A2 Level Unit V ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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CHAPTER 3 Benzene & Phenol ( UNIT V )

Kekule structure of benzene:- It represents 6 Carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds.
Delocalized structure:- The p orbitals of 6 Carbons overlap to form continuous pi electron clouds above and
below the ring.
Stability of Benzene ring in terms of bonding:- Bonding in Benzene is stable by 152 KJ/mole than kekule. Pi
bond electrons are delocalized around the ring, which gives molecule greater stability and more energy is need
to break bnds. It is supported by x-ray analysis which shows equal bond lengths. So, Substitution reactions
occur than addition which maintains delocalized system.
Complete combustion of benzene:- The complete combustion of benzene form carbon dioxide and water.
The high C:H ratio results in a smoky flame.
Addition reaction of benzene:- Benzene reacts with Hydrogen under severe conditions (Ni catalyst, 300oC,
30atm) to form cyclohexane.
C6H6 + 3H2 C6H12
Electrphilic Substitution Reaction of Benzene:- Although benzene is highly unsaturated but benzene react by
substitution instead of addition because it preserve stable delocalized structure of benzene ring.
1) Electrophilic substitution mechanism of reaction of benzene with Bromine:- Benzene dont react with
Bromine in the absence of catalyst. The catalyst used in halogen carrier e.g., Iron (III) bromide.
2) Electrophilic substitution mechanism for nitration of benzene:- The catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid.
The reaction happens best at 50oC. At higher temperature, further nitration occurs. The electrophile is nitronium
ion which is formed by the reaction of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.
MASHKOOR HUSSAIN (M.Sc CHEMISTRY) CERTIFIED CHEMISTRY TEACHER FOR A LEVEL CHEMISTRY (JARIS)
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3) Electrophilic substitution Mechanism for Friedal Craft reactions of benzene:- These reactions introduce
a side chain into benzene ring. The reagent used is chloromethane and catalyst used is Aluminium chloride.
If Aluminium catalyst and microwave radiations are used for heating, the reaction is greener because
more efficient heating, easier separation of catalyst and involves less Chlorine compounds. The electrical energy
can be obtained from renewable sources whereas gas in non-renewable.
Reactivity of Methylbenzene and Benzene:- Methyl benzene is more reactive than benzene because methyl
group donates electron density to the ring and makes the ring more susceptible to electrophilic attack. The
methyl side chain activates the ring towards substitution reactions which can happen at room temperature.
4) Sulfonation:- Benzene reacts with fuming sulfuric acid to form benzene sulfonic acid, which are used in the
manufacture of detergents. The electrophile is sulfur trioxide.
Benzene sulfonic acid

Reactivity of Phenol and Benzene:- Phenol is more reactive than benzene because lone pair of electrons from
Oxygen increases electron density on the ring and makes the ring more susceptible to electrophilic attack.
1) Reaction of Phenol with bromine:- The reactions of phenol are fast at room temperature and does not
require a catalyst. The product is 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
2) Nitration of Phenol:- Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid to form 2,4,6-trinitrophenol at room temperature.
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CHAPTER 4 Amino compounds ( UNIT V )

