This document provides information about the chemistry of cement for third year chemistry students studying major chemistry. It discusses the types, manufacture, properties, hydration, and mechanisms of various cements including Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, and super sulphated cement. The key points covered include the composition, phases, specifications, hydration processes, and factors that influence the strength and curing of different cements. Diagrams illustrate the chemical reactions and mechanisms involved.
This document provides information about the chemistry of cement for third year chemistry students studying major chemistry. It discusses the types, manufacture, properties, hydration, and mechanisms of various cements including Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, and super sulphated cement. The key points covered include the composition, phases, specifications, hydration processes, and factors that influence the strength and curing of different cements. Diagrams illustrate the chemical reactions and mechanisms involved.
This document provides information about the chemistry of cement for third year chemistry students studying major chemistry. It discusses the types, manufacture, properties, hydration, and mechanisms of various cements including Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, and super sulphated cement. The key points covered include the composition, phases, specifications, hydration processes, and factors that influence the strength and curing of different cements. Diagrams illustrate the chemical reactions and mechanisms involved.
introduction Cement: given to a substances which can be used to bind together sand and any form of aggregate. (eg. broken stone).
Primitive cement is Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime).
Hydraulic cement: is the cement that not only react
with water ,it also form water resistant products. Cement can be used as
Paste Mortar Concrete
Some important Terms:
1-Setting 2-Hardening
3-Hydration reaction. 4-Curing condition.
Cement chemical nomenclature
Oxide Abbreviation Compound Abbreviation
CaO C 3 CaO.SiO2 C3S
SiO2 S 2 CaO.SiO2 C2S Al2O3 A 3 CaO.Al2O3 C3A Fe2O3 F 4 CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF MgO M 4 CaO.2Al2O3.SO3 C4A2S SO3 S 3 CaO.2 SiO2.3 H2O C3S2H3 H2O H CaSO4.2 H2O CSH2 C3S = Tri Calcium Silicate, C2S = Di Calcium Silicate Manufacture of Portland Cement
Lime stone (CaCO3) +Clay (or other compounds
with similar bulk composition)heating to about 1450 oC partial fusion clinker(67%C, 22%S, 5%A, 3% F+ 3% other component) grinding and mixed with few %gypsum (Ca SO4.2 H2O) Portland cement Main phases of PC clinker: 1) C3S 2) C2S 3)C3A 4) C4AF Rule of each phase in the Hydration characteristics of Portland Cement Percentage and the rule of each phase in PCC I) Compressive strength: C3A,C4AF give little strength compared to C3 S, -C2S. II)Evolution of heat:hydration of PC is an exothermic process(C3S and C3A) make large contribution to heat of hydration. III) Sulphate resistant: some ground water and sea water contains enough sulphate to attack PC and causes its expansion and disintegration. Sulphate attack depends on C3A content, and formation of ettringite (C3A.3 CaSO4.32H2O). Types of Portland Cement according to ASTM Classification
ASTM type Composition ( % ) Characteristic
and name s C3S C2S C3A C4AF I (Ordinary 42- 10- 0-17 6-18 no special Portland 65 30 requirements. cement) II ( 35- 15- 0-8 6-18 moderate sulfate Modified 60 35 resistance, moderate heat Portland of hydration. cement) III ( High - early 45-70 10- 0-15 6-18 higher strength 30 strength Portland soon after cement) pouring. IV ( Low - heat 20-30 50- 3-6 8-15 low heat of Portland 55 hydration. cement) V ( Sulfate - 40-60 15- 0-5 10- high sulfate resistant 40 18 resistance. Portland cement) Specification of PC is based on
1)Test on unhydrated cement.
