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 iM V ILiVOAL 1 ^ 1 1 KJ 1\ fY l\ I
O F

TRADE and COMMERCE:

WITHLARGE
ADDITIONS and IMPROVEMENTS,
Adapting the fame to the

Present State of BRITISH AFFAIRS in AMERICA,

fince the laft Treaty of Peace made in the Year 1763.
With GREAT VARIETY of

NEW REMARKS and ILLUSTRATIONS

Incorporated throughout the Whole :

TOGETHER WITH
Every Thing eflential that is contained in Savary's Dictionary :

ALSO,
All the Material LAWS of TRADE and NAVIGATION
relating to thefe KINGDOMS,
AND THE
CUSTOMS and USAGES to which all TRADER S are fubjea.

ByMALACHY POSTLETHWAYT, Efq;

THE FOURTH EDITION.

VOL. I.

LONDON:
Printed for W. Strahan, J and F. Rivington, Hinton, L. Hawes and W. Clarke and R. Collins,
J.
R. Horsfield, W.Johnston, T.Caslon, S.Crowder, T.Longman, B. Law, R.Baldwin, T.Cadell,
J. Brotherton and J. Sewell, J. Dodsley, T. Payne, T.
Becket, J. Robson, T. Lowndes, W. Nicoll,
J. Knox, D. Wilson and G. Nicoll, and W. Otridge.

MECCLXXIV,
**adams*\\^
 INTRODUCTION. :

ThlS Dictionary
Britain
of Trade and Commerce is the firft of its kind that was everpublifhed in Great-
and having obtained a reputation for above fourteen years, with thofe efteemed the bell judges
,

in the kingdom, amongft the nobility and gentry ; and its credit and character alio amongft commercial
people of the bed underftanding, as well merchants as tradefmen, manufacturers and artizans of every refpect-
able rank, render it the lefs neceflary to urge any thing now in its recommendation. With refpect to the prefenr.
New Edition here offered to the Public, it will be expected that fome account mould be given of it.
The laft War, and Definitive Treaty of Peace made in the year 1763, having made a great alteration
in the ftate of the Britifh trade and territories in America and Africa, fince the publication of the Second Edi-
tion, and the public calling for a third, due notice is taken therein of the various changes made in the Ame-
rican and African trades by the faid Definitive Treaty. In confequencc of which, the fame treaty having
made a great variation in the territories of France and Spain, in favour of the Britifh empire, it hath become
neceflary to reprefent thofe changes and alterations, in regard to the dominions of their respective kingdoms.
That the candour and impartiality of the author may be the more confpicuous in his reprefentations upon this
occafion, he hath continued his former Remarks upon the trade and territories of the feveral before-mentioned
potentates, which were made prior to the laft war and treaty of peace; and hath made his Additional Re-
marks upon the fame trade and territories fince the peace hath been concluded, in the fame manner and form
as they were made in our former editions of this performance, By the method we have purfued, every one will
be enabled to judge from plain facts, the natural deductions drawn therefrom, of the different ftate and condition
of the commerce and territories of the diverfe powers concerned in the laft war, as well before its commence-
ment, as fince the peace of 1763.
The author being convinced how much the profperity and the trade of this nation depend upon the mecha-
nical and manufadtural arts ; and how greatly their ingenuity in working up their wares, commodities, and ma-
nufactures of a good quality, to recommend them to all foreign ftates and empires; has been remarkably ela-
borate in his endeavours to excite and ftimulate thofe artifts to make every fort of improvement in their refpec-
tive employs. He has fanguinely pleaded their caufe with the government and legiflature, that all wife encourage-
ment fhould be given to this body of ufeful undertakers ; to the end, that their induftrious ingenuity may not
be furpaffed by any rival nation whatfoever, more eipecially by France.
From this motive, the moft judicious laws, edicts, and arrets of that kingdom, relative to the reftriction and
regulation of the meaneft manufactures amongft them, that every workman might be obliged, by fuch rigid laws
and regulations, to make his goods agreeable thereto, for the credit and reputation of that nation, are duly repre-
sented. For by thefe wife regulations it is, that France has hitherto furpafied and out-rivalled all the world in their
manufactures : and by thefe means they at prefent worm Great-Britain, more or lefs, out of every branch of trade
in Europe, and elfewhere. Nor could any thing have ever fo efficacioufly accomplifhed this great end, fince they
add the cheapnefs of their commodities to their external qualities.
Some people being pleafed to cenfure our taking fuch notice of the regulations of the French in the above re-
ipects, as thinking them too trivial to be duly remarked on in a dictionary of commerce ,we differ in fentiment
and we have the judgment of the Britifh legiflature to confirm us therein. For whoever is converfant with our
ftatute-laws of trade, will find that every branch, at one time or other, has been very minutely fifted into, and
put under very minute and fevere regulations, for the credit and honour of the commerce of the kingdom.
But the difference between us and France confifts chiefly in this ; that they take no lefs care in the execution
of their laws of trade, than in making them we are remarkable for good laws, but are lhamefully neglectful in
:

their execution. Is it not upon this account, that our bakers are fuftered to adulterate their bread, to the injury

Of the public health ; and to daily trick the poor in the weight, as well as the rich and poor in the quality of
-their bread ? In France thefe things are better guarded againft.
In the like manner, and for the fame reafons affigned, we have taken notice of the brewers of France. This
being a refpectable branch of trade in England, we have pointed out the regulation under which it is put in
France; to the end, that if the Britifh legiflature fhould think proper to adopt any of them, they are ready
at hand. Moft trades at one time or other have been abufed ; and it is, therefore, the parliament have been
obliged to lay them under fevere laws and reftrictions. And can this nation be too well informed in the regu-
lation of other countries, to furnifh them with every ufeful hint and intimation ? They certainly cannot.
Will any one that underftands trade fay, that bakers and brewers have no connections with the fubject ?
Why do the Britifh ftatutes abound with peculiar laws for their regulation ? Why do we fay, that bread is the
ftaffof life ? Does not the landed intereft greatly depend upon baking and brewing ? May we not as well fay,
that corn is no article of trade, and not connected with it ? Does the revenue gain no advantage by the malt-
tax, or the excife in brewing ? What would the induftrious poor do without due regula:ions by law in baking
and brewing ? They would foon have bread unfit to eat, and beer to drink !

Abftract of the laws of other nations reflecting many trades as well as abftracts of our own, has been efteemed
a very ufeful part of a dictionary of commerce without due notice taken thereof, and without making the ufe
:

and application of them as is done in this work, it would certainly have been judged very imperfect. And can
the Public expect a complete dictionary of trade without them ?
This work abounds with no fmall variety of fuggeftions and intimations for the advancement of numerous
branches of the trade and commerce of thefe kingdoms ; which every decerning reader will make his proper ufe
of, either for his own private benefit and advantage, or thofe of the public. Many manufacturers have wrote
letters to the author, returning him their grateful thanks for the fervices he has laboured to do them and he has
;

been happily inftrumental to let feveral new manufactures on foot for the public interefts.
The peculiar intereft of tradefmen in every refpectable branch of bufinefs is herein promoted to the utmoft :
and that of the merchant and mercantile affairs, was never fet in the light they are throughout this performance >
and we may appeal only to one fingle article of it ; that of Mercantile College.-
That a fummary view of the defign of this work may appear, we fubmit the following brief fketch of the
contents to the impartial Public.
A
 :
A GENERAL IDEA of the CONTENTS.
THE prefent performance is compiled to anfwcr part of the mercantile cpmmerce with the political
the following purpofes. diicuffion of the point of injuring the (hips and
The peculiar benefit and advantage of Britifh traders chandize of enemies in time of war.
in general, in their practical concerns, from the fupreme Of foreign weights and meafures, and the converfion
merchant to every other fubordinate clafs of resectable of the one into the other.
traders in the community. The laws, cuftom?, and ufag'es, of merchants iri
1

For the ufe of fuch perfons of diftinction, who
defirous to obtain a political knowledge of trade and
commerce.
For the fervice of fuch, who would become mafters
of the nature and conftitution of the finances of this
kingdom.
For the fatisfaction of fuch, who would acquire a
knowledge of the political fyftems of commerce, that
are traders, with refpect to foreign and inland bills of ex-
change with numerous important cafes adjudged in
courts of law.
Of freight, bills of lading, mafters and owners of
fhips, charter parties, averages, baratries, bottomree,
fhipwrecks, demurrage, and the laws relating thereto.
An ample reprefentation of the bufinefs of the
cuftom-houfe, and its feveral departments the method
-,

prevail in the feveral (fates and empires of the world.
For the fervice of thofe who would be acquainted
with the commercial and marine treaties, made between
one potentate and another, for the maintenance of
commercial intercourfe.
of computing the duties of import and export; with
an explanation fuiting all prefent and future books of
rates: with abftracts of the commercial laws relating
to drawbacks, bounties, and premiums for the ad-
vancement of the Britifh trade alfo the penalties, as
:

Concerning the commercial policy of dates, as re- well as the rights and privileges to which traders arc
lative to the mechanical and manufactural arts in trad- intitled, never before fa reprciented.
ing nations-, and of the emolument arifing from the The act of navigation.
labour, induftry, and ingenuity, of all commercial An account of the foreign
fhipping frequenting the
artifts. ports of England with political
considerations con-
The mutual advantage of Great Britain and her cerning the interefts of Britifh merchants, owners of
American plantations, in divers moil interelting lights. and otheis, relative to the employment and in-
fhips,
The reciprocal benefit of Great Britain a-nd Ireland. creafe of Britifh fhipping,
and Britifh navigators.
The landed and trading interefts harmonized. The fuperior importance of the city of London, as
The monied intereft confidered in various important the trading metropolis ; the commercial connections of
views, as compared with the landed and trading. Of
its tradefmen ?nd citizens over the whole kingdom, as

reductions of intereft.
Of ftockjobbing, bubbling, and well as its mercantile intereft over the world the great
gaming, the deftruction of trade and traders. influence of the trading citizens over the nation, on all
The conftitution of trading and monied corporations ftate emergencies.
their ufe and abufe to individuals, as well as the com- The fupreme dignity of London, as a corporation :
munity. (hewing that the gieateft families in the kingdom ori-
The immenfity of the national debts, and tax-in- ginally fprung from our trading citizens, who have
cumbrances ; and their deftruftive confequences to the diftinguifhed themfelves as its chief magiftrates.
trade of the kingdom, if not fpeedily prevented. Concerning the bad policy of want of harmony be-
Qualifications of the Britifh fenator. tween the court and the city the weight the city has
:

The commercial conftitution of parliament. given, and ever will give, to the conduct of govern-
The pernicious confequence of taxes on native com- ment, both at home and abroad, in fupport of the na-
modities. tional power and dignity.
Of the revenue from the conqueft to the reign of Anecdotes of the dirtinguifhing fervices to the ftate
George III. of many eminent citizens or London,"* in commercial
Of importation and exportation* in a practical as affairs.
well as political light. Of its incorporated city companies; and of the
Of the balance of trade. bodies of trade in the city of Paris.
Of augmentation and diminution of coin. Alfo all the various material French edicts, arrets,
Of the feveral focieties for the difcovery of new arts, and laws, extracted from Savary, concerning the chief-
trades, and manufactures, and their progrefs. trades in France, from whence any ufcfyl intimations
The utility of the Royal Society to trade. may be derived for the bene fie of the Britifh trade, as
The jurikiiction of the admiralty relative to com- that nation have borrowed many good laws and regu-
mercial concerns. lations from this.
Of the office of ambafTadors, refidents, and confuls, Many of the like laws, relative to the commerce of
in foreign ftates. other foreign nations, from the fame motives.
Of the computation of annuities on lives, leafes, and Of the peculiar regulations of the French trading
reverfions. corporations, to Ipirit up an emulation among their fra-
Of commercial arithmetic; and of the foreign ex- ternities to excel in their relpective branches^
changes;, and their arbitration, in a new and intcrefting Of die ftiicincfs of- feveral trading corporations of
view. France, not to admit perfons to the freedom of their
The art of debtor and creditor exhibited in a new companies, without manifelling their qualifications for
concife light ; with the whole art of banking. the fame, by the actual performance of fome mafter-
The new Mercantile College, for training of piece of workmanfhip, in the prefence of the beft judges,

young Britifh merchants with greater advantages than (worn for that purpofe. 7 he fevere penalties in cafes
ever. Alio a new inftitution for the education of young of connivance and corruption, on fuch likeoccafions.
perfons of diftinction for parliamentary bufinefs. Their particular care and vigilance to manufacture their
Of the conftitution of the feveral banks throughout goods of the beft quality tor foreign markets, With
Remarks, fhewing the political fagacity of the French

Europe, with ill u ft rations.
The ftandard of gold and filver throughout Europe ; to propagate their trade throughout the world, by fuch
with the intrinfic value of foreign coins. like wile meafures.
Of trading in bullion gold and filver, and foreign On the circulating cafh requifite to carry on the trade
coins to advantage. of a nation.
Of infurances of (hipping and merchandize-, with Of the nature and effect of paper credit in commer-
great variety of curious cafes, relating to this effencial cial ftates and empires.
The
 1 he par and equation between gold and filver.
Monopolies in g nerai and particulaT^HtTmlawi
The representation of Sir Ifaac Newton upon
the relative thereto; with political animadverfio,,,.
nectfllty heretofore of lowering the price of guineas, Political arithmetic, and it's application
to commer-
from 31 s. 6d. to 21s. in order to prevent the lcarcity cial affairs and finances.
of England.
filver coin in The funds of Great Britain confidered in diverfc
The of the coin and coinage of England, from lights, refpecting the trade of the kingdom.
ftate
The con-
the revolution to the reign of his preleiit majefty king fequencea to the nation, if we continue the
deftructive
George III. practice of funding and borrowing in times
of war.
Or the practical arts of allaying gold and filver, ne- The injurious effects of becoming tributaries to fo-
ceflkry for the merchant or other traders, who may be reigners, by reafon of the magnitude
of the national
concerned in trafficking therein, to determine upon their debt. Of the great detriment our trade fuftains
by
own judgment the value thereof, according to the cur- mortgaging the funds of the kingdom. With various
rent price of the ltandard gold and filver in England. luggeltions for their timely redemption. The
difad-
Of the arc of affaying gold and filver from their vantage in rendering our funds irredeemable, when
ores together with the knowlege of all metallurgical public exigencies required frefli loans.
,

operations to judge of mines and minerals of every That the exceffive dearnefs of all Englifh commodi-
kind, upon true philofophical principles as well for ties and manufactures is occafioned by the great weight
:

the u^c of private gentlemen as traders. of the public debts, and the oppreffive incumbrances
Of fubterranean treafures of all forts, and the art of of taxes in confequence thereof. That this exceffive
mineralogy; and alfo of eftimable earths, clays, boles, dearnefs of Englifh commodities and manufactures, is
manures, and their utility in the improvement of the principal caufe of this nation being underfold at'all
landed eftates. the markets in Europe, by the French and Dutch
;
Concerning the vegetable productions of nature, con- and that this national evil has been growing, as our na-
fidered as the great objects of traffic throughout the tional debts and taxes have increafed ; and is at prcfent
world ; represented under the various flates, kingdoms, arrived to a greater pitch, than was ever before expe-
and empires, geographically as well as commercially rienced by this kingdom.
defcribed. That until the trade of England
freed from a con, is

Variety of philofophical experiments, whereby an fiderable part of it's taxes, we

idea may be formed, of what fort of experiments are
necefifary to be made, the better to judge of the quality
and worth of certain natural productions.
Of the productions of art, reflecting great variety of
capital traffickable commodities and manufactures, as
well in other countries as our own ; in order to whet
the invention of our artifts to imitate or excel them.
Of the judges, infpectors, and overieers of the ma- the fpeedy redemption of the numerous taxes on the
nufactures of France in particular, cftablifhcd in the Englifh trade, is inadequate to the purpole intended.
feveral provinces of that kingdom.
Many of the like
kind of regulations for the advantage of the woollen
manufactories of Great Britain ; which are fhamefully
neglected, to the degeneracy of the Englifh manufac-
tures in quality.
The caules hereof; and the ufe and
abufe of fuch kind of regulations.
The extraordinary wife and political meafurcs taken
by that able ftatefman Monfieur Colbert, of France,
never be able to fell
(hall
Englifh wares fo cheap at foreign markets, as our fo-
reign competitors in commerce are at this time able
to do.
That the dearnefs of Englifh commodities, is the
chief caufe of fmuggling being fo univerfal in Great
Britain as well as her American colonies.
That the prcfent parliamentary provifion made for
That the height of the revenue of cuftoms only
proves, that our Imports of foreign commodities and
the foreign manufactures increafe, to the ruin of our
native ones ; and that mortgaging that revenue, is
greatly detrimental to the trade of our exports.
That the commercial grievances of England daily'
increafe -, and that the chief caufes thereof leem quite
unattended to.

while fupcrintendant and infpector-gencral of the com- That this performance is intended to fuggeft variety
merce and navigation of that nation with intent toefta-
, of ways and means, whereby the commercial grievances
blifh the valuable manufactures there, and perpetuate of the kingdom may be relieved.
their encouragement ; which has had a tendency to ex- That one great end defigned to be anfwered by this
tend the commerce of France over the whole globe. work, is to promote a happy and lading Commercial
Of patents granted in Great Britain for the like pur- Union between Great Britain and her American colo-
pofes ; with interefting obfervations on this head. nies at this critical juncture.
Public fairs, free and otherwife, kept in France, and And author apprehends, that nothing has been,
as the
in otherthe molt remarkable places throughout Europe; or is fo detrimental to the
whole trade of England, as
alio of the Afiatic and African caravans, and how com- the multiplicity of tax-incumbrances, which he con-
merce is carried on by means thereof, and the cara- ceives is the great caufe of the general dearnefs of it's
vanferas. commodities and manufactures in foreign countries,
The commerce of the Chinefe, and the Eaft-Indies notwithftanding the drawbacks allowed; fo he humbly
in general ;
by what means carried on. Of the excei- conceives, that he cannot be of more fervice to the
iive cheapnefs of their arts, manufactures, and pro- nation, than ftarting a defign to fave it the future ex-
duce ; whereby all European nations are attracted to pence of engaging in the Continental Wars of
trade with them, and refort to them for their produc- Europe ; fince they have hitherto contributed fo greatly
tions and manufactures. With pertinent obfervations to the enhancement of taxes upon our trade in general.
to carry on this commerce both in a private and pub- With many other interefting additions, of no lefs
lic way^ the beft to the advantage of Europe. confequence to private traders than to the whole Britifh
The peculiarities of the Turkey, Arabian, and Per- empire, never before publifhed. The whole con-
fian trades, with fuitable illuftrations. taining a greater fund of commercial knowlege, re-
Wherein the Britifh improvements in the African lating to univerfal trade and navigation, both practical
trade confilts ; and by what means one part of that and political, than ever appeared in any dictionary of
commerce may remain free and open to our feparate commerce, in this, or any other ftate or empire and :

traders, and by what meafures the inland trade may the great end aimed at by the author is to promote and
be more cultivated .by this nation than it ever was, to advance, to the utmoft of his abilities, the commercial
the greater emolument of this kingdom, and our Eaft- profperity and happinefs of the Britifh empire, and her
India company. colonies and plantations in America.

Vol. t. THAT
VI INTRODUCTION.
THAT general contents,
may be formed, than merely by the preceding fketch of it's
a better idea of this performance
may
be proper to obferve, that our labours abound with occafional animadverfions
it alfo
to ihew, rhat the exercife of trade and commerce is the foul of the whole liririfh empire and a j they have hi- ,
i

therto been the great irtftruments of rendering the fame what it at prefent appears to be lb the continuance ,

of the fame caufe can only tend to it's laftihg fupport and prefervation.
Upon the peculiar arts of carrying on trade, as well for the benefit and advantage of the community in ge-
neral, as individuals therein employed, we have largely expatiated upon pertinent topics for we look upon :

the arduous induftry of traders, to be productive of the profperity of the kingdom , and that commercial vigi-
lance, activity, and induftry, cannot be too much encouraged and inculcated,,
If we confult hiftory, whether ancient or modern, we (hall find that idlenefs and luxury have, in all ages of
the world, been the nurfe and parent of voluptuoufnefs and effeminacy ; which gradually increafingin propor-
tion to a conftant diminution of labour and induftry, finally brought an irreverfible deftruction upon fuch
countries, wherever they gained the general afcendancy.
The monarchy of the Affyrians is a pregnant and remarkable inftance ; which degenerating from thofe maf-
culine and great atchievements which originally gave rife to their univerfal greatnefs, into a libidinous and in-
temperate courfe of became an eafy prey to Cyrus the Great.
life,

Thus it monarchy which being over-run with eafe, luxury, and riot, with foft and
fared with thePerfian ;

effeminate delights and wanton pleafures, with all manner of delicacy and licentioufnefs, feemed to the great
Alexander rather like beafts fitted for the (laughter, than for labour, bulinefs, and induftry; and gave his war-
like Macedonians more trouble to difrobe them of that pageantry and fumptuous apparel, which, like fomany
theatrical grandees, they came vainly adorned with to battle, than they found in obtaining an eafy conqueft
over thofe pufillanimous and gaudy Ferfians, who fcarce gave any oppofuion.
But then, how quickly do we find the fcene changed in this mighty conqueror, who no fooner devoted himfelf
to pleafures, and to fofter himfelf in idlenefs and immoderate excels, but this very man, who had been the terror
of the univerfe, became the fcorn and contempt of his own foldiers ? Whilft he purfued the Macedonian ftrict-
nefs, and following the genius of his native country, by a warlike activity, vigilance, and induftry, fo long
they adored him as a god when he beganto wear the effeminate apparel of the Perfians, and to habituate him-
:

felf to their vices, even his greateft favourites hardly accounted him a man ; whofe debauchery and intempe-
rance loon put an ignominious period to the life of that once illuftrious prince, and to the Macedonian empire,
which otherwife might have been of permanent duration.
The like ill deftiny attended the Roman monarchy when the Turks, who had been conftantly inured to
:

hardfhips and perpetual toil, found the others a people uneafy with their plenty, and fo burthened with their
time, that it was difficult to find ways enough to fpend it.
And it was, doubtlefs, forefeen by th it grand impoftor Mahomet, that idlenefs and luxury would, if in-
dulged, fo gradually enervate that mighty empire, as foon to bring it to deftruction for the prevention whereof, :

like a fubtle legiilator, he enjoined it as a law, which even their very emperors were not to be exempted from ;
namely, to eat no more than the labour of his hands could purchafe every day.
It would not be a talk lefs arduous than difagreeable, to reprefent the miferies which at this day attend upon
thofe people, who are denied theunf^eakable benefits of arts, labour, trade, and commerce. How do the wild
Arabs live, and affociate with their herds ? from whom, befides the erectnefs of their ftature, no other marks
of diftinction are fo vilible upon them, as that they are the more careful beafts in providing for their com-
panions.
For want of arts, induftry, and trade, to civilize the aborigines of America, how miferably wretched are
they, in comparifon to the commercial Europeans ? What avail the immenlity of the richeft territory to Indians
and Caribbeans ? Was it not for the perpetual exercife of the European arts, ingenuity, induftry, and trade
amongft them, what chance would they ever have ftood to become humanized ?
To come nearer home we find the Irifh, by the accounts given us in their own hiftories, written in their
:

native tongue, to have been fome of the moft abject and miferable people in the univerfe, when the Englifh.
firft arrived amongft them. Before the Englifh conqueft they were not very numerous, and lived in great idle-
nefs and (loth, being deftitute of arts, labour, and commerce ; which put them upon a neceffity of committing
rapine, and continually preying upon each other for fubfiftence for another man's herd being more numerous
:

than that of his neighbour, Itemed juft grounds of waging war with him. But the Englifh. laws and govern-
ment having introduced arts, labour, induftry, and trade among them, they have grown populous and wealthy,
humane, civilized, and polite, in comparifon to what they were excepting thofe who, among that nation, ,

will obftinately adhere to their life of indolence, and favage brutality; of which the late and learned Dr. Berke-
ley, bifhop of Cloyne, greatly complained ; and from which he took great pains to reclaim them.
As the progrefs of traffic hath advanced in every country, fo hath that of arts and fciences, civility, and
urbanity. For when trade and induftry adminiftered wealth and honour, then was encouragement given to
letters :in return for which, learning and fcience have contributed to the general advancement of trade and
commerce. In this ifland our ancient Britons, the Picts and Scots, were little better than other favages of the
human race.
To evince how unfpeakably mankind in general are indebted to trade and commerce, we need only take a
tranfient retrofpect of the hiftorical ftate of all civilized countries in the world, and compare them with the
prefent ftate of thofe countries that have fuch advances. The confideration of the trifling degree of
made no
trade, which is carried on of Barbary ; is it any wonder, that the people remain lavage,
in the large territory
even to a degree of brutality ? What further conviction can be required, that commerce with other nations, as
well as within themfelves, has an apparent tendency to polilh and civilize our fpecies ? In confequence thereof,
has not government been eftablilhed, and mankind ruled by falutary laws that have conduced to render them
far happier than their original ftate of nature, without commerce, feemed to admit of ? The contemplation of
the ftate of our own country, when our commerce was in it's infancy ; and to compare ourfelves then with what
we at prefent are, there will appear to be almoft as much difference as there is now between fome of the Bar-
barian countries and our own. Should not this confideration afford us juft notions of the invaluable bleffings
of the commercial ftate, beyond that of the Hottentot ?
Since it is a true maxim, that by what means any thing is acquired, by the fame it is preferved ; it muff,
ever be for ihe intereft and glory of this nation, to cherifh and encourage to the utmoft the commercial arts of
every kind, which have hitherto been productive of our grandeur and felicity. Does it not hence follow, that
ftudies of this nature cannot be uo warmly and zealoufiy promoted by thofe who wilh well to mankind, and
have any regard to the welfare and happinefs of their native country? What would our gentry, our nobility,
or our lovereign be better than thofe of Barbary, was it. not for our fuperiority of traffic and navigation ? Nay,
were
 ;

were we quite dcflitute of trade, and ns little acquainted tliercwith as any of the mod unknown and lntr*fficable
parts of Aim .1, what reafon have we to imagine that we (hould be better than they ? Were the inhabitant
this iiiand traded in, by the other Europe m nations for ilavcs, as the negroes of Africa are, to the ignominy of
allcountries who arry <<n tins inhuman commerce i what more fhould we iflaoders have to boaft of than tl
i

wren hed Africans ? an we civilized and polite Europeans think, that the people of foeXtenfivc territoi
( ...

Ali.' a, above 40,,'.) miles in length from north to louth, and near the fame in breadth from call to Weft; were
defigned by the Supreme Being, either to be made (laves of by Europeans, or to enllave them, as feme pans
of the piratical Hates do the Europeans, in return for their iuperlative humanity ? Will not Africa admit of a
commercial civilization no Icls than other barbarous parts of the globe have already done ? Will not this quarter
.

of the world allow of a far more extenfive, and lucrative trade with Great Britain, as well as other coUntrii >,
than ever it yet hath done ? Are not thefe people, notwithflanding their colour, capable of being gradually nur-
tured in all the arts of humanity, by the means of trade, as well as many barbarous nations have been ? Is there
no probability, that the Africans in general, by the wife management of the Kuropeans, might become as in-
duflrious and ingenious in all the agricultural, mechanical, and manufactural art., as the people of any other
country ? Are not their rational faculties, in general, equal to thofe of others of the human fpeues ? Would it
not be tar more beneficial for all the trading European ftates, rather to endeavour to cultivate a friendly, hu-
mane, and civilized commerce, with thofe people, into the very center of their extenfive country, than to c in-
tent themfelves only with fkimming a trifling portion of trade upon their fea-coafls ? J las not the author of this
performance, to no purpoie yet, many years lince fuggefted ways and means, whereby this might be done to the
immenfe benefit of the Britifh empire ? What avails the infigmlicant advantage we have received by drivin" the
French out of the river Senegal, in comparilbn to the great and important defigns that have been propolcd by
the author, to enlarge and extend the whole of that commerce in times of peace ? Might not what he intimated
on this head enrich a commercial corporation, as well as the kingdom, far more than any of their Afiatic trade
hath hitherto done ? Might not this be cfTedcd, even confident with the prefent freedom of the African trade,
and thereby give no umbrage to the leparate traders ? This I have fhewn and fome people may be fooner
;

obliged to take due notice of it, than they, at prefent, feem to be aware of.
Certain it is, that the effectual advancement of the whole African commerce, as the fame might afTccT the
intereft of thefe kingdoms, would be attended with the increafeof divers other branches, that would be connected
therewith. Both our exports and lucrative imports might be very confiderably augmented ; by which our com-
mercial induflry would render the kingdom more and more profperous, wealthy, and formidable.
TheGermans are a people inferior to none in their veneration for antiquity, and due ellimation of noble blood
that is derived from a race of virtuous and honourable progenitors ;on which they let fo Iuperlative a value,
that they defpife to an excefs, an intermixtion with the plebeian crowd yet amongfc their nobility, the younger
:

of whole families are employed in their armies, there is rarely found one of them dcflitute of fome manual art ,

by which, if reduced to extremity, he might be able to get a livelihojd, rather than fubfift upon the benevo-
lence of others. For this they look on as moll ignominious fordidr.efs of temper, to which they bear an ab-
horrence and deteftation having fo much of that brave Roman fpirit, which had rather lofc a life than hold
;

it at the courtefy of another.

remembrance a dory that ufed to be told, at his time of unbending from regal concerns, by
This brings to
King George the lirlt. About the year 16 15, there was a nobleman in Germany, whole
that illultrious prince
daughter was courted by another young lord. When he had made fuch progrefs in this affair, as is ufual by
the inierpofition of friends, the old lord had a conference with him, alking him, how he intended, if he
married daughter, to maintain her? Me replied, equal to her quality.
his To which the father replied That :

was no anfwer to his qucflion ; he defined again to know, what he had to maintain her with? To which the
young lord then anfwered he hoped that was no quellion ; for his inheritance was as public as his name. The
old lord owned his poirellions to be great, but (till afked if he had nothing more fecure than land, wherewith
to maintain his daughter ? Thcqueltion was ltrange, but ended in this that the father of the young lady gave
:

his pofitive rcfolvc, never to marry his daughter, though his heir, and would have two fuch great ellates, but
to a man that had a Manual Trade, by which he might fubfilt, if drove from his own country. The youn
lord was mailer of none at prefent, but rather than lole his millrefs, he requelled only a year's time, in which
he promifed to acquire one in order to which, he got a balket-maker, the molt ingenious he could meet with,
:

and in fix months became mailer of his trade of baiket-making, with far greater improvements than even his
teacher himfelf; and as a proof of his ingenuity, and extraordinary proficiency info fhortatime, he brought
to his young lady a piece of workmanfhip of his own performance, being a white twig bafket, which, for many
years after, became a general fafhion among the ladies by the name of Dressing-Baskets, brought hither to
England from Germany and I Iolland.
To complete the Angularity of this relation it happened fome years after this nobleman's marriage, that he
,

and his father-in-law fharing the misfortunes of the wars of the Palatinate, were drove naked out of their eflates
and in Holland, for fome years, did this young lord maintain both his father-in-law and his own family, by
making bafkets of white twigs, to fuch an unparalleled excellency as none could attain and it is from this
:

young German lord, the Hollanders derive thofe curiofities that are flill made in the United Provinces, of
twig-work.
It is a laudable pracTice in all nations, to manifelT a fondnefs and ambition for arts and mechanical employ-
ments, whereby to avoid both idlenefs and future diflrefs and difficulty, if we defcend to the lower and meaner
fort among the Germans, we find their induflry fo remarkably great, that even children of four years old will
earn their bread add to this, that they are kept out of harms-way by the fame diverfion, though more profitable,
:

than we keep our children in this kingdom that is, by making toys, painted boxes, pipes, &c. for our
:

children to play with they employ all the children of a town, from four years to eight. When they advance
:

more in years, it is then ufual to pitch upon a trade ; and generally they apply themfelves to that of their fathers,
whereby you fhall oftentimes find them to derive their pedigree and their uninterrupted fucceiTien in the fame
trade or employment, in a continued line from father to fon for fome hundred years. And this genealogy, in
many reputable families, as well in occupation as defcent, is infilled upon by them with as much pride and
orientation as can be fhown by their nobility, in their continued tracings and derivations of themfelves from a
numerous and ancient flock of their famous and heroic progenitors.
Itnot their pracTice, as with us in this kingdom, to bind an apprentice-to a trade for feven years
is three or
,

four is their common flandard the reafon is, becaufe they are educated from their cradle to fomethingof ma-
:

nual employment, which renders them the more apt and docible, and confequently the more capable of attaining
to a ripenefs and quicker proficiency in bufinefs. Whereas our youth, here in England, being bred to no fore
of manual operation before they enter into their apprenticeffiip, make a very flow progrefs, and require much
longer time wherein to reach the perfection of accomplifhed artifls.
Such
 INTRODUCTION.
;:

VIII

Such as are of families uneducated in the mechanical or manufaftural employments, are made ufc of
either in affairs military, or clfe in ftudies of genteeler and liner arts than either or thefe : by which admirable
decorum, fo regularly obferved, in proportioning every order and degree of men among them to their fuitable
and refpective vocations and capacities : it thence happens, that in whole provinces- there is not a man that eats
the bread of idlenefs, or of other mens labour and induftry.
In the Hanfe-towns they ftill fhew a greater care and folicitude in concerns of this nature, not judging it
expedient to admit of any more than an ufeful and competent number for the city, of any who profefs the li-
beral fciences ; but, on the contrary, oblige all their natives and inhabitants, either to merchandize, navigation,
Or to manual arts and manufactures; infomuch, that the famous mart of Hamburgh, to which belong more
/hips of burden, for all manner of trade and commerce, than to any city in Europe, London and Amlterdam
excepted, admit, as we have been informed, of no more than one phytkian, of two civilians for the law, and
of but one divine, bcfides thofe who are conftantly employed in the city yet on the contrary, they give great
:

encouragement to men of all nations to inhabit among them, that are trained to mechanic labour and the fea-
fervice, accounting him but a neceffary evil, whofe induftry and parts lie only in his brain, or bound their
fituation in the head ; and one of fuch they deem fufficient for thoulands, who work with their hands.
By reafon of which orderly management of affairs, and ihe provifion made to promote labour, and to dif-
courage idlenefs and all ufelefs and unactive men, it is very remarkable, that in this city we fee no beggars
yet many aged and unfortunate poor there are, occafioned by loffes and accidents at fea , but then (b charitable
a commiferation of their condition is entertained by the government, that in all bargains and contracts in that
city, fomething is preferved as a voluntary gift for the poor ; and this is repofited in the hands of theminifter
of the parifh, who has church wardens joined with them, in order to make a right diftribution thereof amono- the
proper objecls. A fhip does not go to fea, without an iron box for the ufe of the poor, of which the keeper has
no key, but it is kept by the minifter and church-wardens ; and upon the return of the voyage, when the matter
receives the facrament, he brings to the altar his box, which he ufes all care to replenifh ; and there is not a fea-
man in his ihip but puts fomething into it, whenever he receives his wages.
Itwould be needleis to inftance the exampleof theUnited Provinces, which arefodefervedly famed throughout
the whole univerfefor their eminent and induftrious improvements, and for fuch fuperadditionsof art to nature ;
which have been of far more utility to them than all their martial ftrength and exploits, for the defence of
their country againft their enemies, and have advanced them from the poor and diftreffed, to the honour-
able title of the high and mighty States of Holland. Is not this, formerly ufeleis and fmall fpot of land, be-
come the richeft in Europe ? Is not this a glaring demonftration of the miraculous power of trade and induftry,
and of thofe prodigious acquirements to which human nature is capable of attaining, by a laborious and indefa-
tigable purfuit ? Does not this reflect difgrace and ignominy upon their neighbouring nations ; whilft enjoyino-
fertile and profitable countries, both in their fituation, and other abundant national emoluments, far fuperior
to the United Provinces which fuffer their land to lie wafte and uncultivated, and neglect all the opportunities
,

both of art and nature, whereby to innch and improve them ? On the contrary, are not the Dutch forced to
change the very elements, having more inhabitants living upon the water, than they have upon the land
which is fo plentifully ftocked, that it admits of no more ?
In Flanders they admit no young men to enter into the matrimonial ftate, without firft obtaining a certificate
from the magiftrate of the place of his refidence and abode* fetting forth his having planted fuch a number of
trees, &c. &c. The truth of this point might be demonftrated from a great variety of other inftances, both
of countries and perfofis, which are pertinent to the prefent defign but, aiming at brevity, thefe may fuffice
:

to fhew the great care and laudable endeavours of foreign governments, to oblige their people to labour and
induftry, by the cultivation of ufeful arts, trade, and commerce ?
It is matter that deferves confideration, what vocations and employments every part or clafs of the kingdom
is moft fit and proper foxj_ and when there is not employment in manufactures, if it be near the fea, to employ

them in fifhingor navigation ; or if they do not take to either of thefe, and their native country does not af-
ford them other employment, they fhouldthen be duly encouraged by the ftate to remove to other parts of the
Britifh territories, that they might not remain idle hands at home. For want of due attention to this policy,
how many hundreds in the year are cut off by the hand of juftice, that might have become more ufeful mem-
bers of the kingdom ? Nor is this the cafe of our numerous poor only, who may have been bred to fome induf-
trious employment ; it is that of too many gentlemen's children, who not only oftentimes become a charge, but
enemies to their native country, by being an annoyance to thofe who are the bleffings to it, by their honelt la-
bour and induftry, in fome ufeful employment. Is not this frequently owing to their education ? Is it not a
ftrane piece of gentility, that looks upon it as an invafion upon it's privileges if put to a trade, and will
rather fubmit to a halter than indentures.
The <*1ory of a kingdom confifts in men and money England enjoys, in a good proportion, the bleffings of
:

both, but might be improved to more than double. At the moft moderate computation, it is not half peopled ;
and is not the beft way to fupply that deficiency, by excitements to general induftry and trade ? This would not
only increafe the treafure of the nation, but that which is far more ettimable, the treafures of men. It is a mat-
ter as well of experience as lamentation, that want of employment puts men upon loofe and unwarrantable ac-
tions : idlenefs muft be fed, and luxury indulged, and pride and gentility fupported and when profufenefs and
,

diffipation become habitual, and have deftroyed the hereditary fubftance and patrimony, efpecially where there
is but little at firft, which is commonly the cafe of younger brothers, then the genteel way of taking a purfe,

is oeneraily the prologue to the fucceeding tragedy, whofe fccnes are as difmal as they are common. If fuch
ldleextravagants cannot maintain themfelves fingly, without plunging into thefe deftrudtive counfels, how can
they provide for a family ? Wherefore, if fome happy expedient was thought of to prevent children who have
hot a certain degree of fortune, from being admitted to be kept longer at fchool than fourteen or fifteen years
of a^e, and they were then put to fome trade or ufeful employment, there would be lefs work for the execu-
tioner ; and probably, in twenty years to come, there would be a greater number of people than in fifty
before.
If none under a handfome fortune were admitted to apply themfelves to literature, and to the ftudy of the
liberal fciences, might be looked upon as an unreafonable limitation of fuch whofe natural genius and ability
it

might intitle them to a very great proficiency in fcience and learning and confequently to very eminent fta-
,

tions both in the church and ftate, and yet come not under fuch qualified degrees of fortune as might be pro-
pofed. This, fay fome, would be a great obstruction and difcouragement to learning, which is as well the or-
nament, as the intereft of every nation to promote and there are not wanting inftances of fome confiderable
-,

perfonages, patrons of this kind, who were men of mean birth, and of an inferior fortune in the world. To
this it may be obferved, that the limitation that might be fuggefted, would occafion no want or decay of ufe-
ful learning in any, much lefs in all forts, where there fhould be many thoulands that would come under the
5 qualification
 I
xx x iv vy LJ VJ \j I \0 INT
:

IX
qualification fuppofed and that ought to be fuch, as would render literature more
:
refpectable than it feems to
be in our days. Bcfidcs, ulclul trades and bufincfl have railed people to as high a
condition from a very low
one, as ili. ;n at fl learning, winch we have fhewn in many parts of this work,
|
and far more in number
That the ions ol divei ordinary perfona have arrived to an eminent height by their
fe vi ry
diftinguifhed litera-
ture, is a truth too undeniable tobedifputed and, indeed, by how much they have by their
:
ftudies advanced
themfelves from a low and defpicable (hue, to an high degree in the world ; by fo much the more are they
to be
efteemedperfonsmon honourable,andmeritourgreaterre(peft;fuchwhoraifethrafelvesbythdrowna<Wfitions
of virtue and induftry, from the plebeian (late to that of fome exalted ftation, deferve our regard more
Santhofe
who are derived from a longand uninterrupted line of heroical anccftors, but bafely degenerate from thofe noble
and virtuous achievements, win- h at lirlt ennobled the blood of their predeceflbrs. Thefe hilt are as great a
reproach and infamy, as the others are a credit, both to themfelves, their progenitors, and their country.
But
then it mud be confldered, that though there may, and have been fome rare learned men among
the vulgar 5

yet there are hundreds for one amongH them, who enter the ftage of life like Pharaoh's frog-, that only
croak
and make a node in the country, and not meeting profperity for want of ability, become, inftead of an orna-
ment, a difgrace and a nuilance to the kingdom. Were it not for this, we fhould not experience fuch variety
of enrhufialm and errors in religion fo ;
i.piricsin phyfic; nor fo many pettifogers and barraters in the
law
all which area difcreuit to thole learned profeflTons, and a general detriment to thecoTnmunity; and, to
complete
our legions of fcholar?, who rob the mechanic and manufactural arts and trades of various kinds of the like
number of ufeful hands, the nation warms with beggars, who never having been bred to any of the ufeful arts
1

connected with commerce, are unable or unaccuftomed to turn to what would certainly gain them not only a
comfortable fubfiftence, but probably a handfome fortune for themfelves and families, who, at prefent, become
a burthen to the ftate. Has not the knowlege of mechanics, manufactures, and commerce, proved infinitely
more beneficial to the mafs of the people, than the fubtilties and fooleries of the fchools, the arts of pedantry,
and the crack-brained altercations of enthufiaflic zealots?
There is fcope enough for thole of the plebeian ftamp, that are of a pregnant ingenuity, to employ it in the
fine arts, and the molt curious fort of induftry and labour wherein they may not only arrive to great eminence
;

but become more profitable inftruments to the good of the kingdom, as well as themfelves, than they can
hope to be by their mere learning; of which we have no profpect of any want, but may be thought to ftand
upon equal terms with any part of the univerfe. Nor are we yet arrived, in many of the mechanic and finer
aits, to a fuperiority beyond feveral other nations ; and thefe improvements feem naturally to be the province
for the middling people of this kingdom to be engaged in, leaving the ftudy of human literature to thofe who
are able to maintain themfelves, if by an adverfe genius, or other obitacles and exigencies, they fhould happen
to milcarry therein.
Should it be faid, that if we educate the younger fons of gentlemen to trade, it will hinder the nation from
martial improvements, and fo reduce it to the neceffity of employing foreigners in the greateft ports of trult in
the army it may be replied, that fuch of the younger brothers as are addicted to the military turn,
,
may be
eafily initiated into that employment, and fo may be reafonably accounted as if converfant in trade; and fuch
as fhall affect the lea, may be bred to navigation. So that if the method fhould be purfued, of putting out all
the youths of the nation upon fome ufeful employment or other, this lignal advantage would accrue from it;
that whereas now armies are fupplied out of the vagrants and refufe of the kingdom, they would then be com-
pofed of a better fort of men, though yet many of them fo extravagant as to be impatient under fober confine-
ment and daily labour ; but numbers of them would return to their refpective trades, when dilbanded from the
fea or the army.
From what has been urged, we are inclined to think, that the ufe of trades, and of every kind of the me-
chanic and manufadlural arts and induftry, is more commodious, and more adapted to a trading ftate, than the
educating the poorer fort only to learning and the fciences.
The advantages that will arile to the kingdom in general, by breeding and keeping all hands at work, are
numerous; the chief of which we fhall briefly intimate.
We are, at prefent, fupplied from foreign countries with a variety of commodities, which our very numerous
Imposts too fufficiently indicate; with which, if the kingdom and it's colonies were replenifhed with ufeful hands
andartizans, they would amply furnifh us. For what is it that makes the United Provinces fo full of mer-
chantable commodities, and of their own arts and manufactures, which they tranfport to all parts of the world,
but that every one there is bred to fome trade, and fo forced to rack their inventions to obtain an honeft liveli-
hood ? Notwithstanding they abound, proportionably to their territory, with fo many people as would be ac-
counted a burden to us, as we are at prefent circumftanced, yet they ftill give encouragement for foreigners or
fugitives that are artizans to live amongft them. And this fpirit for the advancement of trade and ufeful arts,
difteminates itfelf more and more throughout all Europe.
As this employing of all forts of people in the ufeful trades, commerce, and arts, would increafe the ftrength
of the kingdom by the number of it's inhabitants ; fo would it alio as well the national riches and flock by it's
ueafure, every bee then adding fome honey to the hive of wealth and at the fame time would eafe every in-
;

dividual man from a great part of the taxes under which he now groans a matter than which nothing is more
:

wanted in this kingdom at prefent.

Another happy effect it fhould feem to promife is, to difburthen the nation from beggars, who, by then-
multitudes, are become the ignominy, as well as the plague of it ; whofe children are begot, and fo bred up
in the trade of begging, as if they were embodied into a fociety, and eftablifhed by law.
There feems to be no effectual way of doing this, but by laying a good foundation, in taking up the younger
fort, and putting them to working trades ; and as for the elder and decrepit, that are quite incapable of any
employment, fuch fhould be maintained by theparifh, but fo as to have no liberty for begging, as is too much
the cafe : and will not the confequence be, that we fhall foon have no aged or decrepit poor, nioft of whom are
rendered fo, either by fraud and defign of vagrants themfelves, or by being the children or fuch, and fo for
want of due care and attendance become deformed and maimed ?
It is alfo to be remarked, that plenty of laborious mechanical and manufactural people, and people in trade,
prevent famine in a nation ; however paradoxical, at firft fight, this may appear, that the multiplying of mouths
that eat corn, whofe hands fow none, fhould neverthelefs increafe food yefmatter of fact folves it; for who
:

ever law a famine in Holland ? On the contrary, they who fow none, do yet fupply other parts of the world
with corn, and this they effect by means of their trade and navigation, which drives the more lucrative plough
of the two, that of the lea.
It is obfervable, that no places are more frequently afflicted with famine, than thofe countries which are em-
ployed in tillage the reafon of this fcarcity is obvious for if their corn fails, they have no other way whereby
; ;

to fupply their want ; but it is otherwife with thofe who depend upon arts and maritime trade, for the extent of
Vol. I. b their
X INTRODUCTION.
their harveft reaches to the utmoft confines of the known world j and if one place fails, they can eafily have
recourfe to another by their navigation.
Labour and arts are a means to purchafe to us one of the greateft bleflings upon earth, health and the length
of days ; for it both prolongs life, and prevents untimely death. For proof of the firft of thefe it is obferved,
as a matter of common experience, that there are more old men, who from their infancy have been employed in
labour and trades, than there are of gentlemen ; which is confident with what the phyficians affirm with truth,
and reafon, that the work of the body is not fo deftructive of, nor decays the vitals fo much, as the ftudy and
labour of the head. And that labour and trade prevents untimely death, is a truth fo undeniable as needs no
arguments to confirm it, every day's experience fufficiently evincing, that when youth are educated in the way
and courfe of conftant trade and bufinefs, their heads as well as their hands are ever employed ; which leaves
them no room for vicious plots and defigns, nor for pinching neceffity to enforce their breaking through the
jaws of God and man, to make provifion for thofe lulls and exorbitances, that at length, bring them to the
gibbet.
As men bred up to no ufeful trade or employment, and a fuperfkial degree of learning, have rarely any vir-
tue or religion fo neither are they demeanable to the laws of the land, to which religion is the fureft tie or
,

objection ; and fubordinately to that, bufinefs and employment have the next prevailing force for thofe naturally
:

beget a property, which requires protection and fecurity by thofe laws ; whereas he that hath nothing to lofe,
nor endeavours to acquire any thing but by a manifeit violation and infringement of the laws, his finifter in-
terefts are fuch as ftrongly incline him to deftroy them.
This work is defigned throughout to raife the fpirit. of univerfal art and induftry in this nation, that the labour
and ingenuity of our people, being inferior to thofe of no other ftate or empire, the kingdom may not dwindle
into poverty and ignominy and from being the greateft nation in the world, we may not become the leaft
;

and moft contemptible. And really the face of things is fo changed to what it was, that general induftry and
ingenuity feems to be at a ftand among our mechanics and manufacturers j which mult be owing to the general
bankruptcies that prevail amongft the trading part of the kingdom.

THE
 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE the FIRST.

The PRESENT COMMERCIAL GRIEVANCES of the NATION DELINEATED:

With their CAUSES and CURE briefly attempted.

Alfo Striftures upon the ILL STATE of the FINANCES of the KINGDOM j and a PLAN
to cement a more interefting COMMERCIAL UNION between GREAT BRITAIN*
and her AMERICAN COLONIES and PLANTATIONS, according to their prefent
Extent of Territory.

HUMBLY ADDRESSED TO THE PARLIAMENT.

In tenui Res eft. Virgil.

THAT trade which promotes the employment of our people, advances the fale of our commodities
and manufactures, and encreafes our navigation, is profitable to the ftate ; but that which obftructs
the labour of our people, leffens the confumption of native wares, and employs the fhipping of
foreigners is detrimental. Whence the confideration of exportation and importation arifes.
To give effectual encouragement to the exportation of our product and manufactures, common policy
di-
rects, that we fhall be able to fend them abroad as cheap, or cheaper than other nations, which are our com-
mercial competitors ; for wherever different nations attempt to outvie each other in the fale of the fame
kind of commodities, the lowed price will be the governing market price, to which all other fellers muft
be able to conform, or ceafe to trade at all.
From this motive the Dutch exempt their exports from all port-duties the French have nearly followed
:

their example. So impolitic was this nation as to continue to burthen our exports with the lubfidies or
poundage, and other impofitions, as laid on by the ftatute of the 12th Car. II. till they were difcharged
therefrom in the year 1722, by the adt of the 8th of Geo. I. cap. 15. 7. where it is faid, M And for the
further encouragement of the Britifh manufactures, that the feveral and refpective fubfidies, and all other
* duties whatfoever^ upon the exportation of any goods and merchandizes of the product or
manufacture of
" Great Britain fhall ceafe and determine, &c."
To what end was this act made by the Legillature, but to exempt our product and manufacture from all
port-duties that render them dearer at foreign markets ? But this exemption not being judged to reduce our
vfcres to a price fufficiently low to enable us, at that time, to cope with our rifing rivals hi trade in foreign
countries ; we allow drawbacks upon their exportation, of the inland duties, with which fome of our commo-
dities are loaded, and would ftill render them too dear for foreign markets. Accordingly the ftatutes which
impofe an excife upon various of our products and manufactures, are remitted upon exportation.
But it does not feem that the whole burthen of our excife and other inland duties that fall heavy upon our pro-
duce and manufacture, are drawn back on their exportation, whereby, it is feared, that the end of drawback is
defeated for is it not the intention of granting drawbacks to exempt our native commodities from all inland
,

duties and taxes whatsoever, as the taking off the port-duties was, to exempt them from all fubfidies and
other impofitions to the end that we may not be underfold by any other trading nation ? To this purpofe fhould
not every duty, tax, or impofition of any kind, that heightens the price of provifions and labour, and every
material towards a manufacture, and every ingredient ufed in the completion of the fame be drawn back ; fince
every burthen upon fuch material or ingredient, will prove yet a heavier burthen upon the manufacture itfelf,
no lefs than the high price of provifions ? Whereas our inland duties on our home confumption, by aug-
menting the general price of living, neceffarily augment the general price of all our other merchandizes fo :

that unlefs every fort of taxation that tends to enhance the price of all our commodities at home, was annihi-
lated at their exportation, we cannot fay the drawback is effectual, to exempt our product and manufactures,
from all fort of duties and impofitions whatfoever that enhance their prices. Tis not the drawing back of
one fimple excife du;y, that will free the commodities from a multitude of compound of excife and inland
duties with which a manufacture is direflly or virtually loaded at its exportation. Whence it fhould feem,
that the fuperior price of Englifh manufactures to thofe of our rivals at foreign markets, is owing to the
multiplicity of tax-incumbrances wherewith they actually continue burthened at their exportation, notwith-
ftanding the fimple drawback allowed to render them duly cheap.
Certain it is from the ftatutes, which grant drawbacks, that it was the fenfe of the Legiflature above forty
years ago, that we were then in danger of being underfold at foreign markets by foreign rivals ; even when
our tax-incumbrances on our trade were nothing like what they are at prefent, our public debts then not be-
in- much above one-third part of what they now are.
Notwithftanding the taking off the old fubfidy and the granting of drawbacks ; in the year 1735, and
for fome time before, France began to underfell England, even in the ftaple commodities of the nation, the
woollen-manufactures, from ten to twelve per cent, at feveral European markets. Such being the precarious
ftate of public affairs from the years 1725, to that of 1735, our general taxes continued unreduced, and the
kincdom received no general alleviation of its incumbrances upon trade, fufficient to keep us upon an equa-
litv of price with our competitors.
After the great Spanifh war, and the peace of Aix la Chapelle, when our public debts were increafed about
thirty millions more of principal money, and our tax incumbrances on commerce became considerably aug-
mented to anfwer the additional debts, France then began to underfell England at feveral foreign markets, from
twelve to fixteen per cent, and upwards, and increafed thereby in their number of foreign purchafers at many
c more
more new foreign markets. Since the further increafe of public debts that have been contracted by the laft war,
and the further additional of tax-incumbrances on trade, is it to be wondered that France fhall at
increafe
prefent be in a condition to encreafe their fales in every foreign country in the world at our expence, by un-
derfelling us ? Can any one be furprized to hear this-, when, as a belligerant power, the expences of France,
and their taxes upon their commerce and navigation, have bore little proportion to thofe of this nation, du-
ring the laft war ?
And, indeed, it feems to have been the determined policy of that kingdom to beat us in trade, though
they have been worded in war. And what means can prove more effectual to conquer us in both ? If once
they can by fuch like tneafures, bring Englifh commodities to fuch an exceflive height of dearnefs, that fo-
reigners will naturally exclude them from their refpective ftates and empires, mull not all Englifh. wares and
manufactures give way to the more cheaper ones of France ? Can any thing more effectually conduce to fup-
plant us in all the foreign markets of the univerfe, than commodities from ten to twenty per cent, cheaper than
Englifh ? What will any treaties of commerce avail to preferve our foreign trade ? For although we
are upon a level with our competitors in point of duties of import in the like commodities into all countries,
can fuch treaties have any effect to prevent their giving the preference to the much cheaper commodities ? It
is impoffible they fhould , however we may be amufed to the contrary. It would be an affront to the under-
Handing to attempt to prove, what all mankind readily allow, that the cheaper commodities will ever and
every where exclude the much dearer ; and therefore. I fhall think myfelf better employed by obferving, that
it is an undoubted truth, that France is able to underfell England in moft of her ftaple commodities and ma-

nufactures ; and by that means fhe will run away with our foreign trade, and aggrandize her own upon the
ruins of that of this nation, provided effectual means are not foon taken to prevent it by reducing the price
to a par with thofe of our French and other rivals.
However obvious and glaring the caufe of the high price of Englifh commodities is, yet too many feem
inclined rather to afcribe it to any caufe but the true one, which alone is adequate to the effect :and I am
perfwaded, that no other adequate one can be proved to exift in this kingdom, except that alone of the
weight of our prefent public debts, and of the oppreflive load of our tax-incumbrances in all their detri-
mental confequences occafioned thereby. This appears to be the cafe to me ; which makes it necefTary to
repeat a few of thofe obfervations and arguments deduced therefrom, that are urged throughout all my writ-
ings upon this matter. For although there may occafionally be divers other concurrent caufes that have con-
tributed ftill to encreafe the price of our commodities and manufactures in general yet my fentiments are,
,

that thofe caufes being only temporary, if they were removed, (as it is to be hoped the wifdom of the Legislature
will foon happily effect :) notwithstanding fuch removal, it is to be feared, it may not greatly reduce the prices
of Englifh commodities and manufactures in general, not near fo fufficiently as to enable this nation to fell her
native wares upon a level in price with either France or Holland in particular ; and therefore, as their commodi-
ties and manufactures will continue cheaper than thofe of England, thofe rivals will fupplant us in the foreign
commerce of Europe, if not of other parts of the trading globe.
The temporary caufes that concur at prefent to make the prices of all Englilh goods fo dear, we appre-
hend to be thofe of fuffering the uniting of farms, monopolizing, foreftalling and regrating but the grand
:

caufes of all are our perpetuated taxes, to fpeak in parliamentary language, for the payment of intereft
of the national debts till their redemption together with our great annual taxes for. the current ser-
-,

vice, which the kingdom has long borne ; we mean the land and malt taxes, in conjunction with our num-
berlefs perpetual ones. For lay the taxes where we will, they will all ultimately terminate on the commerce
of the nation, as we are at prefent circumftanced j and an annual land tax of four millings in the pound,
in time of peace, is detrimental to trade, though not fo directly and apparently difcerned and felt, with re-
fpect to raiting the price of commodities and manufactures, as thofe taxes that are impofed directly on com-
modities, as we fhall fee by the fequel.
That our prefent taxes of every denomination, and more efpecially thofe impofed directly upon commodi-
ties, are the caufe of the high price of Englifh wares in general, appears from the following facts and appa-
rent deductions.
Taxes laid upon native confumptions by excifes, confiderably advance their prices they are, indeed, more
:

than doubled, if not in many cafes trebled in their price to the confumer upon the merchandize by the aug-
mentations, which the taxes make, in being paid and repaid by all the hands through which the merchandize
paffes ; and by the augmentations, which this increafed fum adds to the price of the crude materials, to the
price of workmanfhip, to the expence of the workmen and traders, which mult come out of the price of the
merchandize that has undergone, and comprehends all fuch augmentations, and prove an enormous incum-
brance upon Englifh product and manufactures ; feeing that our taxes upon taxes are fo highly multiplied,
by the immenfity of our national debts. It has become more necefTary than ever to recapitulate a few par-
ticulars that run through this work.
This point has been moft evidently and undeniably exemplified by the tax upon leather ; by means of
which it is found, that the price of fhoes is charged with numerous diftinct augmentations, which the leather
"hath paid, in paffing fucceflively from the hands of the grazier, through thofe of the butcher, tanner, and
his workmen, the leather cutter, the fhoemaker, and his workmen. Here are already divers proportional
augmentations of dearness for the Ihoes, which they themfelves ufe, as well as their cuftomers ; an expence,
which every one of them mutt regain on leather itfelf then there is the augmentation of the tax itfelf,
:

and feveral augmentations in proportion to the profits, which muft be made by the butcher, the tanner,' the
cutter, and the fhoemaker, out of the price thus fwelled of the leather.
A
like tax will operate the very fame effect upon the candles and foap, the ftarch, the beer, and other
the numerous commodities, all which ufed by every hand through which the leather patted in fhoes to the
hands of the confumer here are again numerous other augmentations on the price of fhoes, from every
:

one of thofe articles being likewife taxed.