Amines:- The compounds which contain Nitrogen atom bonded to Carbon chain are called amines.
Properties of amines:- Amines have unpleasant fishy smell. The aqueous solution of amines is alkaline.
Solubility of amines in water:- The amino group is hydrophilic, so amine group is able to Hydrogen bond both
to itself and water. The hydrocarbon part of molecule is hydrophobic. The solubility of amine decreases with the
increase in size of hydrophobic part.
Comparison of Solubility of butylamine and Phenylamine in water:- Phenylamine is less soluble in water
because hydrophobic group in phenylamine is larger than corresponding group in butylamine. Ionic compounds
are generally more soluble in water. To increase solubility of phenylamine, acidy it with HCl.
Solubility of Methyl orange in water:- Methyl orange is soluble in water because SO3- are hydrated and
Nitrogen / Oxygen atoms are hydrogen bonded to water.
Reactions of amines:-
1) Neutralization of amines with acid:-
The order of basic character
Phenylamine reacts with dilute Hydrochloric acid to form phenylammonium chloride.
Phenylamine reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form phenylammonium sulfate.
2) Formation of Complex ions:- Amines can form dative covalent bond with transition metal ions due to lone
pair of electrons to form coordination complexes.
3) Reaction of amines with acyl chlorides:- 1-butylamine reacts with ethanoyl chloride to form N-
butylethanamide.
C4H9NH2 + CH3CH2COCl + HCl
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Paracetamol:- It is made by the reaction of ethanoyl chloride (CH3COCl) with 4-aminophenol. The packet of
paracetamol is limited to 32 tablets because it lessens risk of overdose as it is toxic in larger doses. Paracetamol
is slightly soluble in water because benzene ring is hydrophobic (does not interact with water) and only forms
London forces.
Preparation of Amines:- Phenylamine is prepared by the side chain reduction of nitrobenzene by reflux with a
mixture of Tin and concentrated Hydrochloric acid.
Conversion of Phenylamine into benzenediazonium cation:- The reagents used are Sodium nitrite and
Hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 0-10oC. The rate of reaction will be too slow at a lower temperature and
diazonium ion decomposes at higher temperature.
Conversion of benzenediazonium cation into an azo dye:- Add phenol in Sodium hydroxide to get an azo
dye. The aromatic rings are joined together through azo group (-N=N-). These dyes can absorb light in the
visible part of spectrum and appeared coloured.
Making Azo dye from 2,5-dimethylphenylamine:- The reagents used are Sodium nitrite and HCl. The
temperature used in 0-10oC.
Then, add phenol dissolved in alkali.
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CHAPTER 5 Amides and Polyamides ( UNIT V )

Amides:- The general formula of amides is RCONH2,where R is an alkyl group (methyl, ethyl etc).
Propanamide CH3CH2CONH2
Preparation of amides:- 1-butylamine reacts with ethanoyl chloride to form N-butylethanamide.
C4H9NH2 + CH3CH2COCl + HCl
CH3CH2N(CH3)2 form an amide in a reaction with ethanoyl chloride because it does not have a lone pair of
electrons.
Solubility of organic acid, ester and amides in water:- The organic acid contain C=O group that does not take
part in Hydrogen bonding, but an OH group that does. So, organic acids are water soluble.
The ester contains RCOO functional group that does not take part in Hydrogen bonding, but no OH. So,
esters are water insoluble.
The amides contain CO NH2 group that have extensive hydrogen bonding owing to the presence of
electronegative atoms. So, amides are water soluble and have high melting point.
Polymerization: The process by which a very large molecule (polymer) is formed from repeating units
(monomer) is called polymerization.
Addition Polymerization:- Alkenes add up to form polymer only.
1) Polyethene:-
2) Polypropene:-
3) PVC (Polyvinyl chloride):-
4) Polystyrene:-
5) Polyethenol:-
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Poly(ethenol) is a water-soluble polymer. The polymer is used for making hospital laundry bags so that
laundry can be loaded directly into washing machines without it having to be handled.
Poly(ethenol) is water soluble because the polymer forms many strong hydrogen bonds with the water.
6)

7)

Condensation polymerization:- The different monomers with reactive functional groups on both sides react to
form polymer and small molecules like water. The reaction is addition-elimination.
1) Structure of Nylon (a polyamide):- It has amide linkage. The monomers are dicarboxylic acid and diamine.
Structure of a polyamide:-

The polymer formed by the reaction of 1,2-diaminoethane with butane-1,2-dioyl dichloride,
ClOCCH2CH2COCl, is
The intermolecular forces between polymer chains are Hydrogen bonds, permanent dipole-permanent
dipole forces and London dispersion forces. The Hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms on the nitrogen
atoms (N-H) and the lone pair of electrons on oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The permanent dipole-permanent
dipole forces because the C=O bond and C-N bond is polar. The London forces because polymer has large
number of electrons and form temporary dipoles and induced dipoles.
Geometric Isomers:- The isomers which have different orientations in space e.g., EZ & optical isomers.
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EZ isomers:- A group attached to C=C with more proton number has higher priority. If two groups with higher
priority are on same side around C=C, then it is Z isomer and if these are on opposite side, then it is E isomer.
Trans but-2-ene (E-but-2-ene) Cis but-2-ene (Z-but-2-ene)

