Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
AbstractThis paper presents a fault location technique for based synchronously measuring units including phasor mea-
two-terminal multisection compound transmission lines, which surement units (PMUs) [23], digital relays, and digital fault
combine overhead lines with underground power cables, using recorders in the early 1990s, GPS-based fault location tech-
synchronized phasor measurements acquired by global posi-
tioning system (GPS) based phasor measurement units (PMUs) niques [2], [7][17] have become promising. The main advan-
or digital relays with embedded PMU or by fault-on relay data tage of GPS-based techniques is that fault location estimation
synchronization algorithms. The technique is extended from a accuracy is unaffected by variations in source impedances and
two-terminal fault location method with synchronized phasor fault impedances due to the availability of two-terminal syn-
measurements as inputs. A novel fault section selector is proposed chronized data. Kezunovc et al. [7], [8] employed synchronized
to select the fault line section in advance. The proposed technique
has the ability to locate a fault no matter where the fault is on voltages and currents samples at two terminals to estimate the
overhead line or underground power cable. The adopted tech- fault location. They adopted a time-domain model as basis for
nique has a solid theoretical foundation and is direct and simple the algorithm development. However, data must be acquired at
in terms of computational complexity. Both extensive simulation a sufficiently high sampling rate to provide adequate approx-
results and field test results are presented to demonstrate the imation of the derivatives. For their part, Lee et al. [9] uti-
effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The proposed technique
has already been implemented in the Taiwan power system since lized synchronized phasors at both terminals to obtain the fault
the year 2008. Up to the present, the proposed technique yields location. Their algorithm was based on positive and zero se-
excellent performance in practice. quence components of postfault voltages and currents. In par-
ticular, errors will be presented when dealing with three-phase
Index TermsFault location, phasor measurement units
(PMUs), two-terminal compound transmission lines. faults where zero sequence components are absent. Moreover,
their work only considered a short line model that could not
reflect the nature of transmission lines. Meanwhile, our pre-
I. INTRODUCTION vious works [10][14] proposed fault location/detection tech-
niques for transmission lines using synchronized phasor mea-
surements. The developed fault location/detection indices can
be used for transmission line protection as well [15][17].
(3)
(4)
where and are the per-unit length sequence B. Fault Location Technique for Two-Terminal Multi-Section
impedance (Ohm/km) and admittance (Mho/km) of the trans- Compound Transmission Lines
mission line, respectively. The matrices of and are 1) Two-Section Compound Lines: First, we consider a two-
all diagonal matrices, and the diagonal entries of matrices section compound transmission line in which a section of over-
and are and , respectively. Fur- head line is connected with the other section of underground
thermore, and . power cable, as shown in Fig. 2. PMUs or digital relays are
The variables with the subscripts 0, 1, 2 denote the zero-, assumed to be installed at buses and . Therefore, we can
positive-, and negative-sequence variables, respectively. acquire two-terminal synchronized voltage and current phasors
LIU et al.: A FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR TWO-TERMINAL MULTISECTION COMPOUND TRANSMISSION LINES 115
Fig. 2. One line diagram of a two-section compound transmission line; the thin impedance, and the propagation constant,
line denotes the overhead line and the bold line denotes the power cable.
for the power cable section, respectively, the fault
location index can be obtained as follows:
(12)
(16)
(10) Now we derive the fault location index, using
voltage and current phasors at tap point and bus
and the line length . Substituting , ex-
pressed in (15), (16) into , in (5) and equating
(11) (6) to the newly derived (5) with the characteristic
impedance, and the propagation constant,
where and denote for the overhead line section, respectively, the fault
the characteristic impedance and the propagation location index can be obtained as follows:
constants of the overhead line section, respectively.
and are the positive sequence impedance and (17)
admittance of the , respectively.
Now we derive the fault location index, using where
voltage and current phasors at tap point and bus
and the line length . Substituting , ex-
pressed in (10), (11) into , in (6) and equating
(5) to the newly derived (6) with the characteristic (18)
116 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 2012
TABLE I
THE FAULTED SECTION/FAULT LOCATION IDENTIFICATION FOR TWO-SECTION
COMPOUND TRANSMISSION LINES
(19)
Meanwhile, the index shown in (12) is obtained by as-
Step 3: Faulted section identification/fault location estima- suming a fault on the right side (the cable section) of tap point
tion. Suppose that a fault occurs at the point with . The relationship between the curves of and for this
a distance of km away from tap point case is illustrated in Fig. 7.
on the section of a transmission line shown in Since the curves of and are both decreased from
Fig. 5. buses and orienting to the correct fault position [28], in a
We know that the voltage magnitudes and angles at the fault similar manner, one can clearly observe that the curves and
point obtained from the quantities of two terminals are equal (with being part of the curve in the section)
when using synchronized measurements. For ease of illustra- shown in Fig. 7 will not have any intersection points on the
tion, we only draw the two voltage magnitude profiles derived section. Instead, as the fault is assumed on the section,
from buses and , as shown in Fig. 6. In Fig. 6, denotes the slopes of curves and are thus extended to the
the curve for the variation of ; and denote the two section to calculate the index as shown in Fig. 7. As a result,
parts of the curve for the variation of on the and the curve will intersect with curve at the point . This
sections, respectively. Note that the slopes of and are fact indicates that the index certainly converges on a value
different because the line impedances of the and the sec- larger than 1 because the index is with respect to bus (as a
tions are not uniform. Moreover, the curves of and are reference) and the line length is defined as reference per-unit
both almost linearly decreased from buses and orienting to length. However, the derived fault point is incorrect because
the fault position [28]. the correct curves of and on the section are
As shown in Fig. 6, the intersection point of the curves and , respectively.
and pertains to the amplitude of the fault voltage . By Based on the foregoing discussions, we conclude that if the
using the relationship or as index is in the interval and the index is larger than
mentioned in Step 2, the index can be obtained as shown in 1, one can identify that the fault occurs on the section of
(17), where and are derived from rewriting (5) and a two-section compound line, such as in Fig. 5. In a similar
(6) as manner, we can determine the relationships between the two in-
dices, and , when dealing with a fault on the section
or at tap point . All the specific relationships between the two
indices and from which one can identify the faulted line
(20) section/fault location are summarized in Table I. Based on a sim-
ilar process, we will develop a technique for the identification
of the faulted section/fault location with general multisection
compound lines in the next subsection.
(21) 2) Two-Terminal N-Section Compound Lines: In
practice, the structure of compound transmission line systems is
where and are expressed in (15) and (16), respec- usually more complicated than the two-section case mentioned
tively. Since the index , which is termed as the per-unit fault above. Now we move to more general multisection compound
location index, is in reference with tap point and the is transmission line cases. Consider an N-section com-
defined as reference per-unit length, the obtained value is pound line depicted in Fig. 8. PMUs or digital relays are in-
obviously in the interval . stalled at sending bus and receiving bus . Therefore, we can
LIU et al.: A FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR TWO-TERMINAL MULTISECTION COMPOUND TRANSMISSION LINES 117
(22)
(29)
(23) (31)
118 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 2012
(32)
where
(33)
(34)
(35)
TABLE II Fig. 11. The fault-on response curves of the proposed fault location indices for:
PARAMETERS OF A FOUR-SECTION COMPOUND TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM (a) an external fault and (b) an internal fault on the section.
TABLE III
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION UNDER DIFFERENT FAULT POSITION SCENARIO
TABLE IV TABLE V
STATISTICAL RESULTS OF FAULT LOCATION SCHEME FOR THE TWO-TERMINAL FIELD TEST PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR TAIPOWER SYSTEM
FOUR-SECTION TEST LINE SYSTEM
From these tests, one can conclude that the proposed fault
location technique potentially has better performance than
existing digital relays.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
An innovative fault location technique for two-terminal
Statistics under various fault conditions for transposed com- multisection compound transmission lines is presented in this
pound lines are shown in Table IV. One can clearly observe paper. By only the derived indices for -sec-
that the proposed faulted section/fault location scheme yields tion compound lines, the faulted section/fault position
excellent performance under different fault conditions, such as can be identified correctly. Extensive simulation studies for
different fault types, fault positions, fault resistances, prefault transposed/nontransposed double-circuit lines and field fault
loads, source impedances, and fault inception angles. The event tests are evaluated to demonstrate that the proposed ap-
average fault location error under various fault conditions is proach gives a highly accurate response under various system
approximately 0.01407%. and fault conditions. The proposed technique has already been
Performance evaluation of the application of the proposed implemented in the Taiwan power system since the year 2008.
