1. What are the types of commonly used lamps?

- Incandescent Lamps
- Fluorescent Lamps
- Tungsten--Halogen Lamps
- High Pressure mercury
- LED Lamps
- High Pressure Sodium HPSV
- Low Pressure Sodium LPSV
- Compact Fluorescent Lamps
2. What do the following terms mean?

- Illuminance: is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area

- Luminous efficacy: This is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power
consumed by the lamp. It is a reflection of efficiency of energy conversion from electricity
to light form.
- Luminaire: is a device that distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from one or
more lamps.
- Control gear : The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows:
Ballast:
A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any discharge
lamps. In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up, required for starting.
Ignitors:
These are used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps.
- Colour rendering index: is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal
the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source.

3. What is the function of ballast in a lighting system?

- The ballast regulates the current to the lamps and provides sufficient voltage to start the
lamps. Without a ballast to limit its current, a fluorescent lamp connected directly to a high
voltage power source would rapidly and uncontrollably increase its current draw.
 4. Rate the following with respect to their luminous efficacy

GLS lamp : Efficacy 8 to 17 lumens/Watt

FTL : Efficacy 46- 90 lumens/Watt
CFL : Efficacy 46- 70 lumens/Watt
HPSV : Efficacy 50 - 90 lumens/Watt
LPSV : Efficacy 100 200 lumens/Watt

5. Rate the following with respect to colour rendering index

GLS lamp : 1A
HPSV lamp : 1-2
Metal halide lamps : 1A
LPSV lamp : 3

6. Briefly describe the methodology of lighting energy audit in an industrial facility?

Step 1: Inventory the lighting system elements, & transformers in the facility as per following
typical format.
Step 2: With the aid of a lux meter, measure and document the lux levels at various plant locations
at working level, as daytime lux and night time lux values alongside the number of lamps ON
during measurement.

Step 3: With the aid of portable load analyzer, measure and document the voltage and power
consumption at various input points, namely the distribution boards or the lighting voltage
transformers at the same as that of the lighting level audit.

Step 4: Compare the measured lux values with the standard. Use the values as a reference and
identify locations of under lit and over lit areas.

Step 5: Analyze the failure rates of lamps, ballasts and the actual life expectancy levels from the
past data.
Step 6: Based on careful assessment and evaluation, identify improvement options, which could
include:

Maximum sunlight use options through transparent roof sheets, north light roof, etc.
Replacements of lamps by more energy efficient lamps, with due consideration to luminaire,
color rendering index color rendering index and lux level as well as expected life comparison.
Replacements of ballasts by more energy efficient ballasts, with due consideration to life and
power factors apart from watt loss.
Selecting interior colors for light reflection.
7. List the energy savings opportunities in industrial lighting systems.
- Use Natural Day Lighting
- De-lamping to reduce excess lighting
- Task Lighting
- Selection of High Efficiency Lamps and Luminaries
- Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage
- Electronic Ballasts instead of electromagnetic ballasts
- Low Loss Electromagnetic Ballasts for Tube Lights
- Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors
- T5 Fluorescent Tube Light
- Lighting Maintenance

8. Explain how electronic ballast saves energy?

Energy savings up to 35% and Less heat dissipation, which reduces the air conditioning load
Lights instantly
Improved power factor
Operates in low voltage load
Less in weight
Increases the life of lamp
9. A CFL can replace c) HPMV

10. Explain briefly about various lighting controls available?

- Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility in lighting control

- Installation of microprocessor based controllers
- Optimum usage of daylighting
- Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting
- Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder
- Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts