Open Source Software (OSS) Applications in Libraries: Special Reference To Selected ILS and DL Software's

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
Open Source Software (OSS) applications in

libraries: Special Reference to Selected ILS
and DL Softwares
Sumeet Kumar Handa Dr. Sudhir Tyagi

Dy. Librarian Head, Dept. of Lib. & Info. Sci
THDC-Institute of Hydrpower Engineering Swami Vivekanand Subharti University,
& Technology Meerut-250002 (U.P.)
Tehri, Tehri-Garhwal-249001(Uttarakhand) Email: slib53@rediffmail.com
librarian.thdcihet@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Open Sources Software (OSS). These days
ICT (Information and Communication
open sources softwares are becoming
Technology) has transformed the libraries
prevalent due to its immense significance.
working environment entirely. Today, most
The Open Sources software provides free
of the libraries have been performing their
and easy accesses to the libraries as well as
routine works with the assistance of
users can do changes and modification in it
computer technology and this technology
as well as they can run, copy, share, and
has brought with it many benefits such as
improve the software with the desired
advancement; reduction in work timing,
requirements. However, library
reduced man power, data preservation and
professional requires basic knowledge of
security etc. In this era of technology,
computer to installation and maintenance
Internet is an indispensible phenomenon
for Open Source Software. Hence, this
and has been providing so many technical
paper aims to describe Open Source
supports especially in the field of library
Software (OSS) applications in libraries
and information science in the form of
theoretically and highlight some major
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open source library softwares concerns with are available under a public licence or
ILS (Integrated Library System) and DL agreement that permits users to read,
(Digital Library). Besides, the applications change and improve the software according
of Open Source Software (OSS) in the to their requirements. The source in
current scenario of libraries shall be open source refers to source code. Source
discussed. code is a computer file containing
Keywords: ICT, OSS, ILS, DL, Open statements in a programming language, and
Sources Software, Computer Technology, those statements are intended to define the
Library Technology. performance of a task. If a source code was
printed, it would appear to consist of words,
INTRODUCTION: abbreviations and mathematical symbols.
Open Source Software (OSS) is becoming Source code in itself is useless. It is like a
prevalent nowadays. Open Source emerged script for a play that has never been
as an alternative model of software performed (Poulter, 2010, 655).
development and revolutionized the The popularity of open source software is
software development. The open source increasing day by day among the users due
projects, usually, start voluntarily and to its open uses features. Open Source
developers community normally crosses Software is free for anyone but more
the national boundaries. Internet importantly that it is not only free available
technologies facilitated a lot to easily share software, although, it is also provides
and distribute the project announcements, facility to copy, share, modify etc. This
source codes, software, patches, etc. Open increases the possibilities of a software
Source Software has dominated the program's potential because of this free-
infrastructure of Internet and web services, thinking model. Many large groups of
and has a long history of supporting programmers have customized basic open
technology infrastructure (Altman, 2001). source programs into whatever they
Open source is also known as open source deemed necessary, and have in turn given
software (OSS) or free OSS. The Open these modifications back to the open source
Source software whose source code which community for free where others can
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continue to build on their work. There are

many different kinds of open source
software solutions out there today that
could be embraced by the library. There's BACKGROUND AND BRIEF
basic operating system, document HISTORY OF OPEN SOURCE
processing programs, Library Management SOFTWARE:
Software (LMS) and Digital Library 1980 was the year when the open source
software. software movement started. In that era,
Eventually, Open source software is computer manufacturers inclined to create
software that provides access to the source their own proprietary operating systems for
code, meaning that users are free to see their computers. They also produced their
how the product is made. Additionally, own software applications or sometimes
users have the right to modify the product allowed software companies to do as well.
(change the code) to their liking, Seldom, they bought in a proprietary
experiment with different versions, and operating system from a software company.
give away or resell the new product with Here, we cant forget name of revolutionary
the guarantee that they must also provide person who had changed the thinking of
their source code, and so on. Modifying the society regarding open softwares. The name
product and redistribution are the two main of that person was Richard Stallman.
components of open source software. OSS Richard Stallman was a highly regarded
offer attractions to the libraries as majority programmer, who worked at MITs
libraries around the world, especially in artificial intelligence lab. He grew up
developing countries, do not afford to writing software that incorporated source
purchase costly commercial software. code written by others. He was happy to
Nevertheless OSS offer cheap alternatives share source code he had created.
