nh hng ca a hnh n p lc gi

1. Gii thiu
Khi cng trnh trn nn t cao, i hoc ni, p lc gi tc ng ln cng trnh thay i
mnh v cc yu t a hnh lm thay i dng khng kh i qua. Cc yu t ny nh
nhng chng ngi vt lm gia tng vn tc gi, dn n hiu ng gia tng p lc gi ln
cng trnh. Phn ln tiu chun cc nc u c nhng phng php nh gi hiu
ng ny.
Mt s tiu chun a ra rt t hoc khng chnh xc ch dn v nh gi hiu ng gia
tng p lc gi ln cng trnh. Cc tiu chun ti trng gi s dng cc phng php
khc nhau tng p lc gi thit k khi cng trnh nm trn cc yu t a hnh. Do ,
kt qu thu c t mi phng php ny c th rt khc nhau. Trong cc tiu chun hay
s dng, tiu chun ca Hip hi k s xy dng Hoa K ASCE/SEI 7-05 v ca Hip
hi Tiu chun c AS/NZS 1170.2:2002 ch dn kh chi tit tnh ton ti trng gi k
n nh hng ca iu kin a hnh. Tuy nhin, khi p dng tng tiu chun cho cng
trnh c th, cc kt qu thu c khc nhau kh xa. Ti mt s cao tnh ton p lc
gi cho cng trnh, s chnh lch v vn tc gi l 11%, dn n chnh lch v p lc gi
ln n 23%. Qua nghin cu, hai tiu chun ny bc l mt s hn ch cn phi sot xt
li. Tiu chun Ti trng v tc ng ca Vit Nam, TCVN 2737-95 c a ra ch dn k
n nh hng ca yu t cng trnh t trn nn t cao. Tuy nhin, ch dn ny cha
chnh xc nn khi p dng p lc gi thu c thp hn rt nhiu so vi kt qu thu c
t nhng tiu chun khc.
T nhng l do trn, vic so snh cc tiu chun v nh gi s tc ng ca a hnh n
p lc gi l rt cn thit. Bng vic xc nh vn tc gi trn mt s iu kin a hnh,
a vt c th, nhng bt cp trong cc tiu chun s c pht hin phc v cho vic
sot xt tiu chun v p lc gi v gi cho hng nghin cu su hn. Nhng ch dn
tnh ton vn tc gi trn cc a hnh phc tp Vit Nam cn hn ch, do , y c
th l ti liu tham kho cho thit k p lc gi ln cng trnh nhng a hnh phc tp
v cho vic khai thc nng lng gi.
2. Phng php nh gi
2.1. nh hng ca iu kin a hnh theo TCVN 2737-95
TCVN 2737-95 khng c ch dn tnh ton xc nh p lc gi ln nhng cng trnh
trn sn i, ni. Duy nht cng trnh trn nn t cao c quan tm. S tng p lc
gi c k n bng vic tng chiu cao tnh ton p lc gi so vi chiu cao thc t.
Ni cch khc, mt t tnh ton c h thp t kt cu vo vng c vn tc gi cao
hn trong lp bin kh quyn. Lp bin kh quyn l lp tip xc vi mt t v vn tc
gi trong lp ny cn chu nh hng bi ma st ca b mt tri t. Khi dc trung
bnh, i, ca mt nn t cao ln hn 30%, cao mt t tnh ton c h thp xung
mt khong z0 t cao thc t. Do , cao thc t, z, c tng ln n (z+z 0)
tnh ton p lc gi thit k cho cng trnh. Nu cng trnh bn tri im A hoc bn
phi im D th z0 = 0, nu cng trnh trn sn dc t A n B hoc trn on CD, z0
c nin suy tuyn tnh t khu vc bn cnh. Khi cng trnh trn on BC, z 0 c tnh
ton nh sau:
 H (2 i )
-/Khi 0.30 < i < 2 th z0 = ; H v L ln lt l chiu cao chiu di ca sn dc i =
1.7
H/L
- Khi i 2 th z0 = H
p lc gi tnh tiu chun tnh ton theo cng thc:
W= k * c *W0 (a.1)
Trong , k l h s k n s thay i ca dng b mt a hnh v s thay i p lc gi
theo cao, cao di 3 mt so vi mt t, phn ln cc tiu chun khc coi k l
hng s, trong khi TCVN 2737 -95 cha c ch nh, c l h s p lc v W 0 l plc gi
tiu chun c th ly theo Bn Phn vng p lc Gi hoc tnh ton theo cng thc
sau:
W0 = 0.0613* V20 (DaN/m2) (a.2)
y, V0 l vn tc gi trung bnh tnh bng mt trn giy trong khong 3 giy, xc sut
vt trung bnh l 20nm, do cao 10mt so vi mc chun v trong dng a hnh
m v bng phng, tng ng vi a hnh dng B. Nh vy, nu M
zt c gi l t s

