Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Spanish
Specifications
2003 onwards
A Students Guide
to the AQA GCSE
Spanish
Specifications
2003 onwards
Further copies of this booklet are available from:
COPYRIGHT
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications including this Student Guide. However, registered centres for
AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important
exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.
The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales
3644723 and a registered Charity 1073334.
Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ.
The AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board (AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the
Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB).
Kathleen Tattersall, Director General.
Welcome to your help-yourself guide to
the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications
Vocabulary
All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra words,
arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. Weve given you the
meanings too.
Language Tasks
A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/Module, and
how - listening, speaking, reading or writing, with room for your own notes.
Communication Strategies
How to work out the answer even if you dont know all the words! Lots of
useful hints and tips on how to get by without needing a dictionary.
Grammar
Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions
how to make sentences that make sense.
The contents page will tell you where to find the information you need the rest is up to
you!
3
4
CONTENTS
Pages
Vocabulary 7
Communication Strategies 93
Grammar 107
5
6
VOCABULARY
7
RUBRICS AND INSTRUCTIONS
actividad, la activity justifica justify
afirmacin, la statement lee read
anuncio, el anouncement; letra, la letter
advertisement lista, la list
aade add marca, la mark
apropiado appropriate menciona mention
artculo, el article mira look
breve brief noticias, las news
busca look for nmero, el number
cambia change opina give your opinion
casilla(s) correcta(s), correct box(es) opinin, la opinion
las palabra, la word
carta, la letter persona, la person
cierto / falso true / false pide ask
cinta, la tape plano, el plan
compara compare pon en orden put in order
completa complete pon una equis (X) put an X
contesta answer pon una seal (!) put a tick
conversacin, la conversation posibilidad, la possibility
corresponder to correspond pregunta ask
da give prepara prepare
decide decide razn, la reason
describe describe reaccin, la reaction
descripcin, la description rellena fill in
detalle, el detail respuesta, la reply
dibuja draw segn la informacin according to the
dibujo, el drawing information
diferencia, la difference seal, la tick
disea design sigue continue
ejemplo, por __ example, for __ siguiente following
empareja match subraya underline
encuentra find sugiere suggest
entrevista, la interview tabla, la table
escribe write verdad / mentira / true / false /
escoge choose no se sabe not known
escucha listen te toca a ti it's your turn
espacio (en blanco), (blank) space
el
estudia study
explica explain
ficha, la (index) card
formulario, el form
frase, la phrase; sentence
graba record
habla speak
haz do
he aqu here you have
imagina imagine
incluye include
indica indicate
__ con una equis (X) __with an X
__ con una marca (!)__with a tick
informacin, la information
8
Vocabulary in the Specification by Themes/Modules
GENERAL VOCABULARY hallarse to be situated
abajo (de) under
1 Existential aislado isolated
adentro inside
(a) Existence, non-existence afuera outside
ah there
hay there is; there are all over there
ser to be all there
alrededor (de) around
(b) Presence, absence aqu here
arriba (de) on; over; above
afuera outside centro, en el _ (de) in the middle (of)
aparecer to appear contra against
aqu here debajo (de) under
ausente absent delante (de) in front (of)
desaparecer to disappear dentro (de) inside
estar to be derecha, a la _ (de) to the right (of)
faltar to lack; to be absent detrs (de) behind
pertenecer to belong donde where
presente present en in; on
en/por todas partes everywhere
(c) Availability, non-availability encima (de) on; on top of; above
enfrente (de) opposite
alcanzar to reach; to be entre between
enough exterior, el outside
hacer falta to need; to require extranjero, el abroad
hay there is; there are final, al at the end
necesitar to need fondo, el bottom; back
quedar to be left; to remain fuera (de) outside; except
tener to have izquierda, a la _ (de) to the left (of)
interior, el inside
(d) Occurrence, non-occurrence lado, al __ (de) next to
prximo next
a lo mejor maybe siguiente following
ocurrir to happen sobre on; on top of
pasar to happen
quiz(s) maybe, perhaps (b) Distance
realizar to achieve; to make;
to carry out cerca (de) near
tener lugar to take place cercano nearby
estar a (X) (kil)metros
(e) Demonstration it's (X) (kilo)metres
away
aquel that estar a (X) minutos it's (X) minutes
ese that away
eso that kilmetro, el kilometre
este this lejano far away
esto this lejos (de) far (from)
10
talla, la size fiesta, la festival
tamao, el size fin de semana, el weekend
11
principio, al at the beginning (f) Sequence
semana pasada, la etc. last week
primero - dcimo first - tenth
(d) Length of time antes (de) before
despus (de) after
cunto tiempo hace que ? entonces then
how long ...? finalmente finally
pasar (+ time) to spend luego then
quedarse (+ time) to stay por fin finally
dentro de (diez) within (ten) minutes siguiente following
minutos ltimo last
de from
desde from (g) Imminence
desde hace for
durante during a tiempo in / on time
durar to last; to take al / en un momento in a moment
en (una) hora within / in (one) hour apenas scarcely; as
hace it's been soon as
hasta until en seguida straight away
mucho tiempo a long time pronto soon
ocho das eight days; a week tarde late
quince das fortnight temprano early
rato, un a while ya already
12
empezar to begin; to start santo,el Saint's day
final, el end vida, la life
hasta until viejo old
llevar (+ time) + to do sth. for
gerund (+ length of time) (c) Appearance
parar to stop
ponerse a + infin to start to aspecto, el look; appearance
seguir to continue bello beautiful
terminar to finish bonito pretty
castao chestnut; brown
(k) Change and permanence feo ugly
guapo good-looking
acabar de + infin to have just (done) horrible horrible
cambiar to change igual like; equal; the
encontrarse to meet; to find same
oneself limpio clean
hacerse to become moreno dark-coloured;
ponerse to become brown
quedar(se) to stay; to remain plido pale
volverse to become parecer to seem
parecerse a to look like
4 Qualities and Characteristics parecido looks like
roto broken
(a) Size rubio blond
sucio dirty
alto tall; high tpico typical
bajo short; low tranquilo calm; peaceful;
grande big; large quiet
mediano medium; average
pequeo small; little (d) Quantity
profundo deep
Cardinal numbers: 0 - 1.000.000
(b) Age bolsa, la bag
bote, un can; pot; jar
Cuntos aos tiene(s)How old are you / botella, una bottle
/ cumple(s)? today? cada each
tener __ aos to be __ years old caja, la box
adolescente adolescent cantidad, la quantity
adulto adult cartn, el carton
antiguo old; ancient; former cuarto, un quarter
anciano old doble double
beb, el baby docena, una dozen
cumpleaos, el birthday exactamente exactly
cumplir to have a birthday gramos grammes
edad, la age kilo, el kilo
joven young lata, una tin
joven, el young person litro, el litre
mayor elder loncha, una slice
menor younger mximo, el maximum
moderno modern mayora, la majority
morir to die medio half
muchacho, el lad mnimo, el minimum
muerto dead mitad, la half
nacer to be born nada nothing
nacimiento, el birth nada ms nothing else
nuevo new paquete, un packet
13
par, el pair pobre poor
parte, la part regular regular; so-so;
pedazo, un piece average
racin, una portion sobresaliente outstanding
solamente only terrible terrible; awful
solo alone nico only; unique
slo only ventaja, la advantage
suficiente enough
tarro, un jar; pot (h) Access
trozo, un piece
abierto open
(e) Shape abrir to open
cerrado closed
cuadrado square cerrar to close
rectangular rectangular completo full
redondo round entrada, la entrance
triangular triangular entrar (en) to enter; to come in
tringulo, el triangle libre available
lleno full
(f) Temperature ocupado occupied; taken
poder to be able; can
calor, el heat prohibido forbidden
caliente hot prohibir to ban; to forbid
caluroso hot; very warm salida, la exit
fresco fresh salir to go out; to leave
fro, el cold vaco empty
grado, el degree
temperatura, la temperature (i) Value
templado mild
tener calor to be (feel) hot Cunto cuesta(n)? How much does it /
tener fro to be (feel) cold do they cost?
tibio lukewarm Cunto vale(n)? How much does it /
do they cost?
(g) Quality Cunto es? How much is it?
barato cheap
bien well caro expensive
bueno good costar to cost
desventaja, la disadvantage deber to owe
especial special econmico cheap; economical
estupendo great; fantastic gratis free (of charge)
excelente excellen gratuito free (of charge)
extraordinario extraordinary libra (esterlina), la pound (sterling)
fantstico great; fantastic peseta, la peseta
fatal awful precio, el price
genial brilliant rich wealthy
ideal ideal
igual similar; (the) same (j) Correctness
importante important
inconveniente, el disadvantage correcto correct
mal badly dar igual to be all the same
malo bad deber + infin to have to; must
mejor better; best estar bien / mal to be well; right/bad;
mejorar to improve incorrect; to suit
necesario necessary equivocarse to make a mistake
peor worse; worst estar equivocado to be wrong, to be
perfecto perfect mistaken
14
falso false pas, el country
mentir to tell a lie Portugal Portugal
mentira, la lie portugus Portuguese
tener razn to be right sudamericano South American
Vale! OK
verdad, la truth (l) Facility
verdadero true
ayuda, la help
(k) Nationality ayudar to help
difcil difficult
De dnde eres / es? Where are you xito, el success
from? fcil easy
ser + adjective to be + adjective of fracasar to fail
nationality imposible impossible
ser de + place to be from + place intil useless
vivir to live posible possible
alemn German problema, el problem
Alemania Germany tener xito to be successful
Amrica del Sur South America tratar de + infin to try to
Andaluca Andalusia til useful
andaluz Andalusian
Australia Australia (m) Interest
Austria Austria
Blgica Belgium aburrido boring
britnico British aburrirse to be bored
castellano Castillian aguantar to put up with; to
cataln Catalan bear
Catalua Catalonia animado lively; bustling; busy
Escocia Scotland atencin, la attention
escocs Scot; Scottish callado quiet
Espaa Spain dar igual to be all the same;
espaol Spanish not to matter
Estados Unidos, United States; U.S detestar to detest; to hate
los / EEUU divertido entertaining;
Europa Europe amusing; funny
europeo European emocionante exciting; thrilling
francs French encantar to delight; to love
Francia France favorito favourite
Gales Wales fenomenal great
gals Welsh gustar to like
Galicia Galicia interesante interesting
gallego Galician interesar(se) to be interested
Gran Bretaa Great Britain odiar to hate
Grecia Greece pasarlo bien to have a good time
Inglaterra England popular popular
ingls English preferir to prefer
Irlanda Ireland raro rare; odd; strange
irlands Irish tener ganas to feel like
Italia Italy (de + infin) (doing something)
italiano Italian valer la pena to be worthwhile
latinoamericano Latinamerican
Londres London (n) Emotion
mejicano (mexicano) Mexican
Mjico (Mxico) Mexico actitud, la attitude
nacionalidad, la nationality afortunadamente fortunately
norteamericano Northamerican alegrarse de to be glad
15
alegre cheerful; happy (p) Taste and smell
alegra, la happiness
cansado tired amargo bitter
contento happy dulce sweet
desafortunado unfortunate olor, el smell
enfadado angry picante spicy
enfadarse to get angry rico tasty
estar a favor (de) to be in favour (of) sabor, el taste
estar de acuerdo to agree salado salty
estar en contra (de) to be against
feliz happy (r) Colour
felicidad, la happiness; joy
independiente independent de qu color? what colour?
injusto unfair; unjust amarillo yellow
justo fair; just azul blue
llorar to cry; to weep blanco white
negativo negative claro light
optimista optimistic color, el colour
pesimista pessimistic gris grey
positivo positive marrn brown
rerse to laugh morado purple
sonrerse to smile naranja orange
sorprender to surprise negro black
sorpresa, la surprise oscuro dark
susto, el fear, fright plido pale
tener miedo to be frightened rojo red
tolerante tolerant rosa pink
rosado pink
(n) Strength verde green
violeta violet
dbil weak
durable durable (s) Personal characteristics
duro hard
enrgico forceful; vigorous Cmo se(te) What's your name?
flojo slack llama(s)?
