CTU in Prague

ADVANCED DESIGN OF GLASS

STRUCTURES
Lecture L12_ME
Plate and shear buckling
Martina Eliov

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
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Objectives of the lecture
Objectives

Introduction
Introduction
Plate and shear
buckling
generally Generally
Theoretical
background Theoretical background
Plate and shear
buckling Plate and shear buckling
Stability
conclusions Stability conclusions
FEM modelling
FEM modelling

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction Campus Novartis, Basel, Switzerland

Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Glass Pavilion Rheinbach, Germany, 2000
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Glass Pavillion Rheinbach - Structural Design and Testing Example
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions glass support
FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 1999

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Glass Pavillion Rheinbach

60
Introduction

Plate and shear Equalization of Borehole eccentricity

buckling
generally FTG (fully tempered glass] diameter 25 mm
Theoretical HSG (heat strengthen glass) diameter 50
background mm + eccentric rings
1 mm mortar
Plate and shear
buckling

Stability

3666
conclusions

FEM modelling

60
Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 1999
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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Glass Pavillion Rheinbach full scale experiments
Introduction
3,911 m
Plate and shear
buckling 3,660 m
generally 1,830 m
1,555 m
Theoretical 1,281 m
background

1,205 m
0,602 m
43 2
Plate and shear
buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 1999

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Glass Pavillion Rheinbach full scale experiments
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling Initial cracks Crack pattern at bolted connection:
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 1999

F. Wellershoff

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt - design
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt structural calculation
Plate and shear
buckling
generally
LG13: 1.35*LF1 + 1.50*LF7 + 1.05*LF8 + 0.30*LF2
Theoretical N

background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling -3.5 9

-6.1 2

-5.1 9

X Y -3.5 3

-10 .35
Z

-0.6 7 -13 .00

-0 .88
-0.82 -1 .44
-1.0 4 -1.8 9
-0.0 4

Gartner Steel and Glass

M ax N: -0.04, Min N: -13.00 [kN ]

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt set-up of experiments
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt set-up of experiments
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt set-up of experiments
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt testing: linear load
Plate and shear Deflection under 1 kN/m linear load and 8,1 kN
buckling diagonal load < 5 mm
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt testing: pendulum test
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear Test scenario 1:

buckling
All glass layers unbroken:
Stability Diagonal Load = 8,1 kN + Pendulum
conclusions
height = 900 mm
FEM modelling

Test scenario 2:
Toughened glass layer broken:
Diagonal Load = 8,1 kN + Pendulum
height = 900 mm

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt testing: diagonal load
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear Test scenario 1:

buckling All glass layers unbroken:
Stability Diagonal Load = 40 kN
conclusions

FEM modelling Test scenario 2:

Toughened glass layer broken:
Diagonal Load = 40 kN

Test scenario 3:
Toughened glass and outer heat strengthened
layer broken:
Diagonal Load = 40 kN

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives

Introduction
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt testing: installation
Plate and shear
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Structural design practical examples
Objectives
Willy Brandt Platz, Frankfurt
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Wellershoff F., Sendelbach M., Schmitt F., 2011

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Plate and shear buckling - generally
Objectives
Design situations
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Plate Shear Combined plate Plate buckling with

buckling buckling and shear additional load
buckling perpendicular to
glass surface

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Plate and shear buckling - generally
Objectives
Plate buckling tests
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Buckling test at EPFL Applied load 600 kN

Lausanne 2003 18 mm deflection

Luible (EPFL)
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Theoretical background - generally
Objectives
Plate buckling tests
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling glass failure
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

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Theoretical background
Objectives
Stability of perfect plate
Introduction

Plate and shear

perfect plate loaded by uniform compression in plane
buckling N x t N y N xy 0
generally

Theoretical essential equation of stability

background
t
Plate and shear 4w 2 4w 4w t 2w
buckling 4
2 2
4

x x y y D x2
Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling
plate dimensions a x b, thickness t
buckling in the shape of m sinus half-wave b
b
vertical deformation
b
mx
w f y sin
a
eigenvalue for m = 1, 2, ...

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Theoretical background
Objectives
Stability of perfect plate
Introduction

Plate and shear

perfect plate loaded by uniform compression in plane
buckling N x t N y N xy 0
generally

Theoretical essential equation of stability

background
t
Plate and shear 4w 2 4w 4w t 2w
buckling 4
2 2
4

x x y y D x2
Stability E t3
flexural rigidity of plate D
conclusions

FEM modelling

12 1 2
plate dimensions a x b, thickness t
buckling in the shape of m sinus half-wave b
b
vertical deformation
b
mx
w f y sin
a
eigenvalue for m = 1, 2, ...