Conditions for EZ isomers:-1) No rotation around C=C 2) Different groups on the Carbon on each end of
C=C
E-isomer E-isomer
Question 1:- X is an organic compound. When X is refluxed with concentrated hydrochloric acid for several
hours, cooled and neutralized, there is only one organic product, Y, which has the molecular formula C2H5O2N.
One mole of Y will react with either one mole of hydrochloric acid or one mole of sodium hydroxide solution.
When Y is sprayed with a solution of ninhydrin and heated, a purple colour is observed.
The functional groups present in Y (NH2) are amine because it reacts with HCl. It reacts with alkali, so it is a
carboxylic acid (CO2H). It forms a purple colour with ninhydrin, so it is an amino acid.
The structure of X is
The structure of Y is
Question 2:- If the sequence of reactions, that produces polymer L from tranexamic acid, is carried out starting
with the cis isomer of tranexamic acid, an organic compound, M, is formed.
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The low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectrum of M has six peaks with relative heights
4:4:2:1:1:1.
The nmr spectrum shows that the molecule, M, has six different hydrogen environments, which are
unique NH at e, unique CH2 at c, CH at d & CH at f 2CH2 (at a) and 2CH2 at b.
The infrared (IR) spectrum of M has peaks in the region 17001630 cm1 and 35003140 cm1.
The CO amide stretching vibrations are in the region 1700-1630 cm1 and NH amide stretching vibrations
are in the region 3500-3140 cm1.
M is formed from the cis isomer but not from the trans isomer. In the trans isomer the amine and acid
chloride groups are too far apart to react intramolecularly to form M. The groups are on opposite sides of the
plane of the ring.
Alkene show geometric isomers because there is a barrier to rotation about a (C=C) bond and each
carbon atom in the C=C double bond has two different groups attached to it. Tranexamic acid can form
geometric isomers although it does not have a C = C double bond because there is a barrier to rotation about the
ring, which behaves like a double bond. The cis isomer is shown below.
CHAPTER 6 Amino acids ( UNIT V )
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Amino Acids:- Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.
The carbon atom next to the carboxyl group is called the carbon and amino acids with a side-chain bonded to
this carbon are referred to as alpha amino acids. These are the most common form found in nature. In the alpha
amino acids, the carbon is a chiral carbon atom, with the exception of glycine.
The amine and carboxylic acid functional groups found in amino acids allow them to have amphiprotic
properties. Carboxylic acid groups (CO2H) can be deprotonated to become negative carboxylates (CO2 ),
and -amino groups (NH2) can be protonated to become positive -ammonium groups (+NH3).
At pH values between the two pKa values, the zwitterion predominates, but coexists in dynamic
equilibrium with small amounts of net negative and net positive ions. At the exact midpoint between the two
pKa values, the trace amount of net negative and trace of net positive ions exactly balance, so that average net
charge of all forms present is zero. This pH is known as the isoelectric point.
Amino acids are crystalline solids with a high melting temperature because a proton is transferred from one end
of the molecule to the other.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, the simplest of which is glycine. Glycine has high melting point
because high energy needed to overcome strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions.
Glycine, H2NCH2COOH, is a solid that has a melting temperature of about 250oC, and it is very soluble
in water. This is because of the formation of H3N+CH2COO ions which interact strongly with each other in the
solid and with water.
Adding an alkali to an amino acid solution:- If you increase the pH of a solution of an amino acid by adding
hydroxide ions, the hydrogen ion is removed from the -NH3+ group.
Adding an acid to an amino acid solution:- If you decrease the pH by adding an acid to a solution of an amino
acid, the -COO- part of the zwitterion picks up a hydrogen ion.
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Importance of amino acids:- As both the amine and carboxylic acid groups of amino acids can react to form
amide bonds, one amino acid molecule can react with another and become joined through an amide linkage.
This polymerization of amino acids is what creates proteins. This condensation reaction yields the newly
formed peptide bond and a molecule of water.
Structure of Protein:- Protein have amide linkage (peptide bond) like nylon. The monomers are amino acids
which have both amino group and acid group.
Condensation polymerization of glycine:-