fuerte weak apellido, el surname
suave soft; smooth direccin, la address
estado civil, el marital status
(o) Materials identidad, la identity
nombre, el name
algodn, el cotton seas, las personal details
cermica, la pottery sexo, el sex
cuero,el leather activo active
hierro, el iron agradable pleasant; nice
lana, la wool alegre happy; cheerful
madera, la wood amable kind
oro, el gold capaz able
papel, el paper contento happy
piel, la skin; fur; leather corts polite
plstico, el plastic desagradable unpleasant
plata, la silver elegante elegant
plomo, el lead famoso famous
seda, la silk femenino feminine
tela, la fabric; material gracioso funny
vidrio, el glass inteligente intelligent
16
ver to see
19
recomendar to recommend
s yes
tocarle a uno to be someone's
turn
seor Mister
seora Mrs.; Madam
seorita Miss
t you
usted(es) you
vosotros you
caballero(s) gentleman /
gentlemen
20
THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD
21
bolera, la bowling alley nadar to swim
boxeo, el boxing natacin, la swimming
campen, el champion novela, la novel
campeonato, el championship ordenador, el computer
campo, el field parque, el park
cancin, la song parque de fairground
cantante, el singer atracciones, el
cantar to sing parque infantil, el playground
cartas, las playing cards parque temtico, el theme park
ciclismo, el cycling participar to take part
cine, el cinema partido, el match
club, el club pasatiempo, el pastime; hobby
club de jvenes, el youthclub pasear to go for a walk
coleccin, la colection patinaje, el skating
concierto, el concert patinar to skate
copa, la cup, trophy patines, los skates
corrida, la bullfight pelcula, la film
deporte, el sport pelota, la ball
deportista sportsperson perder to lose
disco (compacto), el CD pesca, la fishing
discoteca, la disco pescar to fish
entrada la ticket piano, el piano
equipo, el team ping-pong, el ping-pong; table tennis
equipo de msica, el hi-fi system piscina, la swimming pool
equitacin, la horse-riding pista de hielo, la ice rink
espectculo, el show plaza de toros, la bullring
esqu, el ski; skiing polideportivo, el sports centre
esquiar to ski practicar to practise
estadio, el stadium premio, el prize
estreo personal, el walkman programa, el programme
fiesta, la party pblico (adj.) public
flamenco, el flamenco radio, la radio
flauta, la flute ratos libres, los free time
footing, el jogging revista, la magazine
ftbol, el football sala de fiestas, la dance hall; night club
ganar to win serie, la series
gimnasia, la gymnastics socio, el member
gol, el goal teatro, el theatre
grupo, el group tebeo, el comic
guitarra, la guitar televisin, la television
instrumento, el instrument tenis, el tennis
internet, el Internet tiempo libre, el free time
juego, el game tocar to play (an instrument)
Juegos Olmpicos, losOlympic Games torero, el bullfighter
jugador, el player torneo, el tournament
jugar to play toro, el bull
juguete, el toy vela, la sailing
lectura, la reading videoclub, el video shop
lotera, la lottery videojuego, el videogame
marcar to score windsurf, el windsurfing
medalla, la medal zoo, el zoo
miembro, el member
monitor, el monitor 1C Home and Local Environment
monopatn, el skateboard
montar a caballo to ride a horse aeropuerto, el airport
moto, la motorbike afueras, las outskirts
22
aire acondicionado, elair conditioning direccin, la address
alfombra, la carpet discoteca, la disco
alquilado rented domicilio, el address
amueblado furnished dormitorio, el bedroom
aparador, el sideboard ducha, la shower
aparato, el machine; appliance edificio, el building
aparcamiento, el car park; parking ensear to show
rbol, el tree escalera, la stairs
armario, el cupboard; wardrobe escritorio, el desk; study room
aseo, el toilet espejo, el mirror
aspiradora, la vacuum cleaner esquina, la corner
avenida, la avenue estacin, la station
ayuntamiento, el town hall estacin de bus station
balcn, el balcony autobuses, la
barrio, el neighbourhood estacin de service station
biblioteca, la library servicio, la
bloque, el block estanco, el tobacconist's
bosque,el woods estante, el shelf
butaca, la armchair estantera, la shelving
calefaccin (central), (central) heating finca, la property; country house
la flor, la flower
calle, la street fregadero, el sink
cama, la bed frigorfico, el refrigerator
campo, el countryside; field fuente, la fountain
capital, la capital galera (de arte), la (art) gallery
carretera, la road garaje, el garage
casa, la house; home granja, la farm
casa adosada, la semi-detached house habitacin, la room
castillo, el castle habitante, el inhabitant
catedral, la cathedral hierba, la grass
cntrico central histrico historic
centro, el centre hospital, el hospital
centro comercial, el shopping centre iglesia, la church
csped, el lawn industria, la industry
chalet / chal, el bungalow industrial industrial
chimenea, la chimney; fireplace jardn, el garden
clima, el climate lago, el lake
cocina, la kitchen lmpara, la lamp
cocina (de gas), la cooker lavabo, el washbasin
cocina elctrica, la electric cooker lavadora, la washing machine
comedor, el dining-room lavaplatos, el dishwasher
comisara, la police station librera, la bookcase
cmoda, la chest of drawers manta, la blanket
cmodo comfortable mquina, la machine
compartir to share mar, el sea
concurrido crowded mesa, la table
congelador, el freezer montaa, la mountain
correo, el post; mail monumento, el monument
Correos Post Office moqueta, la wall-to-wall carpet
cortina, la curtain mudarse (de casa) to move (house)
costa, la coast muebles, los furniture
cruce, el intersection; museo, el museum
crossroads nevera, la fridge
cuadro, el picture oficina de turismo, la tourist information
cuarto de bao, el bathroom office
desvn, el loft paisaje, el landscape
23
palacio, el palace desayuno, el breakfast
papelera, la waste-paper bin despertador, el alarm clock
pared, la wall despertarse to wake up
pasillo, el corridor diente, el tooth
patio, el patio; yard dormir to sleep
pintado painted dormirse to fall asleep
piso, el floor; flat ducharse to have a shower
planta baja ground floor lavarse to have a wash
playa, la beach levantarse to get up
plaza, la square limpiarse los dientes to brush one's teeth
pster, el poster merendar to have a snack /picnic
precioso beautiful merienda, la snack; picnic
propio own peinarse to comb ones hair
puente, el bridge quitarse to take off (clothes)
puerta, la door vestirse to get dressed
puerto, el port; harbour
radiador, el radiator 1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18)
radio, la radio
Renfe / RENFE Spanish railways agenda, la diary
residencial residential alemn, el German
ro, el river alumno, el pupil
sala de estar, la lounge apagar to turn off; to switch
saln, el lounge off
sierra, la mountain range aprender to learn
silla, la chair aprobar to pass (an exam)
silln, el armchair apuntes, los notes
sof, el sofa arte dramtico, el theatre studies;
stano, el basement drama
suelo, el floor asignatura, la school subject
supermercado, el supermarket asistir to attend; to be
techo, el ceiling; roof present
tejado, el roof aptitud, la aptitude; ability
terraza, la terrace; patio aula (fem.), el classroom
tienda, la shop biologa, la biology
tocador, el dressing table bolgrafo / boli, el biro
turstico tourist (adj.) borrador, el rough copy; board
valle, el valley rubber
ventana, la window campo de deportes, el sports ground
vdeo, el video cancha de (tenis), la (tennis) court
vista, la view cantina, la canteen
zona, la zone carpeta, la folder
cassette (casete), la cassette
1D Daily Routine cassette (casete), el cassette player
ciencias, las science
acostarse to go to bed cinta, la tape
afeitarse to shave clase, la class
almorzar to have lunch cocina, la cookery
almuerzo, el lunch colegio, el school
arreglar to fix; to tidy up comercio, el business studies
arreglarse to tidy oneself up corregir correct
baarse to have a bath cuaderno, el exercise book
cena, la dinner (evening meal) curso, el course; lesson
cenar to dine deberes, los homework
comer to eat; to have lunch despacho, el office
comida, la meal; lunch dibujar to draw
desayunar to have breakfast dibujo, el art
24
diccionario, el dictionary prueba, la test
director, el headteacher qumica, la chemistry
disear to design recreo, el break
educacin fsica, la PE regla, la ruler
ejercicio, el exercise religin, la RE; religion
encender to switch on; to turn on repasar to revise
encuesta, la opinion poll; survey resumen, el summary
ensear to teach rotulador, el felt-tip pen
entrevista, la interview sacapuntas, el pencil-sharpener
escuela, la school sacar buenas/ to have
espaol, el Spanish malas notas good/bad grades
estuche, el pencil case sala de actos, la hall
estudiante, el student ser fuerte en to be good at
estudiar to study subrayar underline
estudios, los studies suspender to fail
tica, la PSE taller, el workshop
examen, el examination teclado, el keyboard
fsica, la physics tecnologa, la technology
francs, el French texto, el text
geografa, la geography tijeras, las scissors
gimnasia, la PE; gymnastics tiza, la chalk
gimnasio, el gymnasium trabajos manuales, handicrafts
goma, la rubber los
guardar to put away tutor, el tutor
historia, la history uniforme, el uniform
idioma, el language vocabulario, el vocabulary
impresora, la printer
informtica, la IT THEME/MODULE 2
ingls, el English
insignia, la badge
HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL
instalaciones, las facilities
instituto, el secondary school 2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way
laboratorio, el laboratory
lpices de colores, coloured pencils aeropuerto, el airport
los andn, el platform
lpiz, el pencil aparcar to park
leccin, la lesson autobs, el bus
lengua, la language autocar, el coach
levantar la mano to put one's hand up autopista, la motorway
libro, el book AVE high speed train
literatura, la literature avin, el airplane
matemticas, las mathematics barco, el boat
mochila, la rucksack billete, el ticket
msica, la music (billete) sencillo, el single (ticket)
nota, la grade; mark (billete) de ida, el single (ticket)
orientacin profesional, careers (billete) de ida y return (ticket)
la vuelta, el
pgina, la page bonobs, el multiple ride ticket
pantalla, la screen carretera, la road
pasar (la) lista to call the register cinturn de seguridad, safety belt
pasillo, el corridor el
patio, el yard coche, el car
pizarra, la blackboard conductor, el driver
presentacin (oral), la (oral) presentation conductor, el motorist
profesor, el secondary school consigna, la left-luggage office
teacher despacho de billetes, ticket office
el
destino, el destination
25
directo direct folleto, el leaflet; brochure
expreso, el fast train foto(grafa), la photo(graph)
(no) fumador (non-) smoking gafas de sol, las sunglasses
informarse to find out gua, el guide
llegada, la arrival gua (turstica), la guidebook
mapa, el map hotel, el hotel
metro, el underground train; intercambio, el exchange
tube lista, la list
moto, la motorbike maleta, la suitcase
parada, la stop mquina de fotos, la camera
parking, el car park Mediterrneo, el Mediterranean Sea
pasajero, el passenger pasaporte, el passport
paso subterrneo, el subway; underpass Pirineos, los Pyrenees
plano, el plan sacar fotos to take photographs
(primera) clase, la (first) class sombra, la shade
rpido, el express train tomar el sol to sunbathe
retraso, el delay turismo, el tourism
revisor, el ticket collector turista, el tourist
sacar to buy (a ticket) turstico tourist (adj.)
sala de espera, la waiting-room vacaciones, las holidays
salida, la departure visita, la visit
semforo, el traffic lights visitar to visit
suplemento, el supplement
taquilla, la ticket office Weather:
Talgo high-speed train
taxi, el taxi cielo, el sky
TER high-speed train estar nublado / to be cloudy / clear
transbordo, el train change despejado
transporte (pblico), (public) transport haber tormenta / to be stormy/
el hielo / niebla icy / foggy
tranva, el tram; local train hacer buen / to be good / bad
tren, el train mal tiempo weather
va, la track hacer calor / fro to be hot / cold
viajero, el traveller hacer sol / viento to be sunny / windy
vuelo, el flight llover to rain
lluvia, la rain
2B Tourism nevar to snow
nieve, la snow
acampar to camp nube, la cloud
acondicionado conditioned pronstico, el forecast
aduana, la customs office tiempo, el weather
baarse to bathe
camping, el campsite 2C Accommodation
caravana, la caravan
climatizado air-conditioned albergue juvenil, el youth hostel
Costa Brava, la Costa Brava alojarse to stay
Costa del Sol, la Costa del Sol aparcar to park
Costa Verde, la Costa Verde apartamento, el apartment; flat
descansar to rest ascensor, el lift
divertirse to have fun balcn, el balcony
DNI identity card bao, el bathroom; bath
documento, el document caravana, la caravan
equipaje, el luggage cepillo (de dientes), eltoothbrush
estar de vacaciones to be on holiday champ, el shampoo
excursin, la excursion; tour; trip desayuno, el breakfast
personalidad, la personality
vehculo, el vehicle
prudente prudent; sensible;
vivienda, la house; housing
careful
seguro de s mismo self-assured
31
4C Education Issues capacitar(se) to qualify; to train
certificado, el certificate; diploma
academia, la academy formacin profesional, training
carrera, la career; university la
course 4E Social Issues, Choices and
castigar to punish Responsibilities
castigo, el punishment
deberes, los duties aceptable acceptable
derechos, los rights alcohol, el alcohol
desobedecer to disobey alcohlico alcoholic
empleo, el job; employment borracho drunk; drunkard
estricto strict cigarrillo, el cigarette
norma, la rule; regulation daar to damage; to harm
obedecer to obey dao, el damage; harm
obligatorio compulsory desempleo, el unemployment
opcin, la option droga, la drug
prctica(s), la(s) training drogarse to take drugs
regla, la regulation emborracharse to get drunk
respetar to respect en forma fit
respeto, el respect en paro unemployed
riguroso harsh; severe fumar to smoke
universidad, la university horroroso horrible; ghastly
humo, el smoke
4D Careers and Future Plans mantener(se) to keep (oneself)
(post age 18) parado unemployed
peligro, el danger
ambicin, la ambition peligroso dangerous
aprendiz, el apprentice salud, la health
aprendizaje, el apprenticeship; saludable healthy
training period sano healthy
calificacin, la qualification; mark tabaco, el tobacco
calificado qualified
32
Additional Vocabulary by Themes/Modules
THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD
1A Self, Family and Friends
33
THEME/MODULE 2 recorrer to travel through /
around
HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL relmpago, el flash of lightning
tostar(se) to get brown
2A Travel, Transport and Finding trueno, el thunder
the Way visitante, el visitor
astronave, la spaceship 2C Accommodation
azafata, la (air) stewardess
calle sin salida, la cul-de-sac agente inmobiliario, el estate agent
camino, el route cama de matrimonio, double bed
camin, el lorry la
camioneta, la van disponible available
carnet de conducir, el driving licence enchufe, el plug; socket
chocar (con) to collide hacer camping to go camping
comprobar to check hospedarse to stay; to lodge
cruce giratorio, el roundabout linterna, la torch
de vuelta back lujo, el luxury
despegar to take off terreno, el piece of land
glorieta, la roundabout
llevar retraso to be delayed 2D Holiday Activities
maleta, la boot (of car)
marear(se) to get (car / sea)
acostumbrar(se) to get used to
sick
disfrutar to enjoy
neumtico, el tyre
echar(se) to lie down
rueda, la wheel
fotografiar to take photographs
TER, el high speed train
gratuito free (of charge)
volante, el steering wheel
inolvidable unforgettable
volar to fly
madrugada, la early morning; dawn
pinturas, las paintings
2B Tourism siglo, el century
sombrilla, la sunshade
acompaante, el escort tender(se) to lie down
aguacero, el shower
Aragn Aragon 2E Services
arena, la sand
Asturias Asturias
algodn, el cotton wool
Atlntico, el Atlantic
cabina telefnica, la phone booth
Baleares, las (Islas) Balearic Islands
cortar(se) to cut (oneself)
broncear(se) to get a sun tan
estar constipado to have a cold
cmara, la camera
estar roto to be broken
Canarias Canaries
golpear(se) to knock oneself
Castilla Castille
hombro, el shoulder
chubasco, el squally shower
insoportable unbearable
Costa de la Luz Costa de la Luz
mueca, la wrist
Costa Dorada Costa Dorada
quemar(se) to burn
Extremadura Extremadura
recuperar(se) to recover
filmar to shoot a film
rodilla, la knee
Galicia Galicia
silla de ruedas, la wheelchair
helar to freeze
sordo deaf
intercambiar to exchange
tobillo, el ankle
ir de vacaciones to go on holiday
torcer(se) to twist; to sprain
mojar(se) to (get) wet
tratamiento, el treatment
murallas, las (city) walls
venda, la bandage
Murcia Murcia
vendar to bandage
nubosidad, la clouds
vomitar to vomit
ocano, el ocean
voz, la voice
Pas Vasco Basque Country
34
THEME/MODULE 3 WORK AND apreciar to appreciate
baln, el ball
LIFESTYLE bandeja, la tray
barra, la bar counter
3A Home Life bola, la ball
cadena, la chain
amueblar to furnish canal, el channel
casero home-made caa de pescar, la fishing rod
cesta, la basket conjunto, el music group
empapelar to paper (walls) deportivo sports (adj.)
espacio, el space entretener(se) to entertain; to amuse
mquina de coser, la sewing machine oneself
nata, la cream entretenido entertaining; amusing
ofrecer to offer fila, la row
pintar to paint frecuentar to frequent
pintura, la paint lanzar to throw
santo holy luna, la moon
santo, el saint papel, el rle
pelota vasca, la pelota
3B Healthy Living riesgo, el risk
TVE, la Spanish Television
apetecer to fancy; to feel like
alimentacin, la food 3E Shopping
alimento, el food
aprovechar(se) to profit; to make afortunado lucky
use of americana, la jacket
ciego blind bragas, las panties
comida preparada, la ready-made food calzoncillos, los underpants
comida basura, la junk food camisa, la shirt
corazn, el heart cazadora, la jacket
daino harmful chaqueta, la jacket
dieta, la diet conjunto, el outfit
estado, el state of health de moda fashionable
farmacutico, el chemist diamante, el diamond
fuerza, la strength gorro, el cap
grasa, la fat; grease IVA, el VAT
ligero light joyera, la jeweller's shop
nocivo harmful letrero, el sign
nutritivo nutritious maquillaje, el make-up
pecho, el chest moda, la fashion
pipa, la pipe pauelo, el handkerchief; scarf
puro, el cigar pijama, el pyjamas
reembolso, el refund
3C Part-time Jobs & Work venta, la sale
Experience
actualmente nowadays
laborable working (adj.)