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Theoretical background
Objectives
Stability of perfect plate
Introduction
from differential equation depending to the boundary condition (simple
Plate and shear supported plate etc.):
buckling
generally
critical stress cr cr k E
Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

plate buckling coefficient k - depends on the stress ration and boundary
buckling conditions
Stability Euler's stress E expressed as compressed bar with a width 1m
conclusions
2 2 2
FEM modelling PE D E t
E 2
1 t 1 t b 2

12 1 b
PE
2D
PE 2
b 1
b

PE
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Theoretical background
Objectives
Comparison of column and plate in compression
Introduction

Plate and shear critical stress of column

buckling
generally 1 3
2
N cr EI y
2 E bt 2 2
Theoretical 12 E t
background cr 2
2

Plate and shear
A A Lcr bt Lcr 12 L2cr
buckling

Stability
conclusions critical stress of plate
FEM modelling
2E t 2
cr k
12 1 2 b 2

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Theoretical background
Objectives
m=3
Introduction plate in compression
y t
Plate and shear simple supported
buckling
minimal critical stress length is
generally b
equal to the integer multiply of the
Theoretical width
background
x
Plate and shear
a
buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

k 4,0

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Theoretical background
Objectives

Introduction
Perfect plate in compression cr k E
Plate and shear uniform compression
buckling
generally

Theoretical
background Plate buckling coefficient
Plate and shear
for different boundary
buckling conditions
Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling more rigid supports

higher coefficient k and
higher critical stress

a b 25
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Theoretical background
Objectives

Introduction
Perfect plate in compression cr k E
Plate and shear non-uniform compression
buckling
generally

Theoretical simple supported plate

background

Plate and shear

buckling lowest value of k - plate
Stability in uniform compression
conclusions (stress ration = 1,0)
FEM modelling

highest k , highest cr for

= -1

a b 26
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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Imperfect plate failure
Introduction
buckling by divergence
pre-critical range ( < cr): plate
Plate and shear
buckling behaviour is linear
Large deformation post
generally
= cr , plate loose rigidity, increase of buckling
Theoretical deflection reserve
background cr
post-critical range (depends on
Plate and shear boundary conditions, stress distribution)
buckling
positive membrane effect as a Initial imperfection
Stability stabilizing action post-critical stress
conclusions
reserve
FEM modelling w0 w
tensile fiber initial imperfection
compressed fibers

membrane effect plane model

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives

Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling
perfect plate
Stability perfect column
conclusions

FEM modelling
imperfect column imperfect plate

Relation of load bearing capacity and slenderness for imperfect column and plate

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Analytical model monolithic glass
Introduction

critical stress cr
Rk
Plate and shear
buckling

generally cr
Theoretical
background Analytical model laminated glass
Plate and shear
buckling D1 D2 mb 2 1 Ab2
2
Stability mb a 2D D a Ds
conclusions Nx 2
a mb b mb 2 A
FEM modelling 1 2
a Ds

D1 D2 mb 2 1
Ab2
2
mb a D a Ds
k
a mb mb 2 A
1 2
a Ds

Analytical stress analysis not possible

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Numerical model laminated glass
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Luible (EPFL)

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Shear buckling tests
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Shear buckling test at RWTH Aachen

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Shear buckling tests
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Boundary conditions:
(4 point supports) (2 side linear support)

Mocibob 2008, (EPFL)

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Perfect plate loaded by shear
Introduction

Plate and shear critical shear stress

buckling
generally 2
2E t
Theoretical cr k
background
12 1 2 b
Plate and shear
buckling
cr k E
Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling
k - shear buckling coefficient
depending on the boundary
conditions

a b

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Imperfect plate
Introduction

Plate and shear Negative influences - imperfections

buckling
generally Positive influences membrane effect as a stabilizing action post-
Theoretical critical stress reserve
background

Plate and shear

buckling
u fy 3
Stability
conclusions u fy critical stress
1
FEM modelling
real stress
1 imperfect plate

