TITLE

A.C INDUCTION MOTOR

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF ROTOR RESISTANCE ON THE TORQUE-SPEED

CURVE

OBJECTIVE

To determine how the starting torque and torque-slip curve change in rotor
resistance of slip ring type induction motor.

APPARATUS

NO EQUIPMENT/INSTRUME RATING/RANGE
NTS
1. 3 phase induction motor Rotor C, Rating 0.5H
50 Hz, 200V, 0.95A,
1410rpm
60Hz, 200V,0.9A, 1700rpm
2. Starter CAP 2.2KW, V 415V
3. Stroboscope Speed /flashes per minute-
[300-1500] [1200-6000]
4. 3 phase induction motor 2.2 KW, 415V, 4.1A, 50Hz,
1400rpm, 4 poles

INTRODUCTION

Motors have been described as a transformer with a rotating secondary. The premise
for motor operation is that if you can create a rotating magnetic field in the stator of
the motor, it will induce a voltage in the armature that will have magnetic properties
causing it to chase the field in the stator. The AC induction motor is a rotating
electric machine designed to operate from a three-phase source of alternating
voltage. The stator is a classic three phase induction motor with the winding
displaced by 120. The three phase motor is widely used in industry because of its
low maintenance characteristics. Due to the nature of three phase power, creating a
rotating magnetic field in the stator of this motor is simple and straight forward. The
stator windings are arranged on the stator poles in a way that results in magnetic
field lines that seem to rotate. The rotor core is laminated and the conductors often
consist of uninsulated copper or aluminium bars in semi-enclosed slots, the bars
being short-circuited at each end by rings or plates to which the bars are brazed or
welded.

THEORY

Starting torque
Slip refers to the speed of rotor relative to that of rotational flux and can be calculated
by dividing the frequency of the rotor by the frequency of the supply. At the instant of
starting, s=1, and it will be seen that with a motor having a low resistance rotor, such as
the usual type of cage rotor, the starting torque is small compared with the maximum
torque available. If the bars of the cage rotor are made with sufficiently high resistance
to give the maximum torque at standstill, the slip for full load torque, usually about one
third to one half of the maximum torque, would be relatively large and the I 2R loss in the
rotor winding would be high. This will result to low efficiency and if this load was to be
maintained for an hour or two, the temperature rise would be excessive and so will the
variation of speed with load be large.

Therefore when a motor is required to exert its maximum torque at starting, an extra
resistance is inserted into the rotor circuit and the resistance is reduced as the motor
accelerates.

Speed control by means of external rotor resistors

For a given input power to the rotor and therefore for a given torque exerted by the
rotor, the total rotor I2R loss is prorpotional to the slip. Therefore if a motor has a certain
amount of power transferred from the stator to the rotor when the slip is a particular
percentage, the total rotor I2R loss and the mechanical power developed by the rotor
will constitute that total power transferred from the rotor. But if the slip is increased by
the addition of external resistors in the rotor circuit with the torque developed by the
rotor remaining constant, the I2R loss in the rotor circuit increases and the mechanical
power developed by the rotor decreases. Hence the efficiency of the motor has been
reduced.

Disadvantages of speed control by external resistors.

With a large resistance in the rotor circuit, the speed varies considerably with
variation of torque.
Reduction of speed is accompanied by reduced efficiency.
The external resistors are bulky and expensive as they may have to dissipate a
good deal of power without being overheated.

The main advantage of speed control using external rotor resistors is its simplicity.

PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE.

1. The variable auto transformer was kept at reduced voltage output,

about 53% of rated value of the motor or even less.
2. After making the connection, the split block on the pulley was fixed and
tightened hard. The supply was switched on and the direction in which
the motor exerted tension on the spring balance noted. Readings on
the spring balance and other instruments were taken. Resistance was
inserted in the rotor circuit, tension and readings of other instruments
 were then measured. The voltage was reduced when the stator or rotor
current exceeded the rated value. Rotor resistance was measured from
the voltmeter and ammeter readings of the rotor circuit.
3. The belt on the pulley was loosened and voltage to the motor was
adjusted to full load voltage so as to obtain torque/slip characteristics.
The belt was then tightened gradually in steps of current up to full load
current. The experiment was performed as load test and slip for
various values of torque were measured and a graph plotted. An
accurate method of measuring slip was used whereby the swing of the
pointer of an ammeter in rotor circuit was observed.
DIAGRAM

RESULTS
The values for starting torque were calculated using the formula;
Starting torque=spring balance tension*length of lever.

Torque T at normal voltage is calculated from the observed readings of

torque T1 and applied voltage V1 as;
V2
T=T1 V 1

In this practical, V1=V2, therefore T=T1.

For the slip;

frequency of rotor
Slip= frequency of the supply

Where; Frequency of the supply=50Hz

Frequency of the rotor=N*r.p.m; where N=number of poles
The results and the above calculations are illustrated below in tables;

FIRST INSTANCE

Current( Power( Voltage( Speed(rp Force(K Tension(N)

A) W) V) m) g) =force*0.2
43m
1.7 200 105 1475 0 0
2 700 105 1450 1.7 4.131
2.5 1400 105 1400 4 9.72
3 1700 105 1375 4.5 10.9
3.5 1700 105 1350 5 12.15
4 1400 105 1350 6.2 15.07

SECOND INSTANCE

Current( Power( Voltage( Speed(rp Force(K Tension(N)

A) W) V) m) g) =force*0.2
43m
1.6 150 105 1475 0 0
2 150 105 1400 1.7 4.13
2.5 150 105 1350 3.5 8.505
3 150 105 1325 4.1 9.96
3.5 150 105 1300 5.2 12.63
4 150 105 1300 5.7 13.85

THIRD INSTANCE

Current( Power( Voltage( Speed(rp Force(K Tension(N)

A) W) V) m) g) =force*0.2
43m
1.6 100 105 1450 0 0
2 100 105 1375 1.7 4.13
2.5 100 105 1300 3.4 8.26
3 100 105 1275 4.3 10.45
3.5 100 105 1225 5.1 12.39
4 100 105 1150 6.3 15.31

DISCUSSION