PrimarySources

Books

TheNewFeministMovement.
Carden,MarenLockwood. NewYork:RussellSageFoundation,1974.Print.

MarenLockwoodCarden'snonfictionnovelonsecondwavefeminism,writtenitselfinthepeakofthe
movementin1974,provideduswithinsightintonotonlyhowflightattendantswereinvolvedinthe
movement,butalsogeneralinformationonsecondwavefeminism.Weusedaquotefromthisbook's
introductiononourpageabouthowfemaleflightattendantsexchangedobjectificationfortheempowerment
necessaryforotherwomentostandupfortheirownrights.Itshowshoweventhoughmanydidn'ttake
feministsseriously,feministsprovedthattheircausewasnotjustafad,butarevolution.

SexObjectsintheSky:APersonalAccountoftheStewardess
Kane,Paula,andChristopherChandler.
Rebellion
.Chicago:FollettPub.,1974.Print.

Thisbook,writtenbyaformerflightattendant,providednotonlyexcellentbackground,butalsovital
insightintowhatitisliketoactuallyexperiencebeingaflightattendantduringthisdilemma,beingtreated
likeanobject,andsufferingthroughdiscriminatorysexismonadailybasis.Thisbookalsofeaturesquotes
fromotherflightattendantsthatKaneknew,withopinionsvaryingfrombeingmorallyopposedtotheir
treatmenttoactuallyenjoyingthelifestyle.Italsohelpedusexploretheothersideoftheargumentto
balanceourresearch.Thisbookwasparticularlyusefulbecauseitshowedaflightattendantspointofview
afterwitnessingthewholerevolution,enhancingourprojectssociallens.

Nielsen,GeorgiaPanter.FromSkyGirltoFlightAttendant:WomenandtheMakingofaUnion.Ithaca,NY:
ILR,1982.Print.
Thisbookwasextremelyhelpfulingettinginformationaboutflightattendantsandthemakingoftheir
union.Wequotedthisbookmultipletimesinourmoretechnicalargumentstohelpreadersviewourproject
throughaneconomiclens.Quotesusedfromthisbookshowedgrowingprogressoffeminisminthe
workforceandhowunionizingaidedtheirfight.Thisbookalsoprovidedapictureofaflightattendant
checkingthatshemetallofherstandardsinamirror.Weusedthisintheslideshowonthethesispage.

MyLifeontheRoad.
Steinem,Gloria. N.p.:RandomHouse,2015.Print.

ReadingabouttheflightattendantsstrugglesfromGloriaSteinemspointofviewgaveusinsightthat
nootherbookcouldhave.Asoneofthemostprominentfeministsofhertime,Gloriawitnessedthe
movementfromtheoutside,andherknowledgeofhowgreatlyfeminismasawholewasaffectedbythe
flightattendantswasmadeapparentthroughthetoneofherwriting.Quotesfromthisbookhelpthereader
understandhowthepublicviewedtheflightattendantsandtheirstruggleforequality.

Collections

StewardessesforWomen'sRightsCollection
StewardessesforWomen'sRights. .N.d.Acollectionof
documentspertainingtostewardesses'fightforequality.NewYorkUniversity,TheTamimentLibrary
andRogerF.WagnerLaborArchives,NewYorkCity.
Weinitiallycouldnotgainaccesstothismassofinformationbecausethecollectionwasonsiteat
NYU'sTamimentLibraryandRogerF.WagnerLaborArchivesandwasnotaccessibleonline.However,
whenourgroupmemberKateMcKernanflewtoNewYorkCityoverspringbreak,weweredelightedtobe
abletoaccesstheboxesandalloftheinformationtheycontained.Shetookpicturesofallofthedocuments,
photos,textiles,andothermaterialsinthecollectionsothatwecouldreviewthemasagroupwhenshe
returned.Weusedmanynewspaperheadlinestoshowthestewardess'impactinthemediaatthetime.In
addition,wefoundquotesfromnewspaperarticlesandapamphletthatwefeaturedintheUnparalleled
Opportunitiessection.Also,wefoundmanyairlineissuedguidelinesthatgavetherestrictionsonweight,
age,maritalstatus,andappearancethatwefeaturedinaslideshowonourbackgroundpage.

