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ARIYUR
THIRUKOVILUR, VILLUPURAM (DT)-605751.
PHYSICS
XII-STANDARD
STUDY MATERIAL
(FOR SLOW LEARNERS)
PREPARED BY:
V.MANIKANDAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
PG ASSISTANT IN PHYSICS,
MODEL SCHOOL @ G.ARIYUR,
THIRUKOVILUR,
VILLUPURAM (DT)-605751.
CELL: 9843431804.
Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed
is strong enough -ABDUL KALAM
+2 PHYSICS
3 MARK
STUDY MATERIAL
(for slow learners)
Prepared by:
V.MANIKANDAN.M.SC.,B.Ed.,
PG ASST. IN PHYSICS,
MODEL SCHOOL @ G.ARIYUR,
THIRUKOVILUR,
VILLUPURAM-605751
CELL:9843431804
1. Electrostatics
1.Coulombs law :
The force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. F
2.Properties of lines of forces:
(i) It start from positive charge and to negative charge.
(ii) It never intersect.
(iii) The tangent to a line of force at any point gives the direction of
the electric field (E) at that point.
3.Electric dipole
Two equal and opposite charges separated by a very small distance constitute an electric dipole.
ex : water
4. Electric potential
The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that point against the
electric forces.
5.Electric flux
The total number of electric lines of force, crossing through the given area.
6.Gausss law
The total flux is equal to 1/o times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
7.Applications of capacitors.
(i) They are used in the ignition system
(ii) They are used to reduce voltage fluctuations.
(iii) Capacitors are used in tuning the radio circuit.
8.Action of points or corona discharge.
The leakage of electric charges from the sharp points on the charged conductor.
9.Why it is safer to sit inside a bus or car than in open ground or under a tree?
The metal body of the bus/car provides electrostatic shielding, where the electric field is zero. The
electric discharge passes through the body of the bus/car.
2. Current Electricity
10.Drift velocity
The velocity with which free electrons get drifted towards the positive terminal, when an electric field
is applied. Unit : m/s
11.Mobility
The drift velocity acquired per unit electric field. Unit :
12.Ohms law
The steady current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference.
I V
13.Applications of superconductors
(i) It form the basis of energy saving power systems.
(ii) Superconducting magnets have been used to levitate trains above its rails.
(iii)It can be used to separate tumor cells from healthy cells.
(iv) It can be used for transmissionlines.
(v) It can be used as memory elements.
14.The temperature coefficient ofresistance
The ratio of increase in resistance per degree rise in temperature to its resistance at C. Unit :
/ C.
15.Comparison of emf and potential difference
S.NO Emf potential difference
60.Skip distance
For a fixed frequency, the shortest distance between the point of transmission and the point of
reception along the surface
61.Modulation factor
The ratio of Signal amplitude to the Carrier amplitude.
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m=
' & !" #$%&
Prepared by:
V.MANIKANDAN.M.SC.,B.Ed.,
PG ASST. IN PHYSICS,
MODEL SCHOOL @ G.ARIYUR,
THIRUKOVILUR,
VILLUPURAM-605751
CELL:9843431804
PHYSICS
HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR
5 MARKS
2.Applications of superconductors
(i) It is used as a superconducting generators
(ii) Superconducting magnets is used to levitate trains above its rails.
(iii) Superconducting magnetic propulsion system is used to launch satellites.
(iv) It can be used for transmission lines.
(v)It can be used as memory elements in computers.
5.Uses of Polaroid
1. They are used to produce and analyse plane polarised light.
2.They are used as polarising sun glasses.
3. They are used to eliminate the head light glare in motor cars.
4. They are used to improve colour contrasts in old oil paintings.
5. Polaroid films are used to produce 3D moving pictures.
=
if c = v
=
=
p = mv
9. Electron microscope
Uses:
(i) It is used to study the structure of textile fibres, surface of metals.
(ii) It is used to study the virus andbacteria.
(iii) It is used to study the atomicstructure and of crystal structure.
Limitations:
(i)It is operated only in high vacuum.
(ii)It cannot used to study living organisms which would evaporate.
Second theorem
The complement of a product is equal to the sum of thecomplements.
PQRS is a conductor bent in the shape. A uniform magnetic field B acts perpendicular
to the plane of the
conductor.
If Ig=0
18.
Electron jumps
ju
from higher
orbit(
rbit( ) to wavenumber Present
s.no series lower )
lower( region
1. 1 2,3,4, UV
2
2. 3,4,5, Visible
3
3. 4,5,6, IR
4
4. 5,6,7,
IR
5
5. 6,7,8,
IR
motion.
10 MARKS
10 MARKS
1.Electric field due to an electric dipole at a point on 2. Electric field due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial
line.
Its axial line.
3. Electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole 4. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric
medium.
i) ,
ii) ,
iii)
5. Capacitors in series and parallel 6. Van de Graaff Generator
7.Heating effect : Joules law 8.Emf induced by changing the orientation of the coil
(i) Law of current:
H=VIt
Heat produced is directly proportional to
i)the square of the current S.NO Alignment of plane Emf
(ii) resistance with B is
(iii) time 1. 0 perpendicular 0
(iii) Law of time: 2. parallel
3. perpendicular 0
4. parallel
5. 0
perpendicular
9.AC generator (Dynamo) Single phase: 10. Resistor, inductor and capacitor in series:
Working:
* The induced current direction is given by Flemings right hand rule.
*ABCD is rotated in the anticlockwise direction. Instantaneous current i =
* AB side of the coil moves downwards and DC side moves upwards.
The current induced from B to A and fromD to C. 11. Transformer:
The current direction DCBA. Use: Converting low alternating voltage into
In external circuit cureent flows from B1 to B2. high alternating voltage and vice versa.
*On further rotation, Principle: Electromagnetic induction
DC side of the coil moves downwards and AB side moves upwards. Construction:
The current induced from A to B and fro C to D. NP - the number of turns in the primary coil
The current direction ABCD. NS -the number of turns in secondary coil, wound on a
soft iron core
In external circuit cureent flows from B2 to B1. EP - induced emf in the primary coil
e= Eo sin t , ES - induced emf in the secondary coil
Eo = NBA Ip - current in the primary coil
*The 5500 radiation photons are absorbed by *He Ne laser containing helium and neon gas in the ratio of
the chromium ions 1 : 4 at a total pressure of about 1 mm of Hg.
* The excited ion gives up part of its energy to the crystal lattice. *The excited helium atoms transfer their energy to unexcited
Ne atoms by collision
* E2 has a much longer lifetime * It emits a 6328 photon in the visible region.
* The population inversion is achieved between * He atom help in achieving a population inversion in Ne atoms.
the states E2 and E1.
* It emits a photon of wavelength 6943