Hydrolysis:- The reaction of a compound with water to get two or more products in the presence of acid or base
is called hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis of protein:- Protein are boiled with dilute Hydrochloric acid. The product of hydrolysis is amino
acids. The Amino acids can be separated by paper chromatography. Amino acids are made coloured by
spraying with a locating agent. The amino acids are identified by their height or Rf value.
The distance on a chromatogram moved by an individual amino acid, in a mixture of
different amino acids, mainly depends on the intermolecular forces between the amino
acid and both the solvent and the stationary phase.
Identification of amino acids in protein:-
1) Chromatography experiment:-
i. A solution of hydrolysed protein contains the individual amino acids that make up the protein.
Add spot of hydrolysate on paper or thin layer chromatogram. Marker spots of known aminoacids and measure
Rf. Run in suitable solvent. Spray with ninhydrin and heat. Marker spots and the unknown spots correspond.
ii. Add spot of hydrolysate on paper or thin layer chromatogram. Run in suitable solvent in one direction.
Develop in suitable different solvent at right angles. Spray with ninhydrin and heat. Compare hydrolysate spots
with same experiment for known amino acids.
2) Gas Liquid Chromatography:- Put amino acid mixture hydrolysate into column. Separately known amino-
acids into column. Detect amino acids in effluent with Ninhydrin or mass spectrometry. Measure retention
times discussion of comparative solubilities in phases. Compare retention times.
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Optical Activity:- A chiral Carbon atom has four different atoms or groups attached. A chiral centre in a molecule gives optical
isomers, able to rotate the plane of polarization of plane polarized monochromatic light e.g., butan-2-ol. One optical isomer rotates
light to the right (+) and other to the left (-). The mirror image structures are non-superimposable. An equal molar mixture of + & -
forms gives a racemic mixture, which is optically inactive. Draw optical isomers in 3D arrangement.
Optical activity can change during reactions such as SN1 & SN2 and in addition to carbonyl groups.
Lactic acid:-
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Lactic acid is a chiral molecule that is found in sweat as the () isomer only. Lactic acid
can be made from ethanol in three steps.
The intermediate X is CH3CHO. The reagents and conditions required for step 1 are heat using acidified
potassium dichromate and distil product as formed. The reagents and conditions required for step 2 are HCN
with KCN or KCN with H+. The step 2 is nucleophilic substitution reaction. This synthesis would not give a
single optical isomer of lactic acid because ethanal is planar at the reaction site and attack from CN- to give the
cyanohydrin is equally likely from either side of the molecule. So a racemic mixture is formed.
The synthetic pathways for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals may require reactions that are highly
stereospecific because receptors for the compound in the body are often stereospecific so only one stereoisomer
is pharmacologically active. The body recognizes one stereoisomer. Only one stereoisomer is active and the
other isomer may be toxic. Different isomers have different biological properties.
CHAPTER 7 Organic Synthesis ( UNIT V )

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The distinguishing characteristic of combinatorial chemistry is that it involves the simultaneous

