Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
DJS/CP/SC34
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
with these changes in climate. Some of the effects of the changes include
time.2
in the alternating series of warm and cool periods. These changes have
Some of these ages include the Ice Age, which was between 10,000 and 2
million years ago, Alitithermal Period 7000 years ago, Medieval Warm
Epoch around AD 1,000 and the Little Ice Age that ended at about 1650.
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global temperatures dominated the past 2 decades, for both land and
ocean and for both day and night.3 According to Intergovernmental Panel
increased by about 0.6 +- 0.2oC since the late nineteenth Century and 0.2
to 0.3oC over the past 25 years. These temperatures have been projected
to increase from 1.4 to 5.80 from 1990 to 2100.4 The Year 2005 has been
preliminary analysis. The Year 1998 was second from 1995, the records
out. This led to the confirmation that the radiative effect of the build-up
oxide. The prevailing global climate change has been described as the
most serious and the most difficult environmental issue to manage among
those that have emerged in the past few decades.7 Some of these
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around the world that have cost the world lives and huge amount of
properties.
are killing more people over time and costing more. 8 The worlds poorer
marginalised people in these nations bear the brunt. 9 The CRED data
shows that economic losses have risen sevenfold since the 1960s, with
reported losses of United States Dollar 659.9 billion in the 1990s. 10 Two-
international and national initiatives have been put in place. The disaster
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tasks also revolve around the issues of disaster prevention, which may
capacity building.13
the fact that Nigeria is also a member of the IPCC. Nigeria witnessed a
high level of rainfall in both the Northern and Southern part of the
the country. The increasing sea level in Lagos, which has been attributed
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(NEMA).
research questions:
disaster management?
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management.
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11. It is expected that the study will be beneficial to the FGN, NEMA
it is expected that the study will serve as a useful reference material for a
broad range of users particularly those undertaking research into the area.
year 1997 to 2011. This was the period the FGN began a systematic
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METHODOLOGY
14. Sources of Data. The study derived its data from both primary
Annex A.
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Forces Command and Staff College (AFCSC), ABU, NIPPS, NIIA and
analysed quantitatively.
in descriptive form with the aid of tables, charts, figures and maps
as necessary.
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16. The major limitation of this paper was mostly on the issue of
considered official. However, this did not affect the validity of the study
10
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NOTES
1. PA Stoke, Human and Natural Forces, (Atlanta: Amy
2. Ibid, p. 28.
pp. 270-277.
spider.org/guide-xn/2638/centre-research-epidemiology-disasters-
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10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
13. Geoff OBrien, Phil OKeefe, Joanne Rose and Ben Wisner,
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
the decade when the word climate change comes up in any discussion
changed as the world has changed her focus from mitigation to adaption
and its management in Nigeria, this chapter would conceptualise the key
Mohr stated that global temperatures are already higher than they have
ever been in at least the past millennium and the increase is accelerating
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even faster than the scientist had predicted.2 The expected consequences
temperature of the Earths near-surface air and the oceans since the mid-
increase since the middle of the Twentieth century. The panel also
and a small cooling effect afterward.5 These basic conclusions have been
industrialised countries.6
the current rise in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and
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levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, and
records that have been maintained by humans since the 1880s. 9 The term
22. Lisa Prososki outlined that most scientists agree that the Earth's
temperature has risen over the past century and that carbon dioxide is one
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23. Amidst such controversy, world leaders have met and outlined
represent 63.7 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide that have
however does not support the Kyoto Protocol and disagrees with a
its own federal and state laws can regulate greenhouse gas emissions in
sources and pursuing other strategies that it believes will address global
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2) and water vapor. Table 2.1 shows the
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all sides, including downwards to the earths surface. This heat is returned
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surface, which in turn emits radiation both up and down. This causes a
greenhouse effect. Thus, greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface
effect.
27. For this research the definition of climate change given by IPCC
in the mean state and other statistics of the climate on all spatial and
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CONCEPT OF DISASTER
been identified which gives a clear view on the interpretation of the term
definition however was not able to capture the scope, limitation or nature
of disasters.
