International Journal of Business and Management Invention

ISSN (Online): 2319 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 801X

www.ijbmi.org || Volume 6 Issue 3 || March. 2017 || PP56-62

Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy

Stability: A Post-Independence (1958-2015)
Toure Cheick Ahmed Mandian*, Sity Daud * Russli Kamaruddin,
Faculty of Political science and Center security Studies. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstracts: This study Examines Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since
independence (1958).Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. A
securities industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and
competition and encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has not changed from
one in which prices are determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Because some of political
leadership manipulating economic resource and maintaining themselves in power. Analysis proves that a more
balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Studies on central bank
Reforms entirely ignores the potential risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion. The
focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars
such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.
Keywords: Political leadership, Economy, Reforms

I. Introduction
The growth of labor unions in the territory, and particularly of the Communist-dominated C.G.T.
Confdration Gnrale du Travail, in which R.D.A. chief, Sekou Toure, was prominent, introduced another
irritant into the political situation in Guinea. Therefore Between 1951 and 1954, important political changes
took place in Guinea. While the Socialist Party's influence declined, the increment of the Action Democratique
et Sociale (the local arm of the R.P.F.) reflected the increase of the petit Blanc population in Guinea's main
towns: Conakry, Kindia, Lab, Mamou, Kankan, Bok, N'Zrkor, and Macenta.
However Political activity for these people, although they were residents of Guinea, was mostly bound
up with politics in France.Metropolitan influence projected itself throughout the Overseas Territories and was
felt among all who called themselves Frenchmen, whether blank or blackened.Therefore During the prewar
colonial period, political activity in Guinea, as in the other parts of French West Africa, was largely in the hands
of a little group of French settlers and even fewer African volus whose background, status or education
qualified them as members of the indigenous elite. According to Victor David Du Bois (1997-2016)
Study by Alexis Arieff (2014) Said that, International observers ultimately concluded that the overall
conduct of the elections had been acceptable. Study Examines Guinea boasts bountiful natural resources,
including the worlds largest known reserves of bauxite (aluminium ore) sizable deposits of high-grade iron ore,
diamonds, gold, and uranium; and potential (as yet unverified) offshore oil and gasoline reserves. It too has
significant hydroelectric and commercial, agricultural potential. The economic system relies heavily on mineral
exports, These reforms secured $2.1 billion in debt relief in 2012, under the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund (IMF) -managed Highly IndebtedCountries initiative. Nevertheless president Alpha Cond
ultimately benefitted from cross-ethnic support, apparently in part because other groups feared political
consolidation byThere has never been a Fulbe president in Guinea, but the Fulbe community is prominent in
domestic and regional commerce.
According to Alieu Darboe(2010) Explain that. The Guinea`s Fulani ethnic group, is thought to be
descended from Berbers in the Niger plains.Among native Africans, the Mali Empire was called Manding,
which is why the predominant powefull Ethnic in Guinea, as in The Gambia, are called Mandinka, Mandingo or
Malinke, which literally means people from Manding.However The territory that is nowadays the Republic of
Guinea was part of succeeding empires of West Africa, historically referred to as the Empires of the Western
Sudan, living between the 10th and 15th centuries.

1.1.Background of Study
This study approach on Guinea political Leaderships Contribustion Two Economies Expert Stability
After Post-Independence (1958). Why Guinea Economic still didnt modern is comparable to the other
developing nation. because by Somes of political leadership manipulating economice resource .and maintaining
themself in power According To Mairi MacDonald (2009)Argued that. Influence in Africa to emphasize the
French design in the process and the result of decolonization. And manipulated the larger international
community. As did the Provisional Government of interest many contemporary historians. Guinea Conakry

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 Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence

Focusing on international relations also risks assumed the answer to a question placed by some of the political
science literature concerning the post-colonial African state.For example By Josephine and MwangiS. (2014) A
market-based system, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and
encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has no changed from one in which
prices are influenced by the market forces of supply and demand.This led to an environment that encouraged
private sector participation in agriculture.

