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1. Legis interpretation legis vim obtinet.
Judicial construction and interpretation of a statute acquires the force of law.
Hoc quidem perquam durum est, sed ita lex scripta est.
It is exceedingly hard, but so the law is written.
Quando verba statute sunt speciali, ratio autem generalia, statum generaliter est intelligendum.
When the words used in a statute are special, but the purpose of the law is general, it should be read as the
general expression.
11. Interpretatio talis in ambiguis simper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum.
Where there is ambiguity, the interpretation of such that will avoid inconveniences and absurdity is to be
adopted.
17. Ibi quid generaliter conceditur, inest haec exception, si non aliquid sit contras jus basque.
Where anything is granted generally, exemption from rigid application of law is implied; that nothing shall be
contrary to law and right.
C. Implications
Cui jurisdiction data est, ea quoque concessa esse videntur sine quibus jurisdiction explicari non potuit.
When jurisdiction is given, all powers and means esssential to its exercisse are also given.
A. IN GENERAL
24. Generalia verba sunt generaliter intelligenda.
General words should be understood in their general sense.
Verba mere aequivoca, si per communem usum loquendi in intellectu certo sumuntur, talis intellectus preferendus est.
Equivocal words or those with double meaning are to be understood according to their common and ordinary
sense.
B. ASSOCIATED WORDS
28. Noscitur a sociis.
A thing is known by its associates.
Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita indicare vel respondere.
It is unjust to decide or to respond as to any particular part of a law without examining the whole of the law.
Nemo enim aliquam partem recte intelligere possit antequam totum interum atque interim perlegit.
The sense and meaning of the law is collected by viewing all the parts together as one whole and not of one part
only by itself.
Mutatis mutandis.
With the necessary changes.
Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare forman negotiis, non ad facta praeterita revocari, nisi nominatim et de
praeterito tempore et adhuc pendentibus negotiis cautum sit.
Laws should be construed as prospective, not retrospective, unless they are expressly made applicable to past
transactions and to such as are still pending.
Jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum accidunt non quae ex inordinato.
Laws ought to be made with a view to those cases which happen most frequently, and not to those which are of rare or
accidental occurrence.