technique to nontransposed two-terminal multisection lines is To date, the proposed technique continues to yield excellent
performed in this study as well. There are up to 406 different performance in practice.
cases including internal and external faults to be considered. The
average error percentage of fault location under various fault REFERENCES
conditions is 0.01793%. The simulation results demonstrate that [1] D. Novosel, D. G. Hart, E. Udren, and M. M. Saha, Fault location
the proposed technique also works effectively for the four-sec- using digital relay data, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
tion nontransposed compound lines. 4550, Jul. 1995.
[2] S. M. Brahma, Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmis-
sion line using synchronized voltage measurements, IEEE Trans.
B. Field Fault Events Evaluation Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 13251331, Apr. 2005.
[3] Y. Liao and M. Kezunovic, Optimal estimate of transmission line fault
The proposed technique has been implemented in Taipower location considering measurement errors, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 13351341, Jul. 2007.
345 kV and 161 kV transmission line systems. Majority of [4] J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, P. Balcerek, M. Fulczyk, and M. M. Saha,
the 161 kV two-terminal transmission lines at Taipower are Accurate noniterative fault location algorithm utilizing two-end un-
multisection compound transmission lines. Over 20 field test synchronized measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 1,
pp. 7280, Jan. 2010.
cases were evaluated during the period from February 2008 [5] T. Takagi, Y. Yamakoshi, J. Baba, K. Uemura, and T. Sakaguchi, A
to June 2010. Except that only a few PMUs were installed in new algorithm of an accurate fault location for EHV/UHV transmis-
Taipower, most of Taipower transmission lines are protected sion lines: Part IFourier transformation method, IEEE Trans. Power
App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no. 3, pp. 13161323, Mar. 1981.
by unsynchronized digital relays. All measurements from [6] T. Takagi, Y. Yamakoshi, M. Yamaura, R. Kondow, and T. Mat-
unsynchronized digital relays or PMUs with GPS failure are sushima, Development of a new type fault locator using the
synchronized first by our previously proposed fault-on data one-terminal voltage and current data, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
vol. PAS-101, no. 8, pp. 28922898, Aug. 1982.
synchronization algorithm [20] prior to the application of the [7] M. Kezunovic, J. Mrkic, and B. Perunicic, An accurate fault location
proposed method. The average error of the total field test cases algorithm using synchronized sampling, Elect. Power Syst. Res. J.,
is about 1.878% compared to the average error of 10.927% vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 161169, May 1994.
[8] M. Kezunovic and B. Perunicic, Automated transmission line fault
provided by the digital relay fault location function. Due to analysis using synchronized sampling at two ends, IEEE Trans. Power
space limitation, only 10 events are summarized in Table V. Syst., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 441447, Feb. 1996.
LIU et al.: A FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR TWO-TERMINAL MULTISECTION COMPOUND TRANSMISSION LINES 121
[9] C. J. Lee, J. B. Park, J. R. Shin, and Z. M. Radojevi, A new two-ter- [30] N. I. Elkalashy, M. Lehtonen, H. A. Darwish, M. A. Izzularab, and
minal numerical algorithm for fault location, distance protection, and A.-M. I. Taalab, Modeling and experimental verification of high
arcing fault recognition, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. impedance arcing fault in medium voltage networks, IEEE Trans.
14601462, Aug. 2006. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 375383, Apr.
[10] Y. H. Lin, C. W. Liu, and C. S. Chen, An adaptive PMU based fault 2007.
detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration
of arcing fault discrimination part I : Theory and algorithms, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 15871593, Oct. 2004. Chih-Wen Liu (S93-M96-SM02) was born in
[11] Y. H. Lin, C. W. Liu, and C. S. Chen, An adaptive PMU based fault Taiwan in 1964. He received the B.S. degree in
detection/location technique for transmission lines with consideration electrical engineering from National Taiwan Univer-
of arcing fault discrimination, part II : Performance evaluation, IEEE sity (NTU), Taipei, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 15941601, Oct. 2004. in electrical engineering from Cornell University,
[12] C. W. Liu, K. P. Lien, C. S. Chen, and J. A. Jiang, A universal fault Ithaca, NY, in 1987, 1992, and 1994, respectively.
location technique for N-terminal transmission lines, IEEE Since 1994, he has been with NTU, where he is
Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 13661373, Jul. 2008. a Professor of Electrical Engineering. His main re-
[13] C. S. Yu, C. W. Liu, S. L. Yu, and J. A. Jiang, A new PMU based fault search interests include application of computer tech-
location algorithm for series compensated lines, IEEE Trans. Power nology to power system monitoring, protection, and
Del., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3346, Jan. 2002. control.
