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Lecture no. 5:
-aesthetical reasons
-psychological reasons
-safety of joining constructions (partition walls, windows, tiles of
the pavement)
-functionality (canalization of rainwater)
-modification of force distribution in arches, danger of loss of
stability
wmax< l /250
K tabulated in DA
here l is the span, l/K is the distance between M=0 points
pqp = g k + 2q k
1 M + s
Curvature: y '' = = tg = c
R EI d
2 2
Ml 1l 1 10w max
Deflection: w max = =
10EI R 10 R l2
Approximate curvature of an rc beam under service conditions:
c + s 0,85 (2,0%o + 2,17%o ) = 3,54%o
1 0,00354 10w max l2 l l
= = 2
wmax = 11,3
R d l 2825 d 250 d
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 5/7
Consequently: if l /d=12 then by considering deformations
characteristic for the service state the deflection will approximately be
equal to l /250
x
For slightly reinforced members (for example slabs): c = c 0,08
d
c,max 0,08x1,85=0,15 %o
c + s = 2,00%o
0,002 10 w max
=
d l2
l2 l l
s 0,85x2,17%o=1,85%o wmax= 20
5000d 250 d
l
Deflection problems of slabs amerge above slenderness ratios f 20
d
l
( ) allowable ratios on basis of more exact calculations see in DA tables!
d
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 5/8
6. The favourable effect of uncracked concrete between cracks
Curvature:
1 M Ecm c , pl
= Effect of creep: Ec , eff = cr =
RiM Ec , eff I i 1 + cr c ,el
1
Effect of shrinkage:
Ri , sh
1 1 1
The total curvature: = +
Ri Ri , M Ri , sh
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 5/10
The most effective tool to reduce creep deformation is to inrease
the quantity of compression steel (cr decreases and Ii increases)
l/K
(l / d)allowable
d
Ways of restoration:
wcr>1 mm: injection of cement milk
wcr <1 mm: injection of epoxy resin
sealing with fibrous foil, cladding
wk = s r ,max ( sm cm ),
cm = 0,4fctm / Ecm
c concrete cover
k1 = 0,8 for deformed bars, 1,6 for smooth bar surfice
k2 = 0,5 for flexure, 1,0 for axial tension
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 5/18
s = diameter of tension reinforcement
Ac,eff for flexure see figures below
As =As,prov
2,5(h d )
hc,ef = min (h x) / 3
h/2
-steel stress:
-steel ratio
Determine:
p qp As ,requ
s f yd
p Ed As , prov
As
= (%)
bd
and find find the greatest allowable tension steel diameter for the given
limit of the crack width in the table below
When using different bar diameters:
2
equ = .