All who contribute to the fabric and commerce of cloth, from the fhepherd to the wholefale merchant,
wear fhoes and every one of them muft charge the augmentations of them upon the wool, and upon the
,

numberlefs fafhionings it muft receive before it is manufactured into cloth. Thus the augmentations of the
tax on the confumption of necefTaries of life will be repeated ad infinitum, till all thofe fums are ultimately
paid in an accumulated lump by the laft confumer. It will not, therefore, be hard to believe, that before
coming to him, the tax will have been more than doubled, if not trebled ; efpecially if it be obferved, that
the tax is, by every one of thofe who pay it, and receive it again upon the merchandize, encreafed at leaft the
intereft of the enhancement he has made, reckoning from the firlt who pays the naked tax.
In like manner operates the excifes on malt, beer, ale, fait, ftarch, &c. &c. and on all other necef-
faries.
Thereno propofition more evident, than that every tradefman, handicraftfman, labourer, or any other
is

perfon, fubfifts merely by the profits of trade or labour, muft neceflarily advance the price of the
who
commodities he deals in, or the wages he earns, in proportion to every tax he is obliged to pay j more efpe-
cially,
 :

himfelf.
This price muft Ill be further advanced, on account of every other tradesman's taxes he is obliged to
1.

deal with for the common neceffaries. So that when any perfon of fortune, or tradefman, pays another tradef-
man's bill, he not only pays a proportion of his taxes on candles, ioap, fait, leather, beer, ale, fhoes, &c.
&c. &c. but alio a further proportion of the fame taxes, on account of every other perfon Inch tradefman
alio deals with for neceffaries. To corroborate what has been urged The taylor is obliged to pay an en-
hanced price for meat, on account of the butcher's taxes and a further enhancement on account of the taxc,
,

paid by the feveral tradefmen the butcher deals with for neceffaries, which he muft charge on his meat, as
it is the only article in which he deals. He alio pays the like enhancements on the fame account to the
baker, fhoemaker, and every other tradefman he deals with for articles, neceffaries, cither for fuftenance, or
for carrying on his trade; all which enhancements he muft add to his own taxes, and charge the whole on
the cloaths he makes.
As the taylor is obliged in this manner to enhance the price of cloaths, the fhoemaker muft enhance the
price of fhoes on the fame account, and add a further enhancement on account of the dearnefs of cloaths
The tallowchandler enhances on the price of candles on account of his own taxes, and feveral further enhance-
ments are made on account of the dearnefs of cloaths, fhoes, &c. &c. &c. all which are abfolutely necef-
fary for fubfiftence, and enhanced in their prices on account of thofe taxes. So that each alternately lays the
feveral enhancements on the commodity he deals in, or adds to the price of his labour, until the whole comes
to the confumer.
It may appear who have not confidered the confequences of laying taxes on necef-
furprizing to thofe
fary articles, fhould be afferted, that they arc paid fometimes five hundred, and sometimes even a
it

thousand fold by the confumer and yet it is often the cafe, though little attended to.
,

For inftance, a pane of glafs that docs not weigh a pound, which coft but a milling before the laft tax of
a penny a pound was laid on glafs, was immediately advanced to the price of eighteen pence, which is 600
per cent, advance on account of this tax. The fhoemaker has in like manner advanced the price of a pair of
fhoes that do not weigh above a pound, two fhillings and upwards extraordinary, on account of a tax of
two-pence a pound upon leather, which is above \ 000 per cent, advance on account of that tax.
When the parliament laid the additional tax of three fhillings per barrel on beer, which is one farthing a pot, the
brewers and victuallers in conjunction, raifed the price of beer one half-penny per pot fo that by this dou- ,

bling immediately the duty, they accumulated into their own pockets a fum full equal to what the legiflature
raifed by this tax for the fervice of the government and at the fame time the beer was generally reputed to
,

be much worfe in quality than what it was before the tax. The journeymen and day labourers, who are
the chief confumers of beer, imagining that by this means they were ill uied and oppreffed, raifed the price
of their labour three-pence per day ; the journeymen taylors, indeed, raifed the price of their wages fix-pence
per day. Hence therefore, the public, by means of this fmall tax being laid on one of the neceffaries of
life, pays above eight times the ium that the government receives for the fupport of the ftate.
Three-fourths of the people have been computed to confift of perfons without property, who work for their
daily bread, and confume three-fourths of our numerous excile commodities wherefore, they pay three- :

fouvths of the excife duties thereon. As thefe induftrious people live but from hand to mouth, whatever taxes
are laid on their confumables, they are obliged to fhift off, or they cannot fubfift at all and fince thefe mul- :

tiplied duties have been projected, they mult earn enough to pay the taxes, the enhanced price of taxed goods,
and of the enhanced prices of all other neceffaries, viz. of meat, bread, cloathing, or whatever they muft
neceffarily ufe. Confequently fuch taxes muft occafion the rife of the wages of the working people, as well
as the prices of all commodities.
Tradefmen paying enhanced prices on every thing they confume, as well as vend, muft have enhanced
profits for whether they lay out their docks of money in goods that bear their natural value only, or in
:

goods that bear a double value, or merely the weight of taxes, ftill a living profit muft and will be obtain-
ed on the ftock they employ. For the wages of the manufacturer, the mechanic, the labourer, and the ge-
neral expences of the mafter- undertaker, and tradefmen, being of neceffity raifed, the firft coft of goods muft
be fo too and confidering the various tradefmen's hands that goods pafs through in their circulation, from
:

the workman and labourer, to the confumer, charged as we have feen, with profit upon profit by each of
them, on account of the tax (which in fmall trades, that furnilh the induftrious poor, muft be very grear,
otherwife their returns being fmall they could not live) the enhancement in price thereby occafioned, may, at
the moft moderate computation, be computed at double, if not treble the grof, taxes on moil goods to the
confumer.
This compelling people in general to live at a much greater expence than if there were no fuch taxes, caufes
a proportionate general dearnefs of every thing throughout the whole kingdom, and amongft every clafs
thereof-, and muft not this general dearnefs of all our native commodities neceffarily affect our foreign trade,
fince the fame taxes are fo great an oppreffion upon our domeftic ? For although we are amufed, I fay, with
the drawback of taxes upon the exportation of many of our native commodities, yet is it poffible that the
repayment of a fimple tax fhould exempt goods from various compound taxes, and the arbitrary enhance-
ments upon enhancements thereby occafioned ?
Whence it appears, that notwithstanding the temporary caufes before intimated, fuch as the ingroffing of
farms, and of monopolizing, foreftalling and regrating, &c. being fo long fhamefully fuffered to preva 1,
have certainly contributed to the general expence of living, and thereby raifed the prices of commodities and
manufactures ; yet the combined weight of all thofe unnatural and illegal practices are not alone adequate to
account for the exceffive height to which all Englifh wares are grown, compared with thofe of our trading
competitors. But if we have recourfe befides, to the multitude of taxes upon taxes of every fpecies, with
which the whole commerce of the kingdom is loaded, this will be found to be a caufe amply adequate to
anfwer the effect our trade experiences.
Nor is the effect wholly to be afcribed to the fatal fyftem of perpetuated taxations, as before obferved
annual ones contribute their fhare to the evil ; and that not only by means of the malt but the land tax. For
will not the continuance of four fhillings on land fo operate as to occafion the landlord to raife his rents
upon Will
the tenant not he be induced to alleviate fuch an incumbrance upon his eftate as well as the
?

trader the like upon his commodities ? To actuate hereto, does not the land-owner bear his proportion of
taxes on commodities as a confumer, as well as every other clafs of the community ? When the weight
falls heavy upon him as well in his landed capacity as in his confuming one, it is natural to eafe the burthen
as much as he can.
of the landed man as well as the trader, have we reafon to imagine, that if the te-
As this is the cafe
nant bears an advanced rent, that he will not in his turn alfo ftrive as much as may be to fhift it from his
own fhoulders ? To this end, muft we not expect that the tenant will reimburfe the extra expence of his ad-
vanced
 ;
xiv Tve ill State of our tinances : wito a rian jor a more imerejimg union vciween \jreai amain ana /xmenca, qsjc.

ryanced rent by the impofition of arbitrary taxes upon the produce of his lands ? Whence at length docs not
the land tax terminate on the confumer of land productions, in the like manner as taxes laid on all other
commodities do ? And will not the farmer and the grazier, &c. all concerned in agriculture, enhance their
prices more than proportionate to the advanced rents upon them, as the trader does any tax upon his wares ?
Experience proves they all do this, nay, has it not grown a practice of late for the tenant to be faddled even
with the whole land tax itfelf, as well as all other parochial taxes ? And will not the tenant (hift what pro-
portion he can off himfelf upon the public ? So that every (pedes of taxes, lay it wherever you can, will
fall at length upon the national trade; and when that is already overloaded, every addition thereto becomes
very fenfibly felt throughout the kingdom.
What occafion would there be for a four (hilling land tax in time of peace, were not the public debts fo
greatly augmented Does any tax require more equalizing than the land tax ; to the
as they at prefent are ?

end, that in time of peace the landed intereft might have due relief, the better to enable them to fuftain a
greater burthen in time of war ? Should an equal land-tax of two (billings in the pound produce what one
of four (billings now does, what reafon can there be to defer fo national a benefit ? In this cafe, a general
equalized land-tax of four (hillings in time of war might and would be neceflary in our prefent circumftances.
And why mould we not prepare for it, by giving all requifue eafe to the land in time of peace ? (hould Why
this falutary work be longer deferred ; when we know not how foon we may (land in need of fuch a mea-
fure ? While every branch of the perpetuated part of the revenue is thought neceflary to be put into a (late of
improvement, what reafon can be afligned why the annual part fhould be neglected, when our finances in ge-
neral require every kind of improvement poflible ? Procraftinating a meafure of this kind is deferring relief
where and when it is manifeftly required ; might have no fmall effect to
for if that was immediately given, it

lower the general prices of provifions throughout the nation an eafement of two (hillings in the pound to
:

thofe who have fo long bore the burthen of four (hillings, may prevent the raifing of rents, and the confe-
quence will be obvious and thofe already raifed may, after their contract is expired, fall, if that cannot be
,

obtained before. Nor pehaps would any thing be conducive to lower the general price of the neceflai ies of
life, next to that of regulating all public markets, and putting an effectual (top to monopolifts, foreftallers

and regrators.
We cannot put an end to thefe few obfervations, without noticing that trite remark in the mouth of too
many ; that if the induftrious poor can obtain enough to maintain themielves in five days, they will not work
the whole fix. Whence they infer the neceflity of even the necefiaries of life being made dear by taxes, or any-
other means, to compel the working artifan and manufacturer to labour the whole fix days in the week with-
out ceafing. I muft beg leave to differ in fentiment from thofe great politicians, who contend for the per-
petual (lavery of the working people of this kingdom they forget the vulgar adage, all work and no play.
:

Have not the Englifh boafted of the ingenuity and dexterity of her working artifts and manufacturers, which
have heretofore given credit and reputation to Britifh wares in general ? \\ hat has this been owing to ? To
nothing more probably, than the relaxation of the working people in their own way. Were they obliged to toil
the year round, the whole fix days in the week, in a repetition of the fame work, might it not blunt their
ingenuity, and render them ftupid inftead of alert and dexterous and might not our workmen lofe their
;

reputation inftead of maintaining it by fuch eternal (lavery ? Have not all wife nations inftituted holidays, fports
and paftimes, for the diverfion of the mafs of the people ? To what end ? Certainly to give them a frelh
relifli for their labour. And if they had not unbendings, we may prefume they would pine away, and be-
come enervated as well in body as marred in underftanding. And what fort of workmanlhip could we ex-
pect from fuch hard-driven animals ?
However, fome London workmen may now and then impair their healths by drunkennefs and debau-
chery, the bulk of the induftrious artifans and manufacturers throughout the kingdom do otherwife; and
when they do make a holiday, they will eafily fetch the loft time up, as they term ir, in cafes of piece
work, and many of them will execute as much work in four days as a Frenchman will in five or fix. But
if linglifhmen are to be eternal drudges, 'tis to be feared they will degenerate below the Frenchmen. As
our people are famed for bravery in war, do we not fay that it is owing to good Englilh roaft beef and
pudding in their bellies, as well as our constitutional fpirit of liberty ? And why may not the fuperior
ingenuity and dexterity of our artifts and manufacturers be owing to that freedom and liberty they en-
joy to divert themfelves in their own way, and I hope we (hall never have them deprived of fuch pri-
vilege, and that good living from whence their ingenuity no lefs than their courage may proceed. How-
ever, fome regulations may be requifite, even for the diverfions of the induftrious poor.
Did not the common working people find time to fpend their earnings, what would become of the public
revenue ? If they may make three-fourths of the people of Great Britain, do not they pay three-fourths of
the inland taxes ? If fo, have we not feen that every thing they confume muft be proportionably raifed in
price by being taxed and how can it be expected that they (hould fubfift at rates they did before our taxes
,

were fo enormoufty^encreafed ? When people complain of the wages of the induftrious labourers, and level
all their might at them, are we not apt to neglect the efientials? Should we not rather (how the neceflity
of the reduction and annihilation of taxes, than fpend our political breath in vain againft the poor labourer ?
If labour in general is too dear, why is not the real caufes removed ? The effect will foon follow.
The fuccefs of a kingdom, fays a (hrewd politician, depends upon a wife regulation of its revenues ; and
particularly fo in a trading nation. For when taxes are not laid and levied in the manner they ought to be,
they are the ruin of the fubject, a moth in the treafury, the univerfal lamentation of a date, and the intereft and
joy of our trading competitors. But a wife difpofition of them is the foul of a ftate, the life of the peo-
ple, glory to a prince, grief and diftrefs to foreign rivals, and a perpetual fountain of the richeft blefllngs to
human life. 1 could wifh I had reafon to fay this was the cafe of the conftitution and (late of the prefent

revenue of this kingdom but I am convinced it is highly exceptionable in its eflentials.

,

As our mortgaged and perpetuated taxes on trade cannot be reduced or annihilated, 'till the public debts
become fo, without detriment to the public credit of the nation, ought not every other evil that can be re-
moved be fo, to reduce the price of things as much as may be, in order to give all poflible relief to the
general trade of the nation ? But after all, 'tis to be feared, that till the reduction of taxes (hall be accom-
pliftied, our trade will receive no extraordinary eafe by every other method that is in our power, perhaps
though what is in the immediate power of the nation to do, ought by no means to be delayed for more rea-
fons than I chufe to mention.
The only parliamentary provifion made for the reduction of the public debts, and the annihilation of
taxes, is the eftablilhrnent of the finking fund ; and that having been inftituted near fifty years, but inftead
of being out of debt by this time, as we have been long ago given to underftand we (hould have been, by
means of the efficacious operation of that all-redeeming fund, are not our public debts near treble fince the
firft eftablilhrnent of that fund ? And are not the tax-incumbrances of the nation encreafed to a degree be-
yond the credibility of any perfon who lived forty years ago ? Was not that fund originally intended to have
difcharged public debts contracted before the year 1716 ? Inftead thereof, has it not been applied to the cur-
6 rent
 r

and now become mortgaged as a collateral fecurity for frefh debts incurred fince that year ? When
the wK'.rrit of the public creditors bectme reduced in the year 17*7, from fix to four per cent, computation?
were made, that, by virtue of a linking fund of one million a year only being inviolably applied to the dif-
Chtrge of the national debt, and the l'avings that might have been made by compound interefl: at four per
ecu!, the nation might have been out of debt by the year 1756, fdcfl fund difcharging a debt of fifty mil-
lion, by that time: and if the interefl: of fifty millions had been reduced in the laid year 1727 to three pe
tent, and there had been a million and an half facrcdly applied to the purpofe of difcharging the principal
debt, it would have been paid off before the year 175? And that an hundred millions of principal money
might have been paid off by the year 1765 in confrquence of which, all our perpetuated taxes were to
:

have been redeemed to the public.

But after fifty years experience, all thefe expectations have proved vi-
lionary ; and what reafon can we at prefent have to truft to this fund for our general redemption hereafter ? Has
it not alfo been boaflcd, that this all-redeeming fund was a greater fecurity to the public creditors for the
certain repayment of their principal ? And was not that made a pretence to ftrip the national creditors of
one-third of their interefl: by the year 1727, and fince of one-half? In this manner have the creditors of
the nation been amuled and inftead of their principal being rendered more fecure by means of the finkincr
;

fund, is it not become lefs fo ? And the more and more the public debts fhall increafe, the more and more
infecure will the repayment of the principal be ? And the more and more tax- incumbrances on trade fhall
augment, will not every fpecies of Britifh commodities grow dearer and dearer ? Is it poffible under fuch cir-
cumltances, that the trade of the nation can grow better and better ? Muft it not, on the contrary, grow
worfe and worfe, and that of rival countries grow more and more profperous upon the ruin of ours ?
Of thefe things the author has long complained throughout the courfe of his writings he in particular fore- :

warned the nation, at the commencement of the Jaft war, of what has come to pafs, in his tract called
Great Britain's True System. Herein he fhewed the neceifity of raifing the supplies within the year
though he, nor any man elfe then thought the fupplies neceffary would have been fo enormous as they have been
and proved the ill confequenccs of doing otherwife and while the annual expence fhall exceed the annual
:

revenue, he repeats it again, is it poffible our affairs fhould mend ? Is it not a pernicious practice to bor-
row money at interefl; on mortgaged funds ? Is it not a ruinous practice to borrow on funds that fhall not
WITHIN THE YEAR BE APPLIED FOR THE PAYMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL AS WELL AS INTEREST ? Is it not
a deftructive practice to load our commerce and manufactures with taxes in the manner that has been done,
and to mortgage thefe deftructive taxes for a time to come injudicioufly as they have been ? Hath not a to-
tal difregard to thefe maxims been productive of almoft every commercial evil we at prefent labour under ?

And muft not a continuance in thofe egregious political errors one day make this nation rue it ; the landed
the trading, and monied intcrefts, will all inevitably feel the fatal effects of a feries of fuch perverfe and
wrongheaded meafures this nation has purfued by the influence of weak and wicked minifters, fince the re-
volution ? And if not public virtue enough in the kingdom to relinquifh fuch a ruinous fyftem,
there is

and that without delay too, may

it not be quite out of our power to do it, when the emergencies of
ftate
may make it indifpenfably requifite to increafe our public debts and our tax-incumbrances ?
The time of peace is the feafon for every kind of national improvement to be made againft that of war.
Should we neglect the prefent opportunity to extricate the kingdom from every difficulty, how can we expect
to do it when it fhall appear impracticable ? If the nation is not in times of peace put into a fure and cer-
tain ftate of redemption from its debts and taxes I mean a confiderable proportion of them fpeedily, what
,

reafon can we have to expect the confervation of our trade and commerce? And what a pitiful figure will
the Britifh empire make without them ?
'Tis not paying off a few millions of the national debts, without the reduction of taxes,
that will give any fenfible relief to the commercial intereft. It may, indeed, as fuch expedients heretofore

have done, give a temporary political puff to the public credit. But what end will that anfwer ? Judge as
we have repeatedly experienced. The confequence will be this : public credit will be bloated for a time ;

and then advantage may, and very likely will again be taken of the happy crifis, to reduce the intereft of
the public funds to two per cent, and what will become of the faving ? Will it not be transferred, as ufual,
to the unfathomable gulph of the finking fund ? When it is arrived there, can we be certain that it will not
be applied to the current fervice, if occafion requires ? Or, may it not become, as it has done, a new addi-
tional intereft fund, whereby the more eafily to increafe the public debts, inftead of paying any off, to a de-
gree of fignificance ? And will fuch payments avail the nation ? Can we expect more advantage thereby
than what we have received by the paft payments fince the inftitution of the finking fund ? And what eafe-
ment will that be to the nation? None at all: I pronounce, if conducted upon the fame principles of
former payments; all which have terminated hitherto in the further reduction of the intereft of the public
creditors ; and can we think they will efteem that a benefit ? The proprietor of 20,000 /. in the funds will
make a mighty figure in the world with his annuity of 400/. a year; and a lady with her 20,000/. fortune
will appear in great fplendor at Mrs. Cornelly's.
However agreeable fuch a further reduction of intereft may fit upon the ftomachs of fome, what mighty
emolument will the trade of the nation receive by this thread-bare expedient ? Can taking away one-third
more of the fpending money of thofe public creditors fubject thereto, benefit trade ? Can they fpend the more
the lefs they have to fpend, without breaking in upon their principal ? To what a hopeful condition will fuch
fund-holders be reduced, when they fhall experience their income to be reduced, and the price of all things to
grovr dearer and dearer ? When a third part more of their prefent annuity of three per cent, fhall be pledged
to pay intereft to new annuitants, or become otherwife applied, and their fpending money fhall be curtailed,
will not all thefpecific funds feel the happy effects of fuch profound policy ? But ic will be faid, perhaps, that
our acts of parliament abound with provifoes that obviate thefe trivial objections for if any funds prove ;

deficient, when once we have got fuch funds eftablifhed, the bounty of the legiflature oblige themfelves to make
fuch deficiency good the enfuing feflion fo that any new funds, as well as our ancient ones, can never, in
:

reality, become deficient, although their regular and commercial produce be annihilated. A very happy fyftem
truly ! An inimitable way of raifing money, without the appearance of new taxes, however much the old
ones fhall be reduced. An admirable prop this to the public credit Does not every man fee through this
!

cobweb policy ? What avails it, whether the funds, with which the public creditors are amufed, anlwers the
purpofe for which they are pitched on or not, feeing their deficiencies are certain of being fupplied by the
legiflature ? But 1 would afk, Do not thefe deficiencies as well as any fpecific taxes fall upon trade ? Does
fuch practice any way leffen our burthens upon the commerce of the nation ?
Though the deficiency is fupplied, what becomes of the furplus ? Does this go to the payment of
the principal for which fuch funds were new coined ? We have feen what hath become of the old fink-
ing fund, conftituted of the furpluffes of the Aggregate, the South Sea, and the General funds. As
thofe furpluffes have been thrown into the finking fund for the payment of debts contracted before the year
1 7 1 6
,fo like wife have all the diftinct furpluffes which have arofe from all the new funds that have been
eftablifhed fince, by the act of the 25th of George II. for confolidating the funds. But what hath the na-
tion been relieved of its taxes both by the means of the old or the new fund-surplusses ? I recol-

Vol. I. d lect
xvi Ike ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more interejling Union between Great Britain and America, (Jc.

leftbut one fingle appropriated tax that hath been taken off, except the old fubfidy impofed in Charles
the Second's time, fince the year 1716, when the old linking fund was full eftablifhed that was the (alt :

duty, in the year 1730 and that was again laid on in the fucceeding year.
, So that however wife an infti-
tution the finking fund might have been in the opinion of fome for the difcharge of the public debts, and at
length for the redemption of taxes appropriated for payment of the intereft thereof; yet we find, that alter
fo many years trial and experience of its mighty effect for the national cafe, we have received none at all.
On the contrary, the public debts and taxes to anfwer them, are now brought to fuch an enormous height,
it appears that both the old and the fubfequent finking funds have proved an encouragement to increafe
both, inftead of diminifhing either. And why ? Becaufe they have facilitated the railing of money by re-
peated loan after loan, and been made an interest fund, inftead of a redeeming oni:, for frefh debts, or
applied to the current fervice.
If ever it is intended to get rid of the public debts, without violating the public faith, docs it not feem
neceffary that another fyftem fhould be eftablifhed for the purpofe ? A new fund, which fiiould never more
be chriftened a Sinking Fund, but a sovereign debt-paying, or rather a tax-relieving fund, and never
to be mifapplied.
If the public debts fhall not be put into a fure road of redemption, but the ftate creditors are to remain
perpetual annuitants, it may not indeed be bad policy to think or reducing their intereft: as low as we can :

in which cafe, the lower that is reduced, the nearer we (hall be to get rid of a great part of the debt for ,

its magnitude will be no burthen, when we fhall pay no intereft for it; and the nearer we draw to a total

exemption from the incumbrance of paying intereft, that may effect ually anfwer the end of a fpunge, and
then the kingdom will be in a happy ftate to be fure!
But perchance the wife fcheme of reducing of intereft further may defeat itfelf ; for when the public cre-
ditors are fo alarmed, can we be certain that they will not fell out their funds as faft as they can ? And
will a run on the funds make the reduction of intereft more eafily practicable ? It will not only render the
project abortive, but may give fuch a blow to the public credit as will not facilitate our borrowing more
money, when we fhall have the utmoft occafion for it. Wherefore, it is to be hoped, that fome fuch confi-
deration may contribute to the laying fuch a fcheme afide, if it ever was intended, a^ hath been lately talked
of among fome great politicians.
Let any gentleman reflect a moment upon the ftate of the old finking fund fince its commencement ; and
will he not be convinced that the public creditors have been fleeced of too many millions already to admit of
more? Had we from the firft eftablifhment of that fund to pay off the debts contracted before 1716, have
been refolute to have raifed the fupplies within the year, the old finking fund, as it increased, might have
been made a permanent redeemer of the old debts.
Nay, although it had not been found practicable to have raifed the whole of the fupplies neceffary within
the year and we had, therefore, been obliged to have contracted occasionally fome new debts, yet had the
,

finking fund been made the right and proper ufe of, the nation need not, perhaps, have been near one moiety
of the principal fum indebted it now is ; a great part of the load of our tax-incumbrances have been pre-
vented, and the public credit bottomed on a more folid bafis than it at prefent is. But this ma.ter hath been
egregioufly miftaken, and by thofe too who have been accounted fuperlative financiers.
However well the finking fund has been improved to facilitate the encreafe of the public debts and taxes,"
it has been badly fchemed, as was at firft intended, to eafe the nation of the latter. And what benefit is it
to the community to pay a few millions now and then of the principal money debt, without reducing at the
fame time our taxes ?
But in fuch manner is the finking fund conftituted, that no taxes have been taken off, when any parts of
the debt have been difcharged and, indeed, fuch is the nature of that fund, that if taxes had been reduced,
:

as we might have paid the principal by means of that fund beyond the favings made by the reduction of the
intereft money, fuch reductions of taxes would have undermined the very foundation of the sink-
ing fund itself. For the whole of that fund is conftituted, as well of the continuance of taxes as of the
favings by the paft reductions of intereft the furpluffes of the aggregate, the South Sea, and the ge-
;

neral funds, compofing a principal part of that fund, and being made up of taxes as well as the favings by
intereft and the fubfequent parts of the finking fund arifing fince the confolidating aft 25th of George 11.
:

are compounded of new taxes, and their diftinft furpluffes fo that if any taxes had been reduced and annihi-
,

lated, the finking fund could never have fwelled to the magnitude it hath done and would not that have -,

been a check to the extravagant profufion of the public money ? Would the nation have been the worfe
for that?
Whence, it appears, that in the firft conftitution, perhaps, of the finking fund, 'it was illy contrived
to give due relief to the nation, was a notable device to reduce the intereft of the public creditors
although it

from fix per cent, to its prefent ftate ; and might have been alfo devifed to have eafed the kingdom of its
taxes, inftead of augmenting them, as it has been made the means of doing ; but that matter has been be-
neath the confideration of our profound ftatefmen hitherto.
The paying off a few millions of the national debt, without the annihilation cf any tax-incumbxances that can
prove an eafenient to the commercial intereft, can only give a temporary blaft, I again fay, to public credit, and
may thereby tend, as obferved, ftill to the further reduction of intereft nay, fuch meafures may be fo practiced
:

as to bring the irredeemable part of the debt into a ftate of redemption, and thereby reduce the intereft of
that, as well as the redeemables and in confequence thereof we may ftill add more and more to the fink-
,

ing fund, and thereby provide frefti intereft funds for the additional increafe of frefh public debts, as hath
been our cafe already. The repetition of this fhameful policy may be carried to fuch a degree, as we have
feen, to deftroy quite the credit of the funds and of the nation. But it is to be hoped, that all fuch expe-
dients will be treated as they fhall merit, unlefs the faving by further reduftions of intereft on the funds
fhould be facredly applied to a proportionate reduction of taxes.
W
r
ere, indeed, all the funds reduced to a level of intereft at three per cent, which cannot be done without
an infraction of public faith, 500,000 /. more might be faved buc if that wasfwallowed up in the finking
:

fund gulph, inftead of being applied to the reduftion of taxes, that would prepare the way to increafe the
public debt about fixteen millions more, if converted into a frefh intereft fund for the purpofe, according to
pift exemple. In the like wife manner may the intereft of the whole national debt be reduced from three to
two per cent, per annum, and an additional intereft fund be created of between one and two millions more,
which may prove the happy means of fwclling the national debt to above one-half as much more as it is,
and make it up no lefs than the round fum of two hundred millions. Every one difcerns how this wife
Britifh fyftem may be carried to ftill greater and greater lengths, and bring the kingdom to a very profperous
fituation at laft ; for by means thereof, we fhall neither be able ever to pay what we owe, nor to borrow a fhil-
ling more and thus will Great Britain be duly prepared for the firft conqueror who fhall make the attempt.
,

Whether the perpetrators of this all-wife project will call themfelves friends to the prefent illuftrious fa-
mily upon the throne of thefc kingdoms ; whether this is the grateful recompence that the beft of fove-
9 reigns
 ;
7 ve hi oiaie oj cur nuances : wuu a nan j or a more intcrejting Union between Ureal liritain and America, (c. xvij

reigns deferVM from thiskingdom, is Submitted to the reflexion of thofe whom nearly concern may
and it i

whether they may think themfelves beholden to the author for thofe remarks, is matter of indifference to a
him for let them be taken as intended, or otherwile, he is lure to be not one farthing the better for it, un-
|

lcls by the enjoyment of that felf-felt fatisfa&ion in having done his duty.

I could wilh the fubject I am engaged on was at an end, being tired of fo difagreeable
a talk that I have
voluntarily impofed upon myfelf. But to relume the fubject of paving debts without reducing
TAXES.
We have confidered the fcheme of difcharging punLic debts without easing the public; or to fpeak
in other words, the fcheme of paying public debts by being the worie in Stead of the better for {o doing.
For have we not feen that this hath hitherto been our cafe and what reafon have we to believe the purfuit
,

of this fcheme of proceeding can ever mend our affairs, purfuant to the prefent constitution of the revenue ?
Were we to continue in a Hate of perfect peace and tranquillity for ten years together, and to pay off a
million annually of principal money-debt, would the difcharge of ten millions be any fort of eafement to the
commerce of the nation, without the reduction of taxes ? Was this ten millions paid by virtue of the link-
ing fund, which, perhaps, would not be fo eafily practicable, we can expect no annihilation of taxes thac
conflitute that fund ,and whether that fund in fuch cafe would admit of the payment of ten millions in twenty
years, is to be questioned. Or Were we to ad. the favingJ of the intereftof the laid difcharged million a year,
I

cither fimple or compound, and pay the accumulated interest as principal, what hope Qiould we have of the
reduction of taxes ? Nay, Should we be enabled in virtue of the finking fund to pay off a million and one-
half annually, for ten years uninterruptedly, with the accumulated compound intereSt, it would not difcharge
above 17,1^6,465 /. with a continuance of taxes and this could only affect the Stockholders by reducing of
;

their intercft lower and lower.

As fuch payment of the public debt would have a tendency to a further reduction of intereft and if that j

fliould take place, the (pending money of the nation would be diminished, would not the tax-funds fenfibly feel
it ? And though the deficiencies of funds lhall be made good from year to year, by parliament, vet will not
the public bear the weight of fuch taxes, notwithstanding the declenSion of its t'raje by fuch fund-deficiencies ?
Should it be laid, if the intereft of the funds lhould be further reduced, ic mi*ht oblige many to enter into
trade, who could not fubfilt upon their fund- annuities. It might be ib, and they might then be quite ruined ;

for do we not find the Gazette abounds with bankrupts enough daily ? And what has this been owing to ? The
decline both of our domellic as well as foreign trade ; the one owing to the Smuggling of foreign commodi-
ties and manufactures into the kingdom, and her plantations-, the other to ohe excefiive high price of En-
glifh commodities by reafon of our immenfe tax- incumbrances, as we have feen.
Moreover, can people unbred and unikillcd in the arts of carrying on trade obtain knowlege an J experi-
ence fuflicient for the purpofe inftantaneoufly ? Can they Suddenly raife a fund of commercial credit who ne-
ver before had, or required any ? But what trades are they to Strike into, that will admit of unexperienced
people thriving in ? if it be laid, that men who have been in trad; and left it off", and live upon their an-
nuities in the funds, may ltrike into the Same tr. in 1 afk,.can perfons advanced in years, as others
,

ieldom betake themfelves to live upon the intereft of their ftocks gained by trade, begin life ag.in ? We may
as well pretend to make the aged young again. Who then are to be induced to engage in trade that were
wholly out of it ?
Befides, provided further reductions of intereft in the funds Should be thought of, in order to compel
people into trade who are out of it, Should we not previously experience the inducement to be very engaging !

Ought it not to admit of a certain greater profit than is to be made in the funds, even when reduced ?
How can raw and untrained people be lure of this ? Are not long and large credits given in trade as fellers ?
But how will fuch lind the like as buyers ? If they cannot, what hazards of ruin mutt they run ?
Was the domestic and foreign trade of the nation greatly extended ; and were the profits thereof inviting,
the rifing generations mioht be encouraged to be bred thereto: but few Stockholders would again engage
therein, who had chofe to live at their eafe; fo that the further reducing fcheme would give no great temp-
tation to fuch proprietors again to turn traders. Some few, perhaps might rather incline to lend a part of
their property on perfonal fecurity for larger intereft than they then could make in the funds. But thofe to make
any greater lure advantage by fo doing, would be people who had acquired experience in trade, and a good
knowlege of the man they truited, or the rifk would be great ; and very few Skilful people would chufe to run
it. Should the unfkilful be rafh enough to hazard their fond-incomes in trade with others, they might foon
have occafion to repent it. And female proprietors, however numerous, would not think of trade.
Notwithstanding, therefore, the trade of the nation Should be Something enlarged, yet as the fpending money
of Stockholders would be abridged, might not the general tiade lofe as much the one way, as it acquired by
the other ? And how would the nation be gainers ? How would Stand the plight of the funds? Deficien-
cies upon deficiencies might be multiplied and would not that prove a dead weight upon the enlarged trade ?
,

But in what manner can the trade of the kingdom be extended, while our commodities and manufactures
continue fo exceilively dear by the means of taxes ? Were they indeed effectually reduced, it might be (hewn
how eafily the trade of the nation might be largely extended. Let this be done, and we lhall find people
enough rife up to carry it on, without depending upon the converfion of Stock-annuitants into traders, by
the means of reducing of their intereft.
Were our taxes on trade competently reduced, and the price of every thing, in confequence thereof, to fuch
a degree, that a ltockholder could live as well upon his annuity of two per cent, as he at prefent does on th-t
of three or four per cent, and our general commerce greatly increafed, as it might be by wife manage-
ment ; if there did want more people in trade, experienced traders would the longer decline going out of it,
and converting themfelves. into Stockholders ; and the reduction of intereft might and would conduce to this
and if the favings that might be made hereof were faithfully applied to fupply the places of the moil bur-
thenfome perpetuated taxes, thefe latter might be reduced Still further and further, which would tend to the
greater and greater increafe of the general trade.
Nor is it the reduction of taxes to any fmall degree that will give the trade of the nation fubftantial re-
drefs, as we are circumstanced. The reduction of taxes of one hundred thoufand, or two hundred, or three
hundred thousand pounds a YEAR, would not be felt by a kingdom in general that pays above fourteen
millions per annum, in time of peace, with all enhancements on its commodities, although the impofition of
frefh annual taxes to the amount of two or three hundred thousand pounds a year, would be grievouffy
felt by the whole nation. There is a great difference at prefent between the laying on of new taxes,
and the taking off old ones, to the fame amount. Like the horfe overladen already, a very little more
may fink him. Being fo highly tax-ridden as we are, a fmall addition to the number is very fenfibly
felt by trade, Since traders are compelled to raife tr.eir wares in price, as taxes on them are increafed,
which foon diffeminates ltfelf through the whole community, when impofed upon any commodity univer-
fally con fumed by the mals of the people. And if once fhe general prices of commodities are greatly
augmented by the multiplication of taxes upon taxes, as we have feen by various instances, it is not the an-
nihilation,
 ;;

xviii 'The ill Stale of our Finances : with a Plan for a more inlerefling Union between Great Britain and America, LJc.

nihilation, as has of a fimple tax that will remove the evil entailed by numerous compound one.:,
been faid,
which contributed enhancement the one of the other they augment the prices of Englilh goods
to the greater :

in a ratio fuitable to their number, as well as the weight of every particular tax. Remove, therefore, the
fimple tax on one commodity only, and net the others that proportionally contribute to raife the price of
goods, which have an affinity therewith, can we expect that to lower the price of goods fufficiemly to ad-
vance our foreign and domeftic trade ?
We muft give therefore fuch general relief as the trade of the nation mould feem to require that is to :

fay, to enable England to fell as good a commodity at any foreign market, and that at as cheap a rate, as
any of our trading foreign competitors are able to do; which is the real relief that the foreign trade of this
nation requires, if we mean to retrieve, preferve, and extend it. And without foreign trade, will the mere
domeftic commerce of the nation render it opulent or formidable ? Will not the maritime potency and glory
of the Britifh empire dwindle and degenerate from its dignity and fplendor ? Wherefore, if this kingdom
will maintain its influence, weight and power in the world, ought any meafure to be neglected that fhall tend
to the prefervation of its maritime trade, which is the permanent fource of all we enjoy, as a great and power-
ful ttate ?

It isagreed on all hands, that the mere inland trade of the nation cannot fuftain its maritime prowefs. If
we once lofe our power by fea, how long can we avoid becoming a prey to the neighbouring conauerors,
whofe maritime trade and power muft increafe as ours (hall decline ? What can more effectually prevent the
fatal cataftrophe than the fupport of our foreign trade ? Can any thing do that to fuch purpofe like the bein-,
and ever continuing upon an equality with any rival nation in all the prices of our manufactures ? And if
the multiplicity of our fimple taxes upon fimple taxes, and our compound taxes upon compound taxes, ap-
pear to be the chief and real caufe of the high prices of all Englilh wares ; if this caufe, and this only con-
iidered in its full weight and extent, fhall be deemed the caufe adequate to the general effect, the natural re-
medy for fuch a national evil remove the caufe and to remove it as effectually, and as expe-
is certainly to ;

ditioufly as we can. growing upon us ; our competitors are daily fupplantincr us at more
For the evil is daily
and more foreign markets, and increafing in their rivalfhip more and more at every particular foreign market
and therefore, the fulnefs of time feems now to be come, when found policy dictates an attention to every pof-
fible meafure that can expedite the reduction and abfolute annihilation of as many of our perpetuated tax-
incumbrances as we can and thofe fhould be firft annihilated that the moft immediately affect the prices of
,

all commodities and manufactures, that are the fupport of our foreign traffic.
Could any perfon be weak or perverfe enough to deny the effectuality of the commercial policy to reduce
the prices of Englifh commodities for exportation, in order to preferve and extend the foreign trade of the
nation, let him only confider the trade of the Eaft Indies ; let him confider that it is the exceffive cheapnefs of
all forts of Eaft India wares, commodities and manufactures in general, when compared with thofe of the
Europeans, that has induced moft of the chief commercial ftates to eftablifh great joint-ftock companies to
traffic in their productions and manufactures, and to export them from one European ftate to another, or to
their refpective plantations in America, or their fettlements in Africa. This fingle fact, relative to the ge-
neral cheapnefs of Eaft India commodities, and the eagernefs of European ftates in their purchafe, and in their
reforting to the Indies by long voyages, and eftablifhing joint-ftock companies for that end, is fufficiemly
convincing, that the great article of cheapnefs is the governing principle of the trade of the world and this :

is the great point of policy whereby the wifeft trading ftates ftudy to conduct themfelves j and therefore,
it
muft be fruitlefs to fpend more time to prove what is an affront to the underftanding, to prefume that any man
would difpute the verity of the maxim, by which he is fwayed himfelf in his purchafes. Even people uncon-
verfant with practical trade, know, that their felf-governing principle is that of cheapnefs, quality for quality
and traders daily experience both in their fales and purchafes, that one or two per cent, and fometimes kfs
will govern the markets, as well at home as abroad.
Wherefore, the deduction of the following confequences is obvious, and can be as little difputable as the
premifes :while the French and the Dutch commodities, or thofe of any other nation, that interferes in fo-
reign ftates and empires, with the fale of the Englifh, by being confiderably cheaper than ours, can we fup-
pofe, that foreigners will give the preference to ours the dearer, unlefs there is fome other intereftino- induce-
ment which compeniate for the dearer price given. When this, indeed, is the cafe, it will often force
fhall
the fales of our dearer commodities ; when the luxurious returns taken in barter for Englifh wares fhall give
the Spaniards and Portuguefe, &c. advantages fuperior to what they fhall receive from the French and Dutch
who ftand in no need of their wines or their fruits, &c. &c.
Let it be fuppofed, that Englifh woollen goods of divers forts arrive at the Spanifh or Portuguefe market
in Europe, and that of the like forts there are of the French or the Dutch, equally good quality for quality,
and if fold outright for cafh, could be afforded from ten to fifteen p^r cent, cheaper than thofe of England

can we fuppofe the Spaniard or Portuguefe will give the preference to the dearer goods ? But, fays the Spa-
niard or Portuguefe, the Frenchman or Dutchman will not purchafe our wines or our fruits, and theEn<difh-
man will be fool enough fo to do. Therefore, on the account of barter with the Englifhman, I can afford
fays the Spaniard or Portuguefe, to allow him five or fix per cent, or confiderably more than I need the
Dutchman or the Frenchman, becaufe I get rid of the fuperfluities of wines and fruit ; and by fo doinp-
I find, in the end of the account, that I get as much by the Englifhman as by the French or the Dutch-
man. And what fays the Englifh merchant ? Though I cannot afford to fell my Englifh woollen goods un-
der eight or ten per cent, or more, dearer than the French or Dutch can, yet by the profits arifino- in Eng-
land on the wines or the fruits in return, I find the gains on the conclufion of the voyage out and home will
anlwer, upon the whole, in the way of barter.
But was not the Englifhmen to take wines and fruit, what chance would he ftand to difpofe of his goods,
when his French and Dutch competitor could fo much underfell him ? This we call forcing the markets
and putting off his dearer goods by the means of taking in lieu the Spanifh and Portuguefe luxuries for our
folid woollen goods. This does not render the gain of England, in trading with Spain or Portugal, equal
to that of France or Holland, who. take the Spanifh and Portuguefe gold and filver inftead of their fuperflui-
ties of wines and fruit Nor would England, we may imagine, fell any goods in Spain or Portugal, while
they can have thefe fo much cheaper of our rivals, unlefs we were to take their luxuries in return.
England, indeed, gains by the article of freight: and England gains to the revenue by the duties of Spanifh and
Portuguefe imports i but had not England mortgaged fuch duties, and therefore flood in no need of them, if Spain
or Portugal did not take our manufactures, fhould we be under any national inducement to take their difad-
vantageous luxuries ? As things are, the Englifh confumer of wines and fruit pays, in effect, for the Englifh
woollen goods confumed in Spain, and the duties of import laid on the nation, 'are more than equivalent to the
benefits of freight ; fo that what mighty gainers can we be by this trade as we are at prefent circumftanced upon
the whole ? We are not fuch gainers thereby as France or Holland, whofe fales muft be much larger, becaufe
much cheaper than ours ; and as they make ufe of their own bottoms as well as we, their profits by freight
are only Ids by the returns, which they compeniate by other trading voyages from Spain or Portugal, and
8 make
 ill State of cur Finances : with a Plan for a more interejling Union between Great Britain and America,
&V. xix.

make up amply the deficiency by having larger quantities of their cheaper goods in the fiota
and galleon*
ami m ihe Brazil fleets. Whence it fliould feem to follow, that our mare m the corrirherce of Spain and
Portugal is oi rmi< h I. benefit and advantage to Great Britain, and of more to our
rivals, than many may
I
.

imagine.
If n (hould be objected, that the exchange between England and Spain, and between
Fngland and Por-
tugal being in our favour, (hews that we are gainers by thole branches of trade, and how can that
be, if the
ballance is not on our fide ? To which we anfwer, that although this is the cafe, and the courfe of
ex'.:
appears to our advantage ; yet it does not follow that this criterion is an infallible one to prove, that' it
is on
account of a greater value of Englifh goods being cortfumed in Spain and Portugal than we confdme of
theirs,
;h it may indicate tint we receive larger remittances from thence in value than
from Eng- we fend thither
land and for this plain rcalon, that Englifh refident merchants, or merchants refident in England, may
j
be
interred in fending French manufactures thither to a larger value than they do of Englifh and in confequence ;

of fuch tranfactions from England, and remittances made to England from Spain and Portugal on account
of
French manufactures, wherein Englifh merchants may be concerned, occafion the exchange to appear in fa- 1

vour of this nation, when the ballance of trade is againlf. us. For,
Do wc not well know, that the French have now arrived at an extraordinary imitation of every art prac-
ticed in the Englifh fabrics, particularly in the woollen and filken manuia lures and even in their lengths
breadths, marks, and package, &c. &c. ? Do we not like-vife know, for a certainty, that French manufac-
.

tures have been irhpofed on foreign countries for Englifh by Englifh merchants ? And pray what has induced
to fuch like practices ? Haih it not been, that French goods fell better there than Englifh, becaufe they
are cheaper ?

A merchant
is a citizen of the world 'tis one of the chief mercantile arts to purchafe any where,
,
nnd of
any One, the cheapeft wares of any kind, and fell them where ever he can the dearelr. Will not this tempt
merchants refident in England, to imercft rhcmfelves rather in cargoes of the cheaper French goods, that will
eafily vend in foreign Hates, than in Englifh, that will lay rotting in their factors warehoul'es abroad ? Our
mere wine merchants, as we term them, are not the only merchants that trade to Spain and Portugal from hence;
but does it follow, that they trade thither wholly in Englifh goods, when they can no lefs eafily trade thither
in French ? Cannot the Spanilh or Portugal merchant refident in England embark a large capital, either for
his own fole account, or in anonymous partnerfhips with French merchants in France, who will rejoice at their
correspondence for fake of their comrnifiions ? Is it not ealy for fuch Englifh merchant to confirm fuch

French goods either to his Englifh or French factory from hence, who may impole them upon the Spaniards and
Fortuguele for Englifh manufactures, being made facon d'Anglcterre ? And may not fuch merchant refi-
dent in England have his remittances Made to England for fuch French manufacture and will not thisfwell;

the exchange for money in our favour, when the real ballance for goods may be againft England ? This de-
ception is as eafy as natural ; and the gp-atefr. proportion of fuch remittances hither may be drawn from Eno--
land again, to pay for the French manufactures. Is not this the natural confequence of France underiellin<>-
us as they do, and having arrived at fo great an excellence in many of their fabrics ? Is it pofiible by any
laws to rellrain, much leis wholly prevent fuch mercantile practices ? No nothing will hinder them, but an
:

ability in the Englifh nation to fell their manufactures equally cheap with any rival nation. This will have
the defired effect ; and is it not well worthy the mofh ferious attention of a Britifh legiflature ? For is not this
one of the chief occafions of the prefent groans and lamentations of our Englifh artifts, mechanics and ma-
nufacturers, notwithftanding the fhort-lived temporary ftarts of employment they may occafionally have,
which are eafily accounted for ? Jf the fkill, and ftocks in trade of our Englifh merchants fhall be rather
embarked in the encouragement of the commerce of France than England, is it not a very melancholy con-
federation, when the idea is extended to the degree it will admit of?
If likewife our own merchants fhall gain more by the legal and illegal practices of importing French or
other cheap goods into Fngland, and the former may cover the latter arts, mull it not tend to the inevitable
deftruction of our own advantageous branches of trade, our exports ? But while we parade it by our great
imports, and the employment of our fhipping in confequence of fuch imports, does not this dazzle the
eyes of many with the idea of immenfe gains, while we may be going to ruin apace ?
I am forry to have occafion to dwell longer on a fubject fo difagiccable. But is not he a better friend to
the nation, who endeavours to probe a malady to the root, in order to excite to the thorough cure of it, than
he that artfully labours to fkin it over, that it will certainly break out again with incurable virulence ?
The dearelr. markets, or fuch markets where every thing in general lells at the deared rates, are. the sreateft
temptation to the. confumption of foreign imports, either legally or illegally. The former we encourage for
ihe fake of keeping in good plight a revenue mortgaged in perpetuity till its redemption and when that :

will be, can any man in the nation fay ? 1 fay, it can never be duly effected till an entire change of the fyf-

tem of our revenue we have fo long and fo fhamefully adopted takes place: and in what manner this can
be accompliihed is the bufinefs of our rulers to think of, there being not the leaft encouragement for any pri-
vate man to think about it ; for fo fure as he does, he may ruin himlelf by his endeavours to ferve the nadon :

and will he not rather be laughed at, and defpiled, than pitied for his public fpirit ?
Some judge of the increafe of the national trade by the increafe of the duties of imports-, and fay
the good plight of the revenue of cuftoms is a criterion of a flourifhing trade. Not fure of a profperous trade,
a trade nationally advantageous; however the merchant may gain by it, the kingdom may lofe. It is a fign

of the increafe of foreign purchases, and foreign luxuries, and even of foreign manufactures in*
to this kingdom ; but no one will fay, that fuch kind of traffic can be the touchltone of a trade beneficial to
the kingdom. Imports of foreign materials of utility jo our manufactures are entered duty free ; but other
imports, unlefs they occafion an equivalent export of native commodities are certainly detrimental, and
ought to be difcouraged, unlefs admitted for re-exportation, but not domeftic confumption, when our own
commodities and manufactures will do in their Head, and give employment to our own induftrious poor. In
this cafe, the revenue of cuftoms is no great gainer, unlefs they are confumed here; and this is too often
the beft market for them, becaufe foreign goods fell to greater advantage here than elfewhere fo that what :

the kingdom may gain in point of freight and navigation, is in part, if "not wholly, loll by fuch domeftic
confumption.
The duties of cuftoms were originally devifed to impede and difcourage an inundation of foreign wares
and luxuries being confumed in the nation, and to promote the domeftic confumption of our own. This po-
licy feems perverted in our enlightened age; and for the fake of keeping up the revenue of cuftoms to the
higheft pitch of produce we can ; and to bring in as much as may be into the exchequer, and net to
innch the kingdom, all encouragement is given to the legal importation of foreign commodities that are
charged with duties at the port. And why ? Is not this becaufe the duties of cuftoms are mortgaged to the
public creditors ? Is not this the greateft misfortune that can attend a trading nation ? To have its revenues
impofed upon foreign goods to prevent their confumption inftead of cur native, pledged for the fupport of
the public credit! What is this, in effect, other than a declaration to foreign ftates, that the purchafe and im-
Vol. I. e portation
 State of our Finances with a Plan for a more inter cfiing Union between Great Britain and America, tfc.
xxii the ill :

pofleffions, becauie without people what are thcfe pofleffions worth ? Multitudes go away of their own ac-
enchanting prolpect of wealth and either never Return at all, or return in a frail dif-
cord, allured by the ;

eafed ftace, unfit for propagation. We

fuffer no inconliderable lols in the many thousands of feamen and

foldiers, which muft now be fent to all parts of the known world,
to annoy our enemies in time of war, and

to protect our friends in time of peace.

the firft coft of our exported
In proportion as the number of hands is leffcned, the price of labour, and
commodities muft be increafed ; at the very fame time the quantity of thofe commodities mult decreafe, and
the o-ain upon them centering here, muft be diminished by the two concurrent caufes.
Iff therefore, a trade to our plantations be highly profitable, we ought to be the more concerned, left by
driving the matter too far, we leave next to nobody at home to trade with them.
The advantage is in danger of being loft another way. Our plantations are becoming fo extenfive, that
it is probable they will fpeedily fet up manufactures of their own, and be our rivals inftead of our cultomers.
With this have they not lately threatened the mother kingdom, and indeed carried their defign in a great
meafure into execution? Our commodities might not be fufficient for them to confume, as they augment
in people and they will be too coftly for them to purchafe, as growing dearer and dearer, as we grow lefs
,

and lefs populous.

The only' thing by which it has been faid it is retarded is, that as lands are cheap in America, and labour
dear, it is a more immediate and fure way for a family to get bread by cultivating the ground, than by fabri-
cating aoods which may be brought from Great Britain ; but if at no cheaper a rate than they can fabricate
them, can we fuppofe they will neglect fo doing ?
But this will foon be at an end they will ftrike into manufacturing, both from the number of people fettled in
:

places near the fea, and from the unfatiable avarice of the proprietors of land, who will not part with them
but at a very great profit. Nothing hath ftood in the way hitherto, but the difficulties which attend the firft
fetting up manufactures in every country. Whenever intereft or neceflity, therefore, (hall overcome thofe dif-
ficulties, it is eafy to forefee what an amazing and rapid progrefs will be made in every branch of manufac-
ture, by an enterprizing and induftrious people, as the North Americans in particular are.
We have had a confirmation of this, by the number of manufacturers who have gone, and are daily
encouraged to go lately from different parts of the kingdom to America. It hath been laid, that a large

number of ftocking-weavers are gone from Nottingham, and that feveral different branches of manufactures
have been fet up in New England and in many of the other of our continental colonies, in confluence of
the ftamp aft. From what we have lately experienced, and the lofs Great Britain hath thereby fuftained, we
have too much reafon to apprehend the abilities in our North Americans to fupply themfelves amply with every
fpecies of manufactures with which they fliall ftand in need. For what material for the purpofe can they
want, in territories from the extent of the Gulph of Mexico to the North Pole, with little exception ? And
their extent weftward we are unacquainted with.
That we have been long apprehenfive of their fetting up manufactures, and therewith to fupply themfelves,
appears by feveral of our acts of parliament to reftrain them from fo doing. To do this to the mutual in-
tereft both of the mother-country and her plantations, herein confift the difficulty of legiflation.
Before we think of that point, it may be proper to examine another circumftance in our fituation with re-
gard to the colonies, viz. our exclufive right to trade with them. It may be faid, let them be as extenfive
as you pleafe; let them fet up as many manufactures as they fhall think proper; ftill their trade will be va-
luable, and it is wholly confined to this ifland ; they are not permitted to carry on bufinefs with any other na-
tion but through the medium of Great Britain. But what fignifies a trade, if it comes to be a lofino- trade ?
And thar, from fome of the above confiderations, it may be fooner than we are aware of.
Whenever they can fupply themfelves with manufactures they will have no need of us mod of the luxu- ,

ries and delicacies of life they can get nearer home from one another, they being, indeed, a kind of world
amongft themfelves in their variety of climates.
Befides, this exclufive right to trade with them may operate ilowly and filently indeed, but conftantly, and
at laft fatally, to our prejudice. There is much felfilhnefs in human nature ; and it will be, nay, probably it
has been, a temptation to us not to make our manufactures as good and as cheap as possi-
ble to procure voluntary purchasers, becaufe we think we can send them to those who are
obliged to take them.
Let no man think this a flight circumftance, or of no moment. The moral caufes, fays Montefquieu, of
the thriving or the decay of a nation, viz. fuch as arife from the tempers or principles of the people, the fpirit
of their conftitution, or the fituation with regard to others, are unfpeakably more powerful than occafional
caufes, fuch as war, famine, and peftilence, or their contraries. The reafon is plain The effect of thofe
which he moral caufes, though impra6ticable, is univerfal and perpetual.
calls \i\ therefore, our exclufive
right to trade to our plantations, tempts us to truft or lean too much to it, it may fink under the weight,
and prove the caufe of our deftruction.
Another confequence of our exclufive trade is, that our merchants will import from other nations what they
can export to the Britifh plantations with advantage. Such commodities patiing through our hands make a
great parade of commerce ; and yet add next to nothing to our strength or numbers,
and not so
much to our wealth as- may perhaps be supposed. Does not this, at lea (t, fhow that our poffeffions
may have the fame effect upon us, that the conqueft of Mexico and Peru had upon the Spaniards, who have
become poor by means of the gold and filver mines? We
may flacken our own induftry, and fupply our
plantations by the induftry of other nations. Great men and great merchants, who have eftates and proper-
ties abroad, may make a fplendid figure for a time, while the body of
the kingdom is gradually lofino- its
nourifhment, and falling into an incurable confumption.
The fpirit of commerce is of a very nice and delicate nature It is of a very fubtile and penetrating n a-~
ture. The reafon is the fame for both. It is animated and conducted entirely by the intereft of individuals
;

lo that unlets this happens to coincide with the public good, one part of the nation
muft be indefatigable in
bringing or. the ruin of the whole. Wherever intereft leads, or l'eems to lead, trade will force its way over
all obftructions neither cau it almoft be forced to go another way.
,
Do we not daily hear of great outcries
againft theft mercenary wretches, who, for the fake, of private gain, will fuck the very
blood of the po-r '
an not in the fpoils of their country ?
1
, .

Nothing but mutual intereft can knit and cement mankind together in fociety. Without
this, ten thoufand
employed could not devife the means, and an hundred thoufand fudoes could not
enforce
the execution. Hie fpirit of all laws on the commerce of a people, muft be to make
public and private in
not only really, but apparently and evidently the fame.
.;

Whence it that an exclufive trad-, preferved by force agiinft the inclinations

of the people con
I >t be carried very far, and cannot on inue very long, While we lerve our pi intatioris. with as
' D AS Ci;
r :
we m 9 chey will chearfujly trade with us
.
- ,
fofoon

Will not, or cannot do this, they will ufc every poffiblc means

eith r to fupply themfelves, or be

1li
; I
 l
The ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more inter efiing Union between Great Britain and America, &c.
xxiii

fupplied from another quarter. The

Spaniards have the exclufivc trade to their own colonics ; and yet there
arc few bunches from which we derive greater profit than an illicit trade with,the Spanifh Settlements. If we
arc lb partial to ourl'clvcs, as to trample upon every law, and every national engagement, when we hope to
do it with impunity or profit, why fhould we expect others to be more honeSt than ourtelves, or that our
colonies will continue to trade with us longer than it is their interelt to do fo ? For this reafon we Should bend
all our force to the improvement of our own country, by incre.ifing the number, fobriety, and industry of its

inhabitants. If there be any defect here, the moil valuable diltmc icttlements will do us no c^ood ; and if
there be a viable difproportion between our colonies and our abilities to trade with them, upon juSt and equal
terms, the more they are enlarged, the fooner Shall we be deftroyed. All this, and much more mi^ht be
faid with regard to our prelent large poSSeSfions in America. If tliofe fears are quite groundleSs, fo much the
better lor us and our poltcrity ; but do they not carry too much weight with them to be treated with indiffer-
ence ? If they merit the moil candid confiderarion, as they certainly do, it were to be wifhed, that the beft
means were pointed out for retarding our ruin as much* and as long as may be, if we cannot totally pre-
vent it.

Without fliall make it for the

the mother-country intereSt of her colonies and plantations tO purchafe her
manufactures preference to thole of all other rival
in nations, can it be realonably expefted thr.t our coiomfts

will not rather bc,omc buyers of thole of our rivals, that are lb much cheaper than EngliSh ? We cannot
expect a Hop will be put to Smuggling in our Britifh plantations any more than in Great Britain, while this
disproportion or prices continues.
Could Old Spain lupply their American colonies with all the manufactures for which they have occaSion,
as cheaply as they can purchafe them of other European powers, would not there be an end of Smug-
gling in the Spanifh Indies ? For people are not dilpofed to run occafional hazards of lofs, where they
can lupply their wants wholly without fuch haz
Until, therefore, the EngliSh manufactures mall come as cheap to Britifh coloniSts as thofe they can ob-
tain from our competitors, can we luppole that they will not give them the preference ? If fuch fevere laws
are made, that they lhall not be able to obtain them, is it not natural to believe they will fet up manufactures
wherewith to lupply themfelveson the continent of America? They are not deficient in one part or other of thofe
cxtenfive colonies in any materials for the purpofe \ and that to what extent they pleafe ; if they once refolve fo
to do, they molt certainly will fo do, fooner or later, if not timely otherwife diverted, let us amufe ourfelves
as we may with contraiy notions. And if once they experience the benefits of fo doing, can we flatter our-
felves that they will not become our rivals in the very Itaple manufactures of this kingdom, more efpecially in
the Spanifh Weft India trade ? When they were able to become fuch, is it impofilble that they fhould lup-
ply the Spanifh flota and galleons, or have a due fh:ire therein as well as any European nation ?
What can oblLruct this but the fuperior dcarnefs of North American manufactures ? if this fhall be the
great impediment, can we imagine that they themfelvcs will not be actuated by the fame motives to fet up
manufactures for their own lupply at lealt, fince they daily experience the difadvantage of doing otherwife ?
That North America will daily grow more and more populous there can be no doubt, from all parts of Eu-
rope and if they fhall have plenty of people, as they have plenty of land to cultivate, what hinders but they
:

may ftrike deeply into all the manufacturing arts ? Will not plenty of people, and plenty of land, render
every thing elle plenty ? And if the Colonifts lhall find, that by the manufactural arts they can fave the fhare
of property, which tliey now fend out ct the colonies lor manufactures, how long can we fuppofe they will
ceafe to do fo ? If once manufactures take deep root amonglt them, and they experience thereby a currency
of cafh inftead of paper, may not their paper currency gradually approach nearer and nearer to a par with
fterling money ? V\ ill not this render the price of their manufacunes cheaper and cheaper ? Will they not
foon fall to a price with thole which they at prefent take from the mother kingdom ? And when this comes
to be the c^\ how long after can we prefumc that they will continue the importation of a fingle manufacture
from England ? We
mult believe this beneficial part of our trade will foon abfolutely ceafe.
Though the New bngland currency may now be at 525, New York 160, Penfylvania 170, Maryland pa-
per currency 220, South Carolina 750, and North Carolina 1000 per cent, fterling ; yet that neither can, nor
will be any long obstruction to manufacturing, when once they commence in earneft. For if they will con-
tent themfelves to wear their own manufactures, be they at firtt ever fo ordinary, they will find tbernfelves
grow more and more wealthy, as well as their people mere and more expert in the manufacturing arts where- ;

by they will find the paper currency realized as they increale in wealth, and the confequence will be, that
they then will have manufactures lull as cheap, if not cheaper than they at prefent can thofe of England.
'Tis to be feared there is a deception in this point of deamefs of things at prefent in North America, by
which we are led to think, that they will not, becauie of fuch dearnefs, attempt manufacturing for themfelves.
The deception feems to arile from an Engiifhman's consideration of their paper currency. For if 1000/. in
North Carolina is only equal to 100/. in England, then twenty Shillings a day paper currency is equal only
to two Shillings iingliih. Now, if a manufacturer can purchafe as much of the neceffaries of life for twenty
Shillings paper currency, as he now can in England for two Shillings a day fterling, why fhould he not be as
well contented in America as in England ? And if a Suit of cloaths Shall colt 50/. of paper currency for
what we can purchafe in England for 5/. is the man in a worfe Situation in America than he is in Eng-
land ?

As England hath increafed in manufactures and commerce, hath not the value of money grown lefs and
leSs and why Should it not do the like amonglt the Americans ? Do we not know that this hath been the
,

State of all the trading nations of the world ? As they have all had their ebbs and their flows, the time may
come that 1000/. Engiifh paper currency may be only equal to ioo/.^of American hard money, if England
fhall decline in her manufactures and commerce, as America may advance ?
If this Should ever come to- pals will not the value of lands in Great Britain dwindle to the worth of mo-
ney at prefent in America ? Does not a matter of this weight and importance merit the Serious attention of
BritiSh legislation ?

Should it be Said, that if the Britifh colonies, we mean throughout thefe observations, chiefly thofe on the
continent, Should ceafe to take our manufactures, in confequence of Supplying themSelves wholly therewith,
and, perhaps, becoming our rivals in our very Staple fabrics, that we Shall defift in our turn from taking any
of their produce ; feeing we can have every thing abfolutely neceflary that we now have from thence trom
European States, particularly from the EaSt countries.
This may be Said. But it is little Satisfaction to be rather drained by Europe than America. The queftion with
us is, whether we could, when we had loft our exports to America, Sultain the Suppofed drain from any other
parts of Europe ? And if we could not afford this drain for naval Stores of every kind, as when we had loft
our navigation to and from America we fhould not want, nor could we bear it, Great Britain would decline
in wealth and power as Britifh America would rife in both ? How long after the lofs of our commercial con-
Vol. I. f neaions
 >:xiv The ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more interejling Union betwetn Great Britain and America, C5r.

nections wich our plantations fhould we be able to pay intereft to our foreign, or indeed our Britifh pub-
lic creditors ?