to expensive commercial software with According to his opinion building of
freedom from vendor lock-in and facilitate software was community efforts and when
flexibility to modify for local needs he saw that software was kept hidden form
(Rafiq,2009,138). programmer community then he resigned
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from his position of programmer and he open source education, community

founded GNU project. For spreading building, and awareness of the benefits of
awareness and freely use of open software open source software. The GNU General
he created a different kind of copyright Public License (GPL), created by Richard
license, which he termed copyleft. Stallman, is one example of a free software
Under the GNU general licence, you were license, cleverly nicknamed a copyleft
free to use and modify source code , but if license. Effectively, copyleft licenses use
you do modify code , then you must make copyright law to require the derived works
that modification freely available to others. to be available for modifying and
Stallman was not against selling software. distributing under the general philosophies
You could sell GNU-licensed software, but of free and open source software. Obtaining
you could not sell any software from a GPL, or another form of copyleft, assures
derived source code that was not freely that these open source rights are legally
available to others. To Stallman, free enforced (Lochhaas and Moore, 2010).
software should be free of restrictions, not The successful examples of OSS solutions
necessarily free from cost (Poulter, 2010, include operating systems like LINUX,
656). FreeBSD, openBSD and NetBSD, web
In 1998, Netscape announced it was browsers that include Firefox and
releasing the source code for its web Konqueror, graphical environment like
browser, which sparked a conference held KDE and Gnome, productivity applications
in Palo Alto, California to discuss the like OpenOffice and programming
strategic process for this extraordinary language and infrastructure solution like
event. There, the term "open source" Apache and MySQL, library management
software was born and is attributed to and Digital library software such as Koha
Christine Peterson and Dspace. (Hanumappa, Dora and
[http://www.opensource.org/history]. The Navik 2014, 409)
Open Source Initiative was soon founded
by Eric Raymond, another attendee at the SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SOURCES
conference, which continues to promote SOFTWARES:
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Today open source software has become (c) Improve and add to the object and
critical for almost every organization. source code, within the terms of the
Almost everything requires open source licence applied and this may include
software, be it telecommunication systems, a term making it mandatory to
inventory, accounting, personal publish modified code on the
productivity applications, contact community website.
management and operating systems (d) Distribute the source code.
amongst others. In the field of library and More Flexible: open source software not
information science, open source software need to abide by a specific IT architecture
has been giving immense support to make that might require you to upgrade your
this field more automated and advanced. software and even hardware often. Rather,
Following are the significance of Open you can mix and match your software and
Source Software in view of library and create a unique IT infrastructure that best
information science field: suits your needs. Theres no need to fret
Least cost then commercial software: since theres a wide range of options in the
Open Source software generally not market, so you only have to browse through
required any type of licensing fee or we can them and pick one those that match your
say that most of the open sources are requirements and specifications.
available free of cost, although sometimes No need of vendor Agreements: Software
software requires expenditure for media, vendors can apply a number of tactics to
documentation and support. persuade their customers to upgrade more
Simplified license management: Open or less willingly. Typical tactics include
source software provides simplified license moving to allegedly new and improved file
to users. They called Four Freedoms in formats (which require the new and
which they provide license to their user:- improved software to read them) or to
(a) Use the software without access withdraw support and bug fixes for older
restrictions, within the terms of the versions after a short period. The problem
licence applied. for users of the software is that they rarely
(b) View the source code. have much control over that process and are
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left isolated if they choose to remain with these defects within the shortest amount of
older versions that they consider to be time. Both of these factors lead to products
acceptable. In that case open source that have excellent quality and helpful
software gives freedom to the users that features and perform well most (if not all)
they are not bound to purchase upgrade of the time.
module or dont need to pay any annual Globally Support: As we are discussing
maintenance charge (AMC). that mostly open source software are
Integrate Management: Through open available free of cost and these software
source software, libraries can benefit from accessible through the online communities
integrated management. Integrated with help of Internet. These online
management means incorporative system in communities provide online support to the
which libraries can perform their daily users with the open hart at globally. Many
works freely moreover that system provides communities are working to provide
common information model (CIM) and web supports of any issue concern with
based enterprise management (WBEM). softwares 24X7 with any charge. Besides,
These ultra modern technologies enable some of tech companies are now providing
you to integrate and combine server, their support to installed and execute open
application, and service and workstation source software with charges.
management. This integration would result Advanced and Quality Software: Many
in well-organized administration. survey and research shows that qualities of
Reliability: There are two main reasons open source softwares are reliable and day
why open source software is reliable. by day this software is being advanced. For
Firstly, theyre developed chiefly by skilful instance, Koha, Linux, Dspace theses are
and talented experts who do their best to the some example of open source software
create high-quality programs. Second, which are being advanced gradually.