llevar a cabo to carry out
puesto, el post; job
traducir to translate
3D Leisure
actriz, la actress
amor, el love
35
THEME/MODULE 4 THE hacienda, la farm; property
huerta, la vegetable garden
YOUNG PERSON IN SOCIETY impresionante impressive;
marvellous
4A Character & Personal infeccin, la infection
Relationships inquietar(se) to worry; to get
upset
afable pleasant inundacin, la flood
bondadoso kind lluvia cida, la acid rain
chistoso funny lodo, el mud
compasivo compassionate marea negra, la oil slick
compromiso, el commitment; malgastar to waste
engagement matar to kill
disputa, la argument naturaleza, la nature
enamorado in love oveja, la sheep
enamorar(se) to fall in love palmera, la palm tree
encantador charming parcela, la plot; piece of ground
enfadar(se) to get angry pastor, el shepherd
fastidiar to annoy pato, el duck
humor, de buen __ good-humoured pino, el pine tree
humor, de mal __ ill-tempered pinturas, las paintings
orgullo, el pride pleno full
reconocer to recognize reciclaje, el recycling
relaciones, las relationships reciclar to recycle
sentido comn, el common sense rodear to surround
secar(se) to dry
4B The Environment sendero, el lane; path; track
sequa, la drought
alcance, el reach ternera, la calf; veal
arder to burn tranquilidad, la peace and quiet;
ardiente burning calmness
arrojar to throw; to emit vaca, la cow
belleza, la beauty via, la vineyard
burro, el donkey
cabra, la goat 4C Education
campestre rural
capa de ozono, la ozone layer apoyo, el support
cerdo, el pig dificultad, la difficulty
colina, la hill entregar to hand in
contenedor, el container; bin obligar to force; to compel
cordero, el lamb permiso, el pemission; permit
cuadra, la stables pretexto, el pretext; excuse
cueva, la cave resultado, el result
daoso harmful suspendido failed; suspended
desperdicios, los rubbish; waste
echar to throw 4D Careers and Future Plans (post
energa, la energy age 18)
escondido hidden
extincin, la extinction
casar(se) to get married
fijar to fix; to stick on
cita, la appointment; date
finca, la property; country
ensayar to rehearse; to test
house
fabricar to produce; to
fuego, el fire
manufacture
gallina, la hen
inscribir(se) to register
gallo, el rooster
maquinaria, la machinery
ganso, el goose
universitario university (adj.)
gasleo, el diesel (oil)
veterinario, el veterinary surgeon
36
4E Social Issues, Choices & marina, la the navy
Responsibilities muerte, la death
multa, la fine
abandonar to abandon obispo, el bishop
actualidades, las news pobreza, la poverty
crcel, la jail prensa, la press
cifra, la number; quantity primer ministro, el prime minister
cohabitar to live together reina, la queen
culpa, la guilt; blame responsabilidad, la responsibility
cura, el priest rey, el king
devolver to give back riqueza, la wealth
discurso, el speech robar to steal
ejrcito, el army SIDA, el AIDS
explotar to exploit telediario, el television news
falta, la lack bulletin
guerra, la war tener cuidado to be careful
huelga, la strike testigo, el witness
imponer to impose tratar to treat
informe, el report vigilar to watch over; to be
ladrn, el thief vigilant
libertad, la freedom; liberty violencia callejera, la street violence
37
Vocabulary in the Specification - Alphabetical
A
a to; towards actuar to act; to perform
A cuntos What's the date? adentro inside
estamos? adis good-bye
a eso de la(s) __ around o'clock adolescente adolescent
a fines (de) at the end (of) adnde? where?
a la una at one o'clock aduana, la customs
y / menos cuarto quarter past / to adulto adult
y / menos cinco, five past / to aerobic, el aerobics
etc. aeropuerto, el airport
y media half past afeitarse to shave
a las dos, etc. at two o'clock, etc. aficionado, el fan; amateur
a lo mejor maybe afirmacin, la statement
a mediados (de) in mid afortunadamente fortunately
a medianoche at midnight afuera outside
a medioda at midday afueras, las outskirts
a menudo often agenda, la diary
a mitad de precio half price agosto August
a partir de from agradable pleasant
a pie on foot agresivo aggressive
a principios (de) at the beginning of agua (f.), el water
a qu hora ? at what time ? agua mineral mineral water
a tiempo in / on time con gas fizzy water
a veces sometimes sin gas still water
abajo (de) under aguantar to put up with; to bear
abanico, el fan ah there
abierto open ahora now
abrazo, un hug; with best ahora mismo right now
wishes ahorrar to save
abrigo, el coat aire, el air
abril April aire acondicionado, air-conditioning
abrir to open el
abuelo, el grandfather aislado isolated
aburrido boring ajedrez, el chess
aburrirse to be bored ajo, el garlic
acabar to finish al / en un momento in a moment
acabar de + infin to have just (done al final (de) at the end (of)
something) albail, el bricklayer
academia, la academy albergue juvenil, el youth hostel
acampar to camp alcanzar to reach; to be enough
accidente, el accident alcohol, el alcohol
aceite, el oil alcohlico alcoholic
aceituna, la olive aldea, la village
acento, el accent alegrarse de to be glad
aceptable acceptable alegre happy
aceptar to accept alegra, la happiness
acompaar to accompany alemn German
acondicionado conditioned alemn, el German language
aconsejar to advise Alemania Germany
acordarse to remember alfombra, la carpet
acostarse to go to bed algo something
actitud, la attitude algodn, el cotton
actividad, la activity algunas veces sometimes
activo active alguno some
actor, el actor all over there
actualidad, la present all there
38
almorzar to have lunch
almuerzo, el lunch aprendiz, el apprentice
alojarse to stay aprendizaje, el apprenticeship; training
alquilado rented period
alquilar to rent; to hire aprobar to pass
alrededor (de) around apropiado appropriate
alrededores, los outskirts aptitud, la aptitude; ability
alto high; tall apto suitable
altura, la height apuntes, los notes
alumno, el pupil that
aquel
amable kind
aqu here
amargo bitter
rbol, el tree
amarillo yellow
ambicin, la ambition armario, el cupboard; wardrobe
ambicioso ambitious arreglar to fix; to tidy up
ambiente, el atmosphere arreglarse to tidy oneself up
ambulancia, la ambulance arriba (de) above; on; upstairs
amenazar to threaten arroz, el rice
Amrica del Sur South America arruinar to ruin; to spoil
amigo, el friend arte dramtico, el theatre studies; drama
amistoso friendly artculo, el article
amueblado furnished asado roast
ancho wide ascensor, el lift
anciano old aseo, el toilet
Andaluca Andalusia as thus
andaluz Andalusian asiento, el seat
andando on foot; walking asignatura, la school subject
andar to walk; to work asistir to attend; to be present
(machine) aspecto, el look; appearance
andn, el platform aspiradora, la vacuum cleaner
animado lively; bustling; busy aspirina, la aspirin
animal, el animal atasco, el traffic jam
aadir to add
atencin, la attention
ao, el year
atentamente yours faithfully; yours
Ao Nuevo, el New Year
sincerely
ao pasado, el last year
ao prximo, el next year atento attentive; polite
ao que viene, el next year atletismo, el athletics
ao siguiente, el the following year atravesar to cross
anoche last night atrevido daring; insolent
anteayer day before yesterday atn, el tuna
antes (de) before aula (f.), el classroom
antiguo old; ancient ausente absent
antiptico unpleasant Australia Australia
anuncio, el anouncement; Austria Austria
advertisement autobs, el bus
apagar to turn off; to switch off autocar, el coach
aparador, el sideboard autopista, la motorway
aparato, el machine; appliance AVE, el high speed train
aparcamiento, el car park avenida, la avenue
aparcar to park avin, el airplane
aparecer to appear ayer yesterday
apartamento, el apartment; flat ayuda, la help
apellido, el surname ayudar to help
apenas scarcely; as soon as ayuntamiento, el town hall
aprender to learn azcar (f.), el sugar
aprender (a + infin) to learn (to do sth.) azul blue
39
bolso, el handbag
B bomberos, los fire brigade
bacalao, el cod bombn, el chocolate sweet
bailar to dance bonito pretty
baile, el dance bonobs, el multiple ride ticket
bajar (de) to come down; to get off borracho drunk
bajo low; short borrador, el rough copy
balcn, el balcony borrador, el board rubber
baloncesto, el basketball bosque, el woods
banco, el bank botas, las boots
baador, el swimsuit bote, un can; jar; pot
baarse to have a bath; botella, una bottle
to bathe boxeo, el boxing
bao, el bathroom brazo, el arm
bar, el bar breve brief
barato cheap britnico British
barba, la beard Buen viaje! Have a good trip!
barco, el boat Buena suerte! Good luck!
barra (de pan), la loaf (of bread) buenas noches good night
barrio, el neighbourhood buenas tardes good afternoon; good
Basta! That's enough! evening
bastante enough; quite; bueno good
sufficient(ly) buenos das good morning
bastar to be enough buscar to look for
basura, la rubbish butaca, la armchair
batera, la drums buzn, el letter box
beb, el baby
beber to drink C
bebida, la drink caballero(s) gentleman; gentlemen
beln, el crib caballo, el horse
Blgica Belgium cabeza, la head
bello beautiful cabina, la booth
biblioteca, la bookcase cada each
biblioteca, la library cada (diez) minutos every (ten) minutes
bicicleta / bici, la bicycle/bike caer(se) to fall
bien well caf, el coffee
bienvenido welcome caf, el coffee shop
biftec, el steak cafetera, la cafeteria
bigote, el moustache caja, la box
billar, el billiards caja, la till
billete, el bank note cajero automtico, cash machine
billete, el ticket el
de ida single ticket calamares, los squid
de ida y vuelta return ticket calcetines, los socks
sencillo single ticket calefaccin (central)heating
biologa, la biology (central), la
blanco white caliente hot
bloque, el block calificacin, la qualification; mark
blusa, la blouse calificado qualified
boca, la mouth callado quiet
bocadillo, el sandwich callar(se) to shut up
boda, la wedding calle, la street
bolera, la bowling alley calor, el heat
bolgrafo / boli, el biro caluroso hot; very warm
bolsa, la bag calvo bald
40
cama, la bed castauelas, las castanets
camarero, el waiter castellano Castillian
cambiar to change castigar to punish
cambio, el bureau de change castigo, el punishment
cambio, el change castillo, el castle
caminar to walk cataln Catalan
camiseta, la T-shirt Catalua Catalonia
campaa, la campaign catarro, el cold
campen,el champion catedral, la cathedral
campeonato, el championship causa, la cause
camping, el campsite causar to cause
campo, el countryside cebolla, la onion
campo de deportes, sports ground celebrarse to celebrate; to take place
el celoso jealous
cancha de (tenis), la (tennis) court cena, la dinner
cancin, la song cenar to dine
canguro, de __ babysit (cent)metro, el (centi)metre
cansado tired cntrico central
cantante, el singer centro comercial, el shopping centre
cantar to sing centro, el centre
cantidad, la quantity centro, en el __ (de) middle, in the __ of
cantina, la canteen cepillo (de dientes), (tooth)brush
capacitar(se) to qualify; to train el
capaz able; capable cermica, la pottery
capital, la capital cerca (de) near
cara, la face cercano nearby
carcter, el character cereales, los cereal
caramelo, el boiled sweet cerillas, las matches
caravana, la caravan cerrado closed
carioso affectionate cerrar to close; to shut
Carnaval, el Mardi Gras; Carnival certificado, el certificate
carne, la meat cerveza, la beer
carnicera, la butcher's shop csped, el lawn
caro expensive chalet / chal, el bungalow
carpeta, la folder championes, los mushrooms
carpintero, el carpenter champ, el shampoo
carrera, la career; university chandal, el track suit
course charlar to chat
carretera, la road cheque de viaje, el traveller's cheque
carta, la letter cheque, el cheque
carta, la menu chicle, el chewing gum
cartas, las playing cards chico,el boy
cartelera, la entertainments guide chimenea, la chimney; fireplace
cartero, el postman chocolate, el chocolate
cartn, el carton chorizo, el spicy sausage
casa, la house; home chuleta, la chop
casa adosada, la semi-detached house churros, los fritters
casado married ciclismo, el cycling
casamiento, el wedding cielo, el sky
casi nearly (cien) kilmetros (100) kilometres an hour
casilla(s) correct box(es) por hora
correcta(s), la (s) ciencia - ficcin, la science-fiction
cassette (casete), el cassette player ciencias, las science
cassette (casete), la cassette cierto true
castao chestnut; brown cigarrillo, el cigarette
41
cine, el cinema comprar to buy
cinta, la tape compras, las shopping
cinturn, el belt comprensivo understanding
cinturn de safety belt comprimido, el tablet
seguridad, el Con permiso. Excuse me.
circulacin, la traffic concierto, el concert
ciudad, la city concurrido crowded
claro clear; light concurso, el contest; quiz show
clase, la class conducir to drive; to lead
clsico classic; classical conducta, la conduct; behaviour
cliente, el client conductor, el driver
clima, el climate conductor, el motorist
climatizado air-conditioned conejo, el rabbit
club, el club confianza, la trust
club de jvenes, el youth club confitera, la confectioner's shop
cobarde coward congelador, el freezer
cocacola, la Coca-cola conocer to know; to be acquainted
coche, el car with
cocina (de gas), la (gas) cooker conseguir to achieve; to get
cocina elctrica, la electric cooker consejo, el advice
cocina, la cookery consigna, la left-luggage office
cocina, la kitchen contaminacin, la pollution
cocinar to cook contaminar to contaminate; to pollute
cocinero, el cook contar to count; to tell
coger to take; to catch contento happy
col, la cabbage contestacin, la answer; reply
coleccin, la colection contestar to answer; to reply
colegio, el school continuar to continue
colgar to hang up contra against
coliflor, la cauliflower controlar to control
color, el colour conversacin, la conversation
comedia, la comedy conversar to talk; to chat
comedor, el dining-room copa, la cup; trophy
comenzar to begin; to start copa, la wine glass
comer to eat corbata, la tie
comerciante, el shop-keeper correcto correct; right
comercio, el business studies corregir to correct
comida, la food correo, el post
comida, la lunch correo electrnico, e-mail
comisara, la police station el
como as; like Correos Post Office
cmo? how? correr to run
Cmo est(s)? How are you? correspondencia, la correspondence;post
Cmo se (te) What's your name? corresponder to correspond
llama(s)? corrida, la bullfight
cmoda, la chest of drawers corts polite
cmodo comfortable cortina, la curtain
compaero, el partner; mate corto short
compaa, la company cosa, la thing
comparar to compare costa, la coast
compartir to share Costa Brava, la Costa Brava
completar to complete Costa del Sol, la Costa del Sol
completo full Costa Verde, la Costa Verde
comportamiento, el behaviour costar to cost
comportarse to behave costumbre, la custom
42
creativo creative de dnde? where from?
creer to believe De dnde eres / Where are you from?
crema, la cream es?
cruce, el intersection; de la maana in the morning
crossroads de la noche at night
cruel cruel de la tarde in the afternoon; in the
Cruz Roja, la Red Cross evening
cruzar to cross De nada. Don't mention it. You're
cuaderno, el exercise book welcome.
cuadrado square de nuevo again
cuadro, el picture de parte de ? who's speaking?
cul(es)? which? de prisa quickly
cualidad, la quality de qu color? what colour?
cualquier(a) any de quin? whose?
cuando when de repente suddenly
cundo? when? de terror horror (adj.)