a hnh gi git k n s thay i vn tc gi so vi chiu cao th vn tc gi ti chiu

cao z c thit lp di dng:
Vz k * V02 k * V0 M zt * V0 (a.3)
Khi cng trnh trn sn i hoc ni, vn tc gi cn phi c tnh ton xc nh p
lc gi phc v cho thit k cng trnh. Nhng trng hp ny s khng c cc s liu v
vn tc gi v cc trm kh tng o vn tc gi thng c la chn t trn cc dng
a hnh m v phng. Do , cc cng thc tnh ton xc nh vn tc gi trong cc
trng hp ny rt cn c thit lp.
2.2. Theo Tiu chun ASCE/SEI 7-05
Tiu chun ny a ra cc ch dn rt chi tit k n hiu ng gia tng vn tc gi ca cc
iu kin a hnh nh i, rng ni v nn t cao. ASCE/SEI 7-05 quy nh iu kin
mt t xung quanh cc iu kin a hnh v c im bn thn ca cc iu kin a
hnh. a hnh phi khng b che chn bi nhng a hnh khc c c im tng t
trong vng bn knh ln hn hoc bng 100 ln chiu cao a hnh v ln hn 3,2 km.
ng thi, chiu cao ca a hnh ang xt phi nh l trn chiu cao ca nhng a hnh
trc hng gi t nht l hai ln trong phm vi 3.2km. Chiu cao ti thiu ca a hnh
ny l 4.5mt i vi dng b mt C v D (nhng b mt trng tri khng b che chn v
phng) v 18mt i vi dng b mt B (nhng b mt b che chn mnh). Cng trnh
phi nm na trn ca chiu cao a hnh v iu kin cui cng l dc trung bnh
ca a hnh hng n gi phi ln hn hoc bng 10%.
p lc vn tc, qz, c xc inh trong cng thc:
qx=0.613KzKztKd V I (N/m2) (b.1)
Tc gi c bn V l tc git 3 giy cao 10 mt so vi mt t trong dng a
hnh C, Kz l h s k n s thay i p lc gi thgeo chiu cao v dng b mt. K zt v
Kd ln lt l h s k n s nh hng ca iu kin a hnh v s thay i ca hng
gi. T cng thc trn, da trn gi thit hng gi thi vung gc vi hnh chiu ng
mt dc ca a hnh ang xt (K d=1), vn tc gi V ti cao z s c tnh ton theo
cng thc:
Vz K z K zt V102 K z K zt * V10 = * V
M (b.2)
zt 10

ASCE/SEI 7 ch dn xc nh Kz nh sau:
 2
4.6
 2
z
 y, v zg ln lt l h s hm s m v chiu cao tnh ton ca lp bin ca kh
qyn. Cc tham s ny c cho theo bng 1.
Bng 1. Cc tham s iu kin b mt a hnh (ly t bng 6-2 ca ASCE/SEI 7-05)

Dng a hnh zg(m)

B 7.0 366
C 9.5 274
D 11.5 213
H s iu kin a hnh Kzt c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
Kzt = (1+ K1K2K3)2 (b.5)
K1 c th c xc nh theo bng 2 , K2 v K3 ln lt l cc tham s k n s
suy gim nh hng ca a hnh theo phng ngang v theo chiu cao.
x
1
K2 = .Lh (b.6)

. z
K3 = e Lh (b.7)

Trong , x l khong cch tnh t nh dc ca i hnh n cng trnh v L h l chiu di

theo phng ngang tnh t nh dc ti v tr mt dc c chiu cao bng H/2, H l chiu
cao ca a hnh. Cc tham s v ph thuc vo c dim a hnh, b mt t xung
quanh v c xc nh theo bng 2.