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Though often caused by nature, disasters can also have human origins.
bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to life and
with the geographical location, climate and the type of the earth
economic, political and cultural state of the affected area. It may also be
ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.24 Disaster
31. Disasters and how they are managed, have however become the
interest signifies that the world has become a more dangerous place for its
this study. It dwelled on the desired qualities of disaster. Like the scope,
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that it must affect people, hence the reason why government has plans
CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT
people.28
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levels as well as many businesses create some sort of disaster plan that
impact of disasters.35
could possibly disrupt the day to day operation of a city, town, business,
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procedures that can be initiated when and if a given disaster does come to
pass.37
wide range of possibilities that can easily be adapted in the event one
disaster sets off a chain reaction of other types of disasters in its wake.
organised effort to militate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover
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events which start and stop with each disaster occurrence. He represents
activities, which exist for dealing with disaster.40 Olowu further expressed
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both Olowu and Carters views of the phases of disaster are similar with
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combustion of fossil fuels and land use changes, but with wide ranging
46. Signatories to the UNFCCC and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol have
accepted that climate change brings with it many potential hazards. The
potential hazards include: rising of sea levels, increased storms and flood
people. In the period between 2000 and 2007 of the more than 230
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increase: from an average of 195 per year in 1987-1998 to 365 per year
in 2000-2006.44
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
49. Several theories such as the Social Risk Management (SRM), Asset
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segmented with their component parts held together by shared values and
system must work in tandem to ensure the overall well-being and survival
of the organisation.49
applicable to this study. The framework presents and applies the social
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such as safety nets and insurance. This analytical framework helps focus
adaptation as shown in Figure 2.4 at annex C.51 It is on this basis that the
study.
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53. There are ample literatures from a varied number of sources, both
Agency of the USA and IPCC sponsored by the United Nations are 2 of
the largest contributors to the debate on global warming and its effect on
natural disasters. The IPCC 2007 report unequivocally states that global
global warming.
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would use the survey research method to verify the roles FGN in disaster
management in Nigeria.
NOTES
2. Ibid.
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4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
No 2. (2009).
12. Ibid.
33
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October 2011).
Opportunities, p. 920.
34
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<http://www.ifrc.org/en/whatwedo/disastermanagement/aboutdisasterswh
24. Ibid.
35
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Company 2008).
28. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
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37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
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44. Ibid.
November 2011).
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
October 1998), p. 3.
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53. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
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CHAPTER 3
amended states that the state shall protect and improve the environment
and safe guard the water , air and land, forest and wild life of Nigeria. 1
The section delegates the protection of the people, environment and the
inhabitants against disasters to the FGN. To achieve these tasks the FGN
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appraised. The data collected during the field study would then be
analysed.
57. The issue of global warming and disasters is gradually taking its
caution that extreme weather events and climate variability will increase
the risks of natural disaster.3 The natural disasters include: floods, flash
floods and Glacier Lake Outburst Flooding, cyclones, drought, sea level
Agency (NESREA) stated that Nigeria has begun to feel the effects of
growth and distribution, and the condition of human settlements and their
climate change and natural disasters are felt on the economic, political
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while at least, 80 per cent of the inhabitants of the Niger Delta are likely
to face displacement.7 Also, the vast lands of the North are threatened by
droughts while some of the lands and inhabitants of the East and West are
map of Nigeria showing flood and erosion prone areas. While annex E
shows the top 10 natural disasters in Nigeria and the affected people for
various geo-political and climatic zones of the country. The location, size
that is mostly slated at 162 million 8 has great impact also on its physical
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emergency in the country. Coastal states and even upland states like
Bauchi, Sokoto, Niger and Kwara have felt the effect of flooding.
states of Kano, Niger Bauchi and Sokoto, the situation is precarious due
floods and soil erosion.10 In view of the enormous global warming relater
would afford both the FGN and Lagos State Government the opportunity
61. The FGN in a bid to counter the effects and occurrence of disasters
NERA was established by Decree 48 of 1976 and charged with the task of
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NERA was expanded and the name of the Agency was changed to
Decree 12 1999.14
62. NEMA shall among other things carry out some roles designed to
achieve her mandate contained in the act establishing it, which is to:
control measures.
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Management.
63. To achieve a safer environment for her citizenry and reduce the
the Kyoto Protocol of 1994 and adopted UNFCCC in 1992.16 The FGN
provides distress alert and location information for SAR services for
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65. The NDRP establishes a process and structure for the systematic,
66. The NDRP groups the forms of direct FGN assistance that a State
among others. The State and Local Governments shall build the capacity
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are organised under the SSAs and the Military under Disaster Response
respondents in Lagos State and Kaduna State in order to seek the opinions
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selected but only 98 representing 65.33 per cent of the intended samples
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69. The distribution of the sample population shows selection from the
related disasters occur in both parts, it shows that the sample population
distribution of respondents.
