKFGUNQRGUKIPCNUCTGVTCPUOKVVGF
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'#&+U ECP DG JQWUGF KP C UKPING KPUVTWOGPV JQWUKPI QT
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