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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
calcite, aragonite and vaterite are non-hydrated crystals. It had been found that
calcite and aragonite have stable thermodynamic structures, while vaterite is
thermodynamically unstable so that it is easily transformable to calcite or
aragonite in aqueous solution.
The role MICP within the cement mortar matrix through scanning
electron microscope (SEM) had been confirmed by Ramakrishnan et al
(1999). Knorre & Krumbein (2000) observed that the different types of
bacteria, as well as abiotic factors seem to contribute in a variety of ways to
CaCO3 precipitation in a wide range of different environments. Some bacteria
and fungi could induce precipitation of CaCO3 extracellularly through a
number of processes that include photosynthesis, ammonification,
de-nitrification, sulphate reduction and anaerobic sulphide oxidation had been
identified by Castanier et al (2000) and Riding (2000). The six genes involved
in crystal formation in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) PB19 had been identified
by Perito et al (2000). Gonzalez-Munoz et al (2000) investigated that the
precipitation of minerals in different groups of bacteria and the influence of
various environmental factors.
that the presence of chloride ions resulted in rhombohedral crystals, while the
presence of acetate ions resulted in spherical crystals.
The bounded metal ions like calcium may react with anions like
carbonate to form an insoluble salt as CaCO3 had been reported by De
Muynck et al (2010) and also they reported that the costs of the MICP
treatments are attributable both to the price of the product and the number of
applications required. Thus, finding out of the cheaper sources of raw
materials are particularly important for the products which are required in
large quantities.
due to consolidation of pores inside the cement mortar cube with MICP had
been reported by Lian et al (2006). The maximum compressive strength at
concentration of 105 cells/ml of water used B. pasteruii treated cement mortar
and concrete had been observed by Ghosh et al (2006). His group observed in
s (28 days) compressive strength raised to 22.62% as
compared with ordinary concrete in the Shewanella Species treated cement
mortar/concrete. From the test result they noticed that the Shewanella species
incorporated cement mortar showed 25% increased compressive strength
compared to ordinary cement mortar.
observed by Qian et al (2009). They also reported that the capillary water
absorption of coefficient of cement paste with water cement ratio of 0.45%
was increased 50-70% by the incorporation of B. pasteurii. Some calcium
salts such as acetate and nitrate could be possibly applied in practice and was
safer for reinforced concrete structures as reported by Tittleboom
et al (2010). The use of B. subtilis bacteria for a cell concentration of 105
cell/ml of mixing water increases the concrete resistance to sulphuric acid
attack, reported by Reddy et al (2010). The aerobic bacteria were hindered
during the development of dome shaped CaCO3 structure on the light weight
concrete specimen, noticed by Kim et al (2013). The same group found that
the density of the CaCO3 crystal of the medium with B. Sphaericus was
higher than that of the cases with other treatment.