cunto(s)? how much? how many? de vez en cuando from time to time
Cunto cuesta(n)? How much does it / debajo (de) under
do they cost? deber must
Cunto es? How much is it? deber to owe
cunto tiempo how long? deberes, los duties
hace que ? deberes, los homework
Cunto vale(n)? How much does it / dbil weak
do they cost? decidir to decide
Cuntos aos How old are you / dcimo tenth
tiene(s) / today? decir to say
cumple(s)? dedo,el finger
cuarto fourth defecto, el defect
cuarto, un quarter dejar to leave
cuarto de bao, el bathroom dejar de + infin to stop (+ gerund)
cuarto de hora, un quarter of an hour delante (de) in front of
cuchara, la spoon deletrear to spell
cuchillo, el knife delgado slim
cuello, el neck delicioso delicious
cuenta, la bill demasiado too
cuero,el leather dentista, el dentist
cuerpo, el body dentro (de) inside
Cuidado! Watch out! dentro de (diez) within (ten) minutes
cuidadoso careful minutos
cuidar to look after dependiente, el shop assistant
cumpleaos, el birthday deporte, el sport
cumplir to have a birthday deportista sportsperson
curso, el course; lesson derecha, a la __ right, to the __
derecho, todo __ straight ahead
D derechos, los rights
daar to damage; to harm desafortunado unfortunate
dao, el damage; harm; injury desagradable unpleasant
dar to give desaparecer to disappear
dar igual to be all the same, desastre, el disaster
to not matter desastroso disastrous
darse prisa to hurry desayunar to have breakfast
de from; of desayuno, el breakfast
de accin action (adj.) descansar to rest
de acuerdo OK; agreed descolgar to pick up (phone)
de aventura adventure (adj.) describir to describe
43
descripcin, la description disculparse to apologize
descuento, el discount disear to design
desde from; since distinto (de) different (from)
desde hace for divertido entertaining;
desear to wish amusing; funny
desempleo, el unemployment divertirse to have fun
desobedecer to disobey divorciado divorced
desobediente disobedient DNI identity card
desodorante, el deodorant doblar to turn
despacho de ticket office doble double
billetes, el docena, una dozen
despacho, el office documental, el documentary
despacio slowly documento, el document
despedirse to say good-bye doler to hurt
despertador, el alarm clock dolor, el pain; ache
despertarse to wake up domicilio, el address
despus (de) after domingo, el Sunday
destino, con __ a going to __ donde where
destruccin, la destruction dnde? where?
destruir to destroy dormir to sleep
desvn, el loft dormirse to fall asleep
desventaja, la disadvantage dormitorio, el bedroom
detalle, el detail dos veces twice
detener(se) to stop droga, la drug
detestar to detest; to hate drogarse to take drugs
detrs (de) behind droguera, la toiletries shop
da, el day ducha, la shower
Da de Reyes, el Epiphany, 6th of ducharse to have a shower
January dueo, el owner
da festivo, el holiday dulce sweet
dilogo, el dialogue; durable durable
conversation durante during
dibujar to draw durar to last; to take (+ time)
dibujo, el art duro hard
dibujo, el drawing
dibujos animados, cartoons E
los ecologa, la ecology
diccionario, el dictionary ecolgico ecological
diciembre December econmico cheap; economical
diente, el tooth edad, la age
diferencia, la difference edificio, el building
diferente (de) different (from) educacin fsica, la PE; physical education
difcil difficult egosta selfish
Diga! Hello! (on the phone) ejemplo, el example
Dgame! Hello! (on the phone) ejercicio, el exercise
dinero, el money electricista, el electrician
direccin, la address elegante elegant
direccin, la direction emborracharse to get drunk
directo direct emocionante exciting
director, el headteacher empezar to begin; to start
dirigir(se) to go towards; to empleado, el employee
address oneself empleo, el job
disco (compacto), el CD; (compact) disk emprendedor enterprising
discoteca, la disco empresa, la company
disculpa, la apology empujar to push
44
en in; on Escocia Scotland
en (una) hora in (one) hour escoger to choose
en autobs by bus escribir to write
en autocar by coach escritorio, el desk; study room
en avin by plane escuchar to listen
en coche by car escuela, la school
en ese momento at that moment ese that
en forma fit eso that
en metro by underground; by tube espalda, la back
en paro unemployed Espaa Spain
en punto exactly espaol Spanish
en seguida at once; right away espaol, el Spanish language
en tren by train esparadrapo, el sticking plaster
en/por todas partes everywhere especial special
encantado pleased to meet you especialidad, la speciality
encantar to delight; to love espectculo, el show
encargado in charge espejo, el mirror
encender to switch on; to light esperar to wait
encima (de) on; above esposo, el husband
encontrarse to meet; to be situated esqu, el ski; skiing
encuesta, la opinion poll esquiar to ski
enrgico forceful; vigorous esquina, la corner
enero January esta semana this week
enfadado angry estacin de bus / coach station
enfadarse to get angry autobuses, la
enfermedad, la illness estacin de service station
enfermero, el nurse servicio, la
enfermo ill estacin, la station
enfrente (de) opposite estado civil, el marital status
Enhorabuena! Congratulations! estadio, el stadium
ensalada, la salad Estados Unidos, los / United States; U.S.
ensear to show EEUU
ensear to teach Estamos a (dos) It's the (2nd) of __
entender to understand de__
entonces then estanco, el tobacconist's
entrada, la entrance estante, el shelf
entrada, la ticket estantera, la shelving
entrar (en) to enter; to go in estar to be
entre between estar (situado) to be (situated)
entremeses, los starters estar a (X) to be (X) (kilo)metres
entrevista, la interview (kil)metros away
enviar to send estar a (X) minutos to be (X) minutes away
poca, en la ___ de time,at / in the __ of estar a favor (de) to be in favour of
equipaje, el luggage estar bien / fatal / to be well / awful / so-so /
equipo de msica, hi-fi system regular / mal ill
el estar bien / mal to be correct / wrong
equipo, el equipment estar bueno / malo to taste good / bad
equipo, el team estar comunicando to be busy (phone line)
equis, la X estar de acuerdo to agree
equitacin, la horse-riding estar de vacaciones to be on holiday
equivocarse to make a mistake estar en contra (de) to be against
Es el (primero) de __ It's the (1st) of __ estar equivocado to be wrong; to be
es la una it's one o'clock mistaken
escalera, la stairs estar despejado to be clear
escocs Scot; Scottish estar nublado to be cloudy
45
estatura, la height Feliz cumpleaos! Happy birthday!
este this Feliz Navidad! Merry Christmas
este ao / mes this year / month Feliz santo! Happy Saint's day!
este, el east femenino feminine
estreo personal, el walkman fenomenal great; fantastic
estimado dear feo ugly
esto this ferry (ferri), el ferry
estmago, el stomach ficha, la (index) card
estrecho narrow; tight fiebre, la temperature
estrella, la star fiesta, la festival
estricto strict; severe fiesta, la party
estropear to ruin; to spoil; to filete, el steak; escalope
damage fin de semana, el weekend
estuche, el pencil case final, el end
estudiante, el student finalmente finally
estudiar to study finca, la property; farm
estudios, los studies firmar to sign
estupendo great; fantastic fsica, la physics
estpido stupid flamenco, el flamenco
tica, la PSE flan, el crme caramel
Europa Europe flauta, la flute
europeo European flojo slack
evitar to avoid flor, la flower
exactamente exactly folleto, el leaflet; brochure
examen, el examination fondo, el back; bottom
excelente excellent footing, el jogging
excursin, la excursion; tour; trip formacin training
xito, el success profesional, la
experiencia, la experience formal serious; reliable
explicar to explain formulario, el form
expreso, el fast train foto(grafa), la photo(graph)
exterior, el outside fracasar to fail
extranjero, el abroad francs French
extraordinario extraordinary francs, el French language
extrovertido extrovert Francia France
frase, la phrase; sentence
F fregadero, el sink
fbrica, la factory fregar to wash up; to scrub
fcil easy frer to fry
faenas, las chores fresa, la strawberry
falda, la skirt fresco fresh
falso false frigorfico, el refrigerator
faltar to lack; to be absent fro, el cold
familia, la family fruta, la fruit
famoso famous frutera, la greengrocer's shop
fantstico great; fantastic fuente, la fountain
farmacia, la chemist's fuera (de) outside; except
fatal awful fuerte strong
favorito favourite (no) fumador (non) smoking
fax, el fax fumar to smoke
febrero February funcin, la show
fecha, la date funcionar to work (machine)
felicidad, la hapiness; joy ftbol, el football
Felicidades! Congratulations! futuro, el future
feliz happy
46
guitarra, la guitar
G gustar to like
gafas, las glasses; spectacles
gafas de sol, las sunglasses H
galera (de arte), la (art) gallery haber to have (auxiliary)
Gales Wales haber tormenta / to be stormy
gals Welsh hielo / niebla icy / foggy
Galicia Galicia habitacin, la room
gallego Galician habitacin doble, la double room
gambas, las prawns; shrimps habitacin single room
ganar to earn individual, la
ganar to win habitante, el inhabitant
garaje, el garage hablador talkative; chatterbox
garganta, la throat hablar to speak
gasolina (sin plomo), (unleaded) petrol hace (+time) it's been (+ time)
la hacer to make; to do
gastar to spend hacer buen / mal to be good / bad weather
gato, el cat tiempo
gazpacho, el cold soup hacer calor / fro to be hot / cold
gemelo, el twin hacer falta to need; to require
generalmente generally hacer una pregunta to ask
generoso generous hacer sol / viento to be sunny / windy
genial brilliant hacerse to become
gente, la people hacia towards
geografa, la geography hallarse to be situated
gimnasia, la PE; gymnastics hambre, el hunger
gimnasio, el gym(nasium) hamburguesa, la hamburger
gol, el goal hamburguesera, la hamburger restaurant
goloso sweet-toothed; greedy hasta until
goma, la rubber Hasta luego. See you later.
gordo fat Hasta maana See you tomorrow.
gracias thank you hay there is; there are
gracioso funny hay que + infin it is necessary
grado, el degree helado, el ice-cream
gramos grammes herida, la injury; wound
Gran Bretaa Great Britain herido injured
grande big; large hermanastro, el step-brother
grandes almacenes, department store hermano, el brother
los hervir to boil
granja, la farm hielo, el ice
granjero, el farmer hierba, la grass
gratis free hierro, el iron
gratuito free hijo (nico), el (only) child; son
Grecia Greece historia, la history
gripe, la 'flu histrico historic
gris grey hogar, el home
grueso thick; stout hola hello
grupo, el group hombre, el man
guantes, los gloves honrado honest
guapo good-looking hora, la hour
guardar to put away horario, el timetable
gua, el guide horrible horrible
gua (telefnica), la (telephone) book horroroso ghastly
gua (turstica), la guidebook hospital, el hospital
guisantes, los peas hotel, el hotel
47
hoy today irse to go away
huevo, el egg Italia Italy
humo, el smoke italiano Italian
izquierda, a la __ left, to the __
I
ideal ideal J
identidad, la identity jabn, el soap
idioma, el language jams never
iglesia, la church jamn (de york), el cooked ham
igual like; equal; the same jamn serrano, el cured ham
imaginar to imagine jarabe, el cough mixture; linctus
impaciente impatient jardn, el garden
impermeable, el raincoat jefe, el boss
importante important jersey, el jumper; pullover
imposible impossible joven young
impresora, la printer joven, el young person
incendio, el fire jubilado retired
incluir to include judas verdes, las string beans
inconveniente, el disadvantage juego, el game
independiente independent Juegos Olmpicos, Olympic Games
indicar to indicate los
industria, la industry jueves, el Thursday
industrial industrial jugador, el player
informacin, la information jugar to play
informarse to find out juguete, el toy
informtica, la IT julio July
ingeniero, el engineer junio June
Inglaterra England justificar to justify
ingls English justo fair; just
ingls, el English language
injusto unfair; unjust K
inmediatamente immediately kilo, el kilo
insignia, la badge kilmetro, el kilometre
insolacin, la sunstroke
insolente insolent L
instalaciones, las facilities laboral at work
instituto, el secondary school laboratorio, el laboratory
instrumento, el instrument lado, al __ (de) next (to)
inteligente intelligent lago, el lake
intercambio, el exchange lmpara, la lamp
interesante interesting lana, la wool
interesar(se) to be interested lpices de colores, coloured pencils
interior, el inside los
internet, el Internet lpiz, el pencil
introducir to insert largo long
intil useless lata, una tin
invierno, el winter latinoamericano Latinamerican
invitar to invite lavabo, el washbasin
inyeccin, la injection lavadora, la washing machine
ir (a / en ) to go (to/by) lavandera, la laundry
ir a + infinitive to be going to + infinitive lavaplatos, el dishwasher
ir a buscar to fetch lavar to wash
ir con __ to go with __ lavar los platos to wash up
Irlanda Ireland lavarse to wash oneself
irlands Irish leccin, la lesson
48
leche, la milk lunes pasado, el last Monday, etc.
lechuga, la lettuce etc.
lectura, la reading lunes, los etc. (on) Mondays, etc.