Educational Number of
Serial Percentage Remark
Qualification Respondents
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1. SSCE 29 29.6
2. Bsc 37 37.8
3. Msc/Phd 32 32.6
4. Total 98 100
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70. Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2 above indicate that 30 per cent of
respondents are SSCE holders and 38 per cent are Secondary School
leavers and 32 per cent are Msc/Phd holders. This indicates that a greater
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71. Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3 shows that 48 per cent of respondents
indicate that they are aware of the term global warming. On the other
hand, 40 per cent indicated that they are partially aware of the term
global warming. While 12 per cent indicate that they are not aware of
respondents are aware of the term global warming. This portends well
for the research study as respondents can contribute to the research topic
and analysis.
gives a reason for concern. This true to the fact that the level of ignorance
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73. Table 3.4 and Figure 3.4 shows that 30 per cent of respondents
conditions in recent times. It also indicates that 44.4 per cent of the
climatic conditions. While 28 per cent indicated that global warming has
those that indicated that global warming has adversely affected Nigerias
climatic conditions is based on the fact that in recent times the amount of
therefore led to the increase in flooding around the country. Some also
noted that the evidence in Lagos is glaring. They cited the various
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flooding cases like the Sokoto flooding, as well as the as increasing ocean
74. The various flood disasters also witnessed in the northern part of
Nigeria is also an issue of concern. This is coupled with the drought and
activities of NEMA has been centered upon search and rescue especially
on disaster that are sudden and calamitous in nature. There is however the
which may include the sorting out of variety trees and plants that can
develop into vegetations in the North. There is also the need for the FGN
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75. Table 3.5 and Figure 3.5 above shows that 40.8 per cent of
respondents ticked yes that global warming has been the cause of all
hand, 32.6 per cent of respondents indicated that global warming has
recent times. While 26.5 per cent indicated that global warming has not
recent times.
76. In line with the analysis above, Onibokun highlighted that Lagos
state has seen greater rainfall and on 13 February 2012 experienced very
heavy wind which caused lots of damage to public and private property.26
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temperatures and sea levels; it leaves behind its trail disasters in the forms
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77. Table 3.6 and Figure 3.6 above shows that 2 per cent of
respondents rated the FGN/NEMA excellent, while 3 per cent rated the
rated the FGN/NEMA good while 56 per cent rated the FGN/NEMA fair
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and equipment. This may include vehicles, helicopters, and vessels. There
78. There are many challenges bedeviling the effort of the FGN in
INADEQUATE FUNDING
problem, the more the cost of managing it increases in future. This is due
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however is not peculiar to the state level but also felt in the Federal level
80. According to Fagbemi, the Assistant Director for risk reduction, the
emergency management in the country. In other words, it has not been the
that result in the depleting of the ozone layer where the resultant effect
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82. However, more people still do not know much about the term
preparedness of the Federal, State and Local government also shows the
state of awareness of the impact of global warming and its resultant effect
and NGOs both internationally and locally needs to embark on the proper
83. Nigeria is a large country in land mass and population. The country
out their as the need to cover the whole country becomes expedient. The
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84. The capacity for the various disaster management agencies to cover
the entire country is also difficult. This challenge is most evident in the
need for the FGN to expedite the action of the remaining states yet to
disaster management.
grossly inadequate to cover the territory of Nigeria. This is same for other
the terrain the disaster occurs. Some of these equipment, platforms and
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and vessels,
86. However, one of the arguments of the local and state government
to such disaster crises according to Adebiyi, is the fact that they do not
there is the need for the FGN to establish a disaster fund that will cater
for the allocations to the local and state government on disaster issues.
This would at least cover the area of mitigation and amelioration aspect
government.
disaster management. They all eventually carry out almost the same role,
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process. For example when both the Fire Service and the Military
perform the roles of prevention of spread of fire, who then performs the
country. This however is not the case in Nigeria as the various agencies
are in short of both skilled and unskilled manpower to cover the entire
Jan 12 only had 300 staff to cover the entire country.35 This however is
grossly inadequate for a country like Nigeria with 36 states and 774 local
government areas. 36
90. Although they are other supportive agencies and institutions like
the NIMASA and the Military, these groups are specialised and only play
the need for the FGN to embark upon expanding the manpower capacity
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POVERTY
91. The level of poverty in Nigeria especially amongst the areas and
the poverty line.37 Some of the challenges poverty brings in these areas
92. This poor state of these people does not portend well for proper
the areas prone to disasters. There is the need to improve the level of
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encouragement but also a platform for the enhancing of the FGNs quest
for proper and effective disaster management. Some of the prospects are
evacuation. This is mostly seen in the aspect of the direction, position and
are able to warn, direct and relocate humans and properties based on the
threat of disasters.
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warning satellite technology can help with predicting disasters and setting
capacity.
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NOTES
amended.
June 2010, p. 1.
5. Ibid.
p. 97.
8. Gbola Subair, Nigerias population too large for comfort NPC,
<http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/news/24903--nigerias-population-too-
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index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2277%3Alagos-flood-
nigerian-senate-seeks-declaration-of-state-of-emergency-in-disaster-
12. Ibid.
2012, p . 17.