Interviews

Bianchi,Judi."JudiBianchi."Personalinterview.29Nov.2015.

WebecameintouchwithJudiBianchi,aTWAflightattendantin1964,throughpreexisting
connections.Ms.Bianchiwasastewardessbeforethesexualdiscriminationandobjectificationwasatits
worst,whichwasmainlyduringthe1970's.Nevertheless,shestillwasheldtoweightandmarriage
regulations,andexperiencedseveralcasesofsexismduringhercareerasaflightattendant.WeaskedMs.
Bianchimanyquestionsaboutwhatitwasliketoworkasastewardessandhowshefeltaboutthe
objectificationthatoccurredaftersheretired.Wefounditveryinterestingthateventhoughsheknewwhat
theairlinesweredoingwaswrong,shelovedeveryminuteofthejobanddidn'tregretathing.Shehelpedus
understandhowbeingaflightattendantwasagreatopportunityforwomenatthetime,sexismandall,
whichbalancedourresearchfurther.Weusedherquotesmainlyinthecounterargumenttoacknowledge
theothersideoftheargument.

Casne,Martha."MarthaCasne,PresidentofRetireeAssociationofFlightAttendants."Emailinterview.3
Jan.2016.
WegotaninterviewwithMarthaCasne,PresidentoftheRetireeAssociationofFlightAttendants,by
emailingtheorganizationandaskingifanyonewaswillingtogetintouchwithus.Amazingly,wewereable
todirectlycontactMs.Casne,thepresidentoftheassociation.Sheansweredquestionsontheregulations
imposedonflightattendants,theeffectsoftheirunionizationandfightagainstworkplacesexism,andhow
theirencounterswithwomenchangedthewaythosewomenthoughtofthemselvesandtheirroleinthe
workforce.Sheemphasizedthattheopportunitiesthatwomenhadbybeingflightattendantsoutweighedthe
sexismtheyenduredandwasworththerewardofbeingabletotravelfreely.Lastly,wefeaturedaquoteon
ourargumenttitledExchangingEmpowermentsayinghowflightattendantshelpedmakesenseofwomens
movementintotheworkforce.

Dietz,Courtney."WhatIt'sReallyLiketoBeaHooter'sWaitress."InterviewbyCherylWischhover.
Cosmopolitan
.CosmopolitanMagazine,4Sept.2015.Web.2Jan.2016.
WeusedthisinterviewinthecounterargumentoftheBFOQdefense.Becauseofitssignificancein
thecontextofBonaFideOccupationalQualifications,wedecidedtouseHootersrestaurantasanexample
ofwheretheBFOQdefenseactuallyapplies.Itwasagoodwaytoshowhowitworkedandwecould
compareitwiththecaseoftheflightattendantstoprovehowtheBFOQdefensedidnotapplytothem.
CourtneyDietz,aHooterswaitress,wasinterviewedontheregulationsenforcedatHootersandhowthey
arelegal.Consequently,weusedquotesinthesectionaboutHooterstoshowthatthedefenseis
applicable.

Friend,Patricia."PatriciaFriend:FormerPresidentoftheAssociationofFlightAttendants."Email
interview.10Jan.2016.
WewereveryluckytogetaninterviewwiththeformerpresidentoftheAssociationofFlight
Attendants,Ms.PatriciaFriend,byemailingthesameassociationMs.Casneisassociatedwith,theRetiree
AssociationofFlightAttendants.Shepromptlyrespondedandwewereabletoconductathoroughemail
interview.TheAssociationofFlightAttendants(AFA)isthefirstandlargestflightattendantunioninthe
historyofthecareer.Thewomeninthisunionweretheonesresponsibleformakingallthechangeswe
discuss.WediscussedmanytopicswithMs.Friend,suchastheregulationsimposedonflightattendants
andhowherunionreactedtothem,howherunionchangedthoserules,andhowtheyempoweredother
womenandthemselves.Wefeaturedquotesfromthisinterviewalloverourprojecttosupportouropinions.