Bng 2. Xc nh cc tham s k n s gia tng vn tc gi ca cc iu kin a

hnh (ly t hnh 6-4 ca ASCE/SEI 7-05)

iu kin
a hnh
Dng b mt Pha trc Pha sau
nh a nh a
B C D
hnh hnh
Rng ni 1.30 1.45 1.55 3 1.5 1.5
(hoc thung
lng H ly
du m)
Nn t cao 0.75 0.85 095 2.5 1.5 4
 i ng 0.95 1.05 1.15 4 1.5 1.5
c lp
i vi nhng a hnh c dc ln hn 25% hay H/L > 0.5, s gia tng vn tc gi
khng cn ph thuc vo s thay i ca gc dc. Khi , L h c thay bng 2H xc
nh K1, K2 v K3. Nguyn nhn l do khi dc ln, dng chy khng kh khng thng
ni p lc mi lc mt ln khi n gn n mt dc, bng kh hay cn gi l s phn tch
hnh thnh trc mt dc to mt vng m dng chy vt qua. Nhiu nghin cu
ch ra s hnh thnh bng kh bt u khi dc ln hn 25-30%.
2.3. Theo Tiu chun AS/NZS 1170.2:2002
Khng ging vi ASCE/SEI 7-05, AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002 b qua c im kch thc
nh ca i theo phng ngang vung gc vi hng gi, coi nh hng ca i v rng
ni n s tng vn tc gi l nh nhau. AS/NZS 1170.2 cng cha quy nh chi tit v
cc yu cu b mt t trc hng gi v ca bn thn cc yu t a hnh.
Vn tc gi thit k c bn V l vn tc gi git ln nht 3 giy xy ra trong mt gi
ti cao 10m so vi mt t trong loi b mt m v bng phng. Khi vn tc gi ti
cao z bt k, Vz, c tnh qua V10 nh sau:
Vz = ( M z .cat * M t ) * V10 M zt * V10 (c.1)
Trong , Mz,cat l h s k n s thay i vn tc gi theo cao v dng b mt a
hnh, tng ng vi cn bc hai ca h s k n s thay i p lc gi theo cao v
dng b mt a hnh, Kzt trong ASCE/SEI 7-05. Mt l h s k n s nh hng tng
vn tc gi ca cc c im a hnh. Trong thc t thit k, gi tr ca M z,cat c th d
dng ly theo Bng 4.1(A) v 4.1(B) trong tiu chun AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002. V bn cht
Mz,cat l t s gia vn tc ti cao z, thng ln hn 3 hoc 5 mt trn mt t, v vn
tc gi git ti cao 10mt trong loi b mt a hnh s 2, theo phn loi ca AS/NZS
1170.2:2002 th loi b mt ny gm mt nc, ng c v nhng b mt c rt t hoc
vt cn tha tht c cao t 1.5 ti 10m. Nh vy, M c th c thit lp theo cng
thc:
V
M zt z (c.2)
V10

Theo m hnh phn phi vn tc gi trong lp bin kh quyn ca Deaves v Harris

(1978), vn tc gi trung bnh theo gi ti cao z, V , c xc nh bng cn thc
di y:
u* zzzzz
234
trong , u* c gi l vn tc ma st tnh bng m/s, z0 l chiu di c trng ca
nhm b mt a hnh bng m v chiu cao lp bin kh quyn, zg, tnh theo cng thc:
u*
zg = (c.4)
0.0006
Deaves v Harris thit lp quan h gia vn tc gi git V z v vn tc gi TB theo Vz
nh sau:

V V z 1 3.7 v (c.5)
Vz

y, v lch chun ca thnh phn vn tc gi git c xc nh theo:

 16

z
 z
= 1- z (c.7)
g

Khi dc trung bnh i= H/(2L u) ca iu kin a hnh ln hn hoc bng 5%, vn tc

gi b nh hng ng k v Mh c tnh nh sau:
H x
Mh = 1+ . 1 (c.8)
3 .5( z L )
1
L
2

Trng hp i 0.45, mt vng phn tch nh hnh thnh ti nh a hnh. Trong vng
ny, Mh c tnh theo:
x
M h 1 0.71 1 (c.9)
L2

