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3, JULY 2010
A. Transmission System
EMTP Electromagnetic Transients Program.
Multiterminal transmission networks may use single- or
ATP Alternative Transients Program. double-circuit lines. As a result, the main branch may use a
GPS Global positioning system. single transmission line or a double-circuit line (both circuits at
the same towers, circuits at different towers and at the same cor-
IED Intelligent electronic device. ridor, or circuits at different towers and at different corridors).
ACSR Aluminum cable steel reinforced. Fig. 1 illustrates a typical multiterminal transmission network.
The main branch connects two terminals ( and ). Along
I. INTRODUCTION the main branch, there are tap points ( to ) where lateral
branches are connected. These lateral branches terminate at
RANSMISSION lines, responsible for connecting gener- distribution or industrial substations (terminals to ).
T ation plants to consumers, are classified according to their
voltage level. Usually, high-voltage transmission lines have only
IEDs installed at and are responsible for recording
voltage and current signals. These records may or may not be
two terminals. However, subtransmission lines may have lateral available at other terminals ( to ). Nonetheless, the pro-
branches connected to tap points along their main branch, ter- posed system is capable of correctly identifying the fault point
minating at distribution substations. based only on the signals recorded at and , with or without
When a permanent fault occurs in these lines, maintenance time synchronization. In addition, if the records are available at
crews usually spend more time to locate the fault point, since other terminals, the proposed system uses them in order to im-
prove the accuracy of the results.
there is no indication of the line section where the fault occurred.
Therefore, maintenance costs may increase while the reliability Although voltage and current records may not be available
of the system diminishes. at one or more terminals ( to ), the proposed system is
The deregulation process contributed to increasing the com- capable of correctly estimating the load connected to them in
order to proceed with the fault location. In addition, it is impor-
plexity of the problem. Normally, the substations connected to
the line branches do not belong to the company responsible tant to point out that the transformers connected to these termi-
nals may have a grounded-wye/delta/grounded-wye connection
type. As a result, a significant part of the fault current may flow
Manuscript received October 31, 2008; revised March 16, 2009. First
through the primary winding of these transformers, for faults
published June 10, 2010; current version published June 23, 2010. Paper no. involving the ground. This scenario increases the complexity of
TPWRD-00825-2008. the problem and since voltage and current records may not be
The authors are with Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo 5508-900, available at these terminals, the mathematical model used to rep-
Brazil (e-mail: giomanjr@pea.usp.br; senger@pea.usp.br; rmikio@pea.usp.br;
epellini@pea.usp.br; ecrodrigues@cteep.com.br). resent the transformers must implicitly consider the current flow
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2047412 through the primary winding.
0885-8977/$26.00 2010 IEEE
MANASSERO et al.: FAULT LOCATION SYSTEM FOR MULTI-TERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINES 1419
B. Fault-Location Methods
(4)
(2)
1420 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010
(10)
(11)
(12)
D. Fault Models
The fault models, in phase components, depend on the fault
type and on the phases involved. A mathematical relation be-
Fig. 4. Line sectionestimation of [Y ] .
tween voltage and current phasor quantities at the fault point is
able to describe all fault types and phases involved, as in
(13)
Furthermore, it is possible to calculate the phase components
of the voltage and current phasors using (5) and (6), where where
is the transformation matrix
fault admittance matrix;
(5)
voltage phasor quantities at the fault point;
(6)
fault current phasor quantities.
As a result, (4) evolves to
It is possible to obtain different fault admittance matrices that
(7) represent voltage and current mathematical relations for all dif-
ferent fault types and phases involved. As an example, consider
C. Line Section, Load, and Transformer Combination the double-line fault depicted in Fig. 5. The respective fault ad-
mittance matrix is presented in
In addition to the admittance matrix that describes the load
and transformer combination, the proposed system uses an
equivalent matrix that represents the combination of the load, (14)
transformer, and line section. This matrix is derived from the
mathematical relation between the current and voltage phasor
quantities at the tap points.
Fig. 4 depicts a line section delimited by two terminals (local III. FAULT-LOCATION SYSTEM
and remote). The line length is and the voltage and current The fault-location system proposed in this paper addresses
phasors at the remote terminal are derived from (1) as in
all requirements described in Section II. The identification of
the fault point is based on four stages, which are detailed in the
(8)
following sections.
To exemplify the proposed system, consider the network de-
Rewriting (7) picted in Fig. 6. This network is composed by single-circuit
transmission-line sections. Along the main branch, which con-
(9) nects terminals and , there are three tap points where lat-
MANASSERO et al.: FAULT LOCATION SYSTEM FOR MULTI-TERMINAL TRANSMISSION LINES 1421
and
(15)
(16)
where
and ;
transformer nominal apparent power at terminal ;
active power at terminal ;
reactive power at terminal ;
initial estimative of the load impedance at terminal
Fig. 7. Prefault processing. ;
nominal phase voltage at terminal .
eral branches are connected. These lateral branches end at ter- 3) Estimation of the Line Losses and Loads Complex Power:
minals , , and . Unsynchronized voltage and current This stage is based on a prefault load flow that depends on the
measurements are available only at terminals , , and , current and voltage phasor quantities at terminals , , and
which means that the relative phases of these measurements are , and on the load impedances at terminals and .