MAKERS
Makers."InterviewwithDustyRoads." .Makers,2012.Web.07Jan.2016.
DustyRoads,aformerflightattendant,washeavilyinvolvedwiththeoverrulingofmanyofthesexist
regulationsagainstflightattendants.Thisvideobluntlybuteffectivelyintroducesthesexismfacedbyflight
attendantsonadailybasisandtheobjectificationtheyendured.ToseemoreaboutDustyRoads,read
aboutherintheannotationforourpersonalinterviewwithher.

Nichols,Sara."SaraNichols,FormerTWAFlightAttendant."Telephoneinterview.3Jan.2016.
WewereabletoconnectwithMs.Nichols,whowasaTWAstewardessthroughtheheatofthe
sexualdiscriminationcarriedoutbytheairlines,throughpreexistingconnections.OurinterviewwithMs.
Nichols,anavidDemocratandfeminist,almostperfectlycontrastedourinterviewwithMs.Bianchi.While
Ms.Bianchithoughttheruleswereasmallsacrificetobeapartofawonderfulcareer,Ms.Nicholsbelieved
theyweresimplyawful.Sheremarkedthatshehatedthempassionately,asdideverystewardesssheknew.
Shewasinvolvedwithgettingtheserulesthrownoutandexchangingideasoffeminismtowomenallover
theworld.Wefeaturedquotesfromthisinterviewonourthesispage,onourargumentabouthowflight
attendantsexploredfemaleunionization,andourargumentonhowtheyexchangedempowerment.

Hannah,EmployeeofGloriaSteinem."InterviewwithEmployeeofGloriaSteinem."Emailinterview.3
Feb.2016.
OurgroupdecidedtoemailtheofficeofGloriaSteinem,famedAmericanfeminist,journalist,and
activist,becauseafterreadingherlatestmemoir,wefoundthatshehadstrongbeliefsandtiestosecond
wavefeminismandwasveryknowledgeableontheflightattendantsandtheirrolesinthemovement.We
wereabletocontactHannah,awomanemployedbyMs.Steinem,throughherwebsite,andsoonbecame
intouchwithher.Sheansweredourquestionsonthetopic,whichwefeaturedthroughoutourwebsite.We
usedaquoteontheeffectsoftherequirementsonourbackgroundpageandonourRedefiningtheWorking
WomanandExchangingEmpowermentarguments.Lastly,weusedonequoteontheEncountersectionon
ourthemepageandfeaturedtwoonourInterviewspage.

Roads,Barbara"Dusty",andElaineRock."InterviewwithBarbara"Dusty"RoadsandHerBiographer,
ElaineRock."Telephoneinterview.12Jan.2016.
OurinterviewwithBarbara"Dusty"RoadsandElaineRock,herbiographer,wasdefinitelyourbest
interview.Wewereabletoarrangeatelephoneinterviewwithherbycontactingherthroughherbiographer,
Ms.Rock.WetalkedwithMs.RoadsandMs.Rocksimultaneouslysotheycouldaddtoeachother'sideas
andopinions.Wediscussedalltopicsthatweincludedinourprojectfromunionizationandfightingwiththe
EEOC,totherootsofsecondwavefeminism,andhowtoembraceyourfemininityandstillbeafeminist.We
foundthisentireinterviewveryinterestingandhelpfultoourargument,sowedisplayedthetranscriptonour
Interviewspage.

MagazineandNewspaperArticles

Johnson,CarlaK."TheRighttoFlight:FormerStewardessFlyingHighAfterSexBiasSuitGroundsAirline
SpokaneChronicle
Policy." GoogleNews
[Spokane]18May1988:B1+. .Spokane
Chronicle.Web.7Feb.2016.