Trong : L1 c ly theo gi tr ln hn trong hai s hng 0.36L u v 0.4H; Lu tng

ng vi Lh trong ASCE/SEI 1170.2: 2002. Cc tham s khc c xc nh trn cc
bn v.
3. So snh v mt phng php
Tiu chun Ti trng v tc ng ca Vit Nam TCVN 2737 - 95, mi ch a ra ch dn
tnh ton p lc gi c k n nh hng ca yu t cng trnh t trn nn t cao Tuy
nhin, quan nim h thp mt t thc t nng cao chiu cao tnh ton ti trng gi
trong tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 95 l cha chnh xc Bi theo quan nim ny, ng cong
th hin s thay i ca vn tc gi theo chiu cao c nh hng ca a hnh v khng
c nh hng ca a hnh s song song vi nhau. Nh vy, nh hng ca a hnh n
s gia tng vn tc gi khng c s suy gim theo chiu cao. Trong khi , t nhiu
nghin cu thc nghim, tin s John D.Holmes ch ra rng s gia tng vn tc gi ln
nht gn mt t v gim dn theo chiu cao ( Holmes, 2001).
Tiu chun ASCE/SEI 7-05 ch dn rt chi tit v cch xc nh vn tc gi git c nh
hng ca iu kin a hnh iu kin mt t xung quanh v c im bn thn mi
iu kin a hnh cng c quy nh c th. Nh trong Bng 2 ASCE/SEI 7-05 quy
nh b mt hng gi trc mi iu kin a hnh c nh hng trc tip n hiu
ng gia tng vn tc gi. Trong khi , AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002 v TCVN 2737-95 cha
cp n dng b mt trc hng gi ca cc iu kin a hnh. Thm vo ch c
tiu chun ASCE/SEI 7-05 cp n nh hng ca i, ni ng c lp n s gia
tng vn tc gi.
Khi dc ca cc iu kin a hnh nh hn dc gii hn di, s gia tng vn tc
gi coi nh khng ng k Theo tiu chun chu u CEN TC 250 s gia tng vn tc gi
di 5% coi nh khng ng k. Khi dc a hnh ln hn dc gii hn trn, bng
kh hnh thnh pha trc mt dc ca mi iu kin a hnh khi dng khng kh i qua
v khi vn tc gi khng cn ph thuc vo s thay i ca dc a hnh. Tuy
nhin, quan nim v dc gii hn theo mi tiu chun rt khc nhau. Tiu chun Nht
Bn AIJ: 2004 quan nim dc gii hn trn c th ln n 173,2% v khi dc a
hnh ln hn 30%. Tiu chun Vit Nam mi xt n s gia tng vn tc gi, trong khi tt
c cc tiu chun khc l di 13,2% nh trong bng 3.
Bng 3. dc gii hn theo cc tiu chun
 Tiu AIJ:2004 ASCE/SEI AS/NZS CEN TC TCVN
chun 7 1170.2 250 2737
Gii hn 13.2% 10% 5% 5% 30%
di
Gii hn 173.2% 25% 45% 30% NA(*)
trn
Ghi ch: (*)NA ngha l cha c quy nh r rng
Khng ch l khc nhau ln v dc gii hn, cc tiu chun a ra cc ch dn rt khc
nhau v vng nh hng gy tng vn tc bn trn cc iu kin a hnh nh lit k
trong Bng 4. Nh vy, cn phi c thm nhng nghin cu v m hnh a hnh trong
hm gi xc nh gc dc gii hn v thng nht v vng nh hng
Bng 4. Vng gia tng vn tc gi theo cc tiu chun