leer to read luz, la light
legumbres, las vegetables
lejano distant M
lejos (de) far (from) madera, la wood
lengua, la language madrastra, la stepmother
lentamente slowly madre, la mother
lentes de contacto, contact lenses mal badly; wrong
los mal educado rude
lento slow maleta, la suitcase
letra, la letter malo bad
levantar la mano to put your hand up mam, la mum
levantarse to get up maana tomorrow
libra (esterlina), la pound (sterling) maana, la morning
libre available mandar to send
libre free (of charge) mano, la hand
librera, la bookcase manta, la blanket
librera, la bookshop mantel, el tablecloth
libro, el book mantener(se) to keep
limn, el lemon mantequilla, la butter
limonada, la lemonade manzana, la apple
limpiar to clean mapa, el map
limpiarse los to brush your teeth mquina, la machine
dientes mquina de fotos, la camera
limpio clean mar, el sea
lnea, la line marca, la mark; tick
liso smooth; straight marcar to dial
lista, la list marcar to score
literatura, la literature marcharse to go away
litro, el litre mareado dizzy; sick
llamada, la call mareo, el dizziness; nausea
llamar (por telfono) to phone marido, el husband
llamarse to be called mariscos, los shellfish; seafood
llave, la key marrn brown
llegada, la arrival martes, el Tuesday
llegar (a / de) to arrive (at / from) marzo March
lleno full ms more
llevar to take masculino masculine
llevar (+ time) + to have been doing matemticas, las mathematics
gerund sth. for (+ time) matrimonio, el marriage; married couple
llevarse bien / mal to get on well / mximo, el maximum
con badly with mayo May
llorar to cry mayor elder
llover to rain mayora, la majority
lluvia, la rain me parece it seems to me
loco mad mecnico, el mechanic
loncha, la slice medalla, la medal
Londres London media pensin, la half board
los lunes, etc. Mondays, etc. mediano medium
lotera, la lottery medianoche midnight
luego then medias, las stockings
lugar, el place medicamento, el medicine; drug
lunes, el Monday medicina, la medicine
49
mdico, el doctor morir to die
medida, la measurement moto, la motorbike
medio half muchacho, el lad
medio ambiente, el environment muchas veces many times; often
medioda midday mucho a lot
medir to measure Mucho gusto Pleased to meet you
Mediterrneo, el Mediterranean Sea mucho tiempo a long time
mejicano Mexican mudarse (de casa) to move (house)
(mexicano) muebles, los furniture
Mjico (Mxico) Mexico muela, la tooth; molar
mejor better; best muerto dead
mejorar to improve mujer, la wife
mellizo, el twin mujer, la woman
melocotn, el peach mundo, el world
meln, el melon mueca, la doll
mencionar to mention museo, el museum
menor younger msica, la music
menos less muy very
mentir to tell a lie
mentira, la lie N
mentiroso liar nacer to be born
men, el menu nacimiento, el birth
men del da, el menu of the day nacionalidad, la nationality
mercado, el market nada nothing
merendar to have a snack / picnic nada ms nothing / anything
merienda, la snack; picnic else
merluza, la hake nadar to swim
mermelada, la jam; marmalade nadie nobody
mes, el month naranja orange (colour)
mesa, la table naranja, la orange (fruit)
metro, el metre naranjada, la orangeade
metro, el underground train; tube nariz, la nose
mezquino mean; petty nata, la cream
miembro, el member natacin, la swimming
mientras (que) while Navidad, la Christmas
mientras tanto meanwhile necesario necessary
mircoles, el Wednesday necesitar to need
mnimo, el minimum negativo negative
minuto, el minute negro black
mirar to look nervioso nervous
mismo same nevar to snow
mitad, la half nevera, la fridge
mochila, la rucksack niebla, la fog
moderno modern nieto, el grandson
molestar(se) to bother nieve, la snow
moneda, la coin ninguno none
monedero, el purse nio, el child
monitor, el monitor no no
monopatn, el skateboard noche, la night
montaa, la mountain Nochebuena, la Christmas Eve
montar a caballo to ride a horse Nochevieja, la New Year's Eve
monumento, el monument nombre, el name
moqueta, la wall-to-wall carpet norma, la rule; regulation
morado purple normal normal
moreno dark-coloured normalmente normally
50
norte, el North otro another
norteamericano Northamerican P
nota, la grade; mark paciente patient
noticias, las news padrastro, el step-father
novela, la novel padre, el father
noveno ninth paella, la paella
noviembre November paga, la pocket money
novio, el boyfriend; fianc paga, la wages
nube, la cloud pagar to pay
nuevo new pagar bien / mal to pay well / badly
nmero, el number pgina, la page
Nunca never pas, el country
paisaje, el landscape
O pjaro, el bird
o/u or palabra, la word
obedecer to obey palacio, el palace
obediente obedient plido pale
obligatorio compulsory pan, el bread
obrero, el workman panadera, la bakery
obtener to get pantalla, la screen
ocho das eight days pantaln, el trousers
ocio, el leisure pantaln corto, el shorts
octavo eighth panty, el tights
octubre October pap, el dad
ocupado occupied; taken; busy papel, el paper
ocurrir to happen papel higinico, el toilet paper
odiar to hate papelera, la waste-paper bin
oeste, el west paquete, el packet
oferta, la offer par, el pair
oficina, la office para for
oficina de turismo, tourist information office parada, la stop
la parado unemployed
Oiga! Hey! parador, el state-run hotel
odos, los inner ears paraguas, el umbrella
or to hear parar to stop
Ojo! Watch out! parar(se) to stop
ojo, el eye parecer to seem
Ol! Bravo! Well done! parecerse (a) to look like
oler to smell parecido like; similar
olor, el smell pared, la wall
olvidar to forget pareja, la couple; partner
opcin, la option parientes, los relatives
opinar to think parking, el car park
opinin, la opinion parque, el park
optimista optimistic parque de fairground
ordenador, el computer atracciones, el
oreja, la ear parque infantil, el playground
organizar to organize parque temtico, el theme park
orgulloso proud parte, la part
orientacin careers participar to participate
profesional, la partido, el match
oro, el gold pasado maana day after tomorrow
oscuro dark pasado, el past
otoo, el autumn pasajero, el passenger
otra vez again pasaporte, el passport
51
pasar to happen permitir to allow
pasar (+ time) to spend (time) pero but
pasar (por) to go past, through perrito caliente, el hot-dog
pasar la aspiradora to vacuum perro, el dog
pasar (la) lista to call the register persona, la person
pasarlo bien / mal to have a good / bad time personalidad, la personality
pasatiempo, el pastime pertenecer to belong
pasear to go for a walk pesar to weigh
paseo, dar un __ to go for a walk pesca, la fishing
pasillo, el corridor pescadera, la fishmonger's
paso subterrneo, subway; underpass pescado, el fish
el pescar to fish
pasta de dientes, la toothpaste peseta, la peseta
pastel, el cake; pie pesimista pessimistic
pastelera, la cake shop peso, el weigh
pastilla, la tablet; pill pez, el fish
patata, la potato piano, el piano
patatas fritas, las chips picadura, la sting
patinaje, el skating picante spicy
patinar to skate pie, el foot
patines, los skates piel, la skin; fur; leather
patio, el patio; yard pierna, la leg
peatn, el pedestrian pimienta, la pepper
peatonal pedestrian (adj.) pimiento, el sweet pepper
pecas, las freckles ping-pong, el ping-pong; table tennis
pedazo, un piece pintado painted
pedir to ask pia, la pineapple
pedir permiso to ask permission Pirineos, los Pyrenees
pedir prestado to borrow piscina, la swimming pool
peinarse to comb one's hair piso, el flat
peine, el comb piso, el floor
pelcula, la film pista de hielo, la ice rink
peligro, el danger pizarra, la blackboard
peligroso dangerous planchar to iron
pelirrojo red-haired planeta, el planet
pelo, el hair plano, el plan
pelota, la ball planta baja, la ground floor
peluquera, la hair salon, plstico, el plastic
hairdressers plata, la silver
peluquero, el hairdresser pltano, el banana
pendientes,los earrings platillo, el saucer
pensar to think plato, el dish
pensin completa, full board plato, el plate
la plato combinado, el set meal
pensin, la boarding house playa, la beach
peor worse; worst plaza, la square
pequeo little; small plaza de toros, la bullring
pera, la pear plomo, el lead
perder to lose pobre poor
perdn, el forgiveness; pardon pocas veces few times; seldom
perdonar to forgive poco, un a little
perezoso lazy poder can; to be able
perfecto perfect polica, la police
peridico, el newspaper policaco police (adj.)
periquito, el budgie polideportivo, el sports centre
52
polucin, la pollution procedente (de) coming (from)
pollo, el chicken profesor, el secondary school
poner to put teacher
ponerse to put on profundo deep
ponerse a + infin to begin; to start programa, el programme
popular popular programador, el programmer
por through; by; per prohibido forbidden
por ao, __ da, __ per/a year, per/a day, prohibir to ban; to forbid
noche, etc. per/a night, etc. pronstico, el forecast
por aqu through here pronto soon
por all through there pronto ready
por eso for that reason pronunciar to pronounce
por favor please propina, la tip
por fin at last propio own
por la(s) maana(s) in the morning proteger to protect
por la(s) noche(s) in the evening; at night prximo next
por la(s) tarde(s) in the afternoon / evening prudente prudent; sensible;
por lo general generally careful
por qu? why? prueba, la test
porque because publicidad, la adverts; publicity
Portugal Portugal pblico (adj.) public
portugus Portuguese pueblo, el town
posibilidad, la possibility puente, el bridge
posible possible puerta, la door
positivo positive puerto, el port; harbour
postal, la postcard pues then
pster, el poster
postre, el dessert Q
prctica(s), la(s) training qu? what?
practicar to practise Qu + adjective! How + adj.!
prctico practical Que aproveche! Enjoy your meal!
precio, el price Qu asco! How disgusting!
precioso beautiful Qu bien! Good!; Well done!
preferir to prefer Qu da es hoy? What's the day today?
prefijo, el prefix; telephone code Qu fecha es What's the date (today)?
pregunta, la question (hoy)?
preguntar to ask a question Qu hay? How's things?
premio, el prize Qu hora es? What's the time?
preocupar(se) to worry Qu horror! How dreadful!
preparar to prepare Qu lstima! What a pity!
presentacin (oral), (oral) presentation Que lo pase(s) Have a good time!
la bien!
presentar to introduce Qu pasa? What's the matter?
presente present Qu pena! What a pity!
prestar to lend Qu tal? How are you?
primavera, la spring Qu va! Come on!; Of course not!
primera (clase) first class quedar to be left; to remain
primero first quedarse (+ time) to stay; to remain
primeros auxilios, first aid quehaceres, los household chores
los queja, la complaint
primo, el cousin quejarse to complain
principio, al at the beginning quemadura, la burn
probar to try querer to want
probarse to try on querer decir to mean
problema, el problem querido dear
53
queso, el cheese repetir to repeat
quin? who? reserva, la reservation
qumica, la chemistry reservar to book; to reserve
quince das fortnight resfriado cold
quinto fifth residencial residential
quiosco, el kiosk; stall respetar to respect
quisiera I'd like respeto, el respect
quitar el polvo to dust responder to answer; to reply
quitarse to take off responsable responsible
quiz(s) maybe respuesta, la answer; reply
restaurante, el restaurant
R resumen, el summary
racin, la portion retraso, el delay
radiador, el radiator revisor, el ticket collector
radio, la radio revista, la magazine
ranura, la slot rico tasty
rpidamente quickly rico wealthy
rpido quick riguroso harsh; severe
rpido, el express train ro, el river
raramente rarely rizado curly
raro rare; odd; strange rojo red
rato, un a while romntico romantic
ratn, el mouse romperse to break
ratos libres, los free time ropa, la clothes
reaccin, la reaction rosa pink
realizar to achieve; to make; to rosado pink
carry out roto broken
rebajas, las sales rotulador, el felt-tip pen
recado, el message rubio blond
recepcin, la reception ruido, el noise
recepcionista, el receptionist ruidoso noisy
recibo, el receipt
recoger to collect; to pick up S
recomendar to recommend sbado, el Saturday
recordar to remember saber to know
recreo, el break sabor, el taste
rectangular rectangular sacapuntas, el pencil-sharpener
recto, todo __ straight ahead sacar to get; to take out
recuerdo, el souvenir sacar buenas / to get good / bad
recuerdos, los regards malas notas marks
recurso, el resource sacar fotos to take photos
redondo round saco de dormir, el sleeping bag
regalo, el gift sal, la salt
regin, la region sala de actos, la hall
regla, la regulation sala de espera, la waiting-room
regla, la ruler sala de estar, la lounge
rer(se) to laugh sala de fiestas, la dance hall; night club
regular regular; so-so; average salado salty
religin, la RE; religion salchicha, la sausage
reloj, el watch; clock salchichn, el salami
rellenar to fill in salida, la departure
relleno, el stuffing salida, la exit
Renfe / RENFE Spanish railways salir (a / de) to go out; to leave
repartir to deliver saln, el lounge
repasar to revise salsa, la sauce
54
Salud! Cheers! sexo, el sex
salud, la health sexto sixth
saludable healthy si if
saludos best wishes; regards s yes
salvar to save siempre always
sandalias, las sandals siento, lo __ I'm (so) sorry
sangra, la sangria (mucho)
sano healthy sierra, la mountain range
santo,el Saint's day significar to mean
sardina, la sardine siguiente following
se(p)tiembre September silencio, el silence
secador de pelo, el hair-drier silencioso quiet
seccin, la department silla, la chair
secretario, el secretary silln, el armchair
sed, la thirst simptico nice; pleasant; kind
seda, la silk sin without
seguir to continue sincero sincere
segunda (clase) second class sitio, el place
segundo second sitio, el space; room
seguro de s mismo self-assured sobre on; on top of
selva, la jungle sobresaliente outstanding
sello, el stamp sobrino, el nephew
semforo, el traffic lights socio, el member
semana pasada, la last week, etc. socorrista, el first-aid person;
etc. lifeguard
Semana Santa, la Holy Week; Easter Socorro! Help!
semana, la week sof, el sofa
seal, la tick sol, el sun
seas, las personal details solamente only
sencillo simple soldado, el soldier
seor Mister solo alone
seora Mrs.; Madam slo only
seorita Miss soltero single; unmarried
sensible sensitive sombra, la shade
sentarse to sit down sombrero, el hat
sentido del humor, sense of humour son las dos, etc. it's two o'clock, etc.
el sonar to sound; to ring
sentir to feel sonido, el sound
separado separated sonrer(se) to smile
se(p)tiembre September sopa, la soup
sptimo seventh sorprender to surprise
ser to be sorpresa, la surprise
ser (+ adjective) to be stano, el basement
ser de (+ person) to belong suave smooth; soft
ser de (+ place) to come from subir to go up
ser de (+ material) to be made of subrayar to underline
ser fuerte en to be good at sucio dirty
serie, la series sudamericano Southamerican
serio serious; reliable suelo, el floor
servicio, el service suficiente enough
servicios, los toilets sugerir to suggest
servilleta, la napkin supermercado, el supermarket
servir to serve suplemento, el supplement
sesin, la showing; performance sur, el south
severo severe; strict surtido well stocked
55
suspender to fail tener prisa to be in a hurry
susto, el fright; scare tener razn to be right
tener sed to feel thirsty
T tener sueo to feel sleepy
tabacalera, la tobacconist's tenis, el tennis
tabaco, el tobacco TER, el high-speed train
tabla, la table tercero third
Talgo, el high-speed train terminar to finish
talla, la size terraza, la terrace; patio
taller, el workshop terrible terrible
tamao, el size texto, el text
tambin also tibio lukewarm
tampoco neither tiempo, el time
tan so tiempo, el weather
tanto so much tiempo libre, el free time
tapas, las nibbles; bar snacks tienda, la shop
taquilla, la box office tienda, la tent
taquilla, la ticket office tienda de grocery shop
tarde late comestibles, la
tarde, la afternoon tierra, la earth
tareas, las chores tijeras, las scissors
tarjeta, la card tmido shy
tarjeta de crdito, la credit card to, el uncle
tarro, el jar; pot tpico typical
tarta, la tart tipo, el type
taxi, el taxi tirar to pull
taza, la cup tirar to throw
t, el tea tirita, la plaster
teatro, el theatre tiza, la chalk
tebeo, el comic toalla, la towel
techo, el ceiling; roof tocador, el dressing table
teclado, el keyboard tocar to play (an instrument)
tcnico technical tocar to touch
tcnico, el technician tocarle a uno to be somone's turn
tecnologa, la technology todas las semanas every week
tejado, el roof todava still
tela, la fabric; material todo all
telefonear to phone todo el mundo everyone
telfono (mvil), el (mobile) phone todo el tiempo all the time
telenovela, la soap todos los das / every day / month,
televisin, la television meses etc. etc.