Hence it fhould feem, that if the colonies fopply themfelves with manufactures, and we fhould continue to
be fupplied by them with what we at prefent take from them, that the ballance of trade mult inevitably turn
highly to our difadvantage, even with our own colonies and if this comes to be the Hate of trade between
:

Great Britain and her plantations, will they not be inftrumental toexhauft the mother kingdom of her treafures
nO lefs than the Eaft countries have hitherto done ? Will not this fo aggrandize thofe colonies as the fooner to
enable them to fulfill the apprehenfions of many, and become abfoluteiy independent of Great Britain ? And
provided we ceafe to take their product, as they lhall ceafe to take our manufactures, will not all intercourfe
of commerce be deltroyed between this kingdom and her colonies? When that is done, will they not be lefc
to fet up for themfelves, and what can then hinder their becoming a flourifhing and potent empire ? For if
we do not trade with them, other nations will, and laugh at us for our fuperior wildom and policy. If we
fhall attempt to compel our ifiand colonies to have no trade with their brethren of the continent, will this be
rehfhed by either ? May it not create fuch a coalition of interefts, as to induce them both to unite in one
American empire, as independent of the whole world as they would foon be of Great Britain; and fhould
not we then be in a fine condition to fubdue them again to our obedience ?
Such kind of a commercial union may not appear altogether of a vifionary afpect, if we confider the late
union they ftruck into upon the memorable occafion of the ftamp act. Ought not an attempt of this nature
fo to alarm us as to put us on our guard, and incline us to take every wife precaution to prevent the like
again, left it fhould prove the prelude to one of a more dangerous and formidable nature ? For if once a
commercial union fhould take place between the Britifh continental colonies and the ifiands, to a certain decree
they might think it worth their while, probably, to hazard the lofs of the Britifh markets for the fake of the
gain arifing from a general freedom of trade to all other parts of the world. What then may become of the
Britifh navigation to and from America? When that is loft, will not all our revenues arifing from our pre-
fent American imports be annihilated and what will be the ftate of the public credit of this nation when
,

fuch a cataftrophe lhall ever happen, will make a true friend to the intereft of Britain tremble to think of.
The North Americans, as well as Britons, in general have a wifhful eye upon the trade of Spahifh Ame-
rica, and we well know that they tiiflike every reftraint thereon ; and being now fituated in the conti-
guous center, as it were, of the Mexican empire, from our poffeffion of the Floridas, our right of trade to
the Miffifippi, and in the Gulph of Mexico will not this consideration be an inducement to the North Ame-
,

ricans to cultivate trade with the Mexicans to the utmoft ? While they lhall remain unable to fupply the Mexi-
cans with manufactures of their own, will they not ufe every art to have the European manufactures wherewith
to fupply them as cheap as they can obtain them ? And will not this prove a prevailing motive with the
North Americans to fet up manufactures firft, to fupply their brethren of the Floridas with them, in order
to bring in a quantity of fpecie, and the fooner enable them to annihilate their prefent paper currency amoncrft
them ? Can the Floridas wifh to be better fituated for the purpofe ? And can our more northern colonifts
have a more lucrative temptation to eftablifhed manufactures that will bring them in fpecie, inftead of taking it
from them by the importation of Britifh manufactures, which carries all their money away, and leaves them
at prefent little elfe befides paper ? Is it unnatural to believe that our Americans will exert themfelves
to
partake of the treafures of Mexico, at the firft hand, that they may enjoy the whole profits of that money
trade to themfelves, inftead of letting the bulk of it flip through their hands for the emolument of the mo-
ther country, in conjunction with other nations, whofe manufactures go by the fiota to La Vera Cruz ?
The contiguity of our colonies to thofe of Mexico, may, one day, ftrike more terror into the Spaniards*
than can be done, perhaps, by any European potentate; and may not that be conducive to promote hereafter
a commercial union between North America and Spain; the former to furnifh their galleons no lefs than their
fiota, with North American manufactures, to the exclufion of any fupply from other ftates ? For the Spa-
niards knowing that the North Americans want nothing but fpecie, and the Spaniards being able to furnifh
that, and the Americans able in their turn to furnifh them with manufactures, may not fuch like circumstan-
ces, as well as their near neighbourhood, produce thefe natural effects before fuggefted ?
If the Spaniards fhall find it more for their intereft to deal with the North Americans than the Europeans,
3nd the North Americans more for theirs to cement an intercourfe of trade with them, there can be nothing
ltrained to apprehend extraordinary confequences hereafter.
The difcontents that at prefent appear in old Spain, as well as new, have, doubtlefs, their caufe, and that
perhaps, a more influential and important one, than the idle ftories we have had already concerning the
troubles in that nation and their Spanifh colonies. The late lofs of the Havanna may have made a deep
impreffion in old Spain, to the difadvantage of the Spanifh government there, and why not likewife in Ame-
rica ? By this time the Peruvians, as well as the Mexicans, may, perhaps, be ripe for a revolt from the con-
ception of a weaknefs in Spanifh policy to fuffer the prevalence of the French to promote the late rupture between
Great Britain and Spain, which ended in the lofs of their great bulwark of the Spanifh Indies. Something of
this kind kerns to have taken deep root amongft the old Spaniards in Europe, feeing we hear of the revi-
val of the proverb amongft them, paz con Angleterra con todos otros la guerra. And does not this idea feem
to be confirmed by the voice of the people, who have fhown, and ftilf continue to fhow, great refpect to the
Britilh ambaffador, and lefs than ufual to the French ? Our accounts fay, that the people are for rootino- out
all French falhions, and introducing thofe of England more and more. Thefe things may forebode fome
other confequences not at a great diftance pofilbly. And if the Spaniards fhould be induced to call for the
aid of the Britifh North Americans, will not the North Americans then difcern their important fervice to the
Spaniards? For they can have no immediate affifiance in Mexico now, but from the Englifh in North
America.
Should our colonifts once experience this, they will know how greatly the Spaniards are in their power
;
for thofe neighbours who may prove of great fervice on extraordinary occafions, may alfo become great ene-
mies, in conlequence of the fluctuating events of things. North America grows daily more and more po-
pulous, wealthy, and potent, and they muft inevitably become formidable. When that comes to pafs, may
not theie Americans be able to make a conquelt of the Havanna, even without the aid of Great Britain ?
Their adjacency, as well in the Gulph of Florida as that of Mexico, will certainly adminifter g/eat advan-
tage foi iuch an enterprize, as they increafe in ftrength. And to what degree might they not exert them-
felves to obtain a prize of fo invaluable a nature? For if once they obtain it, 'tis to be queftioned, whether
they will ever be prevailed on to give up fuch a treafure, if they aim at becoming an empire independant of
Rritain. And how will Spain be able to recover it out of their hands ?
Here prefents a fcene that may deferve consideration. For the key of the Spanifh American treafure will
be no little temptation to thofe Americans to ftruggle hard to become malters of it. And if a commercial
union fhould take place, for the reafons before urged, between our North American colonies and our prefent
American
 The ill State of cur Finances : toitb a Plan for a more inter efling Union between Great Britain and America, i c. xxv

American iflands, might not their conjoint power bid fair for fuch conqucft, notwithftanding the afilftanceof
the impotent Englifh to prevent it, when they mall have loft their American trade and navigation ?
From thefe few reflections, it feems as if our territorial acquifnions to the fouthward of the American con-
tinent may be attended with frill greater and greater power, fhouk! they ever become independent of their mo-
ther (late. And may not this conqueft of the Havanna prove the e^ablimment of a very form'icIaMe new
commercial empire in the American world ? The great motive to the North Americans to fet up manufactures
of every kind, would be the profpect of a ready vent for their wares of all kinds, no lefs than furni(hin<r
themfelves amply therewith. And what better profpect could they defire, when mafter$ of the I (avanna, than
the fupply of all Mexico and Peru with the manufactures they want? The Mexicans and Peruvian's will
purchafe them much cheaper from the North Americans than they now do from the Spaniards, ieeino-
there
re
would be no exorbitant indulto impofed on their manufactures outwards, that lb extravagantly enhance their
price to the Spaniih Indies at prcfent.
As there may be a revolution in the Britifh plantations and colonies in America, unlefs due care in time is
taken to prevent it; fo likewile there may be one in the Spanifh Indies to make oft' their preicnt dependency.
Mexico and Peru may become diftinft empires, kingdoms or (bates, and may not be indifferent to commercial
alliances with the North Americans, who, if they cultivate manufactures, and are once poffefied of the
Ha-
vanna, would be the beft able to furnifh them with all they wanted for their moncv.
On the northern parts of the American continent, and its various ifland-dependencies thereon, as ceded to
the crown of Great Britain, by the peace concluded in the year 1763, there offers another fcene from whence
great power may arife to the continental colonics. Should North America change mafter?, alter their forrri
of government, and let up for themfelves, it is not unnatural to fuppofe that they would extirpate not only
the French wholly from the Newfoundland fifherics, but the Englifh, and monopolize them folcly to their
own ule, if they fliould ever be able or oblige all who fhall enjoy the privilege of fifliing on the borders of
,

any of their dependent dominions to become tributaries to them for fuch privilege.
North America abounding with timber for Ihip-building v and New England and New York bui'--fhips
already not being of a defpicable kind, but purchafed occafionally by the merchants of London and the ifland
colonies, as great numbers are built for mere lair, which are lent to England and our iflands for that purpofe.
They have all manner of materials for (hip-building very cheap, and excellent timber, as alfo malts and yards
merely for cutting; fo that they build (hips to very great advantage. Their (hips alio have the reputation of
being well built, are good fea-boats, and tlrong bottoms: they have not heretofore, indeed, proved always
the beft failers, but that hath been owing to their building fo very ftrong; but they have greatly improved
in this branch, and will, doubtlefs, excel herein as well as any other part of the world.
The colonies alfo of Virginia and Maryland are as well furniflicd with timber and phnk, and all forts of
materials for (hip- building, as New England and New York, though they have deftroyed infinitely more for
clearing the land, their plantations being exceeding large, and extended fo far over the country.
They indeed have nor applied fo much to ihip-building as the New England people do, nor has it been fo
Well worth their while; the planting of tobacco having hitherto been their chief care, and taken up all their
hands, which hath occafioned them to buy io many negro (laves, befides tranfported felons from Enaland,
and all the other white fervants, which they have got volunteers from England, and efpecially from Scotland
and Ireland, which have been a prodigious number.
But, as it feems that their tobacco trade of late hath not turned to fo good account, they may and doubt-
lefs will betake themfelves to other branches, and amongft the reft, doubtlefs to (hip-building. For this is
at any time in their power to extend. They build, at prefent, all their own (loops, which, as they are fo
highly uieful, that no plantation of any conlideration can be without them, as well to carry their tobacco and
Cther product down the creeks and fmaller rivers to the (hips which are loading for England, or for the
iflands, and to land and bring home their returns of goods from the faid (hips ; 'tis fcarce credible what a
fiumber of them are employed in this bufinefs, fome (mall, fome large, that carry goods from one plantation
to another, from 0 to 150 hogfheads ; and thefe arc loaded oftentimes with proviuons for the Weft Indies,
and bring back rum, fugar, and melaftes, for the fupply of the country, as is done in the other colonies. The
number of (hips employed for thofe purpofes is fo great, that it would appear incredible; but there is no
doubt of there being many thoufands of them, fmall and large, the conftant building of which makes the
people as expert in the art of (hip-building as any people in Europe.
The fhip- building that is now going forward in Canada likewife, and in all parts of thefe colonies, where
they are well fituated for the purpofe, and the ports for th.it convenience being very numerous, this muft
convey an idea to every one, that the art of Ihip-building, by reafon of the conftant navigation that is be-
tween North America and the ifland colonies, will arrive to great perfection, and that thefe colonifts may be-
come of themfelves a formidable maritime ftate or empire and what fuch a mighty power may not one day
:

be able to do, who can fay ?

That the idea of a great degree of maritime power muft, and will certainly fpringfrom the confideration of
North America, and their commercial connection with the iflands, is obvious to every one, whoconfiders that they
now, and will foon have to a much greaier degree, the command of the three great gulphs of St. Laurence and its
great river, the gulph of Florida, and the gulph of Mexico, and the great river Miflifippi. Moreover, the im-
xnenfe lake-navigation, as well that of the very numerous great river internal navigation, muft necefTariiy vaftly
contribute to the furprizing increafe of (hipping, feamen, and navigation of every kind amongft them. 'Tis
iaid, that we have lately authentic accounts from New York, that the fpirit of adventuring has lately dif-
covered the courfe of a river that branches out from St.'John's, and extends fouth-fouth-eaft all the way na-
vigable to the confines of Florida, and within twenty miles land carriage of. St, Auguftine, from which
great advantages are ex;pected to arife. Ports for ftnp-building they pclfcfs, or can have innumerable, and
what can hinder the prefent Britifti Americans from becoming a formidable maritime potentate ? Had the
Dutch, the Genoefe, or the Venetians, any thing comparable to fuch advantages? Has Great Britain itfelf -

now fo many, comprehending every circumftance that we have with all brevity noticed ?
This (ketch of the potentiality of thefe colonies to become very formidable at fea, ought to alarm this na-
tion with apprehenfions that they actually will do fo. Nay, we may prefume to fay, it cannot be otherwife.
"Wherefore, can we be too early on our guard to prevent their growing independent of the Britifti empire?
"We certainly cannot, fince their territories are now fo immenfe, and they grow daily more and more popu-
lous, and this not only at the expence of draining of many other parts of Europe, but at that of hazarding
the depopulation of Great Britain in general, and England in particular. For the hardfhips of living, under
which the induftrious poor of England at prefent labour, are motives that drive thoufands continually to
America ; and the arts of kidnapping people for that purpofe are faid never to have been fo prevalent, par-
ticularly amongft the artifans and manufacturers of every denomination. Does not this merit the confidera-
tion of our rulers ?

From
Skvi fht ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a mere inter /fling Union between Great Britain and America, L\.

From this view of things, and from the reafonable indulgence lately given by the legislature, in the repeal
of the (lamp act, to the Britifh Americans, it is no fmall incitement for the people of England, and clfe-
where, to flock away to America.
Since the Americans have defervedly met with the favour of the Britifh parliament, and have been moft
gracioufly gratified in what they have lb warmly requelted of their moclier country to comply with on h^r
fide, in refpect to the ftamp act, we are of opinion, that there are fome other effential compliances, wherein,
'tis conceived, Great Britain ought (till further to grant to her American fubjects to thole in Nortli America
,

in particular; provided a more interefting commercial union between Great Britain and her colonies is really
intended.
That the ballance of trade has been annually fo much as a million and an half at leaft to \\
vantage of Great Britain, durrng the laft war, with the Eaft countries, will not be difputed; and chat, we
at leaft pay a million and an half more a year for intereft money due to our foreign public creditors, is
no lefs certain. That the high prices of our Englifh commodities at this time is a great obstruction to pur
whole European commerce, and that our foreign competitors therein daily avail themielves at all the Euro-
pean markets, to our unfpeakable detriment, are points likewife inconteftible.
Upon thefe confiderations, it becomes the wildom of this nation to exert every nerve of policy to diminifh
fuch drains of our treafures out of the kingdom. With refpect to the annuity paid to our foreign creditors,
there is no way to prevent that but being in a capacity to pay them off as fall as we poflibly can ; and to con-
tract for the future public debts only within ourfelves, if debts cannot be avoided, that the intereft money
may center in the kingdom, and not exhauft it of its wealth. But thefe things feem to be at a diitance.
What is in our power to effect immediately, ought not to be delayed, to compenfate for the commercial
drains we now experience; and therefore, I would humbly propofe, that whatever we import from the eaft
countries of RufTia, Sweden, and Denmark, fhould be raifed with all poflible expedition in North America,
there being no one thing that we import to our difadvantage from the laid countries, but we may obtain from
the continent of America to our advantage.
To this end every reafonable encouragement mould be given by bounties, premiums, &c. to the raifing of
plenty of naval Mores of every kind in our own plantations, and whatever clfe we take at a difadvantage
from other countries and as fall as we can be fupplied therewith from thence ; that we import them from
,

America, and ceafe any thing of that nature from the Eait countries, or from other countries, where
to take
the ballance of trade is not in our manifeft favour.
That every encouragement be given to our American fellow fubjects to fupply Great Britain with every fpe-
cies of timber we at prefent take from Norway in particular.
England is certainly now in a capacity to turn the whole channel of the Norway trade from that country to
North America, and to fupply itfelf with fir, timber, balks, fpars, poles, and deal boards from North Ame-
rica, infinitely more to the advantage of the commerce of England in general, than it is fupp'iied from Nor-
way, and every way as cheap to the Englifh purchafer.
Moft certain it is, that the trade in deals and timber, as at prefent carried on with Norway* and has been
for too many years, is much to the lofs of Great Britain in the ballance of trade, becaufe almoft ail that trade
is paid for in hard money, and very few Britifh goods are taken in part of it and which is ftill worfe, t <e
;
!

money exported for that purpofe is crowns and halfcrownc, as

generally not foreign filver, but Englifh coin ,

is well known, have circulated far more plentifully in Norway than in England for many years paft ; the quan-

tity is fo great, that there is reafon to believe more money in fpecie is carried out of Great Britain by the
trade to Norway, than by the trade to the Eaft Indies, however popular the complaint has been of the one more
than the other, efpecially of late years, fince the lpirit of houfe-building has been fo prevalent in this kingdom.
Great part of the Norway trade is carried on in Norway mips, navigated by Danes, whereas this trade
would be carried on in Britifh or North American fhipping, which is all one, and thefe fhips wholly navi-
gated by Britifh feamen ; an advantage very confiderable, the freight all centering amongft ourfelves, wade
we fhall preferve a due commercial union with our colonies.
It might be further proved, if we could fuppofe that any one could doubt it, that with refpect to hemp,
pitch and tar, flax, and all thofe things which fall under the name of naval ftores, which have been fo lon-
fetched as far as from Riga, Narva, Peterfburgh and Archangel, all might be plentifully raifed in and they
brought from thofe Englifh colonies in America, highly to the reciprocal advantage of Great Britain as well
as her colonies; and fo plentifully and cheaply may they be raifed there, as to vie with the Eaft countries
themfelves, whereby we might re-export quantities to other nations, befides fuppiying ourfelves cheaper there-
with than we ever have done.
Nay it is equally certain, or this nation has many years been moft fliamefully duped and impofed upon,
that we might long ago have raifed raw silk, in North America ; but it is not to be questioned at prefent
we may, as our territories have extended fo much to the fouthward of that continent. And if the prohibition
of foreign wrought filks fhall happily take. place, and we fhall likewife be able amply to furnifh ourfelves from
our colonies with raw filk, and manufacture the whole up-in Great Britain, the difference may be above two
millions per annum advantage to the Britifh empire. We cannot import fo little in value of foreign wrought
filk, either legally or illegally of every kind, as to the value of a million fterling annually, as obferved,
and the difference between purchafing foreign wrought filks and fuppiying ourfelves therewith, will make a
difference to the nation of double the fum. To which muft be added the expeiSted benefit of furnifhing
ourfelves from America with raw filk, inftead of buying it from Turky, Italy, and Perfia, by way of Ruffu,
which will ftill considerably more augment our national emolument.
That we may be alfo furnifhed with plenty of wines of divers kinds from America is not to be doubted ;
I mean from the continent. But if that fhould never prove the cafe, 'tis certain that we may be furnifhed
amply from our fugar colonies, if proper meafures were taken for that purpofe, the bafis of all wines being
a faccharine fubftance, as the learned Doctor Shaw has proved.
In a word, there is no impartial man, who is well informed in the prefent ftate of Britifh America, but will
allow We import a great variety of very coftly particulars from Europe and other parts, that we might eafily
have for luxury no lefs than utility and convenience from our colonies, cither from the continent or from our
iflands, to the mutual benefit of both Britain and her colonies.
One principal reafon that may have been affigned for the neglect of this hitherto, is, that if we encou-
raged our plantations too much upon the old fyftem, we might and fhould have loft as much in the diminu-
tion of our exports to feveral European countries, as we gained by fuppiying ourfelves with variety of im-
ports from our colonies whatever weight fuch reafon might have, we fay, upon the old fyftem of conduct
:

between us and the colonies, and when we were lefs incumbered with public debts and taxes, and when our
commodities and manufactures in general were confiderably cheaper, and our European trade was far lefs in-
jured by competitors however fubftantial fuch arguments might be heretofore, when our colonies were not
:

fo greatly extended, and not fo capable of furnifhing our wonted imports, that reafon which held good for-

5 merly
the ill Stale of our Finances : viith a Plan for a more inter efling Union between Great Britain and America, &c. xxvii

merly, when we were differently circumftanccd, has loft all its force in our prefent fituation ; and the
full-
nefs of time feems to be come, which renders it now good policy to lave every particular ballance
of
we pay, to enable the nation to get rid of its tax incumbrances as eXpeditioufly as we can j and we are of
opinion that our colony trade rightly regulated, may be made th- great foundation of lb doing. Should this
be happily effected, our colonic:, may prove the falvation, inftead of the ruin and definition of Great Bri-
tain our vail continental and other colony acquilitions may then anfwer the definable end or" a lallino- mutual
:

profperity.
1 iowever heretofore the power and dignity of the Britifh empire hath been pretty happily fuftained, before
the two wars, when our debts and taxes were not much above one third part of what they now are ; how-
laft

ever this nation has, by the dint of a ftupendous fcene of paper credit and paper currency, hitherto held
up its commercial head, we cannot reafonably prefume to do fo long under the national burdens we at prefent
are obliged to bear \ unlefs every difadvantageous channel of trade is flopped up, and every beneficial one {hall
be opened $ and that of the colonies, 'tis humbly apprehended, may be made fubfervient to our national fup-
port, notwithllandingour load of tax-incumbrances is fwelled to an enormous magnitude ; to a maonitude, I
am perfuaded, far greater than has been duly confidered.
The neat income of taxes perpetuated, till the redemption or reduction of the public debt, into the exche-
quer, does not amount to fo little as five millions a year and the grofs produce for the receipts and
,

iffues of charges of management upon this occafion only does not come to lels than twenty per cent, upon
the neat revenue, which makes another million for the collection and diftribution of fo lare a dead national
burthen on the Hate. It is reckoned by the bell judges in the kingdom, that we do not owe lefs than one-

third part of the public debt to foreigners, and confequently that we are not tributaries to them for lefs than
one million anu an half per annum as Britifh annuitants, which is acontlant drain of treafure upon the
nation.
By the account now before me delivered into parliament the 13th day of March 1766, of the money given
for the ferviceof the year 1765, it amounts to the fum of 7,969,337/. 12s. 1 d. together with deficiencies
of grants for the current fervice of the laid year 1765 ; which being added to the faid six millions make
1 3>7 6 9o 17 ' l2S l d- raifed in time of peace, exrtufive of his majelly's civil list revenue for the fupport
-

of his houfehold and the honour and dignity of the crown ; which, if further added, will make the whole
14,569,337/. 12 s. id. befides fome other public expences we (hall pafi. over, befides that great one in the
raifing and iffuing the laid fum of 7,969,337 / 12 s. id. which is extravagantly large, as I could fhow.
If it be confidered, that we further expend yearly, according to re.i'bnable eftimation, not lefs than a mil-
lion and an half more by the poor's tax-, what is alio expended annually in all other parochial taxes toge-
ther, it can hardly amount to fo little as half a million yearly more, which will make a total of
16,569,33 /. 12 j. id. without reckoning any thing for the annual expences of turnpike roads, which is
alfo a charge on our commerce, as well on our foreign, as our domeflic ; which, that we may not be fup-
pofed to exaggerate, we will exclude from the total of our accumulated charges upon the national trade of
this kingdom, Which is the great fund of the public treafure.
Now, let it be confidered, difpaffionately confidered, what may be prefumed to be the amount of the arbi-
trary enhancements of the public expence levied upon the whole traffic of the kingdom by fo enormous a
revenue. >m the example before given, it mull certainly amount to fomething very confiderable, occa-
i :

fioned thereby and mud inevitably raife the price of all things confumable throughout the nation, by the way
;

of trade and commerce 5 and this mufl proportionably affect the foreign no lefs than the inland trade of the
whole BrtiHh empire. It may look too invidious to attempt any fort cf efiimateof this matter, fince the

bulk of the arbitrary enhancements upon the general trade, in confequence of fuch an immenfe taxation,
mufl be fo very extraordinary, feeing it may be faid, we will iuppofe, that the chief part circulates and cen-
ters in the nat on. But notwithstanding that, as our domeflic commerce alone will not enrich the flate, nor
add any greai matter to the maritime power of the kingdom without foreign trade ; if our general foreign
trade be fo highly loaded with tax-incumbrances, mofl certainly fuch an opprefTive load mufl neceffarily affect
every foreign branch, as hath been fhown, by raifing the prices of all Englifh commodities and manufactures
to a degree that renders them unpurchafeable in foreign countries, by reafon of their exceffivedearnefs, when
compared with thofe of rivals; and therefore can we reafonably hope and expect to preferve our foreign trade
while this fhall be the cafe ?
In a word the whole tax-incumbrances upon our trade (for there the whole terminates, that being now our
:

great fund of property) comprehending all our arbitrary enhancements upon enhancements, cannot amount
to near fo little as twenty millions per annum. And if one moiety only of that immenfe tax-burthen
was abfolutcly annihilated, what an extraordinary eafement would not this prove to the whole commerce and
navigation of England ? Would it not enable us to fell our wares and manufactures in general to foreigners
as cheap as any otlur nation? Who will take upon him to demonftrate the contrary ? Perfuaded 1 am,
that if only all our appropriated and perpetuated taxes were juflly and equitably abolifhed, that pay' in:e-
reft money for the public debts, and thereby fend a million and an half a year out of the nation as tributary
debtors; perfuaded is the writer, if this was effectually done, confident with the prefervation of the public
faith and credit, that we fhould be able to fell our goods as cheap at foreign markets as any nation in
Europe.
This being the fimple and unexaggerated date of our enormous expence, I would pray leave to afk,
whether under fuch circumdances it can- be eligible and politic for us to permit of an additional drain of
treafure of a million and an half that we pay to the Eafl countries, in our intercourfe of trade with them
to our difadvantage ? For if we are tributaries to our foreign national fund-creditors to the amount annually
of a million and an half; and we p3y a ballance pf trade likewife to Ruffia, Sweden, and Denmark, to
the amount of a million and an half more; will not this exhaud the nation of three million a year
of the public wealth ? Can we, under our prefent circumdances, afferd to differ fuch great outgoings ? I
fhould be glad to know what certain national recruits we have. Condantly to fupply fuch large exhaudions of
treafure.
The immenfe fortunes that have been acquired during the two lad wars, have bloated the nation with fund-
credit to an enormous degree, which hath centered amongft a few families 6nly, compared with the whole of
the people. becaufe cur large fund-treaiures have fo greatly fwelled ; and thofe paper-credi:-mongers make
And
fo fplendid a parade,by their wealth wrung out of the bowels of the kingdom, inftead of being brought into it,
by fair and honed traffic with foreign dates and empires, we are dazzled with the gaudy and tir.fel appearances.
Of what, I afk ? Of paper-property, paper-circulation, and paper-credit : ofthefe, indeed, we are
full ; we overflow. But what is all this fhow of riches but the fhadow of that folid wealth with which we have
hitherto parted for fairy treafures? Upon what a foundation this magnificent fyftem of paper-wealth dands,
we may from what hath been faid in thefe few fheets. With what defign do you afk ? The
eafily diicern,
writer will frankly and honedly tell you- With a defign that the maladies of the nation may be probed to
the root to the end that they may be radically cured, not fkinned over only, as they have too long been, to
:

feder, gangrene, and break out in a date of incurability.

Vol. I. g We
 cviii The
XXV ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more inter cfing Union between Great Britain and America, be,

We
have feen the potentiality of our colonies to become capable of fupplying this nation with many of thofe
valuable and expenfive imports we at prcfent take from other nation:, at a difadyantage: it is to be hoped,
that the conduct- of the colonies themfelves will enable the mother-Hate to rend< them actually fo. i

It is apparently the prefent difpofition of the legiflature, and, indeed, that of the whole kingdom in ge-

neral, to adopt every meafure that will promote the intereft of the colonies: but this fpirit of indulgence, if
no equivalent returns fhall be made on the tide of the colonifts, will loon difable Great Britain from a conti-
nuance of thofe indulgences. She will be compelled, from the principle or felf-prefervation, to contract, in-
ftead of inlarge and extend them ; or what is fhe about ? Is (he not puriuing direct ways and means to ren-
der herfelf an impotent and beggarly nation, to raife her colonies to that Hate of aggrandizement which has
been reprelented, the iooner ? Will not fuch conduct in this nation tend to make the colonies great and for-
midable at her expence and ruin ; provided the colonies fhall not, without a moment's delay, manifelt their
intention to return reciprocal advantages to the mother ftate ? The defirable commercial union cannot be dulv
cemented between them, unlefs it is fixed upon the bafis of mutual intereft and advantage : without this, ic

is impoflible fhould be of any duration.

it

It remains then only to be confidered, how and in what manner the colonies fliall as effectually evince their
regard to the mother kingdom as that has already done towards them ? Every man will anticipate the anfwer,
becaufe quite natural and unreftrained. The colonies defire this kingdom to give thejr trade every fort of
encouragement, and take off every reltraint thereon, that the colonifts apprehend disadvantageous to their
riling power and fplendor. The mother ftate rejoices in this promotion, provjded they are allured that rife
in the colonies fhai! not injure or ruin her, as we have fcen is not at all improbable. But with what reafon can
the colonics expect to be fuffered to rife to the pitch of grandeur they are capable of, unlefs the mother-ftate
fhall rife at the fame time ? If the rife and magnificence of the Britifh Colonies fhall have any t ndency to
the impoverishment and deftruction of Great Britain, is it not the intereft of Great Britain to keep them in a
ftate of poverty, inftead of elevating them to that independent wealth and power ? The colonifts have experi-
enced the tendernefs and affection of an indulgent parent. How fhail they manifefc their recurns of duty and
fenfibiiity ? If they do not, muft they not look for an increafe of obfta'cles to their advancement, rather
than further indigencies to it? This is common policy, dictated by the fovereign principle of God and
nature.
We
muft prefume, that none are more fenfible of this than the colonifts rhcmfelves ; and that we cannot
require them to grant more grateful returns than they are chearfully dilpofed to do. What returns can the
mother-kingdom require of them, for all paft advantages received, and to encourage them to grant them more
and more ? The anfwer, 1 have faid, is natural and obvious, If the colonies expect a continuance of this
h'ppy difpofition in us to extend our good will and munificence, there is certainly reciprocal obligations due
on their part. If this kingdom fliall be difpofed to grant them every encouragement by largeffes and pre-
miums, to promote their inrerefts in agriculture and planting in general, and in the production of every
.THING THAT WE NOW TAKE FROM OTHER NATIONS, AND IMPORT THE SAME FROM THEM, is it not their
intereft to take return of us to compenfate for our outgoings on their account.
whatever they can in

They cannot expect that we fhould hazard

the encouraging of them firit in thefe productions we at pre-
fent take from other nations, and take the fame, in confequence of fuch encouragement from them, unlefs
they fhall think of taking an equivalent from. us. This would be unequal ; it would be impolitic ; it would
be reducing ourfclves to an abject ftate of poverty to make them our mafters, ourfelves their dependent
flaves , it would abfolutely undo our whole landed and trading intereft, and deftroy-all hope of future pro-
fperity. This the colonifts know as well as we do ; and cannot be ignorant of what would in fuch cafe be
in their power, and how much it would be out of ours to right ourfelves, fhould we be fo infatuated as to con-
fult their intereft independent of our own. There feems no intention in this kingdom but to do all they can
for the benefit of the colonies. This appears now too glaring to be denied ; the colonifts will acknowledge it
not only by words, but every other teftimonial of gratitude in their power, it is not to be doubted. Our re-
gard has been demonftrated by actions that fome think were unbecoming the wifdom of the Britifh nation.
The writer hereof is of different fentiments. He judges the repeal of the ftamp act a right meafure and the ,

other fteps taken for the benefit of the colonies hitherto not altogether wrong but why does he think fo ? Be- :

caufe he doubts not of becoming returns from the colonies to their mother-country. This is his chief reafon
for adopting this opinion and he hopes he fhall not be therein miftaken by experience.
,

Was he not morally certain of that, he fhould think it the moft impolitic ftep the Bri'ifh legiflature could
have taken. From his opinion of the happieft difpofition in our colonifts to approve themfelves worthy of
all regard that this kingdom has fhown towards them, or fhall be hereafter induced to fnow them ; he will

take the liberty to declare what he thinks to be incumbent on their part to do, without delay, in order to
cement that everlafting commercial union that he hopes may fubfift between Great Britain and her Ameri-
can territories.
Before he declares himfelf, he defires, that the reader will pleafe to recollect what has been already urcred.
That the dearnefs of Englifh commodities and manufactures in general, and therefore the caufe of our bein<r
underfold by our competitors at foreign markets, no lefs than that of fmuggling in Great Britain, are owino-
to the weight and oppreffion of our taxes in general. Wherefore the writer has recommended theleffenino-
of our taxes as foon as poflible, in order to lower the prices of our manufactures ; to the end, that our Ame-
rican colonifts, as well as any foreign European ftate, may purchafe them at as cheap a rate as thev can do
thofe of France, or any other rival nation ; this being an inducement to the colonies as well as the'mother-
country to lay afide fmuggling.
Till our taxes can be fufficiently reduced by certain means the writer conceives to be in our power, fo en-
able us to fell our manufactures upon an equality with our rivals, 'tis to be hoped that our colonifts will not
be averfe to co-operate with their mother-country in the reduction of our taxes, as we have lo readily re-
duced theirs, and obliged ourfelves to make good the deficiency of the fuppol'ed produce of the late ftamp-
act feeing the mother-country has done this for the colonies, we cannot prefume but the colonies will as rea-
:

dily unite with the mother country to eafe her taxes in general. And, indeed, will not the colonies themfelves
reap no lefs benefit by fuch conduct than this kingdom will ? Will they not purchafe our manufactures the
cheaper, if the general taxes of Great Britain fhall be confiderably reduced? And can they, or will they
refufe to lend their helping hand to forward a work fo beneficial to themfelves uo lefs than to Great
Britain ?

However impracticable the natural reduction of taxes may appear to fome ; yet the writer is of a con-
trary opinion ; and that one great foundation for its accomplifhment may be laid, by promoting the commer-
cial union he propofes by thefe papers, between this kingdom and her American plantations. By what means
fuch an advantageous union may by the plaineft and fimpleft means
be effected, is it not requiring any -,

mighty complicated and mvftenous fcheme They are lo obvious, that every man
to bring the
lame to pafs.
will, 'tis apprehended, readily difcern their reafonablenefs, and acquiefce therein upon the firft hearing.
9 The
 The ill Stale of cur Finances : with a Plan for a more inter eft ing Union between Great Britain and
America fcfr. xxi*

The fhort plan, therefore, that I would propofe only as follows

viz. That Great Britain gives
is :
effectual
encouragement to the- colonics to produce whatever we
import from the Eaft countries and as faft
at prelent
;

as the colonics lhall be able to afford the lame, that Great Britain (hall import them from thefe
American
colonies.
Britain gives effectual encouragement to her colonic* to produce every other
That Great fpecies of mate-
manufactures, that we do not, at prelent, import from the Eaft countries
rials (or rawsii.k in particular :

together with every OTHEa MATERIAL that we import from any other parts of Europe, or elfe where.
hat this kin.' lorn gives effectual encouragement to her colonies for the making of cochineal, and
I

['eraif-
ing every fpecies ing productions ulc in our manufactures, that we now import from any
1
other parts"
of the world alio cotton and flax in plenty, and whatever elfe we take from other countries
:
that is contained
in our whole catalogue or IMPORTS, where it cannot be demonftrated that this nation is a gainer by
fuch
importations.
That we give effectual encouragement for the productions in our colonies, as well in the ifland as the con-
tinental ones, of Whatever in general we take for ufe, or convenience, or even luxury, from other dates"
that
will come to us in a little time cheaper than we import them from fuch other Hates, either for Britifh
con-
fumption or for reexportation to other foreign countries.
What our own extenfive colonies in general may not be able to afford as objects of traffic, is hard to deter-
mine :
provided, we fay, that the encouragement we give them (bail be effectual for the purpofes of fair and
repeated and experiments made there for that
trials delign. And, therefore, it is hard to fay, what commo-
dities we need of within ourfelves, or for trade with other nations, that cannot be obtained
fhall (land in
from
Come or other of the prelent Britifh colonies.
Should we carry this matter to the full extent it will admit of, we may certainly obtain a great variety of
materials for manufactures more than we at prelent have ; and fuch, perhaps, with which we are quite unac-
quahved at prelent. And if thefe are obtained in that great plenty that the extent of our whole American do-
minions will now allow of, why may we not obtain fuch materials at a r.te as cheap as they can be from any
Other parts of the globe ? They certainly may. When this great point (lull be gained, the next we oucrht
to aim at is to manufacture them as cheap as any nation under the fun can dp. But how can this be effected
but by the fpeedy annihilation of taxes to their proper degree? By what obvious means one good founda-
tion for this can be obtained, we (hall next animadvert on.
The fuppofed full and adequate encouragements being given to our colonies to raife every thin- for traf-
fic, that the great variety of climates abound with in America ; we mean fuch materials for Britifh nnanufac-
tures as can be railed there by agriculture, hufbandry, or planting in every refpect, that fhall be experienced
to be practicable ; and every thing elle that we lhall find our intercft to conlume amonglt ourfelves, or re-
export to any where This is our general idea, without further expatiation on the matter.
elfe.

Hereby we perhaps, Great Britain for every fpecies of imports that we want for domeftic ufe
fhall render,
convenience or luxury, or re-exportation, in a great meafure independent, as it were, for imports of any fort
with every other part of the world : We
lay, as we would be fo underltood, that if we fhould jud^e it poli-

tic to encourage our colonies to the full height they w 11 admit of, we might have little occafion for any
fort we might become fellers to all the world of much more than we yet ever
of foreign imports wbatfoevcr :

did, and buyers of mnch lefs. his will lb much me nation as to enable her to reduce her taxes, and there-
'1

by PERPETUATE THE PROPOSED NATIONAL SYSTEM of COLON V UNION.

But whatever we d:d import from any foreign country, ought we not to oblige fuch foreign country to take
an equivalent of our native products and manufactures in return ? Or why notceafe to have any commercial
intercourfe with them ? Is it not more eligible to ceafe to trade with any country, than to carry on a lofino-
trade with them ? We mean, a Ioling tra.le when the fame lhall be confidered in all its circumffances, rela-

tions, and connections, with any other branches of trade ; for one branch may be a lofi.ig one, and yet that
may prove inftrumental to render lome other branch or branches more beneficial than they otherwife could be,
and therefore amply compenfatr, or more than i\o lb, for any lofs we might occafionally fuftain. So that if
we lofe by one branch of trade, yet that very branch giving being to, or tending to render Come other advan-
tageous, we (hould not trade to our national injury upon the whole. For we can never expect to get rid of the
bulk of our taxes, and prefcrve the public faith, but by rendering our particular balances of trace as advan-
tageous as we can, in order to make the general more io.
Our colonies then being actually brought to furnifh us as before reprefentcd, in as amp'e a manner as fhail
be judged politic on our fide, we come now to the fhort queftion ; What conduct ought to prevail amongft
all our colonics ? To which we anlwer, that as we advance in their encouragement to furnifh us, is it not
their intercft to enable us to pay them for what they fhall lb be enabled to furnifh us ? Without this, 'tis
impoffible we (hould either be able to encourage them, and continue our imports from them.
But if our colonics determine one and all, and that alio in the molt effectual manner, that they will take,
and actually (bail take, ail their manufactures from Great Britain, whom they fhall furnifh with all materials
for that purpofe, inftead oi tuning them (rom the Eaft countries, or elfewhere, &c. &c. this conduct on the part
of the colonies will put Great Britain in a condition to pay them for every fpecies of materials wherewith they
(hall fupply them and every lort of production, which they at prelent import from any other (late, which
,

does not take an equivalent value of Britifh commodities and manufactures.

That the colonies duly indicate their intention to do this, is it at all unreafonable, that they (hou;d as
much as pofiible, defift from, lay afide, and forbear, every fort of attempt to fupply themfelves with fuch ma-
nufactures, as they ought in jultice to take from their mother-kingdom ? We are of opinion, that it is in-
cumbent upon the colonies to manifeft immediately the fincerity of their intention to lay afide manufacturing,
and that inftantly, all thofe manufactures lately fet up upon the continent, and all other, except fuch as fhall
be reafonable to except. But his cannot be effectually evinced by the vague declarations that they have hi-
i

therto only niade to this kingdom. During the dependence of the reconsideration of the late act before the
legiflature, they forbid their correfpondents in this nation to fend Britifh-manuiactures to America. This was
done to (how their general difgu.it and cliffatisfaction the (tamp act had given them no (boner was the fame :

repealed, than thefe orders were gratefully and politicly countermanded, and the courfe of trade hath partly
reverted to its wonted channel.
Notwithftanding this, in confequence of our humble opinion to inlarge and cement the commercial union to
the degree we have propofed, and to induce the mother-country to acquiefce in the meafures fuggefted for
that purpofe, fomething more (hould feem requifite to be done and performed on the part of the colonies ;
apprehending what they have hitherto done only to be a fignificant prelude to what ought to fucceed which, -,

we conceive, fhould be fomething bordering upon the following conduct, and that is humbly lubmitted.
That the refpective colonies in their legal afiembhes, or by their deputies, authorized to convene for that
purpofe, come to fomething like thefe refolutions, viz.
That
xxx The ill Slate of our Finances : with a Plan for a more inter efiing Union between Great Britain and America, csV.

That in confequence of his Majefty and the Parliament of Great Britain having, in their great wifdom,
been pleafed to regard the remonftrances of the Britifh Americans againft the late (lamp-act, and have at their
humble requefl and follicitation repealed the fame, the feveral and refpective colonies have come to the fol-
lowing refolutions :

1. Jt is refolvecl, by and with the confent of the faid feveral and refpedlive Britifh colonies in all his Ma-

jefty's dominions in America That they have unanimously refolved, in confequence of the repeal of the (lamp-
:

act in Great Britain, to make and enact ilich law and laws in the feveral aflemblies, as (hall encourage the im-
portation of Britifh manufactures into the faid colonies.
2. It is refolved, That all manufactures which interfere with the manufactures of Great Britain, and which
have been at any time fet up and eflablifhed in the faid colonies, mall be abfolutely abolifhed, from and af-
ter the day of That proper laws be made by the feveral afferhblics belonging to the
refpective colonies and that all and every of his Majefty's fubjects refiding in the faid colonies, (hall be pro-
,

hibited from manufacturing, from and after the faid day of ,y houfehold furni-
i

ture, or wearing apparel of any kind or kinds, except fuch as /hall be excepted, &c. &c. &a
3. It is refolved, That no kind or kinds of manufactures (hall be fuffered to be made in the faid colonies,
excepting fuch only as have relation to agriculture, hufbandry, or to planting, and the raifing of all fuch ma-
terials for manufactures, and all fuch other productions as Great Britain fhall encourage to be produced within
thofe colonies ; and excepting alfo the making of all fuch ucenfils as may be neceffary to the building of dwell-
ing houfes, the creeling of plantations, &c. &c. &c.
4. It is refolved, That all dilcouragement fhall be given to the illegal importation by fmuggling of every
kind of French or qther foreign manufactures into the Britifh colonies, purfuant to the laws that are, or fhall
be enacted for that falutary purpofe in thefe colonies and in Great Britain.
5. It is refolved, That proper meafures be taken by the Britifh colonies to reprefent to the parliament of
England that it is their defire to enlarge and extend the commercial union between Great Britain
:

and her American colonies, by their giving fuch encouragt-ment to agriculture and hufbandry, and to
planting, and the raifing of all fuch other productions, &c. &c. as to their wifdom fhall feem meet-, as well
with refpect to the commerce and navigation between her and her northern colonies, as between Great Bri-
tain and her whole American colonies in general.
Something like the preceding refolutions being folemnly agreed upon, and formally and duly reprefented to
the parliament of Great Britain, may probably be attended with all the happy confequences briefly fet forth in
thefe papers. Certain it is, that fuch meafures being taken by the colonies, would manifefl the difpofition of
the colonies towards their mother- country and the latter would, doubtlefs, make becoming returns towards
,

fuch a reprefentation. In a word, by fuch fteps as are hereby generally fignified being taken on both fides,
will naturally bring about thofe defirable events aimed at by this difcourfe. Let it be fuppofed, for a
moment, that our plantations actually prohibited all manufacturing of houfehold furniture and apparel only ;
and this kingdom, in confequence thereof, was only to give effectual encouragement for the productions in
America, and the importation from thence of all thofe ieveral imports that we atprefent take from the Eaft.
countries ; this firfl ftep would confiderably enlarge our commercial connections with each other. If we look
to the additional amount of a million and an half a year from our colonies, this would enable the colonies
in their turn to take to the like additional value of our manufactures.
Was this the cafe, would not this create an additional circulation of trade and navigation between this na-
tion and Britifh America to the amount of three millions a year ? Is not this an object deferving the at-

tention of parliament ? What confiderations relative to the Eaft countries can induce us to'forego fuch a na-
tional emolument ? There are no alliances or treaties that we can make with thofe powers, either in time of
peace or war, that can be an equivalent advantage to Great Britain, for the lofs of fuch a commercial union as
thefe meafures would inevitably produce between this kingdom and her American plantations. For this increafe
of union will be conducive to a further, not only with North America, but between our continental and our
ifland colonies and as the more opulent both grow, the more manufactures will they both be able to take from
,

Great Britain, and inrich her likewife, as the commerce will increafe her breed of feamen, and augment her
maritime power to a degree far beyond any fervice we can expect to receive from the Eaft countries beneficial
to thefe kingdoms. Moreover, every addition made to this branch of trade will be our own trade, under
our own controul and direction, and will prove the increafe of our own belt ftrength, the increafe of employ-
ment amongft the induftrious poor, and the increafe of our own national treafure. Wherein can the Eafr coun-
tries, I folemnly afk, benefit Great Britain to fuch like degree ? They may tend, as they have hitherto done, to
exhauft us by fubfidiary alliances, as well as by their commerce, if we continue in the lethargic ftate we are in.
Should it be faid, that if we decline in our commercial connections with Ruffia, Sweden, and Denmark, our
commercial rivals may think it the more politic in them to increafe in theirs, and adhere alfo to that fubfidiary
fyftem we may find it our intereftto relinquifh. Let our rivals do this ; let them trade with the Eaft countries to
the difadvantagewe have too long done let them increafe their fubfidiary exhauftions of treafure, and let them
:

purfue this trade for naval (tores, &c. &c. to their detriment, while we augment ours with our colonies, to our
high advantage what will the confequence be ? While they fhall behold us rifing in opulence, maritime
,

ftrength, and fplendor, by an extended commercial union between us and our colonies while they fhall behold
:

this fcene of profperity on our fide, will they not experience themfelves to grow poorer and poorer, and more
and more impotent, while this kingdom grows more and more wealthy, potent, and formidable ? What need
we then to dread their clofeft connections with the Eaft countries, when our maritime ftrength will be a match
for their united naval force ? Provided, likewife, fome other meafures fhall be adopted by the court of Eng-
land, that v/e may fuggeft, it is the humble opinion of the writer, that Great Britain will have lictle reafon to
apprehend any kind of injury from the prefumed connections that may probably take place between our com-
petitors and the Eaft countries.
Another objection that might be made againft gradually declining in our difadvantageous trade with the
Eaft countries, as we fhall augment in that of our colonies, is, that the revenue of cuftoms will fu fie r by the lofs of
our imports from the Eaft countries. Every one converfant with our fubject will inftantly obviate this objection,
by obferving, that the fame duties will be laid upon the like commodities as gradually imported from our planta-
tions, as at prefent come from the Eaft countries and the new duties may be appropriated as the old atprefent
-,

are. The revenue, therefore, can fuftain no diminution from fuch a change of conduct ; and as to the temporary
expence to which the nation may be at firfl put for encouraging premiums, bounties, &c. &c. to the colo-
nies ; That when put into the fcale againft the national benefits, will be of no weight in the ballance, even
with relation to the Eaft country trade alone. But if the plan be farther extended, even to the production of
raw filk, cochineal, and every other article of dyeing ingredients we have imported from other parts, the bal-
lance of national advantages will not be inconfiderably augmented in our favour, without the enumerating a
great variety of other imports we take fro n countries we are lefs beholden to than is generally imagined that ,

this nation ought to lludy how to have them from her American plantations, our circumftances requiring this
.
3 policy
 3 '
t ill State of cur linm.ces : with a Plan for a more inter (fling Union between Great Britain and America, t$. xxxi

policy ro he carried ro the utmoft pitch it is capable of-, for if we make the certain benefit and advantage of
the kingdom our guide herein, we can never carry the principles upon which we reafon to too great lengths.
1 he more the colonies lhall be enabled to take of our manufactures, the more they will take ; and the
more
we fhall be able to import from them, the more able will they be to increafe their imports from us ; and by
this increafe of commercial intercourse, our navigation will be proportionably inlarged, by our own unpreca-
rious traffic, independent or the caprice ot all foreign Hates whatever.
Be it fuppoled, we add no more than the article of raw lilk to that of the Eaft country trade, it will be
well worth our while to exert our efforts to accomplifli it. i ,et the value of the import of raw filk be efti-
mated, in conjunction with that of foreign wrought European lilks, legally and illegally imported, at no more
together than one million per Annum \ and that by means of our colonies, and the prohibition of European
wrought lilks, our weaveis (hall be enabled to fupply us therewith, the difference to the kingdom between (pend-
ing a million a year out of the nation, and laving the fame linn within it, will make two millions a year. If half
a million only of raw lilk be imported from the colonics, inltead of Turky, Perfian, and Italian, and the colonies
Aril thereof take half a million of our manufactures, th'n creates a circulation of a million between
in lieu
the kingdom and h<T colonies, and improves her navigation. And if by the prohibition of European wrought
lilks we preferve at leaft in the kingdom the other half million we pay for thofe manufactured (ilks, thiswill lave a
million more to our internal circulation fo that together will) the three millions before of circulation on ac-
,

count of the all country trade between this nation and her plantations, will occafion a laving of five millions
i

a year to thiskingdom. Sure this is an object deferring of our attention.

Let be imagined, that by carrying our commercial connections to the degree intimated between Great
it

Britain and her American colonies, and declining fomething in thofe between us and thofe of Italy, will not the
faving of the ballance we at prefent pay for Picdmontefe raw lilk, compenlate for any lofs we may be pre-
fumed to fuffcr by our exports to thefcveral other Italian ftates, when the value of wrought filk imported from
Italy hath been duly confidered. The Italians cannot do without our lead, our tin, and our fifh ; and if they
take the woollen goods they have hitherto done from us wholly from France, would this equalize the ad-
vantages, which we may derive from fupplying ourfelves from our colonies with raw filk, and Supplying our-
felves likewife and our colonifls w;th wrought Inks ?
The Turky t:ac!e is at prefent in our disfavour, and has been fo for fome time ; why fhould we be anxious for
the preservation of a trade we are lofing by, unlcfs at length to become gainers by it? Is it not better policy

to turn every difadvantageous branch of our foreign trade into a beneficial one, by means of increafinor our
trading connection between us and our colonifts upon the footing fuggefted, than to continue in the lethargic
itate of difadvantage for want of roufing ourfelves to commerce into lucrative currents ?
turn the channels of
If indeed by the change of channels our maritime power fhould fuffer by it, it might have fome weight in a nation
whole ftudy ought to be to preferve their mercantile navigation, for the fake of maintaining a powerful royal
navy. On the contrary, by cultivating a more extenfive navigation with our colonies, we fhall certainly con-
fiderably more increafe our naval prowcls than we fhall diminifh it by any imaginary ljfTcs in the decline of our
trade with other European ftates. And it fhould not be forgot, candid reader, as before noticed, that our co-
lony trade is our. own trade, under our own conduct and controul-, and while regulated upon the
general principles herein propofed, may be rendered conducive to the increafe of our trade to all other parts
of the world hereafter, as well as the immediate inrichment of the nation. For why may not we become sel-
lers of all North American, as well as our ifland productions, to other nations? Under proper regula-
tions, and by ftrengthening the act of navigation in conlcquence of what has been faid in the general, we may
aggrandize the colonies no lei's than ourlclves ; and they will then never be induced to attempt an indepen-
dency, when they experience thcmfelves happy and prolperous in the reverfe ftate and condition. Nothing
will urge them to that but finding their intereit neglected, inftcad of encouraged, from principles reciprocally
beneficial to the mother-country, as well as to themfelves. To this both have a right; and without that
right being duly maintained and perpetrated, the fubierviency and dependency of the colonies long upon this
kingdom cannot be expected ; the grand tie and cement of union being deftroyed.
Willing to hope and believe, that fomething like what has been fuggefted may take place, the confequence
muft have a very pleafjng afpect with relation to both. Provided the North Americans fhall be encouraged to
direct their whole efforts to the productions of all things that fhall not interfere with thofe of the mother-Hate,
but may interfere with thofe of other European ftates or any other country whatfoever provided they fhall chear-
:

fully acquiefce in the laying afide all forts of Britifh manufacturing, and will determine to take the molt vigo-
rous meafures to promote the importation ot Britifh manufactures, and to difcourage, by the moft fevere and la-
lutary laws and regulations amongft themfelves, the fmuggling of any kind of foreign wares or manufactures
into the Britifh colonies in general, the iflands as well as the continental plantations if thefe meafures fhall be
:

adopted, and refolutely adhered to, their temptation to the pu re hafe of foreign commodities and manufactures
will ceafe, becaufe thofe of England may become as cheap as thofe of France. For as fuch like conduct will
enrich the mother-country, as well as the colonies, will not this lay a sure foundation for the annihilation
of Britifh taxes and will not that prove the effectual means, if carried to its proper extent, to lower the price
,

of all Englilh wares to a level with thofe of any European Itate or empire ? Where then will be the tempta-
tion to Britifh colonifts to prefer foreign commodities and manufactures to Britifh ?
Till a more defirable commercial union than hitherto has taken place, between Great Britain and her colo-
nies fhall do fo, to their mutual benefit and advantage, is it not the duty of our rulers to take every meafure
that fhall tend to the reduction of taxes, in order to cheapen all Englilh manufactures, that the colonifts may
be the more readily inclined to take them, and rclinquifh the fmuggling of thofe of our rivals ? It is moft cer-
tainly incumbent on them to forward and promote to the utmoft of their power, whatever has a tendency to
fo happy an end. How, otherwife, can we imagine that the colonies will continue to preler Englifh manu-
factures to thole of our competitors, if the abolition, of tax-im.umbrances to fome purpofe is not zealoufly
purfued ?

Jhftead of any thing of this kind appearing to have been thought of-by men in power for above thefe forty
years paft, we have feen, that the whole revenue is fo constituted, in its prefent ftate and condition, as to give
either to ourfelves or our colonifts very little hopes loon of fo happy an event ; however practicable iuch a notable
fyftem might be, and however foon fuch might take place, were there public virtue and public fpirit enough in
the nation to encourage it. But private perfons have too long experienced difficulties anddifcouragements enough
in confulting the public inttreft. Prudence, therefore, directs every fuch perfon to attend to his own avocations,
and leave public concerns to thofe who enjoy their thousands and their ten thousands a year only to dif-
tract the kingdom, and increafe the public debts and taxes, inftead of ftudying ho-v to prevent the one or
to leffen the other. Unhappy Britain What muft be thy fate, if thofe who have been fo amply rewarded
!

to raifethy proiperity, fhall only ftill think of their dear (elves, and neglect thy welfare, fplendor, and glory I
Is this the grateful return made to the beft of fovereigns for his gracious endeavours to make his fubjects
happy ? Is it not one of the greateft misfortunes of this kingdom that there are fuch numerous lucrative
Vol. I. h places
 jfxxii Ihc ill Slate of our Finances : with a VIan for a more inter efling Union bclvjccn Great Britain and Ar/it; itt

places for the great folks to druggie for, by and intrigue*, inflead of duly regarding the
their party cabals
true- national intcrefts ? It is whether his Majelty and his kingdoms would not be better
to be queitioned,.
fcrved, were there fewer, much fewer places of profit and honour to beftow ? And on whom are the bulk of
the public ports of trull, honour, and profit bellowed ? Are they bellowed on thofe only who have performed
any thing really meritorious? No: they are generally given to thofe who have done no public icrvice to :

thofe fomctimes, who have done great mifchief to thofe who have lent their aid to make the worll of laws,
-,

and have thereby contributed to alienate the affections of the fubjeis from the bed of p-inces.
But what encouragement can any man in the kingdom expect from any fuch idle lchemes and projects as
the difcharge of public debts and the abolition of taxes ; whiie lbme of our rulers themlelves think, and fagely
declare too, that the increafe of public debts and taxes is a national emolument and blelTmg, iniicad of the
revere? When fuch detlrucdive principles are embraced, by thole whole duty it is to difcountenance them,
is it any wonder that men in power fhould be fo lukewarm as they appear to be, about their reduction ?
This, however, may be one of their political pretences becaufe there is iomething more difficult in the di-
;

minution and abolition of national d- bts and taxes, than in augmenting them.
It is extraordinary that a people fo jealous of their liberties and their conllitution of government as we affect to

be, fhould not [ct themlelves one and all againd the continuance of national debts and taxes, from the im-
minent danger thev apparently are to both tor as the judki us Mr. Hume obferves, " The time may come
,

" when the vile and infamous fcheme of (hutting up the exchequer may again happen, and all the funds may
" be feized, by the advice of wicked ministers.'' As the funds of this kingdom are fo enormous at prelenr,
and we have experienced fuch unparalleled profusion of the public money, bad miniflers, if they can-
not obt.iin parliament to give a fanction to their pernicious fchemes, may advife the abfolute cefTation of
parliaments, and what then will become of our liberties and conllitution ? Though we are in no danger of
fuch like practices under tne government, at prefent, of the bed of fovereigns, yet our piefent mod gracious
fovereign cannot anfwer for his fuccelTors, nor the miniflers they fhall employ. If our public debts and taxes
were equitably abolifhed, we fhould have no occafion for perpetuated taxes of any kind; and bad princes
and worie miniflers could never have luch immenfe revenues at their command ; and therefore could neither
have it in their p iwer to dedroy the being of parliaments or the public credit for no revenue being then
,

raifed but what fhould be annually fo done, the parliament mult annually meet to raife the whole, or
the prince would have none whereon ever to rely independant of pari aments.
Tofecure, therefore, to pollerity the existence of parliaments, as well as the life of public credit,
would it not be a fovereign prefervative to both to difcharge the public debts and reduce tiie perpetu-
ated taxis, and fuffer no taxes in future to take place, but l'u.h only as fhail be annually voted by par-
liament for the annual current service, and that anvual deficiencies Pr.ad be made good the fuc-
ceeding year, and all annual surplusses of particular taxes applied to make good their part, if noc the
whole of fuch annual deficiencies?
Was this practice once happily introduced, and our fund-fydem fo changed as never to contract frefh debts
to endanger our liberties or conftitution, what halcyon days, what profperous days might not the whole Biitifli
empire enjoy ? We might poflefs, upon the principles fuggeded. infinirely more commerce and navigation
between Great Britain and her American colonies in general than we ever did, and by the cheapnefs of our
Britifh manufactures and our plantation productions, draw the whole world to trade with us, and be the ge-
neral arbiters of their deferences, without acting the belligerent part in any.
But while our public debts and taxes fhall continue as they a>e, and be liable to an increafe by every frefh
war, we can never expect, a permanent (late of peace or profperky. While we fhall remain in fo precari-
ous a (late, our neighbouring potentates will never permit us to continue long in a peaceful condition j for
they will difcern their true road to victory is to put us under the fatal neceffity to go on to augment our public
debts and taxes, which will at length inevitably deflroy all our trade ; and when that is gone, what head (ball we
be able to make againft any foreign enemy ? What eternal broils, diffenfions, and rebellions at home fhall we
not be fubjett to? And will notour colonies then be liable to revolt, and fhake off their dependency, from
fo miferable and diffracted a mother-country ? May we not thank ourfelves for fhamefully neglecting the
means of fafety which we have in our power, by a wife and honed public fpirit being exerted ana encouraged
for our prefervation ?
The public debt is attended with every dreadful confequence that can accompany any national cala n . If
it was payable only out of the rents of lands, and of fuch as live on their means, it might be pretende.., tliac

fmce the induftrious farmer muft pay his rent, it is the fame thing to the nation, whether it is wholly poififed
by a lord, or one-half of it be enjoyed by a flockjobber. Even in that cafe there would be a wi le differ-
ence. But the rents of lands are not fo much in queftion ; and the farmer muft pay his fhare out of his own
particular profits, independent of what the lord fhall pay out of his eftate. A tax of five or ten per cent, on
any commodity, muft raife the price of it above eight or fixteen per cent, and as our artifts, manufacturers,
and tradefmen, work under the difadvantage of paying taxes for every thing they confume, either dirccfly or
virtually, it is impofTible that they fhould afford to fell their woikmanfhip and goods fo cheap as thofe who
pay confiderably lefs, as before fhewn.
To judge fairly of the bad effects of our taxes, let us fuppofe ourfelves releafed from them, or a confider-
able part of them, and a proportion thereof given in bounties to the artifts, manufacturers and exporters and ,

then let one imagine how many more hands would be fet to work at home ; how many foreigners would be
attracted hither; and whether we fhould not be able to underfell all the European world at foreign markets,
inftead of being underfold by any ftate in Europe.
If our pcoplt are grown more idle and lefs induftrious than they were heretofore, as fome will have it, may
not our public debts and taxes have occafioned it ? The civil magidrate, whole chief office ought to be to
reftrain vice, is forced to connive at it. The large revenue cannot befupported without encouraging idlenefs
and expence, by licenling numberlefs more public houfes than ever before exided in the nation mod of :

which are to be confidered as fo many academies, for the acquiring and propagating the whole dience of ini-
quity. From thefe academies it is that Newgate is peopled, and Tyburn fupphed but it is likewife from;

thele that a very conliderable part of our great revenue arifes ; which otherwiie, we may prefume, would be
fuppreffed, the better to fupport honed induftry rather than (loth and debauchery. Pulpits may thunder againft
vice, and juries may hang criminals to eternity, while every means of corrupting the morals of the bulk of
the people is thrown in their way to intice them from their duty, it is in vain to expect, reformation.
The public debt has opened the iniquitous traffic not only of flockjobbing, but that fpecies of gaming has
introdu rd the general fpirit of the fame dedrudtive practices amongll all degrees of people, even into I

own families, by routing it at home, and affembling it abroad. The attention of the merchant is too much
taken off from (olid trade ; he engages, through the prevalence of cuftom, in what he fancies is the more !

crative bulinefsof Exc hange- Alley, and leaves export and import to fuch as have more patience to folk;.
And what is too frequently the confequence? Does it not fill our Gazette with bankrupts, ai.d increaie dif-
trefs and poverty, inftead of promote the national commerce or private gain in the general ?
The
The illStale of our linance: : with a Plan for a more intereftng Union between Great Britain and America,
&c. xxxiii
The trade of the Alley confifts too much confpiring to pick the pockets of every body not in the temporary
in
fecret. Thole who me, can make (locks rifeand fall ar plcafure, and poi kct the differem e
gooo/. to
lay out. India ftcx I. is at 180. 15 transfers 100/. to C at 179. Next morning he tranfers am /. at
178/. The price is let, and A buys 5000/. at 178. In a week or two, A wants to fell. If the object is
confiderable, an article in the Hague
Gazette is made to confirm thar the emperor of Monomoupa defires
to
be comprehended in the alliance of Peteriburgh. C transfers his 2.0/. back ro B at 180 the market is fet- ,

tled again, and A lells out at 180. 1 hus their induftry brings two per cent, in a few week-. But who do
they get it from? From women, young brothers, and all fuch of the well meaning people of Eq dand as
will dabble in (locks, without being in the fecret, or without knowing how to carry on the lucrative
fcheme
if they are. It is from this fcandalous commerce that numbers of thefe mere fund jobbers have, in
a few
years, acquired millions amongll them at the expence of the unknowing ones.
One would imagine, that nothing but our necelfities could make us wink at a practice fo iniquitous and de-
trimental ; yet there are fome men ablurd enough to i.imy, that we are extremely beholden to thofe m mey-
mongcrs, for condefee nding 10 let up their trade amongic us, for the circulation of pub ic credit, as they af-
fect mamefully to icrm it.
The city of Brillol, or Birmingham, might with equal reafon think itfclf obliged to 2 fet of ("harpers, who
mould bring a fum of money along with them, and let a raro bank for all -.ens 10 point at. N -r would
it be more ridiculous in a country lquire to think to improve his carp, by throwing ionft
them. We can only increale our people as we do our game, by difcou raging poachers and destroying
vermin.
1 here is a public detriment attending the public debts not inferior to any mentioned, which has efcaoed
the notice of moll. Tht public debt has produced a different intereft in this nation, that we have greatly
fi , and if not remedied, can have no end. It is the Intereitof the Stockholders to involve the nation

in wars, becaufe they arc ners thereby, although they (hall in the long-run ruin the kingdom
.;
it is the in- :

< f landed men and th m the national merchant, who n the ftate only ought to encourage, and
not the ftockjobbing merchant, wh im the ftate ou^ht t >difcourage to the utmoft rat er than enga je the king-
dom in war upon his account or the chief bun hen nd cils thereof will fall on land and trade.
;

However contemptible fome may think the weight of the ftockjobbing cl.ifs, in comparifon to that of the
folid trading one, it hus been by their lup nor influence, that the nation was involved in the two Lift great
wais The greater the public debt, the greater the weight of the public creditors and the :ir cry !