synthesis of many products.
Analysis suggests that a particular organic synthesis produces a medicine that contains trace impurities
that may be hazardous. The best way for this discovery to be reported and evaluated is in a scientific journal
which subjects its articles to peer review.
Organic solids are often purified by recrystallisation. This technique works on the basis that the cooled
solution is saturated with the desired material but not with the impurities.
Importance of analysis:-
At each stage of an organic synthesis, the identity of the product can be checked using analytical
techniques such as IR or NMR spectroscopy, chromatography or mass spectroscopy. Other benefits include
Monitoring reaction progress. Reaction conditions may then be modified to improve yields.
Identifying unreacted starting materials or unwanted by-products that must be removed.
The technique must be sensitive enough to determine structure, even when only tiny quantities are available
with many natural products when first obtained from plants or animals.
Deductions based on analytical data:- The empirical formula of an unknown compound is found from.
Combustion analysis:- A sample is burnt in excess Oxygen and the products (Carbon dioxide and water)
are absorbed and measured giving the percentage composition of Carbon and Hydrogen.
The percentage composition by element.
Molecular and structural formula can then be deduced by combining this data with
Chemical reactions that indicates if a particular functional group is present.
Mass spectroscopy data to determine the relative molecular mass. Fragmentation patterns may indicate
possible structures.
IR or nmr spectroscopy.
Drug research and discovery:- A pharmaceutical company may need to synthesize and test a million
compounds before locating a few hundred potentially useful ones.
Combinatorial synthesis is an automated process widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce large
numbers of related compounds similar to an existing drug. Using a specific synthetic route, a set of starting
materials is automatically combined in slightly different ways.
A solid polymeric support (often beads) helps to automate the process. The polymer is inert but has a
suitable functional group attached to it. This linker group bonds to a reagent passing over the beads an dto
successive reagents at each stage in the synthesis. Excess reagent and their by products wash away, leaving the
product immobilized on the beads. Care is taken to maximize the yield at each stage of the synthesis.
Chiral synthesis:- Many drug compounds are chiral but only one of the isomers may have a beneficial medical
use. The other may even have harmful effects.
To avoid producing unwanted isomer, chiral synthesis is used to make stereospecific drugs with a single optical
isomer. The natural compound always produced as single optical isomer. Chiral synthesis may use enzymes that
are stereospecific.
Question 1:- A major function of the chemical industry is the manufacture of perfumes and flavourings.
Perfumes were originally made from natural products, such as spermaceti from whales or civetone from the
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civet cat. The use of synthetic equivalents is generally cheaper and the supply is more reliable, and does not
require the animals to be killed which obtaining spermaceti did. Synthetic perfumes and flavourings are usually
nature-identical, although naturally-occurring molecules that have stereoisomers are sometimes produced
synthetically as mixtures since the stereospecific synthesis required might be difficult to achieve economically.
Some chiral molecules have a different taste depending on which enantiomer is present. The enantiomer ()-
carvone tastes and smells of spearmint, and its mirror-image, (+)-carvone, of caraway or dill. In some cases only
one enantiomer has any taste; this is true for glucose. The mirror image molecule of naturally occurring glucose
has no taste and cannot even be absorbed or metabolized. Many drug molecules are chiral, though paracetamol
is not. The wrong isomer present in a drug may be positively damaging, which was the case with thalidomide.
In order to synthesize optically-pure drug molecules, it is important to understand the mechanism of any
reaction used. Using an SN1 reaction which involves the chiral centre would result in the product mixture being
racemic. It is advantageous to use stereospecific catalysts wherever possible, and industry on the whole prefers
to use heterogeneous rather than homogeneous catalysts.
The skeletal formula of carvone is shown below. The chiral carbon atom is circled.
The synthesis of paracetamol is more efficient than the synthesis of a single enantiomer such as ()-carvone
because paracetamol is not chiral, has no enantiomers and does not have optical isomers. There is no
racemisation so the product will not be a mixture and no need to separate (the enantiomers. There is no need to
discard an unwanted enantiomer andatom economy is higher.
Carvone contains two types of functional group.
Test for C=C:- decolourises bromine water or KMnO4 changes color form purple to colourless.
Test for C=O: orange precipitate with add 2,4-dnp / 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (Bradys reagent).
Reaction of carvone with HBr:-
If the above product were to be heated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution, elimination would
occur and HBr would be lost. The resulting molecule would not be necessarily carvone because HBr can be
eliminated using a hydrogen from the carbon on either side of the bromine which would then give a double
bond in a different position from that in carvone.
Change in optical activity during nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl group:-
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The product of this reaction is not optically active, even though it has a chiral Carbon atom in its formula because attack by nucleopile
on Carbon is from both sides equally at the planar reaction site in the aldehyde group. So, a mixture of two enantiomers (optical
isomers) in equal proportions forms (racemic mixture).
Change in optical activity during SN1 reaction:- (Tertiary halogenoalkane to alcohol)

Tertiary halogenoalkane reacts with aqueous Sodium hydroxide (OH-) to form tertiary alcohol. The reaction follow SN1 mechanism
because tertiary carbocation is more stable than primary and methyl groups stabilize the charge. The reaction has planar intermediate,
so there is an equal chance of attack by the nucleophile on either side. This produces an equimolar mixture of two optical isomers
which is a racemic mixture.
Inversion of configuration during SN2 reaction:- (primary halogenoalkane to alcohol)

