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12-8 The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be determined.

Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.


Analysis From Fig. 12-6,

L3 1
0 .5 W=2m

W 2 F 0.24
31 L2 = 1 m
A2 (2)
L1 1
0 .5
W 2 L1 = 1 m A1 (1)

and L3 = 1 m A3 (3)

L3 1
0.5
W 2
F3(12) 0.29
L1 L2 2
1
W 2
We note that A1 = A3. Then the reciprocity and superposition rules gives
A 1 F13 A3 F31 F13 F31 0.24

F3(1 2 ) F31 F32 0.29 0.24 F32 F32 0.05

Finally, A2 A3 F23 F32 0.05

12-13 The view factors from the base of a cube to each of the other five
surfaces are to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
(2)
Analysis Noting that L1 / w L2 / w 1 , from Fig. 12-6 we read
F12 0.2
(3), (4), (5), (6)
Because of symmetry, we have
side surfaces
F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 0.2

(1)
12-28 The base, top, and side surfaces of a furnace of cylindrical shape are black, and are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are T1 = 700 K
black. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered. 1 = 1
Properties The emissivity of all surfaces are = 1 since they are black. r1 = 2 m
Analysis We consider the top surface to be surface 1, the base surface to
be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be surface 3. The cylindrical
furnace can be considered to be three-surface enclosure. We assume that h =2 m
steady-state conditions exist. Since all surfaces are black, the radiosities T3 = 500 K
are equal to the emissive power of surfaces, and the net rate of radiation 3 = 1
heat transfer from the top surface can be determined from
Q A1 F12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) A1 F13 (T1 4 T3 4 ) T2 = 1200 K
2 = 1
and A1 r 2 (2 m) 2 12.57 m 2
r2 = 2 m
The view factor from the base to the top surface of the cylinder is F12 0.38 (From Figure 12-44). The view factor
from the base to the side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F11 F12 F13 1 F13 1 F12 1 0.38 0.62
Q A1 F12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) A1 F13 (T1 4 T3 4 )
(12.57 m 2 )(0.38)(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 500 K 4 )
Substituting,
(12.57 m 2 )(0.62)(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 1200 K 4 )
7.62 10 5 W -762 kW
Discussion The negative sign indicates that net heat transfer is to the top surface.

D2 = 0.5 m D1 = 0.2 m
12-30 Two very long concentric cylinders are maintained at
T2 = 500 K T1 = 950 K
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer
between the two cylinders is to be determined. 2 = 0.7 1 = 1
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces
are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not
considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 1 and
2 = 0.7.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
cylinders per unit length of the cylinders is determined from
Vacuum

A (T1 4 T2 4 ) [ (0.2 m)(1 m)](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[(950 K) 4 (500 K ) 4 ]


Q 12 1
1 1 2 r1 1 1 0.7 2

1 2 r2 1 0 .7 5
22,870 W 22.87 kW

12-43 Two perpendicular rectangular surfaces with a common edge are maintained at specified temperatures. The
net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the horizontal surface and the surroundings
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat
transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of the horizontal rectangle and the surroundings are = 0.75 and = 0.85, respectively.
Analysis We consider the horizontal rectangle to be surface 1, the vertical rectangle to be surface 2 and the
surroundings to be surface 3. This system can be considered to be a three-surface enclosure. The view factor from
surface 1 to surface 2 is determined from
L1 0.8
0.5 T2 = 550 K

W 1.6 2 = 1 W = 1.6 m (3)


F 0.27 (Fig. 12-6)
L2 1.2 12 L2 = 1.2 m A2 (2)
T3 = 290 K
0.75 3 = 0.85
W 1.6 L1 = 0.8 m A1 (1)
The surface areas are T1 =400 K
A1 (0.8 m )(1.6 m ) 1.28 m 2 1 =0.75
2
A2 (1.2 m )(1.6 m ) 1.92 m
1.2 0.8
A3 2 0.82 1.22 1.6 3.268 m 2
2
Note that the surface area of the surroundings is determined assuming that surroundings forms flat surfaces at all
openings to form an enclosure. Then other view factors are determined to be
A1F12 A2 F21 (1.28)(0.27) (1.92) F21 F21 0.18 (reciprocity rule)
F11 F12 F13 1 0 0.27 F13 1 F13 0.73 (summation rule)
F21 F22 F23 1 0.18 0 F23 1 F23 0.82 (summation rule)
A1 F13 A3 F31 (1.28)(0.73) (3.268) F31 F31 0.29 (reciprocity rule)
A2 F23 A3F32 (1.92)(0.82) (3.268) F32 F32 0.48 (reciprocity rule)
We now apply Eq. 12-35 to each surface to determine the radiosities.
1 1
T1 4 J 1 F12 ( J 1 J 2 ) F13 ( J 1 J 3 )
1
Surface 1:
1 0.75
(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )( 400 K ) 4 J 1 0.27( J 1 J 2 ) 0.73( J 1 J 3 )
0.75
Surface 2: T2 4 J 2 (5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(550 K ) 4 J 2
1 3
T3 4 J 3 F31 ( J 3 J 1 ) F32 ( J 3 J 2 )
3
Surface 3:
1 0.85
(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(290 K ) 4 J 3 0.29( J 1 J 2 ) 0.48( J 1 J 3 )
0.85
Solving the above equations, we find
J 1 1587 W/m 2 , J 2 5188 W/m 2 , J 3 811.5 W/m 2
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the horizontal surface and the
surroundings are determined to be
Q Q A F ( J J ) (1.28 m 2 )(0.27)(1587 5188) W/m 2 1245 W
21 12 1 12 1 2

Q 13 A1 F13 ( J 1 J 3 ) (1.28 m 2 )(0.73)(1587 811 .5) W/m 2 725 W

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