for wars. And may we not expect that tins worthy let of fto.kjobbmg patriots will, on every the lead occa'-
fion, renew their efforts to plunge us ..gam into the like thraldom ? Deplorably precarious mull the fituation
be, where one clafs of people mull be undone, even by a nccellary war, and another, or perhaps equal influ-
ence, impoverifhed by the belt pejce.
If England was obliged 10 pay a tribute to France, or to any other foreign country, of a milmon and
an half a YEAR, would not every man declare, that we could not futlain fuch a drain of treasure long with-'
out being undone ? And yet that triburc ftands on a footing at prefent ftdl more deftructi etot! enation; becaufe
there is no effectual provilion yet made for getting free from that burthen paid to foreign creditors without giving
an extravagant purchafe for our redemption, which we arc incapable of doing, by the prefent (late of the
kingdom. Betides, foreign llockhol ers have a temptation to increafc the tribute due to them, by applying
their dividends daily to buy up more ftock, out of the hands of the natives-, who, as our foreign cr^
grow richer and richer, lo Britons in general grow poorer and poorer- thin which nothing can be a greater
confirmation than the numerous bankrupts we daily experience in the kirgdom, and the v at happen
amonglt our chief foreign creditors in companion thereto.
To thofe who are not refolved to (hu; their eyes againll indubitable truths, it muft be obvious, that if the
public debts and taxes were cleared off, the profits of the manufacturer, the tradefman, and the merchant,
would be their own. They would be exempted from large diiburfements Out of their gains. Ic would be
equal, in every refpect, to a bounty to that amount on all our productions of nature 0; p'f ; pro- ,.- .

portionable advantage to the day-labourer. v\ ith thofe advantages, why fliould wc no: be able ro under. ell

our competitors ? Our people would of courfe multiply, for which there is now all difcou ragement in (lead of
the reverfe our poor would find full employment, and live more comfortably, when wc enjoyed greater plen-
:

ty of every thing at cheaper rates new arts and manufactures would be introduced, in confequence of inven-
:

tion being on the wing, and the old ones brought to greater perfection our moil barren lands would be cul-
:

tivated, both in Britain and America, to reciprocal benefit, provided a due commerci t] u;;ion took place be-
tween them, and our general produce of both would be inefficient to iupply ourlelves and our foreign cuf-
tomers : fo large would be the demand.
In confequence hereof, the llockjobbers, when paid off, would find employment for their money in trade
and manufactures, and would find th it turn to a more certain and better account than preying on die vitals of
their country ; which, if fuccelsf ul, they do ; ^nd if otherwife, does not fuch jobber ruin himfclf and numerous
others who have connections with him, as is more or lefs daily experienced ?
Men of narrow conceptions may, probably, object, there was a time when we owed no debt and yet this ,

country was never richer, nor had it more trade than at prefent. Let luch men recoiled the (late of this
nation fixty or feventy years before king William's war, with refpect to the numbers of people, the trade,
ihipping, wealth, and manufactures ; and let them compare it with our fituation when that war broke our, and
then let them give a reafon why we have not increafed in the fame proportion fince that period. Trade was
then in its infancy ; ourcolonies were hardly ellablifhed ; thole times had all the qxpence of them, and we all
the profit Ireland was then but little better than our infant fettlements in America are now
: we had no union ,

with Scotland, and Portugal afforded but little money ; each of thefe has opened a new fpurce of wealth to
us; and with fuch advantages, ought we not to have- throve in the fame proportion we did in the former
period ? Had it not been for the public debt, there -can be no doubt but our improvements for the laft fixty
years mult have furpafTed thofe of the fixty years preceding.
The enormity of the' annual taxes we pay, together with all the enhancements Upon enhancements we likewise
pay on occafion of our perpetuated and annual taxes, cannot amount toio little we affirm, as the full value of all
the lands in England, if valued at twenty millions^- annum and if all the national taxes could at once be
,

difcharged by the landed property, what would the nation be worth may deierve confideration. '7'is true we

are fwoln with a vaft paper credit, and that dazzles us w.th imaginary inftcad of folid trerdure's. Such an rm-
menfe public debt, its perpetual fales, purchafes and transfers, and the circulation of its intereft, occafion a
great parade of wealth; fo does the circulation of other paper fecurities, exchequer bills, bank notes, bankers
notes, bills of exchange, perfonal notes, bonds and mortgages, and every other fpecies of paper circulation
poperty, make a fhow of a prodigious magnitude of riches ; but asjthe real treafure of the nation cannot be
eflimated, till all public incumbrances (hall be difcharged, the deduction of twenty millions a year will
a confiderable drawback upon the national property and if to this confideration we add thoie other or the
:

8 ballance
XX xiv The ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more inter eflitig Union between Great B, itain and America, 'Jc.

ballance of trade we pay yearly to the Eaft countries, together with the intercft money lent out of the 1.
dom to fatisfy our foreign public creditors a\\ theie difadvantages under which ihe nation labours, put ;n
,

ballance againft rhe whole of its magnified paper wealth, Ihould incline us to think that thefe together ought to
alarm us to retrench every expence we are able, and take every meafure to abolifh every tax-incumbrance that
impedes the increafe of the folid national property. Could we free ourfelves from the load of Cm mil-
lions a year we now raife for national debts, what might that be prelumed to cafe the nation of annually, if it
beconfidercd the enhancements upon enhancements on our whole trade and navigation fix millions grofa re-
venue occafions ? If every tax is no more than doubled, confidered in 'tis compound as well as fimple light,
as we have obferved, the national expence will be fo on our whole trade.
During the laft two wars we beheld numerous opulent families to have fprung up. But whence came this
mighty treafure? Has it not been extracted from our own inteftines; from the millions upon millions that have
been raifed in this nation during thofe periods ? Before thole reras, the nation was fulidly wealthy, and daily iri-
creafing therein, by enriching commerce and navigation, which difperled the treasures more equally amonglt
the people : fince thofe seras, that treafure has been extracted from the pockets of all daffes of people by the:
immenfity of taxes and thofe taxes have been converting into funds to pay intereft for above thirty times fuch
,

annual tax amount, that has been only in paper property ; which fome wife men have termed imaginary or
fairy property, and not real. This fabric of imaginary property, or, if you like it better, this public debt
property, and its mighty circulations, furnifh the appearance of millions upon millions of fuch fort of pro-
perty, and this public debt property will hold up its circulating head, while the nation (hall continue able
to pay htereft for it. Will not every thinking man confider, how long we can fupport the paying lb many
millions a year as are raifed upon our general trade, to pay intereft only for fuch public debts ? For our arbi-
trary enhancements on the prices of every taxed commodity renders our burthen at leaf! of ten millions per
annum on that account only. How long can this nation befides afford to raife above ten millions more yearly,
with additional enhancements for the current fervice, and other expences ; efpecially if to the accumulated an-
nual expence be tacked alfo that of the poor's tax raifed throughout the kingdom, together with every other
parochial tax, and the charge of turnpikes? If thefe fhould all be confidered as burthens on the trade of
the nation, and certainly they ultimately center there, every man will allow this caufe alone to be adequate
to account for every commercial grievance we at prefent perhaps experience this however is the grand caufe.
:

And why may not this be the natural caufe even or that monopolizing and foreftalling fpirit that prevails ?
If our debts and taxes do not diminifh, they mult increafe; and if they do increafe, we may p:onounce
with certainty, that nothing can preferve us but our neighbours being in the fame unhappy fituation with our-
felves, and that we fhall only continue a great nation as long as they do fo.
When the art of funding, and borrowing thereon, was firft introduced, the common talk of mankind was,
that in time the people of England muft be undone, by adhering to a fyftem fo detrimental to the ftate. Some
tell us, that the event has proved the futility of that apprehenfion. The prediction has been verified, and that,
perhaps, in the ftricteft fenfe. All that could be meant by the affcrtion was, that the then pofieflbrs, and their
posterity, muft be undone, and their inheritance taken away from them, and become the property of other men.
It could never be their meaning, that the land could run away, or ceafe to be occupied by fomebody. At pre-
fent, that is above 70 years after the revolution, one tenth part of the lands of England is not po fit fled by the
pofterity or heirs of thofe who poffeffed it at that period of time ; and if the extermination ("as it may be
juftly termed) is not univerfal, it is only becaufe there were a few overgrown eftates ; fuch as the Devonfhire,
Bedford, Curzon, &c. which have been proof againft the wafte of luxury and taxes.
Suppofe the Turks were to over-run England, it might certainly be affirmed with propriety, that, if we did
not drive them out, England muft be undone ; and yet, if they fhould prevail, the land would ftill remain,
would ftill be occupied and cultivated, and poffibly the trade of England would receive fome advantages from
the favour of other Mahometan nations, who have been cuftomers for the woollen and moft other manufactures:
and it is more than probable, that a greater proportion of the property of the country would remain in the
poffeflion of the original inhabitants 70 years after fuch a conqueff, than is now to be found in the pofterity of
thofe to whom it belonged at the revolution. As the caufe, I mean the public Debt, ftill fubfifts, by its amaz-
ing magnitude, the prefent pofieflbrs muft not expect a more durable eftablifhment. Was the plague to rage
in a city and all the rich to perifh, the poor would get pofleffion of their lands, houfes, and effects ; but if the
infection continued to prevail, they would foon make way for others in their turn.
We have feen that our debts and taxes have arrived at fuch a height, that the nation hath at length fuffkient
caufe to be alarmed at the danger the monied interelt in particular ought to be fo, feeing they are liable to be
,

the firft that will feel the fatal effects, provided they do not beftir themfelves to procure the fpecdy redemption
of their monied property. The weight of taxes thereby occafioned upon trade and navigation, may one day
be thought to render their property fo highly detrimental to the public interefts, that future bad minifters may
take it into their heads to attempt to annihilate all their principal, by an abolition of the funds exifting for their
annuities ; for if the public debts and taxes fhall not be put into a train of more certain and more expeditious
ftate of redemption than they feem to be in at prefent, and thereby the latter fhall be lefiened, they will both
afltiredly increafe-, and if they fhall continue to increafe, they may become infupportable ; and when things
fhall be brought to an extremity, it may occafion fuch convulfions in the ftate as may conduce to the taking of
fuch violent meafures as otherwife might never be thought of. In a like extremity, when the clergy had
inoToffed too large a fhare of the property of the country, Henry Vlll. was obliged, for the relief of the people,
to feize on their temporalties, and has fince had the general approbation of the nation for fo doing. Our
continuance in the increafe of public debts and taxes will reduce the nation to a condition much more intolerable
than we were in before the days of Henry VIII. becaufe the clergy contented themfelves with pofieflions in
land, without pretending to a fhare in the general induftry of the people, as the monied intereft muft have,
and be intitled to, in confequence of fuch increafe of taxes upon taxes.
As to a violation of laws and public faith, it may be in vain to urge thofe in cafes of extreme necefiaty. The
firft of all principles is that of felf-prefervation ; nor could the ties of law and public faith be ftronger in favour

of fund-holders now, than of the clergy at the reformation. As to public credit, we fhould have no more
occafion for it, fince people, relieved from fo oppreffive a burthen, would, on any future emergency, by fub-
mitting to the former taxes, be better enabled to raife money within the year, than they can do under our
prefent circumftances ; and the greateft advantage of abolilhing the debt would be, that it might fee u re us
againft running into debt for the future.
Should it be faid, that it might be dangerous to drive fo powerful and fo opulent a body of people as the pro-
prietors of above 130 million todefpair true it is, they are powerful at prefent, while they po fiefs fo large a
:

fhare of national property, and their cry is loud, becaufe they are pofllfied of fuch vaft treafure but if they ,

Ihould be (tripped of that, as would then be the cafe, they muft and would be as inconfiderable, and as little
liftened to, as any o:her let of beggars in the kingdom. We do not fay it would be wife or equitable in any
prince to act this part ; and we are allured, that during the days of the prefent beft of princes, he wll never
fuffer
 1'bc ill State of cur Finances : with a Plan for a more intcr,fling Union between Great Britain and America,
tje. xxxv

fufTer fuch a melancholy cataftrophe to happen j but we cannot anfwer for his fucceffors, nor the
conduct of
future minifters, if the nation fholud be driven to defperation, from tlie incieafed magnitude, weight and
opprcflion of our public debts and taxes.
The monied intereft will naturally infer from what has been obferved, and it has been fo obfervtd on their ac-
count chiefly to remind them, that the greater and the greater the public debts fhall grow, thegreaterand neater
will the tax-incumbrances grow, or the greater and greater reductions of their interelt muft take p!ace, tocreate
new Interest funds for new debts, as we have before noticed, to the difadvantage of the (lock-proprietors,
as well as to that of the nation in general and yet, when we Hand in need of more money, the ftate muft be
:

fupplied, and 'tis to be hoped ever will, be the temporary confequence as it may.
Dangers of this nature have been fuggefted to attend the monied-intereft ; and thofe not only in the manner
above intimated, but by other injurious projects to which the ftate of defperation might drive a nation fo circum-
ftanced. It has been obferved, that the French, fince the year 1613, have, in order to decreafe their public

debts, and to reduce the prices of their commodities, by frequent enhancements of their money, varied the
relation between filver and commodities that is, they have altered the meafure of value ; by which means,
;

they do not give half fo much filver for a day's labour as they did an hundred and fifty years ago. At that
time they coined about eighteen livres out of eight ounces troy-weight of fine filver ; and now they coin near
fifty four livres out of the lame quantity and yet they now give no more fous for a day's labour than they did
;

before fuch enhancement of their money. Hence it is manifeft, that, from this circumftance alone, their,
labour is fallen two thirds, whilfl: our filver money has remained the fame ; and hence our labour has
received no diminution ; and ought not, and it is to be hoped never will, by fuch like deftructive projects. This
circumftance, however, added to their cheaper way of living, and our enormous tax incumbrances, together
with our arbitrary enhancements on all taxed commodities, will account for the diminution of our trade to Italy,
Turkey, and Spain in particular, wherein the French are our potent rivals, and wherein they willfoon become
fo univerfally, unlefs our public debts and taxes (hall be reduced to a competent degree, as before iignified
throughout tliclc observations. The national detriment that would attend the enhancement of our coin,
would prove highly ruinous to the whole monied intereft, as well as to the nation in general. See our article
Coin, where this matter is put in our intended general light; and wherever we have mentioned this
I-'ren h project, in any of our writings, the reader will pleafc to obierve, that it is only done with a defign to
(hew by what combinations of policy that rival nation is enabled to underfill us, but with no view whatso-
ever to recommend fuch a dcteftable practice to this nation. Projects of this kind are inconfiftent with the con-
flitution of our government ; and we hope that our public debts and taxes will never be fuffered fo to increafe
upon us, as to make any luch kind of defperate meafures ncceflary to prevent which is one principal view of mv
:

labours, by alarming the kingdom now in time of peace, of the intolerable magnitude of their incumbrance, and
thereby exciting 10 the Ipcedy reduction of our taxes, by every pollible meafure that can be deviled ; and par-
ticularly to apprize the monied intereft to contribute all in their power to fuch an abolition of taxes, as may not
put the nation under the necefilty of practifing any means for leflening the public debts that fhall be repugnant
to the public faith, or any way detrimental to their intereft in particular, as they are likely to be the mod
deftrudtively and the moft immediately affected thereby and certainly they are the whole clafs of people who
:

are the bed able to prevent fuch calamity, while their property and their power fhall continue fo great as it at
prefent is. Is not this motive fufficient for them in time to take what has been urged in their behalf in
good part ?

The monied intereft, we fay, is more particularly concerned to take care that their monied property be put
into a more certain ftate of redemption than it hitherto has been, as well for their own greater fecurity as
that cf the ration. Can be anxious about what they thcmfclves fhall
they expect that the nation will
be indifferent ? We have feen the danger wherein their great eftates may be, provided debts and taxes are
not reduced. It has been feen, that it is no better than a political amuiement, to pretend to discharge any

part of tiil public olbts without the reduction of taxes; we have feen likewife, that all re-
ductions of intereft have been thrown into the finking-fund, and that this fund, inftead of being made
a debt, or a tax- redeeming fund, for the decreafe of national taxes, hath become only a public debt and
tax-increafing fund, by furnifhing intereft money the more eafily for fuch detrimental practices.
We have had fifty years experience of the efficacious operation of this fund to eafe the nation. In-
ftead of that, are we not the worfe for the exiftence of any fuch fund at all ? Have not our debts and taxes
been by the means of that fund rendered fo immenfely enormous as they at prefent are ? For whatever hath
facilitated the means of raifing luch immenfe fums as have been railed, hath made miniftcrs the more profule
and extravagant of the national treafure, and ever will. Such facilities rarely prompt to parfjmonious mea-
fures, but ftimulate to exorbitant dillipation. We
have feen the enormous height to which our annual
supplies for the current fervice in the time of peace alio have arole ; and that they all ultimately terminate on
the commerce and navigation of the empire ; that our annual, no lefs than our perpetuated luppiies, fall
moll heavily thereon ; even without thofe additional enhancements that traders in general are obliged to levy
upon the nation, by the increafe of the general prices of every thing throughout the kingdom We have
feen to what an amazing burthen thefe muft inevitably amount, even exclufive of the poor's tax, and all
other parochial taxes and turnpikes on our trade. We
have feen, that the weight and opprcfilon of our taxes
are amply fufficient to account for the exceffive prices of all Englifh commodities, without having recourfe
to any temporary caules which have likewife contributed thereto this caufe alone, confidered in all its con-
:

fequences, is adequate to all our prefent grievances ; and this is a (landing, a durable, not a temporary
caufe ; and without the removal of this caufe, the effect cannot ceale ; it will grow worfe and worfe, and the
national calamities more and more intolerable.
The annual ballance in trade that we pay to the Eaft countries is, at the fame time, a drain of national
treafure we ought not on any account to admit of, if we can poffibly prevent it. cannot fupport it. We
The other conftant drain of treafure that we fuftain on account of our public debts to foreigners, is another
additional grievance that tends to our greater impoverifhment. Does not common policy direct that
fuch mighty drains may ceafe ? And yet they feem to be never thought of by our very minifters of ftate,
whofe duty it is to dofo What will not the prefent high price of gold and filver a'arm them ! Will not
! !

Will not ******** ***

*
thefe barefaced deftructive phaenomena roufe the nation from its lethargy !

To contribute to bring about thefe happy confequences, we have recommended a more interefting union be-
tweenGreat Britain and her American colonies; we have prefumed tofketch in what manner fuch'a further union
might take place, and advantage.
to their reciprocal benefit We have fhown how fuch an happy union, car-
ried to its fullmight fo inrich the nation as to enable us to leffen our public debts and taxes, and thereby
extent,
augment our commerce and navigation with our plantations more and more, by reafon of the greater cheapnels
of Englifh commodities. When thefe national meafures fhall be duly purfued, our colonifts will increafe in
their importation of them from us, and we in our importations from them. This will inlarge and cement the
defirable commercial union, and nothing elle can or will effectually do it. have (hewed by what eafy We
means thefe things may be accomplifhed We
have (hown that the fame duties may be levied upon our ad-
Vol. I. i ditionai
xxxvi The ill State of our finances : with a Plan for a mere inter efiing Union between Great Britain and Ame\ ka t

imports that are now levied upon thofe detrimental ones from the Eafl countries and cllV
di'tional plantation
where lb that the revenue cannot fuffer in this reipect, by the propofed change of meafures
, We have
fhown what additional and extenfive a circulation of trade may be carried on between Great Britain and Ame-
rica by fuch meafures efpecially between her and her continental colonics
; have feen in what manner We
that commerce and navigation may be inlarged between the continent and the iflands, to their mutual ad-
vantage.
From the increafe of our ifland commerce in America that feems to be promifed by our additional territories,
we may expect conliderable benefits efpecially if well regulated free ports fha!l take place, confident with the
-,

act of navigation. We have intimated that our American trade is our own trade, and under our own con-
troul and government, and if wifely regulated by this kingdom, may and will anfwer ends of infinite emolu-
ment to this nation regulated as well to the advantage of the colonifts as the mother kingdom to fuch a
; ;

decree, perjiaps, might the fame be carried, that this nation might in time become not very anxious as to any
other branch of maritime trade that fhould not be apparently and unqueflionably profitable to the nation as wel!
as the trader-, and therefore this commerce is an object well deferving the mod attentive legifiative care and con-
cern. By cultivating this trade to the pitch it will admit of, will furnifh innumerable articles for re-exporta-
tion to ail European world, and augment our maritime power, and bring in treafures from every
parts of the
quarter ; itamazingly increafe our wealth and our maritime prowefs as it will detach us from all com-
will :

mercial connections but fuch as fhall be evidently beneficial to the ftate j fo it will never fubject us to the ca-
price and infults of other potentates for whenever they fhall ufe us ill, by the infraction of commercial trea-
,

ties or otherwife, we fhall have nought to do but to return the treatment in a commercial way that is to fay, :

if they fhall impede and obftrudt our trade with them in any unjuftifiable manner, we fhall refent it in the
like manner, without having immediate recourfe to the fword.
On the contrary, every ftate will be the more
cautious how they fhall dare to quarrel with us, when they fhall behold us in a kind of ftate of independency
of trade with them all, and in a capacity to right ourfelves at any time, upon any kind of injurious treat-
ment that found policy fhall direct to refent with our whole national force. And when we fhall arrive at this
happy ftate of commercial independency, as it were, who have we to fear ? What power, or what com-
bination of powers will prefume to difturb our tranquillity, efpecially if fome other points fhall be regarded
that we may hereafter, if our other avocations fhall admit of it, fuggeft ?
The increafe of navigation and maritime power between the mother-kingdom and her colonies, may be-
come very great it may really become unfpeakably great, by means of the commercial union fuggefted and
, :

as we fhall then get into the fure track of difcharging the public debts and annihilating taxes, what will hin-
der but likewife then the happieft commercial union may take place between Great Britain and Ireland ? For
nothing hath hitherto obstructed that meafure, but the immenfity of our debts, and the enormous burthert
of our taxes. When once our tax incumbrances fhall be duly annihilated ; and whenever, in confequence
thereof* all Englifh commodities and manufactures fhall be reduced in price to a level with thofe of our
competitors, may not Great Britain, Ireland, and her American plantations, become fo happily united, as to
bid defiance to almoft any combined power that may dare to mal-treat or infult us ? Thefe are the days
that every true friend to his country ought to rejoice to fee ; and till the due reduction of our debts and taxes,
we cannot expect to fee, for more reafons than I chufe to mention and although I am perfuaded, that I fhall
:

not be thanked for what I have faid that gives me no manner of concern independency is the ftate I enjoy, and
, ,

fhall ever endeavour to maintain ; perfons in other conditions giving themfelves no trouble to repreient things
in their true light, private interelt fwaying them to the contrary, or to be quite indifferent about public affairs,
while they enjoy their lucrative pofts of profit and honour.
Then it is we may expect to fee the enhanced price of provifions and every thing elfe fall, to the comfort
and relief of the induftrious Britifh artifan and manufacturer, and to the renown and glory of the Britifh em-
pire. Bread alone is infufficient to comfort the laborious heart they muft have meat alfo, and in plenty
:

too, in order to replenifh their exhaufted ftrength ; yet it is at prefent fo dear, that even perfons of middling
fortunes can hardly afford a joint of the beft for their families. Does not this merit the moft ferious atten-
tion of legiflation ? Is not the worft of confufions always to be expected from an oppreffed, a ftarving, and

a defpairing people ? Does not all hiftory fhow the tragical effects of the prevalence of want and famine, and
prove that it is impoffible to retain the obedience of any nation, while the people's bellies are empty ? Will
not people deftitute of the comforts of life, refufe to be bridled by laws ? Will perfons in that forlorn con-
dition be reftrained from violence, by fentiments of regard for fuperior condition ? Has not this been lately
exemplified by our neighbours in Spain, where the general cry of the people feems to be againft the govern-
ment for impoverifhng them ? Will not the fame caufes have the fame effect every where ? -Is it not full
time to remove the caufes of general difcontent in this nation ?
In Greece, Italy, Perfia, and Egypt, whenever the public was obferved to be affaulted by real or artificial
famine, officers were employed both at home and abroad, to buy up the neceffariesof life wherever they could
be obtained, at the molt reafonable rates, and convey thofe inettimable commodities, at the public charge, to
the unfortunate cities where want raged, that the fubjects might not be traded out of their lives and domeftic
quiet, by engroffers, foreftallers, and regraters. All wife miniflers have always looked upon it as a matter of
the laft importance to pay a capital attention to the wants of capital cities, becaufe the working multitudes
affembled in the fervice of a large metropolis, can neither want, nor provide for themfelves. Why is every
proper arrangement that can be made, till our taxes can be abated, neglected, to prevent the enormous price
of butchers meat in our markets? The virtuous and humane may propofe aflbciations of private men to
provide for the wants of the public. Such defigns are laudable, and merit every poffible private encourage-
ment. But 'tis to be feared, that no attempts of this fort will be crowned with the wifhed-for fuccefs, till a
national reinforcement can be obtained againft national evils. The fame is the cafe at Birmingham ; wheat has
been latefy near double the price it was about twenty years ago fo has beef, mutton, pork, veal ; alfo cheefe,
,

butter, &c.
We hear the fame melancholy accounts from the manufacturing towns of Leeds, Halifax, fVlan-
chefter, &c. Thus our own induftrious poor, who by their labour fupport our manufactures, and even the
kingdom itfelf, are in feveral parts almoft ftarving alive. Will not people, prompted by the irrefiftible force of
hunger and nakednefs, endeavour, by fome means or other, to get redrefs? May not calamities of this na-
ture create a kind of defperation amongft his majefty's fubjects, and the confequence prove of the moft dan-
gerous nature, if not foon put a flop to ?
If miniflers are at a lofs to reduce our moft burthenfome taxes themfelves, that opprefs the oppreffed, whjr
do they not employ and reward well, thofe who are able to do it in their ftead '? 'Till this can be done by
fomebody, why do they not put in execution what they have in their immediate power, to put a ftop to mo-
nopolizers, foreftallers, and regraters? It will not be faid, that it is not in the power of the legiflature to ef-
fect this. Why then do not our miniflers lay the matter before them without delay ? Why have the moft
fulutary meafures that can be thought of been delayed fo long ? Can any thing be unequal to the vvifdom of
a Britifh parliament? Though we cannot be of opinion that the removal of thofe caufes, which we have
termed temporary, will be ftnking at the root of our grievances, yet ought not every thing be done that can
be
i
rhe ill Shite of our Finales : with a Plan far a more inlbrejling Union between Great Britain and America, &c. xxxvii

be towards the lower. n- the prfi - of provifions in tlie fird place, to pacify the map; of the working people,
tillthe molt effedboal meal ires ;h..!i b I ll eh to ledfefi the public debts and taxes ? U not the burthen of
neat eight millions a year, befltfeS the vail expencc of collection, burthen fufflcient for the nation to
fupport
in time of peace, without bearing our cnoimous tax incumbrances for public debts a!fo moreefpecially when -,

it is confidered, that the whole weight of national burthens fall upon trade, as the ultimate Teat ^un J that
fupports all other ?

Let any impartial man duly confuler, what cannot be too often inculcated, to what an intolerable height
our enhancements upon enhancements dill further augment the valt national expencc and to what a dill ;

greater degree our poor's rax, and all other heavy p.irochi taxes incumber the whole commerce of the king- .1

dom and then let him judge, whether this caufc alone is not adequate to every calamity the kingdom at
,

prelent groajas under ?

'Tis no compenfation to the nation to attribute the caufeof our misfortunes to this or the other adminiftra-
tion we may complain upon this head to eternity, without redrefs. I las it mended, or can it mend public
,

affairs, merely to turn out one miniftry and put in another raw and unexperienced ? Can chancres alone
amonglt men of power relieve the kingdom from millions of the national taxes from which it requires to be
relieved ? Has granting fome great men penfions, the Ions and relations of others places upon places, contri-
buted one jot to render the nation more profperous and more happy ? Has not this political farce been too
long acted to bear being brought upon the ftage any more ? Is not fuch date-craft grown quite ridiculous
in the eyes of every wife and upright man ? Does it not incline every one to think, that nothing more is
meant thereby than mere miniderial fcrambles for places of profit and honour? Mult not this prove a crreat
affliction to the belt of fovereigns ? Would he not enjoy a far greater fhare of complacency and confolation,
we repeat it again, had he lefs indead of more lucrative places to bellow, fincc they occafion fuch eternal
wranglings, intrigues and detractions in the nation ? Is it not Jcandalous to behold fuch numerous profitable

places fan! to be in the gift of the crown and yet the whole power of bellowing them wrefted out of the royal
,

hands by over-ruling cabals and intrigues, that feem to care as little for the honour and dignity of the crown,
as they do for the felicity of the people ? But if a Uriel fcrutiny is made into the poffeffors of all places of
truft, honour, and profit, faid to be in the gift of the crown, for it is no more than a fay-fo, on whom fhall
we find them bellowed, and for what public fcrvice have they been beftowed on the poffeffors "in mod reigns ?

Have they been given to men who have deferred them-, who have done any real fervices to the foverei-n
or the nation ? Was this matter duly enquired into, where is the lift of thole fuperlative patriots who have
laboured to keep the kingdom free from debts and taxes ? Inftead of recollecting any large catalogue of
the names of thole worthies, I confefs myfclf at a lofs to think of one fingle great perfonage, who has for
many years filled any of the great polls of profit and honour, that has diflinguifhed himfelf in preventing
thofe grievances the nation now labours under. Were we happy enough to have been bleffed with but a few
of thefe, we could never have been reduced to the condition we are now in. On the contrary, it would be
no difficulty tofurnifh, within my own time, a very large lift of perfons, among whom, and their relations
and dependents, many millions upon millions of the public trcafure have been amaffed, together with great
titles of honour. But where are our celebrated financiers, who have annihilated our tax-oppreffions ? And
wherein conlills the public virtue of heaping tax upon tax upon the nation, which has heaped calamity upon
calamity upon it, till we are brought to the date we are at prcfent in ?
The fyftem of multiplying debts and taxes is now carried to great lengths ; and our ftatefmen will not be con-

vinced it is carried to its full be out of our power to carry it further.

extent, till it fhall But if we are to wait till
that very day comes, before we fha!l begin to think of changing the fyftem, will it not then be too late to do it ?
How far diliant that very day may be, is no great difficulty to prejudge, from the feveral national fymptoms,
that are lb llagrant at prefent. What other prognoftics of its near approach would we have, than what we at
prelent experience, and are rcprefented through the courfe of this fhert difcourfe ?
The prelent money fyftem calls aloud for reformation for this, added to the accumulated force of what has
:

been here urged, occafionsthc magnitude of our public calamity, by the exceffive high prices of every thing
in England , from thofe of provifions in general, to thole of all other commodities and manufactures.
If the effects of that great paper circulation which is now carried on in the nation be duly confidered, we
fhall find that to be a caule that contributes to the evils ; we complain of and
indeed is a neceffary effect pro-
ceeding from our mighty public debts and taxes. The price of labour, and the value of commodities, it is
evident, would not be the lame in this ifland, when there is twenty millions of pounds in circulation, as when there
is forty millions of paper but as the monied intereft has arofe to the pitch they are, and in confequence thereof
:

paper circulation has become fo very extenfive, it has created this artificial kind of circulation. Add to this,
the greatnefs of banking carried on in the kingdom, by the filent but inceffant iffuing of notes this has more ,

than doubled the new coined current fpecie of the ifland confequently a crown will not go further than half a
,

crown would have gone formerly. Thus they have in a manner flrippcd the landed gentlemen of a great part
of their incomes, as one thouland a year is now of little more value than five hundred pounds, through this
artificial increafe of paper money for the price of labour and commodities has arifen in a fafter proportion
,

than the landed gentleman's property has been improved.

If we examine the extent of this circulation, we fhall find it immenfe. It has been computed by fome ju-
dicious perions, that including our national debts, and every other kind of paper currency, there are notes
exifting in this kingdom at prefent, in the proportion of twenty, or rather twenty-four pounds in paper, for
every pound in gold and filver. Almofl the whole of this artificial fpecie has been coined, year after year, by
private perfons ; and opportunities of loans to the government has been the very inlet by which they have in-
finuated their nominal money into circulation. Neither the whole of the gold, nor of the artificial fpecie, is
kept up currency ; but from the flighted attention to money-matters at prefent, we may perceive, that
in actual
there above ten times greater quantity of the latter kind of money ufed, than of the former. All fums of
is

one thoufand pounds, or upwards, are now paid almod wholly in paper. It is nearly the fame with fums of
one hundred pounds nay even fhopkeepers and tradefmens bills, of twenty or forty pounds, are now gene-
:

rally paid in bankers notes. The ltewards of noblemen and gentlemen, in the r'emoteft parts of the ifland, '

receive the rents chiefly in paper: and it is even faid, that a very few years ago, for fome time, cer-
tain copper-plate preffes have worked off many hundred of notes a day for circulation. Does not this de-
monflrate the neceflity of redraining fomehow the power of fuch artificial coinage in the hands of monied
men, who feem not to care how ibon they unnerve the nation, provided the public diftrefs will afford them an
opportunity of enlarging their fortunes ? While there is a malady fubfifting in the date, corrupting its very
blood, in vain do we attempt to reflore health by mere palliatives. If we Would effect a cure, we mud apply
remedies to the very root of the evil.
This renders the order of monied men a very dangerous nuifance, indead of an ornament, ftrength, and advan-
tage, to the kingdom. May not this, in time, conduce to their ruin, inllead of their further aggrandifement at the
public expencc ? Formerly we had no confiderable monied men out of the order of merchants and undertaking
manufac-
 xxxviii The ill State of our Finances : with a Plan for a more interefling Union betiveen Great Britain and America, &c.

manufacturers (exclufive of the gentlemen of landed property-,) but within this half century, numbers have
ftarted up great monied men, without having been concerned in manufacture or traffic, or being poffeffcd of
land. Can fuch fortunes be otherwile railed, than by preying upon the necefficies of the flare, or upon the
indultry of private perfons ? Confcqucntly, Ihould not a bufinefs of fo detrimental a nature be fomehow re-
trained, if no: totally fuppreffed, by every well policed government ? And how can this be moft effectually
done, but by the equitable annihilation of the public debts and taxes, as foon as poflible, and contract no per-
petual taxes for fuch debts evermore ?
.While monied men have been encumbering the flate, and finking the value of money, by their arbitrary in-
creafe of paper currency, the wicked practice of ftockjobbing has added occafionally to the confufion and
diflrefs. The greateft part of the profels'd money-jobbers may not unjuftly be termed public robbers ; for by
their artifices they have, for thefe feveral years part, llripped innocent individuals of more of their property
than all the highwaymen in Great Britain. Their practice is exactly fimilar in its effects to that of houfe-
breakers. A fuppofe, buys iooo/. flock for iocjo/. and locks up his title thereto in the
gentleman, we fhall
fcrutore, or has it Here he may reafonably think it fafe ; yet the event has proved the mif-
legally transferred.
take for the tricks of the money-jobbers fhall have fuch an influence upon its value, that when he offers it for
,

fale at market, he will find it is not worth quite ycol. Would it have made any difference to this gentle-
man, to have had his fcrutore broke open at home, and out of iooo /. cafh contained in it, to have found 300 /.
carried off by thieves ?
Had no annual loans, the flocks would have ceafed to fluctuate as they have done ; and by the
there been
eflablifhment that ought to take place, they fhould be continually kept up at par, or very near it, till we can
annihilate the whole, even in times of war. This would give new life to trade, fave millions from going out
of the kingdom. Though the flucf uating flate of the funds fhould not really affect the public credit of the
flate, yet iheir inflability and low price tas too frequently given an opportunity to foreigners to draw large
fums out of the kingdom, and tempted many manufacturers and traders to forfake their bufinefs, and go into
Exchange-alley with their money ; where for every eight pence they could purchafe a fhilling, which has
been a greater profit than they could expect by following their occupation. This profit, however, few of
them ever receive for not being able to wait to realize their fhilling, by feeing flocks rife to par, they are ob-
,

liged, by the neceffity of their affairs, to fell out at much the fame rate they bought in, and find themfelves fuf-
ferers by having neglected honefl induftry. The broker, however, ftill thrives, by a fucceffion of new bubbles ;
but trade, in the mean time, is daily receiving frefh wounds under fuch a fyflem, and that fpirit of induftry,
which is the very life of the flate, by continually fupplying new refources from agriculture, and the labour
of artifts, and the folid arts of commerce, declines more and more into a fpirit of gaming, which fubfifls
merely by devouring the folid refources of opulence.
Part of every new loan is made up by deductions out of the old funds for the money-lenders are gainers
,

even by felling out of the old funds one per cent, lefs, when they fubfcribe the fame money into a new loan of
two per cent, advantage. The funds, by this means, are kept gradually finking, and the government, on the
other hand, is obliged proportionally to augment its premiums the burthen of all deficiencies being laid atlaft
upon the flate. The public funds are like a granary, with a hole at the bottom. While the grain is drawn
out every day by that opening, it is no wonder that the heap finks down, notwkhftanding any fmall fupplies
that may be poured in at top but if the opening were once flopped up, the granary would foon be filled up,
-,

by the brought to it from all parts.

frcfh ftores
In the like manner, the funds mufl immediately rife, if the government once ceafes to make anv demands
for fupplies from the monied men ; for no part of the yearly expence of government being drawn from thence,
the number of fellers would be very few in comparifon of the buyers, which is always the moft certain means
of raifing the market. If there were to be no transfers or deductions from the funds, but thofe occafioned by
real neceffities of flockholders, lefs than half a million of money brought to market would be fufficient toraife
them to par at any time.
The mifchievous practices of fwellingour paper circulation are far from ending with the war even in time of :

peace, perfons not only affume the coinage, but the fole direction of the circulation of all our paper money,
which is a power too great to be left in the hands of private men, who are every day extending it more and
more, to the great prejudice of the flate. Though the bad confequences of this paper coinage have never
been attended to at home, yet the colony of Connecticut have not only remarked them, but guarded againft
them by a wife law, which ordains, " That any society, presuming to emit or issue bills of cre-
" DIT, TO BE USED AS MONEY IN TRADE, SHALL BE PUNISHED AS IN CASE OF COUNTERFEITING ; AND TH
" utterr of such bills shall forfeit double the sums." Douglas's Summary of American Affairs,
vol. II. p. 200.
If bankers are fuffered to proceed without any kind of legal controul, at this rate they alone will be in pof-
feffion of all the gold and filver in the nation in which cafe, exclufive of the great power they would ac-
,

quire, trade would be as much burdened by an over-abundance of paper fpecie, as it is at prefent by taxes.
Bankers, at prefent, by iffuing notes, draw all the cafh to themfelves, which they offer in loans to the go-
vernment ; and as thefe loans are paid at eight or ten different payments, it renders it ftill more eafy to keep
up their arbitrary paper circulation.
According to the vulgar prejudices, indeed, loans often or twelve millions have been raifed for fome years
together, from the mere favings of our wealthy traders ; but this opinion, from what has been urged, mult
appear to be falfe and abfurd in the highefl degree.
Befides the opportunity which a loan affords to the bankers of iffuing notes, which exift as fo much paper
wealth, and lie as a burthen on the flate till they be redeemed by parliament, that is, till the debt be paid off.
The fway and influence of our paper-monied men, as things have been unhappily managed for the nation,
have been very formidable but is not that entirely owing to their being made ufeful engines to the flate, to
,

multiply the public debts and taxes ? What would their power and intereft be, if they were not fupported by
their connection with the government ? Should the government wifely detach themfelves from their old fyflem
of raifing money, they would become of all men the moft dependent; for as the richeftof them have iffued
more paper obligations than they can well anfwer at certain times, inftead of being able to check others, they
will be checked themfelves, with the perpetual apprehenfion of fuch runs upon them far cafh, as might end
in the ruin of numbers. This would force them gradually to abridge their dealings in paper, and turn them-
felves to fome other bufinefs, which would be doubly beneficial to the flate.
It would neither be cruel nor injurious for the flate to oblige any body of men, who thrive by diftrefling the
public, under the appearance of ferving them, to quit their pernicious occupations, and betake themfelves to
lome other means of living confiftent with the welfare of the flate. Hardly any public reformation can be
effected, without interfering, in fome meafure, with the private intereft of individuals but that is never :

thought any juft reafon why fuch reformation fhould not take place. At the conclufion of the war, a hun-
dred thoufand men were turned out of bread ; that is, were deprived of their then means of fubfiftence, and
6 compelled
The ill State of our Iinances : with a Plan for a more interefling Union between Great Britain and America, tic. xxxix

compelled to look for fome other but this was no reafon why the war fhould continue for ever, Idl thofe who
:

made it their profeffion fhotild want employment. When the ale of printing wai invented, numbeilcfs perfons
got their living by writing. This had no weight againft the encouragement of the arc of typography, fince it
has been judged in all well-policed countries, that as many, or mure, might get their living by piintino-, as
ever had done by writing, and the world become infinitely better inftructed. The intereft of watermen^who
ply on the river Thames, was oppofed to the general conveniency that would arife from the building of Lon-
don, Weitminfter, and Blackfriars bridges, and others ; yet thefe ufeful undertakings have not been dif.
couraged in the leaft on account of that trifling objection. The intereft of the water carriers in London, who
were formerly a very nurrieroiis body, was oppofed to the fcheme of introducing the New River water into the
metropolis ; but though it was eafily forefeen that their trade would be ruined, if the rlew fcheme fhould take
place, yet the extraordinary convenience that would accrue to the public, from theconftant and plentiful fup-
ply of water, outweighed all confiderations of the private intereft of thefe individuals, who could earn a live-
lihood by turning themfelves to fome other employment. The fociety of water-carriers, it will be allowed, is
but much miffed in this great city, the inhabitants of which are now better fupplied with water by the New
River company, and the Bridge Houfe, &c. who, for a fmall expence, circu'ate it in pipes through theftreets
and houles, in great abundance. This circulation has been attended with fo many conveniences, that the trade
of the water-carriers has long been rendered ufelcfs and obfulete and to thofe who are accuftomed to think
,

only of modern times, it now feemsodd that fuch a fociety ever exifted. If ever, therefore, this great point

of paper circulation in this kingdom fhould be duly confidered by the legjflature, as perhaps may fooner be-
come the cafe than many are wont td apprehend, the whole fyftcm may be reformed that we have too long-
been habituated to \ and the intereft of all the monied proprietors may be put upon a more fecure eftabliftiment
than ever it will be withuut it. They will then think well and refpect the memory of all who (hall have endea-
voured to promote the required reformation and it is better it fhould come upon them gradually, as the na-
,

tional incumbrances might very eafily be lefTcned, than fuddenly, to their intire deftruction. Before the late re-
Volution, there was no diftinftion of monied- intereft, norfcarce a fingle banker in ail London, much lefs a bank-
ing- houfe in every great city ; yet in thofe times trade flourifhed, the people lived in plenty, the prices of things
were in the general extremely cheap to what they at prefent are ; which made our manufaftures find every where
a ready market, and the national llock of gold and lilver kept annually increafing. If the nation could then
profper without fuch paper credit, and paper circulation, which has contributed its (hare to the prefent ftate
of things in this kingdom, why fhould it be thought that it could not ftill flourifh, though we were not incum-
bered with a fhilling of national debt, nor a fingle banker in the nation ; efpecially as our liberties and pro-
perties might then be better fecured, and great improvements added to the arts, and the intercourfe between
us and our colonies likely to be infinitely extended ?
And whether the prevalence of fuch a practice hath not contributed, in conjunction with our mighty tax-
incumbrances, to the prefent high price of every thing throughout the kingdom, may one day well deferve the
moft attentive deliberation of the legiflature for it is to be feared, that this has been none of the leaft grievances
,

under which the nation hath too long laboured, as it has facilitated the raifing immenfe fums of paper-money
for the fervicc of the government, and thereby made it eafy for minifters to increafe the public debts and taxes
to the height to which we have feen they are arrived And it is now full time toconfider, whether this uncon-
:

trouled arbitrary augmentation of paper circulation, to fuch degrees beyond the folid wealth of the nation, will
not one day fo bloat the kingdom with imaginary treafure inrtead of real, that the whole paper fabric muft
at laft inevitably blow up, if it is fuffered longer to prevail without any fort of legal check or rcftrainr.
And if to the vart ftretch of private paper credit and paper circulation, we continue to add the ftill further
increafe of public debts, we ffull, at length, certainly arrive at an immenfe degree of paper riches. While
iuch forts of paper wealth and paper circulation (hall be deemed as good as folid gold and filver, and merchan-
dize of every kind, we have nothing elfe to do but to multiply this fpecies of national treafure and if we :

can only devife ways and means to pay intereft for paper public debts, both abroad and at home, with paper,
what have we to do but to coin on ? Ari admirable fyftcm to grow rich as faft as we pleafe There can be !

no end of fuch a Babel of treafure we may tower it to what height we pleafe ; the larger the fabric grows
;

the firmer it will be the more our public paper debts* as well as private, augment, the fafer will fuch mo-
,

nied property become. This will doubtlefs be the infallible way to render every thing as cheap as wc pleafe,
and the nation moft formidable, without further trouble !

Notwithftanding what has been reprefented, the affairs of this nation are very far from being irremediable ;
yet we judge it requifite to apprize our rulers of the difficulties with which* we apprehend, they have to en-
counter, to the end that they may be the better prepared to fubdue every obftacle to the common profperity,
and the more fpeedily take every proper ftep to ad offenfively and defenfively againft any enemies that n\xy
deferve chaftifement from this nation;
We have at prefent a notable foundation laid in America for the moft beneficial commercial union between
Great Britain and her colonies a union that might be as glorious as interefting, if it fhall not be obftructed
;

by a weak adminiftration, but forwarded by a wife, an able, and an upright one. And on whom can the
kingdom fo fecurely confide to accomplifh this happy defign as a tried, a faithful* a wife, and a fuccefsful
minifter a minifter beloved by the people, and will ever render his fovereign univerfally fo, while he himfelf
,

mall retain the confidence of the people the minifter, whofe weighty interpofition at once united the hearts
:

of the Americans with their mother country ? Can any minifter be prejudged fo likely to carry the dtfireable
commercial harmony between this kingdom and her plantations to its pirch of fupreme reciprocal emolu-
ment ? No man in the nation is fo fit to bring about this great work and this event alone will conduce to :

bring about many other we ftand in need of. It will rectify our affairs at home as well as abroad. For if
his majefty fhall ^racioufly condefcend again to place the great commoner at the head of his affairs, what is
it he will not be able to effect* if through his means a coalition of men of the beft abilities fhall act in con-

cert with fo wife and fo weighty a guide at the head of public bufinefs, and an end is put to minifteria! cabals,
intrigues, and diffractions ? Such then may the Jaft peace become, if duly improved, upon the principles here-
in fuggefted, that we fhall have no lefs reafon to efteem the peace makers and the peace improvers, than the
fuccefsful war conductors.
The improvement of the laft in America
to the utmoft ftretch of found policy, is the great point
peace
this nation has to purfue ; and wifely done, a reform in the money fyftem may foon be
if that is fteddily
brought about, under an adminiftration of apparent public virtue and true public fpirit, let whoever will be at
the head of it. And it is to be hoped, that we have many wife and good men in the kingdom fit to be fo,
fhould the great commoner not chufe to be fo, and be rendered by any means incapable of fo important jv
truft, in the opinion of a wife fovereign, and the voice of his loyal and well-intentioned people.

The End of the Firs.t Preliminary Discourse*

Vol.1, *
xl

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE the SECOND.

Animadversions on the Foundation laid for a more interesting Commercial Union between
Great Britain and British America, by the Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Peace
between his Britannic Majesty, the most Christian King, and the King of Spain, con-
cluded at Paris the 10th Day of February, 1763 To which the King of Portucal acceded
:

on the same Day :

Alfo

Of the good Effects And Consequences such Union may have towards the better enabling
Great Britain to redress the National Grievances represented in the preceding Preli-
minary Discourse :

With

Considerations upon the Conduct of Great Britain, with respect to Alliances with Euro-
pean Potentates to preserve the said Peace, or to carry on War, when the same shall

be needful.

FROM what has been urged in the foregoing difcourfe, fome may imagine that it is not very likely
to have any good tendency to preferve the prefent tranquillity ; inftead of intimidating thole po-
tentates difpofed to break through it, fuch a melancholy reprefentation of the affairs or" this king-
dom, may rather encourage a rupture than prevent it.
Be the confequence as it may, fuch premonition will be of utility. If the reprefentation of our affairs therein
given be true, could it anfwer any wife or good end to conceal it? Will it not, on the contrary, apprize
our rulers of the difficulties they have to encounter and will not that the better enable them to make provi-
:

fion, in time, for the purpofe ? If they fhall prove falfe and groundlefs alarms upon due examination, and
that we have no fuch grievances to redrefs, of which we have complained, fo much the better >, our rulers may
pafs them by as a kind of political romance ; and they will have the lefs trouble upon their hands. But
great care mould be taken that they are not deceived themfelves inftead of the v/riter. If he happens to be
fo, the fallibility of a private man is not to be wondered at, and the confequence is of little concern ; but if
men in power, if thofe on whom the nation, and his Majefty depend to redrefs every public grievance, fhall
difregard what it is their duty to enquire into, can we admire that a general difcontent fhall fpreacl itfetf
throughout his Majefty's dominions? Can v/e be furprized, that our gracious Sovereign has no fooner made
choice of one let of minifters, than he fhall experience the neceffity of taking another into his royal fervice ?
For if minifters fhall be difinclined or indiffererit about enquiring into the true caufe of general murmurs,
complaints, and diffatisfacYion in a ftate, how is it pofTible that they fhould ceafe ? The eternal changing of
minifters will never change the ftate of the national grievances it will increafe, inftead of redrefs them 5 and
:

therefore minifters are more obliged to them who lay the caufes of public maladies before them, than to
thofe who fhall ftifle or palliate them : can the ftate-phyfician cure ftate-diftempers, unlefs the caufes fhall be
expofed to his view? Can he preferve the affections of the people, or of his Sovereign, without he is able
to effect the cure ? He deferves neither the one nor the other nor will enjoy it in this kingdom.
,
And how
can he expect it? How then can we be furprized, that the nation fhould be diftracted with changes of men in
power, when the people do Rot experience relief, relief fufficient to render them eafy, contented, and joyous,
inftead of the reverie ? No minifters can reafonabiy expeft to fit eafy in the feat of power, nor any fovereicrn
enjoy complacency of mind, unlefs the people do fo too, iri this kingdom.
National ferments will fometimes fpring from imaginary, and not real caufes -, thefe are only temporary
in free ftates, and fubfide When the caufe comes to be difcovered. The prefent difcontents of the people
feem to proceed from caufes every way adequate to them, in our humble opinion ; and therefore, until thofe
caufes fhall be competently removed, 'tis greatly to be feared, that general murmurs, difcontent, and diffrac-
tion will increafe in the kingdom. I could heartily wiili and rejoice at my miftakes, as a private man, de-

lighting in the general happinefs of my country. 'Tis from no other motive I write as being unpaid, un-
-,

penfioned, and unplaced I write not to diffract,

: but to conciliate men in power to unite in a coalition of
abilities and refolution to ftrike at the root of the public evils ; for many there molt certainly are, and I am
willing to believe I have exhibited the principal. But it is not talking or writing of them that will cure
them, though thefe are previoully neceffary for if our rulers are not convinced of the caufe, they can never
;

be able to cure them : if they are once convinced of that, they will prefcribe themfelves the method.

Left the foreign enemies of this kingdom fhould prefume to take advantage of the prefent ftate of our
affairs, and break the peace, I take the liberty to fay they will molt affuredly repent it, far more than they
have yet done the effects of the laft war. For there is nothing reprefented as a grievance in all v/e have
urged in the foregoing difcourfe, bur what, in our humble opinion, is to be redreffed, and that foon too, not-
withstanding they may be judged otherwife. We apprehend that one fure foundation for that purpofe is
already laid; we mean a foundation in the ftate of our American affairs, as the arrangement thereof has been
adjufted by the laft definitive treaty of 1763. This is our private fentiment and 'tis upon this foundation
,

we would defire to be understood, that we aim at the firm eieclion and eftablifhment of that further com-
mercial union we have attempted in thefe difcourfes between this kingdom and Britifh America. This
ftep, 'tis conceived, carried to its due extent of policy, upon the general principles we have before fuggefted,
will prove the iecondary foundation, whereon the mutual profperity of the mother-kingdom, and her colonies,
may be laid for the redrefs of grievances in both.
Should it be faid, that this is a work of long time, before it can ripen to fuch maturity as is requifire fo
to inrich the kingdom, as to enable it to reduce our public debts and taxes to any degree to be fenfibly felt
by the people: ytc arc oi a contrary fentiment i more efpecially if the proper coinciding fteps be alfo taken
in England to co-operate the more immediately and the more powerful to promote that happy commercial
Union v/e would intend.
But if our minifters fhall once rcfolve upon die general meafure, and our Northern colonifts fhall determine
to act in concert with them, in fome fuch manner as has been intimated, every requifue ftep may then be
previoully thought of to render whatever we have in view effectual.
And
 Foundation laid t>y the Peace of 763 for the more inter-ejling Union between Great Britain and
1
America, &fc. xli

And if once France, and her allies in the family compact, (Kail find that we are in earneft to promote
the propoled union to the utmoft, they will, doubtlefs, endeavour to thwart it, and that
by an infraction of
the l.ilt treaty of peace, and an open rupture.
We (hall, therefore, at prefcnt, enquire how far it may be prefumed to be in the power
of France and
Spain to defeat our intentions.
In our former dilcourfe we have fhewn the poffibility of the independency of the Northern
colonics from
their mother-kingdom, provided a more interefting commercial union fhould not take
place berween them and
this nation. Bur, as we fhall prefume, that no wife meafure will be left untried to prevent an
event of that
kind, as well on the part of the colonies, as on that of Great Britain, it may be necefiary to
confider how
and in what manner the foundation has been laid by the definitive treaty of 1^63, to conduce to
the further
commercial union, the better to anfwer the purpofe hereby honeftly dcfigned.
By the DEFINITIVE treaty of 1763, all Canada, and its dependencies, the river St. Laurence, the coafts
of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, are ceded and annexed to the crown of Great Britain. .

Hereby is fecured ro this nation an uninterrupted intercourfe to the gulph and river Sr. Laurence all
the
ifiands contiguous thereto, and to the (traits of Belle-Ifie. This, together with our freedom of navigation
to
and from Hudlon's Bay, renders us formidable in this part of the world.
By the cetfion of all Canada, and its dependencies, to this kingdom, and the very triflinir pofTeflions the
French at prefent enjoy of the fmall ifiands of St. Peter and Miquelon, for a fhelter only for their fifher-
men at Newfoundland, cannot enable that nation to annoy us from thence in any of the territories of Canada
and its dependencies. Stripped as France now is of the territory of Cape Breton, called very properly
the Dunkirk of North America, as well as that of Newfoundland, they arc deftitute of every place, by the
means whereof, they are not capable to rendezvous any formidable nival power to do us anv reat injury in
this part of America, if we fhall take due care to keep all our territories in thofe parts in a proper plight and
condition, and be able to lultain our brave Americans with a due degree of maritime force.
And although the fame definitive treaty grants the fubjects of France the liberty ci" fiihing and drying on
a part of the coalls of the ifland of Newfoundland, fuch as is fpecified in the thirteenth article of the treaty
of Utrecht, which is renewed and confirmed thereby, except as therein excepted, &c. yet as they have no
place to refort to where they can form any degree of marine or military force, they being limited to a o-iaard
of fifty nien only for the police in the fmall ifiands of Miquelon and St. Peters, what hinders but we c n
at any time, when they fhall break treaties with us, deprive them of" this fifhery fjr ever after? So that as
fhe will be in no condition in thole leas to refill us if a clue union fhall be prefcrved between this kingdom
and North America, we, on the contrary, (hall be able to do them the greatelt mifchief by turning them uitp i

out of this valuable fifhery.

By the celiion of Canada to the crown of England, and extirpating the French, we have alio fecured to
us the interna] navigation of all the great lakes and rivers within the extent thereof, arid. hereby laid the fureft
internal foundation in North America to raife a more numerous race of fcamen than we ever -ad there be-
fore :and ,the navigation of the gulph and river St. Laurence, and all our other dependencies upon Canada,
will admin ifter conllant employment for a great number to be employed externally as well as internally.
Had not the cxtenfive and valuable territories of Canada been fecured to us by a free navigation to and
from the great gulph and river of St. Laurence ; or had the French been left any other poffeffions in this
part of the world, except the trifling ifiands of St. Peter and Miquelon, without force, we might have been
liable to their infults or interruption ; but now we never can be (o t without being enabled to chaltife them for
any infolent condudt to us in thofe leas.

Whence it fliould leem, that France will not be able to prevent or interrupt our further defirable commer-

cial union between this nation and this part of North America, without being likely to fufTer aneternal de-
privation of the privilege of fifhing in thofe feas at all. And what Briton would not rejoice at this ? To
what degree would not our gallant North Americans exert themlelves to difpofifefs them for evermore of that
liberty they long to enjoy to themfeWes, in conjunction with the reft of their fellow Britons ? France have al-
ways been lofers by waging war with us in America and they will be infatuated to tljink they fhall be gain-
,

ers by another, let them attempt it as foon as they will.

By the definitive treaty we have likewife fecured to ourfelves the fafe and uninterrupted navigation to and
from all our other colonies on the American continent, as w.-ll from Spain as France. By fettlements at Mo-
bille and Penfacola in Florida, and our rightof navigation into the great river MifTifippi, in the other gujph of
Mexico by our fettlements likewife of St. Auguftine and St. Mattheo, in the gulph of Florida, together with our
;

fituation at the Bahama ifiands, and at Georgia and the Carolihas, we nolt certainly fhall be far better able to
protect and defend our fouthern continental colonies from any attempts cf the Spaniards, than we were be-
fore, if due care is taken of them for that purpofe. And as we fhall be able to do tins, fo we are alio in a bet-
ter condition to ad offenfively againit Spain than ever we before were in the gulphs of Florida and Mexico.
Have we not therefore lb well fecured all our North American colonics by dint of a free navigation to and
from them, as to afford us more encouragement than we ever before had to enlarge and cement a more in-
terefting commercial union with them ? Were we not fo lecured by the navigation to and fiom the three
great gulphs, we might be difcouraged to make farther attempts to extend our union with them ; but the defi-
nitive treaty has left us every motive, and every incitement to do it to the utmoft of our power. So that as
our North American colonies are fecured to the more northerly parts from France ; fo are they from Spain to
the more foutherly. For although fince the conclufion of the faid definitive treaty, France has agreed to
transfer New Orleans to Spain, for latent confiderations, we apprehend will foon appear, yet we cannot look
upon fuch a ftep as difadvantageous to this kingdom, the Indian nations not being fo much under the influ-
ence' of the one as they have heretofore been under the other ; there, indeed," having been an inveterate an-
tipathy between them-and Spain, inftead of a friendfhip bctwixrthem and France..
'Tis true the Spanifh American territories are nearer to ours On the continent than they ever were before :

and are not ours nearer to theirs ? May we not regard this rather as an advantage than otherwife ?
"We being now lituated in the gulph of Mexico, as well as that of Florida, will not this in time of peace
more facilitate our trade with this part of Spanilh America, than when our dominions were at a greater dif-
tance ? In times of war, do we not approach nearer to La Vera Cruz ? Are we not more contiguous to the
Spanifh Mexican mines of treaiure ? And will not the freedom of navigation in the MifTifippi give us ad-
vanu. over the Spaniards here, when occafion may ma'.e it eligible to take it ? May not our adjacency
.

to the Havanna render its conqueft now more eafy than ever it was before ? Though we, no lefs than the
Spaniards, once thought that key of the Spanifh wealth invincible, yet Spain, to their lofs, have experienced
it otherwife and what has happened may again more probably, from our nearer and our flrongcr neighbour-
,

hood thereto ; and more efpecially when a more formidable union between Great Britain and North America
fhall happily take effect. Can the Spaniards hinder it ? We fay, they now are not near fj able as they were
before we poffefied the Floridas, the right of navigation in the Mexican gulph, and to and from the MifTi-
fippi ; they are not fo able to do it, while we have the ports of Mobille and Penfacola in that great gulph,
and thofe of St. Auguftine and $t. Mattheo, in that alio in the gulph of Florida. Are not alio, in confe-
5 .
quencc
 -

Jclii Foundation laid by the Peace of ijS^for the more inter efiing Union between Great Britain and America, ist.

quence hereof, the Bahama iflands become of more importance to this nation than ever we knew them be-
fore ? When we be at war with Spain, is not the Havanna at prefent, as it v-ere, quite furrounded
(hall
with Britifli dominions and Britifh power ? And are not thofe dominions from their natural contiguity more
able to give mutual aid and affiftancc to each other, and therefore to render the whole Britifh maritime power
more formidable in this part of the world than it ever was before the laft definitive treaty of 1763 ? Port
Royal, in South Carolina, together now with the ports of St. Auguftine and the Bahamas, arc all fo contigu-
oufly fituated, that they can foon give affiftance to each other. Carolina- Port Royal is capable of receiving (hips
of any fize or number; and thefe, with (hips ftationed at St. Auguftine, and cruizers at the Bahamas, now
lie conveniently not only to guard our northern colonies on this fide, but to affemble a maritime force, when

occafion, to attack any enemy in thofe parts.