II. Literature review

Study by Dirk Kohnert(2009) Certainly, the impact of drug trafficking could endanger
democratization and state-building if continued unchecked. The Study examines that Recent development
cooperation with Guinea-Bissau, focussing on good governance, state-building and conflict prevention, did not
contribute to democratization nor to the stabilization of volatile political, military and economic
structures.According To Hazel M. McFerson(2010) Several initiatives have been taken in recent years to foster
transparency in mineral production and revenue, but with marginal impact.However The oil addiction of
developed and emerging economies remains an oil malediction for African ack of accountability enables elite
appropriation of resources which in turn raises the monetary value of political control and finances continued
repression.
According to Giovanni Capannelli( 2011) It suggests the need to create new institutions in support of
Asian regionalism and to adopt a broad perspective inmoving towards the formation of a region-wide economic
community based on strongpolitical commitment and grassroots participation.While the focus of the Study is on
monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment,
connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.According To Jrg Bibow (2001) The analysis shows
that a more balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Therefore Most
worrisome, the inflationary bias featured prominently in the time-inconsistency literature has encouraged the
development of a dangerously one-sided approach to central bank Reforms that entirely ignores the potential
risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion.
According to Mazihid Kat(2015) That is why the main driving force in the self-help world is the
national interest. Among its ideas is anarchy. Realists believe that there is no centralized global authority that
limits sovereign states and determines their actions. The Study examines Realism is one of the oldest paradigms
in International Relation and International Political Economy (IPE). It is a spectrum of ideas based on shared
principles about what determines states behaviours towards one another. However by Arsalan Alshinawi
(2014)Explain that.After independence, the Maltese government faced the challenge of an extremely rigid
economic structure,. their foreign policy towards the Soviet Union, and its successor, the Russian Federation.
The bilateral agenda of both parties remained focussed on trade and economicties as the most promising
areas of cooperation.Nevertheles On the international stage, in the world system and the European continent,
the former was a powerful actor during the Cold War, and the latter is
Study Anshuman Gupta & Surbhi Arora ( 2013).The importance of Crude Oil to modern industrial
society grew rapidly with the proliferation of automobiles in the early 1900s. But the turning point for Oil's
importance was the First World War. Therefore Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia have more proven oil
reserves than the rest most important commodity due to the development and dependence on energy of all
humans in the world. According To Bouffard, Troy.(2016)Argue that.Norways more cautious prevention
policies promote domestic economic stability In a progressively interdependent world, this study contributes
insight into contemporary international relations regarding aspects of partnerships, energy economics, and
geostrategic policy.
Study by Mucci, Steven A(2015) Finally, the institutions supporting the international oil and gas
industry can be arranged in a hierarchy based on their relative importance. However First, oil and natural gas
are essential for sustaining current economic activity and promoting economic growth.The effectiveness with
which these risks are managed in the oil and natural gas industry are important for several reasons. the Study
Examines tha, for a secure supply of oil and natural gas affects the political, military and economic relations
between countries.Their strategies include corporate finance, joint ventures, project finance, alliances and
energy diplomacy.

2.2.The political Origins of Social mobility

Study by Shani, Danielle(2009) He identify several viable routes for narrowing inequalities in political
interest, since cognitive and cultural resources, The examines the origins of political interest, an approach new
to political development study , while underscoring the tension between class reproduction and class mobility.
According to Park, Doyoung(2013) explores the utilitarian aspects of the Neo-Confucianisms rise in the early
Tokugawa period. Neo-Confucianism was an important intellectual foundation for political leaders because it
served as the cultural medium of Chinese civilization.

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 Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence

Another Study Yellin,Steven(2007) Argue that.by woodrow wilsons Democratic administration

dismantled a Republican Reconstruction-era coalition of black and white liberals that had struggled throughout
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to safeguard government offices as places of racial
egalitarianism. The Authors examines federal employment as a lever and obstacle for racial equality and social
mobility in the age of progressive politics. According to Hao, Yu(2013) The Study finds much lower rates of
mobility in all eras than previous studies have suggested, though there is some increase in mobility in the
Republican and Communist eras.However study estimates the rate of intergenerational social mobility in Late
Imperial, Republican and Communist China by examining the changing social status of originally elite surnames
over time. Social Mobility of China, 16452012:
For example .Roger D. (2006) The Study demonstrates that individuals may opt for governmental
provision of income security ser-vices, when there is uncertainty about the quality of private club services,
because naturally high exit costs allow national governments to economi-cally address the problem of adverse
selection. According to . Fernando ( 2010) The Power to tax and taxation is geared towards the creation of
mandatory conditions for people and organizations, imposed by a government to get resources to finance
spending on public goods and services and to control the volume of private spending in the economy.