temperatura, la temperature tolerante tolerant
templado mild tomar to take
temprano early tomar el sol to sunbathe
tenedor, el fork tomate, el tomato
tener to have tonto silly
tener __ aos to be __ years old torcer to turn
tener calor to feel hot torero, el bullfighter
tener xito to be successful torneo, el tournament
tener fro to feel cold toro, el bull
tener ganas to feel like (doing torpe clumsy
(de + infin) something) tortilla, (espaola) la (Spanish) omelette
tener hambre to feel hungry tortuga, la tortoise; turtle
tener lugar to take place tostada, la toast
tener miedo to be afraid trabajador hard-working
56
trabajar to act; to perform vaso, el glass
trabajar to work vegetariano vegetarian
trabajos manuales, handicrafts vehculo, el vehicle
los vela, la sailing
tradicin, la tradition vender to sell
tradicional traditional venir to come
traer to bring ventaja, la advantage
trfico, el traffic ventana, la window
Trigame Bring me ver to see
traje de bao, el swimsuit verano, el summer
traje, el suit verdad, la truth
tranquilo calm; peaceful; quiet verdadero true
transbordo, el train change verde green
transporte (pblico), (public) transport verduras, las greens; vegetables
el vestido, el dress
tranva, el tram; local train vestirse to get dressed
tratar de + infin to try to vez, la time
tratar de to be about va, la track
travieso naughty viajar to travel
tren, el train viaje, el journey
triangular triangular viajero, el traveller
tringulo, el triangle vida, la life
triste sad vdeo, el video
trozo, un piece videoclub, el video shop
t you videojuego, el videogame
turismo, el tourism vidrio, el glass
turista, el tourist viejo old
turstico tourist (adj.) viento, el wind
tutor, el tutor Viernes Santo, el Good Friday
viernes, el Friday
U vinagre, el vinegar
ltimo last vino (blanco / tinto), (white / red) wine
una vez ms again; one more time el
nico only; unique violeta violet
uniforme, el uniform visita, la visit
universidad, la university visitar to visit
uno one vista, la sight
urbanizacin, la housing estate vista, la view
urgencias, las emergency service viudo widower
usar to use vivienda, la house; housing
usted(es) you vivir to live
til useful vocabulario, el vocabulary
utilizar to use volver (a / de) to return
uvas, las grapes volver a (+ inf.) to do sth. again
volverse to become
V vosotros you
vacaciones, las holidays vuelo, el flight
vaco empty vuelta, dar una ___ to go for a walk / ride
vainilla, la vanilla
Vale! OK W
valer la pena to be worthwhile windsurf, el windsurfing
valiente brave
valle, el valley Y
vaqueros, los jeans y/e and
varios several ya already
57
yogur, el yoghurt
zapatos, los shoes
Z zona, la zone
zanahoria, la carrot zoo, el zoo
zapatera, la shoe shop zumo (de fruta), el (fruit) juice
zapatillas deportivas, trainers
las
58
Additional Vocabulary - Alphabetical
A C
abandonar to abandon cabina telefnica, la phone booth
acompaante, el escort cabra, la goat
acostumbrar(se) to get used to cadena, la chain
actriz, la actress calentar to warm
actualidades, las news calzoncillos, los underpants
actualmente nowadays calle sin salida cul-de-sac
afable pleasant cama de double bed
afortunado lucky matrimonio, la
agente inmobiliario, estate agent cmara, la camera
el camino, el road
aguacero, el shower camino, el route
alcalde, el mayor camin, el lorry
alcance, el reach camioneta, la van
algodn, el cotton wool camisa, la shirt
alimentacin, la food campestre rural
alimento, el food caa de pescar, la fishing rod
americana, la jacket canal, el channel
amor, el love Canarias Canaries
amueblar to furnish capa de ozono, la ozone layer
apetecer to fancy; to feel like crcel, la jail
apoyo, el support carnet de conducir, driving licence
apreciar to appreciate el
aprovechar(se) to profit; to make use of carrera, la race
Aragn Aragon casar(se) to get married
arder to burn casero home-made
ardiente burning Castilla Castille
arena, la sand cazadora, la jacket
arrojar to throw; to emit cerdo, el pig
astronave, la spaceship cerro, el hill
Asturias Asturias cesta, la basket
Atlntico, el Atlantic chaqueta, la jacket
avanzado advanced chistoso funny
azafata, la (air-) stewardess chocar (con) to collide
azulejos, los ceramic tiles chubasco, el squally shower
ciego blind
B cifra, la number; quantity
baldosas, las floor tiles cita, la appointment; date
Baleares, las (Islas) Balearic Islands cobaya, la guinea-pig
baln, el ball cohabitar to live together
bandeja, la tray coleccionar to collect
barra, la bar counter colina, la hill
belleza, la beauty comida preparada, la ready-made food
bola, la ball comida basura, la junk food
boletn, el school report compasivo compassionate
bondadoso kind comprobar to check
borrar to erase compromiso, el commitment; engagement
bragas, las panties comunidad, la community
broncear(se) to get a sun tan conjunto, el music group
burro, el donkey conjunto, el outfit
59
construir to build enchufe, el plug; socket
contenedor, el container; bin energa, la energy
contraventana, la shutter ensayar to rehearse; to test
corazn, el heart entregar to hand in
cordero, el lamb entrenar(se) to train
cortar(se) to cut (oneself) entretener(se) to entertain; to amuse
coser to sew oneself
Costa de la Luz Costa de la Luz entretenido amusing; entertaining
Costa Dorada Costa Dorada escondido hidden
cristal, el glass; pane espacio, el space
cruce giratorio, el roundabout estado, el state of health
crucigrama, el crossword estar constipado to have a cold
cuadra, la stables estar roto to be broken
cueva, la cave estatua, la statue
culpa, la guilt; blame explotar to exploit
cuado, el brother-in-law extincin, la extinction
cura, el priest extranjero foreign
Extremadura Extremadura
D
daino harmful F
daoso harmful fabricar to produce; to manufacture
dardos, los darts falta, la lack
de moda fashionable farmacutico, el chemist
de vuelta back fastidiar to annoy
deportivo sports (adj.) fijar to fix; to stick on
desnudarse to take one's clothes off fila, la row
despegar to take off filmar to shoot a film
desperdicios, los rubbish; waste fotografiar to take a photograph
destacar to stand out frecuentar to frequent
devolver to give back fuego, el fire
diamante, el diamond fuerza, la strength
dieta, la diet
dificultad, la difficulty G
discurso, el speech gallina, la hen
disfrutar to enjoy gallo, el rooster
disponible available ganso, el goose
disputa, la argument gas, el gas
domin, el dominoes gasleo, el diesel (oil)
glorieta, la roundabout
E golpear(se) to knock oneself
echar to throw gorro, el cap
echar(se) to lie down grabar to record
echarse colonia / to put cologne/perfume grasa, la fat; grease
perfume on guerra, la war
ejrcito, el army
electricidad, la electricity H
electrodomsticos, electrical appliances hacer camping to go camping
los hacienda, la farm; property
embalse, el dam; reservoir helar to freeze
empapelar to paper (the walls) hombro, el shoulder
enamorado in love hospedarse to stay; to lodge
enamorar(se) to fall in love huelga, la strike
encantador charming huerta, la vegetable garden
60
humor, de buen __ good-humoured mueca, la wrist
humor, de mal __ ill-tempered murallas las walls (of city)
Murcia Murcia
I muro, el thick wall
imponer to impose
impresionante impressive; marvellous N
infeccin, la infection naturaleza, la nature
informe, el report nene, el / nena, la small child
inolvidable unforgettable neumtico, el tyre
inquietar(se) to worry; to get upset nivel, el level
inscribir(se) to register nocivo harmful
insoportable unbearable nubosidad, la clouds
intercambiar to exchange nutritivo nutritious
inundacin, la flood
ir de vacaciones to go on holiday O
IVA, el VAT obispo, el bishop
ir tirando to get along; to obligar to force; to compel
manage ocano, el ocean
J ofrecer to offer
joyera, la jeweller's shop orgullo, el pride
oveja, la sheep
L
laborable working (adj.) P
ladrn, el thief Pas Vasco Basque Country
lanzar to throw palmera, la palm tree
letrero, el sign pauelo, el handkerchief; scarf
libertad, la freedom; liberty papel, el rle
ligero light parcela, la plot; piece of ground
linterna, la torch parqu / parquet, el parquet floor
llevar a cabo to carry out paseo, el avenue
llevar retraso to be delayed pastor, el shepherd
lluvia cida, la acid rain pato, el duck
lodo, el mud pecho, el chest
lujo, el luxury pelota vasca, la pelota
luna, la moon permanecer to remain; to stay
permiso, el permission; permit
M persiana, la blinds
madrugada, la early morning; dawn pijama, el pyjamas
madrugar to get up very early pino, el pine tree
maleta, la boot (of car) pintar to paint
malgastar to waste pintarse to put make-up on
manzana, la block (in a city) pintura, la paint
maquillaje, el make-up pinturas, las paintings; graffiti
mquina de coser, sewing machine pipa, la pipe
la piragua, la canoe
maquinaria, la machinery pleno full
marea negra, la oil slick pobreza, la poverty
marina, la the navy ponerse colonia / to put cologne / perfume on
matar to kill perfume
marearse to get (car / sea) sick prensa, la press
moda, la fashion pretexto, el pretext; excuse
mojar(se) to (get) wet primer ministro, el prime minister
muerte, la death privado private
multa, la fine provincia, la province
61
pblico, el public; audience tender(se) to lie down
pueblecito, el tiny town tener cuidado to be careful
puesto, el post; job ternera, la calf; veal
puro, el cigar terreno, el piece of land
testigo, el witness
Q tobillo, el ankle
quemar(se) to burn tocar el timbre to ring the bell
torcer(se) to twist; to sprain
R tostar(se) to get brown
raqueta, la racquet traducir to translate
reciclaje, el recycling tranquilidad, la peace and quiet;
reciclar to recycle calmness
reconocer to recognize trasladar(se) to move
recorrer to travel around / throughtrastero, el storage room
recuperar(se) to recover tratamiento, el treatment
red, la net tratar to treat
reembolso, el refund trueno, el thunder
reina, la queen TVE, la Spanish Television
relaciones, las relationships
relmpago, el flash of lightning U
responsabilidad, la responsibility universitario university (adj.)
resultado, el result
rey, el king V
riesgo, el risk vaca, la cow
riqueza, la wealth valla, la fence
robar to steal vecino, el neighbour
rodear to surround venda, la bandage
rodilla, la knee vendar to bandage
rueda, la wheel venta, la sale
vestbulo, el entrance hall
S vestuarios, los changing rooms
saltar to jump; to skip veterinario, el veterinary surgeon
salto, el jump vigilar to watch over; to be vigilant
santo holy via, la vineyard
santo, el saint violencia callejera, street violence
secar(se) to dry la
sendero, el lane; path violn, el violin
sentido comn, el common sense visitante, el visitor
sequa, la drought volante, el shuttlecock; badminton
ser flojo en to be weak in volante, el steering wheel
SIDA, el AIDS volar to fly
siglo, el century voleibol, el volleyball
silla de ruedas, la wheelchair vomitar to vomit
solitario lonely voz, la voice
sombrilla, la sunshade
sordo deaf
suegro, el father-in-law
suspendido failed; suspended
T
telediario, el television news bulletin
62
LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD
63
LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD
Language Tasks Record - How much can you do?
All the language tasks you will be expected to practise for the examination are set out
on the next few pages.
You will see the tasks have been grouped into Themes/Modules as the following
boxes show.
64
How do I use this Record?
Look at the page headed Theme/Module 1 My World. You will see that this page is
divided into topics and that each topic is divided into separate tasks.
Alongside each task are four boxes, with the headings Listen, Speak, Read, Write.
The boxes are for you to tick whenever you are sure that you can do the task yourself or
understand someone else doing it.
Here is an example of a record which Penny has started to fill in, for Topic 1B Interests
and Hobbies.
Look at the first line. Penny can say what she does at the weekend and in the evening
and she can understand someone else doing the same, so she has ticked the Speak
and Listen boxes on that line. Penny isnt yet sure that she can understand details of
weekend and evening activities when she reads them, so she hasnt ticked the Read
box yet. She isnt able to write down what she does at evenings and weekends yet, so
she hasnt ticked the Write box.
! Listening means that you can understand
other people performing the tasks listed
announcements, instructions, requests and interviews on the tasks listed
monologues, and conversations between two or more people, on the tasks listed.
" Speaking means that you can
carry out the tasks listed, by speaking
take part in a conversation on the topics listed
! Reading means that you can understand
other people communicating appropriate tasks listed, in writing
written material associated with, or on the subject of, the tasks listed.
" Writing means that you can
carry out appropriate tasks in the list in writing
write on the subject of the tasks listed.
As you go through your course, keep your own record of how much you can do, by ticking
the boxes on the next few pages, and by making notes about how well you are doing.
You can also tell where you need a bit more practice by looking to see which boxes are
still blank and reading your notes. Fill in your record every time you are sure of a task
and you will soon see at a glance just how much you can do!
65
Theme/Module 1 My World
66
Theme/Module 1 My World
...........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
67
Theme/Module 1 My World (cont.)
68
Theme/Module 1 My World (cont.)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
69
Theme/Module 1 My World (cont.)
70
Theme/Module 1 My World (cont.)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
71
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel
2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way Listen Speak Read Write
72
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 2B Tourism.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
73
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
74
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
My notes on 2C Accommodation........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
75
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
76
Theme/Module 2 Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
My notes on 2E Services...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
77
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle
78
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
79
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
80
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
81
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
82
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
My notes on 3D Leisure......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
83
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
84
Theme/Module 3 Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
85
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society
86
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
87
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society (cont.)
4D Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) Listen Speak Read Write
working abroad
88
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society (cont.)
My notes on 4C Education..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
89
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society (cont.)
seeking a job
advertisements
90
Theme/Module 4 The Young Person in Society (cont.)
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
91
92
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
How to work out the answer even if you dont know all the
words!
93
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
or How to work out the answer even if you dont know all the words
In your GCSE examination you will sometimes need to understand or use words
which you havent met before. Dont panic! This is where you need communication
strategies or ways of working out the answer even if you dont know all the words.
The next few pages give you plenty of tips. Use these and your common sense and
you will find life much easier.
To help you pick out the information you really need to know so that you can answer
the question
To answer this you need to watch out only for words for colours and clothes. You can
ignore the rest of the sentence, because you dont need the other words to answer this
question.
94
Asking for an overall impression:
When the question asks you to sum up what you have heard or read, or give an
overall impression, you will probably need to gather clues from different places in the
text. In this kind of question it is very important not to make snap judgements from
just one or two words you need to read or listen right through to the end before
your decide on your answer.
For example
Although he didnt have much money, Jim always tried to help other
people. Jim was small and thin and his clothes were old but he would
rather give a few pence to charity than spend money on himself.
To answer this, you need to watch out for the words which tell you about the kinds of
things Jim did. The question isnt asking you what Jim looked like, so you can ignore
the words which tell you about his appearance and concentrate on the ones which tell
you how he behaved.
The man was wearing a fizzo on his head. (some kind of hat)
Intelligent guesswork of this kind can help you to make an attempt at the answer.
Here are some of the things which you know about English and which would help in
working out what kind of words you are dealing with.
95
Using clues of this kind in Spanish can help you to find your way through the sentence
and to work out
If you know something about the country and the way of life of the people whose
language you are studying, you will have a better chance of working out what
something means.
For example, your knowledge of the money they use could help you. It is obvious,
from your knowledge of British currency, that
They paid three pence for the cinema tickets is nonsense, but
They paid three pounds for the cinema tickets makes sense.
Knowledge of this kind can also help you making sense of Spanish.
For example
the prefix des- makes a word meaning the opposite of its original meaning, eg.
hacer - to do
deshacer - to undo
conocido - known
desconocido - unknown
un perro - a dog
un perrito - a little dog
96
the suffix -era often indicates the shop where an article is sold and the suffix
-ero/-era indicates the word for the shopkeeper, e.g.
fruta - fruit
una frutera - a fruit shop
un frutero/una frutera - fruit seller
un reloj - a watch
una relojera - a watchmakers shop
un relojero/una relojera - a watchmaker
the suffixes dad, -eza and -ura often make adjectives into nouns, e.g.
limpio - clean
la limpieza - cleanliness, cleaning
sucio - dirty
la suciedad - dirtiness
hermoso - beautiful
la hermosura - beauty
hablar - to talk
hablador - talkative
trabajar - to work
trabajador - hardworking
un trabajador a worker
comprar - to buy
un comprador - a buyer, purchaser
animal - animal
central - central
horrible - horrible
97
piano - piano
ping-pong - ping-pong, table tennis
principal - principal, main
zoo - zoo
And some near-cognates words which have nearly the same spelling in Spanish as
in English. Here are some examples:
accidente - accident
familia - family
inteligente - intelligent
medicina - medicine
nmero - number
polica - police
sardina - sardine
telfono - telephone
vocabulario - vocabulary
BEWARE! There are also a few false friends words which look the same in
Spanish and English but have different meanings. Watch out for words such as
actual - present-day
conductor - driver
enfrente de - opposite
estar constipado - to have a cold
largo - long
un pariente - a relative
sensible - sensitive
simptico - nice
98
Words which begin esp- or est- in Spanish and spa- or st- in English,
e.g.
espaol - Spanish
especial - special
estreo - stereo
estudiar - to study
estpido - stupid
autntico - authentic
autor - author
catedral - cathedral
teatro - theatre
maduro - mature
operador - operator
desconectar - to disconnect
desembarcar - to disembark
anunciar - to announce
pronunciar - to pronounce
Words where two vowels in Spanish become a single vowel in English, e.g.
compartimiento - compartment
puerto - port
A lot of words in the two languages are basically the same apart from the
ending, e.g.
activo - active
pianista - pianist
medicina - medicine
aire - air
color - colour
admirar - to admire
decorar - to decorate
generalmente - generally
furioso - furious
accin - action
99
protestante - protestant
inteligencia - intelligence
fantico - fanatical
sociedad - society
canadiense - Canadian
Remember that Spanish is very much a phonetic language (one where words
are spelt as they are pronounced) so the sound of the word can often help you
guess the English, e.g.
cuestin - question
quiosco - kiosk
aspirina
cruel
foto
hospital
hotel
instrumento
kilo
normal
taxi
televisin
acento - accent
circuito - circuit
isla - isle, island
polica - police
zoo - zoo
100
Producing words in Speaking & Writing
When you are speaking or writing in Spanish you sometimes find yourself lost for
words. Think about what you do if this happens to you when you are speaking your
own language.
non-verbally by using your face or hands, perhaps with a few words, to show
what you mean,
or
All the same, it is worth knowing what you could do. Here are some ideas.