0,5
0,5

1 2 1 2 3
fy fy 3
p p
cr cr
plate in compression plate in shear

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives

Introduction
Analytical model laminated glass
2
Plate and shear
buckling
2
Dlam 2E b tg 2t2g 6d2
Vcr 2 k ,lam
2
k ,lam
generally
b 12(1 ) b 2
Theoretical

background

2 2 2
Plate and shear 2
buckling V E 2t 6d
g
cr cr 2
k ,lam
Stability 2tg b 24(1 ) b2
conclusions

FEM modelling
shear buckling coeficient
for laminated glass

4 sides clamped
b
support
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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives

Introduction
Analytical model laminated glass
2
Plate and shear
buckling
2
Dlam 2E b tg 2t2g 6d2
Vcr 2 k ,lam
2
k ,lam
generally
b 12(1 ) b 2
Theoretical

background

2 2 2
Plate and shear 2
buckling V E 2t 6d
g
cr cr 2
k ,lam
Stability 2tg b 24(1 ) b2
conclusions

FEM modelling
shear buckling coeficient
for laminated glass

4 sides clamped
b
support
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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Design approach
Introduction

Plate and shear Shear buckling resistance Vb,rk

buckling
generally

Theoretical
Vb,Rk VRk
background

Plate and shear

buckling
where: VRk is shear resistance of glass plate
Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling is shear buckling reduction factor (function of plate slenderness)

Rk

cr

Rk is characteristic shear stress resistance (for brittle material = Rk)

cr is critical shear stress

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Design approach
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
Critical shear stress cr
2
2
generally
E tg
monolithic glass cr k
12(1 ) b
2
Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling 2
2 2 2
E 2tg 6d
Stability
laminated glass cr 2
k,lam
conclusions
24(1 ) b 2
FEM modelling

Shear buckling coeficient k and k,lam

depend on boundary condition, = a / b, and PVB stiffness

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Design approach
Introduction

Plate and shear

buckling
Critical shear stress cr
2
2
generally
E tg
monolithic glass cr k
12(1 ) b
2
Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling 2
2 2 2
E 2tg 6d
Stability
laminated glass cr 2
k,lam
conclusions
24(1 ) b 2
FEM modelling

Shear buckling coeficient k and k,lam

depend on boundary condition, = a / b, and PVB stiffness

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives
Design approach
Introduction

Plate and shear Shear buckling reduction

buckling factor
generally
4 sides linear support
Theoretical
background
(simply support and clamped)

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions Wellershoff, 2005 (RWTH)

FEM modelling
4 point support 2 sides linear support

Mocibob, 2008 (EPFL)

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Plate and shear buckling
Objectives

Introduction
Design approach
Plate and shear Steps:
buckling
generally critical buckling coeficient k and k,lam
Theoretical
background critical shear stress cr
Plate and shear
buckling plate slenderness
Stability
conclusions
shear buckling reduction factor
FEM modelling

shear buckling resistance Vb,Rk

Vb,Rk
Verification: VEd
M

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Stability - conclusions
Objectives

Introduction Imperfections to be considered for buckling strength

Plate and shear
buckling Strength of compressed structural glass members generally limited
generally
by tensile strength of the material
Theoretical
background Post critical buckling capacity for plate and shear buckling
Plate and shear
buckling Design:
Stability Column buckling analytically (buckling curves)
conclusions

FEM modelling LTB buckling curves

Plate/Shear buckling buckling curves

A design code for stability is not yet established

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FEM modelling
Objectives
Materials properties
Introduction
Glass Eglass= 70000N/mm2 glass= 0.23
Plate and shear
buckling Interlayer Eint= ?? int= 0.499
generally

Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling Model definition
Stability Glass type (monolithic, laminated)
conclusions
Element definition (1D beam, 2D shell, 3D solid elements)
FEM modelling
Load introduction (nodal load, shell edge load, uniform pressure)
Boundary definition (simply supports, clamped supports)

Mesh of the model should be sufficiently accurate

Possible eccentricities in boundaries should be avoided

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FEM modelling
Objectives

Introduction
Monolithic glass
Plate and shear
buckling
generally Beam model (1D)
Theoretical
background

Plate and shear

buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Monolithic shell model (2D) Solid model (3D)

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FEM modelling
Objectives

Introduction
Laminated glass
Plate and shear
2D Multilayer Shell Elements
buckling (Composite Shells) GLASS 1 t1
generally
The effective thicknesses of the tint
Theoretical layers can be taken into account
background
GLASS 2 t2
Plate and shear
buckling
Compression can be described as
Stability
a shell edge load
conclusions