2.3. Urban policy

Study by Meacham, Terry(2014) While urban agriculture may represent one possible strategy for
coping with food insecurity, its contribution should not be over-emphasized in the context of urban
environments in Peru. However is but better socioeconomic status and maternal education were positively
associated and highly correlated. The Study examines that,Among households in the bottom two quartiles of
wealth, increasing wealth of urban residents was shown to help to mitigate food insecurity. According to
Clement, Bell (2014) To that end, Johnson relied on presidential task forces rather than Federal agencies in
developing his domestic agenda. The Authors examines that,Johnson's effort was directed to consolidating
national domestic policymaking power in the executive branch and, to the extent possible, in the Executive
Office of the President itself.
Fortheremore .Attwairi, Almokhtar (2015) .Despite the fact that urban planning authorities established
and developed several projects and planning generation series, there have been such issues and challenges
tackling the fast growth of urban centers, which resulted in population concentration and shortage of services
such as housing. This study focuses on the urban growth and management of the city of Tripoli, Libya with an
emphasis on the contribution of the economic, social. Study by Bassett, Samuel(2015) The decline in local
leadership especially regimes,an increased demand for complex amenities, and the emergence of a trans-urban
policy network provide outside actors with agenda setting power.Although urban leaders may rely on outside
actors for agenda items, local leaders retain the ability to determine the physical distribution and interaction of
infrastructure, which impacts the efficacy of urban revitalization projects.
According to Hana Brixi (2009)It recognizes that China has been undertaking comprehensive reforms
to enhance equity and quality in public service delivery. governance challenges in public service delivery in
China. perceptions sometimes diverged from the evidence and pointed to significant information asymmetries.
Explaining the survey results, the study reveals problems of inadequacy, inequality and misaligned incentives in
public resource allocation.For example by Paul Kantor (2014)Re-making social policy depends upon creating
broad interest coalitions that can succeed in promoting redistributive programs.However this distinction makes
it possible to identify different obstacles to equality within specific policy boundaries. Accordingly, the Social
and Developmental faces must be re-shaped in quite different ways for more equitable policies to emerge
According To( J. Vernon :2000) However larger effort in the group to analyze the role of economic
geography and urbanization in the development process, particularly as influenced by infrastructure investment
and political decentralization. The Studies examines list of countries with highly excessive concentration
includes Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Panama (in Latin America); the Republic of Korea and Thailand in
Asia Congo in Africa; and Greece, Ireland, and Portugal in Europe. Many of these countries have explicitly
unitary governments or federal structures have traditionally been severely constrained.
Another Study by Amy Widestrom(2014) Explain .Urban Studies tend to focus on local political or
economic arrangements to explain this phenomenon, while public policy emphasize the role of special interest
or bureaucratic influence on policy success or failure. For Examples by (Edward H. :2006) Argue that. Global
sustainable development issues are discussed in the comparative context of future growth and urban
development in the United States and China. The Authors Argue that, the development of China's modern cities
and China's emerging urban planning and growth management programs related to implementing its newly
established sustainable development policies. According To Adam Radzimski(2015) Explain that. resulted from
the underlying dynamics of socio-economic processes, and to what extent can they be seen as a result of
strategic decision making, resulting from a critical evaluation of the initial phase of policy implementation.

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 Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence

III. Housing and Rents

According To Ozimek, Adam.(2013)The results present suggestive evidence that the impacts of
switching to marginal rents may be large enough to significantly impact monetary policy and allow the Federal
Reserve to be more responsive to both the boom and bust of housing bubbles.This Study examines the
implications of sticky rents on the measurement of owner-occupied housing in the Consumer Price Index .
However the results show that marginal rents reflect market turning points sooner, and show a larger post-
housing bubble decline in rents.Another Study Warren, Emily J.(2016) Studies results indicate that school
instability is more strongly and consistently associated than residential instability with increases in internalizing
and externalizing behavior.Therefore Housing-related poverty, which includes problems such as residential
instability, unaffordability, and overcrowding, are common experiences among many low-income families. This
Studies is critical for best directing policy efforts that aim to reduce incidences of housing-related poverty.
According To Dowd, Pamela (2012) During the first half of the decade, housing prices increased at an
unprecedented rate and homeownership rates reached an all time high. However in theory, government-imposed
land use regulations place constraints on how land can be utilized, which limits supply and increases costs. For
Example By Baptiste, Oliver .(2015) Using a sample of 417 consumer reports on rental applicants living in the
Los Angeles County, California, market, analyses explore associations between demographic variables,
household debt and expenses, and the presence of a court-documented eviction record.The Authors examines
that, rental housing industry grew to an unprecedented size, which contributed more than $1 trillion to the
economy and added over 5 million households since the collapse of the housing bubble in 2006.Nevertheless
economically challenged rental households underscore foreseeable housing instability in the evolving rentership
society characterized