The Spanifh galleons or flota, from the Havanna, in their paffage through the Gulph of Florida, may now
be eafily intercepted by South Carolina-Port Royal and Auguftine, aflifted by fuch
a fquadron ftationed at
private advices as the cruizers belonging to Providence may conftantly be able to furnifh them with : but
there is no inftance of the king's (hips ftationed at Jamaica having ever intercepted the Spanifh galleons or flo-
ta in their return home) for they have either had notice from Jamaica before a Britifh fquadron appeared, or
when they have feen our (hips cruizing for them, they have lain fafe and quiet at the Havanna till the Englifh
have been tired out and retreated through ficknefs, or for want of provifions, or elfe carried with the ftream
through the gulph, and then the Spanifh fleets have loon followed and efcaped us. Is not likewife our fitua-

tion at Mobille and Penlacola, in the Gulph of Mexico, more likely to catch the flota from La Vera Cruz to
the Havanna than ever it was before ?
Britifh (hips bound to Jamaica from Great Britain or Ireland, or the plantations on the American continent;
or from the coaft of Africa, infiead of paffing through the Gulph of Florida; where the current is ftrong
againft them, or through the Windward-Pafiage, which is equally hazardous, (hape their courfe fo as to fail
down fo far fouthward, till they arrive fomewhat eaft of the Caribbee-iflands, in a parallel latitude with Ja-
maica ; to which end they generally make the ifland of Antigua, or others in that neighbourhood, from whence
they alter their courfe due weft, and bear away with the trade wind to Jamaica. But when fuch (hips arc
homeward bound to Europe, or the northern colonies on the continent of America, they have their choice of
two courfes, viz. either through the Windward-Pafiage or through the Gulph of Florida.
From clearing the weft point of Jamaica to the weft of Cape .St. Antonio, in the ifland of Cuba, the (hip
has the advantage of the trade-wind upon her (larboard quarter all the way ; but when (he doubles Cape St.
Antonio, and changes her courfe to bear away for the Gulph of Florida, which is in the teeth of the trade-
v^ind, (he then lofes much more time and way than (he had gained in her quick paffage from Jamaica to the
leeward of Cuba and while (he has been thus beating againft the wind between the coaft of Cuba and the
:

Gulph, (he has been in great danger from the Spanifh guarda coftas from the Havanna j and fuppofing (he
efcaped them, and was juft entered the Gulph, (he was (till in danger from the coaft and current of Florida.
Now we are in pofieffion of Penfacola and Mobille in the Gulph of Mexico, and St. Auguftine, we can difpatch
cruizers after them, and intercept the Spanifh trade or their guarda coftas much better than ever we could
before ; whereby the navigation from Jamaica is rendered more fecure. Befides, next to being in actual pof-
feffion of the Havanna itfelf, we are now as happily fituated as we need be, as well for our own fecurity as to
annoy the Spaniards.
There is no other homeward courfe* except that through the Windward-Pafiage, in which the trade-winds
blowing continually from eaft to weft, and the moft difficult part of this paffage being from Port Royal point in
Jamaica to Morant, which is directly againft the wind, often detains (hips for a month or fix weeks together ;
and even after that, many have been forced to return to Port Royal in Jamaica, and pafs through the Gulph of
Florida^ So that as our moft confbnt courfe of mercantile navigation is through the Gulph of Florida, fo
likewife is that of the Spanifh flota and galleons, though the latter have fometimes fleered through the Wind-
ward-Pafiage ; but the unwieldinefs of thofe (hips making it rather more difficult than private merchant (hips,
they very rarely chufe this paffage.
Upon the whole, therefore, our fettlements as well in the Gulph of Mexico as Florida, confidered ar pre-
fent in conjunction with thofe of the Bahama iflands, and thofe of Georgia and South Carolina, feem to be
happily fituated, as well to intercept the Spanifh treafure in the galleons and flota, in their courfe home to
Old Spain, either before they may reach the Havanna, or when they (hall fail from thence for Europe.
Next therefore, as obferved, to our being in pofieffion of the Havanna itfelf, we could hardly be better fituated
for the purpofe of fuch interception of the Spanifh American treafure ; efpecially if we wifely embrace every
other advantage we may enjoy in thefe parts, in confequence of the laft peace, however badly it may have
been reprefented by many, who do not feem to me to have duly confidered the benefits we may derive from
it by our prefent whole American fituation.
The reafon for my obfervations hereon at prefent, is owing to the confideration of the prepared ftate Bri-
tifh America is now in for the commercial union herein fubmitted. For if our colonies were not in that ftate;
of fecurity the laft peace left them ; if the French or Spaniards continued fo fituated on the continent of North
America as they were before the laft war, and we were liable to the fame perpetual diffraction by their machina-
tions with the Indian nations, we could not have that encouragement we at prefent have to attempt that cxten-
five commercial union we have fuggefted in the foregoing difcourfe. As we fliall increafe the trade on that con-
tinent, we (hall find more commercial employment for the Indian nations in general , for we cannot profper
but they muft do fo likewife ; and when once the arts of agriculture, planting, and raifing every produc-
tion which Great Britain (hall find it her intereft to encourage, the Indians themfelves, as well as the Euro-
peans, may naturally fall into the like, there being fo clofe a connection and affinity with the prefent Indian
way of life, and thofe of agriculture, planting, &c. The wants of the Indians may, by good policy, be in-
creafed, and this inftigate to their efforts to fupply them-, which, together with intermarriages between their
people and our Europeans, will create a defireable incorporation between them. This will produce harmony and
affection, inftead of fcalping and wars ; they will experience more felicity to arife from fuch amicable and
commercial connections than they ever did from the reverfe. May we not, therefore, prefume, that the whole
face of things will foon be entirely changed on this continent, when a due commercial union (hall be promoted ?
The Indians alfo may as eafily be induced to ftrike into the employment that will be afforded them, by a
very extenfive inland navigation, as from a great increafe of agriculture, hufbandry, and planting, &c. 6cc
it is an eafy tranfition from hunting to agriculture and planting, and from fifhing to a trading navigation.

By the more interefting commercial union between this kingdom and North America, we may create fuch an
Univerfal fpirit of commercial induftry, as well amongft the Indians as others, as will infpire univerfal love and
amity amongft the people in general and if wife regulations are made to prevent every fpecies of the wonted
:

fraudulent impofitions upon the Indians, they will become one united people with us. This will remove the
common caufe of thofe broils and mifunderftandings we have too frequently had with thefe people.
On thefe confiderations it very clearly appears, that we are better fituated than ever this nation before was, to act
offenfively as well as defenfively againft Spain, in America-, and in the former in the mot important manner, and
to the moft important purpofes. For as affuredly as we took the Havanna itfelf, fo certainly are we better able
6 now
 Foundation laid ly the Peace 0/1763 for the more intercfling Union between Great Britain and Jnuxica, (Jc. xl:i i

now to retake it than we ever before

were, from the circumftances of the preceding account. The contiguity
of the lit nation of our molt ioutherly continental colonies is fuel), that we may have aid much fooner, and
much more formidable, from the continent in thofe parts than we ever had ; and we may do much greater exe-
cution there againft Spain than we could ever before do. From the Carolinas to the Floridas, we are in a
ity to raile a more confiderable land and maritime force than was ever before in our power, from
Ame-
rica alone and, therefore, may we not reafonably prcfume, that we fliall be able to do more execution againft
,

the Havanna itleif in a few months than heretofore we have been ever able to do till the laft war? Nay,
upon any future rupture with Spain, it is to be hoped, that we fhall level our whole maritime ftrenoth, as well
from the American continent as from Europe, directly againft the Havanna \ this being the fhort cut to
chaftife them at once effectually, and by no means to trifle with oui felvCs or them at all in Europe. Will not
this ever prove the lead exptnlivc, the fliortcft, and the molt forrni lable way to deal with that nation, without
fpending our ftrength ellewhere ? Will not this conduct in Great Britain be far more eligible then e'en wait-
ing for the interception of their flota or galloons ? For they may keep them a tedious while locked up in their
Other Spanifh American ports at a great uncertainty to us and therefore at a great expence to us, in waiting
;

for them whereas, if we once again poffels ourfclves of the Havanna, how can that nation be able to get
:

home their American treafure ? Or, how can they with fafcty bring any from Old Spain to New? With
the grcateft difficulty will they be capable of doing either and when the whole currency of this Spanifh trade
:

ihall be flopped Up, and obftructed, what will become of the Spartifll revenues ariling from this the mod va-
luable part of their whole commerce ? By a refolutioh in the court of London to level the whole of that force
the Britifh nation can apply againft Spain, in any future rupture with that nation, wholly at once againft the
Havanna, we do more execution againft that nation, when they fliall deferve it, in one twelvemonths,
fliall

than in our former dilatory and vague ways of dealing with Spain we have done in fome years in fuch a :

condition has the definitive treaty of 1763 put this kingdom with relation to that of Spain. And may net
fuch management lave us millions upon millions of expence hereafter, which heretofore we have expended
to right ourfelvea againft that infolent Spanifh nation ?
As by means of the advantageous fituation we at prefent have in North America, we are better enabled
to take the Havanna again when that point fliall be refolded on by the government of Great Britain; fo is
there not the grcateft probability thai we Hall not be difappointed in our attempt ? Have we not now
fafe contiguous harbours for our fleets to fit and refit ? Can we not reinforce them as we fliall have occa-
fion, as much and as expeditioully as the Spaniards fliall be able to guard or to defend themfclves at the
Havanna ? Are we not at prefent better able than ever we were to furround fuch part of the ifland of Cuba
as fliall be conducive to our luccefs, as well from Jamaica, as from Port Royal in Carolina, the Bahamas,
St. Auguttine, Penfacoia and Mobille ? Can we not give afliltance all "1 from our logwood fettlement in the
river Baylis, if that fettlement be made the proper advantage of? Can we not likewife very eaflly take pof-
feflion from Penfacoia, and elfewhere, of the bay of Campcachy and from thence carry a great maritime
-,

force to the Havanna? In fhort: while the Havanna fliall be open at top, as our brave Admiral faid for-
merly at the taking of Gibraltar, what is it that our gallant and magnanimous Briiifli fejimen and foldiers
will not chearfully attempt and fucceed in ? What is it they will not accomplifh, if wifely conducted by har-
mony between our and land officers, under a wife adminiftration, which fliall engage them by encou-
fea
raging rewards to exert themfclves ? By fuch like animating meafurcs, whatever is poflible to be done, by
the braveft of men, we may take for granted will be done. They have been lately accuftomed to conquer;
and what is it they will not determine to conquer under an adminiftration they have been wont to conquer?
An adminiftration beloved at home, and dreaded abroad; an adminiftration judicious in the choice of officers
of every kind to conduct our forces officers tenacious to fupport their honour as Britifh feamen and foldiers ;
:

determined to live in triendfhip, and unanimoufly refolved on victory ?

We do not flatter ourfelves with impoffibilities the prefumption of fuccefs, we may, with great truth,
:

fay, is more probable than ever, becaule we are better fituated to obtain it than ever of the Spaniards. And
are we not in the like circumftances with relation alfo to Fiance in North America, as we have before briefly
fliown ? Well then as we have icen thatFrance is not in lefs danger on a future rupture with this nation
:

to lole for ever the privilege of the Newfoundland fifheries, from the happy fituation we are in, by virtue of the
definitive treaty in America: fo is Spain of loflng the Havanna for ever on the like occafion. Perhaps,
France may think this a vilionary idea, that may appear plaulible upon paper only. We pretend tonodivina-
tory gift of prediction but we hope we are not difpoffeffed of that of common fenfe, which furpaffes every en-
:

thufiaitic phantom. Let them judge from numerous things we foretold, from the principles of common fenfe,
for many years before the la ft war: whether we are likely to be miftaken in our future, if they and Spain
force us into one foon again. And this, we conceive, they will do and fo fure as they do, they will rue it.
:

For notwithstanding the prefent ftate of our domeftic affairs may look with a melancholy afpect, from the re-
presentation given of them in the former Preliminary Difcourfe, yet, we know, that every grievance, as before
intimated, therein complained of, may be redreffed and that foon too to their forrow. And although they
:

may pleafe themfclves with our prefent minifterial diviflons and think this the proper time to take advantage
,

of us ; let them remember, that all Britons will unite to fcourge them when there fliall be occafion for it.
This their great minifter Richlieu ever forefaw, though weaker ones may nor.
We are happy in the enjoyment of the liberty of the prefs we are happy even in the abufe of that liberty ;
:

was it for no other reafon than to deceive our enemies; for 'tis obfervable, that they rarely diftinguifn the
difference between party and national writings. All we write is for the national fervice, having nothing to
do with party diffractions of any kind and if we put our rulers in mind of any grievances, 'tis only from a
:

motive to have them redreffed not to lliow that it is impracticable.

: We, however, fliall have no reafon to
be forry if our enemies fliall make another ufe of them than what we intend ; they will repent it. Will nor.
their lofs of Jamaica, and their lofs of the Floridas, and our gain of them, and the ports of St. Auguftine,
Penfacoia, and Mobille-; and our gain of the freedom of navigation to and from the Miffifippi, make Spain
dread the further confequences of quarrelling with Great Britain ? Let France too remain infenflble to their
lofl'cs of Canada, and all its dependencies, of Cape Breton, the iflands of St. Johns, Mifcou, Richlieu, &c.

&c. &c. let them remember that they are now poffeffed only of the trifling iflands of St. Peters and Miquelon
in their own right, and the privilege of fifliing at our will and pleafure under Britifn reftrictions and let them ;

judge what chance they will ftand to retain this privilege upon another rupture with this nation ; and they
muft be infatuated to quarrel with us foon again.
We not only behold with pleafure, the ftate of affairs at prefent in all North America, and the ability we
are there in to act offenfively as well as defenflvely, but we view alfo the riling condition of our new acquired
Ifland territories in America.
By the definitive treaty of 1763, the three iflands of Dominica, St. Vincent, and Tobago, are yielded
in perpetual fovereignty to the crown of Great Britain, and the ifland of St. Lucia is ceded to France, in
exchange for the ifland of Granada, with the Granadines, and all their dependencies, which are alfo for
ever yielded to this nation.
Vol. I. 1 Such
 :

xliv Foundation laid by the Peace of 1763 for the mere interesting Union between Great Britain and America, tSc.

Such is the fituation of the ifland. of Dominica, that befides the immediate afliftance it may receive from
our ancient ifle of Barbadoes, a refpedtable fquadron, on the firft appearance of a rupture with France, might
be fenc to Prince Rupert's Bay for its protection ; and will ferve as a place of arms, and the rendezvous of
our forces from all parts of the Well Indies; and from the nature of its fituation, the whole of the French
commerce in thefc parts will inftantly become precarious, and all their fettlements lie at British mercy.
The ifland of St. Vincent is fnuated directly to the leeward of Barbadoes, and may in a few hours b;
reached from thence; and is, at the fame time, fo feated, as to cover and connect the i'mall iflands that lie be-
tween it and Granada. By the ifland of St. Vincent, Great Britain has likewile gained an additional check
upon the French inland colonies in general ; and particularly on that of St. Lucia. There can be no mealurc
taken there, of which we may not have immediate notice; and if we confider the fituation of this ifland in
refpect to that, and the reft of the French iflands, now that Granada and all its dependencies are become Britifh,
it is apparent that we may from thence eftablifh a cruize ; by which the French may be effectually blocked up,

or at leaft deprived of all commerce in cafe of a future war. This ifland may likewife ferve us for a place of
arms, by which forces may be tranfplanted from the other adjacent iflands, and embarked very conveniently
for our future expeditions in this part of the world. It alfo contributes to cover and connect all our other pof-

feflions, that together we have acquired by the peace ; and from thence reinforcements and fupplies may be
fent with equal eafe and expedition to Dominica.
Tobago, the mod remote of all our new acquired iflands in America, being fituated near to the Spanifh
main, is an advantage that may tend to render this ifle of important utility. It may open to us a correfpon-

dence with the free Indians, who live upon the continent ; and who would be glad to have commerce with
us ; and with good management we might thereby make an acquifition of people as we have done of coun-
try. From hence we might be able to annoy the Spaniards, as well on the ifland of Trinidada as on the con-
tinent, if we fhall find it worth our while in time of future war, as they have done us from that Spanifh
ifland during the laft war.
Another advantage we have gained by the definitive treaty, is that of annexing the ifland of Granada to
the crown of England. By our molt accurate accounts, it appears to be about twice as large as Barbadoes,
larger than St. Lucia, St. Vincent, or Tobago. The harbour, which lies^ to the north-weft end of the ifland,
and is called the Carenage, the harbour of Port Royal, or the Old Port, has been always reckoned one of
the beft harbours in the Weft Indies, as poffefting almoft every advantage that can be defired. It is fo capa-

cious as to hold, with eafe, afquadron of twenty-five ships of the line, where they may ride with perfect
fafety, in refpect to wind or weather. In time of war, this ifland will give us very great advantages againft
the Spaniards no lefs than the French :and if it fhould fo happen, that by a multiplicity of fervices, our naval
force fhould be fo divided as to leave us only an inferior fquadron in thofe parts, the Carenage would afford
us a fafe retreat, without obliging our fhips to quit that ftation :a circumftance well worthy our regard, of
which the French availed themfelves often, fo long as this ifland remained in their pofTefTion. Nor fhould it
be forgot, that our ifland of Granada, and its dependent Granadines, are free from hurricanes ; to which alfo
our ifland of St. Vincent is feldom expofed.
By the arrangement of things in the Weft Indies, in confequence of the treaty of 176*3, there is not now
an ifland fmall or great there, the right and pofleffion of which is not duly afcertained. By virtue of this ad-
juftment, we pofiefs a new and considerable province in the West Indies, compofed of iflands well
fituated; as well for the mutual protection of each other as for their offenfive annoyance of an enemy ; and
for their general intercourfe with Great Britain. This new diftribution of territorial property has brought us
much nearer to the Spanifh main, and this in time of peace may enable us to furnifh them with fupplies of
negroes, and other neceflaries, which they have long received from the French and Dutch. From thefe iflands,
we have in times of war effectual means of keeping enemies fleets in awe, interrupting all correlpondence
between their Weft: India fettlements, and making defcents upon their coafts, let them break with us as foon
as they will.
The French judged Martinico could not be fecure without St. Lucia. They were ftrangely prepofieffed
with the notion of St. Lucia, not to difcern, that we pofiefs in Dominica much more than we could pofflbly
have had, if we had kept St. Lucia. For Dominica lies in the very middle of the channel, between Marti-
nico and Guardaloupe, to the windward of the laft of thefe iflands, and not fo much to the leeward of the for-
mer ; but the vefifels can eafily fetch the road of St. Peter, which is its principal town and port from Domi-
nica. Wehave alfo in that ifland, to leeward, Prince Rupert's Bay, and to windward the Great Bay ; fo that,
having Barbadoes to the windward of all, and Antigua to leeward of Guardaloupe, it is fcarce poflible in time
of war, that either trade, or supplies, fhould get into thefe French iflands. Dominica is of large extent,
and great natural ftrength ; and may be defended againft any force St. Lucia is fo acceflible on every fide, that
:

it mult of neceffity fall to a fuperior maritime force. Dominica will ferve to cut off the communication be-
tween Martinico and Guardaloupe in time of war, and reduce the inhabitants of both thefe French ifles to the
laft extremity.
Upon the whole : it appears, that the proportion between the property, and confequently between the power
of Great Britain and France in the Weft Indies, is now extremely altered to what it was before and fince the
conclufion of the peace of 1763. Our property, in the former period, compared to theirs, was no more than
one to five whereas 'tis now as near as ten to fifteen, or nearly as two to three. If, therefore, when we were
:

in fo much a weaker ftate, we were ftill able to protect, even the fmalleft of our iflands, during all the late wars
between the two crowns, and in a condition to conquer almoft all theirs ; fhall we have any reafon to fear when
we have acquired fo large an acceffion of united force in the Weft Indies ?
Befides: the fituation and difpofition of our iflands give us, in refpect to France, ftill greater advantages.
Our northern iflands will remain what they always have been ; a perpetual check on them on that (ide. Do-
minica lies, as fhewn, in the very center of their pofTeffions ; fo as to command and diftrefs the navigation
equally of Martinico and Guardaloupe. At the fouthern extremity again we have Granada, and its depen-
dencies, connected with St. Vincent ; from whence we have an eafy correlpondence with Barbadoes, and a num-
ber of lafe and commodious ports, whereto our fleets may at all times refort all which confiderations, taken
:

with their united force, may banifh the apprehenfions of danger, either to our old or new colonies in thefe parts,
ip cafe of another tupture with France.
From this concife view of our prefent fituation, in point of fecurity, to act defenfively and offenfively
againft the united powers of France and Spain, both in North America, as well as in the Weft Indies : what
can Great Britain have now to dread from thofe mighty potentates ? We
have little to fear from thefe nations
but they have every thing to fear from the due exertion of the force of Great Britain once more being turned
againft them both.
But what Avill they not have to fear, from the additional commercial union proposed to be made
between Great Britain and her North American, and her ifland colonies ; and as well between thofe of ourBritilh
colonies on the continent as our iflands ?
After this view of their fituation for defence and offence, we fhall now give an idea of the additional com-
merce we may derive from our new acquired ifland colonies.
3 Dominica
 )

Foundation laid by the Peace of r/Cj for the more vilcrefling Union between Great Britain and
America, &c. xl /

Dominica is a large Mand,

twenty eight Fnglifh miles in length, and about
at leaft
t thirteen in breadth,
in circumference about tinny leagues. It is not interfered by large
inlets of the fea, as many others, both
of the larger and Idler of our own, as the French Welt India iflands are, and
of" courfe contains more land
Some have judged It near twice as large as Barbadocs, and the French eftcern it near half the fize of
Marti-
nico. The climate in general is reputed wholcfome. The face of the country is rough and mountainous,
to-
wards the lea flde efpecially, and within land, there are many rich and hue vallies, and
fome fpacious and fair
plains. The declivities of the hills are commonly gentle, io as to facilitate their cultivation, and the
foil in
general a deep black mould, and commended tor its fertility, by the Spaniards and
French, as well as the
Englifh. It is well watered, by at le.lt thirty rivers ; lome of which are
fpacious and navigable for feveral
miles, the relt commodious fur planting, and variety of fifh. It abounds in all kinds of timber that are
cuftomary in the Welt India illes. Their fruits are luperior to thole in Maninico and Guardaloupe.
Ho^s
both wild and tame, are in plenty, as well as molt lorts of fowl. Ground provifions in general are here
as good
as in any of the other ifles I'm h as bananas, potatoes, maniac, from which the caflada
;
is made, the common
bread of the Indians, Negroes, and even Europeans.
The fectlements made here by the French upon the coaft were efteemed equal, if not fuperior in produce, to
thole in their own ifles. There are feveral
ports and convenient creeks. On the north-weft end of the
fafe
ifland there is a deep, fandy, large bay, well defended by the adjacent mountains from moft winds,
called
Rupert's Bay, where our armament under the late lord Cathcart lay very commodioufly, and which' was
of
great fervice to our fquadron in the cuuile of the late war. There is good anchoring-ground alon^ in all the
LEI. WARD COAST.
The Frent h have acknowledged, that fugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa, and indeed every thing, that either they,
or we have been able to raife in any of the other iflands, may be produced in large quantities, as well as in
great perfection in this ifland. As it is greatly peopled already,
induce to^hc difcovery of that mine
ic will
for which this ifland has been always famous, as believing it, from tradition, to be iilver, but what the
French well know to be gold > and though it fliould not be judged expedient to open it ; yet the certain know-
lege of it could do us no injury, as the fame of ic might invite numbers there, and prove of oreat
benefit.
The ifland of St. Vincent from north
to fouth about twenty-four miles in length, and about half as many
is

in breadth , fixty, or thereabouts, in

circumference. It is rather bigger than Antigua, and if no larger,
at
lealt as lar^e as Barbadoes,_ fomewhat fmaller than St. Lucia, and much about two thirds of the bigneis
of
Dominica. The warmth of the ifland is lb temperated with fea breezes, that it is looked upon as very healthful
and agreeable, and on the eminencies, that are numerous, the air is plealantly cool.
Ihc (oil in general is extraordinary though the country is hilly, and in fome places mountainous.
fruitful :

Amongft the former there are pleafant bottom of the latter fome fpacious and luxurious plains.
vallies , at the
No ifland of the like extent is better watered i from the mountains there defcend rivers, and lefler ftreams run
on both fides from alnioft every hill. There are various fine fprings at a fmall diftance from the fea-, and the
Hopes fo eafy and regular, that there are hardly any marfh.es, and no Handing waters on the ifland. There are
befides large quantities of valuable timber, as well as good fruit trees ; fome peculiar to this ifle. It abounds
with wild fugar canes, from which the natives make a pleafant liquor corn and rice, and all forts of around
;

provifions are railed in plenty, and without great trouble. In the fouth part, where the French have railed
fome large and flourifhing fettlements, they have coffee, cocoa, indigo, anatto, and lignum vitx, and very fine
tobacco. They have plenty of cattle and poultry. The rivers are ftored with divers forts of frefn fifh and ;

the lea contiguous to its coafts abounds with thole proper to its element and the general nature of the climate.
Land and water fowl are in great plenty.
With refpect to its produce in general, it bids fair to become inferior to none of the other ifles, according
to its extent and it has many commodious bays on the north and north-welt fides, with abundance of con-
:

venient creeks and good anchoring ground on every fide. At the fouthern extremity there is a deep, fpacious,
fandy bay, called St. Antonio, where fhips of large fize may lie fafely and conveniently. The French for
feveral years went on fettling, planting, cutting timber, and raifing every kind of Weft India commodities,
except fugar, and carrying on a very lucrative trade to their other iflands, in which a number of fljopa
were employed.
Tobago is thirty-two miles from fouth-eaft to north-weft, which is the greateft length, and where broadeft
is about nine miles, from eart to weft, fomewhat more than feventy miles in circumference. It differs not a
great deal in bignefs from the ifle of St. Vincent, is rather larger than Barbadoes, and of confequence than any
of our leeward iflands. The climate, though it lies only eleven degrees and ten minutes n :rth from the
equator, is not near fo hot as might be expected the force of the fun's rays being happily tempered by
;

the coolnefs of the fea breezes. 'Tis another favourable circumftance thac this ifle lies out of the track of
hurricanes.
There are many rifing grounds over this ifland, but they cannot be properly ftiled mountainous, except, per-
haps, in the nocth-weft extremity, and even there they are far from being rugged or impaflable. The foil is
well divertified being in fome places light and fandy, in others mixed with gravel and fmall flints, but in
,

the general it is a deep, rich black mould. From the extraordinary fize of the fame fort of trees that giow
in the other iflands and from the trials made by the Courlanders and the Dutch, this ifland is efteemed to be
,

luxuriantly fertile ; well fuited to the different productions that are raifed in the Weft Indies ; and from the
concurrence of various circumftances, may be wrought with eafe, and is not liable to the blaft, and other acci-
dents, which are fometimes fatal to the moft promifing crops in fome of our leeward iflands.
It is generally agreed, that hardly any country can be better watered than this is. Befides fprings that are
found in plenty all over the ifland, there are not fewer than eighteen rivulets thac run from the hills into the
fea, fome on the eaft, fome on the welt fide. Some of thofe take a ferpentine courfe through the meadows
others pent up by rocky channels, roll with fuch rapidity, as renders them very fit for driving of mills ; buc
there are very few or no morafles or marfhes, or lakes, pools, or other collections of ftanding water, which of
courfe muft render it more healthy, and in all parts of it alike habitable.
Yet this diftribution of frefh water is not more commodious than the difpofition of the bays and creeks of
the fea upon its coafts. At the fouth end lies the bay of La Guira, and at- a fmall diftance the lefler and
the great Rockley bays. The latter of thefe may, with propriety, be ftiled a harbour, for it is land-locked
on every fide, and is very fecure. In this bay, the Dutch and French fleets engaged in the year 1677, m
which engagement the French fhip called the Glorieux, of feventy guns, belonging to the fquadron of count
D'Etrees, was blown up; which fhews that it is capable of receiving as considerable fquadrons, and thofe of
as large fhips, as are uiually fent into thofe feas. To the northward of thefe lies Fat Hog bay, and beyond
that Grand River bay, Great Hog bay, Little Hog bay, and L'Ancre Batteau, covered by the ifland of Little
Tobago. Oppofite to this, on the other fide of the ifland, is John Moor's bay, now Man of War bay,
very deep and Ipacious, with ten fathom water dole to the fhore, with two fine rivulets running into the bay,
where
xlvi Foundation laid by the Peace 0/1763 for the more inlerejling Union between Great Britain and America, Wt.

it being furrounded by high

where our (hips may careen, with the utmoft cohveniency and greatett fafery ;

hills, come down dole to the more, by which the vcfiels lying there will be effectually (heltcrcd from both
that
wind and weather. There are alfo ieveral little commodious bays between tins and Great Courland bay, and
Sandy Point bay, which brings us again to the l'outhern extremity of the ifland.
Whence it evidently appears , is in all refpects moft convenient for commerce, and afford
that this ifland
many obvious and extraordinary advantages to provide for and preferve its fecurity.
This ifland is covered with all that vaft variety of valuable timber, that is to be found in molt countries
in the Weft Indies-, many forts of which are no lefs extraordinary in their fize than excellent in their natuje.
The fame may be laid with refpect to fruit trees, and amongft theie there are fome that are peculiar to Tobago.
Such, for inftance, as the true nutmeg tree ? which the Dutch themfeloes, who are good judges, affirm to
have found there. They, indeed, fay it is a wild nutmeg, that the mace is lefs florid, and the tafte of the nut
itfelf more pungent, though larger and fairer to the eye, than the fpice of the fame kind brought from the Eaft
Indies by them. The cinnamon tree grows likewife in this ifland, though the bark is faid to have a
tafte of cloves as well as cinnamon. Here alfo grows that tree which produces the gum copal, refcmbling
that brought from the continent of America, and very different from what goes by the fame name in the reft
of the Weft India iflands.
All ground provifions are produced here in great abundance, as well as perfection. Here likewife are plenty
of wild hogs and other animals, together with large quantities of fowl, and an amazing variety both of lea and
river fifh. Durino- the time the Dutch poffeffed this ifland, which was not many years, they exported large
quantities of tobacco, sugar, cassia, ginger, cinnamon, sassafras, gum copal, cacao, rocou,
indigo and cotton, befides rich woods, materials for dying, drugs of different kinds, and ieveral forts of
delicious fweetmeats. Thus we have a profpect of raifing here all the moft valuable commodities which the
Weft India iflands produce. There is no fort of improbability of our being able to produce a great parr, if
not the variety of spices of the Eaft Indies in this very ifland.
all

fhall now confider what commercial advantages may be derived from our poffeffion of the ifland of
We
Granada* and the Granadines. This ifland lies fouth from St. Vincent feventeen or eighteen leagues; fouth-
weft from St. Lucia about thirty-five leagues fouth fouth-weft from Martinico fifty leagues
; fouth-fouth-weft ;

from Dominica fomewhat more than fixty leagues ; weft-north-weft from Tobago thirty-five leagues, or
according to fome charts forty leagues fouth from St. Chriftophers one hundred leagues, and north from the
,

Spanifh main about thirty leagues. It lies in the latitude of eleven degrees thirty minutes north, the fartheft

to the fouth of any of the Antilles. It is upwards of thirty miles in length, fifteen or fixteen in breadth, in

fome places, though in others lefs, and is about twenty-five leagues in circumference. It is near twice as big
as Barbadoes, larger than St. Lucia, St. Vincent, or Tobago, and according to fome French memoir writers,
contains of cultivatable lands near one-third of what is to be found in Martinico.
Though the fituation of this ifle is warm, yet the French writers affure us, that it is much moderated by the
regular returns of fea breezes, by which the air is rendered cool and pleafant. From the fame authority we
may afferr, that it is wholefome. The feafons are remarkably regular; the blaft has not hitherto been known
in this ifland, and it lies out of the track of hurricanes ; which, with refpect to the fafety of the fettlements on
fhore, and the fecurity of navigation, is an ineftimable benefit in this part of the world.
There are in Granada fome very high mountains but the number is fmall, and the eminencies fcattered
-,

through it are in general rather hilly, yet gentle in the afcent, of no great height, fertile and capable of culti-
vation. The foil is every where deep, rich, mellow, and fertile in the higheft degree fo as to be equal in all :

refpects, if not fuperior, to that of any of the iflands in the Weft Indies, if the concurrent teftimony both of
French and Britifli planters may be relied on.
It is perfectly well watered by divers ftreams of different fizes, and running in different directions, flowing
from a large lake on the fummit of a high mountain fituated very near the center of the ifle. There are fmall
brooks running from moft of the hills, and very fine fprings almoft every where, at a fmall diftance from the
fhore. All thefe rivers abound with variety of good fifli, and are reforted to by multitudes of water fowl.
There are likewife in Granada feveral salt ponds, which have their ufes and their value.
The great produce of this country, at our firft pofleffion of it, was a prodigious variety of moft forts of
timber that are to be met with in the Weft India iflands, which is of no littie advantage. It abounds with
many rich fruits, valuable gums, dying woods, and diverfity of vegetable productions-, fuch as oils, refins,
balfams, &c. which have always born an high price here. All the various kinds of ground provifions, which
are fo requifite to the fubfiftence of Weft India plantations, are here in great quantities, and fome kinds of
grain ripen very kindly in this, which are not raifed at all, or are raifed with difficulty in other iflands. River
and fea fifli are here in great abundance; in refpect to the latter, turtle of large fize and fine flavour, as well
as lamentins. They have plenty of all forts of fowl, and prodigious quantities of game, ortolans, and a kind
of red partridge efpecially. The woods are ftored with many wild animals, that afford excellent food, and
are very rarely met with in the other iflands. They have much cattle; and as their hills yield excellent paf-
ture, they increafe daily.
But the diftinguifhing excellency of Granada does not lie limply in its great fertility, or in its fitnefs for a
vaft variety of eftimable commodities, but in the peculiar quality of its foil, which gives a furprizing and in-
conteftable perfection to all its productions. The sugar of Granada is of a fine grain, and of courfe more
valuable than either that of Martinico or Guadaloupe. The indigo is the fineft in all the Weft Indies.
While tobacco remained the ftaple commodity, as once it was, of thofe iflands, one pound of Granada to-
bacco was worth two or three that grew in any of the reft. The cacao and cotton have an equal degree of
pre-eminence ; nor is this founded fimply in the opinion of the French, but is equally known and allowed by
the Englifh and Dutch.
By memoirs of the French, the true cinnamon and nutmegs are here this ifland, with Tobago, may render
:

us mafters of valuable fpice iflands. In refpect to fituation, and thofe expofitions that are effeiuially requifite
to the proper cultivation of thofe valuable productions, thefe iflands are every way equal or, if upon making :

the experiment, Granada fhould be found preferable to Tobago, it will be preferred accordingly.
There is good anchoring ground on all the coaft, and many commodious creeks and bays, both on the eaft
and weft fides; which will be infinitely advantageous to commerce, when this ifland fhall be completely cul-
tivated. There two large ports of great excellence, and which deferve particular notice. The firft
are befides
of thefe is the harbour ofCalivenie, at the fouth-eaft extremity of the ifland, and is Angularly fafe and
fpacious. It con fills of an outward and an inward port. The former is rhree quarters of a mile broad at its
entrance, but widens as you advance, and becomes above a mile in extent within. As to the entrance of the
interior port, it is above a quarter of a mile broad, but prefently expands itfelf on both fides, fo as to be
very capacious, and has about feven fathom water, with a toft and muddy bottom; from whence feamen will
judge of its utility. Ships lying here in the utmoft fafety, may from warehoufes take in their lading very

conveniently, and may then with great eafe be hauled into the outer port, which has this peculiar advantage,
9 that
 I'aindation laid by the Peace of 1
763 for the more interefiing Union between Great Britain and America, &c. xl vli

hat fhips either come into or go out of it with the ordinary trade wind.
may This port, fuppofincr there wa'*
no other, an ifiand thus fituated, and fo very capable of being improved, would, in a tradino-'nation like
in
ours, render it a moll important acquifition.
But the worth of Granada mull be highly enhanced, when wt- confider, as before hinted, the other harbour^
which lies at the north-well end of the ifland, and is called the Carenace, the harbour of Port Royal, or die
Old Port, which has been always efteemed one of the bell harbours in the Weft Indies, as p jff-fli.ig aim oil every
advantage that can be defined. It is a full quarter of' a mile broad at its enhance, and, when
once enrered i<?
lb capacious as to hold with eafe a fquadron of twenty-five fhips of the line, where they nny ride in perfect
fafety in refpecf. either to wind or weather. There lies alfo, at a fmall diltance from this port,' a lake of a
confiderable fize, very deep, and which, by cutting through a land bank, might be eafily joined to the port,
and would then make it one of the finclt bafons in the world, and afford all the convenicncies that could well
be wilhed, for careening the largeft fquadron of the largelt fhips that are ever employed in this part of the
world. The benefits that may be jullly expected from fuch a port, that may be fortified to what decree we
pleafe, an ifland fo well fituated, and producing fuch a diverlity of valuable commodities, are fo obvious
in
that it is needlefs to enter into a detail of them. In time of war it will give us inexprefliblc advantage
a^ainlt
the Spaniards as well as the French and if at any time it mould fo happen, that by a multiplicity or" ferried
:

our naval force mould be fo divided, as to leave us only an inferior fquadron in thofc parts, the Carenage
would afford us a fafe retreat, without obliging our fhips to quit that llation ; a circumtlancc worthy atten-
tion, and of which the French availed themfelves often, fo long as this ifland remained in their poffefilon.
The French, for fome years before this ifland came into Bruifh hands, produced 12,00 h< gflieads of sugar )

annually, befides coffee, cocoa, and a large quantity of excellent cotton. Yet they never f.ttled above
one-half the country, nor received above one-half the profit even that would admit of, had the inhabitants
been better planters, and better fupplied with flaves.
Exclufive of thefe productions, this ifland was of great utility to the French during the laft war, when the
fingle fhips of force they fent to the Weft Indies, with the transports under their care, came reoularly hither,-
with little danger of falling into the hands of cruizers. Here they remained in fafety, and from hence they
fent fupplies of men, ammunition, and
provifions, in fmall veffels, which creeping along the Granadines, St.
Vincent, and Lucia, arrived generally fpeaking fafely in the harbour of St. Peter's in Martinico.
St. In this
refpect, as well as many others, the French will very fenfibly feel the lot's of this ifland, as we fhall the advan-
tage arifing from our poffcflion of it. A Britifh fquadron iiationed here, will certainly be a fevere check both
upon the Spaniards and French in time of war.
From the fouthern extremity there runs a long range of fmall islets, extending about twenty leagues.
Their number is about twenty three, capable of cultivation. Their foil is remarkably rich, and the climate
pleafant. They will afford large quantities of indigo, coffee, and cotton ; nor are they unfit for sugars.
They abound with excellent timber. They were formerly ferviceable to the planters of Barbadoes, who cue
large quantities of mill-timber for their fugar works. But for many years paft the French have not only
prevented this, as injurious to their property, but by ftationing guard-ffnps upon the coaft, made prizes in
time of full peace, of all Englifh veffels they found at anchor there-, and even of fuch as appeared in fioht of
them, which was a great detriment to our navigation. For if veffels bound to Barbadoes, either through thick
weather, or being difabled, miffed that ifland, and run down the fouth of it, which was the common rout, they
came of courfe upon thefe iflands, and fell into the hands of the French guard-lhips; the apprehenfion of
which made them fo cautious, as to render their voyages to that Britifh ifland longer and more tedious than it
now need to be, which inhances the value of thefe iflands.
There are befides thefe, five larger iflands dependent on Granada, covered with valuable timber, interfperfed
with rich fruit-trees, and are capable of variety of Weft India improvements, which render them eftimable.
They are named Carronacou, which has a convenient and capacious harbour, ifle of L'Union, Carmoen,
Moustiques, or Moskito Island, and Beeovya, or Bekia.
The confideration of thefe fmaller iflands led to the queftion, whether they might not, all circumftances cori-
fidered, be more proper for the introduction of spices than even that of Tobago ? The five iflands of the
Moluccas, which are Ternate, Tydor, Motier, Marquien, and Bacham, were fo many fcparate
kingdoms, before they were known to the Europeans. They lie in a line like thefe, and none of them larger
than fome of the five of ours. They have fmall ftraits of the fea between them like the Granadines, bear
the fame trees, herbs, and roots, are fome of them like thofe, deficient in frelh water, and produced ori-
ginally cinnamon and nutmegs, as well as cloves, the ufes as well as the method of cultivating and
curing of which were taught them by the Chinefe, as Dr. Angenfola, who wrote an excellent hiftory of the
Molucca Islands, informs us. Banda, where the nutmecs originally grew, is not above half the fize of
Bekia and Ambovna, to which the Dutch feem at prefent inclined to confine both nutmegs and cloves, is
,

rather inferior in point of extent to our Granada.

To judge of the true value, and to afcertain the real importance of all our new ifland acquifitions, we
mull view and contemplate them in all their different lights, from which they may eyery one of them become
more or lefs, immediately or remotely, directly or indirectly, affifting to the interelts, increafing the power and
commerce, extending the navigation, and thereby promoting the welfare of Great Britain or, in other words* ,

conducing to the induftry, the independency, and the happinefs of their fellow citizens and fellow fubjecls,
who are the inhabitants of the mother-country.
In virtue of the general arrangement of things by the treaty of 1763, many of our old plantations will avail
themfelves of thofe fupplies of timber, from which they were for many years before precluded. The run-
away negroes will not be able to fhelter themfelves any more in uninhabited iflands, and thofe impediments to,
and enlbarraffments of our navigation, which have often been feverely felt, and in confequence of which fo
many frequent and loud-complaints have been made to almoft every government in our colonies, is now re-
moved, by taking away the caufe. For there is not now an ifland, fmall or great, in the Weft Indies, the right
to as well as the poffeffion of which, is not clearly afcertained.
Our old fettlements will gradually difburden their fupernumerary inhabitants on territories belonging to
their mother-ftate, inftead of reporting, as has been too notorious that great numbers have done, to Danish
and Dutch fettlements.
If we advert to the alterations this new diftribution of territory has made, in regard to the French in thofe
parts, it appears plain enough from what has been already obferved, that they have loft the conveniency of
raifing vail quantities of frefh provifions, as well as very confiderable fupplies of valuable commodities of the
various kinds before enumerated, as belonging to our refpective new acquifitions in the Weft Indies, which
the French conftantly received from thofe that were filled neutral, but fo far as this went, were in reality
made French iflands. They have alfo loft the advantage of felling timber and building sloops, and even
larger veffels in Dominica and St. Vincent, as they were accullomed to do-, and all thefe benefits are now
thrown into the Britilh fcale of wealth, power, and fecurity. Befides, they are deprived of their communica-
Vol. 1. m tion
xlviii Foundation laid by the "Peace of 1 763 for the more interefting Union between Great Britain and America, i3c.

tion with the Indians in the one, and with the Indians and the free Negroes in the other of thofe ifUnds, from
whence they derived, by their own confeflion, iuch Cervices as were productive of variety of advantages, ex-
clufive of the check they kept upon us. They no longer enjoy the turtle and lamentin fifhing round the
coait of Tobago, which wjs their annual bun are now confined
relort, within the bounds and to the coufts of
their own iflands.
Thefe confequences, when confidered together* have given very great advantages to our planters, and
brought very fenfible difficulties upon the French planters, and a larger number of hands for procuring thoft
neceiiary fupplies, which they formerly received in great abundance, with little trouble and very fmall ex-
pence. It will alio follow, as all who are acquainted with thofe countries muft know, that from being thus

Itreightned they are compelled to employ more negroes; and yet, even with this increale of (laves, Ids will
be done in their lugar plantations than formerly, when almoft all their wants with refpect to fubiiftence, and
even with regard to building, were fupplied upon fuch eafy terms, as we have feen. In this fituation likewife
as many vefiels of different fizes were continually occupied in their intercourfe with thofe ifles, with 'which
they can now have no further connections, their navigation of courfe declines.
By the arrangement made, the French have not only loft the additional produce of fugars, coffee, cotton,
&c. of the feveral before defcribed iflands, which taken all together mufc be very considerable, with all title to
any further improvements they have not only loft there, but all the advantages of thoie various fate and
commodious ports before deienbed, as belonging to our feveral new colonies they have loft the fa ility which
,

they had from thence of fuccouring all their iflands, even when we had iuperior fquadrons in thofe leas, to
which for the future they muft in cafe of future war with us be inevitably expofed. They have alfo been
deprived on one fide of the intercourfe they had with the Spaniards, and muft hereafter run much greater
hazards than formerly, in receiving, when their neceffities fhall require them, fupplies of proviflons and mili-
tary ftorts from the Dutch.
As to the French having St. Lucia, they can receive no great benefit from that ifland, nothing compar-
able to what we do from the reft before reprefented. For that ifland is far from being healthy. It is fo
full of venomous crearures of different fizes, that the French can fcarce ftir abroad but in boots. It is
not only very mountainous, but even the flat country is full of marfhes. Befides, it lies fo immediately within
the view, and under the power of the well fettled colony of Martinico, that without being at a -great expence
in fortifications, and keeping a conltant military force there for its defence, we could fcarce hope that it
would ever have been thoroughly fettled. Jf even with the afliftance of fortifications and a regular force, it
had been fettled by us, it might have been found impracticable to have fecured it, as there are ib many land-
ing places in different parts of the ifland ; and as in cafe of a war, this fmall fettlement would have been im-
mediately expofed to the whole ftrength of the French iflands, fo that the inhabitant? might have been ruined
before any afliftance could have been fent them ; and this, if the county had been recovered, or quitted by
the enemy, would certainly have difcouraged our people from fettling it again. As the cafe now ftands. the
French are liable to all thele inconveniencies ; and whoever confiders the fituation of this ifland, and of thofe
belonging to us in its neighbourhood, and reflects at the fame time on the fuperiority of our maritime force,
will fee, that in time of war it muft be a very precarious poffefiion, more efpecialiy if fo thoroughly fettled as
to make the conqueft of it a matter of much confequence to us.
Our new Britifh ifland colonies, like our old ones in America, muft depend entirely upon vs, and draw from
hence every neceffary, every conveniency that they want, either for their own fubfiftence, or for carrying on
their plantations j and how extremely beneficial this is, and fo confiderable an increafe of commerce muft it
be to the mother-country, has fufficiently appeared.
There can be no room to fear that our new fettlers will not find wherewithal to make confiderable returns,
from the particular valuable Weft India commodities before enumerated to be produced. So that the increafed
intercourfe of trade between the new colonies and their mother-country, as it has from the caufes before re-
prefented began, fo the advantages arifing from it will diffufe themfelves generally over the whole ifland of
Great Britain ; indeed through the whole fphere of the Britifh dominions in Europe, fince very large quanti-
ties of linens and fait proviflons will be exported for the ufe of thofe colonifts and their fervants from Ireland ;
their increafed demand, we may reafonably hope, will, in a great meafure, abforb thofe fupplies with which
the inhabitants of that ifland have hitherto furnifhed the French and Spanifh fhips, and contributed thereby to
their navigation much cheaper than otherwife they could have done.
But exclufive of the benefits flowing from their direct trade with us, they will bring in likewife confiderable
advantages by the encouragement they will afford to other branches of our commerce. The African trade
has received a new fpring from their demands, fince all that they can do at prefenr, or in future, muft chiefly
arife from the labour of negroes. The fupplying them with flaves, therefore, will be a continual iburce of
wealth in that fhape to fuch as are employed in that branch more efpecialiy to thofe who have the largeft
,

fhare therein, the merchants of London, Liverpool, and Briftol.

This trade is of importance to Great Britain, as it is carried on principally with our own manufactures,
and more efpecialiy with woollen goods of different kinds, to a large amount ; and in all the incidental pro-
fits, exclufive of what is produced by flaves, which arife from our correfpondence with Africa, whether ob-

tained by the purchafe of elephants teeth and gold duft, upon the coafts of that country, or from the fale of
commodities to foreigners in the Weft Indies, finds its way hither. On the winding up of the account, there-
fore, as the fale of the negroes centers in the Weft Indies, the profits arifing from them, and every other ac-
cefiion of gain centers ultimately here, and becomes the property of the inhabitants of Britain. 1

This will appear with greater degree of evidence, when we reflect, that more than the moiety of that part of
the cargo for the African trade, which is not made up of our own goods, confifts of the manufactures of the
Haft Indies. Befides the quantity of India goods employed on the coaft of Africa, there is likewife no fmall
demand for the fame commodities in our old sucar colonies, and of courfe there will be the like demand
in our new.
From what we have faid, we may difcern in what manner the comprehenfive chain of commerce is united,
and in what manner the different products of the molt diftant parts of the world are carried to and brought
from thefe diftant countries in Britifh fhipping and all the emoluments arifing from this extenfive navi-
;

gation, which will be daily augmented, by our new acceflion of territory, in the Welt Indies only.
And if the further interefting commercial union fhall be promoted to the full degree and extent to which
the fame will now admit of with greater fafety and fecurity than ever it could do heretofore, what vaft emo-
lument muft not inevitably from hence arife ? To what an amazing height in trade and navigation may this
kingdom not arrive by an increafe of the circulation of commerce between Great Britain and her colonies and
plantations in America and Africa ? Nay, will not our Afiatic trade likewife derive great advantage from the
augmentation of general traffic that will hence enfue ? And while thefe fhall go on daily advancing, will not
our European trade receive advantages proportionate hereunto ? Efpecialiy fo, provided in confequence here-
of, we fhall fo increafe in opulence as to become able to leflen the public debts and taxes to that degree as

5 . fhall
 Foundation laid by the Peace 0/1763 for the more interejling Union between Great Britain and America, 6fa xlix

fhall make our commodities of every kind cheaper for

exportation, as well our plantation commodities in general,
as our native manufactures in particular: especially, we fay, when our native commodities in general fhall be
reduced to a degree 01 cheapnefs equal to thole or our molt detrimental competitors, by the due reduction of
taxes in this kingdom ?

Theprodigious compafs of this additional commercial circulation, will be efTentially defective, if we fhould
omit mentioning the conftant connection that will fubfift between all the new British sugar colonies and
our new Northern colony acquisitions. A
connection equally neceffary, and reciprocally advantageous
to thol of our fubje&s who fhall be fettled in both ; a connection, that will be ever maintained between them,

by winch the daily in< reafe of numerous fubjects of Britain, who continent of America,
(hall fettle either in the

or in the Weft Indies, to their mutual benefit, as well as that of

mother empire.
the

The Britifh northern colonies fupply the fugar ifiands chiefly with lumber and provifions, which are articles
capitally lucrative to both. Hereby they difpofe of numerous bulky commodities, derive immenfe advanta-
ges trom their filhenes, fupport an cxtenfive navigation, which is fo much the more profitable to them, as it
is carried on intirely with fhips of the northern colony built circumftances which to the eye of a judicious
,

circle of this commerce, will place this trade, and all its benefi-
reader, who extends his view to the whole
cial confequenc.es that attend it, in a
very confpicuous and interefting point of light; and convince him, that
nothino- can be either more convenient for thefe people, or more to their profit and therefore, the more the
:

new ifland colonies fhall take of the northern colonies, the more the new as well as the old northern colonies
will be benefited.
Onthe other hand, the benefits that will refult to the inhabitants of the new fugar colonies, are not lefs
confiderable. They draw all thefe neceffary fupplies from the ncareft, and confequently from the cheapeft
markets-, markets that by the additional advantages they have received by the peace, will become more and
more inexhauftible, more and more plentiful, and therefore more and more cheap on all their productions,
if the additional commercial union fhall take due effect, and upon which our fugar ifiands may always depend
for a cheat) and ample fupply. Thefe are brought to them both by their North American countrymen to
their own doors which is a circumftance exceedingly luitable to their fituation, as it fpares them the pains
i

and labour requifite to provide them, which would otherwife be a great drawback on their induftry in their
fugar plantations. Thele fupplies they pay for in their own produdtions of another kind, which is a great
advantage, and no obftruction to their different commercial improvements from all which circumftances,
:

comprehended together, it is apparently obvious, that the convenience of this mutual correfpondence, and be-
nefits refulting from it, arc equally
on both fides, and exactly fuited to the genius, the temper, and the fitua-
tion of the people by whom it is thus
carried on.

By the attentive confideration of this conjunction of intercfts, we cannot but plainly difcern, that by thefe
new acquifitions in the Weft Indies, new markets are opened, to which our new fubjects on the continent
may rclort. Thefe ifiands will more than replace to the people of Canada, the trade they formerly carried

on to the French colonies , and will, a r the fame time, enable our other fettlemcnts
upon the continent, to
find "new cuftomers for all their additional commodities, without leaving them that colour of neceffity which
was the only plaufible excufe they had to plead for fupplying our rivals with the materials efTentially neceffary
to the fupport of their fugar plantations, and of co ri mental in the fame degree to thole of their fellow-

fubiects. Befides, as the increafe of our fugar ifiands affords them the increafe of commerce, fo from their
fituation they will be a great bar to that illicit and injurious trade with the French and Dutch, which cannot
for the future be carried on with the fame facility as it has heretofore been.
As the inhabitants of the fugar colonies are continual purchafers from fuch as are fettled upon the continent
of America, the amount of their purchafes constitutes a ballance from them in the favour of all thofe who

difpofe of them. On the other-Jiand, the inhabitants of the northern colonies, drawing large and conftant

fupplies of commodities and manufactures from hence, we at prefent, for the fame reafon, have a ballance in
our favour aeainft them. And upon the promotion of the further commercial union between us and them,
the mutual fales and purchafes may be highly augmented on both fides, and the general equilibrium of trade
between them rendered more equal than it ever yet has been.
There will be room in our new ifiands for attempting many things, and improving more. The planting
cocoa walks cannot be confidered as impracticable, fince we fee the French have fucceeded in it and fo, no ;

doubt, may we, at leaft in a degree fufficient to furnifh our own and our North American confumption.
We have coffee alreadv in our ifiands, but it would certainly turn to more account if the culture of it was bet-
ter underftood ; in order to which, pains fhould be
taken to be thoroughly informed of the manner in which
it is not at all improbable that the flavour, in which only our coffee is defi-
it is manaoed in Arabia, fince

cient, depends upon the culture and the method of cuiing it. Tea, if we may believe the French, is a na-
tive of the Weft as well as of the Eaft Indies ; in refpect to which it would be certainly right to make due
enquiries, and in confequence of them experiments; and if from thence it fhould, if it is not already there,
it might eafily be carried thither, and a trial
made whether it might not be cultivated to advantage. It
has been no difficult matter to introduce black pepper, rhubarb, and fenna, and leveral other eftimable drugs
are faid to have been railed in the Weft Indies by the curious to great perfection. If the culture of thefe,

and other medicinal plants, were once underftood, they might be rendered profitable articles of com-
merce. The laudable Society for promoting arts and manufactures, have given feveral premiums with refpect
"to farfaparilla, and other things ; and it is to
be wifhed, that thofe endeavours, (o well intended, may have
o-ood effects ; for the increafing the number of our commodities appears to be an affair of no little
confequence.
The fuccefs attending thefe, or any other experiments of the like kind, might become the means of im-
proving many fpots of ground that would otherwife prove ufelefs ; as it is well known that either lands worn
out, or which are utterly unfit for either fugar or cotton, might be employed for cochineal'. The raifing a
variety of more commodities, would prevent the lofies that fometirr.es enfue from fhort crops ; a feafon unfa-
vourable for fome things, might be advantageous to other. In refpect to many articles that have been men-
tioned, the cultivation of them might be carried on 'with fewer negroes, and yet afford comfortable fubfift-
ence to white families ; the increafe of which in our colonies, is an object of great concern ment, and is a
matter conftantly attended to by the French. Add to this confideration, that though tea, coffee, and choco-
late are at prefent not improperly reckoned as articles of luxury, they would be much lefs fo, if they only, or
even if they principally, came from our own plantations; and the confumption of them fhould become much
oreater than it is at prefent, would likewife promote and increafe the confumption of our great ftaple com-
moditvof fugar, and thereby augment the revenue thereon. In thefe, and in divers other lights, fiich plan-
tation improvements would be experienced of great confequence,
and are therefore extremely well wor-
thy of confideration for the extending our commercial union of trade between Great Britain and Britifh
America.
The
1 Foundation laid by the Peace of 1 763 for the more inter cfiing Union between Great B< it air. and merica, tjc.

profperous fett'.ement of our new iflands in the Weft Indies can be no detriment to our old fugar Co-'
The
lonies. It has been generally allowed, that there was a want or more fugar- land in the Weft indies and this -,

being admitted, it is certain, that Britain is a great gainer by the peace ot land lit for the cultivation of fugar
in our own plantations plentifully. This was not only an opinion, in refpect to the truth of which the belt
iudges agreed, but it was a point alfo decided from matter of fact becaufe it is known, that numbers of Bri-
,

tifh fubjects reforted to countries in the polTeffion of other powers. No one will deny, that many En^hfh
iubjecls are fettled in the Danifh fettlements of St. Cruz-, that there are many refident in EustatJa, and
that many more are interefted in the Dutch fettlements upon the continent ot America. Did it not, there-
fore, become highly neceffary to remove this growing evil, by giving fuch adventurers an opportunity of
exercifing their induftry in countries belonging to their mother country ; and to thefe many or them have
returned ?

Moreover, as from facts it has appeared, that old fugar colonies began to be overftocked, fo as to afford
little encouragement to new plantations, it feemed incumbent upon us to have an eye at making the peace to

this circumftance, to prevent fuch enterprizing people, who were determined to feek their fortunes in thofe
parts, from being driven into foreign fettlements where their labour and induftry, inftead of benefiting us,
,

would continue to have turned to the advantage of our rivals-, and foreign markets would have been fupplicd,
for the profits of foreigners, by commodities railed by the fkill and pains of Brit:fh fubjects.
Nor can we but obferve, from what has already fell out, that indigent people here, would go in fearch of
fubfiftence elfewhere-, and we muff, alio be fenfible, that by providing countries for fuch people to refort to,
their induftry, though not their perfons, will (till be preferved to Britain. By that increafe of trade, which
their labour abroad gradually produces at home, the number of our neceflitous people here have been greatly
leffened. There have been alio large quantities of our commodities and manufactures wanted, that are requi-
fite in our plantations-, and to fupply thofe, numbers have been fet to work, who were either idle before, or

fubfifted by the poor's rate, or took methods of fubfifting more injurious to the public, and much lefs to their
own advantage and comfort, than if they had betaken themfclves to honeft labour here, or even went abroad
to thofe new iflands.
From what has been faid, it mult appear to every candid and impartial man, that our new Weft India ac-
quisitions have contributed to lay a moft notable foundation for that mod lucrative commercial union we have
recommended to be fuperftrudted thereon. This has been accomplifhed by the laft peace, hkewife, with the
refpect to our continental colonies. Wehave already confidered the points of fecurity, and of adting defen-
iively and ofFenfively in virtue of the laft peace againft both Spain and France in North America, as well as in
the Weft Indies. There remains nothing more to be faid, than to fpeak at preient more fully with regard
to the improvement of the commerce of the continental colonies between the mother kingdom and them, for
the further extenfive promotion of our mutual commercial union, harmony, and concord.
Were not our North American colonies acceffible by our mercantile (hipping and royal naval power, the
vaft extenfivenefs of thofe new acquired colonies would have rendered them rather a burthen than emolument
to this kingdom. But fo wifely has the peace been devifed, as to render them acceffible on the north, the
south, and the west, BY sea, as our ancient colonies were before on the eaft only, as we have before ihown.
And does not this maritime acceffibility add an invaluable eftimation to thofe colonies, while Great Britain
fhall preferve her fuperiority of power on the ocean ? While this (hall be the cafe, will not this happy circum-
ftance adminifter a more permanent (lability and fecurity, as well to our old as our new acquired colonies
and plantations, than they ever before had ? Nay, will not the increafe of mercantile navigation to and from
the gulph and the great fpacious river of St. Laurence ; to and from the gulph of Mexico, and the great river
Miffifippi, and to and from the gulph of Florida, contribute to the maintenance of that (lability and fecurity
we have obtained ? And will not this at all times enable us to act as well ofFenfively againft France and
Spain, as defenfively, in this part of America, as we have before fhown ?
But to what degree our mercantile fhipping in North America will increafe, by virtue of that maritime ac-
ceffibility, we, at prefent, enjoy, has not yet been duly reprefented. Wherefore, it will be neceffary to give
fome idea of that matter, with relation to the additional internal mercantile navigation, that this vaft continent
will afford to our Britifh traders. For provided our mercantile navigation fhall daily increafe there, as well
as to and from the Weft India iflands, will not this give additional (trength to the whole royal maritime power
of the Britifh empire ? Will not a vaft additional increafe of mercantile internal navigation in North America,
greatly contribute to expedite and facilitate that further commercial union we plead for between the mother
kingdom and thofe colonies ?
The whole country of North America, now annexed to the crown of Great Britain, abounds with every
advantage to promote a more beneficial commercial union between them and the mother kingdom. 1 1 abounds

with very large rivers, which it were endlefs to enter into the detail of. The river Sc. Laurence is the Iargeft
in all North America, and inferior to few in the world, it being computed about twenty-five or thirty leagues
wide at the mouth, and two hundred fathoms in depth, and one hundred and fixty leagues in length and ,

yet by the help of a good fouth wind, and the currents, which are pretty ftrong, may be lailed, according
to Charlevoix, in twenty-four hours. As to its fource, though the European miffionaries have failed up ic
above 700 or near 800 leagues, that is as far as the lake of Alemipigon, yet ic is (fill unknown, unlefs it
really fprings from that lake, which no one hath yet been able to decide. That lake dilchargcs itl'elf into
that called the Upper or Superior, and this into that of Huron, and this again into that of Erie, or
Conti, and this laft into that of Frontenac, or Ontario ; all this by means of the same river, from
which it feems to iffue out with a fmooth courfe during the firft twenty leagues ; after which it becomes more
rapid during another thirty leagues; that is till it comes to Montreal. From this it refumes its fmooth
flow quite to that of Quebec, growing ftill wider as it runs, till it empties itfelf into the fea above one hun-
dred leagues below it but according to the report of the Indians, this famed river anfes out of another lake,
:

farther up, and larger than any of thofe we have mentioned, and which they call the lake Assinipolis, or
Assibouels; and this laft is faid by them to lie about fifty or fixty leagues above that of Alemipigon, and
is fuppofed to have a communication with the northern sea ; and it is not improbable but that a northern

paffage into it may be found by means of this lake. There are falls or cataracts, fuch as that of Nia-
gara. The river is, however, deep almoft all the way, and hath a number of pleafant iflands in it the moft -,

remarkable of which are Cocdres, Orleans, Montreal, St. John, Miscou, Richlieu, and feverai
others. The high land is well wooded, and fome low lands well inhabited and manured, infomuch that they
yield vaft crops of corn and other grain, befides fruits, pulfe, &c. The fettlements, which are moftly round
the fhore, are alfo well fnuated and built, and yield a noble profpect as one fails by them the fame may be faid
:

of the rt ft.