theyre worked on by tens or hundreds of
people, which means there are numerous OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR
eyes that can monitor for the presence of LIBRARIES:
bugs and many pairs of hands that can fix
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Open source library software presents a software for libraries developed in 1999 by
system for managing and presenting of Katipo Communications from New
information collections. It helps to operate Zealand. The name Koha comes from the
and manage libraries and building Maori (it is one of New Zealand's official
collections with data searching facilities. languages) word for a gift or donation,
Moreover, they are easily maintained and which is very convenient, considering
can be augmented and rebuilt Kohas availability for a distribution under
automatically. With many Open Source the open source General Public License
Software (OSS) applications now available (GPL). Koha is an application based on
for library and information management, Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl. To
Organizations now have novel options for keeping Indian libraries scenario in the
acquiring and implementing systems. The mind, many libraries cant afford expensive
Open Source Software applications for library management software, for them
library and Information management that Koha is a best alternative. As we discussed
will be discussed in this paper are in two it is an open source so it is available free of
major parts: cost for everyone. Besides, Koha uses
(a) Library Management Softwares ( library ILS standards and gives the OPAC/
Integrated Library Systems) Web OPAC (open public access catalogue)
(b) Digital Library Management facility to the users and very advanced
Softwares (DLMS) features. Moreover, Koha communities
(A) LIBRARY MANAGEMENT provide technical support worldwide in
SOFTWARES: order to solve any problem during use of
Some of the renowned library management Koha by libraries.
softwares are as follows:
(a) Koha: Key Features of Koha: Some of the key
Koha is one of the most popular open features of Greenstone are as follows:
source ILS (Integrated library system) (Aute & Ghumare, 2014, 321)
being used by the libraries globally. It was User Friendly: Koha is a very user friendly
the first open source library management software. It has easy-to-use circulation
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policies, strong patron management, If something wrong happens then libraries

intuitive navigation, and extensive have Undo option for entire import
permissions for staff accounts. batches from the catalogue in a single click,
Excellent data record management: Koha instead of having to delete on a one-by-one
has an excellent data record management basis.
system. It is like a parent-child relationship Standard worldwide technologies: Koha
for users records, as well as a copy user has numerous worldwide standard
feature to quickly add families. technologies such as OPAC/Web OPAC,
Unique Services: Koha provides some staff, administrative features and self-
unique services to libraries such as a clubs checkout interfaces are all based on
and services feature that allows libraries to standards-compliant. World Wide Web
manage reading groups, book clubs, and technologiesXHTML, CSS and
other community outreach programs. This Javascriptmaking Koha a completely
feature is easily managed by library staff. Web-based solution.
Books holds management: Koha provides Advanced Technology support: Koha has
extensive support for holds, including an good technical support features. Its
option to suspend and reactivate a hold, provides SIP2 configuration for a wide
an option to place holds from a patrons variety of vendors and their products,
OPAC account, an option to allow staff to including ITG, 3M, Envision Ware, Talking
re-organize the holds queue, and an option Tech, Overdrive, Tech Logic, and
to place holds at either the title or item Librarica. Koha also works with Ez Proxy
level. as a dual authentication source for remote
Records updating features: Koha has a database access.
very good enhanced matching policy rules International standards and guidelines:
for the 001 and 035 tags, allowing libraries Koha follows international standards and
to update older records with a newer libraries guidelines in order to import-
version. export data like Z39.50, SRU, and SIP2
Flexible data import features: Koha XML-tagged MARC record storage provide
provides excellent features to import data. quick access to data.
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Complete library integrated system: koha (g) RFID supports.

is complete integrated library management (h) Configurable SMS system supports.
software. It is fully developed ILS (i) Incorporation with Gmail.
functionality including Course Reserves, (j) Catalogue can be harvested through
Acquisitions, Serials Control, etc. Google site map and many more.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New
(b) NewGenLib: GenLib)
(New Generation Library) is an integrated
library management system developed by (c) Evergreen:
Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise One of another option in open sources
is provided by Kesavan Institute of software is Evergreen ILS system. The
Information and Knowledge Management Evergreen Project was initiated by the
in Hyderabad, India. On 9th January 2008, Georgia Public Library System in 2006 to
NewGenLib has been declared Open serve their need for a scalable catalogue
Source Software under General Public shared by (as of now) more than 275 public
License (GPL) by the Verus Solutions Pvt libraries in the state of Georgia. After
Ltd, Hydrabad, India. Evergreen was released, it has since been
Some advanced functional features of adopted by a number of library consortia in
NewGenLib: the US and Canada as well as various
(a) Android mobile and tablet friendly. individual libraries, and has started being
(b) Incorporation with Twitter. adopted by libraries outside of North
(c) Flexibility of defining own search America (https://evergreen-ils.org/about-
field in OPAC. us/). Evergreen has feature such as stable,
(d) Enhanced contents and imaging robust, flexible, secure, and user-friendly.
features available in OPAC like Its developed by Equinox Software.