4.2.Communist ideology and transformation

Study By Hu, Xiao(2009) The Authors explores the political impacts on the architectural profession
and demonstrates that the Chinese Communist Party sought a full control over the architectural profession
through its operational and ideological restructurings.Therefore This Studies examines changes in Chinas
architectural profession between 1949 and 1959, the first decade of the communist regime. Finally, this study
creates an understanding of the characteristics of current Chinese architecture, and encourages a further study of
recent changes in the architectural profession after Chinas re-adoption of the capitalist system in economy since
the 1980s.According To Le Hong Hiep(2012) This Studies examines the link between the legitimation process
of the Communist Party of Vietnam.However, it has also presented the with serious challenges in maintaining
uninterrupted socio-economic development in the context of the countrys growing integration with the global
economic system which is experiencing instability.

4.3.Education Transformation System in Guinea Conakry

Michael Midling (2006) USAIDs interventions since 1997 have been of two major types. The first
involved collaboration with ministry counterparts for improving preparation and teaching. The second has been
the reinforcement of communities capacity to participate in the life of the school. However At the kickoff of
this period, access to primary education had already commenced to rapidly increase, but the command was
marked by low quality levels and a weak capacity for organization-wide planning.USAID/Guinea has invested
57 million bucks for the implementation of its scheme for the current planning cycle (1997-2006). Study by
Darshan Datar(2012) Eventually, it will look at what it claims is a raw wave of colonial values that is created by
globalization and look at the effects that delivers on the educational arrangement. The Study examines That. The
foundation of instruction is one of the mainstays on which the evolution of society rest, the institution is a
powerful instrument for both the bed covering of knowledge as well as handling.as handling. Nowhere is this
paradox highlighted more than in colonial countries.For examples by Thalia Gonzlez(2015) Although public
education activism is hardly new, the emergence of community organizing as a strategy to reform and challenge
punitive school discipline policies is a more recent phenomenon.However School reform organizing has
developed most rapidly in low-income neighborhoods and districts where communities of color have long
suffered from poor performing schools, shortages of qualified teachers, low academic achievement,
Study by Kanishka Jayasuriya(2013) The Study seeks to examine the shift of the public university as it
refers to more tolerant state and organization tasks. Therefore Mass higher education has changed substantially
in tandem with the broader changes associated with the social and political compromises over the last few
decades. And the transformation of the public university needs to be understood in this context. According to
Srikant Misra (2012) The total education system of the world under one roof.by which transformation of
knowledge in justified manner to attain the goals of life. Nevertheles The term globalization" means integration
of economies and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services,
capital, finance and people. Cross border integration can have several dimensions cultural, social, political and
economic.

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 Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence

4.3.Politics and immigration Security in guinea Conakry

By Rothchild, and Robert L. (1978) Argeud that ,peoples from Europe imposed their systems,
procedures, and values upon the local inhabitants, who were in no position to offer effective resistance for want
of technical and organizational knowledge.A fluid situation prevailed in which European administrators had a
fleeting opportunity to override fissiparous forces and to promote institutional linkages. The Study examines
Decision costs were low. During this unique but transitory phase, foreign administrators, largely unaccountable
to local guidance or control, exercised a wide measure of discretion by shaping the state institutions of the
future. By Chris Perez(2015) The illegal migrants who were hitching a ride did not have any papers and were
identified in the police statement only as TD and AB from Guinea Conakry. The four men are now all under
official investigation, authorities alleged. However The migrants, both from Guinea, each received first aid after
suffering from a lack of oxygen due to their cramped quarters. It is not clear how long the humans had been
concealed within the vehicle.
Another Katherine L. Vaughns(2013)this political cauldron, the appearance of border security and
control through symbolism and political rhetoric substitute or practical realities that are essential to inform
policymakers about the appropriate administration and enforcement.However Immigration reform is the subject
of intense discussion among politicians, policy experts, analysts, and advocacy groups. However,
Immigrationing to ignore this reality will have consequences adverse to national interests across the panel.For
example by Alex Nowrasteh(2016) Terrorism is a hazard to human life and material prosperity that should be
addressed in a sensible manner whereby the benefits of actions to contain it outweigh the costs. Foreign-born
terrorists who entered the country, either as immigrants
Study by Lauren L. Martin(2013) Generally together, these Studies s exemplify legal, governmentality,
and ethnographic approaches to immigration enforcement, and a broader ambivalence .Study examines rights-
centered policy recommendations in the predominantly promigrant eld of immigration studies.However Three
recent analyze how this global migration hysteria unfolds in specic national juridico-political
contexts.According to Matthew J. Lindsay(2010) Then as now, characterize most immigration lawmaking - but
rather to the defense of the nation against foreign aggression.B ( situaThen, asis radical yet extremely durable
doctrinal transformation within its appropriate intellectual and political contex.However The Study seeks to
denaturalize the national security rationale for immigration exceptionalism.