The river St. Laurence receives feverai confiderable rivers in its courfe, the chief of which are called Des-
prairies, or or the Meadows ; the Mons, the Treble River, and the large one of Sanguenay, and
St.
1
 Foundation laid by the Peace of fjC^for the more ini crefling Union between Great Britain and America, &c. li

St. Margaret, mouth of it. All thefe, and many other lefs remarkable, fall into it on the north
near the
fide :
on the fouth.
there are others alio
The river Missisippi runs through the whole province, which was
the French Louisiana, from north to fouth, and overflows, at certain fealons, a vaft quantity of land, and
renders the fame the more fertile in the general this great river is called by the Spaniards la Pallisada,
:

from the prodigious quantities of timrer of divers kinds, which are lent down upon it in flotas to the fea.
It is known to be navigable 450 leagues up from its mouth. The fpring head remains ftill unknown, though
the natives fay, that it flows from a large ftream that comes down from a hill in the country of Isati, about
the fiftieth degree of latitude. We have extraordinary accounts of the numerous tribes of Indian nations met
with on each fide of this river, and they are reprefented as an hofpitable civil people, and willing to com-
merce with Europeans. The French formerly made two fettlements, the one near the lake Assinipolis,
which is computed about thirty leagues round the other among the Chogafkadcs, or S.out People, who live
;

in their neighbourhood.
The Missisippi receives a great many fpacious rivers into it; and the country on both fides is fruitful
enough, and inhabited, as obferved, by a great variety of nations of different appellations* for which we refer
to Monfieur Sale's account thereof, who failed down it in the year 1638, made lbme fettlements on each fide
of it, and hath marked the diftances between all thofe rivers that fall into it, and the names of the feveral
tribes that live between them on each fide ; the amount ot which, from the river of the Illinois, from which
he firft fet out, down to the mouth of it, he computes to be 653 leagues. The river difchargts itfelf into the.
gulph of Mexico by two branches, which form an ifland of confiderable length.
The molt important place upon the Miffifippi is reckoned to be at the Forks of that river, where the
Ohio falls into the Miffifippi which, like another ocean, is the general receptacle of all the rivers that
,

water the interior parts of that vaft continent. Here thofe large and navigable rivers the Ohio, river of the
Cherokees, Wabache, Illinois, Miffouri, and Miffifippi, befides many others, which fpread over the whole con-
tinent, from the Apalachean mountains to the mountains of New Mexico, upwards of one thoufand miles,
both north, fouth, eaft, and weft, all meet together at this fpot ; and that in the belt climite, and one of the
molt fruitful countries, of any in all that part of the world, in the latitude of thirty-feven decrees, the lati-
tudes of the Capes of Virginia and ot Santa Fe', the capital of New Mexico. By that means there is a con-
venient navigation to this place from our prefent fettlements to New Mexico ; and from all the inland parts
of North America, farther than we are acquainted with it and all the natives of that continent, thofe old
:

friends and allies of the French, have by that means a free and ready accefs to this place ; nigh to which the
French formed a fettlemem, to fecure their intereft on the frontiers of all our fouthern colonies" In fhort, this
place is in the center of this vast continent, and of all the nations in it, and feems to be intended by
nature to command them both ; for which reafon it ought not to be neglected by Britain.
As foon as we pafs the Apalachean mountains, this feems to be the molt proper place to fettle at and was ,

pitched upon for that purpofe, by thofe who were the belt acquainted with theft countries, and the proper
places of making fettlements in them, ot any we know. And if the fettlements of this place had been made
by the Englifh, as they were propofed, about twenty-three years ago, they might have prevented, or at lealt
fruftrated, the late attempts to wrelt that country, and the territories of the river Ohio, out of the hands of
Britain.
It faid, that thofe inland parts of North America will be of no ufe to Britain, on account of
may be
their diftance from the fea, and inconvenience to navigation. That indeed might be faid of the parts which
lie immediately beyond the mountains, as the country of the Cherokees, and Ohio Indians about Pitfburgh,
the only countries thereabouts that we can extend our fettlements to, which are inconvenient to navigation.
For that reafon, the firft fettlements we make beyond the mountains, that is, beyond thofe we are now poffeffed
of, fhould be upon the Miffifippi, convenient to the navigation of that river; and in time thefe fettlements
may come to join to our prefent plantations ; and we may by that means reap the benefit of all thofe inland
parts of North America, by means of the navigation of the Miffifippi and the other great rivers that fall
therein, which will be fecured by this pott at the Forks.
This great river the Miffifippi, is navigable upwards of two thoufand miles to the falls of St. Anthony, in
latitude forty-five degrees, the only fall we know in it, which is fixteen degrees of latitude above its mouth ;
and even above that fall, there is thirty fathom of water in the river, with a proportionable breadth. About
1000 miles from its mouth it receives the river Ohio, which is navigable jooo miles farther, fome fay 1500
nigh to its fource, not far from Lake Ontario in New York in all which fpace there is but one fall or
;

rapide in the Ohio, and that navigable both up and down, at leait in canoes. This fall is 300 miles from
the Miffifippi, and 1300 from the fea, with five fathom of water up to it. The other large branches of the
Ohio, the river of the Cherokees, and Wabache, afford a like navigation from Lake Erie in the north, to
the Cherokees in the fouth, and from thence to the bay of Mexico, by the Miffifippi; not to mention the
great river Miffouri, which runs to the north-weft part of New Mexico, much farther than we have any good
accounts of that continent. From this it appears, that the Miffifippi affords the moft extenfive navigation of
any river we know, fo that it may be juftly compared to an inland fea, which fpreads over nine tenths of all
the continent of North America, all which the French, before the laft peace, pretended to lay claim to for no
other reafon but becaufe they were poffeffed of a paltry fettlement at the mouth of this river.
If thefe things are confidered, the importance of the navigation of the Miffifippi, and of a port at the
mouth of it, will abundantly appear. It is the only navigation for all the interior parts of North America,
which are as large as a great part of Europe ; no part of which could have been of any fervice to Britain without
the interior navigation of the Miffifippi, and fettlements made upon it. It is not then without reafon that we fay,
whoever are poffeffed of this river, and of the vaft tra&s of fertile lands upon it, mutt in time command that
continent, and the trade of it, as well as all the natives in it, by the fupplies, which this navigation will en-
able them to furnifh thofe people. Had the French, therefore, or any others, been left in poffeffion of the
Miffifippi, while we had neglected it, they muft have commanded all that continent beyond the Apalachean
mountains, and difturbed our fettlements much more than ever they did, or were able to do 5 the very thing
they engaged in the laft war to accomplilh, and we to prevent.
The Miffifippi, indeed, is rapid for 1200 miles, as far as to the Miffouri, which makes it fomething diffi-
cult to go up it by water. For that reafon the French have been ufed to quit the Miffifippi at the river
St. Francis, from which they had way to the Forks of ths Missisippi by land. But however
a nigher
difficult it may be notwithftanding done, and its rapidity facilitates a defcent upon it,
to afcend the river, it is

and a ready conveyance for thofe grofs commodities which are the ftaple of North America, from the moft
remote places of the continent abovementioned ; and as for lighter European goods they are more eafily carried
by land, as our Indian traders do, over great part of the continent on their horfes, cf which this country
abounds with great plenty.
The worft part of the navigation, as well as of the country, is reckoned to be at the mouth of the river,
which, however, is from feventeen to eighteen feet deep, and will admit fhips of 500 tons, the largeft gene-
Vol. I. n rally
lii Poundation laid hy the Pane of tyCj, for the more inkrejiihg Union between Great Britain and America, L'c.

rally ufed in the plantation trade. And even this navigation might be eafily mended, not only by clearing
the river of a narrow bar inthe paffes, which Charlevoix, and others, think might be eafily done ; but Jik<>
wife by means or' a bay, defcribed by Mr. Cox, from the actual furvey of his people, lying to the weft ward
of the fouth pal's of the river, which, he fays, has from twenty-five to fix fathom water in it, clofe to the
fhore, and not above a mile from the Millilippi, above all the ihoals and difficult pa Acs in it, and where the
river has 100 feet of water. By cutting through that one mile then, it fhould appear, that a port might be
made there for (hips of any burthen the importance of which is evident, from, its commanding all the inland
,

parts of North America on one fide, and the pals from Mexico on the other, fo as to be preferable in thefe
iefpects even to the Havanna not to mention that it is frefli water, and free from worms, which deftroy all
,

the (hips in thole pyres. And if we have another war with France and Spain, 'tis not unlikely that we (hall
leave neither of them any more footing here ; and then we may obtain fuch a valuable port independent of
them.
If the ftate and extent of our ancient colonies in North America, before the laft peace, be confidered, it
wili be found that we really Hood in need of an increafe of continental colonies, inftead of pofTeffinc* too much
land there before the peace, as fome people have afferted.
Our ancient poffeffions in North America, between the fea and the mountains, appeared, from many fur-
veys and actual menfurations, as well as from all the maps and other accounts of them, to have been at a
medium about three degrees of longitude, or 140 miles broad in a ftraight line: and they extended from
Georgia, in latitude thirty-two degrees, to the bay of hundi, in latitude forty-five degrees (which is farther
than the lands appeared to be of any great value) which makes thirteen degrees difference of latitude, or 780
miles: this length multiplied by the breadth, 140, makes 109,200 fquare miles. This is not much above
the quantity contained in Britain and Ireland, which by Templeman's Survey make 105,634 fquare miles.
Inftead or bring as large as a gre.it part of Europe, as we have been commonly told, all the lands we pof-
feffed in North America between the fea and moutains, did not amount to much mce than thefe two iflands.
This appears farther, from the particular furveys of each of our colonies, as well as from the general eftima-
tion of the whole.
Of thefe lands, which are thus pofleffed, both the northern and fouthern parts are not of the extraordinary
kind. It is only in our middle plantations, Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina, that the lands produce any
staple commodities for Britain. It is only the more rich and fertile lands on and about Chefapeak bay,
with a few lwamps in Carolina, like lands on the Miffifippi, that turns to any great account to this nation in all
North America, or that were ever likely to do it. This made the quantity of lands that produce any ftaple
commodity for Great Britain in North America incredibly fmall, and vaftly lefs than what has been com-
monly imagined. It is reckoned that there are more fuch lands in Virginia, than in all the reft of our old
colonies ; and yet it appeared from the public records, about twenty- eight years ago, that there was not above
as much land patented in that colony, which is at this time the oldeft of any in all North America, than is in
the county of Yorkfhire in England, to wit, 4684 fquare miles, although the country was then fettled to the
mountains. Our colonies are already fettled to the mountains, and have no lands, either to extend their fettle-
ments, as they increafe and multiply ; to keep up their plantations of ftaple commodities for Britain, or to
enlarge the Biitifh dominions by the number of foreigners that remove to them, till they pafs thole m
untains,
and fettle on the Miffifippi.
This fcarcity of land in the colonies proceeds from the mountains, with which they are environed, and by
which they are confined to this narrow tract, and a low vale along the fea fide. The breadth of the continent
from the Atlantic ocean to the Miffifippi appears to be about 600 miles, of fixty to a degree, of which there
is about 140 at a medium, or 150 at moft, that lies between the lea and mountains; and there is fuch ano-
ther, and rather more fertile tract of level and improveable lands, about the fame breadth, between the wef-
tern parts of thofe mountains and the Miffifippi-, fo that the mountainous country, which lies between thefe
two, is equal to them both, and makes one half of all the lands between the Miffifippi and the Atlantic ocean ;
if we except a fmall tract of a level champaign country upon the heads of the Ohio, which is poffeffed by the
Six Nations and their dependants.
Thefe mountains and barren defarts, which lie immediately beyond our ancient fettlements, are not only
unfit for culture themfelves, and fo inconvenient to navigation, whether to the ocean or to the Miffifippi, that
little or no ufe can be made of them, but they likewife preclude us from any accefs to thofe more fruitful
lands that lie beyond them, which would otherwife have been occupied long ago, but never can be fettled, fo
at lead as to turn to any good account to Britain, without the possession and navigation of the Mis-
sisippi, which is, as it were, the sea of all the inland parts of North America, beyond the
Apalachean mountains, without which those inland parts of that continent can never be
of any advantage to this nation.
This makes the poffeffion of the Miffifippi abfolutely neceffary to reap the benefit of,it. We pcfTefTed but
one- fourth part of the continent between that river and the ocean ; and but one- tenth part of what lies eaft of
Mexico, and can never enjoy any great advantages from any more of it, till we fettle on the Miffifippi.
How neceffary fuch fettlements on the Miffifippi may be, will farther appear from what we poflefs on this
fide of ir. The lands in North America are in general but poor and barren ; and if any of them are more
fertile, the foil is light and fhallow, and foon worn out with culture. It is only the virgin fertility of frefh
lands, fuch as thole on the Miffifippi, that will render them of any great and lafting value to Great Britain.
Such lands in our colonies, that have hitherto produced their ftaple commodities for this nation, are now almoft
exhaufted and worn out, and we meet with none fuch on this fide of the Miffifippi. But when their lands are
worn out, neither the value of their commodities, nor the circumftances of the planters, will admit of manuring
them, at leaft to any great advantage to this kingdom.
The ftaple commodities of North America are fo grofs and bulky, and fo fmall in value, that it generally
takes one-half of them to pay the freight and other charges in fending them to Britain ; fo that unlefs our
planters have fome advantage in making them, fuch as cheap, rich, and frefh lands, they can never continue
to make any , their returns to Britain will then be neglected, and the trade will be gained by others, who have
thofe advantages, as the Germans, Ruifians, and Turks, who have plenty of lands and labour cheap by :

which means they make more or our ftaple of North American tobacco than we do ourfelves, while we cannot

make their ftaple of heri?p,fiax t iron, pot afo, &c. &c. By that means our North Americans have been obliged
to interfere with their mother country, for want of the ufe of thofe lands of which there is iuch
plenty in North America, to produce thefe commodities that are fo much wanted from thence.
The confequences of this may be much more prejudicial to this nation than is commonly apprehended.
The trade of North America, whatever may be the income from it, confifts in thofe grofs and bulky commo-
dities that are the chief and principal fources of navigation, which maintain whole countries to make them,
whole fleets to tranfport them, and numbers of people to manufacture them at home; on which account this
trade is more profitable to a nation than the mines of Mexico and Peru.
thofe
 Foundation laid by the Peace 0/1763 for the more inter efling Union between Great Britain and America, cJiV. iiil

Thofe prof's commodities that afford thefe fuurcesof navigation, however valuable they may b<* to the public,
and to this nation in particular, are far from being (o to individuals they are cheap, and oi fmall value, ei-
:

ther to make or to trade in them by the planter, and for that realbn t^ey are NEGLECT! ivate people

unlefs the public take care to give them all due encouragement, and let them about thofc employments for ;

Which purpole good and proper land;, ftich as thole on the Miffifippi, nre become abioluai, ucceflary, with-
out which we lhall make no advancement, but decline in this eftimable trade.
The many advantages of fuch lands that produce ftaple commodities for Britain in North America, are in-
expreffible. The whole intereft of the nation in thofe colonies depends upon them, if not tin: colonies rhem-
felves. Such lands dune enable the colonies to take their manufactur ts and other necessaries from
.

Britain, to the mutual advantage of jiOTH. How neceffary that may be, will appear from the (late of
thele colonies in North America, which do not make one with another, as much as is fufkeient to lupply them
only with the neceffary article of cloathing, not to mention the many other things they ftand in need of, and
would take from Britain, were they enabled to do it by proper encouracement. In fhort, it would
appear that our colonies in North America cannot i'ublift much longer in a (late of dependance for all their
manufactures and other neceffaries, unlefs they are provided with frefh lands that may enable them to purchafe
them ; and where can they find any fuch lands, but fuch as the peace hath given them upon the Mifiilippi ?
When their lands are worn out, are grown poor and barren, or are in an mproper climate or fituation, fo
that they will produce nothing to fend to Britain, fuch lands can only be converted into corn ai.tl pafture
grounds ; and the people in our colonies are thereby neceffarily obliged, for a bare fubfillence, to interfere with
Britain, not only in manufactures, but in the very produce of their lands.
By this we may difcern the abfurdity of the popular outcry, that we have already land enough, and more
than we can make ufe of in North America. They who may be of that opinion, fhould (how us where that
land is to be found, and what it will produce, that may turn to any account to this nation. Thofe people de-
rive their opinion from what they iee in Europe, where the quantity of land that we pofleffed in North America,
before the peace, would maintain a greater number of people than we had there. But they fhouki confider,
that thofe people in Europe are not maintained by the planting of a bare raw commodity, with fuch immenfe
charges upon it, but by farming, manufactures, trade, and commerce, which our colonies would foon have been
reduced to, had they continued confined to our antient lettlements, between the fea coaft and the mountains
that furround them.
Lands fhould be made in North America both cheap and plentiful, by which they might reap much
greater profit by planting than by manufacturing. That is, moreover, a pledge for the allegiance
and dependence of the colonils; and at the lame time makes their dependance become their in-erelt It
has been found by experience, that the making of a ftaple commodity for Britain is more profitable than manu-
factures, provided our colonies have good lands to work on.
There is an inconvenience attending fome of our ancient colonies, with regnrd to any improvements on
them for Biitain, which is not to be remedied. The climate is fo levere, and the winters fo \^<, that the
people are obliged to fpend that time in providing for the neceffaries of life, which fhould he employed in
profitable colonies, on the making of fome profitable commodity, and returns to Britain. They are obliged
to feed their creatures for five or fix months in the year, which employs t'eir time in fummer, and takes up
the bed of their lands, fuch as they are, which ihould produce their ftaple commodities to provide for them-
felves and their ftocks a<,ainft winter, for that realbn the people in all our northern colomes are ne.effarily
obliged to become farm rs, to make corn and provifions, inftead oi planters, who make a ftaple commodity for
the mother country, and thereby interfere in the molt effential of all employments to a nation, agriculture.
v
Neither the foil or the climate of our ancient northern colonies will admit of any additional improvements for
Britain. If they could produce any thing of that kind it muft be hemp, which yet never could be made in
them to any advantage, as appears Irom many trials in New England, according to Douglas's hiiiory of America,
and Elliot's improvements of New England. The great dependance of thole northern colonics is upon the
fupplxs of lumber and provifions, which they fend to the illands. But as they increafe and multiply, their
woods are cut down, lumber becomes fcarce and dear, and the number of people inhances the value of land,
and of every thing it produces, efpecially provifions.
If this is the cafe of thofe northern colonies on the fea coaft, what can we expect from the inland parts ; in
which the foil is not only more barren, and the climate more levere, but they are, with all other difadvantages,
fo inconvenient for navigation, on account of their diftance off the river St. Laurence, that it is- to be feared
thofe inland parts of the northern colonies will never produce any thing for Britain, more than furs, which they
will do much better in the hands of the natives than in ours.
However, thefe northern colonies are very populous, and increafe and multiply very faft. There are above
one million of people in them, who C3n make but very little upon their lands for themlelves, and ftill !efs for
their mother country. For thefe reafons it isprclumed, it would be an ad v n rage to then, as well as to the
nation, to remove their ("pare people, who want lands, to thofe vacant lands in the fouthern parts of the conti-
nent, which will turn to much better advantage than what they are poffelfed of. There they may have the
neceffaries of life in great plenty ; their ftocks maintain themlelves the whole year round, with little or nocofl
or labour, " by which means many people have a thoufand head of cattle, and for one man to have tvvo hun-
*' died is very common, with other flock in proportion." See Deicription of South Carolina, p. 68.
This enables them to bellow their whole labour both in fummer and winter on the making of fome ftaple
commodity of the mother kingdom, getting lumber and provifions for the iflands, &c. which both inrichesthem
and the whole nation. That will be much more preferable, furely, than to perifh in winter for want of c loath-
ing which they mull do uniels they make it, which will excite thofe jealoufies, that will ever fubfiil between
thf m and Great Britain in their prelent (late, and grew fo much the worie, the longer they continue in it.
The many advantages that would enlue, from the peopling -of thofe fouthern parts of the continent from
our northern colonies, are hardly to be.exprtfild. We
might thereby people and fecure thofe countries, and
reap the profits of them, without any lois of people, which are not to be fpared for that purpofe from Britain,
or any of her dominions. This is one great ufe and advantage that may be made of the expulfion of the
French from thofe northern parts of America. They, before the peace, obliged us to ftrengthen thofe northern
colonies, and confined the people in them to towns and townihips, in which their labour could turn to no great
account, either to themfeives or to the nation-, by which we loll, in a great meafure, the labour of above
one-third of the people in our colonics.
But as they are now free from any danger on their borders, they may extend their fettlements with fafety,
uilperfe themfeives on plantations, and cultivate thole lands that may turn to advantage both to them and to the
kingdom they may now make fome ftaple commodities for the mother country, on which the intereft of the
:

colonies and ot the nation chiefly depends, and which we could never before expect from thofe colonies.
The
7
iiv foundation laid ly the Peace of 1763 for the more intending Union between Great Britain and America, tit.

The ftaple commodities we might get from thofe fouthern parts of North America will appear, when we
mention hemp, flax, and silk, thofe great articles and necefiary materials for manufactures, for which alone
this nation pays one million and an half a year, if not two millions, and we could never get them from all
the colonies we had. Cotton and Indigo are equally ufeful not to mention copper, iron, potafh, &c. &c.
:

which with hemp, flax, and silk, make a great ballance of trade againft the nation, and drain it of its trea-
fure -, when we now might have thofe commodities from our colonies for manufactures, and both fupply our-
lelves, our colonies and others with thefe manufactures from Great Britain. Wine, oil, raifins, and currants^
&c. thofe products of France, Spain, and Portugal, on which Britain expends fo much of her wealth to enrich
thofe nations, might likewife be had from thofe her own dominions. Britain might thereby cut off thofe re-
lources of her enemies, fecure her colonies for the future, and act, when occafion (hall require, more powerfully
againft them in time of war.
The fea coaft in general is the fame with all the reft of the coaft of North America to the fouthward of
New York, and indeed from thence to Mexico, as far as we are acquainted with it. It is a low flat fandy
beach, and the foil for fome twenty or thirty miles diftant from the more, more or lefs, is a pine barren. But
however barren this coaft is in other refpects^ it is intirely covered with pines, which afford great (tore of
pitch, tar, and turpentine. Thefe pines likewife make good malts for fhips, which have lafted twenty
odd years, when it is well known, that our common (hip-malts of the New England white pine, will often
decay in three or four years. The cypress, of which there is fuch plenty in the fwamps on this coaft, is
reckoned to be equally ferviceable, if not more fo, both for malts (of which it would afford the largeft of any
tree that we know) and for (hip-building. And fhips might be built of both thefe timbers for half
the price, perhaps, of any other, both on account of the vaft plenty of them, and of their being fo eafily
worked.
In moft parts of thefe coafts likewife, efpecially about the Miflifippi, there is great plenty of cedars and
ever-green oaks, which make the belt fhips of any that are built in North America. And it is faid, that
of thefe cedars, and the American cypress, the Spaniards built their fhips of war at the Havanna. It is
not without realbn, therefore, that Monfieur le Page du Pratz tells us, the largest navies might be built in
that country at a very small expence. From this it appears, that even the fea coaft, barren as it is, from
which the whole country has been fo much depreciated, is not without its advantages, and thofe peculiarly
adapted to a trading and maritime nation.
All along the Miflifippi, Dumont tells us, the lands, which are free from inundations, are excellent for
culture, and produce Indian corn, tobacco, &c. and all kinds of provifions and efculent plants, with little or
no care or labour, and almoft without culture, the foil being in all thofe places a black mould of an excellent
quality. Thefe accounts are confirmed by our own people, who were fent by the government of Virginia
in 1742, to view the weftern parts of that province ; and although they only went down the Ohio and Mif-
fifippi to New Orleans, they reported, that " they faw more good land on the Miflifippi, and its many large
branches, than they judge is in all the Englifh colonies, as far as they are inhabited ; as appears from the re-
port of that government to the board of trade." What makes this fertile country more eligible and valuable,
is, that it appears both from its fituation, and from the experience the French have had of it, according to

Du Pratz, to be far the moft healthy of any in all thofe fouthern parts of North America ; a thing of the
laft confequence in fettling colonies, efpecially in thofe fouthern parts of America, which in the general are
not fo very healthy. Thofe lands on the Miflifippi are high, dry, hilly, and in fome places mountainous at
no great diftance from the river; befides the ridges of the Apalacheans before mentioned, that lie to the
northward of them, which muft greatly refrefh and cool the air over all the country, efpecially in comparifon
of what it is on the low and flat, fandy and parched fea coaft of our ancient colonies. Thefe high lands begin
immediately above the drowned lands, at the mouth of the Miflifippi above which the banks of that river
,

are from 100 to 200 feet high, without any marines about them, and continue fuch for 900 miles to the river
Ohio, on the eaft fide of the river. Du Pratz.
Such a fituation on rich fertile lands in that climate, and on a navigable river, muft appear to be of the
utmoft confequence. It is only from the rich lands on the river fides (which indeed are the only lands that
can be called rich in all countries) that this nation reaps any thing of value from all its colonies it has in North
America. How ought we then to value fuch rich and healthful countries on the Miflifippi ? As much
fure, as fome would depreciate and vilify them. It may be obferved, that all the countries in America are
only populous in the inland parts, and generally at a diftance from ocean navigation as the fea coafts both
,

of North and South America are generally low, damp, exceflively hot and unhealthful, in the moft fouthern
parts, of thofe from which we can expect any confiderable returns. Inftances of this may be feen in the ad-
jacent provinces of Mexico, New Mexico, Terra Firma, Peru, Quito, &c. and far more in our fouthern colo-
nies, which never became populous till the people removed to the inland parts, at a diftance from the fea.
This we are prevented to do in a manner in our ancient colonies, by the mountains which furround them, and
confine us to the coaft ; whereas on the Miflifippi the whole continent is open to them, and they have, befides,
this healthy fituation on the lower part of the river, at a fmall diftance from the fea.
It is by this means, that we have not been able to get, in one hundred years, above twenty-five thou-
fand people in South Carolina. The low and drowned lands, indeed, about the mouth of the Miflifippi
muft, no doubt, be more or lefs unhealthful ; but they are far from being fo very pernicious as many would
reprefent them.
The Floridas, eaft and weft, being annexed to the crown of Great Britain, and our colony of Georgia having
them for a barrier, whatever can be produced here will, we hope, be encouraged in thofe moft fouthern parts
of our continental colonies, efpecially as we are poffefled of the ports of Penfacola and Mobille in the bay of
Mexico for our further protection, the former in north latitude thirty degrees twenty-five minutes, and which
is a road, wherein fhips can be fafe from all winds. It is land-locked on every fide, and will hold a great
number of (hips, which have very good anchorage in it, in a good holding ground, and from twenty-five to
thirty-four feet of water. There is not lefs than twenty-one^feet of water on the bar, which is at the entrance
into the road, provided you keep in the deepeft part of the channel.
As there is but half a foot rifing on the bar of Penfacola, every (hip of war, if it be not in a ftorm, may
depend upon nineteen, perhaps twenty feet of water, to go into the harbour, as there are twenty-one fee: on the
bar. Ships that draw twenty feet may be towed in. By this we fee, that (hips of fixty guns may go into this
harbour, and even feventy gun fhips, the largeft requifite in that country in time of war, if they were built
flat-bottomed, like the Dutch fhips, might pafs every where in that harbour.
In the year 1719 Penfacola was taken by Monfieur Champmcflin, in the Hercules man of war of fixty-
four guns, but carried only fifty-fix, in company with the Mars, pierced for fixty-four guns, but had only
6 fifty.
 Foundation laid ly the Peace of 1 763 for the mere intending Union between Great Britain and America, &V. \?

fifty-four, and the Triton, pierced for fixty-four guns, but carried only fifty, with two frigates of thirty-fix
and twenty guns *.
The road is fubject to one inconvenience ; feveral rivers fall into it, which occafion ftrong currents, and
make boats or canoes, as they pais backwards and forwards, apt to run aground but as the bottom is all
;

land, they are not apt to founder. On the other hand there is a great advantage in this road, it bein<* faid
to be free from worms, which never breed in frefh water, fo that vefTels are never worm-eaten in it. If we
may credit F. Laval, royal profeflbr of mathematics, and mailer of the marine academy at Toulon, who was
lent to Louifiana on purpofe to make obfervations in 1719, and had the accounts of the officers who took
Penfacola at that time, and furveyed the place.
F. Charlevoix ieems to contradict this lalt circumftance M The bay of Penfacola would
:
be a pretty
" good port, fays he, if the worms did not eat the vefTels in it, and if there was a little more water in the
" entrance into it-, for the Hercules, commanded by Mr. Champmelin, touched upon it." It is not fo cer-
tain then, that this harbour is altogether free from worms ; although it may not be fo fubject to them as
other places in thofe climates, from the many fmall frefh water rivers that fall into the bay, which may have
been the occafion of thofe accounts, that are feemingly contradictory.
However, in fuch a place (hips might be prelerved very probably from worms, by payino- their bottoms-
with aloes, or mixing it with their other ingredients: that has been found to prevent the bitin- of thole
worms, and might be had in plenty on the fpot, Many kinds of aloes would grow on the fandy lands about
Penfacola and in Florida, which is the proper foil for them, and would be a good improvement for thole
lands.
It has been objected, that the French Louifiana country is not likely to turn to any account, becaufe the
French made fo little of it.
But that objection, however common, will appear to proceed only from the ignorance of thofe who make
it. No country can produce any tiling without labourers, which, it is certain, the French never had in their
Louifiana, in any number, at lead, fuflicient to make it turn to any greater account than it has done. The
reafon of this appears not to be owing to the country, but to their proceedings and mifcondud in it. Out of
the many thoufand people, who were contracted for by the grantees, to be Vent to Louifiana in 17 19, there
were but 800 lent and or thole the great- il part were ruined by their infamous fchemes, which made them
,

and others abandon the country entirely. The few who remained in it, were cut off by an Indian maffacre in
1729, which broke up the only promifing fettlements they had in the country, thofe of the Natches and
Yafous, which were never afterwards rcinttated.
Jnltead of encouraging the colony, the minifter, cardinal Fleuri, either from a fpirit of oeconomy, or be-
caufe it might be contrary to fome other of his views, withdrew his protection from it, gave up the public
plantations, and mult thereby, no doubt* have very much difcour agedothers. By thofe means, the French
had few or no people in Louifiana, but fuch as were condemned to be fent to it for their crimes, women of ill
fame, deferted foldiers, inlolvent debtors, and galley (laves who, " looking on the country only as a place
;

" of exile, were difheartened at every thing in it, and had no regard for the progrefs of a colony of which
** they were only members by compulfion, and neither knew nor confidered its advantages to the ttate. It is
' from fuch people that many have taken their accounts of this country, and throw the blame of all mif-

' carriages in it upon the country, when they are only owing to the incapacity and negligence of thofe who

' were intruded to little it." Charlevoix Hilt. N.France, torn. III. p. 447.
There remains nothing for our further confideration immediately relative to our further commercial union
with Britilh America, than a view of the Canadian parts of the northern continent, from whence an idea may
be formed of the commercial emolument we may derive from thence like wife.
Before the laft definitive treaty of 1763, the boundaries of Canada and Louifiana, and thofe between the
Britifh and French colonies, were ever left vague and undetermined on the whole continent. At prefent, they
are clearly and explicitly afcertained, by the laid definitive treaty, without the leaft uncertainty or ambiguity :

an advantage this nation, nor her American colonies, ever before enjoyed an advantage that we have ever
,

flood in need of fince we have had any territory in the new world ; an advantage from whence we may now
raife a fuperftrufture of invaluable other benefits, which were before not with fafety to be attempted by Great
Britain. See our article America, where the reader will find the definitive treaty at large, to which, together
with our map of North America, we refer our readers to, that there may be the lefs interruption relpecting
our prefent animadverfions.
All that part of Canada and its dependencies, which before the treaty of 1763 lie on the eaftern fide of the
Miffifippi, belonged to the French, being annexed to the crown of Great Britain; its extent is fo great both
in length and breadth, that its temperature, climate, foil, &c. cannot but vary accordingly. All that part
which lies along the banks of the great river St. Laurence, is, generally fpeaking, pretty cold in winter,
though hot in fummer, as molt of thofe American tracts commonly are, which do not lie too far to the
northward. The reft of the country is interfered with large woods, lakes and rivers, and has no inconfider-
able quantity of good fertile lands ; which, by long experience, has been found capable of producing corn*
barley, rye, and other grain, in abundance, and tobacco, which it has yielded in large quantities.
There are plenty of flags, elk, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, caftors, and numerous other fpecies of
wild animals in the woods, befides great plenty of wild fowl and game. The fouthern part in particular,
breeds great numbers of wild bulls, deer of a fmall lize, divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. and a
prodigious variety of other animals, both wild and tame.
The meadow grounds, which are all well watered, -afford excellent grafs, and breed great quantities of large
and, fmall cattle, and where the arable land has been well manured, it produces large and rich crops. The
mountains abound with coal mines, and fome, we have been told, of ftlver, and divers other metallic and mi-
neral productions. The marfhy grounds, which are likewife very extenfive, fwarm with otters, beavers, and
other amphibious creatures, and the rivers and lakes with fifh of moft forts, and fine of their kind. We
have
before given fome idea of their numerous and extenfive lakes, and of their vaft interior navigation that may,
and certainly will be carried on by means thereof.
We have alfo given a brief view of their prodigious river navigation, which it is endlefs to enter into a
further detail of ; the great rivers, thofe of St. Laurence, the Miffifippi and the Ohio, &c. abound with great
variety of fifh, and receive confiderable fmaller rivers in their courfe.
Canada Proper, as 'tis called by geographers, includes all the north and weft of the great river St. Lau-
rence and lakes ; hath on the north Terra de Labrador, Hudfon's Bay and New Wales. On the eaft, the
* Theadmiral was on board of the Hercule?, which drew twenty-one feet of water, and there were but twenty-two
feet into thenarbour in the hiheft tides, fo that they defpaired of carrying in this (hip. But an old Canadian, named
Gr^neau, a man of experience, who was peifectly acquainted with that coait, boafted of being able to do it, and fuc-
ceeded; for which he was the next year honoured with letters of noblesse (Dumont, an officer here at that time) II. 22.
Vol. L o river


lvi Foundation laid by the Peace in 1763 for the more inter efiing Union between Great Britain and America^ &c.

river Sanguenay divides it from the province of that name. The numerous Indian nations of thofe parts are
enumerated by baron la Hotan, to whom we refer the reader for a particular account. We fhall only obfervc,
that between our European colonifts and them, an immenfe fcene or valuable trade may be cultivated. For
why may we not bring them gradually, by humane and juft ufage, and equitable dealings, to conform to the
cuftomary European modes of living, and thereby induce them to induitry and planting of divers kinds ?
Why may we not civilize perfons of fuch ftrong natural underftandings, and incline them not only to afford us
the material for manufactures of fkins and furs, as they have for years done, but difpofe them to planting
2nd agriculture, increafe their wants, and thereby rouze their active induftry to matters of more pleafurable
benefit and advantage to themfelves as well as to this kingdom ? Can we pronounce this impracticable, efpe-
cially now we have no European competitor to difturb and annoy our plantations here, without being able
ftverely to chafiife them for fo doing ? Why may not our people intermarry with them, and we and they
become gradually one people ? May it not prove as good policy to think of every means of turning the
aborigines of America to every European art of cultivating lands to advantage, as merely thinking of peop-
ling of our new acquired territories with Europeans ?
The Three Rivers, fo called from the three rivers which form their currents near it, and fall into the
great one of St. Laurence, was the capital of the French government formerly, and much refoned to by fe-
veral nations, who came thither to trade confiderably in valuable furs of divers kinds. It was the common

empory for the Indian trade. The country about it is pleafant, and fertile in corn, fruits, &c and hath a
good number of lordihips and handfome feats,, and there is on each fide of the river a vaft number of genteel
houfcs, fcarce above a gun-fhot from each other, and the river is full of pleafure and fifher boats, which
catch vaft quantities of fifh.

Mont-Real is on an ifland of the fame name in the river St. Laurence, about fourteen leagues
fituated
long and four wide, where broadeft, and is very fertile in corn, fruits, &c. This town drives a prodigious
trade with the natives and Europeans. The great concourie of Indian traders begins about June, and fome
of them are laid to come hither about 500 leagues. The fair is kept along the banks of the river, where
thofe natives baiter their commodities with the European colonifts.
Sanguenay, a province in the Eaftern Canada, is divided on the weft from that properly fo called, by
the river of its name. It has adjacent feveral Indian nations. Its extent is computed from the Three Rivers,
which is the frontier of Canada Proper, quite to the farther end of the bay called the Seven lies. I

The territory and land on each fide the river here were found fo indifferent, and that the colony that had
fettled here iuffered fo much, that they were for a time difcouraged ; but at length, upon their failing up as
high as Quebec, they found fuch encouragement as produced great profperity there.
The river Sanguenay fprings from the lake St. John, and falls into that of St. Laurence, at the town of
JadoulTac. The haven is capable of containing twenty-five men of war, and hath a good anchorage and fhel-
ter from ftorms, it being of a circular figure, and deep, and furrounded at a diftance with very high rocks.-
'Tis needlefs to dwell longer in the defcription of this province, it being much the fame, as to its foil, cli-
mate and inhabitants, with that of Canada Proper. It is, indeed, remarkable for an extraordinary plenty of
marble of feveral kinds, infomuch that not only the principal towns, forts, churches and palaces, but even the
houfes of private men are built of it.
Quebec, the metropolis of Canada, is fituate on the confluence of the great rivers St. Laurence and St.
Charles, or the Little River, and on the north fide of the former, and about one hundred and forty leagues
from the fea. The haven is large, and capable of containing at leaft one hundred fail of fhips of the line.
Without the enumeration of the feveral tribes of Indians, who inhabit contiguous to this part of Canada,
it feems moft ufeful only to take notice of the Iroojuois, who are the moft confiderable, and the beft known

hereabouts. They are ieated along the north fide of lake Ontario, Frontenac, and along the river of that
name, which is that which carries the water of the lake into the river St. Laurence. They are bounded on
the north by the nations called Algonkins and Outavais, about Montreal ; and on the eaft and fouth-eaft
by New England, New York, Jerley, &c. on the fouth by part of Canada Proper, and the lake Erie, and
on the weft by that of the Hurons, and the canal between thofe two lakes. Before Canada became Britifh,
the Iroquois were fo advantageoufly fituated between the Englifti and French, that they could join forces either
with the higheft bidder, or with thofe who could keep them in the moft fubjedtion. Now we have difpof-
fvflcd France of thofe parts, it will be our own faults if effectual meafures fhall be neglected fo to attach them
to the b ngiifh nation, that they may be inftrumental to keep all the other Indian tribes, with our proper
aid, in a ftrict commercial alliance with us, as well for the general benefit of trade, as for defence and offence,
when we may have occafion. It feems they at preient complain of the Englifh at New York, having en-
croached greatly on their, territories, wherein they fhould be righted.
The Illinois Indians inhabit near the lake and river of that name. They live in villages at a great dif-
tance from each other on the marfhy plains, on both fides of the river, near which are' large woods and
hills, covered with a delightful verdure about nine months in the year, whilft the current thereof, which is
moftly fouth-weft, is fo fmooth and agreeable, that veffels of a confiderable fize may fail up and down it with
eafe and fafety, for a courfe of one hundred and twenty leagues, before it falls into that of the Miffifippi.
The lands on each fide afford fuch plenty of pafture, that they are covered with herds of large and fmall cat-
tle, as well as goats, deer, and other animals of the wilder kind. The river fwarms with water fowl of di-
vers fpecies, fuch as fvvans, geefe, cranes, ducks, &c.
The Illinois have been great friends to the French, as they were wont to protect them from the other In-
dian nations, with which they were at enmity ; and the French always dealt with them with honour and ho-
neftv, and inviolably adhered to their alliances with them. Were not thofe the natural means to attach them
to the intereft of our enemies and rivals ? Shall we not regard the like meafures to engage them to us, now
we have got rid of fo troublefome a neighbour, when it is more in our power than it ever was before ?
The between Britain and France, relative to Acadia and Gaf-
eternal dilputes that have heretofore fubfifted
pefia, are finally adjufted 763, as being included in Canada and its dependencies ; fo that
by the treaty of J

we are now in a condition to reap uninterruptedly all the benefits of Nova Scotia. La Hontan fays, that al-
molt every part of Acadia yields corn, fruit, peafe and other pulfe; that in feveral places there are masts
AS STRONG AS THOSE OF NORWAY, AND THAT ALL KINDS OF SHIPPING MIGHT BE BUILT HERE, THE OAK
TIMBER THAT GROWS HERE BEING BETTER THAN THAT OF EUROPE. Charlevoix fays it abounds with
all the ncceffaries of life, in every feafon, to fubfift the inhabitants without much fatigue. He alfo fays,
that Mcnfieur Denys, who publifiied an accurate defcription of this country, in which he refided a longtime,
and was proprietary and governor for the French king of the eaft coaft, reports, that one single grain
or wheat, sows near La Hurve, produced one hundred and FIFTY EARS, VERY long, and so
loaded, that they were forced to support them with iron hoops. The jefuit adds, that here
are mines both of copper and coal, and that about three-fourths of a league from the ifle of Monano, which
fhows the way into St. John's river, on the north fide of Funda Bay, there is a rock of lapis lazuli,
6 "which
 Foundation laid by the Peace 0/1763 for the more interejling union between Great Britain and America, fcfo J v [i

which almolt covered with the Tea

is , and Monfieur Denys, who faw a piece that had been taken
off it and
it was valued at ten crowns an ounce. The bay of Funda breaks two hundred miles into
Cent to France, fays
the land from Cape Sable, the moft louthern point of New Scotland, to the ilthmus, which joins the penin-
i'ula to the continent. According to Charlevoix, it is two French leagues over to the river of St.
John, and
has a clean (bore, with depth of water enough to carry the laroi si mips to the lessek bay.
i

. Annapolis, which lies in a fair clean bay within the bay of Funda; Charlevoix fays this harbour has but
one fault, which is the difficulty of entering or coming out of it, fo that only one (hip can pais in or out of
it at a time. This, fays he, excepted, nature has fcarce omitted one thing to make it the fineft harbour
in
the world. It is two leagues in length and one in breadth, having a fmall illand called
Goat Ifland, almoft
In the middle of the balbn, which, it
is laid, is able to contain all the ships in America, where they
may lie fecurc from all winds. In a word, by means of the ifle of Cape Breton, St. Johns and Anticofte, &c.
and all the dependencies of Canada, England now commands the navigation to Canada by the Gulph and river
St. Laurence, and a MOST excellent additional fishery on all this coaft, togethei with feveral good
harbours for our (hipping and when the natural commercial advantages mall be made of the whole
;
of the
territories here annexed to the crown of Great Britain, what increafe of trade and navigation (hall we not ex-
perience, at the co. of the French ?
1

By our poiVeiTionof all Canada and its dependencies, here is prefented to this nation an unfpeakable fource
of commercial benefit, even from what hath hitherto been fet forth rejecting this point. But if we
confider the numerous Indian nations that lie on the back of our ancient northern colonies, now within our
own new ceded acquifitions, with the countries they inhabit, and the valt productions that may be made to arife
from thofe countries; if we fo happily manage the natives to fall into the arts of cultivating lands, and duly
planting them by fu it able encouragements, why may we not expect advantages no way inferior to thofe we de-
rive from the furr trade by their hunting ? How glorious would it be for us to undertake the cultivation of
men as well as lands within thofe continental territories ? To civilize fo many nations, and improve fo large
and fpacious a country from north to louth, as well as from ealt to welt, may be made toadminifter an im-
meniity of wealth to this kingdom, and the reign of George the Third rendered the moll confpicuous sera that
this nation ever yet beheld, by communicating our conftitution and liberties, both civil and religious, to fo
many numbers of rational beings, whole delight and happinefs would increafe at the fame time that an in-
crease of trealurt and power will be added to Britain !

Have we not experienced the benefit of inftructing and civilizing the Mohawks, amongft the great na-
tion of the Irocfuois, who from a mere warlike people have been trained to trade, and entered into alliances
with all the nations round the lakes Huron and F.rie, to the weilward of the Mifufippi which trade is now
;

firmly ellablifhed by the gain they make by it, and the advantages we have acquired by the pofTefTion of Ca-
nada and its dependencies. The Englifti from New York have fixed at Ofwego, Niagara, St. Jofeph, Mifi-
liacmac, at the bottom of the Illinoife lake, in their country, and 'tis to be hoped they will not act unequi-
tably by thole people, who are difpofed to carry on a large trade with us, and with other numerous nations,
whofe names were unknown to us before.
By thofe and many other fettlements that we are now pofiefied of, Ave alfo may the more fafely encourage
the Hudfon's Bay traffic to unfpeakably greater benefit to this nation than we ever before did. We
may now
be effectually incited to lay open this monopoly for the general advantage, which would open a greater vent
for Britilh manufactures, as well for this trade as that in all North America. Whereas all the trade we have
at prefent, whillt it is confined to the company, is only the employment of about 2jo men in all their con-
fined factories, and two or three (hips in the trade, manned with about 200 men in time of war, to enrich nine
or ten merchants at their country's expence , at the fame time it is faid that they have betrayed the nation, by

allowing the French to encroach upon us at the bottom of the bay, they giving up heretofore the greateft part
of their trade there to the French, rather than their own countrymen fhould reap the full emoluments of it,
was this eftimable branch laid open by parliament.
It is, therefore, humbly fubmitted to the government, at prefent, whether it is not ju(t, as well as prudent,
as we are now fo happily fituated for the purpofe, to open this whole trade to all Britifh merchants, and re-
fume at the fame time the charter, fo far as to take from them all the lands they have not reclaimed or occu-
pied, after eighty years pofTeiTion ? leaving them only their factories, and fuch lands as they have reclaimed
adjoining to them, and to give grants, as uiual in other colonies, to all who fhall go over tj trade and make
fettlements in the country , for no grants were ever intended to be made to them, to enable them to prevent
other fubjects of Britain from planting thofe colonies, which they themfelves would not plant or occupy ; for
fuch a power, inftead of being beneficial, is highly prejudicial to Britain.
All the objections that have ever been made to this great point by the company, have appeared to be frivo-
lous, and it is to be hoped, will no longer be regarded, as 'tis needful for us to open every channel of ad-
vantageous commerce. For the whole itate of this matter, and anfwers to objections againlt it, the reader is
defired to turn to our article Hudson's Bay, where he will find, that fince Canada and its dependencies are
ceded to the crown of England, we can now do that with great benefit, which might before have been
attended with great difficulty. This affording us an additional field of trade, to which our Canadian
fettlements may become a grand barrier, we are willing to hope, it will be duly attended to, as well as every
other branch that may be cultivated with the Indians, and to which they may in any fhape be rendered lucra-
tive to the Britifh empire; fince we have every inducement of fecurity to promote it, from every part of the
Britifh American continent, in virtue of the late peace.-.
But above all, we fhould not be unmindful of that moft valuable branch of trade which we may derive
from our fisheries of every kind upon our prefent extended coatts of North America, the definitive treaty
having pofTeiTed us of greater advantages for that purpofe than this nation ever enjoyed before. For although
Britain has condefcended to fuller the French to fifh upon the coaft of the dependencies of Canada, yet it is
only while they (hall keep within the limits to which they are by the treaty retrained. As foon as they fhali
deviate therefiom, we have a right to deprive them of that privilege. In the like manner, when they fwerve
from the fpirit of the treaty that has granted them the liberty to fiih on the coaft of Newfoundland, we may
with great juftice ceafe to grant them that liberty , and that without their being able to refill us in thofe feas.
Their pofTefTion of the trifling iflands of St. Peters and Miquelon, is reftricted to an infignificant force merely
for the police of thofe iflands, which are fuffered only for a fhelter for their fifhermen there. Befides, we have
not excluded ourlelves from fifheries where we have indulged France; fo that we can always watch their mo-
tions and prevent their infraction of the treaty. We
can, therefore, only look upon this privilege granted
to France of fifhing at all on thofe feas in the light ot a trial for their good behaviour; the moment they fhall
tranfgrefs the treaty, they being liable to have that privilege taken from them, by a far fuperior force in thofe
.

parts, as we have before fhewn. And if we fhall be again provoked to turn them out of thefe whole fifheries,
they will hardly ever be reinftated again ; as we fhall endeavour further to fhew before we have fwiifhed thefe
observations.
But
 ;

l'viii Foundation laid by the Peace of 1 763 for the more inter cfiing Union between Great Britain and America, eJV.

But we defire the reader to recapitulate in his own mind, from what has been repfefented the foundation
firft

laid in America by the treaty of ^763, for that future enlarged commercial union between Great Britain
and Britifh America that we recommend; and then let him judge, whether we have not, at prefent the
greater! inducement and the greateft encouragement to attempt to raiie a molt notable fuperftructurc
of
commercial profperity, by the means of our happy fituation in America ? Whether we could well wifh no be-
better circumftanced than we are there, to act either defenfively or ofFenfively againft France and Spain
mould they difturb us in extending our commercial union in thofe parts ? Whether we can have any thin" to
fear from France in North America ? Whether, on the contrary, that nation has not every thing to fear
from us on the whole lea coafts ? Whether we have any thing to fear from France with refpect to the inte-
rior parts of the American continent? What can we have to intimidate us there from increafino- our com-
mercial union ? Have the French now power there to do it themfelves ? No one will fay this. On whom
then muft France depend to do this great work for them ? It will be laid, perhaps, the Indians.
That feme
of the Indians, who had been many years in the friendfhip of the French, may by their occafional machina-
tions be influenced to mifbehave to the fubjects of Great Britain refident the molt contiguous to them
But
have we not more numerous Indians already attached to our interefl, who will take up the hatchet ao-ainft
our Indian enemies ? Are we not daily making frelh friendships amongft thole people, and drawing
*great
numbers into our fcale of power ? And as all the eaftern parts of the Miflifippi belong to the crown of" Eng-
land, and thofe parts grow more and more populous with our European fettlers, will not this make
the ba-
lance of dominion greatly preponderate in Britifh favour ? If not by dint of amicable alliances more
for the
Indian intereft than is now in the power of France to do, by the dint of our arms, we can reduce everv
In-
dian enemy to our Subjection; though 1 am perfuaded that the moll friendly, jult, and equitable
meafures -

will be pradtifed towards the natives, as being meafures by far the mod eligible for both parties.
Befides
are not we mafter of the navigation of all the lakes, and the great and fmall rivers contained within
our own
territories? Can we not by means thereof greatly humble the Indian powers, which confift only of
dis-
jointed nations, whofe interefts lie different to each other ? But have not thefe Indians experienced that
Great
Britain has conquered her great European enemies there ; and that we are now in poSfeflion of all
their lands
they before enjoyed? Can it be fuppofed, that this has not ftruck a great awe into all the Indians
in ge-
neral ? And will not their good fenfe lead them to difcern, that thofe who have been able to conquer and
extirpate the French themfelves from thence, will be able, if provoked to it, to do the fame much
eafier bv
them ? Muft they not know, therefore, that it is their natural intereft to maintain friendfhip and harmony
with us, who are So much their fuperiors in power ? '

Well: but if the French, at prefent, have it not in their power, with the aid of fome few of their deluded
Indians, to hurt us, may not the union with them of the Spaniards, who are now poflelfed of New
Orleans
on the American continent ? What can the Spaniards do to irritate Indians againft us, who are fo remark-
ably abhorred by them ? Is it not far more likely, that the Indians would rather join with
us ao-ainft the
Spaniards than them againft us ? Has not this giving up New Orleans by France to Spain, precluded France
from any fettlement on the eaft of the Miflifippi ? And whether this very ftep hath not alfo precluded them
from all navigation to and from the river Miflifippi, in virtue of the definitive treaty may be queftioned
For by the feventh article it fhould feem that France had left to them New Orleans only for the fake of the
navigation of that river, as well as the Englifh and if they give up the pofleflion with which the
,

privilege
was given, do they not give up the privilege itfelf ? For we have not heard of any new treaty made by
Bri-
tain to grant the right to France of that navigation to Spain as well as France. And if we granted France
that privilege, it does not follow that Spain fhall enjoy the fame, although France may have given them
up
New Orleans and therefore, the Spaniards, without the confent of the crown of England, can have no right
,

to the navigation of the Miflifippi. And although the good behaviour of the Spamards towards this nation
may induce us to continue the privilege to them ; yet when they ceafe to deferve it, can they expect we fhall
longer grant it ? No nor the poflefllon of New Orleans itfelf-, and then we fhall have no competitors on the
;

American continent that can injure this nation. It does not feem that this gift of France can be any detriment
to us, but it may be of fome to Spain, efpecially if they have given up the Spanifh part of Hifpaniola,
or
any other equivalent to obtain it, feeing Spain may one day loie New Orleans, without any reftoration
of
fuch equivalent.
From the united weight of what has been urged, it appears, that the way is quite clear now for us to make
what further additional commercial union with our colonies we fhall judge eligible, without fear of any
ob-
struction either from France or Spain, or from the Indians. What hinders then that we fhould not do it to
the utmoft ftretch of good policy ? Have we not every motive to induce thereto, as we have fhewn in our
firft difcourfe, and that upon the broadeft bottomed fyftem that we can ?

Have we not Seen how eafily evafible all treaties of commerce are with European potentates in our prior
preliminary difcourfe ? For what avails the molt feemingly beneficial treaties of commerce with any
European
potentates whatsoever, while we lhall be underfold in the dominions of that very potentate, by a foreign
rival
in trade ? Had we, indeed, an exclufive treaty of commerce with a nation, it might, perhaps, be of fome
extraordinary advantage, whilft our commodities continued as dear as they at prefent are, and thofe of our
com-
petitors as cheap as they are yet this extraordinary advantage would be greatly diminiflied by
;
the fmuo--
gling trade of our rivals into fuch country. But we can never"expect fuch exclufive trade with any country
and therefore we can never expect to make a beneficial treaty of commerce with any ftate, while we fhall
be
liable to be underfold the underfilling nation ever Supplanting us, and depriving us of any imaginary
;
ad-
vantages we may flatter ourfelves with having obtained ; and this they will do, without having any
treaty of
commerce fubfilting with the fame nation at all. How then fhall we deceive ourfelves with great expectations
from any extraordinary commercial treaty with Ruflia or any other power, while France lhall be
permitted to
fell the very fame fort of goods in their empire as we fhall be permitted to do ?

Inftead of amufing the nation with fuch fort of advantageous treaties, would it not be far more
elio-ible to
put the kingdom into a condition to be able to fell our commodities upon an equality of price with
ourrivals ?
For that is the previous ftep requifite to render any treaty of commerce beneficial; and without it we are
lulled with imaginary gain for our real lofs, becaufe as fuch treaties always ftipulate mutual
advantages to both
ftates, if we grant any to our disadvantage, and we are diSabled to reap any to our benefit,
we are certainly
deceived, and the nation is injured inftead of advantaged by fuch fort of treaties of commerce, however
com-
mon it has been to impofe fuch conduct on the nation for Superlative ftrokes of Britifh policy.
But in the name of truth, wiidom and found policy, why are we folicitous to make treaties of commerce
with foreign countries, whofe advantage muft at beft be doubtful, as our trade is at prefent loaded with
tax-
incumbrances, and to neglect them with our own colonies and plantations ; where we may be certain to
reap
the full benefit of them, if grounded on the maxims we have urged throughout thefe difcourfes ?
And in-
deed, the additional commercial union hereby intended, may not improperly be confidered as a new
treaty
OF COMMERCE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND HfcR AMERICAN COLONIES AND PLANTATIONS
for the
4 folid
 Foundation laid by the Peace of lyC^/or the more interejling Union bet-ween Great Britain and America, tec. \\x

iolid mutual permanent intercft we fay, what hath been fuggeftcd may be confidcrcd
of both. In this light
:

nay, it is ought to be confidcrcd it is in that, however, it is de-

the only rational view wherein the matter j

fined by the writer, let others put what conftrudtion they pleafe thereon. For herein we have not' It fl Com-
prehended the interelt of the colonies than that of the mother-ftate judging it a weak and fandy foundation
,

to ground our new commercial fuperftrudture upon the intercft of Great Britain alone, without: including that
of our colonies at the fame time: we would be underitood to be advocates as well for the one as the other,
cllceming their interefts infeparable.
Without entering, with all poffible brevity, into the detail we have exhibited, and without exhibiting the
fame in the divers lights wherein we have done it, no true judgment could have been made of the foundation
that is America for that extenfive commercial union we have recommended between this kingdom and
laid in

her colonies. Speaking in general would have carried no conviction, nor have anfwercd the purpofe we have
in view, which is to fhew to what degree fuch further union might be prefumed to contribute towards the
redrefs of thole grievances, of which we have complained in our firft preliminary difcourfc.
That our new acquired continental as well as illand colonies, are daily increafing in Europeans from various
parts is certain. That the Indian tribes in both are extremely numerous is no lels (05 and that they daily
grow more and more friendly and tradable, and have a better rclifh for the Britifh government and confti-
tution, and are more inclined to civilization, is not to be doubted. On the continent, they have experienced
our fupenority of power and dominion and this mult have impreffed on them a formidable idea of the mag-
,

nitude of our ftrength in war, feeing we have obtained the maftery over both France and Spain, and left
them no more territory on the whole eaflern part of the Miffifippi, than the trifling fpot of New Orleans.
Mutt not this give the numerous Indian tribes an excellent conception of the mighty fway and fupreme power
and authority of the Britifh nation, by which fuch great feats have been uccomplilhed ? Than fuch events
fo illuftrious to this kingdom, nothing can have a more happy duct to excite in them the ideas both of dread
and attachment. And will not thefe operate, by kind, humane, and equitable treatment, to cement concord
and harmony between us? They affuredly will promote a lifting frieiulihip between us and all the Indian
tribes and perhaps they are not in the whole lei's numerous at prelent on that continent, than all the Euro-
,

peans taken together. Nay, if we once gain the hearts of all the Indians within our own boundaries, will
not this naturally draw them to us from remoter pans ? Whence it appears, that we have not only gained
fen extent of territory, but
we have gained numerous people, which mult render fuch territories proportion-
ably lucrative to the mother empire. For now we have no weighty European competitor to deal with on the
continent-, we have, or loon may, put an end to all machinations to irritate the Indians againft this nation.
This being done, may we not expect, that thefe fenfible Indians can by good policy on our fide, be brought
to the cultivation of lands, as they have been naturally dilpofed to hunting and fifhing for their maintenance ?
The tranfition from the one to the other is fo familiar, that the one may foon become as pleafing to them
as the other and then they will divide their time into a more delightful variety of objects-, and their old
:

men may direct agriculture, farming, and planting, with due inftruclions, while their youths fhall execute
the laborious part. Why not ? They lay claim to large territories ; and if they are put into a more fure way
of preferving them to their pofterity, by cultivation, and having them fecured and guaranteed to them by
Britilh laws, may they not be convinced that their interelt is infeparably united with ours ? Will not this
prove the means of preventing thole broils and mifunderftandings in future about the extent and rights of
lands, more effectually than by any other whatfoever ? They will not want underftanding to be made fenfi-
ble hereof-, and when once they become convinced that no injury, but benefits fhall be intended them, why
cannot their native robuftnefs and activity be turned into channels to increafe their felicity ? Cannot the
wifdom of the Britifh government devife ways and means to render thole people more beneficial to the ftate,
as well as happier within themfelves, than they yet ever rrave been ? As it is beneath the dignity as well as
interelt of Britain to neglect this, we will not luppofe it we will, on the contrary, pleafe ourfelves with the
,

agreeable idea, that Indian labour and induftry may be converted to the Britifh no lels than Indian happinefs.
And why not intermarriages between them and Europeans become as fafhionable as heretofore between them
and the French ? When luch confanguinity and incorporation of families fhall take effect, will they not be-
come a more united and civilized people amongft our Europeans ? When thefe things fhall be effected,
will not the Indian tribes be eafily brought to habit in the European modes and this increafe of their wants,
,

and ability to fupply them, will increafe their demand for Britilh manufactures, as it will our demands for the
productions of their materials for every purpofe of that kind.
We look upon it as not the leaft advantage to have fuch a body of new Britifli fubjects united to this
kingdom, provided we fhall be wife enough to make the right ule of them. If we do not, it will not be the
fault of the Indians-, but it will be an eternal ignominy to this nation. Who will believe that good huntl-
men and fifhermen fhould not make good planters, vine-dreffers, flax and hemp-drefiers ? Who will cre-
dit that even their women and children cannot nurfe the filkworms in their proper clime, as well as raife flax,
and hemp, and food ? 1 W
not olives grow in America, as well as flax, hemp, and cotton ?
i 1 Why fhould
we not be fupplied with oil as well as wine and raifins from Britifh America, no Ids than fugars ? Let any
man caft his eye on the Book of Rates, and let him view the thoufands of articles that we import from other
countries at a great expence, that we may now have from Britifli America, at a far greater advantage, as
might be fhewn in numerous particulars ? Is it not bad policy to neglect it as we are at prelent circumftan-
ced, when we fhall be certain that the more we take from America, the more the Americans will be able to
take in return from us upon the plan propofed ? But how are we certain of this from any foreign country,
as the dearnefs of our commodity almolt exclude us from too many markets ? Is it not wiler to enjoy a cer-

tain lucrative degree of foreign trade and navigation of our own, and under our own direction and manage-
ment, than to be liable to the will and caprice of any foreign ftates and empires folely ? I could wifh to fee

this point duly weighed and confidered by our rulers, being perfuaded icwould turn to the unfpeakable intereft
'

of the Britifli empire, and their eternal glory at this time.

Let me not be understood to contend for an exclufion of this nation from all trade with other European
countries except with Britifh America; this would be repugnant to the whole fpirit of my writings : but this
I would be underftood to mean and intend, that fince we are poflefled of fuch great advantages in America,
it is right that we fhould not neglect them if we do, we have fhewn how fuch neglect may tend to the de-
-,

triment of the nation, by rendering America independent of Britain. If we embrace them to the full ex-
tent they will now admit of, it will make the Britifh colonies more and more dependent on Britain, and
ftrengthen and aggrandize both to a degree beyond what this nation ever before experienced. This is what we
contend for-, and we alio contend for the diminution of our foreign imports from every nation we have deal-
ings with, as they fhall diminifh in the importation of our commodities, let it proceed from what caufe it
will. This will be the way to prevent many of our particular balances of trade being fo much to our difad-
vantage, and will contribute to turn the general balance to our general advantage. ~ This is what I have
ever aimed at in all my labours for the public fervice, and what I would be judged to defign at prefent. For
by this means only can the nation become folidly wealthy ; by this means only can we be puc into a condi-
Vol. ton
I. P
 ht New Foreign Syjlem to Jave Great Britain the Expence of engaging in the Continent al Wars of Europe.

tion to reduce the public debts honourably; and by this means only can we obtain a competent annihilation
or our taxes, and enable us to our native as well as our plantation commodities at cheaper rates.
fell

The reader will hardly forget, that we have endeavoured to (how the improbability of France and Spain
obtaining any advantage by a frefh rupture with us in America. However, left thefe nations fliould again
think of quarrelling with Britain, the fooner fhe extends her commercial union with her own colonies, the
better will lhe be prepared to cope with them and therefore it will be impolitic to be dilatory in a matter of
,

futh immediate important concern.

But if we mould be again forced into a war, it may not be inconfiftent with this work to fay a word with
refped to every other preparatory ftep requifite to be purfued, as well in regard to Europe as to America :

indeed this will be expeded, feeing we have promifed fome confiderations upon this point, which we call

A New Dcsign to render the Peace of Europe more lasting, and to save Great Britain
THE FUTUKE ExPENCE OF ENGAGING IN THE CONTINENTAL WARS OF EUROPE.