Nn t cao Rng ni
Tiu dc thp(*) dc cao(**) dc thp(*) dc cao(**)
chun
UW DW UW DW UW DW UW DW
AIJ:2004 4.0H 8.0H 4.0H 8.0H 4.0H 8.0H 4.0H 8.0H
ASCE/SEI 1.0Lh 4.0Lh 1.0Lh 8.0H 1.0Lh 0.5Ld 1.0Lh 0.5Ld
7
AS/NZS 1.4Lh 3.6Lh 1.6H 4.0H 1.4Lh 1.4Lh 1.6H 1.6H
1170.2
CEN TC 1.0Lh 3.0Lh 1.7H 5.0H 1.0Lh 0.5Lh 1.7H 1.6H
250
TCVN NA NA 2.0Lh 4.0H NA NA NA NA
2737
Ghi ch:
1. (*)&(**) a hnh c dc thp khi dc nh hn dc gii hn trn, a
hnh c dc cao l a hnh c dc ln hn dc gii hn trn.
2. UW: Trc nh dc; DW: Sau nh dc
3. H: Chiu cao ca iu kin a hnh, v L d chiu di nm ngang ca mt
dc pha khut gi ca rng ni
4. Lh l mt na chiu di nm ngang ca mt dc trc hng gi i vi
TCVN 2737 v CEN TC 250. i vi cc tiu chun cn li L h l chiu di
nm ngang tnh t nh dc ti mt dc pha n gi ni c cao bng H/2.
5. NA: khng c ch dn.
So snh cc tiu chun, m hnh tnh ton c s dng cng rt khc nhau. TCVN
2737-95 s dng m hnh gin n v b qua nh hng ca a hnh c dc di
30%. S suy gim nh hng ca a hnh n vn tc gi theo phng ng c biu
din bng hm s m trong ASCE/SEI 7-05 c thay th bng dng hm hypebol trong
AS/NZS 1170.2:2002. im chung l c hai tiu chun ny u a ra s suy gim nh
hng theo phng ngang di dng hm tuyn tnh i vi x.
4. Kt lun
S nh hng ca iu kin a hnh n s gia tng vn tc gi c trnh by theo
ASCE/SEI 7-05 v AS/NZS 1170.2:2002. Phng php tnh ton p lc gi cho cng
trnh trn nn t cao theo TCVN 2737-95 c phn tch v so snh vi nhng phng
php trong ASCE/SEI 7-05 v AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002. Ngi thit k c th tham kho
tnh ton p lc gi cho nhng cng trnh nhng a hnh phc tp.
TCVN 2737-95 cha a ra ch dn v tnh ton p lc gi cho cng trnh trn cc iu
kin a hnh nh i v rng ni. M hnh tnh ton p lc gi cho cng trnh trn nn
t cao cha c thch hp: nh hng ca a hnh n s gia tng p lc gi ln cng
trnh khng suy gim theo chiu cao; dc gii hn di 30%, bt u k n s gia
tng p lc gi, qu cao dn n p lc gi tnh ton theo TCVN 2737 95 qu thp so
vi p lc gi tnh ton theo cc tiu chun cn li. Tiu chun TCVN 2737-95 cn phi
c b sung v sa i a ra ch dn c th cho vic xc nh p lc gi cho cng
trnh t trn cc iu kin a hnh phc tp.
Tiu chun Hoa K ASCE/CEI 7-05 a ra ch dn rt chi tit xc nh h s nh
hng ca cc iu kin a hnh. Tuy nhin, kt qu thu c ch ra rng tiu chun
tn ti s bt hp l. l khi dc pha n gi ca a hnh thay i, cc ng cong
th hin s thay i vn tc gi theo chiu cao giao nhau. S gia tng vn tc gi khng
t l vi s thay i ca dc a hnh. Nh vy, h s k n s thay i dc pha
n gi ca a hnh s gia tng vn tc gi, K1, cn phi c xem xt li.
Cc ng cong th hin s thay i vn tc gi theo chiu cao trn cc iu kin a
hnh c sp xp rt u n theo tiu chun Australia AS/NZS 1170.2:2002. Tiu
chun ny quy nh gc dc a hnh ti thiu kh thp 5% k n s gia tng vn tc
gi. Tnh ton theo tiu chun ny ch ra cc loi a hnh khc nhau c nh hng gn
nh nhau ti s gia tng vn tc gi. Trong khi , theo tiu chun Hoa K s gia tng
vn tc gi gn mt t do nh hng ca rng ni c th cao hn 10% do nh hng ca
a hnh i c lp. Cng thc xc nh h s k n nh hng a hnh M h rt c th
phi sot xt li v thit lp ring cho a hnh i c lp v a hnh rng ni.
KS Ng Tt Thnh - Khoa Xy dng Texas Tech University (USA)
(Ngun tin: T/C KHCN Xy dng, s 3/2006)