[14] Y. H. Lin, C. W. Liu, and C. S. Yu, A new fault locator for three-ter-
minal transmission lines-using two-terminal synchronized voltage and
current phasors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 452459,
Apr. 2002. Tzu-Chiao Lin was born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
[15] C. S. Chen, C. W. Liu, and J. A. Jiang, A new adaptive PMU based in 1979. He is presently working toward the Ph.D
protection scheme for transposed/untransposed parallel transmission degree in electrical engineering from National
lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 395404, Apr. 2002. Taiwan University, Taipei. His research interests are
[16] J. A. Jiang, C. S. Chen, and C. W. Liu, A new protection scheme for the applications of transmission line fault location
fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in techniques in power systems.
transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 3442,
Jan. 2003.
[17] C. S. Chen, C. W. Liu, and J. A. Jiang, Application of combined adap-
tive fourier filtering technique and fault detector to fast distance protec-
tion, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 619626, Apr. 2006.
[18] A. A. Girgis, D. G. Hart, and W. L. Peterson, A new fault location
technique for two and three-terminal lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 98107, Jan. 1992.
[19] A. L. Dalcastagn, S. N. Filho, H. H. Zrn, and R. Seara, An iterative Chi-Shan Yu (M02SM10) received the B.S. and
two-terminal fault-location method based on unsynchronized phasors, M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 23182329, Oct. 2008. Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1988 and
[20] C. S. Yu, An unsynchronized measurements correction method for 1990, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
two-terminal fault location problems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. engineering from National Taiwan University,
25, no. 3, pp. 13251333, Jul. 2010. Taipei, in 2001.
[21] M. Gilany, E. S. T. Eldin, M. M. A. Aziz, and D. K. Ibrahim, An From 2002 to 2007 and 2007 to 2010 he was with
accurate scheme for fault location in combined overhead line with un- National Defense University and National Taipei
derground power cable, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meet., University of Technology, respectively. Currently,
San Francisco, CA, Jun. 1216, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 25212527. he is an Associate Professor with the Department
[22] X. Yang, M. S. Choi, S. J. Lee, C. W. Ten, and S. I. Lim, Fault location of Digital Technology Design, National Taipei
for underground power cable using distributed parameter approach, University of Education, Taipei. His research areas are in computer relay and
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 18091816, Nov. 2008. digital signal processing.
[23] A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, Synchronized Phasor Measurements and
Their Applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2008.
[24] Power System Blockset Users Guide The Math Works, Inc, 2002.
[25] C. A. Gross, Power System Analysis. New York: Wiley, 1986. Jun-Zhe Yang (M00) was born in Tainan, Taiwan,
[26] Applied protective relaying, Relay-Instrument Division, Westing- in 1971. He received the B.S. degree in electrical en-
house Electric Corp., Coral Springs, FL, 1982. gineering from Tantung University, Taipei, Taiwan,
[27] G. Benmouyal, Removal of DC-offset in current waveforms using in 1994 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
digital mimic filtering, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. engineering from Taiwan University, Taipei, in 1997
624630, Apr. 1995. and 2000, respectively.
[28] A. L. Dalcastagn, S. N. Filho, H. H. Zrn, and R. Seara, An iterative Currently, he is an Associate Professor of Elec-
two-terminal fault-location method based on unsynchronized phasors, trical Engineering at I-Shou University, Kaohsiung,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 23182329, Oct. 2008. Taiwan. He was in compulsory military service for
[29] H. W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book, 2nd ed. Vancouver, BC, two years. His research areas are power quality and
Canada: Microtran Power Syst. Anal. Corp, 1992. computer relaying.