NO man in
carry on the
the
lalt
kingdom, we apprehend, no more than
war could ever have
ourfelves, ever imagined that the fupplies to
rofe to the height they did, nor the fucceffes of the war have been
fo extraordinary as they proved.
Wherefore, at the commencement of the laft war, the writer drew up a trad, which was intitled, Great
Britain's True System; wherein is endeavoured to be ihewn, i. That the increafe of the public debts
and taxes mult, in a few years, prove the ruin of the monied, the trading, and the landed interefc. 2. The
neceffity of raifing the supplies to carry on war, within the year. 3. That fuch a defign, however feem-
ingly difficult, is pradicable and, 4. An expedient to fupport the public credit in all limes of public
,

danger.
The fundamental principles whereupon the raifing the fupplies within the year was grounded, was, that the
government mould deal with all contradors for the navy and army, &c. payable within the year, or rather, if
pofllble, at three months credit, which is efteemed equal to ready money dealings, if punduality could be de-

pended on. That to enable the government to have complied therewith, the fupplies mould be raifed as early
in the year as poffible, and that all contradors mould have been paid as foon as pofllble ; fo that by the money
colleded from the people returning into their hands again as foon as poflible, fuch a quick circulation from
and to the hands of the public, the fupplies might have been raifed without running the nation further in
debt, and the nation opprefTed with no additional taxes after the war had been ended.
This propofition was fupported by a variety of realonings in divers lights, all which fcems to have corrobo-
rated the reditude of the meafure. Though the manner of handling the fubjed was well received by the
greateft men in the kingdom, yet party diftradions prevented that being carried into execution, which every
one approved and applauded. And this may poffibly prove the fate of the extensive commercial union
between Great Britain and her colonies the writer has propofed in thefe difcourfes ; and that from
the like party broils and diflfentions, there appearing a fimilitude of c ire urn fiances between our great men
at prefent as heretofore and there may be the fame caufe to repent the negled of the one as there has been
;

that of the other. For,

Had publicaffairs been fo happily conduded as to have left the nation exempt from thofe great addi-

tional tax incumbrances we now fultain, in confequence of adhering to the deftrudive ways of funding and
borrowing, the circumftances of the kingdom would have been widely different from what they are at preient;
not only the induftrious poor would have been in a much happier condition, but every rank of people in
the community.
As things have happened otherwife, the writer is not weary of well doing ; and therefore taking the ftate
of our affairs as they are, he is willing to hope, that he has fallen upon the moil natural way to extricate the
nation from the prefent difficulties under which it groans. Though fuch policy may be prefumed to operate
but (lowly to redrefs the public grievances, yet he prefumes to fay the effeds will be fure. Befides, this
capital ftep, the writer apprehends, may be aided by fome others, that will both facilitate and expedite it,
and that much fooner, perchance, than may be judged pradicable, by thofe unacquainted with what he may
poffibly hereafter have leifure to confider. The writer's other daily avocations not admitting of his digeft-
ing, at prefent, what he conceives will co-operate with what he has already fuggefted, he is obliged 10 defer
it, till he (hall have time to execute it to his intentions. And if he (hall be able to accomplish his end to his
own fatisfadion, he may probably fubmit the fame to the confederation of the legiflature, provided he (hall
be affured previoufly, that he (hall be intitled to an adequate parliamentary recompence for his public
fervice, which, he humbly apprehends, would be very important, whether the nation continues in peace, or
is compelled to go to war. Without this he is obliged to attend his private affairs, take care of his family,
and damp inltead of cherifh that public fpirit which is fo natural to him, as appears throughout all his la-
bours. But there being in thefe our happy days no encouragement for any private man to ferve his coun-
try, he has no hopes to be enabled to execute what he judges of the most important concern to the
kingdom at this time.
In the beforementioned treatife of raifing the fupplies within the year, the writer has in the Introdudion in-
timated a NEW PLAN OF BRITISH POLITICS, WITH RESPECT TO OUR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND OUR CON-

NECTIONS on the continent of Europe. This plan of foreign affairs, before the laft war, was intended
in aid of the plan to raife the fupplies within the year without increafing the public debts or taxes, and was never
yet made public ; but the writer put it into the hands of the miniftry, it being then not proper for publication.
But as it may prove of public ule hereafter, he will communicate a part of the fubitance of it, preparatory to
what he (hall fubmit upon the Tame topic at prefent.
It never being imagined that we mould attempt to increafe the territories of Great Britain to the degree we
have done, the foreign plan was adapted to render the war as fuccefsful againft the enemy as we could,
at the lead expence to this nation. The new foreign fyftem offered for that purpofe was to have formed, at
the beginning of the war, a general Protestant commercial confederacy againft France, and all the
Catholic allies she should join with acainst Great Britain and her confederates.
The new commercial Protestant confederacy was (ounded on the eventual fuccefs againft the ene-
mies ,and each power was to be intitled to its due fhare of new acquired territory that fhould be taken from
the enemies of the confederacy, and that in proportion to the ftipulated quota of maritime or landed force
that each confederate fhould be able to advance to promote the fuccefs of the common caufe. Thus the
intertlt of every confederate being concerned in the eventual fuccefs of the war, no one would be backward
in furnifhing the full degree of force fuch confederate fhould be in a capacity to advance, according to they
fituation
 Nc-jo Foreign Syjlan to favc Gnat Britain the Expence of engaging in the Continental Wars cf Europe. Ixi

Puliation or their circum fiances fo to do j and that the divifion of the new acquired territory that fhould be
obtained from the enemies, mould be made by the congrefs appointed for that purpofe in the moll equitable
manner, as well as every circumilauce of conducting the confederate war to a fuccefsful ifllie.
That as Great Britain was at the head of the Protectant commercial confederacy, and v/as prefumed to be
the mod capable to contribute a luperior fhare or quota of maritime ftrength ; fo her (lipulated fhare fhould
be fettled at the congrefs and fhe fhould be intitled to no more of the new acquired territory, or other com-
;

mercial wealth, than fliould have been proportionate to her quota of men, fhips, &c. In a word, every pre-
liminary article was to have been ftipulated by the congrefs of the confederate powers, before the fword mould
be drawn, and after the fame Ihould be fheathed, the moft advantageous peace fnould be made for their
mutual benefit.
That the Proteflant commercial confederacy mould ever fubfift for the prefervation of the tranquillity of
Europe, againll any Catholic Hate whatever that fliould interrupt it, and for the due prefervation of perfect
amity, concord, and unity between the Protectant confederates.
That no Catholic (late whatever fliould be admitted amongft the Proteflant commercial confederates, left
fuch Hate fliould have been any way inltrumental to have diflblved the proteflant alliance, &c.
That fuch of the Protellant confederates who fliould not then be in a capacity to raife as much decree of
force as they were defirous of doing, fliould have the liberty to have raifed what money they required amonxtt
any of the confederated Hates, for which they fhould pay four per cent, interefl till the principal fliould "be
repaid to the lenders and that the whole confederacy fliould have been guarantees for the dticharge of both
,

the principal and interefl. And that as a further collateral fecurity to the lenders, the new acquired fhare
of territory, or any other fort of acquifition by the capture of [hips and merchandizes, 6cc. fliould have been
mortgaged for the fame loans, &C. to the whole confederacy, &c That the confederates agreed, that all the
acquisitions of wealth or territory made by the united force should never have been restored.
Thefe were the outlines of the new foreign British system intended : the whole may one day, perhaps,
fee the light.
That a more adequa'e idea of the whole may be at prelent formed, be it fuppofed, that the millions which
were railedby Great Britain alone, had been railed amongft the whole body of Protellant confederates \ and
that the acquifni ns that were made, had been done by the united aid and afliftance of the whole confederacy,
inftead of Britain alone.
Suppoie alio, that there were six Protestant st \tes confederated for the purpofe aforefaid, and that Great
Britain was admitted to bear two-fixths, equal to one-third of the whole expence, and the other five flates two-
fifteenths each of them, and the whole acquilitions made were to be equitably divided amongft the confederates,
by the congrefs fettled for that purpofe this fuppofed, then all the captures and territory obtained by the laft
:

war would have belonged to, and have been divided amongft the feveral parties interefted therein.
Thole who are of opinion, that we have obtained too large a fhare of territory, may not judge the preceding
plan of foreign politics a romantic or vifionaiy fyftem. Had the cafe been, as fubmitted by the new plan, we
could have been intitled to no more than one-third of the conquelts the whole confederate force fliould have
made-, and then we fhould have been at no more than one-third of the expence we have been at, and fliould
have faved the other two-thirds. Which of the two might have been more eligible for Great Britain, is a
queftion that others may think of; we are certain, that the whole Proteflant caufe would have been a much
more conliderable gainer in general than this kingdom has been, and the Catholic ones would have been a
much greater loler. For the Protellant intereft would have gained the Havanna amongft them, as well as
the French fugar iflands, except their part of Hifpaniola.
Kad the poffefTion of the 1 favanna, the key of the Spanifh Indies, together with the whole fifheries of New-
foundland, amongft other parts of the conquell, been allotted to the fhare of Great Britain, and the States
General of the United Provinces, for their feven-fifteenth parts, and had the refidue been as equitably pro-
portioned as could have been, between the other confederates, would not this have drawn the teeth and have
pared the nails both of Prance and Spain ? Would not nine-tenths of the whole fugar trade of the world have
been poflfeiTcd by the Protellant intereft, as well as the principal fifheries of America ?
With refpect to the American continent, and all to the ealtward of the Miffifippi, fuch parrs might have
been appropriated as would have tended to the (ecurity and due enlargement of the anticnt Bntifli colonies, and
the remainder might have been dillributed amongft fuch other of the confederated powers as mighc have chofe
it-, and the whole dillribution of territory might have been made under the guarantee of the whole confede-
rated Protellant allies and who would have wrefted the Cime out of their hands ?
; So likewife might the
American conquered iflands have been dillributed amongft the Proteflant flates. In virtue of the proportion
coming to Prullia, might not that monarchy have been conftituted a maririme power, and Sweden and Den-
mark have received their proportion of eftimable commercial conquell taken out of the enemies fcale of power,
and thrown for ever into that of proteilantifm ?
Be it further prefumed, that the Englifh and Dutch had, in conjunction, pofiefllon of the Hivanna, and in
conlequence the whole iftand of Cuba, as the French and the Spaniards poflefs the illand of Hifpaniola, might
not England and Fiolland have made the Spaniards forever tributaries to them, for permiflion to have traded
to Spanifh America, had the Proteflant confederates chofe to continue to them that privilege under fuch cer-
tain regulations and restrictions as they fliould have granted it, as a check upon them for the future ? And
by the Spaniards being obliged to have paid England and Holland for the privilege of trading to their
American colonies, through the medium of the Havaiina ; and the refort thither of the galleons and ft>ta,
the advantages arifing from thence, would have well enabled Britain and Holland to have maintained the Ha-
vanna, and have virtually conftituted them mafters of (lie whole Spanifh American commerce, under the gua-
rantee of all the Proteflant confederates;
This nvght have proved the high importance of the Proteflant con-
federated interefl againll Spain and with relation to France, when they Tiad been deprived of the whole of the
;

Newfoundland fifheries', and the fugar colonies, and all the neutral iflands, what injury could they have ever
after been able to do to any of the Proteflant powers in Europe, while the fame commercial confederacy fub-
fifled, as it was propo fed to have always done ? They could not have dared to have maltreated the leall re-
ipectable Proteflant flate in Europe, the confederacy rendering every individual as powerful as the whole.
Moreover, thole flutes would, doubtlefs, have had Dunkirk, abfolutely demolifhed and razed to the
ground, and all the barrier towns put into Protellant hands, and effectually upheld and maintained at the
joint charge of the whole Proteflant confederacy, and not iupported in fuch a fcandalous condition as they
have been between a Catholic and a Proteflant flate, whofe intereils are ever incompatible. Had this taken
place, what future danger could the Proteflant intereft have been in as well in Europe as America, when Auf-
ttia no lefs than French Flanders had been at the mercy of the Proteflant confederates ? Could France
and the houfe of Aultria have ever more been able to have waged wars in Germany, provided a potent barrier
Prateftdnt ftmcmgn \r^ been fectled in the Auflrian Netherland, as was further propofed by the new Pro-
tellant Syltem, by the conll-r.r of the confederates ? Need Great Britain, or the States General, or his PrufTian
7 majefty,
lxii New Foreign Syjlan to fave Great Britain the Expence of engaging in the Continental Wan of Europe.

majefty, Sweden or Denmark, or our fovereign's German dominions been longer in danger; or this nation
obliged to expend more money on the continent to prevent wars there with Catholic ftates ?
Or, if a powerful proteftant barrier prince had not been judged eligible to have been fettled, by the confent of
the confederates in Auftrian Flanders, and duly fupported and guarantied by them, the States General of the
United Provinces might have more naturally, perhaps, had their dominions extended thither^ and they have un-
dertaken to have maintained the Proteftant barrier againft the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria, under the permanent
fupport and maintenance of all the Proteftant confederates that is to fay, that the faid confederacy being pre-
:

fumed to be perpetual, that whenever the Proteftant barrier fhould have been attacked, the active union fhould
inftantly take place, to withlcand fuch attack, and the quota of each confederate being ftipulated in the alli-
ance, it might have rendered the barrier impregnable: and Dunkirk being abfolutely demolifhe 1, French
Flanders would be open to the penetration of the confederates on one fide, and the Auftrian dominions on the
other. For, as foon as the tranquillity of the barrier ftate had been difturbed, the confederates would have
inftantly taken the alarm ; Great Britain might, in conjunction with the States General, immediately have had
forty or fifty, or even one hundred fail of men of war ready, with a competent military force, ready encamped
in the Ifle of Wight, to have powered into French Flanders, and prevented the junction of France and Auf-
tria, by ravaging all the coalts of France. On the other fide, the Proteftant confederates alfo would have been
prepared to have kept the Houie of Auftria in due fubjection, and hereby have maintained the peace of Ger-
many. This, however, was the writer's plan, and the defign of the new confederacy ; and whether the fame
might not have been lb improved upon by the joint wifdom of the confederates, is humbly fubmitted to thofe
who are judges of it, from the fketch exhibited.
But it did not end here. It was extended to Africa no lefs than Afia, as well as America and Europe,
wherein fuch a confederacy might have been rendered fuccefsfully formidable to any Catholic compact that
could have been formed againft if. The defign, in a word, was fo devifed as to have preferved the tranquil-
lity of Europe in all probability far more durably than it ever had been before, and wouiJ have lowered the
creft of all oppofers to as great a degree, perhaps, as might have been found requite.
The reader will pleafe to obferve, that this new fyftem at the beginning of the war was bottomed upon the
prevailing fentiment, that Great Britain did not ftand in need of any extraordinary addition of territory, if
that (hare of which fhe was poffeffed had been made the beft ufe of. As it has fo fallen out, that we have
obtained a far greater fhare of valuable territory than was ever before thought neceffary, we have feen the
foundation that is laid to reimburfe us the great expence we have been at to gain it : and it is wifjom to make
the beft advantage we can of it.
The writer had taken no notice of the former propofed foreign confederacy at this time, did he not conceive,
that if another rupture fhould take place between this kingdom and the Catholic ftates, this plan might either in
part, or in the whole, be adopted. Should the Family Compact extend itfelf to a far greater degree than
we may at prefent be apprized of, we have feen in what manner it may be effectually matched for the benefit
of the Proteftant caufe. And a Proteftant commercial confederacy might, perhaps, ftand a fairer chance for
greater fuccefs, than they could have done in the laft war, had it then taken effect ; feeing Great Britain is at
prefent fo happily fituated in America to act offenfively for the benefit of the confederates; and fuch being
more likely to be benefited by their alliance with Great Britain than the latter with them, their intereft might
probably prompt them chearfully to enter into fuch alliance, to inlarge their commerce and territory, if the
fame fhould be properly reprefented to them.
Another principle whereon the Proteftant confederacy was grounded, was that of its being unnatural for any
Proteftant ftate whatever to league with a Catholic one.
There have been no more inveterate animofities between ftates, than thofe which have fprung from the dif-
ferences of religion ; the prefent neceffity may, indeed, diflemble them, but it is fcarce poflible that time fhould
not difcover them ; and how is it to be imagined that amity can ever be maintained between them, when the
one cannot truft the other ? When the ruin of this is the intereft of that ? Confederacy with thofe of a dif-
ferent religion is lawful, when its end is the intermifiion of war and liberty of commerce, fuch as that was
which Ifaac made with Abimelech. 'Tis the well known maxims of Popilh ftates, that no obligations are to
be kept with Heretics, as they ftile all Proteftants. Hence has the Gallica fides towards England and other
proteftant potentates become proverbial.
In the reign of Charles II. there was a tract publilhed, entitled Chriftianifllmus Chriftianandus, in which
the author endeavoured to prove, that the moft Chriftian king was himfelf void of all the common principles
of Chriftianity ; and this very treatife was encouraged to be printed by Lord Danby, then Lord Treafurer ;
yet this very treafurer fuddenly changed fentiments, and by his councils, his mafter in the clofet formed a moft:
dangerous alliance with that crown. We
never gained any advantage by leaguing with that nation, as we ex-
perienced alfo when we allied with them in confequence of the treaty of Hanover in the year 1725 ; for when
Gibraltar was attacked by the Spaniards, they gave us no manner of afliftance. How we have fuffered by
our alliances with the houfe of Auftria, let our national debts declare. Nor did they give us any fort of
afliftance at that time, though we were put to a great expence to prevent the confequences of the treaty of
Vienna, notwithftanding the Spaniards feized the effects of the South Sea company, to a very great value, at
La Vera Cruz, and took our merchant fhips at fea.
Our former alliances even with Proteftant powers having never been devifed upon the principles of the
New Syftem, were never of any great advantage either to Great Britain or her allies. They were grounded
upon temporary, fubfidiary, or auxiliary treaties only. Had they, on the contrary, been bottomed upon com-
mercial and territorial acquifuions, the tranquillity of Europe might have been of far longer duration than it
ufually has ; for fuch interefting ties and inducements would have made the confederates more faithful to each
other than ever they were, it being once refolved that every commercial advantage they could obtain by war
fhould never be given up at a peace. Our former alliances have only proved a rope of land, being left always
of a very vague and precarious nature, and never calculated but as temporary expedients to anlwer merely
the prefent purpofe. The New Syftem we fee was quite otherwife projected.
If any thing of the kind here planned fhould ever take place amongft the Proteftant ftates, it will be firft previ-
oufly neceffary to fecure their mutual fafety in Europe, before they turn their eyes on the inlargement or their
trade and territories in America, or elfewhere. To contribute to that, Great Britain would advance her
reafonable quota of expence chearfully, and certainly could be more aflifting therein, by the aid of her mari-
time force, than by exhaufting herfelf by any continental expence :fo that if it again fhould become neceffary to
oppofe continental meafures, the other powers moft likely to fuffer thereby ought to take care of that matter for
their own fakes ; or, be the confequence as it might, Great Britain will be obliged to take care of herfelf and her
Britiih territories, and not intermeddle with the continent, if thofe who are more nearly concerned do not think
proper to do fo. If the reft of the Proteftant ftates will neglect their own fafety, they can never again expect
fupport from this nation, be the confequence in regard to the king's German dominions what it may. For
by dint of our maritime power, we fhall be in a condition to oblige any Catholic ltate to reftore them again
to the elector, his Britannic majefty, though the Germanic body and conftitution would hardly lutfer them
6 to
 i
Foreign Syjlpu to fave Great Britain the Expcnce of engaging in the Continental IVan of Europe. Uiii

to be wrefted ouc of our monarch's hands, while they mould embrace a neutrality, if the reft of the Prote-
ltant Hates il.emlclvcs lhall thufe to prefer a ftate of inaction upon fuch an occafion.
Should a ceneral I'ROTtsrANT commercal confederacy be thought uneligible or impracticable at
firft,the next point that may concern Britain to confider with refpect to alliance, will be, whether that of a com-
mercial one with the States General of the United Provinces might take place, fuch having been ever judged
a natural alliance preservative of both powers. And is there no way to bring this about f lf7 indeed, it is
not in the power of Britain to make it as much for the commercial interefl of Holland to engage offenfively
in conjunction with her againft any Catholic ftate, it will be in vain to expect them to relinq uifh their neu-
trality as well hereafter as they have done heretofore. Unlefs, we fay, the States General can be thoroughly
convinced of this, they cannot be expected to break with France or any other power by whom they will gain
more advantage by their neutrality. Should Britain, therefore, think at all of any ofTenfive alliance in cafe of
a future rupture with France, 6fc. and Holland be thought of for the purpofe, it feems to be in our power
to offer the United Provinces terms that they may probably accept.
The fifheries of iolland are jultiy efteemed by thf Dutch as more valuable than mines of gold. They
I

were the fir ft rife of that republic, and have been the grand prop and fupport of their commerce and navi-
gation. The moll eflimable of all their fifheries is their herring fifheries, which the Dutch carry on upon the
coafts of Great Britain and Ireland. Sir Walter Raleigh informed king James, that the Dutch fifhed on the
coaft of Great Britain with no lcls than 3000 fhips and 50,000 men, and that they employed and fet to
iea, to tranfport and fell the fifh lo taken, and to make returns thereof, 9000 fhips more, and 150,000 men
befides and, if we hereunto add what he fays further, viz. that twenty buffes maintain 8oco people, and that
:

the Hollanders had in the year 6 1 8 no lefs than 20,000 fhips at fea, as alio their fifhing, navigation and
1

traffic by lea, with its dependencies, fince that time to the year 1667, increafed to one-third more ; if this

befo, we may then eafily conclude, he obferves, that the lea is a fpecial means of Holland's fubfiftence, feein-
Holland by this means alone yields, by its own induftry, above 300,000 laps, of fait fifh.
The French too make great advantage by the herring fifhery on the coafts of Britain and Ireland. When
the French king was moved, in the wars of queen Anne, to admit the Dutch and Englifh fifhing boats into
Dieppe, Dunkirk, St. Vallery, and other ports, with their he.- rings, the king aniwered, No! eynomeans:
JF MY I'EOI'LE WILL HAVE HERRINGS, WHY DO THEY NOT CATCH THEM, AS THE EnCLISH AND DUTCH
do? Upon which, the merphants of thole parts immediately fitted out vcflels, and took herrings fuffkient
for all the country, and have continued to do lb ever fince upon our coalks.
There is no treaty lubfilting between Great Britain and the United Provinces that grants the Dutch the
privilege of fifhing on our coafts, neither is there any that grants the French that privilege-, they both enjoy
this liberty only as a matter of favour and indulgence, and not as a matter of right, as is fhown under our
article Fifheries.
Now, as neither of the fubjetts of either of thofe pov/ers have any fuch right by treaty ; be it fuppofed,
that in order to lay the foundation between Great Britain and the United Provinces, for a better Protestant
commercial confederacy, it was propofed by this nation to grant by treaty, amongft other commercial
articles to be ftipulated between the contracting parties, the fubjects of the United Provinces the full
liberty of fishinc on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, the fame manner as is done to
in
the fubjects of his Britannic majefty, without being liable to any moleflation.
II. That the fubjecls of France, or any other power, fhall be excluded from carrying on the faid fifheries

upon the coafts of Britain and Ireland, and the fubjects of all other powers, unlefs thofe who fhall be invited
and accede to this Proteftant commercial alliance.
III. the fubjects of the United Provinces fhall be intitled to the right of fifhing on the coafts of New-
That
foundland i and that the fubjects or France, and of ail other ftates, fhall be for ever excluded from the
Newfoundland filheries, unlci^ thole \vh.; fhall be invited and accede to this commercial alliance.
IV. That this alliance ihall be extended to what other branches of their fifheries the contracting parties fhall
judue proper, and alio the fubjects of thofe powers who fhall accede hereto.
V. That this alliance may be alio extended for the mutual protection of the commerce and territories, both
offenfively as well as defenfively, of the contracting parties, in all parts of the world, and all other Prote-
who fhall be invited and accede to it.
ftant ftates
VI. That this alliance fhall fubfift in time of peace, as well as war ; and that in times of war, the quotas
chofen to be ftipulated by the feveral contracting parties, fhall be explicitly agreed on to act offenfively or
defenfively.
VII. That the feveral parties to this alliance fhall have the privilege to borrow any sum or sums of mo-
ney in the dominions of each other, to enable them to advance their refpective quotas at per cent.
interell.
VIII. That it be agreed, that all commerce or territory the allies fhall be able to take from their ene-
my or enemies, fhall be divided amongst them as equitably as possible, according to the proportion
of the expence which they have been at jointly with the reft.
IX. That the eventual territories taken from the enemy fhall be a fpecial security to the lending
parties in the feveral ftates, and that the whole confederacy fhall be a collateral security for all fuch
fums oi money that fhall be borrowed for the purpofe of annoying and diftreffing their common enemies.
X. 1 hat no Catholic ftate whatever fhall be admitted to accede to this Proteftant commercial alliance.
XI. That no new acquired territory lhall be given up at the end of the war.
XII. That this alliance be perpetual, and fhall exift as well in time of peace as wap, and fhall be fur-
ther cemented by fuch ftipulations as lhall be judged necefTary by the contracting parties.
XIII. That no treaties or alliances fhall be entered into by any of the confederates without commu-
nicating the same to the rest, for their confent and approbation ; _and without their unanimous confent,
no treaty or alliance either between themfelves or with any Catholic ftate fhall be entered into.
Thefe will ferve as a iketch of the outlines of this new Proteftant alliance to counteract the family com-
pact made amongft the Catholic ftates, to preferve peace, and to extend the commerce and navigation of all
the Proteftant ftates.
Without entering into a further detail of other ftipulations for the perpetuation of the Protestant
confederacy, and for the common fecurity of their trade and territories, and for the extenfion thereof,
the writer judges that he lias intimated fuffkient to convey the general idea of his intention, leaving any
additions or amendments thereto to the wifdom of thofe who may think the future prefervation of the Prote-
ftant intereft againft the family compact, &c. merits attention.
It be naturally obferved, that the propofed commercial alliance between Great Britain and the
will
United Provinces, may be made to terminate in a grand general Proteftant commercial alliance, as before
fhewn.
Vol. I. q The
 Ixiv New Foreign Syflem to fave Great Britain the Expence of engaging in the Continental Wars of Europe.

The writer being of opinion, that it is unnatural for Proteftant ftates to ally with Catholic ones, has re-
ftrained what he has humbly fubmitted to the former, the latter having already entered into a compact, that
may make fuch a counter alliance fooner necefTary than many may be inclined at prefent to conceive.
Wherefore, he apprehends the time of peace is the proper time to ruminate on what may he done to pre-
ferve the tranquillity longer than has been hitherto the cafe of Europe.
Notwithstanding the United Provinces, during the two laft wars, have not been induced to relinquifh their
neutrality, and join with Britain offenfively againit her enemies; yet it is not improbable that the time may
foon arrive, when the States General may poffibly be glad to ally both offenfively and defenfively with this
nation. For the United Provinces are fituated between two fires ; and they may, perhaps, one day be at-
tacked on the one fide by a warlike m
h, as well as by France and her allies on the 6ther in fuch cafe, on :

whom can the States depend for protection but their old friends Great Britain ? who, let them remember,
have facrificed many advantages on their account, fince the treaty of Utrecht, which ought to wipe off any
ill imprefTion which that treaty juftly made on them. And if this nation (hows a due regard, without injury
to herfelf, to promote the commercial intereft of the United Provinces, fomething in the manner that has
been fhown, it may contribute to revive and cement that ancient friendfhip that ever ought to havefubfifted
between thefe maritime powers, for their mutual benefit.
Being Upon the topic of commercial union, it is no way repugnant to our fubjectjuft to mention that of
Ireland with Great Britain, which is not lefs defirable than that with her colonies and plantations.
The great obftacle hereto has been that of Britain's public debts and taxes and while thefe fhall remain
;

to the degree they are, 'tis no wonder that mould be ever defpaired of. Whereas, were they duly diminifhed,
that Ireland might be induced to acquiefce and follicit this kingdom for fuch union, that fhe might be exempt
from thole restraints in trade to which fhe is liable, it Would contribute to their mutual emolument, by tak-
ing that (hare of trade out of the hands of our rivals, which we of this nation are not able to do at prefent,
or rather to put both nations on a level in trade. Wherefore, ought not this to be a further motive to us to
try every poffible meafure to accomplish that defirable end ? For the advantages thereby arifing to Ireland,
would in a great meafure center in Britain, and add to the inrichment and ftrength of the united empire.
To leffen the public debts and taxes, we have fhewn in the former difcourfe the indifpenfable neceffity of,
as well to promote and extend the further commercial union between this kingdom and her plantations, as
between us and Irela.id. For when we fhall be able to fell our manufactures cheaper to our colonifts, they
will the more redily decline every fpecies of fmuggling therein in which cafe, they will take larger quanti-
,

ties of Britifh manufactures which will enable us to give them greater encouragement to fupply us with every
,

fpecies of material, and every kind of production that they fhall be capable to raife.
In order to advance thefe feveral commercial unions which we recommend, there is another kind of union,
that feems to be the fource, and indeed the grand bafis of all the reft we mean an union between thefe Bri-
:

tish personages who are likely to be the rulers of the state, under his majefty's gracious choice
and authority. This is a union at home amongft ourfelves, of which we highly ftand in need > and which to our
grief be it bed of fovereigns has not enjoyed to
faid, that the content everfince his reign, except
his defirable
juft at the commencement of it. To what caufes can this be 'Tis much to be feared, that our
attributed ?

late divifions, diftractions, and animofities, that have fubfifted amongft the great people, have been owina to
his majefty's having in his power too many favours to beftow. This may be a greater misfortune poffibly
to the beft and wifeft of princes, in a free Mate, than is commonly confidered ; for if a monarch has lefs to
beftow, he may have lefs foliicitations for his liberality, and consequently there will be lefs struggling for
the loaves and fifties, than where he has more to give by lucrative places and penfions. This creates jealou-
fies and envy, and at length invidious cabals and intrigues amongft the great folks, to fupplant each other in
the favour of their Sovereign.
Another realbn of thofe diffentions may be, that the road to pofts of truft, profit, and honour, hath not always
been made fo refpectable as could be wiftied ; for when the prince is eternally diffracted with thofe perfonal in-
trigues, to gain them, it is impoffible for the beft intentioned monarch always to beftow them upon the moft de-
ferving and the moft meritorious objects ; whereby, oftentimes, the greateft places have been wrefted out of the
prince's hands by objects the leaft defervingof them. Whereas, were there much fewer very profitable places
in the gift of the crown, and were thofe filled only by fuch perfonages that had, in the opinion of all wife and
good men, earned them by their meritorious fervices to the king and kingdom, where is the Briton that would
exprefs his difpleafure at fuch choice ? Would not the people have reafon to confide in the future behavi-
our of thofe, whole advancement had been owing folely to their public and private virtues ? Would not this
render the people ever happy and contented as well as their monarch ?
Moreover, by cuftom, not reafon, it is ufual, when fovereigns have been, as it were, forced to beftow one
great place upon a great bad man, and a very weak man, and this great man fhall have in his gift a fcore, or
perhaps many more places belonging to his department, will fuch a great bad man beftow his fubordinate
places, by whom the whole of the public bufinefs is oftentimes tranfacted, on good and able men ? Will
he not, on the contrary, beftow his liberality upon underftrapping wretches of the fame kidney with himfelf ?
Perfons who fhall be ready to do every fpecies of dirty work their worthy patron fhall put them upon ? And
will not fuch people blood-fuck the public from fecret combination, to aggrandize themfelves at the expence
of the nation ? Will not this make the people feel the oppreffion of, and magnify every tax-burthen that
is levied on them, far more grievoufly than otherwife they would do ? This has been another great fource
of national difcontents.
What can be expected from the fale of places, but the purchafers will make the moft of them at the pub-
lic expence? Has not this rendered the perquifites of offices fo exorbitantly great upon the public, that a
petty clerk of 100/. a year falary, fhall out-ipend the country gentleman of 500/. per annum? Do not all
fuch like burthens fall upon the public, and render every thing dearer and dearer in the kingdom ?
Were there much fewer places in the dilpofal of government, and thofe for life, beftowed on fuch
only who had done fome diftinguifhed public fervice, the government and the nation would be well ferved.
While alfo adminiftrations are eternally upon the change, who will accept of places as changeable as thofe of
minifters themfelves ? The glory and intereft of the itate being thus made the certain road to preferment,
what unfpeakable emolument might not the community expect from fuch policy ? The whole nation would
then become genuine patriots nor would the public want a fucceffion of thofe who fhoulcl ftudy the public
,

profperity and happinefs.

What a univerfifl emulation to ferve the nation would not fuch conduct in government create throughout the
whole Britifh empire as well within doors as without, when meritorious deeds were made the only way to obtain
,

all places of truft, profit, and honour ? Inftead of our moft gracious fovereign being eternally tormented by
minifterial changes, cabals, and intrigues, the prince would inftantly pitch upon fuch men for his minifters, who
had themfelves done the greateft public fervices ? And would not fuch men ever have the voice of the people
on their fide ? Would not fuch a prince ever attach to himfelf the hearts and affections of his fubjects ?
2 What
 ;

New Foreign Syjlem tojave Great Britain the Expenee of engaging in the Continental IVars of Europe. bcr

What way could be fo effectual to unite the king with his people, and the people with his minifters ?
There perhaps,
is, no art of government that could do it to fuch good purpdlV, as there is no furer method
to extricate the nation out of every difficulty, as loon as any was feen growing. Inltead of minifters beino
cverlaffcingly on the itretch to devife new taxes, we fhould have no occafion for them. Every head would
then be at work to abolifh moll: of the old ones, which we mould foon be able to do, if due rewards and
honours were fure to attend the doing fo.
To bring a defign of this kind to the ultimate perfection, every man fhould print any thing for the
public fervice and if his majefty made his minifters, who had the moll public merit themfelves, judges there-
,

of, no private man would be fhamefully tricked out of the merit of his own labours by thofe who had none of
their own to boaft of. For that, in our happy days, is the common practice of the pret-.nded patrons of
private perfons. And have not many great men made themfelves greater by fuch deteflable perfidy, and in-
creafed both their honours and eftates by fuch like nefarious practices ? Was this the cafe, private people then
need not dance attendance and dependance upon the unworthy. They need only make their intentions
public in print, and fend them to thofe, whom the wife and good prince fhould authorize to examine into their
utility, and have their reward accordingly. And fuch who might not chuie their recompence by places of
profit and honour, as might be the cafe of many advanced in years, fhould have it in money, for the benefit
of their families. What honour would not the mnifler deferve, who fhould advifc the adoption of fuch a
defign for the encouragement of public merit? What ineffable public advantages would not the flate derive
from fuch a wife inftitution ? What glory would the prince obtain, who fhould wifely countenance an efta-
blifhment of this kind, fo as not to be abufed ? Might not this be inftrumental to call forth, or raife
numbers of great genii of every clafs and degree for the national fervice and Iplendor ? fhould not c.en We
fee men of the firit rate underftanding buried in obfeurity, lamenting their ill treatment received from fome
SUPERLATIVE SCOUNDREL OF CREAT DIGNITY WITH HIS BORROWED TRAPPINGS, DERIVED FROM THE LA-
BOURS OF THOSE THEY HAVE ABUSED AND DECEIVED.
But while this nation fhall be unhappily diftracted by party cabals, only from mercenary and ambitious prin-
ciples, we can never expect that any noble defigns will take root in the kingdom.
When difcord reigns amongft thofe who ought to unite for the public fervice, the confrquence is generally
no lels unhappy for the people than the prince they will catch the flame of difcontent when kindled amongfl
:

their fuperiors; and has not that frequently terminated in inlurrections and civil wars ? The fmalleft things
increafe by concord ; by difcord the greatelt fall to the ground. Thofe, which being divided, were weak
and impotent, when united refift any force whatever. Thefe have been reprefented in various fimilitudes.
The many-fold cord is not quickly broken. What arm can pull off the horfe's main, when the hairs fhall be
well twitted, or break a bundle of arrows ? And yet either of thefe, of itfelf, is unable to withftand the
lead violence. By emblems of this kind, Sertorius and Scilurus, the Scythian, exprefTed the itrength of con-
cord, which of many diftinct parts make one united, and confequently ftrong body. All the works of na-
ture are preferved by amity and concord j and when this fails, they decay and die. What is the caufe
of death but the prevalence of difcord in the human body ? The very i^mc happens in common-
wealths -, as common confent made them between the greatelt or molt power-
a fociety, fo a difTention

ful part diflblves again, and diffociates, or new models them.

This diviiion engenders hatred, whence
revenge arifes, and from that a difrefpect to laws, without the authority of which, jullice lofes its efficacy j
and where that fails, arms are taken up, and inteftine wars breaking out, the order of the ftare, wholly con-
fifting in unity, is confounded. The bec^ no fooner fall out, but their commonwealth is deftroyed. If it has
the fame effect between citizens, how will they be able to unite for the common defence and intereft ? Plato
ufed to fay, nothing was fo pernicious to commonwealths as divifions. Concord is the wall and guard, no
lefs than the ornament of ftates. Domeftic difTentions are fo many victories for the enemy, as thofe for-
merly of the Britons were to the Romans, no/iris Hit dijfentionibus, &
dijeordiis clari, vitia hojiium in gleriam

exercitus fui vertunt, fays Tacitus in vit. Agric. and ellcwhere, converts ad civile helium animis^ externa fine
cura habentur.
What differs from, and is at variance with itfelf, muft of necefllty fuffer, and what fuffers can never be
lafting. Who, when divided, can keep the flames of diffention within certain bounds ?
a republic is Who
will afterwards quench it, when all are involved in them ? For thefe, and fuch like reafons, ought not dif-
cords to be nipped in the bud, and union encouraged in a ltate ? And is not that eafily maintained, if none
be advanced to places of truft and honour but thole who fhall have deferved them, as well in the eye of the
people as the prince ? Where the equal difbibution of favours and gratuities are made amongft the merito-
rious, they will be a true fupport and aid to the good prince under the greatelt difficulty and diftrefs. Under
the adminiftration of fuch a monarch, the whole executive part of government will be faithfully obferved;
the laws duly obeyed and inforced ; the indultrious poor duly kept to their honeft toil, by the encouragement
of trade and commerce, and have corn and provifions cheap and plentiful-, the nobility in government em-
ployed in arms and ufeful literature, will difcourage and ftifle cabals and clandeftine meetings to diftract the
ltate ; the great ones will be kept frugal and modeft, and the inferiors peacefully and univerfally contented
ail which will conduce to a greater mediocrity in wealth, and a general poverty prevented amongft the mafs
of the people. From the reformation in regulating of thofe things, relults good government ; and where
that is, there peace and concord ever flourifh.
There is but one cafe wherein it feems warrantable to kindle difcords in kingdoms-, that is, when they are
already troubled with feditions and inteftine broils for then to diftract them into factions, will be a means to
-,

weaken the power of the bad, the only end in that being to render peace to the good. And it is a piece of
felf-prefervation, not to fuffer difturbers to be at quiet, in as much as the concord of ill men is to the
prejudice of the good : as it is to be wifhed that thefe may live peaceably, fo it is that thofe may be in dif-
cord-, for good men and good fubjects always come by the worft, when bad. men are united. Concordia
malorum contr aria eji bohorum, &
ftcut cptandum eft, ut boni pacem habeant ad invicem, ita cptandum eft, ut mali
fint difardes. Impeditur enim iter bonorum, fi unitas v.on dividatur malorum.
When the fame thing is done occafionally between minifters, it may have its ufe ; fome kind of emulation
and diffidence one of another, might make them more attentive to their duty for if once through a ne- -,

glect of this, they difTemble and conceal each other's faults, or with one confent are fuffered to join the pur-
fuit of their own interefts, there is as great danger to the prince as to the ftate, without remedy in that -,

none can be employed but by their hands. But if a pubiic-fpirited and generous emulation to ferve the na-
tion (hall degenerate into averfion and enmity, it will create the fame inconveniencies for they will then be
,

more intent on contradicting and thwarting one another, more follicitous to overthrow each other's councils
and actions, than to promote the public good and their prince's fervice. Every one has his friends and
creatures, and the common fort of people are apt to be led into factions ; whence generally arife tumults 2nd
infurrections. For this reafon, Drufus and Germanicus joined themfelves, left the flame of diffention kindled
in the palace of Tiberius, fhould be increafed by the blaft of their favour.
The
 THE
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
O F

TRADE and COMMERCE, &c.

A.
A A M ABA
A ^
7
The of the alphabet, not only in the
firfi letter
Englifti, but moft otherlanguages. Merchants,
bankers, and book-keepers ufe it, cither alone, or
followed by fomc other initial letters, as an abridg-
ment of certain terms in trade for faving time, and room in
16 ounces. According to this, the aam, filled with common
water, weighs 288 pounds, and makes of Paris pints
and not 250, to 260, as Mr. Savary fays
liih pints the fame number
pints, the Englifh pint of water being a
From hence
148},
it makes inEng-

as
:

that of pounds, viz.

pound.
288

their journals, and other books of account. it is plain, that the mingle makes more than two

Being fet alone, after mentioning a bill of exchange, A Hands Englifh pints, by about four ounces ; but retail traders in
for accepted ; in French accounts A. S. P. fignifies, ' accepte the fame provinces make ufe of the divifion of two pints, as
fous proteft, i. e. accepted under proteft.' A. S. P. C. ' ac- Monf. Ricard fays, by way of obtaining good meafure.
cepte fous proteft, pour mettre a compte ; i. e. accepted under Laftly, the aam of oil, among the retail traders, is reckoned
proteft, to be placed to account.' A. P. fignifies to proteft. no more than 120 mingle*, by reafon of the wafte to which
Merchants commonly diftinguifh their fctts of accounts by it is liable.

the letters A, B, C, Sec. which anfwers theendof No. i, 2, ABACA, a kind of flax or hemp, gathered in fome of the

3, Sec. in order to refer by thefe letters, from new fetts of Manillas or Philippine iflands.
books to the old, to certain articles which had their rile in There are two forts of it, the white and the grey. This
the preceding books. plant is a fort of Indian plantane, which is fown every year,
AAGGI-DOGGII, a Perfian word, fignifying ' The bitter and, being gathered, it is fteeped in water, and beaten as

mountain.' It is fo called, on account of being a very hemp is. The

white abaca ferves for making very fine lin-
dangerous paffage for the trading caravans, which travel into nen ; but the grey is employed for nothing but cordage.
Perfia, and take their route of Conftantinople to Ifpahan. It ABAGI. SeeABASsi.
is fituated a day's journey from Louri, on the frontiers of The abagi (which feems to be the fame thing as the abaffi,
Perfia, near Chaouqueu. although of different value) is worth at TefHis, and through-
When thefe caravans are arrived at the pafs of this mountain, out all Georgia, about 36 fols French money ; four chaouris,
all the camels and hcrfes are numbered, for each of which which are alio called fains, make one abagi. An ufalton
the caravan-bachi t;,kes a duty, which he employs partly is worth half an abagi, or two chaouris. Forty afpers, or
for the pay of foldiers that guard the caravans, and partly carbequis, make one abagi. Finally, the fequin of Venice
for other fmall charges but he detains the greateft part for
: is worth fix abagis, or three chaouris.

himfelf. ABASSI, a filver coin in Perfia, in figure and fize very much
AAM, or HAAM, is a meafure of 4 ankers, or 2 ftekans, or France. The abaffi
like the ancient pieces of fifteen fols in
32 mingles, the mingle being of 2 pints of the meafure of takes its name from Shah-Abas II. king of Perfia, who or-
Paris. 6 Aams make one ton of 4 hogfheads of Bourdeaux, dered the coinage of it. It has on one fide, for legend, the
each hogfhead making at Amfterdam 12 ftekans, and 50 profeffion of the Mahometan faith, ' There is no God but
ftekans the ton, or 800 mingles of wine and lees which ; God, and Mahomet is his prophet;' and on the other the
amount to 1600 pints of Paris, and confequently the aam* king's name, and that of the city where it was coined.
contains about 250 to 260 pints of Paris. This coin, which has a great currency in Perfia, is worth
The aam is alfo a meafure which the Dutch ufe generally in two mammoudts or foyr chayes ; the chaye being eftimated
the feven united provinces of the Low Countries ; it agrees to at the fate of nine fols fix deniers of French money, makes
that of the hogfhead, barrel, or ton, provided the contents the abaffi worth thirty-eight fols, or feventeen fols of Hol-
of each of thefe vefiels be 128 mingles, which is a Dutch, land. They have alfo pieces of five abaffis, in value nine
meafure alfo, ufed for liquids, and which weighs about 36 livres, and from twelve to thirteen French fols; andlikewife
ounces avoir-dupois. pieces of two abaffis, which are in value one half of the
The Bourdeaux and Rhenifh wines, brandies, and the diffe- former. Of thefe they coin but few, and they are fcarce
rent forts of oils, are fold in tiie fame provinces by the aam. current in commerce, being commonly accounted a fort of
Mr. Savary is miftaken in faying, that the mingle makes two pocket-pieces. The pieces of five abaffis are round, a little
pints of Paris meafure, it making only one pint, and about thicker and larger than a French crown, and the half of
i. His error was occafioned by Ricard's Treatife of the trade thefe in proportion.
of Amfterdam, which he made ufe of, where in page 19 it is In trade, both at Ifpahan and in the reft of Perfia, the filver
faid that it is divided into two
Ricard, not having
pints Mr coin partes by weight, not by tale the bags contain 50 to-
:

explained *hat pint he meant, oceafions foreigners to mif- mans, which make 2500 abnffis they are weighed by weights
:

take him it is the Englifh pint that he intended, which

; of one toman, or fifty abaffis each. If they fufpecT: that there
makes a lit 1 more than the half pint of Paris, whole diffe- are any light or counterfeit pieces, they difcover them by
rence is not above half an ouice; for tne Paris pint, filled weighing 25 of them againft 25, and fo on.
with common water, weighs 31 ounces, and that of England
Vol. I. A ABA-

ABE
ABATELEMENT, a term ufed by the
of the Levant, fignifying a fentence of the confjl, which im-
ports a prohibition of commerce to all merchants and traders
of the French nation, who will not ftand to their bargains,
or who refufetopay their debts. This prohibition is fofevere,
that thofe againft whom not fuffered to fue any
it is iffued, are
perfon for the payment of their debts, till they have madefatis-
faction, according to the conful's fentence, and have got the
abatelement taken off, by the execution of its full contents.
ABATEMENT, otherwife REBATE, a term in ufe among
traders for a difcount or abatement in the price of certain
commodities, when the buyer advances the fum directly, for
which he might have taken time.
As traders are not always inclined to pay ready money, an
abatement or deduction of fo much per cent, per ann. has
been devifed to induce them thereto, that they may take the
advantage of the cuftomary difcount.
'Tis alfo the practice of feveral great trading companies in
foreign countries, to allow difcount for payment of ready
money, and of that of the Englifh haft-India company in
particular, to allow 6 percent, to the buyer for prompt pay-
ment, as it is termed.
Abatement. fometimes happens, that goods upon de-
It
livery at the cuftom houfe are found to have received da-
mage. In this cafe, the furveyor and landwaiter are to
make their report on the back of the warrant, and return it
to the collector and principal officers ; who are then to chufe
two indifferent and experienced merchants to view the goods,
and upon oath to determine the quantum of the damage.
Then the furveyor and landwaiter certify, that the goods
viewed by the merchants are the fame for which duty was
paid :whereupon a certificate of the whole proceedings is
made out, and a proportional abatement of the duty is made,
and repaid to the merchant upon his figning the receipt.
ABB, fo the clothiers call the yarn of a weaver's warp. They
alfo fay abb-wool in the fame fenfe.
ABBAASIES, a filver coin current in Perfia. See Abassi.
ABEL-MOSC, which the French call ambrette, or grainede
mufc, (mufk-feed) is the feed of a plant growing in Egypt,
and in the Antille iflands, having greenifh and velvet leaves,
very much refembling thofe of the marfh-mallows ; for which
reafon the modern botaniits have given it the name of the
velvet marfh-mallow of the Indies. The feed is fcarce bigger
than a very large pin's head, formed like a fmall kidney, of
a greyifli colour, and, as it were, fhagreened on the upper
fide, of a fcent like a compound of amber and mufk. its
principal ufe is in the compofition of fome perfumes, with
which it is difficult to incorporate, without knowing how to
manage it. The Italian perfumers ufe a great deal of
and France the nuns and pater-nofter makers ufe it to
in
make chaplets, or bead-firings. This plant is ftiled by
Monfieur Tournefort, ' ketmia jEgyptiaca, femine mof-
chato, ^Egyptian ketmia, with feeds fmelling like mufk ;' and
the ingenious Mr. Miller (Gardener's Dictionary) obferves,
that it is commonly called mufk-feed in the Weft-Indies.
The ambrette of Martinico is the beft of ail. It ought to
be chofen new, plump, dry, neat, and of a good fcent.
ABERDEENSHIRE, in Scotland, is
with part of Angus and Merns, or rather with the river Dee
and the Grandfbain mountains ; with part of Bamf on the
north-weft j part of Murray on the north ; the German
ocean on the eaft; and the river Spey and part of Badenoch
on the weft. The chief places of trade in Aberdeenfhire are,
I. Aberdeen, one of the principal cities in this fhire; there
are two towns or of that name, the old and the new;
cities
the old about a mile northward from the new, and is
lies
mouth of the river Don, which is remarkable
fituated in the
for its extraordinary plenty of falmon and perch.
1. New Aberdeen is fituated at the mouth of the river Dee.
It exceeds all the cities in the north of Scotland for largenefs
and beauty. It ftands in a fine air, and has a great revenue
arifing from its falmon fifhery. The adjoining fea not only
furnifhes them with plenty of fifh, but reproaches them with
their negligence, when they fee the Dutch
fifhing on their coafts, to very great advantage:
been till lately the humour of the inhabitants to apply them-
felvss chiefly to the falmon-fiihing, and
other forts.
The quantity of falmon and perch, taken in both rivers, is
a kind of prodigy. The proprietors are united into a com-
pany, there being fo many fharcs, of which no perfon can
enjoy above one at a time. The profits are very confider-
able, the falmon being fent abroad into different parts of the
world, particularly into England, France, the Baltic, and
feveral other parts.
The herring-fifhery is a common bleffing to all this fhore of
Scotland, and is like the treafure of the Indies at their door,
were it properly ufed by the Scots in general by this, how-
ever, the merchants of Aberdeen arc enabled to carry on a
trade to Dantzick and Kuningfberg, Riga and Narva, Wy-
bourg and Stockholm.
They have alio a very good manufacture of linnen, and wor-
(led (lockings, which ihey And to England in great quanti-
'1 hey make fome fo fine as to be fold from
14 to 30
;
ABE
French in the ports (hillings a pair. They alfo fend them over to Holland, and
into the north and eaft feas, in great quantities
; yet the poor
who knit them, if they get two pence fterling a day, think
they make a good day's work.
They have a great exportation of pickled pork, packed up
in barrels, which they fend chiefly to the Dutch for victual-
ling their Eaft India fhips, and their men of war, the Aber-
deen pork having the reputation of being the beft cured, for
keeping on long voyages, of any in Europe.
They alio export corn and meal ; but they generally bring it
from the Firth of Murray, or Cromarty, the corn coming
from about Invernefs, where they have great plenty.
The people of Aberdeen are indeed univcrfal merchants, fo
far as the trade of the northern part of the world will extend ;
and it may be juftly efteemed the third city in Scotland ; that
is to fay, next after Edinburgh and Glafgow.
. Peterhead, in this fhire, on the fouth fide of the water
of Ugie, is a fea-port of confiderable trade, and has a bay or
road that will contain 100 fail of fhips with good riding in 8
or 9 fathoms. 'Tis high water here when the moon is di-
rectly fouth.
. Strathbogy, in this fhire, is fruitful in corn and pafture,
has black cattle, fheep, and horfes for exportation ; and is
remarkable for its fine linnen yarn, fpun here by the women,
and fold to the merchants.
Remarks.
The trade of Scotland, particularly the linnen manufacture,
being at a very low ebb, before the year 1725, the royal
boroughs, who are the guardians of the trade of Scotland,
took under their confideration the ftate of their trade and ma-
nufactures, in their general annual convention, held at Edin-
burgh, in July 1725, and in feveral fubfequent meetings of
their grand annual committee in that year.
The alfo for the improvement of agriculture, and
fociety
many perfons well (killed in trade and manufactures, formed
propofals and fchemes for encouraging the manufactures and
fifheries : the refult of which was, that, in their meeting of
February 1725-6, they refolved to addrefs his. majefty, to
have the monies, fettled by law for the encouraging of their
manufactures applied for that purpofe, in fuch a manner, as
that all mifapplication might be prevented.
The effect of this was, that his late majefty was gracioufly
pleafed to write the following letter to the royal boroughs,
which was prefented to the convention by his majefty's ad-
vocate, upon the 6th of July 1726, and has had very happy
confequences in regard to their manufactures in general ever
fince.
it
Superfatted GEORGE R.
Tjufty and well beloved, we
greet you well. having We
obferved, that the feveral fums of money referved and pro-
vided by the treaty of union, and by divers acts of parlia-
ment, to be employed for the improvement of fifheries and
manufactures in Scotland, have not hitherto been applied to
the ufes for which they were intended ; principally, becaufe
no particular plan or method hath been concerted, directing
the manner in which thefe fums fhould be applied for the
bounded on the fouth faid purpofes. And being defirous to remove that hindrance
as fpeedily as may be, we have thought good to recommend
to you, that, at your firft general meeting in the month of
July next, you do take into your confideration the ftate of
the faid fifheries and manufactures, and of the monies pro-
vided for encouraging the fame; and that by yourfelves, or
by committees of your number, you do devife and propofe
the particular methods, rules, and regulations, which to you
(hall feem the moft proper, for the application of the faid
fum towards the encouraging and promoting fifheries, and
fuch other manufactures and improvements in Scotland, as
(hall moft conduce to the general good of the united king-
doms ; and that you do return to us the propofitions in which
you (hall have agreed, to the end, that, upon due confide-
ration thereof, a certain method may be fettled for the ap-
plication and management of thefe fums for the future. The
flee..., perpetually welfare of our loving people of Scotland, and the profperity
but it has of the royal boroughs, is fo much concerned in what we re-
commend to you, that we doubt not you will go on in the
to neglect that of all execution of what is expected from you, with the utmoft
diligence, unanimity, and impartiality and, on our part, wc
:
allure you of our countenance and encouragement in what'
you (hall propofe for the real good of your country, confid-
ent with the general intereft of our united kingdom, cVc.
Holles Newcastle.
In confequence of this letter from the throne, the conven-
tion agreed upon an anfwer, wherein they expreffed their
joy and gratitude to his majefty, for his tender concern for
the welfaieof Scotland; which filled the hearts of the moft
: knowing people, with great gratitude and loyalty, and ani-
mated them z,ealoufly to exert themfelves to obtain feveral
acts of parliament for regulating their linnen manufacture,
and promoting the fifheries in general of this part of the-
united kingdom. And, fince this period of time, the linnen
manufactures of Scotland have arofe to a very extraordinary
perfection and 'tis now to be moft ardently wifhed and de-
:
8 fiKd,
 ABR A B Y
fneJ, that their fiiherics will meet with fuch fuecefi and pro- ABUCCO, ABOCCO, or ABOCCHI, a weight ufed in the
(ocrity, as to employ numbcrlefs of the diftrefled poor, and kingdom of Pegu. One abucco is twelve
teccalis and a half

prove as good a nurfciy for our Britifh feamen as the coal two abuccos make an agiro, which is alfo
called giro
two
has been.

gin make halt a biza, and the biza weighs
ico teccalis' that
The rcafon for taking notice of his late majeftv's regard to is to lav, 2 pounds 5 ounces the heavy weight, or
2 pounds o
the improvement of the Scots manufactures and fifherics, is ounces light weightof Venice; See Venice forits
with a view to obferve, what great and happy effects proceed ABUKESB,
weights

&c
or ASLANI. See Aslani. '

from proper encouragement being given by authority to any ABYSSINIA, or upper Ethiopia, is bounded on
particular branch of trade. The commiflioners and trtrftces
appointed in Scotland in confcqucncc hereof, for the care of
Nubia or Sennar. On
the north bv
the caft it had formerly the
and the coaft of Abex 5 on the fou.h by
Red
Alaba, Jcndero of
W
their trade, were Co affected with his majefty's tender con- G.ng.ro, as the Portuguefc write it; on the weft by
the
cern for their profperity, that they beftowed their time and river Malcg, which falls into the Nile, and by this aft
quite
I

attendance upon the fervice of the public, without fee 01 to the boundary of Nubia. For the more tedious difputable
reward. Their meetings were frequent and regular. Every dcfcnptions with refpeft to its boundaries,
we refer to thofc
fedcrunt manifefted, that their fervice was of great ufe and who have profeiTedly written thereon
; our view being only
importance to their country, by contributing greatly to ad- to take a furvey of what commerce they
have, and this is
vance the improvement and extenfion of their fiftieries and very trifling for fo cxtenfive a kingdom.
manufactures of every kind. Numbcrlefs letters were re- Remarks.
ceived by their fecrctary from every corner of their country, Trade and manufactures arc wholly wanting here;
and tho'
for the folution of doubts and qucftions, and petitions and their way of living makes them need
the fewer, yet'even
applications for encouragement of various kinds upon diffe- thofe that are moft neceffary, they are
fupplied with by the
rent branches of trade; alfo memorials and complaints of Jews ;
fuch as weaving fluffs for drefs, and forging
heads
abufes, defeats, flovenly and unprofitable practices in the ma for their lances, kc. They have a natural averfion for all
naement of many parts of their manufacture, and propofals fmiths, as people that deal in fire, and live in
a kind of hell
of improvements, and of the mod frugal and expeditious me- as they conceive of and yet their princes are not infen-
it ;

thods of carrying on feveral branches of trade to the beft fiblc of the great advantages a plenty of
all forts of trades
advantage. Thefc the commiflioners duly weighed, and would be to their dominions, though they dare not,
it ficms
gave full fatisfadlion thereto by regular anfwers, according to force their fuhjecls to what they would deem
an infupport-
the beft information they could pofiibly receive. And fuch able flavery ; witnefs the letter, which David
one of their
have been the good effects of this correfpondcncc, and zeal monarchs, fent to John III. of Portugal, wherein he
defired
for the intereft of trade fince, that wc may truly fay, that the him to fend over to him fome printers, armourers,
cutlers
whole face of Scotland But, under the head of
is changed. phyficians, furgcons, architects, carpenters,
mafons, gold-
Scotland, wc fhall rcprefent the general ftate of the trade of Imiths, miners, bricklayers, and jewellers.
that part of the united kingdom, as we fhall the particular They fcem indeed by their churches, and other
ruinated
branches carried on in the feveral fhircs or counties. places, to have heretofore encouraged
architecture. But the
ABLAQUE, as la foye Ablaqtie, or Ablaque (ilk, is the Ar- workmen were from other countries, and were forced
fent for
daflinc filk, which comes from Perfia by the way of Smyrna. to do all themfelves
fo that when thefe fabrics were
;
reared
It very beautiful, and hardly inferior in finenefs to the
is efpecially the imperial palace built by Peter
Pais, a Portu-
Sourbaftis. It is but little ufed, however, in the manufac- guefc architect, the people flocked from all parts
of Ethiopia
tures of hlk fluffs made at Lyons and Tours, becaufe it will to view it, and admired it as a new wonder of the
world.
not bear hot water in the winding. The French have given However, thefe occupations which they have amon" them'
it the name of Ablaque filk. are always conveyed from the father to the children."
ABORTIVE VELLUM, is made of the fkin of an abortive Gold, filver, copper, and iron, are the principal ores
with
calf. Sec Vi LLUM. which their mines abound in this extenfive part of Africa-
ABOLCOUCHOU, a fort of woollen cloth made in France, but not above one third part is made ufe of by way of
mer-
particularly in Provence, Languedoc, and Dauphine, defigned chandize, or converted into money; of which they have
for E^ypt. See the article Cloth, where mention is made or no ufe in Abyffinia.
little They cut their gold indeed into
of thofe that are fent to the Levant by the way of Marleilles fmall pieces for the pay of their troops, and for expences
of
ABRA, a filvcr coin in Poland, worth from 24 to 25 French the court, which is a pretty modern cuftom among them ;
fols. The ahra is current at Conllantinople, and in all the the king's gold, before the end of the feventeenth centuryj
dominions of the Grand Seignior: it is received there upon being laid up in his treafury in ingots, with intent never to
the foot of cue fourth of the aflani, or Holland's dollar. See be carried out, or never ufed in any thing but veifels, and
Aslani. trinkets for the fervice of the palace.
ABRIDGMENT, a fummary or contraction of a writing, In the lieu of fmall money, they make ufe of rock fait
as
&c. wherein the lefs material things being omitted, or more white as (now, and as hard as a ftone. This is taken out
briefly mentioned, the whole is brought into a lefler compafs. of the mountain of Lafta, and put into the king's warehoufes
;
ABROHANI, or MALLEMOLE,
the name of a certain where it is reduced into tablets of a foot long, and three
muffin, or clear, white, fine cotton cloth, brought from the inches broad, ten of which are worth about a French crown.
Eaft Indies, and particularly from Bengal, being in length When they are circulated in trade, they are reduced ftill
76 French ells and 3 quarters, and in breadth five eighths. into fmaller pieces, as occafion requires. This fait is alfo
ABRUZZO, a province in the kingdom of Naples in Italy. applied to the fame purpofe as common fea fait.
It is divided into two parts the one called the Farther
; This fait is were, weight for weight for gold.
fold, as it