FEM modelling
ADVANTAGES
The modelling is quick
The buckling analysis is fast

PROBLEMS
In presence of very soft
interlayers, Composite Shell
Models do not converge

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FEM modelling
Objectives

Introduction
Laminated glass
3D solid Elements
Plate and shear
GLASS 1 t1
buckling
generally
tint
Theoretical
background t2
GLASS 2
Plate and shear
buckling

Stability Compression can be described as an

conclusions uniformly distributed pressure
FEM modelling
ADVANTAGES
In general, 3D models are quite
precise
PROBLEMS
The analysis requires long
processing time
If the mesh is not accurate, the
model overestimates the real
critical load
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FEM modelling
Objectives

Introduction
Laminated glass
2D shell elements +3D solid Elements
Plate and shear
GLASS 1 t1
buckling
generally
tint
Theoretical
background
GLASS 2 t2
Plate and shear
buckling

Stability
conclusions ADVANTAGES
FEM modelling These models are precise
The analysis does not require
long processing time

PROBLEMS
If the mesh is not accurate, the
model overestimates the real
critical load

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Numerical simulations
Objectives

Introduction
General steps
Plate and shear
Linear buckling analysis Eigenforms and eigenvalues
buckling
generally

Theoretical Nonlinear structural analysis Nonlinear behaviour of the model

background
Column buckling Plate buckling
Plate and shear
buckling

Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling

Beam buckling

Compression
Shear

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Linear buckling analysis
Objectives

Introduction
Objectives
Linear buckling analysis is used to predict:
Plate and shear
buckling Critical buckling load (bifurcation point)
generally
- Eigenvalues presents the critical buckling load factor
Theoretical
background - Critical loads are estimated as Eigenvalues x live loads
Plate and shear Buckling mode
buckling

Stability
- Eigenforms presents the buckling modes
conclusions
- First eigenform presents the shape of the initial geometry
FEM modelling deformation

1 2 3
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Nonlinear structural analysis
Objectives

Introduction
Objectives
Nonlinear structural analysis is used to study the nonlinear response of the
Plate and shear
buckling model by
generally
taking into account:
Theoretical
background Initial imperfections in the model
Plate and shear Nonlinear geometry
buckling
Large displacements
Stability
conclusions

FEM modelling 1 Eigenmode

=
Shape of initial
imperfection

A minimum amplitude w0
should be taken into
account!
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Nonlinear structural analysis
Objectives

Introduction
Initial imperfection
Plate and shear A minimum amplitude w0 of initial imperfection should be taken into account in
buckling performing a nonlinear analysis. This imperfection, representative of possible:
generally

Theoretical
Geometrical imperfections
background
Eccentricities of load or boundaries
Plate and shear
buckling Accidental eccentricities
Stability should have a minimum amplitude equal to:
conclusions

FEM modelling
Column buckling w0= L/400
Beam buckling w0= L/400
Plate buckling
Compression w0= a/1000 (O. Englhardt, PhD Thesis)

Shear w0= a/1000 (D. Mocibob, PhD Thesis)

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References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products
WELLERSHOF, F.; SEDLACEK, G.:
Glass Pavilion Rheinbach Stability of Glass Columns; Proceedings of the Glass Processing Days 2003,
page 316-318
AMADIO, Claudio; BEDON, Chiara.
Buckling of laminated glass elements in out-of-plane bending, Engineering Structures 32 (2010), 3780
3788.
BELIS, Jan; MOCIBOB, Danijel; LUIBLE, Andreas; VANDEBROEK, Marc.
On the size and shape of initial out-of-plane curvatures in structural glass components, Construction and
Building Materials 25 (2011), 27002712.
LUIBLE, A.
Stabilitt von Tragelementen aus Glas. Dissertation EPFL thse 3014. Lausanne: 2004.
LINDNER, J.; HOLBERNDT, T.
Zum Nachweis von stabilittsgefhrdeten Glastrgern unter Biegebeanspruchung. Stahlbau 75(6) (2006),
488-498.
WELLERSHOFF, F.
Nutzung der Verglasung zur Aussteifung von Gebudehllen, Dissertation RWTH Aachen, Aachen: 2005
MOCIBOB, D.
Glass panel under shear loading use of glass envelopes in building stabilization, Dissertation EPFL,
Lausanne: 2004.
ENGELHARDT, O.
Flchentragwerke aus Glas Tragverhalten und Stabilitt, Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien, 2007.

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Thank you
for your kind attention

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