5.1. Business and Management

The absence of adequate crisis management strategies in small firms could result in a premature small
business closure. According to Wilson, Dovie.(2016) The Examined that ,Small business owners who
implement survival strategies may contribute to positive social change by continuing to create employment
opportunities that improve economic conditions in local communities.However Recommendations for action
include securing adequate insurance coverage, investing in a workers compensation policy, and maintaining
transparent and fluent communications with vendors and consumers. Nevertheless By Passamaneck, Linda
J.(2016) These consequences continue to renew interest in understanding the ethical decision-making of
managers.The Found that.ethical decisions in a globalized business environment and ongoing ethical failures in
business organizations yield severe consequences at the individual, organizational, and even global economic
level.By Garcia, Joshua R. (2015) This study examined the relationship between the perception of business
attire and leadership style, does leader gender matter.Therefore For the leadership style of initiating structure,
study results indicate that gender of the follower, number of employees of an organization, and the LAQ rating
score were significant and are predictors of the leadership behavior of initiating structure. The results also
showed that small organization employees and administrative/support positions perceive leader business attire
more important.By Griffey, Arlen.(2010) study investigated relationships between the availability of business
infrastructure during the mega-disaster.Results from the study suggested businesses have different needs based
on whether operations are traditional brick and mortar or Internet-based organizations. The study examined
perceptions of Gulf coast small business leaders who sustained business operations during the 2005 storm
season. A statistically significant correlation emerged between small business leaders perceived pre-disaster
planning and perceived severity of real results.

6.2.Politics and Ethics

Kalie, Merom, (2015) Argued that,the conceptual ethical mechanisms the two thinkers developed in
order to prevent connectedness or solidarity from devolving into destructive social and political behaviour.by
placing ethical considerations at the basis of his concept of solidarity.The aim of the Study is to examine the
ways in which these thinkers dealt with the possible tension between human solidarity and connectedness on the
one hand, and the need for ethical restraints on the other.by Hachadoorian, Lee(2011) Explain that.local
governments will function as a market in local services, leading to efficient allocation of local public goods. by
focusing on socioeconomic difference across local government borders. for supporting local control in public
goods with such significant distributive impacts, equalizing transfers are necessary to achieve just outcomes.
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 Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post-Independence

Gaudet, Matthew J.(2015)This Study focuses on the nonnative relationship between formal ethical
theory and practical moral decision-making. the past four American Presidents, operating in the in the ethically
pluralist political landscape of the Stability , justify decisions to use or refrain from using populations force
overseas.The Study examines Because of this strong historical influence on the presidential tradition, the case
history of "good" and "bad" wars in the American consciousness often serves as the moral standard for
involvement in future Stability . Furthermor by Chandran(2016)Argued that,Political treatises since their
beginning never got back in emphasizing on ethics.Therefore The emergence of structured state and government
together with the growth of democratic values shows several predicaments on the part of both the ruler and the
ruled. In fact, ethics sustains politics in all its forms and practices. the ethics in absolute or relative terms always
assumes significance. When politicians and governance give up their goodness, it is necessary to public.

IV. Conclusion
This study investigated that Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since
independence .Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. As securities
industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and
encourages foreign investment. The focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis
also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional
public goods.Study seeks to examine the shift of the public university as it refers to more tolerant state and
organization tasks. The term globalization" means integration of economies and societies through cross country
flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people. While urban agriculture
may represent one possible strategy for coping with food insecurity, its contribution should not be over-
emphasized in the context of urban environments in Peru. However is but better socioeconomic status and
maternal education were positively associated and highly correlated.

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