unknown. From the voltage and current phasor quantities at the refer-
ence terminal , it is possible to calculate voltage and phasor
A. Digital Signal Processing
quantities at the tap point and the losses of the line section
This stage consists of filtering pre and postfault voltage and by using (1). In addition, from the voltage phasor quan-
current signals at terminals , , and in order to reduce tities at , it is possible to calculate the losses of the line section
the effect of the exponential components that take place during and the load complex power at by using (11). This
the fault [13]. After this step, pre and postfault voltage and cur- procedure enables the estimation of all line sections losses and
rent phasor quantities at the respective terminals are calculated all loads complex power ( and ).
by using the one cycle discrete Fourier transform method. 4) Phase-Shift Adjustment: The procedure described in the
previous section enables the calculation of the voltage and cur-
B. Prefault Data Processing rent phasor quantities at terminals and by using the
The prefault processing stage is a recursive algorithm that voltage and current phasor quantities at terminal and the esti-
consists of synchronizing voltage and current phasor quantities mated load impedances at terminals and . Therefore, it
at terminals , , and , and estimating the load imped- is possible to determine the phase shift of and with ref-
ances at the remaining terminals ( and ). erence to by comparing the measured and calculated voltage
This algorithm is depicted in Fig. 7 and is based on the five and current phasor quantities at these terminals as in [7] and
steps presented in Sections III-B1B5. [14].
1) Calculation of the Injected Power: The algorithm starts 5) Estimation of the Load Impedances: The initial estima-
by selecting the reference terminal ( , for instance) and calcu- tion of the load impedances may differ from the actual values.
1422 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010
(17)
Fig. 8. Line section b 0b .
where
load admittance at terminal ; respectively. Thus, it is possible to estimate the postfault voltage
and current phasor quantities at the fault point, according to
iteration number.
(28)
(29)
(30)
In order to estimate the fault location, it is necessary to use F. Determination of the Faulted Line Section
the voltage and current phasor quantities at tap point . There-
The fault-location system proposed in this paper indicates two
fore, substituting (21) in (24), it is possible to relate these phasor
possible fault points. One of them is at the investigated lateral
quantities to the fault admittance matrix and to the equivalent
branch and the other is at a line section of the main branch, as
matrix , as in
described in Section III-C.
(25) It is important to point out that the investigation of the main
branch results in a fault distance and a value of the function
where presented in (20), to each line section. If the fault has occurred
at the main branch, the value of this function at the faulted line
section must be zero. Thus, after investigating all sections, only
one is the possible candidate (the one that presents the lowest
(26) value for the function).
Since the loads impedances were estimated at the prefault IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
data-processing stage, the equivalent impedance matrix is
only a function of the distance and the elements of the fault A. Subtransmission System
admittance matrix, as in
The fault-location system was simulated by using test data
(27) produced by ATP. Several simulations were performed by using
a subtransmission network whose topology is depicted in Fig.
Therefore, the fault-location algorithm consists of estimating 10. This network has a nominal voltage of 138 [kV] and is com-
the distance and the elements of the equivalent impedance ma- posed of a double-circuit main branch that connects terminals
trix that solve (25). To accomplish this task, the fault-location and . Along the main branch, there are five tap points where
algorithm uses the NewtonRaphson method and since there are double-circuit lateral branches are connected. These branches
different equivalent impedance matrices that represent all dif- end at distribution substations to .
ferent fault types and phases involved, there are different solu- The tower and conductors used in the simulation cases are
tions for (25). typical of the 138 [kV] voltage level and are depicted in Fig. 11.
As an example, consider a line-to-ground fault involving The line sections were simulated by using the ATP line constants
phase A. The equivalent impedance matrix is a function of the supporting routine and these sections are composed of 266.8
1424 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010
TABLE II
FAULT-LOCATION RESULTSMEASUREMENTS AT ALL LINE TERMINALS
TABLE III
FAULT-LOCATION RESULTSMEASUREMENTS AT TERMINALS T AND T
TABLE I
SIMULATION DATA
REFERENCES
Giovanni Manassero, Jr. was born in Brazil in 1974. He received the B.Sc., Eduardo Lorenzetti Pellini was born in Brazil in 1975. He received the B.Sc.
M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, and M.Sc. degrees from Universidade de So Paulo (USP), So Paulo, Brazil,
in 1999, 2001, and 2006, respectively. in 2000 and 2005, respectively.
He joined Universidade de So Paulo, Universidade Paulista, and Universi- Since 2000, he has been a Researcher at USP and is responsible for devel-
dade Cruzeiro do Sul in 2002, 2006, and 2009, respectively, where he is cur- oping hardware and software solutions for electrical automation, control, and
rently Assistant Professor. His research fields are power systems protection, protection.
modeling, and simulation.
Emlio Csar Neves Rodrigues was born in Brazil in 1963. He received the
Eduardo Cesar Senger was born in Brazil in 1954. He received the B.Sc., B.Sc. degree from Universidade Federal de Uberlndia in 1989 and the M.Sc.
M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from Universidade de So Paulo (USP), So Paulo, degree from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in
Brazil, in 1977, 1983, and 1990, respectively. 2004.
He joined USP in 1978 where he is currently Assistant Professor. His research From 1990 to 1994, he was Project Engineer with Figueiredo FerrazCon-
fields are power systems protection and control. sultoria e Engenharia de Projetos. Since 1994, he has been an Analysis Engineer
with Companhia de Transmisso de Energia Eltrica Paulista.
Renato Mikio Nakagomi was born in Brazil in 1976. He received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees from Universidade de So Paulo (USP), So Paulo, Brazil,
in 2000 and 2006, respectively.
Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul,
where he has been since 2005. He has been a Researcher with USP since 2002.
His research fields are power systems protection, modeling, and simulation.