- Showing the size of something with your hands and saying As de grande.
- Pointing at an object and saying Qu es?
- Pointing to where it hurts and saying Me duele aqu.
Expression, e.g.
Mime, e.g.
Youve forgotten how to say Can I help you by drying the dishes? You could
mime the action of the drying dishes while saying Te puedo ayudar?
Drawing e.g.
To show how you get from one point to another, such as from your house to
the station.
101
How can I get my message across verbally, if I dont know all the
words?
There are ways of doing this, and its well worth practising them because they are
useful in lots of different situations, not just the Speaking Test. All of them are better
than saying nothing. Here are some ideas.
Using a word which refers to a similar thing. For example, if you cant
remember how to say:
You could make a list of others which you might find useful.
Describing something
You could describe the thing youve forgotten the word for. For example if you cant
remember how to say:
If you cant communicate your idea exactly as you want to, try saying it more
simply e.g.
102
If you cant say Llegu a las cinco.
you could say Estaba aqu a las cinco.
Using a dictionary
REMEMBER you can use a dictionary for classwork and for coursework, but you
cannot use it in the examination.
A dictionary is a useful tool, but it isnt a substitute for learning words and learning
how to communicate. Like most tools, a dictionary is only as good as the person
using it. Its worth the effort to find out how your dictionary works and to practise
using it.
Here are some hints to help you get the best out of your dictionary.
the words are listed in alphabetical order, so you need to know what the
alphabetical order is for Spanish
the words at the top of the page will help you find the word you want
your knowledge of grammar will help you to find the word you want for
example, it is no use looking up tiene because verbs are listed as infinitives
(tener). Similarly, fue will be listed as ser, pongo as poner, trajeron as traer,
and so on.
In the same way, tendera will be found under the masculine form tendero and
feminine and plural adjectives will also be listed under the masculine singular
form, so amarilla will be found under amarillo, charlatana will be listed under
charlatn, jvenes will be found under joven and so on.
103
What can help me to understand the dictionary entry now that Ive
found it?
Quick ways of giving you information are used in dictionaries. You need to know
what these are, so that you can find your way through the entry easily and without
wasting time.
Remember that
feminine and plural forms are often given without writing the word out in full,
for example
tendero, -a
profesor(a)
joven - young; los ~es young people
ingls - English; los ~es the English
n noun
m masculine
f feminine
v verb
adj adjective
Make sure that you know where the list of abbreviations is in your dictionary, and
what they mean. Practise looking up works and working your way through the entry
for them. You need to be able to use your dictionary quickly and confidently if you
are to get the best out of it.
For example
You look up lie in your dictionary. The words you find are
You might find that all you needed was a reminder perhaps acostarse looks familiar
straight away and so you pick that.
But sometimes none of the words you have to choose from look familiar, so what do
you do now? The only thing you can do is look each one up in the Spanish - English
part of the dictionary, and see which fits the meaning you had in mind. For the
example we are using, you would find something like
104
This shows that the words actually match different meanings of lie in English. Now
that you know this you can choose sensibly the word you need.
Likewise, if you looked up the word beat in a dictionary you might find you
had to choose between the following:
Only by checking in the Spanish-English part of the dictionary can you be sure to
have chosen the right word.
Looking up every word can lead you into writing gibberish. This is because people
often communicate their thoughts by groups of words.
For example, if you looked up every word to translate I want to leave school in
Spanish you could come out with Yo falta a permiso escuela. These are Spanish
words, one for each English word, but as a group they wouldnt mean anything to a
Spanish-speaker.
So think about how Spanish communicates ideas, and keep well away from word-
for-word translation.
know how Spanish works its grammar and structures and how it all fits
together
you will stand a very good chance of producing good work in the examination and,
better still, being a person who understands and communicates Spanish well. In
other words, youll get real pleasure from being able to talk to Spanish-speakers and
from being able to understand their language and way of life.
MUCHA SUERTE!
105
106
GRAMMAR
107
SPANISH GRAMMAR SELF-HELP GUIDE
1. Nouns (gender)
Nouns are things, people or places. So words like book, teacher and house are all
nouns. In Spanish, all nouns have a gender, either masculine (m), or feminine (f). It
is important to remember this as it affects other words in the language, too,
especially adjectives.
In general, nouns ending in the letter o in Spanish are masculine, and nouns ending
in the letter a are feminine. So libro (book) is masculine and casa (house) is
feminine. A word like teacher could refer to a man or a woman, so in fact there are
two words for teacher in Spanish, profesor (masculine) and profesora (feminine).
The gender of other nouns often has to be learnt as it is not possible to generalise,
but here are some helpful tips:
nouns ending in aje, -or, -n, or any stressed vowel (, etc.) are usually
masculine
artista, ciclista
Unfortunately, some nouns also break the rules! Here are some of the common
ones:
If you are not sure whether a noun is masculine or feminine, check it out in a
dictionary before learning it. Symbols may vary between dictionaries. For instance
the letters nm or (m) after a noun mean it is masculine, and the letters nf or (f)
indicate that it is feminine.
2. Nouns (plural)
108
Nouns ending in a consonant are made plural by adding es.
If the noun has an accent on the last vowel in its singular form, the accent disappears
in the plural.
Compound nouns (nouns made up of two words) only make the first word plural.
You need to know the gender of the noun in Spanish before you can say a (or an).
To save you repeating the noun when you answer a question, use uno (to replace a
masculine word, and una to replace a feminine word).
You also need to know the gender of the noun before you can say some.
Note: It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when saying what somebodys
profession is..
There are four words used in Spanish for the. Which one you use depends on
whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. The following table
shows you which one to use when.
Masculine Feminine
Singular el la
Plural los las
Note: You may need a definite article in Spanish when talking about languages, but
not when you use the verb hablar (to speak)
For all other nouns the prepositions and definite articles stay unchanged.
The endings of Spanish adjectives change according to the gender of the noun they
describe. It is often said that they must agree with noun. An adjective ending in o,
for example, will have four different forms:
Note: The plural form of joven (young) becomes jvenes (gaining an accent, in
order to keep the stress on the letter o).
7. Adjectives (position)
Most Spanish adjectives follow the noun they describe, specially if they are fairly
long. This is quite different to the position of the adjective in English!
If you want to use two adjectives together they can be linked with the word y (and),
but they still follow the noun they describe.
111
Some short adjectives can be placed in front of the noun they describe, however.
Note: These adjectives lose the final -o if they are placed in front of a masculine
singular noun.
Certain adjectives change their meaning, depending on whether they are placed
before or after the noun. Compare the following pairs of examples:
8. Adjectives (comparison)
There are three key phrases that enable you to compare and contrast different
things, people or places. They are as follows:
msque morethan
menosque lessthan
tancomo asas
In English the letters er are often added to make a comparison (e.g. dear ! dearer;
cheap ! cheaper), but for Spanish it would be like saying more (dear/cheap)
thanLook at these examples:
112
Note: There are some special comparative forms you need to be aware of:
Note: When using a number in the comparison, you need to change que to de.
9. Adjectives (superlatives)
By adding el / la / los / las in front of the noun in the phrases of comparison above,
the meaning changes more.. ! the most (or from less! the least). In English the
letters est are often added to make a superlative (e.g. dear ! dearest; cheap !
cheapest), but in Spanish it would be like saying most (dear/cheap). Notice the
agreements as you look at these examples:
Note: Spanish uses de after the superlative although English use in.
Demonstrative adjectives (this, that) also have to agree with the noun they are used
with.
113
Cunto cuesta esta camiseta? = How much is this T-shirt?
Quin es ese hombre? = Who is that man?
Qu hay en aquellas cajas? = What is there in those boxes over there?
Indefinite adjectives include words like cada, otro, todo, mismo, alguno and
ninguno.
It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when using the adjective otro (other,
another).
The words todo (all, every), and mismo (same) agree with the noun as normal.
The words alguno (a, some) and ninguno (not any, no) lose their final o if they are
placed in front of a masculine singular noun.
Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, etc.) have masculine, feminine and plural
forms too.
Note: To ask who something belongs to, you could use the question De quin es?
114
The following possessive adjectives could be used in the answer and must
agree with the noun they refer to.
Note: In adjectival phrases the word cuyo (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) means whose and
must agree with the noun it describes.
11. Adverbs
Adverbs describe how things are done so they qualify verbs. They usually
correspond to words in English ending in ly (e.g. quickly, easily). In Spanish the
majority of adverbs end in mente. You need to use the feminine form of the
adjective before adding this ending.
Note: If you need to use two adverbs together, then remove the mente from the
first one.
115
Habla clara y lentamente, por favor. = Speak clearly and slowly please.
The following words are adverbs in their own right, and do not end in mente.
Note: The word quickly has two forms in Spanish rpido and rpidamente.
In some cases it is more common to form adverbial phrases rather than adverbs from
the adjectives.
Here are some examples of the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs:
There are many phrases of place and time that are classified as adverbs because
they qualify the verbs they are associated with. You can find many of these in sub-
sections 2 (a, b, d, g) and 3 (a, b, c, d, e, g, i) in the general vocabulary section of the
specifications. Here are a few examples:
Place:
Es muy tranquilo vivir aqu. = Its very quiet living here.
Hay que seguir todo recto. = You have to go straight on.
Vamos all todos los das. = We go there every day.
Time:
Adnde vamos ahora? = Where are we going now?
El tren no ha llegado todava. = The train hasnt arrived yet.
Ya he terminado! = Ive already finished!
116
Common adverbial phrases can refer to time or place and can be found in the same
sections of the specifications mentioned above. Here are a few examples:
12. Qualifiers/intensifiers
You can change the strength of your descriptions by adding these useful words in
front of your adjectives:
Note: You can also convey the sense of very by adding simo on to the end of
some adjectives, but you must remember to make them agree with the nouns
they are describing.
You can change the strength of your verbs by adding these useful words after them:
Subject pronouns tend to be used less in Spanish than in English. They are seldom
used in front of verbs, for example, since the verb ending is usually enough to
indicate who or what the subject is.
117
Subject pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
yo I nosotros/as we
t you (informal) vosotros/as you (informal)
l he ellos they (m)
ella she ellas they (f)
usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal)
They might be used for emphasis. It is enough to say vivo I live, but it would stress
the difference more to say Todos mis amigos viven en la ciudad, pero yo vivo en
el campo All my friends live in the town, but I live in the country.
Object pronouns can de divided into two groups: direct object pronouns, and
indirect object pronouns. In the question and answer Did you give the book to Mum
and Dad? Yes, I gave it to them there are two objects: the direct object is the book
(or it) and the indirect object is to Mum and Dad (or to them).
Note: Object pronouns usually come before the verb in Spanish. When using the
perfect tense they come before the auxilliary verb haber. However, you
should put the object pronoun after an imperative or an infinitive, and this may
mean that you need to add an accent on the verb in order to keep the original
stress.
Tienes el boli? S, lo tengo = Have you got the pen? Yes Ive got it
Ves esas sillas? S, las veo. = Do you see those chairs? Yes I see them
Conoces a Pepe? S, le concozco =Do you know Pepe? Yes, I know him.
Has visto la pelcula? S, la he visto. =Have you seen the film? Yes, Ive seen it.
Abre le botella! S, brela. =Open the bottle! Yes, open it!
Lo siento pero no puedo abrirla! =Im sorry, but I cant open it!
118
Indirect object pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
me to me nos to us
te to you (informal) os to you (informal)
le to him les to them (m)
le to her les to them (f)
le to you (formal) les to you (formal)
Mis padres no me dan dinero. =My parents dont give me money (i.e.to me).
Te dar el libro maana. =Ill give you the book tomorrow (i.e to you).
Nos mandaron una postal. =They sent us a postcard (i.e. to us).
Les ofrec unos chocolates. =I offered them some chocolates (i.e to them).
Escrbeme pronto! =Write to me soon!
Voy a hablarle en seguida. =Im going to speak to him right away.
Note: If you need to use an indirect and a direct object pronoun together with the
same verb, the indirect pronoun comes first.
To avoid two pronouns beginning with the letter I coming together, the indirect
object pronouns le and les change to se.
Reflexive pronouns are used with certain verbs to indicate something you do to
yourself. They always appear on the end of the infinitive (e.g. lavarse = to wash
oneself), but they move in from on the verb when it is conjugated. They are used in
the same way no matter what tense of the verb is, but remember to put them in front
of the auxiliary verb haber in compound tenses like the perfect and pluperfect tenses
(see sections 34 and 35).
Reflexive pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
me myself nos ourselves
te yourself (informal) os yourselves (informal)
se himself, herself se themselves
se yourself (formal) se yourselves (formal)
119
Me lavo en el cuarto de bao. =I wash (myself) in the bathroom.
A qu hora te levantaste? =What time did you get (yourself) up?
Ayer nos divertimos mucho. =We enjoyed ourselves a lot yesterday.
Se haba despertado tarde. =He had woken (himself) up late.
Vamos a sentarnos aqu! =Lets sit (ourselves) down here!
The word que can be used to link an activity or description to a person or thing. It
corresponds to the English words who, that or which (although sometimes in English
this word is omitted altogether). The word quien (pl. quienes) is also used, but only
to refer to people, and usually after a preposition.
After prepositions and for clarity it is also possible to use el que (or el cual), la que
(or la cual), and their plural versions to refer to people or things, as in the following
examples:
Note: When refering to something indefinite, you can use lo que which corresponds
to what in English.
Always used after a preposition, disjunctive pronouns are not directly linked to a verb.
120
Disjunctive pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
m me nosotros us
ti you (informal) vosotros you (informal)
l him ellos them (m)
ella her ellas them (f)
usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal)
Note: When using the preposition con (with) there are two special forms that replace
the pronouns m and ti. They are conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
Quieres ir al cine conmigo? =Do you want to go to the cinema with me?
These are identical to the demonstrative adjectives, but they all have an accent on
them to indicate that they are pronouns. Each one needs to agree with the previous
noun it refers to.
Note: If you refer to a general idea rather than a specific noun, you need to use
esto, eso/aquello.
Note: If you want to refer to an unspecified thing you should use the word algo, and
to refer to an unspecified person you should use the word alguien.
When forming a question, you may need one of these three interrogative pronouns
qu? = What?
These are identical to the possessive adjectives but need the definite article in front
of them to show they are pronouns.
Os gustan los postres? El mo est muy rico, pero el suyo parece horrible.
Do you like the desserts? Mine is delicious, but his seems horrible.