Book jackets, Google preview etc.
(e) RSS Feeds facility. (B) DIGITAL LIBRARY
(f) Provide suggestion for other book MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES:
which is available in the library.
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Some of the renowned digital library suit any library needs:

management softwares are as follows: (http://www.dspace.org/)
(a) Dspace: Customize or theme the user interface:
DSpace is a groundbreaking digital libraries can fully customize the look and
institutional repository that captures, stores, feel of DSpace website so it will integrate
indexes, preserves, and redistributes the seamlessly with your own institution's
intellectual output of a universitys research website and can be more intuitive for your
faculty in digital formats. It manages and users. DSpace provides two main user
distributes digital items, made up of digital interface options: the traditional (JSP-
files (or bit streams) and allows for the based) interface, and Manakin (XML-
creation, indexing, and searching of based) which provides various "themes" out
associated metadata to locate and retrieve of the box.
the items. DSpace design and developed by Customize the metadata: Dublin Core is
Massachusetts Institute of Technology the default metadata format within the
(MIT) Libraries and Hewlett-Packard (HP). DSpace application. However libraries can
DSpace was designed as an open source add or change any field to customize the
application that institutions and application. DSpace currently supports any
organizations could run with relatively few non hierarchical, flat name space, although
resources. It is to support the long-term it is possible to ingest other hierarchical
preservation of the digital material stored in metadata schemas into DSpace such as
the repository. It is also designed to make MARC and MODS. This requires using
submission easy. DSpace supports tools such as crosswalk and having some
submission, management, and access of technical capability to map the transfer of
digital content (Naik & Shivalingaiah, data.
2006, 31). Configure Browse and Search: libraries
can decide what fields you would like to
Key Features of Dspace: DSpace can be display for browsing, such as author, title,
customized in the following key ways to date etc. on the timing of designing DSpace
website. Libraries can also select any
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metadata fields which they would like to sees is the 'preferred language' set in their
include in the search interface. All of the web browser.
text within a given item and metadata
associated with the item, are indexed for (b) Greenstone Digital Library
full text search if desired. Software:
Local authentication mechanisms: The Greenstone digital library software is
DSpace comes with plugging for most an open-source system for the construction
university authentication methods, and presentation of information collections.
including LDAP (and hierarchical LDAP), It is a digital library project from New
Shibboleth, X.509, IP-based. In addition, Zealand that provides a new way of
DSpace comes with its own internal organizing information and making it
authentication method, or can be configured available over the Internet. Collections of
to use multiple authentication methods at information comprise large numbers of
once. Libraries can also build your own documents (typically several thousand to
authentication plug-in if library use a several million), and a uniform interface is
custom authentication mechanism. provided to them. Moreover, they are easily
Standards Compatibility: DSpace maintained and can be augmented and
complies with many standard protocols for rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is
access, ingest, and export.The standards extensible software plugins accommodate
DSpace supports include: OAI-PMH, OAI- different document and metadata types. The
ORE, SWORD, WebDAV, OpenSearch, aim of the Greenstone software is to
OpenURL, RSS, ATOM. empower users, particularly in universities,
Multiple Languages: The DSpace web libraries, and other public service
application is available in over twenty institutions, to build their own digital
languages. So if English is not your local libraries (Naik & Shivalingaiah, 2006, 29).
language so libraries can customize the
language which DSpace uses. Libraries can Key Features of Greenstone:Some of the
also configure DSpace to support multiple key features of Greenstone are as follows:
languages, so that the language your user (Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 5).
11
Accessible via web browser: Collections Language transformation (XSLT) and other
are accessed through a standard web agents that govern the definite functions of
browser (Google Chrome or Internet Digital library.
Explorer) and combine easy-to-use Multilingual Support: Unicode is used
browsing with powerful search facilities. throughout the software, allowing any
Full Text and Field Search: The user can language to be processed in a consistent
search the full text of the documents, or manner. To date, collections have been
choose between indexes built from different built containing French, Spanish, Maori,
parts of the documents. Chinese, Arabic and English. On-the-fly
Flexible browsing facilities: The user can conversion is used to convert from Unicode
browse lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of to an alphabet supported by the user's web
dates, classification structures, and so on browser.
Create access structures automatically: Collections support multiple formats:
The Greenstone software creates Greenstone collections can contain text,
information collections that are very easy to pictures, audio and video clips.
maintain. All searching and browsing Administrative function provided: An
structures are built directly from the administrative function enables specified
documents themselves. No links are users to authorize new users to build
inserted by hand, but existing links in collections, protect documents so that they
originals are maintained. can only be accessed by registered users on
Make use of available metadata: presentation of a password, examine the
Metadata, which is descriptive information composition of all collections, and so on.
such as author, title, date, keywords, and so Collections can be published on the
on, may be associated with each document, Internet or on CD-ROM: The software
or with individual sections within can be used to serve collections over the
documents. World-Wide Web. Greenstone collections
Customization: The Greenstone allows can be made available, in precisely the
customization of presentation of collection same form, on CDROM.
that are based on Extensible Style sheet
12
(c) EPrints:
EPrints is free software developed by the Key Features of EPrints: Some of the key
University of Southampton, England. features of EPrints are as follows:
EPrints repository collects preserves and (Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 6).
disseminates in digital format the research Accessibility via web browser: EPrints
output created by a research community. It provides web based interface that makes it
enables the community to deposit their easy to use and administer.
preprints; post prints and other scholarly Full Text and Field Search: Searching in
publications using a web interface, and EPrints allows scanning each of the
organizes these publications for easy metadata field types in the database by
retrieval. It is the world's first, most widely using simple or advanced search. Any
used, and by far the most functional of all metadata field can be searched with fine
the available OA IR softwares. EPrints granularity by SQL querying the database.
was created in 2000 as a direct outcome of Administrative function provided: EPrints
the 1999 Santa Fe meeting that launched archive can use any metadata schema as
what eventually became the OAI-PMH. being provided by the administrator. The
EPrints is an extensible content administrator decides what metadata fields
management system. It has been are held about each EPrints item.
extensively configured to accommodate the Open Source Software: EPrints uses
needs of academics and researchers amid at traditional technologies and runs on pure
dissemination and reporting, but it could be Open Source systems. It uses MySQL,
easily used for other things such as images, Apache database and web server.
research data, audio archives - anything that Three user roles: Eprints provides three
can be stored digitally, but you'll have users roles such as administrator, editor,
make more changes to the configuration. and author. They are controlled all back and
EPrints is OAI-complaint. It is highly front records.
configurable to achieve diverse needs, built OAI-PMH Support: EPrints is fully
on a coding platform that is amendable to interoperable with OAI (Open Archives
rapid development. Initiative) Protocol for Metadata
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Harvesting. Open Archives protocol allows media resources (book, journals, etc) or can
sites to programmatically retrieve or be used to hire educated, technical support
'harvest' the metadata from several sources, that is provided to the users for the better
and offer services using that metadata, such use of existing resources. Moreover, these
as indexing or linking services. free softwares are constantly being updated,
Multilingual Support: Unicode is used changed and customised to meet the
throughout the software, allowing any librarys needs. Apart from this, there is
language to be processed in a consistent one more important factor that India is the
manner. country which has been moving towards
File formats supported: Functions with digitisation; Indian government has been
many file types, including: PDF, HTML, promoting electronic ways in each and
JPEG, TIFF, MP3, and AVI etc. every field. So this is the right time when
we the library professional have to accept
CONCLUSION: the mode of digitisation and take the
It has observed that ICT (Information and benefits from open sources as well as have
Communication Technology) has reformed to participate in Digital India Campaign.
the field of library and information science Therefore, present article has given an
entirely. Today, most of the libraries are overview on Open Sources Softwares
taking help of automation to manage their with special reference to library
daily library works and availability to Open management softwares and digital library
Source Softwares through Internet which management softwares for which some of
provides another suitable option to the renowned softwares are discussed.
library professionals in the field of Hopefully this article will provide some
automation. Open Source Softwares have introductory information to the library
given the opportunity to the librarians that professionals and give motivation towards
they can chose free softwares and at the Open Sources Softwares.
same time money can also be saved.
Consequently, saved money may be utilized
to purchase other useful things such as REFERENCES:
14
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