2)Test on behaviour of cement during hydration. 3)Test on the hardened pastes. White cement (other Type of Portland Cement): made from iron free materials (e.g lime stone and china clay), they contain C3A,C3S and C2S. non Portland cement: I) Aluminous cement: Lime stone +bauxite (heating) complete fusion aluminous cement. Properties of Aluminous cement 1)set and harden quickly compared to PC 2)High early strength. 3)High resistant to sulphate attack. II) Slag cement: a) blastfurnace slag b)supersulphated cement. III- Pozzolanic Cement: Pozzalanas: are substances which are not in themselves cementitious, but reacts with Ca(OH)2 in presence of water and act as cement. Expansive cement: cement that give paste which expand slightly on hydration. Mechanism of cementing action 1)Reactivity of anhydrous compounds 1)C3S ,CA react rapidly with water and strongly hydraulic. 2)-C2S reacts slowly with water and strongly hydraulic, but -C2S is inert. 3)C3A,C4AF reacts rapidly with water, but they are weakly hydraulic. b)-C2S reacts slowly with water and strongly hydraulic, but -C2S is inert. c)C3A,C4AF reacts rapidly with water, but they are weakly hydraulic. Explanation
i) many compounds are stable at room temperature
when (Ca) atoms coordinated to six oxygen. In compounds formed at high temperature the coordination number of (Ca) is less than (6) and the reactivity is attributed to tendency of (Ca) to attain (6) CO.NO. ii) Also irregularity in arrangement of coordinated oxygen was an important factor iii) Finally presence of minor impurities may be a reason for reactivity. 2-product formed on hydration i) Chemical nature of it. ii) Particle size and particle shape. iii)Surface structure: hydraulic reactivity is high for compounds have surfaces in which coordination of ions or atoms are unsatisfactory. iv-Condition of formation of hydration products a) If the hydration product occurs under conditions which do not causes disruption of the pre-existing structure it give strength. b) If the reverse of (a) occurs it will causes low strength. v-Condition of formation of hydration products a) If the hydration product occurs under conditions which do not causes disruption of the pre-existing structure it give strength. b) If the reverse of (a) occurs it will causes low strength. Theories of setting and hardening 1) Crystallization hypothesis (by Lechatelier): Cement+H2Osolution(supersaturated relative to hydration products) precipitation of hydration products as crystals, interlocked with each other hardened mass . 2) Gel hypothesis (by Michaels): He attributed the hardening of hydraulic cement due to formation of gel. a) Gel is soft and contains much water. b) Unreacted cement particles which still present absorbs this water from this gel and use it for hydration c) The gel becomes hard and impermeable 3-Modern Views a) Cement +H2O dispersion system (cement grains not close packed) b) Large amount of hydration products (of colloidal dimension) were formed on the surface of grains. c) After few hours amount of hydration increase and extended to meet each other, so that give gel in the space between the grains (setting stage). d)(after few days), the colloidal particles between the cement grains becomes densely packed, give hardened materials, also the gel becomes closely packed in some regions and less dense in other, which give pores (hardening stage) Hydration of Portland Cement
a) Through solution mechanism:-
Reactants dissolves gives ions in solution ions combined giving products precipitate from solution. b) Topochemical mechanism:- reaction occurs directly on surface of solid. 1)hydration of C3S 2 C3S +6H C3S2H3 +3 Ca(OH)2 2)hydration of C2S 2 C2S +4H C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2 3)Hydration of C3A a)C3A+excessH2O(C4AH19+C4AH8 ) these are metastable hydrates by time C3 AH6(more stable and less soluble) b) C3A+less H2O and room temp.C3 AH6 3)Hydration of C4AF: C4AF +CaSO4.2H2O +Ca(OH)2 3CaO(Al2O3.Fe2 O3).3CaSO4(aq) Role of gypsum in setting and hardening It added to cement to delay its setting. Mechanism of hydration 1)pre-induction period (first minutes) (fast hydration). induction period : the rate is slow down. dormant period (period of relative inactivity) lasting 1-2 hours. 3)acceleration period: (3-12 hours after mixing) due to break up CSH coating and continuation of hydration process). 4)post acceleration: in this period the rate of hydration is slow down gradually as the amount of unhydrated materials decreases. Blast-Furnace Slag Cement (BFC) BFS is by-product obtained in manufacture of pig- iron in the blast furnace as molten at 1400-1500 oC. then cooling may be: a) Slow cooling which give grey crystalline ,stony material known as dense slag. b) Rapid cooling using limited amount of water , giving light weight materials called foamed slag and after cursing and grinding used as light weight aggregates. a) very rapid cooling of the slag by pouring into excess water b)or by very rapid cooling using jets of water or of air and water. The product known as granulated slag. Reaction of blast-furnace slag with water It react very slowly with water but without Setting . But when some Ca(OH)2 is added to it ,setting and hardening reactions occurs, similar to PC but with slower rate. The products formed are: CSH (tobermorite), C4AH13 Reaction of blast-furnace slag with water It react very slowly with water but without setting. But when some Ca(OH)2 is added to it ,setting and hardening reactions occurs, similar to PC but with slower rate. The products formed are: CSH (tobermorite), C4AH13 What is the rule of activator (e.g. Ca(OH)2 , NaOH or KOH)? Mechanism of hydration of slag in slag cement mixture 1)Fast hydration reaction from time of mixing with water(0.5 h) (pre-dormant period). 2)first dormant period, this period( ended at 0.5 day of hydration). Very slow stage of hydration (due to initially formed hydrates with high amorphous character) 3)first acceleration period ends at 3 days of hydration. 4) Second dormant period (after 3-days) the hydration is slow down. 5)Second acceleration period (after 28-day) . In this period a marked decrease in free lime and free slag were observed up to 180 days The beginning and duration of each stage : depends on a) Fineness b) Composition of the original slag cement mixture. Super sulphate Cement It made from (80-85%)of granulated blast furnace slag + CaSO4 (as activator)+5% PC Super sulphate Cement