Primary halogenoalkane reacts with aqueous Sodium hydroxide (OH-) to form primary alcohol.
The arrangement of groups attached to Chiral Carbon turned inside out during reaction, which is called inversion of configuration.
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Question 2:- Eugenol, a pale yellow oil, and eugenol ethanoate are phenol-derived compounds found in the
evergreen clove tree Eugenia aromaticum.
Eugenol is used in perfumes, the manufacture of food flavourings and as a local anaesthetic. Eugenol
ethanoate is mainly used in perfumes and aftershaves. Although used for many years, both compounds are
classified as harmful and have been tested to determine their toxicity by ingestion. However, humans would
need to consume very large amounts to reach toxic levels.
The compounds are the main constituents of clove oil which can be extracted from the dried buds of Eugenia
aromaticums flowers. Traditionally the oil is extracted by steam distillation, though a greater yield of oil can be
obtained using a Soxhlet extractor to pass a chlorinated solvent through the dried buds several times to dissolve
the clove oil. An alternative technique uses carbon dioxide as a solvent. Above a temperature of 304 K and a
high pressure of 73.8 atm, carbon dioxide behaves as a supercritical fluid and when passed through the clove
buds, it dissolves the clove oil. Releasing the pressure causes the carbon dioxide to turn back into a gas, leaving
the clove oil behind. A summary of the characteristics of the clove oil obtained by the three extraction
techniques is shown in the table below.
Both molecules can also be manufactured synthetically in the laboratory. A reaction scheme for synthesizing
both molecules is summarized below.
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Calculation of formula from data:- 0.328 g of eugenol produced synthetically was burnt completely in excess
oxygen, producing 0.880 g of carbon dioxide and 0.216 g of water. The data is consistent with the molecular
formula of eugenol.
Mass of C in CO2 = 12/44 x 0.88 = 0.24 g
Mass of H in H2O = 2/18 x 0.216 = 0.024g
So mass of oxygen = 0.328 ( 0.24 + 0.024) = 0.064 g
Moles of C = 0.24/12 = 0.02
Moles of H = 0.024/1 = 0.024
Moles of O = 0.064/16 = 0.004
Ratio = simplest ratio = 5:6:1 so C10H12O2
Test for C=C:- decolourises bromine water or KMnO4 changes color form purple to colourless.
Heat under reflux is used to prevent loss of volatile liquids in step 3.
The reagent used for step 4 are ethanoyl chloride (CH3COCl) or ethanoic anhydride CH3COO(COCH3).
The distillate formed is a mixture of water and clove oil with a significant amount of oil dissolved in the water.
Obtaining dry oil:- The steps to obtain the dry oil are
Mix organic solvent and oil-water mixture in a separating funnel then separate. Distil to separate clove
oil from organic solvent. Add anhydrous CaCl2 or anhydrous MgSO4 or anhydrous Na2SO4 or silica gel to clove
oil and then filter.
Add saturated solution of NaCl. Separate in a separating funnel or add silica gel to clove oil and then filter.
Toxicity data:- Toxicity data for substances such as eugenol are generally obtained by tests on animals such as
rats and guinea pigs. In the case of eugenol, such tests are reasonable as clove oil may be in use at toxic levels
so we need to identify what that level is.
In the case of eugenol, such tests are not reasonable as clove oil has been in use for many years in many
ways so tests on animals not necessary to confirm its safe to use at current levels or humans would have to
consume large amounts.
Methods of extraction of clove oil:-
1) ScCO2 Method:- The oil obtained seems purer as colour closely matches that of eugenol and requires no
further purification. Others methods use solvent extraction. This method has greater yield per hour. No organic
solvent is required because it is chlorinated which damage ozone layer. This method requires high pressure, so
likely to be expensive and requires specialist equipment.
2) Steam distillation:- It can be done using standard lab equipment and does not require high pressures. The
yield is poor and steam gives the least yield per hour.
3) Soxhlet:- This method produces greater yield of oil but has a smaller percentage of eugenol. The yield is
poor and takes longer time but does not require high pressures. The method uses organic solvent because it is
chlorinated and so environmental problems. The oil obtained seems least pure.
4) Synthetic route:- This method has several steps, each with a low yield clove buds are renewable but
materials in synthesis are not likely to be obtained from oil.
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ORGANIC REACTIONS
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1

CHAPTER 3 Benzene & Phenol ( UNIT V )

Benzene sulfonic acid

CHAPTER 4 Amino compounds ( UNIT V )

Phenylamine reacts with dilute Hydrochloric acid to form phenylammonium chloride.

Phenylamine reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form phenylammonium sulfate.

Then, add phenol dissolved in alkali.

CHAPTER 5 Amides and Polyamides ( UNIT V )

3) PVC (Polyvinyl chloride):-

Trans but-2-ene (E-but-2-ene) Cis but-2-ene (Z-but-2-ene)

CHAPTER 6 Amino acids ( UNIT V )

Condensation polymerization of glycine:-

CHAPTER 7 Organic Synthesis ( UNIT V )

The distinguishing characteristic of combinatorial chemistry is that it involves the simultaneous

Change in optical activity during SN1 reaction:- (Tertiary halogenoalkane to alcohol)

Inversion of configuration during SN2 reaction:- (primary halogenoalkane to alcohol)

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