Weusedapicturefromthisnewspaperarticleonourbackgroundpagetoreflecthowtheairline
officials,usuallymen,sawtheflightattendants.Theyviewedthemasobjects,beingauctionedofftheflights
aswives,andshowshowmuchtheairlinesobjectifiedthewomen.

LifeMagazine
LifeMagazine."AirHostesses:ACovetedCareer." 25Aug.1958:n.pag.Web.20Dec.
2015.
Weusedthismagazinearticlemainlyforreference,butwealsousedthecoverofthearticleonthe
RedefiningtheWorkingWomanpagetoshowhowstewardesseswereseenasaniconoffemininityinthe
media.Thisarticleprovedhowstewardesseswereviewedasthemostelitefemaleworkersinthecountry.
Consequently,whentheflightattendantsbegantoopposethesexismtheyfacedonadailybasis,theywere
basicallydemonstratingthatwomenshouldaspiretobesomeonethatstandsupfortheirownrights.This
encounterwiththemediaplayedamajorroleinflightattendantsexchangingtheideathatwomenaremore
thansimpleobjectsofattraction.

Moles,ElizabethR.,andNormanL.Friedman."TheAirlineHostess:RealitiesofanOccupationWitha
JPopularCultureTheJournalofPopularCulture
PopularCulturalImage." VII.2(1973):
30513.Web.

Thismagazinewasnotonlyanotherexampleofhowpopularstewardesseswereinthemedia,butit
alsoanalyzedtheirrepresentationinthemedia.Itprovidedinvaluablestatisticstakenfromastudy
TheJournalofPopularCulture
conductedby thatshoweddemographicsofflightattendants,theirplansfor
thefuture,theirfeelingsaboutthejob,andmuchmore.Additionally,itwaswrittenfromthepointofviewof
someonewhoisinfavorofwhatthestewardessesweredoing,soitwasevenmorehelpfulindeveloping
ourarguments.Wefeaturedtheseinvaluablestatisticsthroughoutourprojecttosupportourargumentswith
facts.

Photographs

BraniffAir
BraniffAirlines. .1969.BraniffCollection,UniversityofTexasatDallas,Dallas.
ThisphotographwasintheexhibitthatwevisitedattheSmithsonian'sNationalAirandSpace
Museumaboutthehistoryofflightattendants.ItshowstheoutfitswornbyBraniffAirlinesflightattendantsin
1968.Consistentwithsimilarfashionsforflightattendantsatthetime,thehemlineswereskyhigh,andvery
demeaningtotheflightattendantandfemalegenderasawhole.Weusedthispictureinaslideshowonour
backgroundpage,FlightBeforeFeminism,toshowhowobjectifyingtheuniformswornbyflightattendants
were.

Cade,Cathy."UnionWomen'sAlliancetoGainEquality(19711982)"1974.InstituteforResearchonLabor
andEmployment,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.PhotographyExhibitsIRLE
Library.Web.08Jan.2016.
Thisphotographshowsagroupof300stewardessesprotestingTWAsrefusaltonegotiatewiththe
stewardessunions.Photographslikethisoneareextremelyhelpfulbecausetheyshowhowthe
stewardessestookastand.Itclearlydepictstheiractivisminaction.Thistypeofvisualevidenceis
invaluableandgoesalongwaytoprovingourthesis.

ContinentalandUnitedFlightAttendants.2011.AssociationofFlightAttendants.MeetandGreetfor
ContinentalandUnitedFlightAttendants.Web.09Jan.2016.
ThispicturewasusedinourExplore,Encounter,andExchangepageasanexampleoftodaysflight
attendantsandtoshowhowtheyandtheirpublicperceptionhaveevolvedandchangedsomuchoverthe
yearsthroughtheirfightagainsttheirobjectification.Flightattendantstodayareadiversegroupofbothmen
andwomenwhoareperceivedascompetentandconcernedforyoursafety.

