Amplitude Modulation and De-modulation of Audio

Signals
KOUSIK LOHO
M.Sc Physics
Roll No-16510039
kousik.loho@iitgn.ac.in
March 28,2017

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Contents
1 ABSTRACT 3

2 THEORY 3
2.1 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 De-Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 EXPERIMENTAL DATA 4

4 CONCLUSION 9

5 REFERENCES 9

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1 ABSTRACT
In this experiment we will modulate low frequency audio signals into the amplitude of some
high frequency carrier waves. Then see them in a DSO and also calculate the Modulation
Index. Then we will study their behaviour in a DSO while De-modulation.

2 THEORY
2.1 Modulation
In amplitude modulation the low frequency audio signal is superimposed on the amplitude
of the carrier. Let the low frequency modulating voltage be em = Em cosm t. The amplitude
of carrier varies according to modulating voltage em .
Hence the equation of amplitude modulated wave is
e = (Ec + Em cosm t)cosc t
neglecting the phase difference between the signals as that has no role here.
So, e = Ec (1 + ma cosm t)cosc t where ma = EEmc =Modulation Index.
Now, let Emax =maximum amplitude of the amplitude modulated wave and Emin =minimum
amplitude of the amplitude modulated wave. Then,
Emax = Ec (1 + ma )
Emin = Ec (1 ma )

From these two equations we get,

Emax Emin
ma =
Emax + Emin

If the signal is over modulated that means if ma is greater than 1, then the signal can not
be derived back properly by demodulation.

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2.2 De-Modulation
At the receiver the signal is first rectified and then using capacitor it is demodulated. Fol-
lowing is the circuit diagram:

3 EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Data for Modulation Index:
Obs No Vmax (mV) Vmin (mV) ma
1 680 360 0.308
2 660 320 0.347
3 520 200 0.444
4 500 120 0.613
5 400 60 0.739
6 360 -80 1.571

Following are the corresponding pictures in serial order:

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Data for De-modulation:

Following are the pictures of undermodulated and overmodulated signals respectively after
being demodulated at the receiver:

In the second picture the Diagonal Clipping is very clearly seen.

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4 CONCLUSION
For undermodulated signals the demodulation is effective but for the overmodulated signals
demodulation does not give the original modulating signal back at the receiver.

5 REFERENCES
Electronics by Basudev Ghosh.

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