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After a study conducted by the different members of the development team of ATDI, the proposal of the
introduction of the ducting effect is the following, based on three topics :
It is possible to add the ducting effect over any of the propagation models available in ICS Telecom
nG
The ducting effect is based on the ducting part of the ITU-R P.452-10 recommendation (paragraph
4.5)
Refractivity maps are integrated in the tool and can be imported from ASCII files.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
TABLE OF CONTENT
1
TU UT Ducting model considered as a selectable option __________________________________ 2
TU UT
2
TU UT A model based on the ducting part of the ITU-R P.542-10 recommendation ____________ 5
TU UT
2.1
TU UT Implementation of the paragraph 4.5 of the 452-10 recommendation ___________ 5
TU UT
2.2
TU UT Integration of the ducting effect in the propagation __________________________ 7
TU UT
2.3
TU UT No time variability _____________________________________________________ 8
TU UT
3
TU UT Taking into account local refractivity gradients ___________________________________ 8
TU UT
3.1
TU The refractivity maps ___________________________________________________ 9
UT TU UT
3.1.1
TU Variability of the refractivity index in the X/Y scale ________________________ 9
UT TU UT
3.1.2
TU Default refractivity map in ICS Telecom nG _____________________________ 10
UT TU UT
3.1.3
TU Import of user-made refractivity maps over local areas _____________________ 12
UT TU UT
3.1.4
TU Variability of the refractivity index in the Z scale _________________________ 15
UT TU UT
3.2
TU Calculation of the Equivalent Earth Radius, compliancy with the Hadamard
UT TU
conditions __________________________________________________________________ 20
UT
4
TU UT Conclusion _______________________________________________________________ 21
TU UT
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
The same process is applicable for the ducting part : the user can choose to take into account the ducting
part or not in his simulation. Off course, even if the ducting component is activated, there are cases where
no ducting effect will be found by the software, and no modification of the signal will be applied.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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New propagation model window : Example of how the ducting can be added to all the models available
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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The ducting part is independent from the model selected : the user will be able to add the ducting effect to
any of the models already available in ICS Telecom nG (Fresnel, ITU-R 525). Even though they are
sharing some technical components, the new ducting effect will be independent from the ITU-R 452-10
developed in ICS Telecom nG: it will be possible to associate it with any other model available.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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This model corresponds to section 4.5 of the ITU-R 452-10 recommendation, except for the Ad(p)
value (eq. 16) in order to avoid time variability.
The terms Act and Acr aimed to take into account the duct coupling corrections are always taken into
account.
Note : Ag is calculated by selecting "ITU-R 676 gaz" in the propagation model box.
eq. 17 : except for the terms Ast and Asr (multiple diffraction) because the diffraction model can be
U U
The 102.45 constant becomes 92.5 in order to be compatible with visibility conditions.
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eq. 21 : completely.
U U
eq. 22 : completely.
U U
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The Equivalent Earth radius is then calculated using the following formula :
Ae = 6371* 157
157 DNpath
DNj* Distpath
Distj
Where DNpath=
j
DNj on each pixel of the path is read from the refractivity maps
B B
if the path is larger than the area covered by the imported map, the DNpath value is calculated from
B B
both the DNj values available on the refractivity map, and the default values of the Earth Radius
B B
Where FSmodel = Field Strength calculated using the selected model, diffraction, subpath model
B B
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
The use of the standard 452 recommendation already available in ICS Telecom takes into account
the percentage of time, but does not take the variability of the refractivity factor along the path.
In the model that is implemented, the effect is considered as applied potentially when selected:
no percentage of time is used, but the variability of the refractivity factor along the path is taken
into account (see chapter 3).
As an example, the same process is used for the ITU-R 838 : based upon the location of the site, the rain
zone and the maximum amount of rain per hour is extracted from the map.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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Ducting effect in ICS Telecom (unique DLN file) : the duct does not appear along the path as the DN values vary
all along the path
The ducting gain at the Rx location is also specified if a path profile is displayed :
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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Default World map digitized in order to calculate the equivalent radius of the Earth
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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In order to load this DLN file, the user can whether check the "Ducting" option or browse with "..." to select
the predefined .DLN file.
Click on the "Browse" button of the DLN layer 1 line in order to select the DeltaN 900.DLN file (located by
default in the installation folder of ICS Telecom nG). Wait a little, the file is being loaded. Then click on
"Close".
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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The ASCII map can then be imported by ICS Telecom into an 8 bit binary format described below :
1st line : Number of columns
2nd line : Number of rows
3rd line: X coordinate of the lower left corner
4th line: Y coordinate of the lower left corner
5th line: Step in arc second
6th line: nodatavalue -9999
Starting from the 7th line : DN values separated by a space written from North-West to South -East.
Example :
ncols 1441
nrows 641
xllcenter -648000
yllcenter -288900
cellsize 900
46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46...
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In order to import Grid ASCII refractivity maps into ICS telecom into a DLN file, use :
If a DN map has been imported, and if the path analyzed goes over it, the DN values of the imported maps
are used. Otherwise, the default values of the Earth Radius specified in the Propagation Model box are used.
Theoretically, an equivalent Earth radius of 6370 km should be used.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in part, may
be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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Multiple dln files loaded in ICS Telecom nG : the ducting trap depends not only on the Rx location, but also on
its height
Attention : the type of refractivity maps handles by ICS Telecom nG are N refractivity maps, as the software
itself recalculates all along the path the curvature of the Earth. M refractivity curves, used by software that
do not handle the recalculation of the curvature of the Earth, are therefore not complaint with ICS Telecom
nG. ICS Telecom nG recalculates the referential modification, due to the curvature of the Earth.
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in part, may
be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in part, may
be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in part, may
be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in part, may
be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
T r a i n i n g R e s s o u r c e s
In a few words, the definition of a well-posed model in the Hadamard sense can be summarized into
fulfilling the three following conditions:
Existence,
Uniqueness,
Continuity,
of the output without regards to the input. Those conditions are highly qualitative: there is no intermediate
stage between their fulfillment and non-fulfillment As regards to propagation models, it is easy to see that
the condition of continuity is mandatory because it witnesses the continuous behavior of field strength
values without regards to the position in the space. On the contrary, the numerical condition that completes
the formal one is more quantitative (which implies the remaining qualitative step be done by the user).
In order to solve this issue, ICS Telecom nG scans all the refractivity values along the path thanks to the
digitized maps (and the values of the equivalent Earth radius if necessary): whatever the path, only one
DN value will be used for each pixel, for the same receiving antenna height. On the Z scale, the ducting
model cannot be considered as being complaint with the Hadamard conditions.
The Equivalent Earth radius will then be calculated using the following formula :
Ae = 6371* 157
157 DNpath
DNj* Distpath
Distj
Where DNpath=
j
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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4 Conclusion
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.
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REFERENCES
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be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorisation of ATDI.