TWAFlightAttendants
Garai,Bert. ABCNews
.1946.KansasCity. .Web.29Nov.2015.
Thispictureshowsflightattendantsliningup,sittingonawallaftergraduatingfromtheirTWAAirline
hostesstrainingin1946.Atthistime,thejobwasstillrespectable,withlowerhemlinesandflightattendants
recognizedassafetyofficialsratherthanobjects.Weusedthispictureinourintroductionpagebecauseit
waswelltaken,unbiased,andnicelookingpicturetostartourprojectwith.

JudiBianchi,TWAAirlines.Personalphotographbyauthor.1964.
ThisisaphotographofformerTWAstewardessJudiBianchi.Shewasaflightattendantbeforethe
sexualizationandobjectificationwasatitsworst.

PhotosofFlightAttendantUniforms,Smithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseum.Personalphotograph
byauthor.2015.
ThisisapersonalphotothatSophiatookattheSmithsonianNationalAirandSpaceMuseumof
actualuniformsthatflightattendantsworeduringthelate60'sand70's.Theyweredonatedtothemuseum
byvariousairlines.Itisonethingtoseephotosoftheflightattendantsintheiruniforms,buttoseethe
uniformsandhowinhumanelysmalltheywerewasahorrifyingexperienceforus.Thepressuretofitinto
theseuniformsmusthavebeenunrealandsodebilitatingthatitwouldlimitawomanfromreachingherfull
potential.Weputthisintheslideshowofflightattendantuniformsonthebackgroundpage.

UnitedAirlinesStewardess1968.
UnitedAirlines. 1968.Smithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseum,
WashingtonD.C.
ThiswasanotherphotofromtheSmithsonianNationalAirandSpaceMuseum.ThisphotoofUnited
Airlinesflightattendants,withshortdressesandsuggestiveposes,furtherprovedthatairlineswereusing
theirflightattendantsasobjectstosellseatsandattractmentotheirbusinesses.Thiswasalsoaphotothat
weincludedonourslideshowofflightattendants'outfitsonourbackgroundpage.

FrancesWilson
Wilson,Frances. .N.d.PersonalPhotograph,n.p.
WeusedthispersonalphotographofFrancesWilson,acurrentflightattendant,toputina
slideshowofourinterviewees.Italsoshowedhowtheuniformsofflightattendantshaveevolvedthroughthe
years.

Publications

TheEconomicsDaily
BureauofLaborStatistics,U.S.DepartmentofLabor, ,Womeninthelaborforce,
19702009ontheInternet
Thispublicationwasusedinourargumentthatflightattendantsexchangedtheideathatwomencan
unionizeandfightamisogynisticsocietytogether.Thepublicationisananalysisofwomeninthelaborforce
ofage16andover.Notsurprisingly,itdemonstrateshowthenumberofwomeninthelaborforcehasbeen
steadilyincreasingsince1970.WeusedthisgraphonourargumentRedefiningtheWorkingWomanto
showhowthey,alongwithotherfeministparties,inspiredwomentojointheworkforceasthenewly
redefinedprofessionalworkingwoman.

Reports

ReportoftheAPATaskForceontheSexualizationofGirls.
APATaskForce. Rep.WashingtonD.C.:
AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2010.Web.3Jan.2016.

Thisreportonthesexualizationofgirlswasaprimarysource,notforourtopicdirectly,butforprimary
statisticsonthephysicalandemotionaleffectsofsexualizinggirlsfromayoungage.Wefirstuseditinour
rebuttaltothecounterargumentUnparalleledOpportunities.Thequoteprovedthatwhilebeingaflight
attendantmayhaveseemedlikeagoodopportunityatthetime,thesideeffectsthatcamealongwithit
outweighedthegloryofaglamorouslife.

Videos

TheAirStrip Youtube.
.Prod.Braniff.Perf.BraniffInternational.N.d. BraniffIntl.Web.8Dec.2015.