Verbs are words that indicate an action. They all have a basic form that is called an
infinitive, and this is the version that appears in dictionaries and word lists. In
Spanish you can recognise an infinitive by its ending. There are three main endings:
(-ar), (-er) and (-ir). Occasionally there may be a reflexive pronoun (-se) on the end
as well. For most situations you need to change this infinitive ending in order to
identify who carries out the action - the person, and when the action takes place - the
time, or tense. This process of changing the verb is called conjugation. To
conjugate a verb usually involves removing the infinitive ending and replacing it with
different letters, all of which designate a different person.
Conventionally, verbs are listed in a consistent pattern that helps learning. Starting
with the singular forms, then going on to the plural forms, the order of each person
122
never changes and is outlined below. Since the form of the verb is the same for the
singular parts l (he), ella (she) and usted (you, formal), and the plural parts ellos
(they, m), ellas (they, f) and ustedes (you, formal plural), verbs are frequently listed
with only three singular parts and three plural parts.
SINGULAR PLURAL
(yo) I (nosotros) we
(t) you (informal) (vosotros) you (informal)
(l) he (ellos) they (m)
(ella) she (ellas) they (f)
(usted) you (formal) (ustedes) you (formal)
In the following verb tables the subject pronouns are given in brackets. This is simply
because the subject pronouns are not an essential part of the verb. It is the ending
that indicates the person.
Note: There are two clearly defined forms of address in Spanish informal and
formal. Each one has a separate singular and plural form. Use the (t) form to
address someone you know very well, or someone of about your own age; use the
(vosotros) form to address more than one person like this; use the (usted) form to
address an official (e.g. in a bank) or stranger; and use the (ustedes) form for more
than one person like this.
Some questions are formed by putting a special question word in front of the verb.
Other questions are formed using a rising intonation when speaking, or adding two
question marks, one upside down at the beginning, and one at the end, when writing.
(There is no need for any other verb or word like do or does or did).
When English uses the word not to make a statement negative, Spanish uses no
before the verb.
When English uses doesnt, dont, or didnt to make a sentence negative, Spanish
again uses no in front of the verb.
123
Mi hermana no come pescado. = My sister doesnt eat fish.
Mis padres no hablan espaol. = My parents dont speak Spanish.
Ayer no jugu al ftbol. = I didnt play football yesterday.
When English uses negative expressions like nothing, not anything, never, etc,
Spanish normally uses no in front of the verb and adds the negative expressions
after the verb.
A number of verbs are irregular in the yo form, but regular in all other forms:
conducir (to drive) ! conduzco hacer (to do, make ! hago salir (to go out) ! salgo
conocer (to know) ! conozco poner (to put) ! pongo traer (to bring) ! traigo
dar (to give) ! doy saber (to know) ! s ver (to see,watch) ! veo
There are three groups of verbs which change their stem. This means, in effect that
one of the key vowels in the infinitive changes for all forms except the nosotros and
vosotros forms.
Some verbs reflect back to their own subject. They are often used in situations
where you do something to yourself. For each person you need the correct
reflexive pronoun in front of the verb. They are listed in section 14 of this grammar
together with some examples.
Note: There are also some useful impersonal reflexive constructions that correspond
to the English phrase one can/one (does) or the more familiar you
can/you(do) or they can/they(do). In some cases they function rather
like the English passive.
Se puede cambiar dinero aqu. =You (one) can change money here.
Se bebe mucho caf en Espaa. =They drink a lot of coffee in Spain.
Se habla ingls en esta tienda. =English is spoken in this shop.
This corresponds to the present tense in English which uses a present participle
ending in ing. In Spanish you need the correct part of the present tense of estar,
followed by the present participle of the main verb. If the infinitive ends in ar, this
will change to ando; if the infinitive ends in er or ir this will change to iendo.
125
Infinitive: HABLAR COMER VIVIR
Meaning: (to speak) (to eat) (to live)
(yo) estoy hablando estoy comiendo estoy viviendo
(t) ests hablando ests comiendo ests viviendo
(l) (ella) (usted) est hablando est comiendo est viviendo
(nosotros) estamos hablando estamos comiendo estamos viviendo
(vosotros) estis hablando estis comiendo estis viviendo
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) estn hablando estn comiendo estn viviendo
Note: There are a few verbs whose present participles require a spelling change:
The preterite tense refers to what somebody did and what happened in the past. It
is formed by removing the last two letters of the infinitive and replacing them with the
following endings for each person.
126
Some spelling changes may be necessary in the l/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes forms only:
The following verbs belong to a group called the pretrito grave. Here is an
example:
The endings are the same for the rest of the verbs in the group, whose stems change
as follows:
andar (to walk) ! anduv- hacer (to do, make) ! hic- sabir (to know) ! sup-
caber (to fit in) ! cup- poder (to be able) ! pud- tener (to have) ! tuv-
conducir (to drive) ! conduj- saber (to know) ! pus- traer (to bring) ! traj-
decir (to say) ! dij- querer (to want) ! quis- venir (to come) ! vin-
Note: Verbs with the stem ending in j- take eron as the ellos/ellas/ustedes ending
(not ieron). The l/ella/usted form of hacer has a spelling change: it
becomes hizo.
The following four verbs have irregular forms. (Note that ir and ser have the same
form).
127
Qu hiciste ayer? Vi un partido de ftbol.
What did you do yesterday? I watched a football match.
Mis amigos dijeron que no pudieron venir.
My friends said (that) they couldnt come.
Most verbs that are radical changing in the present tense keep the original vowel of
the infinitive when forming the preterite tense. Some, however, have an irregular
stem because they belong to the pretrito grave group of verbs (see section 28).
Also, verbs ending in ir make the following changes in the l/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes forms of the preterite tense.
The imperfect tense is used to describe people, places and things as they were in
the past. It is also used to indicate what people used to do or things that used to
happen. Finally it can describe what people were doing. It is formed by removing
the last two letters of the infinitive and adding the following endings. Note that the
endings for er and ir verbs are the same.
128
El ladrn llevaba un chandal azul.
The thief wore a blue tracksuit.
Antes, beba leche fra ahora prefiero limonada.
Before, I used to drink cold milk now I prefer lemonade.
Suba la escalera cuando tuve el accidente.*
I was going up the ladder when I had the accident.*
Haca mucho sol y calor durante mis vacaciones en Espaa.
It was very sunny and hot during my holidays in Spain.
Note: *In the third example above, the imperfect tense describes something that
was happening (suba la escalera) and during which something else happened
(tuve el accidente). The sudden event, or accident in this case, requires the
preterite tense.
Note: The imperfect continuous, which uses a present participle ending in ing, is
formed from the imperfect tense of the verb estar followed by the present
participle. (See section 26.)
This is a way of saying what someone is going to do and what is going to happen
in the near future. It uses the present tense of the verb ir (to go) followed by the
preposition a and the main verb in the infinitive. (See section 2 for all parts of the
verb ir.)
129
32. Verbs (future tense)
The future tense indicates what someone will do, or that something will happen at
some time in the future. It is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive.
Lavar el coche el fin de semana. = Ill wash the car at the weekend.
Comeremos a las dos. = Well eat (have lunch) at two oclock.
Dnde vivirs en el futuro? = Where will you live in the future?
There are a number of verbs that have an irregular stem. Here is the yo form of
some of the most common:
decir (to say) ! dir poner (to put) ! pondr salir (to go out) ! saldr
hacer (to do, make) ! har querer (to want) ! querr tener (to have) ! tendr
poder (to be able) ! podr saber (to know) ! sabr venir (to come) ! vendr
The conditional tense indicates what someone would do, or that something would
happen at some time in the future. Its is formed by adding the following endings to
the infinitive.
decir (to say) ! dira poner (to put) ! pondra salir (to go out) ! saldra
hacer (to do, make) ! hara querer (to want) ! querra tener (to have) ! tendra
poder (to be able) ! podra saber (to know) ! sabra venir (to come) ! vendra
Note: Dont confuse would and could, which come from the verb poder (to be able).
Podras ayudarme? = Could you (would you be able to) help me?
The perfect tense indicates what someone has done, or that something has
happened at some time in the recent past. It is a compound tense made up of the
present tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb you
want to use.
To form the past participle of regular verbs you need to remove the last two letters of
the infinitive and replace them with the following endings:
-AR ! -ADO
-ER ! -IDO
-IR ! -IDO
131
He visitado muchos pases extranjeros. = Ive visited many foreign countries.
Nunca hemos comido calamares. = Weve never eaten squid.
Qu has decidido hacer? = What have you decided to do?
Note: When English expresses the idea that something has been going on for a
period of time, Spanish uses the present tense with the phrase desde hace.
The pluperfect tense indicates what someone had done, or that something had
happened some time before something else in the past. It is a compound tense
made up of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of
the main verb you want to use.
The past participles, including all the irregular ones, are the same as for the perfect
tense (see section 34).
132
36. Verbs (the gerund)
Imperatives are commands, instructions or orders given to other people. The type of
imperative you use depends on who you are talking to: someone you know, or
someone you dont know. For that reason there are informal and formal imperatives.
For the singular form, remove the as/-es from the t form of the present tense and
add these endings. For the plural form, remove the r from the infinitive and replace
it with d.
133
Positive imperatives (formal):
Remove the o from the yo form of the present tense and add these endings:
Note: If the verb has an irregular yo form in the present tense, that is reflected in
the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes
listed in section 27.)
In order to tell someone not to do something, English uses a phrase beginning with
Dont! In Spanish a negative imperative begins with no and the verb endings
change as follows:
Informal Formal
Example verbs: singular (t) plural (vosotros) singular (usted) plural (ustedes)
-AR hablar no hables! no hablis! no hable! no hablen!
-ER comer no comas! no comis! no coma! no coman!
-IR escribir no escribas! no escribis! no escriba! no escriban!
Note: If the verb has an irregular yo form in the present tense, that is reflected in
the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes
listed in 27.)
We often use the passive if we dont know (or want to avoid saying) who did
something. You can recognise it because it uses the verb to be and a past
participle. It is the same in Spanish, but you must remember that there are two verbs
for to be (ser and estar), and that the past participle will have to agree with the
subject. The verb to be can be in different tenses. (For information on ser and
estar, see section 41.)
El libro fue escrito por Cervantes. = The book was written by Cervantes.
La casa est construida en un valle. = The house is built in a valley.
Los coches sern lavados maana. = The cars will be washed tomorrow.
Las paredes estaban pintadas de verde. = The walls were painted green.
134
39. Verbs (the present subjunctive)
The forms of all the tenses outlined in sections 20 35 are sometimes described as
indicative, and are the important ones to know. There also exist subjunctive forms of
some of the tenses. Their use is quite complex, and only a few examples are given
here.
The present subjunctive is formed from the yo form of the present (indicative) tense.
After removing the final o, the following endings should be added:
Note: There are some irregular stems: for ser (to be) it is sea; for ir (to go) it is vaya:
and for saber (to know) it is sepa, for example.
2. When the word cuando refers to some time in the future, the present
subjunctive is used rather than the present indicative, because the
event being mentioned hasnt happened yet, and indeed may not even
happen, so there is an element of doubt involved, too.
Cuando sea mayor, voy a viajar mucho. = When Im older, Im going totravel a lot.
Me alegro que puedas venir a mi fiesta. = Im pleased you can come to my party.
135
Sintate para que vea mejor! = Sit down so that I can see better!
The imperfect subjunctive can be used with the conditional tense in if clauses. It is
formed from the ellos/ellas/ustedes form of the preterite tense, and the endings
aron, -ieron, and eron are replaced with the following endings:
Note: Alternative endings for each of the three groups of verbs are also acceptable:
Note: The word quisiera, although technically an imperfect subjunctive, has become
a very common part of everyday language in Spanish and means I would like.
Both of these Spanish verbs mean to be, but they are used in different ways.
136
Use Estar to refer to:
Several Spanish verbs are used impersonally. This means that the object of the verb
in English becomes the subject in Spanish. The verb then agrees with this new
subject. For example, the English sentence I like strawberries is turned round in
Spanish and becomes Strawberries are pleasing to me. The original English has
now become an indirect object pronoun.
Me duele la garganta.
I have a sore throat.
Me encanta salir con mis amigos todos los sbados.
I love going out with my friends every Saturday.
Me faltan veinte libras para comprar el videojuego.
Im short of 20 to buy the video game.
No me gustan las pelculas de miedo.
I dont like horror films.
Me hace falta mucho ms tiempo.
I need a lot more time.
Te interesa coleccionar sellos?
Are you interested in collecting stamps?
Quedan entradas para el partido?
Are there any tickets for the match left?
Cunto dinero te sobra?
How much money have you left over?
137
43. Prepositions
These are words, or groups of words, that are used in front of nouns or pronouns, as
linking words. Here are some common ones.
138
para in order to become aim, intention Estudio para ingeniero/a.
Im studying to be an engineer.
for purpose Trabajo para una compaa elctrica.
I work for an electrical company.
for giving Este regalo es para ti.
This present is for you.
for, to movement towards el tren para Valencia
the train for Valencia
by time by which Hay que hacer esto para este viernes.
You have to do this by Friday.
in view of consideration Es alto para su edad.
Hes tall for his age.
por through route, way Dimos un paseo por Granada.
We went for a walk through the park.
via route, way Este tren no pasa por Granada.
This train doesnt go via Granada.
for length of time Anoche estudi por dos horas.
Last night I studied for two hours.
out of movement, direction Mir por la ventana.
I looked out of the window.
by action done by El cuadro fue pintado por mi ta.
someone The picture was painted by my aunt.
by manner Te mando la informacin por fax.
Im sending you the information by fax.
(in exchange) for money Compr el reloj por cuarenta libras.
I bought the watch for 40.
(in return) for gratitude Muchas gracias por tu ayuda.
Many thanks for your help.
per rate, speed ochenta kilmetros por hora
50km per hour.
times multiplication dos por cinco son diez.
two times five is ten.
for the sake of support Trabajo mucho por mis hijos.
I work hard for the sake of my children.
on behalf of support No estoy por la caza.
Im not in favour of hunting.
because of reason No poda salir por la lluvia.
I couldnt go out because of the rain.
segn according to opinion Segn mi profesor soy muy perezoso.
According to my teacher Im very lazy.
sin without absence Prefiero el t sin azcar.
I prefer tea without sugar.
sobre on position Mi mochila est sobre la silla.
My rucksack is on the chair.
about time Nos veremos sobre las siete.
Well meet up about seven.
subject matter un libro sobre Picasso
a book about Picasso
139
Note: There are many compound prepositions that relate to time or place (e.g.
delante de, a causa de, a eso de, cerca de, en lugar de, etc.) and these can
be found in sub-sections 2 and 3 of the general vocabulary section of the
specifications.
Note: Remember that a and de will merge with the masculine singular definite article
el to form al and del (see section 5)
Some prepositions can also be used with verbs. Here are a few examples:
140
44. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect different parts of a sentence. They
can be as simple as words like y (and), pero (but), porque (because), etc., or more
complex like aunque (although), a pesar de que (despite), tan pronto como (as
soon as), etc. Here is a list of some of the more common ones.
Note: The word y becomes e before a word beginning with the letter i or hi.
The word o becomes u before a word beginning with the letter o.
1. Nouns (gender)
2. Nouns (plural)
6. Adjectives (agreement)
7. Adjectives (position)
8. Adjectives (comparison)
9. Adjectives (superlative)
11. Adverbs
141
16. Pronouns (disjunctive)
142
44. Conjunctions
143
The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited
by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a
registered charity number 1073334.
Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8,
Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ.
AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board
(AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the Northern Examinations
and Assessment Board (NEAB).
Kathleen Tattersall Director General.