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pp. 7-8.
http://www.nigeriavillagesquare. com/articles/yushau-shuaib/nema-and-
18 Ibid.
19. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), National
23. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
<http://www.informationnigeria.org/2012/02/global-warming-and-
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27. Ibid.
September 2011.
29. Ibid.
March, 2006.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
Lagos State.
36. Ibid.
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37. F Onuoha, Why the Poor Pay with their Lives: Oil Pipelein
CHAPTER 4
97. The previous chapter dealt on the analysis of the roles and
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ADEQUATE FUNDING
difficult to set aside scare funds for the emergencies. To reduce the
management.
the people do not know what the FGN is trying to do. Due to ignorance,
resultant effects and the need to manage them. In view of this the FGN
There is also the need for the FGN with private partnership initiative to
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embark upon public campaign and public rallies to enhance the capacity
in the country.
101. In order to build the capacity of children who are mostly victims
career in future.
IMPROVED EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES CAPACITY
102. Effective and proper disaster management is mostly facilitated by
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the NP, etc lack adequate equipment and facilities to operate effectively.
would not yield effective results. Some of these equipment and facilities
ambulances
.
IMPROVED COORDINATION AND COLLABORATION OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT EFFORTS
103. Disasters do not give warning, hence there is the need for prompt
these originations to reduce disasters risks. Also stating clearly the roles
disaster is imperative.
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training for both NEMA staff and the military DRUs is essential. This
disaster prone areas are mostly inhabited by poor people and those living
in the villages where there are little or no basic amenities. Hence, when
social and political lives of these people will go a long way in helping to
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the world. These countries include Japan, Britain, and the USA that are
in disaster management.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
107. This study appraised global warming and disaster management in
Nigeria from 1997 to 2011. The study examined the relationship between
revealed that the activities of man have been responsible for the cause of
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combustion of fossil fuels and land use changes. The resultant effect of
unusual natural occurrences such as rising sea levels, increased storm and
this and the impending dangers in which some scientist have come to an
by governments.
108. The study found out that global warming leads to climate change
disasters as well as SAR and evacuation. NEMA however does not work
alone. It collaborates with other agencies like the Nigerian Armed Forces,
Fire Service, NP, NIMASA just to mention a few. These agencies and
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the FGN and its disaster management agencies like NEMA has however
109. The inability of the FGN and its agencies like NEMA to effectively
change, the size and diversity of the country and inadequate equipment,
of this there is the need for the various state governments to set aside at
in Nigeria, there is a light in the tunnel. Some of the prospects include the
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strengthen ties with existing ones and strengthening the equipment and
disaster management.
111. In order to elaborate on these strategies there is the need for the
and public rallies to enhance the capacity in the country. There is the need
that the various state governments set aside 30 per cent of their ecological
funds for disaster management. There is also the need for a central
there is the need for the FGN to acquire more evacuation helicopters for
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each state of the federation as well as ambulances. There is the need that
attached to it.
RECOMMENDATIONS
112. It is recommended that:
a. State governments should set aside at least 30 per cent of
secondary schools.
of NEMA.
OB ANIMASAHUN
Jaji Lt Cdr
Apr 12 Student
Annexes:
A. Research Questionnaire.
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Heltberg Et Al.
E. Top 10 Natural Disasters in Nigeria and the Affected People for the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
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Dessler AE, Parson EA, The Science and Politics of Global Climate
Press, 2006).
People, Performance, Change, 3rd edition. (New York, New York USA:
McGraw-Hill, 2008),
2006).
Stoke PA, Human and Natural Forces, (Atlanta: Amy White, 2005).
1998).
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PERIODICALS./JOURNALS
Crowley TJ, Causes of Climate Changes over the past 1000 years
83
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84
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Onuoha F, Why the Poor Pay with their Lives: Oil Pipelein
Opportunities.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
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amended.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Studies ( Unpublished).
87
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2009.
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INTERNET
Brien O Geoff, Phil OKeefe, Joanne Rose and Ben Wisner, Climate
spider.org/guide-xn/2638/centre-research-epidemiology-disasters-
Reports, <http://www.ifrc.org/en/publications-and-reports/world-
March, 2011,
89
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<http://www.ifrc.org/en/whatwedo/disastermanagement
<http://www.ircrcs.org/disastermanagement/mp.124.> (29
February 2010).
November 2011).
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<http://www.informationnigeria.org/2012/02/global-warming-and-
option=com_content&view=article&id=2277%3Alagos-flood-nigerian-
senate-seeks-declaration-of-state-of-emergency-in-disaster-
<http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/news/24903--nigerias-population-too-
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http://www.nigeriavillagesquare. com/articles/yushau-shuaib/nema-and-
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
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