ThisvideoisavintagecommercialfromBraniffAirlinesfeaturingtheirworldfamous"AirStrip."This
onflightentertainmentconsistedofflightattendantsbeginningtheflightinmanylayers.Theattendantthen
slowlybutsurelyremovedallofherclothingoverthedurationoftheflight,similartosomesortofstripshow.
ThiswasthepeakofBraniffAirlines'objectificationofwomen,withtheirflightattendantsbasicallybeing
inflightstrippers.Whatonceusedtobearespectedpositionfornursesandsafetyofficialshadturnedintoa
jobforasexobject.Wepostedthisvideoonourbackgroundpagetoshowthistransitionintheairlines'
attitudetowardflightattendants.

YouTube
Makers."DustyRoads:StewardessWhoFoughtBack." .YouTube,12Aug.2012.Web.07Jan.
2016.
Inthisvideo,DustyRoadsintroducesthewaysinwhichfemaleflightattendantsrealizedthatthe
discriminationandsexismtheyfacedsoregularlyshouldnotbetolerated.Sheexplainshowtheywentto
courtwiththehelpofSenatorMarthaGriffithsandwontheirrights.Wealsoputthisvideoonourthesispage
becausewethoughtitwasagreatwaytointroduceourargument.Itreallyhighlightshowwomenbattleda
misogynisticsocietyandwon.

RememberWhatItWasLikeBeforeSouthwestAirlines?
Perf.SouthwestFlightAttendant,Unnamed.
Southwest,1972.Youtube,8July2006.Web.8Dec.2015.
WhilethisadseemssimplytobeaskingwhatitwaslikebeforeSouthwestAirlineswasoperating,itis
notasinnocentasitseems.ItwasawellknownfactthatSouthwestAirlineswasamongtheraciestofall
theairlines.Therealquestiontheadisaskingis,"Rememberwhatitwaslikebeforeyourflightattendant
wasasexobject?"WeplacedthisvideonexttotheBraniffAirlinesadontheFlightBeforeFeminism
backgroundpagetomakeacollageofvintageads.Itmakesthereaderfeeltheinjusticeofbeingawoman
inthe1960sand1970s,constantlybeingdiminishedbythemalegender.

Websites

CondeNastTraveler
Carroll,Laura."13VintagePhotosofFlightAttendantUniformsThroughtheAges." .
N.p.,1Aug.2014.Web.02Jan.2016.
Whilethiswebsiteitselfwasnotprimary,allofthephotosthattheslideshowcontainedwereprimary.
Whatmadethisslideshowdifferentfromtheotherphotosofuniformswesawwasthatithadmultiple
uniformsfromeachdecadeinchronologicalorder.Itwasveryinformativetoseetheminorderbecauseyou
couldeasilyobservethehemlinesgoingupandthedignitygoingdown.Weusedthesephotosinour
slideshowofuniformsonthethesispageandourbackgroundpage.

HubPages
Cole,Peg."MemoriesfromaFormerFlightAttendant." .HubPages,19July2015.Web.09Dec.
2015.

PegCole,aformerflightattendantforBraniffAirlines,madeablogpostaboutherlifeasaflight
attendant.Shereflectsontheweightrequirementsandstoriesofsexualharassmentonboard.Shealso
postedphotosoforiginaldocumentsshereceiveduponbeinghired,suchasatableforrecommended
weightsforone'sheight.Weusedthistableonourbackgroundpagetoshowtheimpossiblestandardsthat
flightattendantswereheldto.

Population
Saenz,Rogelio,andLouwandaEvans."TheChangingDemographyofU.S.FlightAttendants."
ReferenceBureau
.PopulationReferenceBureau,n.d.Web.20Dec.2015.

ThiswebsitehadmanystatisticsfromthePopulationReferenceBureauonthechanging
demographics,suchasraceandgender,offlightattendants.Weusedthesestatisticsinourconclusionto
showhowfarflightattendantshavecomesincethetimewhenallflightattendantsweresingle,thin,flirty
womenthatweretrainedtoseemincapableofstandingupforthemselves.Now,therearemanyracesand
bothmaleandfemaleflightattendantsworkingforeveryairlineintheU.S..