Abruzzo, the other the Nigher Abruzzo. The former of With this mineral
the Ethiopians purchafe pepper, fpices,
fait
thefe is bounded on the north-weft, by the Marca d'Ancona ;
and filk fluffs, which are brought to them by the Indians, in
on the fouth-weft, by Sabina and Campagnia de Roma ; on their ports in the Red Sea.
the fouth-eaft, by the Nigher Abruzzo; and on the north- Cardamrms, ginger, aloes, myrrh, caffia, civet, ebony-
eaft, by the Adriatic fea. wood, wax, honey, cotton and linnens of various
ivory,
This country is cold and mountainous, being croffed by the forts and colours, are merchandizes which may be had from
Apennines yet is fertile in grain, fruits, and efpecially in
;
Abyffinia; to which may be added fugar, hemp, flax, and
faffron and breeds great quantities of beaftt both wild and
; excellent wines, if thefe people had the art of preparing
tame. It is healthy, pleafant, and well inhabited, and the them.
people are induftrious, given to traffic, and fome manufac- It has been thought, that the coffee-berry was originally
tures, particularly the woollen. tranfplanted from Ethiopia into Arabia, from whence a great
The Nigher Abruzzo, is more mountainous and cold than quantify is brought: but this is uncertain, as there are no
the other, and yet is far from being fo healthy as that. The figns of it among them at prefent.
rivers of it are the Lenta, Foro, Moro, Feltrino, Sangto, 'Tis affirmed by good hiftorians, there are in this country
Afignella, and Irigno. The country watered by them pro-
the fineft emeralds that are any where to be found and tho' ;

duces great plenty of corn, rice, wines, fruit, and efpecially they are found but in oneplace, they are there in great quan-
faffron ; but here are many large woods ; that fhelter great tities, and fomeTo large and fo perfect, that they are inefti-

number of wolves, bears, and other wild creatures, wnich
oblige travellers to go always in troops and well armed
which prevents improvements in trade.
Ortona al Marc, in this province, fo called to diftinguifh it
from Ortona di Marfi in the fame province, is an ancient
town belonging to the Frentani, and fituate on the Adriatic
gulph, between the rivers of Foro and Moro, It had for-
merly a convenient and fafe harbour for fhipping, but is now
thinly inhabited and little frequented, becaufe the Venetians
fpoiled the havn.
Remark.
We may
here obferve, that, in places where there is nu
trade, they are hardly worth taking notice of, unlefs to ma
nifeft the neceffity of cultivation in our
ever it apptars practicable.
mable in value. Alfo on the iflands near Arqua (which for
: that reafon the Turks keep a garrifon at) they find very good
bright pearls, and very large, fome of which are of the
fineft colour.
The greateft part of the merchandizes, whereof we have
fpoken, are more for foreign than inland trade. Their do-
mcftic commerce confifts chiefly in fali, honey, buck- wheat,
fe
rey peafe, citrons, oranges, lemons,
and other provifions,
with and herbage neceffary for the fupport of life.
fruits
Thofe places that the Abyffinian merchants frequent the moft,
who dare venture to carry their commodities by fea them-
felves, are the Arabia happy, and the Indies, particularly
thofe of Goa, Cambaye, Bengal and Suruatra.
own country, where With regard to their ports on the Red Sea, to which foreign
merchants commonly refort, the moft confiderable are thofe
of
 A C A
of Mette, Azum, Zajalla, Maga, Dazo, Patea, and Brava.
They had formerly Ercocco and Quaqueu ; but the Turks
ruined thefe ports towards the middle of the feventeenth cen-
tury, and with them others of their maritime cities.
The trade of the AbyiTinians by land is inconfiderable. There
are, however, bands of Abytiinians who arrive yearly at
E^ypt, particularly at Cairo, laden with gold duft, which
they bring to barter for the merchandizes of that country, or
of Europe, for which they have occafion.
Thefe carilas or caravans, if we may be allowed tbus to call
a body of 40 or 50 poor wretches, who unite together for
their mutual ^iTilrance in their journey, are commonly three
or four months on their route, traveling forefts and moun-
tains almoft impaffable, in order to exchange their gold for ne-
ceffaries for their families, and return immediately with the
greateft part of the merchandize on their backs.
the Jews or the Egyptians will give them credit.
'Tis extraordinary that thefe merchants fhould give thefe
poor wretches credit, againft whom they have no recourfe, if
they fail of payment. But experience has fhewn, that they
have never abufcd the confidence repofed in them, not even
on account of their death ; for, if that happens, their fellow-
travellers take care of the effects of the deceafed, for the
benefit of their families, and in order therewith to difcharge
thofe debts contracted at Cairo.
Other nations with whom the Abyflinians carry on trade by
kingdom of Adel, the Turks
land, are the inhabitants of the
Quaqueu, the Melen-
who are now mailers of Ercocco and
dians, the people of Mofambique, and the Portuguefe who
are fettled upon thofe coafts.
Befoie we conclude, it fnould be remembered, that one of
the principal branches of trade of thefe people, is that of
flaves, who are greatly efteemed in the Indies and Arabia for
the beft, and the moft faithful of all that the other kingdoms
The Indian and Arabian merchants fre-
of Africa furnifh.
quently fubftitute them as their factors ; and, on account of
their good fervices and integrity, not only often give them
their liberty, but liberally reward them.
Though the productions and populoufnefs of this part of the
world, would admit of a furprizing improvement in general
commerce with the Europeans ; yet it is as little cultivated
here, as in any other parts of Africa. See
its feveral divifions from that general head.
ACACIA according to Pomet, the fruit, or rather the feeds
is,
of a yellow fruit inclining to red, of the fize of a magdalen-
pear, or lefs than that of an orange. The tree which bears
thefe, is, according to the Sieur RoufTeau's letter, 5 or 6 feet
high, adorned with leaves of a yellowifh green, and fomething
of the fhape of ivy. The flowers are fmall, and grow in tufts,
of a carnation colour 3 from whence comes a yellow fruit,
or feed, of the bignefs of a chefnut, of the fhape of a kid-
ney, and of an olive colour, covered with a nut or ftone,
wherein is a white almond, which, after it has been roafted
like a chefnut in the fire, is pleafant to eat.
The Americans cut the yellow fruit in flices, and eat it in the
manner we do a China orange, as well to revive the fpirits,
as to cool them, becaufe they are full of a well-tafted juice.
You muft chufe fuch as are large and new, of an olive co-
lour, with white kernels, which are the certain figns they are
frefh ; and not of a chefnut colour, which is a fign of their
being old and over- ripe.
ACACIA VERA
is, according to many authors, the thicken
ed juice of a large tree, growing in Egypt and Arabia, whofe
bloifom is white and purgative, and which is all over thorny,
except its trunk. From this tree it is, as fome other au-
thors pretend, that the gum arabic iffues. However that
be, for the opinion of both has but a flender foundation,
this thickened juice, from what tree foever it is produced,
comes from the Levant, in round balls of different fizes,
wrapped up in very thin bladders.
The acacia vera, to be good, ought to be full ripe, of a tan
colour, of a reddifh brown, fmooth and fhining, and of a
ftyptic and fomething difagreeable tafte. This drug is ufed
in the compofition of Venice treacle.
ACACIA GERMANICA, or German Acacia,
feit drug, made of
the juice of floes, or wild plums, which
grow upon the black-thorn ; that juice is boiled afterwards
to a folid confidence, and put into bladders like the true
acacia, which comes from Egypt. But neverthelefs it is
fcarcc poflible to be miftaken in it; the acacia vera being of
a reddifh tan colour, and the acacia Germanica
common Spanifh liquorice. Lemery fays, the true acacia
made by expreflion out of the fruit, and that either ripe, or
unripe. From the ripe fruit there is a black juice from the
unripe fruit a red or yellowifh juice, the colour not fo black,
but more inclining to red, and of a fwcet fcent. This, he
adds, is the true acacia of Diofcorides, which is to be ufed
in making Venice treacle.
ACAJOU, is the fruit, or rather the feed of a tree,
in the Antillc iflands, and in many places of the continent of
America, and efpccially in Brafil.
There which bear this name, but
are three kinds of trees
there but one of them that produces fruit. The fruit bear-
is
ing acajou is a tree of a middling fize, with branches that in-
A C A
cline very much downward. Its leaves are broad and ftreaked
with many veins, and round at the end. The bloffoms,
which grow in and are of a very agreeable fmell,
clufiers,
are white, when they firft open, and afterwards of a carna-
tion and purple colour. Its fruit is of the form of an apple
fomewhat oblong, covered with a thin rind of a lively red,
and crowned with a kind of creft of an olive colour. In the
infide are fpungy filaments, which yield a juice between fweet
and four, very good for quenching the thirft, and againft
fainting fits, when mixed with fugar. The Indians make a
liquor of it, which will inebriate like wine and laftly, the
;
ftone or feed, which is what the druggifts and grocers at Pa is
fell under the name of acajou, is a kind of chelnut in the
form of a hare's liver, within which there is a kernel, and
that being peeled is an excellent ftomachic.
Sometimes The acajou nuts fhould be chofen frefh, and of an olive co-
lour. When made in the acajou tree, it emits
incifions are
gum, very like the gum arabic.
a clear tranfparent
The Chevalier des Marchais, in his Voyage de Guinee,
Tom III. p. 266, fays,
That two kinds of acajou
there are the firff. is that
; to
which the Spaniards have given the name of cedar, on c-
count of the fcent of its wood, though in reality it differs as
much from the cedar, as the cedar does from the apple tree.
The fecond kind has retained throughout all America, the
name which the Indians of all nations have given it, with (o
little difference from each other, that it is plainly known to
be the fame in all their idioms. This tree is fo common,
that there are whole forefts of it in Brafil and Guiana. The
Portuguefe have no remedy more fure for curing their negroes
of a pain in the ftomach, which is a kind of dropfy, tnan
to leave them to themfelves, in places abounding with thefe
trees. Hunger prefling thofe poor wretches, and they not
finding any other food but the fruit of the acajou, they glut
themfelves with it ; and the fruit foon cutting the noxious
humours, that occafion the diftemper, thefe dropiical flaves,
who were fcarce able to ftir, are feen in a ihort time running-
like flags, and in a wonderful ftate of health.
The nut, which the fruit bears at its extremity, contains in
the fhel! an oil, which is the more fharp and bitin & the 'efs
.
ripe it is. This oil is however of a wonderful ule, in
g i
Africa, and up and cleanfing the oldeii ulcers, and all other difesfes of
the fkin ; and alfo for killing thofe dangerous iniects mat
get under the toe-nails, and into the wrinkles of the item,
where they occafion ulcers that are frequently incurable.
The Portuguefe call them bichos, the Spaniards niguas, and
the French chiques.
In proportion as the fruit ripens, the fharpnefs of the oil de-
creafes ; but there always remains more than enough to make
the tongue and gums of thofe fmart, who are fo imprudent
as to crack that nut with their teeth.
There is no occafion to extract this oil in the country where
the fruit grows, in order to bring it to Europe; it being
fufBcient to fend the nuts thither. Though they be never fo
ftale, they always retain oil enough. In order to extract it,
the nut muft be fplit, and its pieces laid upon burning char-
coal. The oil, which is contained between the two coats of
the fhell, comes out as foon as it feels the fire it is collected :
with a little cotton, and applied to the ufes mentioned above.
The kernel contained in this fhell is white, folid, delicate,
and of a better tafte than the beft almonds, and is much like
that in the ftone of a pine-apple. Thefe nuts are eaten raw
when frefh gathered, after having been fteeped for a fhort
time in water, with a little fait many like them better roaft-
:
ed. In order to that, the fhell is a little broke, and laid for a
moment on the coals it then opens of itfelf, the kernel is
:
taken out, and a little brown fkin, that covers it, being peeled
off, it is then of a delicious tafte. .Thefe nuts will keep
many years, and fcarce lofe any thing of their goodnefs. The
Indians fet fo great value upon the fruit of the acajou, and
the nut that adheres to it, that they often make war with
each other, for the crop of this fruit, which in Guiana is
ripe in the months of December, January and February.
This fruit is of the form of an apple. The fkin is thin
is a counter- and fmooth, of a fine red on the fide next to the fun, and
of a gold colour on the oppofite fide. Their fmell is
fweet, agreeable, and comforting. Their fubftance is en-
tirely fpungy, and full of an exceeding tart and ftyptic li-
quor, before the fruit is ripe; but iweet, pleafant, and,
wholefome, when it has attained its maturity. They re-
as black as frefh and exhilarate ; ard, though they are a little binding,
is yet they wonderfully provoke urine.
They make a tart and pleafant wine of it, which is heady,
: kept two or three days; after which it turns into a very
fharp vinegar. People of (kill might make a wine of it, that
would keep longer fome have cauled the juice of the acajou
:
fruit to be diftilled, which has produced a very ftrong Ipirit.
This tree, during the great heats, emits lumps of gum, of
growing an amber colour, hard and fiiable, or apt to crumble. The
Indians difiolvc it in water, and give it with fuccefs to wo-
men troubled with hyfteric diforders, or their periodic mala-
dies. This gum has little or no fcent.
ACANTHUS, otherwife called branca urfina, or bear's-
breech, is a plant ufed in medicine. Its leaves are fomewhat
5 like
 A C A
like thofe of the tluftlcthe flowers are labiatcd* ; the under
;
lip of the divided into three fegments, which in the
flower is
beginning is curled up in form of a fhort tube : in the plarc
of the upper lip are produced the ftaraina or feeds, which
fupport the pointals : the cup of the flower is compofed of
leaves which are prickly } the upper part of which is bent
over like an arch, and fupplies the defeat of the upper lip of
the flower. The fruit is of an oval form, and is divided in
the middle into two cells, each containing one fingle fmooth
feed.
There are four fpecies of this plant known,
1. Acanthus fativus, vel mollis Virgilii.
lcaved garden bcar's-brcech. This is the fort
cine, and fuppofed to be the mollis acanthus of Virgil.
2 to New Spain, as
Acanthus aculeatus, the prickly bear's-breech. 3. Acan-
thus rarioribus &
brevioribus aculeis munitus, the middle
bear's-brcech, with Ihort fpines. 4. Acanthus Lufitanicus,
ampliflimo folio lucido, the Portugal bear's-breech, with
large Aiming leaves. All thefc plants are eafily propagated
by parting their roots in February or March, or by feeds
fown at the fame time.
ACAPALT1, New
Spain or Mexico, that bears
a plant of
the long pepper. Its trunk grows winding like that of the
vine, and has leaves upon it like thofe of white pepper, but
longer and more pointed, of a very ftrong fcent, and a hot
and fharp tafte. The fruit is round, and from two to three
inches long, of a pretty red colour, when it is near its ma-
turity ; which it can never attain entirely on the plant; fo
that it is neceflary to gather it, as foon as it begins to red-
den, in order to complcat its ripening in the lun.
This pepper is eaten either green or dried, and both ways
gives a very high relifh to meat, provided, that, after fealon-
ing therewith, it be not put again to the fire; in which cafe-
it lofes part of and ftrength.
its tafte
ACAPULCO, a port town in America, fituate in Mexico, on
a large bay of the South-Sea, from whence a rich fhip has
been faid to fail annually to Manilla in the Philippine Iflands,
near the coaft of China, in Afia ; and another returns an-
nually from thence to Acapulco, laden with a great trcalure
from the Ealt-Indies. One of thofe rich fhips loaden with
filver, and bound from Acapulco to Manilla, was taken by
the late Lord Anfon.
Remarks.
It is a great, though general miflake, that the Spaniards
ploy but two fhips to Manilla, whereof one goes and one
returns every year ; for they fend out two (hips or galleons,
and receive back two every year. Sometimes indeed it hap-
pens that they come not back till two years, but that is ex-
traordinary and by accident. The burthen or cargo which
thefe fhips carry very great ; the ordinary loading, befides
is
their guns and ftores, being ;ooo to it 00 ton each: and
they had one many years which cacried 1600 ton.
Thofe Manilla fhips are always full loaden outwards with
European goods, befides the filver, and bring back likewifea
full loading of all forts of Eaft-India and China goods; and
all thefe goods, both out and home, except what are fent
Southward to Panama and Lima, are carried by land carriage
from and to Mexico, which is about 240 miles and
thefe goods by computation, befides what may go to Lima
and that way, cannot be lefs than 4000 ton in weight, that
is 2000 ton one way, and 2000 ton the other, and this cn-
creafes the trade of the country in the employment of peo-
ple, horfes, mules and carriages.
The Acapulco ihips carry all forts of European goods from
America; and thefe furnifh the Spaniards therewith at Ma-
nilla chiefly, and the Indians of the Philippine Iflands in
general, whom the Spaniards have taught to go cloathed
after the Spanifh manner, with all kinds of European ma-
nufactures fome of thefe are alfo fold to the Maylayans,
: on this trade; nor can we eafily fuggeft the reafon for it:
and the Indians of all the coafts and iflands contiguous ; but
much more confiderable in value are the utenfils, weapons,
fire-arms, workmen's tools, and all heavy goods made of
iron and brafs, which are brought from Acapulco, which are
vended amongft all thofe Indians to great advantage; alfo
unwrought iron, or iron in bars, is brought from Old Spain*
to Acapulco, and carried from thence to Manilla; and here
the Chinefe and Japanefe, who are the bell cutlers in India,
and make all manner of utenfils, purchafe large quantities
of iron and brafs of the Spaniards. Both Chinefe and Ja-
panefe are pretty curious workers in moft kind of hard- ware,
in gold and filver: they are good founders, turners, gcld-
fmiths and lockfmiths, but not good gun-fmiths, nor good
fword-blade makers.
However, being very dextrous in their way, and having
great variety of materials by the Spanifh fhips from Aca-
pulco, this occafions a numerous refort of traders at Ma-
nilla, from whence they difperfe their goods to theother Indian
iflands, and trade with their refpeclive countries and coun-
trymen, even in the European factories ; as in Borneo in
particular, and to Sumatra and Malacca, where fome of
thofe European goods are vended amongft the natives.
But as for the manufactures of woollen, linen or filk, they
are of fmall ufe, except to the Spaniards themfelves ; the
Chinefe and Japanefe fupplying themfelves with cotton ma-
Vol. I.
A C A
nufafturcs of all kind*, fuch as muflins, callicoes,
(jfc. Yet
the Spaniards find feveral thing* which the
Acapulco' fhips
bring, with which the natives of thofe countries
arc greatly
taken, and for which they get in return the product
of the
countries they come from ; which being of very little
value
there, and of great value in America, the traffic
is by fo
much the eafier ; as particularly beads, loys, looking glafTes,
pins, needles, and all kinds of fmall wares
of iron, fteel-
pewter and brafs; with variety of glafs ware, which
is par-
ticularly valued by the Indians in general.
!n return, the
viz. product of the place is itfelf rich, and infinitely valuable
The fmooth- among the Spaniards; as particularly their eftimable per-
ufed in medi- fumes, which being originals, and the produce of mere
na-
ture, are extremely dear when they come
ambergreafe, civet, bezoar, &c. Nor docs any nation in Europe
or America ufe more than the Spaniards, both men and women,
and especially in tholehot climates of Mexico and Peru.
Befides thefe, they have feveral other valuable products,
which never lofe or lefl'en their price, amongft Chriftian na-
tions, although they may have the fame thingsamong them-
felves : as particularly, 1. Very large pearls, of a good co-
lour, which the Spaniardstell us are the beft in the Eafr,
the oriental pearl being found on the coaft of India, in
the
mouth of the Perfian gulph, and at Ormus, and parts ad-
jacent in the Perfian gulph they being finer and fairer than
;
any of the Batavian or B rneo pearls, or moft others. 2.
They have alfo gold, which is found in almoft the pure
metal, and of the moft perfect quality, in the rivers, as
it is in other countries, and fome in the
mountains they :
find about the value of 50000 doubloons a year to New
Spain in this metal only. How that agrees with the account
fome give us, that this country cofts the king of Spain
250000 pieces of eight a year to fupport it more than the
produce, is not eafily reconcileable we are rather of opti-
:
on, that they fupply the treafury of Spain with thofe
50000
doubloons in gold every year, as the
produft of this govern-
ment ; for if it were otherwife, how ihould the governors,
who live in fuch ftate and pomp that fome fovertign princes
do not equal, lay up fuch immenfe fums in the eight years
of their government, (for fo long they continue at the Phi-
lippines) and appear fo rich in Europe as it is fdid they do
?
For we are told that they generally return back to Europe
or to Acapulco, with a treafure of two millions of pieces of
eight, or more.
em- They have alfo great plenty of honev and wax ; both which,
but Specially the latter, is very valuable in Spanifh Ameri-
ca, and is carried thither yearly in large quantities. They
have eftimable drugs and gums of divers kinds, which the
Spanifh padres, who are generally phyficians, gather and
fend to their particular focieties in America, and they a^ain
to Europe : fo that they are a kind of merchandife peculiar
to themfelves. Of thefe they name feveral which are in
great eftimation, as the Caflia, .Iocs, gum arabic, fago,
camphire, and feveral others, as likewifc medicinal herbs,
of which they have no fmall variety.
The articles are very confiderable that enable the Spaniards
to make fo rich a return to America by their Acapulco fhips.
They have the richelt fpices of the eaft, drugs, diamonds
:
and gold, muflins, callicoes, china, tarfaties, rich atlafies,
and ieveral other forts of the richefr wrought filks, china
ware, and tea, fine lacquered ware, cabinet work, tables,
fcreens, umbrellas, and other niceties of the country. Thus
the Philippines, by the courfe of their neighbouring trade, are
furnifhed with ftcres of merchandize for making their returns
to Acapulco, and that in a manner fully to the fatisfaftion
of the Spaniards, who ufually make a profit of four for one
in all the goods they fend from Acapulco to Manilla.
It may be wondered why the Spaniards fo ftricily confine
themfelves to the fending of no more than two fhips a year
however, the merchants make themfelves amends another
way, for they build thole fhips fo vaftly large, that they or-
dinarily carry from ten to twelve, or fourteen hundred ton,
fome have faid to fixteen hundred ton burden. So that
though it is making a great adventure in one bottom, yet as
thofe leas are generally very fafe and pacific, they can afford
the freight the cheaper in proportion and on the other
:
hand, as thefe-large fhips are built prodigious ftrong, they
are able to bear the fea with the greateft tteddinefs, if navi-
gated by able feamen.
Above all, they are the more fecure againft pirates and
rovers, who cannot, eafily hurt them, and dare not, as the
feamen term it, lay by their fide ; for they have all three
deck?, and carry large guns of 24 to 30 pound ball, which
the fmaller fhips cannot bear the fhot of : on the other hand,
the fmaller fhips can hardly, except by fire only, any way
hurt the great fhip, and to burn them does not anfwer the
pirate's end. When Rogers and Cook attacked the Aca-
pulco or Manilla fhips, they faw them both, and took the
fmalleft, a fhip of about 4 or 500 ton ; but when they came
to attack the great carrac, a fhip of 1200 ton, they could
make nothing of it; every fhot they received made
them tremble, and ftand off to ftop the leakwhereas, the
;
fhot they made at the carrack ftuck in her fides, but could
not go thiough ; and when tney thought to board her, fhe
B boom bed
 A C C
boombed them mul-
off with great pieces thruft out hy the
titude of her hands ;
above
for ihe had, paflengers included,
800 men on board ; and when they found (he began to open
her lower tier of ports, and put out guns, which were 36
pounders at lead, they durfi come near her no more, tho'
. there were three fliips to one.
Thus, in cafe of a war, or of rovers and pirates, the Spani-
ards feem to judge right in fending great fhips as the moil fe-
cure, and their main end is anfwered hereby alio ; for two
fhips at this rate carry as many goods as twelve fhips or
more of 200 tons each would do: and it appears that the
goods they bring are a very great quantity, and ot a very
great value; for at their arrival they occafion a fair at Aca-
pulco, as great in proportion as the fair at Porto-bello, when
the galleons from New Spain arrive there ; and the mer-
chants repair to Acapulco from Mexico, Lima, from Curco,
from all the capital trading places of Peru, and even
from Chili itfclf, to buy the rich goods they bring: which
fair fometimes continues thirty days and it is not one or ;
two, no nor ten or twenty fhips only, that attend to carry
oft the goods, befides the great quantities that are carried
upon mules and other beafts by land. So that during the
fair, which is always proclaimed and appointed on that oc-
cafion, the town of Acapulco, which at other times is emp-
ty, and only inhabited by a few flfhermen and mean people,
is for that time fo not able to receive them,
full, that it is
much lefs to entertain the number of people.
ACCEPTANCE, a term in the traffkk of inland and foreign
bills of exchange. The acceptance of a bill of exchange,
is the fubfcribing, figning, and making a perfon debtor for
the Aim of its contents j by obliging him in his own name,
to difcharge it at the time mentioned therein. The accept-
ance is ufually made by the perfon upon whom the bill is
cVawn, when it is prefented to him by the bearer.
Bills payable at fight are not accepted, becaufe they muft be
paid on being preiented,or elfe protefted for want of payment.
There are Tome acccprances that need not be dated, and
others that it is nccefiary to date.
The acceptances which need not be dated, are thofe upon
hills payable at a day fixed, at ufance or double ufance, isfc.
Upon thefe the word ' accepted' ought only to be wrote, and
the accepter's name; dating being of no ufe in them, becaufe
they are always to run to the day mentioned for their pay-
ment. And the time for the bills at ufance, double ufance,
bfc. begins from the day of the date of the bills
felves.
It is not absolutely necefTary to have bills of a fixed day, at
ufance, double ufance, &c. accepted, becaufe their time is
always running it is however an advantage to the bearer
:
to have them accepted, becaufe, by virtue of the acceptance,
he has the fecurity of two inftead of one, the accepter and
the drawer.
If the perfon upon whom a bill is drawn, at a day fixed, at
Angle or double ufance, &c. fhould make difficulties to ac-
cept it, the bearer has a right to have it protefted, for want
of acceptance, and to return it to the drawer, in order to
oblige him, either to caufe it to be accepted, or to give fe-
curity (in cafe it fhould not be paid when due, by the per-
fon upon whom itwas drawn) to return and reftore the fum
mentioned in it, with the difference of exchange, re-ex-
change, and the charges of the proteft.
The acceptances which it is necefTary to date, are thofe
drawn at a certain number of days fight, becaufe the time
dees not begin to run, till the next day after that of accep-
tance. This kind of acceptance is made thus, ' accepted fuch
a day and year,' and figned.
If the bearer of a bill of exchange confents to an acceptance
at twenty days fight, for inftance, inftead of eight days ex-
prefled in the bill, he runs the rifk of the twelve days of
prolongation, in cafe the accepter happens to break in that
time j a.id the bill remains to his account, without any re-
courfe againft the drawer.
If a bill was drawn for three thoufand pounds, and the
bearer fhould think fit to take an acceptance for two
thoufand only, and fhould receive no more than that fum,
the remaining thoufand would be at his own hazard, as well
as in the cafe of prolongation of time.
Thefe examples may be fufficient for acceptances of this
kind. It is, however, not amifs to obferve, that if the bearer
of a bill fhould have written orders from the drawer, to have
the fame accepted in either of the manners as above, in fuch
a cafe, the bearer would have undoubtedly a right againft
the drawer, for an indemnification.
In former times, bills payable during the fairs of the city of
Lyons, which are called payments, were not accepted in writ-
ing the perfon, upon whom they were drawn, ufed to lay
; ance, and to get thole bills paid, without provifion allowed
by word of mouth, ' feen without acceptance, to be anfwered
at the time,' and the bearer noted it in hi;; bill-book. ]>ut,
becaufe of the contefts which happened on occafion of thefe
verbal acceptances through the breach of faith of acci pters,
an article was inferted in the ordonnancc of the exchange of
the city of Lyons, made June 2, it>dj, by which the man
ncr of acceptances was regulated. It is the 3d article, and
is to this effect " That the acceptances of the faid bills ol
: out allowance of provifion.
A C C
exchange fhall be in writing, dated and figned by thofe upon
whom they are drawn, or by perfbns duly impowered by
letters of attorney, the original of which fhall remain in the
hands of the notary ; and all acceptances made by fai
clerks, and others, not impowered by letters of attorney,
fhall be void and of no eftedt, againft the perfon upon whom
fuch bills fhall be dra>vn, without prejudice however te>
the legal recourfe againft the accepter " This regulation or
order was confirmed by Art. 7. of Tit. 5. of the ordon-
nance of commerce, of March 1673, the tenor of which
is as follows: We
do not intend to make any innovation
in our regulation of June 2, 1607, concerning acceptances,
payments, and other difpofitions relaring to the commerce
of our city of Lyons." And, by article 2. of the fame
title of the faid ordonnance, the manner of making accep-
tances is regulated for the other places in the kingdom, and
runs thus " All bills of exchange fhall be accepted purely
:
and fimply in writing. We
abolifh the ufe of verbal ac-
ceptances, or in thefe words, ' feen without accepting ;' or,
' accepted to anfwer at the time;' and all other
conditional
acceptances, which fliall pafs for refufals, and fuch bills fhall
be liable to proteft."
In the general, he to whom a bill is made payable, at the
time fhould demand acceptance thereof, both for his own
and the drawer's fecurity, and on refufal of acceptance to
return it with proteft.
The addrefs of a bill of exchange is the directions figmfying
by whom, and where the payment fhall be made when due,
and to whom the poiTeflbr may apply, in cafe the party, who
isto accept or pay, be not in the way.
He that has the bill may demand acceptance of the perfon
the bill is addrefled to; and, in cafe that perfon hath no or-
der or power to accept the fame, the pofleflbr may defire fuch
perfon, if to be trufted, to fend fuch bill to procure accept-
ance, or to return it with proteft. This the penon to whom
the bill is addrefled is obliged to do, otherwife the pofleflbr
may, before the faid perfon, make proteft for non-acceptance.
If the poiTeflbr can't fafely truft the perfon to whom the bill
is addrefled, to procure acceptance ; or if the drawer has
not addrefled the bill at all ; the pofleflbr mutt caufe the bill
to be fent to fomebody, in whom he can confide, that lives
at the place where the perfon refides on whom it is drawn, to
demand acceptance, and, upon refufal, to proteft.
When the remitter or pofleflbr has no correfpondent to fend
them- the bill to, who lives where the acceptant does, it is com-
mon to defire the drawer to fend the prima bill, to procure
acceptance, and return it accepted to the remitter, or pof-
feflbr. The drawer is not obliged to do this, yet he cannot
well refufe it, if he be affured of the honefty of his corre-
fpondent, and that he will accept his bill.
In cafe the drawer does not in convenient time return the
bill accepted to the remitter, the drawer is not obliged to
give further fatisfaclion to the remitter, but the remitter
muft look to it himfelf, and fend a fecond bill to fome other,
to procure acceptance, and to enquire whether the prima
be accepted, or not; if not, the acceptant muft accept
the fecond bill, or a proteft muft be made for non-ac-
ceptance.
A cautious remitter will not leave a prima bill in the draw-
er's hands to procure acceptance, unlefs he is well allured of
his worth and integrity.
When the pofleflbr of fuch bill has no correfpondent at the
place where the acceptant lives, nor dare truft the drawer
with it ; it is ufual for the pofleflbr to advife the acceptant
by letter that he has fuch a bill on him, and defire him to
return anfwer, whether he accepts the fame, to pay it ac
the time, or no ; if he returns anfwer that he will not ac-
cept it, nor pay it, or if he gives no anfwer at all, the pof-
feffor is obliged
to carry or fend the bill to that place, and
there formally, by a notary public, to demand acceptance;
and, in cafe of refufal, to proteft.
If the acceptant be an out-dweller from the place where the
bill is to be paid, it is ufual, when acceptance is demanded,
to defire the accepter to underwrite to whom he muft apply
for payment, when due.
When a bill is payable to order, by an out-dweller, and not
to a certain perfon, and the accepter has not ordered to whom
the laft party it is affigned to, fhall addrefs for payment when
due, the pofleflbr is obliged to give the accepter timely notice
to whom the billmuft be paid, that the accepter may, with-
in the refpite days, return an anfwer, and take care of the
payment.
If the out-dweller remits, at the time appointed, to the pof-
fcflbr of his accepted bill, in other bills due at the fame time
with his bill, the pofleflbr is not obliged to demand accept-
him. But, when the accepter directs him to any particular
peifon for payment, the pofleflbr is obliged to go to fuch
party to receive his money without provifion.
An out-dweller having a bill remitted to him payable by an
in-dwe!ler, and the out-dweller defiring his accepter at the
day to fend his money in fpecie, or to remit him the value
in other bills, the in dweller is not obliged to do this with-
If
 A C C
by an out-dweller docs not
If the pofTeflbr of a bill payable
get his money he muft order a public notary to pro-
in time,
teft for non-payment, which protefl, though not made in the
prefence of the perfon, nor at the houfe of the accepter, is
valid, becaufe (lie poflcllor not obliged to pro-
of the bill is
teft againft an out-dweller at his houfe or dwelling, nor to
leek him out of the town where the payment is to be made
If an out-dweller refutes acceptance when a bill is fent to
him, a proteft may be made either at the houfe of the out-
dweller by the pofleflbr, or elfe at the place of payment. A
letter from the perfon that demands acceptance, being pro-
duced to a notary, is fufficient to ground a proteft upon, as
alfo in cafe of non-payment.
Although the is not obliged to feck payment of an
pollcflbr
out-dweller any other place but where the bill is payable,
in
and the drawer or accepter hath addrefled ; yet, in cafe of
non-payment, the accepter or his effects are liable in any
place where either can be found.
Should an accepter of a bill of exchange fail or become in-
folvent aftor he has accepted a bill, the drawer of the bill
will be obliged to pay the fame, with re-exchange, provi-
fion, and charges to the pofTeflbr.
When the perfon on whom a bill is drawn underftands that
the drawer has failed before acceptance is demanded, he need
not accept fuch drawer's bills, notwithftanding he may have
promifed to honour fuch bills, without indemnification from
all and every one that fhall make any demand thereof, whe-
ther it be the drawer, his creditors, truftees, or his princi-
pal, for whofe account the draught was made, eifV. &c.
Nor ought any one on whom bills are drawn, accept them
from an infolvent drawer, though the bill is dated before the
insolvency is known, and the letter of advice bears the fame
date, whether it comes by the common poft or not ; becaufe
there is reafon to Sulpcct fome fraud, and that both the bill
and letter were antedated.
If A draws on B, on account of C, and B before acceptance
has advice that A has failed, B fhould not accept fuch diau lit,
though he promifed A he would; becaufe (J is not obliged
to make good the value to B. And moie efpecially fo, if
C adviles B of A's failure, or on any fufpicion hath forbid
B's acceptance for his account, although he had ordered the
acceptance thereof before.
On failure of a drawer, the accepter is not obliged to give
better fecurity for payment; but the pofleflbr muft wait till
the day of payment, before he can demand any thing of the
accepter ; and then the accepter is obliged to pay, though he
accepted for the drawer's account, and has no effects of his
in hand.
If an accepter rcfufes payment of a bill, on failure of the
drawer, the pofllfi'or is not obliged to return the bill and
proteft, to the place from whence it is drawn ; it being ap-
parent, that the charges of re-exchange cannot be recovered
of the infolvent drawer. The pofleflbr therefore muft with-
out delay, after a proteft is made, proceed by attachment
for a difference in conduct is required when the drawer main-
tains his credit, and when he has failed.
When an accepter fails or abfents himfelf, the pofleflbr is
obliged to get a proteft made by a public notary, and fend
the fame, with the bill, to the remitter, to procure Satis-
faction from the drawer ; and advice fhould be given di-
rectly to the firft remitter, and not to the laft endorfer only,
that the drawer may, if he pleafes, order fome other to ho-
nour his bill, and prevent lofs by the re-exchange, c5V.
Though a pofleflbr through ignorance of cuftom, or of the
acceptant's failure, or by reafon the bill did not come to
hand till after due, or for any other caufe of the like nature,
does not, or cannot make proteft by a public notary ; yet
this will not hinder the pofleflbr's redrefling himfelf on the
drawer and endorfer, though the accepter failed before the
bill became due.
When an accepter fails before the day of payment, if the
bill be payable to order, the pofleflbr muft get a proteft made
and fend it to the firft remitter, but keep the bill till it falls
due, that, if the drawer orders any other to honour his bill
in time, the pofleflbr may be ready to receive the value.
If any other offer to accept and honour a bill whofe firft ac-
cepter is failed, in favour of the drawer, or any other en-
dorfer, the pofleflbr is not obliged to accept fuch offer, if he
difapproves the offerer ;' but if the offerer is a fufficient man,
or will give fecurity, the pofleflbr cannot refufe fuch an offer.
It is not Safe to accept a bill, whofe firft accepter is failed,
without a proteft for non-payment, declaring the bad cir-
cumftances of the accepter ; and fuch an acceptant, in ho-
nour, muft prefently fend the faid proteft, together with the
notaiy's atteftation of his accepting the fame in honour, to
the drawer, or to him for whofe account he has accepted
the fame. Acceptance after the day of payment paft is
ufual, and good. L. Raymund 364, 574. So acceptance
for the honour of the drawer. Idem. 575.
The queftion, whether a general indebitat affumpfit will lie
upon a bare acceptance of a bill of exchange, in the argu-
ment of the cafe of Bellahs and Hefter. By Juftice John
Powel, a general indebitat affumpfit does not lie on a bill of
exchange ; but it ought to be a (pecial declaration upon the
A C C
cuftom of merchants, as in the cafe of Brown and London,
1 Lcvinz 298. 1 Mod. 285. 2 Kcble 695, 731, ?5 8, 822]
I Vent. 152. In which cafe, judgment was arretted after
verdict, as reported by Levinx and Ventris.
Acceptance of a bill of exchange may be pleaded as pay-
ment of an action of account.
in bar Luv
Where the drawee firft accepts, and then fufftrs the bill
to
'be proteftcd, he ft all pay nucreft from the tunc
of the pro-
teft. Luc. 37.
If a bill be accepted, and afterward:, indorfed to the drawer
he may maintain an action as indorfee, in cafe he had cfFedis
enough in the hands of the drawee, to anfwer the bill but :
it is otherwiSe where the acceptance was
only for the honour
ol the drawer. Luc. 37.
A bill was drawn on the York-buildings company; one
Biftiop, who was their cafliicr, accepts it
without writing
1
Sor the company,' or any thing to that effect an action was :
maintained againft him in his private and Single capacity up-
on this acceptance.
It a bill is drawn upon a merchant in London
payable to J. S.
at double ufancc,
J. S. is not bound in ftrictnefs of law to
procure an acceptance, but only tender the bill when the
money is due: but merchants, who generally have generous
Spirits, will not Surprize a man, but firft procure an accept-
ance or at leaft leave the bill for the party to confider, and
give his anSwer, and then give advice of the Same, and, if
the money be not paid, then proteft.
A proteft is no more but
to Subject the drawer oS a bill to
anlwcr in of non-acceptance, or non-payment; nor
cale
does the lame dilcharge the party accepter, if once accept-
ed ; for the deliveier hath now two remedies, one againft
the drawer, and the other againft the accepter.
To entitle the party to an action at law in England againft
the accepter, it matters not whether there be a proteft bui ;
to entitle the patty to a recovery againft the drawer beyond
the fcas or elSe where, tiiere mult be a proteft before a public
notary.
If a merchant hath accepted a bill, and, before the fame be-
comes due, he proves infolvent, or at leaft his credit is
publickly blafted, a proteft ought to go.
By the ftatute of 3, 4 A. c. 9 it is enacted, That if the
party on whom an inland
of exchange fhall be drawn,
bill
fhall refufe to accept the Same by underwriting it, the parry
to whom the Same is made payable, may and fhall cauie
fuch bill to be proteftcd for non-acceptance.
No acceptance of Such inland bill of exchange fhall be Suf-
ficient to charge any perfon, unleSs the Same be underwritten
or endorSed in writing thereupon ; and, iS Such bill be not
accepted by Such underwriting or indorsement, no drawer
fhall be liable to pay any cofts, damages, or intereft thereon,
unlefs Such proteft be made for non-acceptance thereof, and
without, fourteen days after fuch proteft, the Same be Sent,
or notice thereoS be given to the party Srom whom Such bill
: was received, or left in writing at the place of his uSual
abode.
IS Such bill be accepted, and not paid beSore the expiration
of three days after the fame fhall become due, then no
drawer fhall be compellable to pay any cofts, damages, or
intereft thereon, unleSs a proteft be made and Sent, or no-
tice thereoS be given in manner above-mentioned never- :
theless, every drawer fhall be liable to pay cofts, damages,
and intereft, if a proteft be made for non-acceptance, or
non-payment, and notice thereof be Sent, given, or left as
aforeSaid.
Such proteft is not neceffary, unleSs the value be acknow-
ledged in Such billto be received, and unlefs the bill be
drawn for 20/. or upwards.
If any perfon accepts fuch inland bill of exchange in Satis-
faction of a former debt, the Same Shall be efteemed a com-
plete payment of fucn debt,
if the perfon accepting Such bill
for his debt doth not take his due courfe to obtain payment
thereof, by endeavouring to get the Same accepted and paid,
and make his proteft'as aforeSaid.
BeSore this Statute, the declaration need not have fbewn a
proteft upon Such bill, though the drawer ought to have had
convenient notice of" non-payment. L. Raymund 992, 993.
But the law Seems to be altered, as to the proteft by this
ftatute.
A bill drawn on two jointly muft have a joint acceptance,
otherwiSe it muft be prctefted ; but to two or either of them,
e contra.
Then, if the fame be accepted
by one, it is purfuant to the
tenor oS the and ought not to be protefted but in cafe of
bill,
non-payment; and in that cafe the perfon accepter is liable
to an action, but, iS it be on joint traders, an acceptance
by one will conclude and bind the other.
A factor of the Hamburgh, Turky, or India company, draws
a bill on the Same, and a member accepts the Same, this per-
haps may make him liable, but not another member.
So it is if ten merchants Shall employ a factor at the Cana-
ries, and the factor draws a bill on them all, and one of them
accepts the bill, and then refuSes payment, this will not
oblige the reft.
But
 ;

A C C A C C
But if there be three joint traders for the common flock and If a bill of exchange by contrary winds or other occafiofij he
benefit of all three, and their facfor draws a billon them, (o long on the way, that the ufance or time limited by th^
the acceptance of the one will oblige the refidue of the com- bill be expired, and, being tendered, both acceptance and

pany. payment are denied ; protefts for both muft be made, and
A (mall matter amounts to an acceptance, fo that there be a the drawer muft anfwer the value, rcchanjie, and damage.
right undemanding between both parties as, ' leave your bill :
A bill, once accepted, cannot be revoked by the party that
with me, and I will accept it ;' or, call for it to-morrow, and accepted it, though, immediately after and before the bill
it fhall be accepted ;' that does oblige as effectually by the becomes due, he hath advice the drawer is broke.
cuftom of merchants, and according to law, as if the party If a bill is not accepted to be paid at the'exa6t time, it muft

had actually fubferibed or figned it, which is ufually done. be protefted ; but, if accepted for a longer time, the party to
But if a man ihall fay, ' Leave your bill with me, 1 will look, whom the bill is made payable, muft proteft the fame for
over my accounts and books between the drawer and me, want of acceptance accord. ng to the tenor yet he may take ;

and call to-morrow, and accordingly the bill fhall be accept- the acceptance offered notwithftanding. Nor can the party,
ed }' this fhall not amount to a complete acceptance: for if he once fubferibes the bill for a longer time, revoke the

this mention of his books and accounts was really intended
to fee if there were effects in his hands to anfwer, without
which perhaps he would not accept of the fame. And fo it
was ruled by the Lord Chief Juftice Hale at Guildhall,
London.
A bill may be accepted for part, for that the party upon
whom the fame was drawn, had no more effects in his hands
which being ufually done, there muft be a proteft, if not for
the whole ium, yet at lead for the refidue however, after
payment of fuch part, there muft be a proteft for the re-
mainder.
Before the time of payment of the bill, the party may not-
withftariding accept it, and pay it at the time of payment
or another may accept the bill for the honour of the drawer,
and, if he pay it in default of the party, yet before payment
he is bound to make a proteft, with a declaration that he
hath paid the fame for the honour of the drawer, whereby
to receive his money again.
fame, or blot out his name, although it is not accordine to
the tenor of the bill ; for if by his acceptance he hath made
himfelf debtor, and owns the draught made by his friend up-
on him, whofe right another man cannot give away, and
therefore cannot refufe or difcharie the acceptance.
Note, This cafe will admit of two protefts, perhaps three.
; 1. One proteft muft be made for not accepting according to
the time.
: 2. For that the money, being demanded according to the
time mentioned in the bill, was not paid.
3. If the money is not paid according to that time that the
accepter fubferibed or accepted.
A bill was drawn payable the firft of January, the perfon
upon whom the bill was drawn accepts the bill to be paid the
firftof March ; the fervant brings back the bill : the maiter,
perceiving this enlarged acceptance, ftrikes out the firft of
March, and puts in the firft of January, and then fends the
bill to be paid ; the accepter then refufes payment where- :

Any time before the money becomes due, the drawer may upon the perfon whom
the monies were to be paid, ftrikes
to
countermand the payment, although the bill hath been ac- out the firft of January, and puts in the firft of March
cepted. The countermand is ufually made before a nota- again in an action brought on this bill, the queftion was,
:

ry ; but, if it comes without, fo it comes under the party's whether thefe alterations did not deftroy the bill ? And
hand, it is well enough. ruled it did not.
If the bill be accepted, and the party defires to have the mo- A draws a bill on B, and B is in the country; C a friend of
ney before it be due, and it is paid, and then there comes a his hearing of the bill accepts it : the party to whom the
countermand, it hath been conceived that it ought not to be money is make a proteft for non-accept-
to be paid, muft
allowed ; for, as he could not enlarge the time, fo he could ance by B, and then he may take the acceptance of C, and
not fhorten it, but his duty is to follow his order. it fhall bind C
to anfwer the money.
The drawer of a bill is bound to the deliverer, and the ac- Where a merchant hath accepted, and, before the fame be-
cepter to the party to whom the bill is made payable; yet came due, he becomes infolvent, or ac leaft his credit pub-
both are not bound to one man, unlefs the deliverer be a fer- lickly blafted, a proteftought to go; but then there is ufu-
vant to the party to whom the money is made payable ; or ally a demand made, which once coming,the drawer is
the party to whom the money is made payable be fervant to compellable to give better fecurity ; and if a fecond bill
the deliverer: yet both taker and accepter are liable till the comes, if no proteft, then drawer and fecurity lie at ftake.
bill is paid. If a bill be accepted, and the party dies, yet there muft be a
Therefore, when you bring your action, be fure to draw your demand made of the executors or adminiftrators; and, in de-
declaration accordingly, and make the fame part of the fault or delay of payment, a proteft muft be made and al- :

cuftom as you fet it forthyou vary, you muft expect

; for, if
to be nonfuited and the party is not bound to alledge a
:
particular place of demand.
If a bill be protefted for want of payment, the drawer is to
repay the money and damage, or elfe he may procure a fecu-
rity, which is no more but another perfon of value fubferibes
the bill, in thefe or the like words, * I here underwritten do
bind myfelf as principal, according to the cuftom of mer-
chants, for the fum mentioned in the bill of exchange where-
upon this proteft is made, dated,' &c.
Now the drawer, by virtue of this fupplemental agreement,
hath as much time again to pay monies as there was given
him in the bill when it was firft drawn ; fo that if the money
though it may fall out, that the monies may become due be-
fore there can be adminiftrators, or the probate of the wHl
be granted ; yet that is delay fufficient for a proteft in cafe of
non-payment.
N. B. Fourteen days are allowed from the death before ad-
miniftration can be committed, unlefs there be a will.
But on the other hand, if the party be dead to whom the
monies are made payable, and the monies are ready to be
paid, and there is no perfon that can legally give a difcharge,
yet a proteft ought not to go for non-payment ; the reafon is,
becaufe there is no perfon that hath any authority either in
deed or in law to make it, and a notary ought not to make
it ; if he does, and the party receives any prejudice thereby,

be not paid, together with the rechange and charges of the an action of the cafe perhaps may lie againft him for his
party, the party may recover the fame on the principal or pains : nor does it avail, that if fecurity be offered to fave him
fecurity. harmlefs againft the executors or adminiftrators, for that is
Beyond the feas the proteft (that is to fay, for non-payment, an act left to his own difcretion ; for perhaps the fecurity may
the billbeing once accepted) under the notary's hand, is not be liked but whether good or bad, makes nothing as to
:

fufficient to fhew in court, without producing the very bill oblige him in law.
itfelf. But if a bill in England be accepted, and a fpecial N. B. An intimation ought to go, and that the accepter is
action grounded on the cuftom be brought againft the ac- willing to pay according to order. For further matter on
cepter, at the trial the party plaintiff muft produce the bill this head, fee Bills of Exchange, Drawer, Remit-
accepted, and not the proteft, otherwife he will fail in his ter, Indorser, Protest, Notary Public.
action at that time. ACCEPTER, the perfon who accepts a bill of exchange by
Therefore it is fafe that a bill once accepted be kept, and figning it, and obliges himfelf to pay the contents, when ic
only a proteft for non-payment be remitted ; but a bill pro- becomes due. As long as the accepter has his fignature in his
tefted for non-acceptance muft be remitted. own power, that is, as long as he has not returned the bill
If a bill is left with a merchant to accept, and he lofes the with his name to it, he may ftrike out his acceptance but, :

bill (or at leaft it is fo miflaid, that it cannot be found) the when he has once delivered it, it is no longer in his power
party fhall rcqueft the merchant to give him a note for the fo to do, though it fhould come again into his hands. In a
payment according to the time limited in the biil of ex- word, there is no retracting an acceptance once delivered :
change ; otherwife there muft be two protefts, one for non- the accepter muft pay thebill. Some ufe the word acceptanr,

acceptance, the other for non-payment: but if a note is which the ufual French term : though they alfo ufe the
is

given for payment, and there happens to be a failure, yet in term accepteur.
that cafe there muft be proteft for non-payment. It is the cuftom at Amfterdam, that all who accept bills of
No perfon, be it wife or fervant, can accept of a bill of exchange make themfelvcs debtors for them, by virtue of
exchange to bind the mafter without a lawful authority, as a their acceptance; and though the drawers fhould become
letterof attorney, and the like, which muft be under hand, infolvent before the term for the payment elapfes, the ac-
unlefs thatit has been formerly and ufually done by the wife cepters can have no recourfe againft the endorfers of the bills.
or fervant in fuch cafe, when the mailer hath been out of Oidinances of Amfterdam, quoted by Mr. Ricard, in his
town, who hath approved of the fame and anfwered pay- Traite General du Commerce, under the title Acceptances.
ment it muft be ufually done; but one partner may for
: ACCOMMODATION, is uled both in matters of trade
another. and of law, to fignify a friendly agreement or com position
8 between
 A C C A C C
between perform at variance, and is frequently brought about themfclves, in order to fee whether they be right, and
not
by the mediation of common friends, or by a partition of the to allow any out of complaifance, becaufe that
is againft
things in difpute. their matter's intereft.
ACCOUNT, or ACCOMPT, fignines in general all com- ' III. To fettle an account regularly, they ought to make
putations made arithmetically, whether by the addition of fe- an extract from the journal or day-book,
containing the
veral fums, or by fjhtraction, multiplication, or divifion. numbers, the meafures, and the prices, for which the
goods
6
We account time by years, months, &c. diftances by leagues, were fold.

miles, poles, perches, &c. weights by tuns, hundreds, quar- " IV. Finally, in order to have the bill well drawn up,
they
ters, pounds, ounces, drams, Cffr. long meafure by rods, ells, muft compare the extract they carry, with that which
was
yards, bV. liquid meafures by tons, hogfheads, pipes, barrels, delivered together with the merchandize, to fee
whether they
gallons, quarts, cjfe. dry meafure by quarters, bufhels, pecks, agree ; and upon each article they fbould fet
down the tare,
,noney by pounds, (billings, c5>. if there be any, and the fum to which
firV. it amounts; and, on

Money of account is an imaginary fpcc'cs, continued in fe- their return to the warehoufe, they ought to enter it exadly in
veral dates, to facilitate the keeping of accounts, as nobles, the book itfelf, that there may be an agreement between their
angels, marks, were in England, mill-recs in Portugal, matter's book, and that of the retailer with whom
they have
Vc. fettled the account. This exactnefs keeps up the good
uhderftandihg that fhould fubfift between the merchant
or
Remarks relative to practical trade. wholefale dealer, and the retailer."
Account is books which
alio ufed collectively for the feveral To open an Account, is to enter it for the firtt time
into the
merchants, traders, and bankers keep, and in which they ledger. This is done by writing in large characters the
enter all their bufinefs, traffic, and bargains with each other. cbriftian name, furnamc, and place of abode of the perfon
Hence they fay, To make out an account, to pafs accounts, with whom an account is thus opened afterwards the arti-
:

C3V. All merchants in France, are obliged to keep books of cles are potted to it, either on the debit or credit fide,
as af-
their accounts, and all bankrupts to deliver up theirs. Sec occur.
the articlesBooks of Accounts. BooR-Keeping, (Jc. When an account is opened in the ledger for any one,
his
Thcfe books manner of debtor and creditor;
are kept in the name mutt be entered at the fame time in the alphabet' and
that is to fay the debit, which is the receipt of the account,
s
the folio of the book fet down, where the account is
entered,
is wrote on the left fide, or page; and the credit, which is the for the more eafily referring to it.

expence, on the right fide, or page. The debit fide is diftin- Merchants, who keep pen accounts with each other, fome-
<

guifhed by the word Dr. (debtor) which is placed at the be- times agree to honour the bills of exchange, which
they
ginning of the page after the name of the debtor and the ;
draw reciprocally.
credit lide by the letters Cr. for creditor, which is placed op- To pott a fum to Account, is to enter into the ledger, either

pofite to the other. The French, inftead of the word on the debit or credit fide, the articles for which pcrfons be-
and creditor, ufe the words doit (owes) and avoir (to have ). come either debtors or creditors.
There are three kinds of accounts abfolutely neceflary Counterpart of an Account, is in the bank ttile of France,
for
clofing books of double entries ; namely, the accounts of and in that of the clerks in the offices of the kind's farms, rhe
flock, of profit and lofs, and of balance. regifter kept by the contr.dl r, wherein he enters and
p-jfts
The account of flock is the particular account opened on all the articles which the book keeper, if
for the bank, or
the debtor and creditor fide of the ledger. It contains all the the receiver, if for the king's farms, charges his b^ok
with.
effects of a merchant that is to fay, his ready money, mer-
;
See Bank-Royal.
chandizes, bills, promiffbry notes, bonds, contracts, ac- Order of an Account, is it's divifion into three heads, of
counts fettled, real and pcrfonal ettatc, and all in general, receipt, expence, and defalcation ; that is, the deduction
of
that is his own, free and clear of ail debts and mortgages. fuch fums as are taken into the account, and not received
This kind of account is fomctimes clofed on the debit, and or admitted. The French call it reprife.
fometimes on the credit fide of the account of profit and To examine an Account, is to read it exactly, to point the
lofs. On the debit fide, when the lofs exceeds the profit; articles of it, and prove the computation, in order to
know
and on the credit fide, when the profit exceeds the whether there be no errors, and whether the balance be
I

The account of profit and lofs is opened upon the ledger. It bt. I haie examined your account, it is right, there
is
confifts of all the lofles and gains made, by a merchant in his nothing to except againft it.
trade the lofles are written on the debtor, and the profit on To fettle an Account, is to caft it up, by calculating every
:

the creditor fide of the book. article of it, and balancing the fame. In the like fenfe are
This account is generally balanced annually, or when the uled the words to fliut, to balance, to clofe, to make up
an
books are to be clofed, in order to the opening of new ones account. Accounts are balanced upon the ledger on two
j

or when the merchant intends entirely to leave oft* trade. occafions ; the one, when traders fettle or adjutt affairs with
To balance the account of profit and lofs, fcparate additions fome debtor or creditor, in order to know what they owe, or
muff be made of the debtor and creditor fides, and the lefler what is due to them the other, when it is neceilary to carry
:

total fubtracted from the greater, of which the remainder, over accounts to (ome new folios in the fame book, or into
if the profit exceeds the lofs, is carried to the ere .'it of the another, in order to continue them, for want of room in the
account of flock, and to the debit, if the lofs exceeds the former.
profit. Prudent merchants ought to fettle their accounts at the end
The account of balance is opened in the ledger, only for the of every year, in order to cpen new ones in the beginning of
clofing of the books. When the books are to be finally the next.
clofed, it is called the account of the final balance; but, To place to Account (patter en compte) is to give one credit
when new books are to be opened, it has the name of ba- for a fum received, either of him or for him. It bonifies
lance of entry, or balance carried over. alfj to make him debtor for a fum paid to him, or for riim.
In the final balance account all that is due to flock is carried Thus, in a bill of exchange, the drawer puts fometimes
to the debit, and all that is owing from it to credit; and in thefe words after the fum, Which you'll place to my ac-
the account of balance carried over, or of entry, all on the count, or, To the account of, CsV.
credit of final balance is placed to the debtor, and all on the To purge an Account, as the French fay, is to caufe all the
debit to the creditor ; the ending or continuing trade making difputed articles to be adjudged by a referee, and the objec-
fuch reverfed entries teoeflary. tions to be obviated.
The merchants snd traders who keep their books by double Ballance of an Account, is the fum in which the debt ex-
entries, have one in particular, which they call the book of ceeds the credit, or the credit the debt, when the account is
accounts current, wherein they enter copies of all the ac- duly examined and fettled, and the ballance taken. I owe
counts which they make our, and fend to their correfpon- you 300/. for the ballance cf our account. There is fo
dents, in order to have recourfe to it occafionally. This, much due to me for the ballance of our account.
book, which is of the number of thofe commonly denomi- Account in Bank, is a fund which merchants, traders, bank-
nated auxiliaries, is ruled and kept in the fame manner as ers, and other private perfons, if they think fit, depofit into
the ledger. See Bocks, Wc. the common cafti of fome bank, to be employed in the pay-
Mr. Savary, in his Parfait Negociant, liv. 3. chap. 2. of ment of bills of exchange, promifibry notes, bonds, debts
the fecond part, lays down excellent rules for apprentice?, contracted, either in trade or otherwife, as by buying eftates
factors, or agents of merchants, or wholefale dealers in' in land, crV.
France, with refpedt to the manner of fettling accounts with The French, in their mercantile writings, commonly ufe
retailers, the fubftance of which is as follows, viz. certain characters, or initial letters, to fignify in brief, the
** I. The clerks, factors, or agents of wholefale dealers ought different kinds of accounts kept by merchants and traders ;
to go to the houfes of the retailers, to whom the merchan- C. fi^nifies compte (account) C. O. open account (compte
dizes have been fold, to fettle the account or bill with them ouvert) C. C. compte courant (account current) M. C. (mon
as fcon as poffible, in order to avoid the difficulties which compte (my account) S. C. fon compte (his account) L. C.
commonly arife, either with regard to the price or the leur compte (theiraccount) N. C. notrecompte (curaccount).
meafure of goods ; for, if that be delayed too long, the me- A man is faid to teach the keeping of books cf accounts,
mory eafily fails. when he teaches the manner of keeping them in a proper
*' II. In fettling accounts, they ought to be very careful of order, either by fing'e or double entry.
what they are about ; that is, they ought not to admit tares Merchants and traders, in France, are obliged to deliver iu
upon pieces of goods, before they have meafured them their books of accounts, in good form, when legally required.
Vol. I. C To
 A C C A C C
To affirm an is to declare and make oath that it is
Account, Jan. 12, 1750. Sold to G H, 14 ps. ditto
true. The
accountable when they deliver in their accounts, qt yards at per yard, to pay in 6
in order to their being examined, ufually write in the mar- months /
gin of the fiift page, ' Prefentcd fuch a day, and affirmed
true.'
To difpute an Account,to make remarks or objeflions
is CHARGES.
upon the an account, either for augment-
fcveral articles of Paid carriage to London /
ing the receipt, or diminifhing the expence therein containeJ. Porterage and warehoufe room J
To note an Account, is to make in the margin of each ar- Poftage of letters
J
ticle, certain remarks, fhewing either that there is no excep- Commiffion a per cloth f
tion to be made, and that they are to pafs as fet down, or
reafons for difputing them, and fhewing under what condi- Deduct charges jT from the Ves.
tions they are to pals. The remarks which the perfon who The net proceed is pad to the credit
audits an account, fets on the fide of each article by way of of your account, without my prejudice.
approbation, orotherwife, are called the notes (apoltrilles) of London, Feb. 10, 1750. E. E. N. O.
an account.
Account in Company, is a fpecies of account between two Remarks.
merchants, or traders, in confequence of a kind of affocia- r. . . It mud
he obferved that, in this dornedic or inland ac-
tion, or partnerfhip between them. count of fales, the manufactuier is fuppofed to run all the ha-
Account is alfo a relative term, ufed with regard to a part- zard in the fales, and that the factor has only his common
nerfhip, when two or more pel fons make receipts or difburfe- commiffion of fo much per cloth for the fale thereof. Tim
ments on account of each other. In this fenfe a man is faid is plain from the words, 4 without my prejudice' ; the mean-
to keep a good account* to fignify that he is juft in his deal- ing of which is, that, if the buyer fhould fail, the clothier
ings, and do?s not defraud his partners or mafters. mud ftand to the lofs.
Account alfo fignifics gain, profit, advantage, and, in French, 2. But fome manufacturers, perhaps the generality, rather
. .

the word compte is alfo taken for a good bargain. The mod chufe that their factors fhould run the hazard of bad debts,
common expreffions in which this teim is ufed, as to trade their rcfidence in town giving them opportunity of knowing
and merchandize, are the following: the merchants have the characters of buyers, and inducing them to be the more
perfectly found their account, in the effects they have bought cautious whom they truth In which cale, the factor is al-
this year of the French Eaft-India company, at the fale of lowed an extra-commiffion for fhnding the middle-man;
Nantz. Some manufacturers work at a better account (that which is reafonable.
is, cheaper) than others. People find their account in buy- 3. If the manufacturer chufes to run the hazard himfelf,
. .

ing goods at the firft hand, where they are made ; and,
finally, a merchant is faid to have made his fmall account (in
French, fun petit compte) when he has acquired a competent
fortune in the trade wherein he was concerned.
Account is alfo ufed to fignify voluntary difburfements and
charges, which are to be at the expender's lofs, and cannot be
palled in account. They fay, if he expends beyond his or-
ders, it will be on his own account. If he commits errors
in his calculations ; if he fufFers himfelf to be robbed, it fhall
be on his own account ; that is to fay, it will not be allowed
in his accounts; it will be entirely to his own lofs.
The French fay, to receive a bon compte, or a compte, that
is, on account, to fignify, to receive a fum on condition of de-
ducting it from what is due. To pay a bon compte, is to pay
on account, on condition alfo of deducting it from the
debt.
Account (compte) alfo ufed in various mercantile and pro-
is
verbial phrafes, but with different fignifications. The French
then he cannot expect his money before it becomes due from
the buyer. But if it fhould fo happen, that he ftands in need
of fome part of his money before that, as is commonly the
cafe, the factor permits him to draw for fuch a proportion
thereof as they fhall agree upon, the manufacturer allowing
the factor the common provifion for thus advancing the mo-
ney before it becomes due.
Yet, under thefe circumftances, the factor has the fecurity of
the manufacturer, as well as the buyer, fince he did not al-
low the factor an extra-commiflion to induce him to remain
anfwerable for bad debts.
4. . . As the generality of manufacturers cannot afford to be
fo long out of their money, as the ufual time of giving cre-
dit requires, it is the more ordinary practice for the factor to
ftand to bad debts, on confideration of having greater com-
miffion allowed him on the fales, and to have provifion alfo
for what money he advances before the time of payment.
Mr. Locke that the multiplying of brokers is prejudi-
fays, '

fay, He has his account (il en a pour fon compte) that is, he
is cheated, made a bubble, he is catched, or taken in. He
takes it to his account (il le prend fur fon compte) to fignify,
that a man charges himfelf with a thing, and anfwers for it.
Good accounts make good friends; which implies, that peo-
ple cannot continue friends, without mutually keeping their
engagements, and obferving the rules of jufiice and equity.
They fay alfo, a tout bon compte revenir, good accounts will
fuffer a revifal to intimate, that thofe need not fear coming
; Thefe
to a fecond account, when there has been no deceit in the
fit ft, though there may have been fome involuntary miflake
or overfight in it.
The French ufe the word compte (account) in feveral other
fignifications, which it would be fuperfluous to repeat here.
AccouNT-Paper, is a fort of fine large paper, fo called at the
paper mills in France, and by the ltationers and others who
trade in paper, becaufc accounts are commonly wrote upon it.
It is like our port-paper in England, on which merchants ge-
nerally write their commercial letters, and draw out their va-
rious accounts.
Account of Sales, is an account given by one merchant to
another, or by one factor to his principal, of the difpofal,
charges, commiffion, and net proceeds of certain merchan-
dizes fent for the proper, or company account of him, who
configned the fame to fuch factor or vender.
When the like account is inland or domeltic, the fame is
tranfmitted in the current money of that country, wherein
the bufincfs is tranfacted. As frorp a Blackwell-hall factor
to the clothiers in the country, or from the warchoufemen in
town, who deal by commiffion for the country manufacturers,
as bay-factors, drugget and duroy-factors, and the like.
EXAMPLE.
The following is the natural form of a Blackwell-hall factor's
account of fales to a clothier.
' cial to the trade
of any country ; that they eat up too great
* a fhare of the gains of trade, and therefore, he obferves,
' would be convenient to hinder, as much as is poffible,
it
* any one from felling any of our native commodities, but he
' that makes them ; fhopkeepers in this being worfe than
' gamefters ; for they do not only keep fo much of the mo-
* ney of a country conftantly in their hands, but alio make
' the public pay them for their keeping of it.'
are fevere reflections upon fhopkeepers, factors, and
brokers, and indeed very unju'tly grounded. For, if the clo-
thier was to attempt to act both in the capacity of a factor
and a woollen-draper, who muft attend his manufacture in
the country ? While his attention was fixed in town upon
the fales, might not the commodity dwindle and degenerate
in quality; and thus the clothier, by over-acting his part in
one fhape, under-act it in another ? Was this maxim in ge-
neral to take effect, it might prove the ruin of all our manu-
factures, by gradually debating therh.
Belides, for a clothier to take this upon him, not only re-
quires three times the capital, but fuch an expence by town
refidence, as, I am afraid, would prove of little benefit to
him in the long- run ; efpecially, as the nature of credit js at
prefent circumftanced.
'Tis true, thefe middle-men between the manufacturer and
conlumer may be faid to be inftrumental to enhance the
price of our manufactures among ourfelves; and this was
Mr. Locke's motive for bearing fo hard upon them. But 'tis
much to be doubted, whether the public could have their
manufactures cheaper at home, was the clothier to take upon
him to act in a treole capacity, he being obliged to raife the
price of his commodity, in proportion to the extraordinary
expence he is at.
Manufacturers, who have thought themfelvcs injured by their
factors, which doubtlefs is fometimes the cafe, have attempted
this, but few have found their account in it. Some have car-
ried their view fo far, as even to turn merchant-exporters,

IID Account of Sales, charges and net proceeds [or produce]

of 20 pieces of fuperhne cloths, received per A B's
[
but to their abfolute ruin to my certain knowledge; for the
fkill of a manufacturer and that of a merchant are very di-

I a 20 waggon of , configned to me by C D of Wiltfhire, ttinct, the knowledge of a Solomon, in the one refpect, mak-

for his account, marked and numbered as per margin. ing him but an idiot in the other.
Thefe obfervations are not made to difcourage, but to caution
Jan. 5th, 1 750. Sold to EF draper, 6 ps. fu the ingenious and enterprizing manufacturer to be upon his
perfines, per A B. qt yards at per guard, and neither to undertake too much either at home or
yard, to pay in 6 months jT abroad.
8 Not-
 ' ;

A C C A C C
Notwithftanding what has been faid, 'tis very dcfirablc that poods they arc ahlc to vend, and thofe too with
that variety
our Britifli manufactures may go as cheap to foreign mar- of aflbrtments,which engage the natives to give the prefe-
kets, as thofe of our rival nations, which are not fujietior in rence to thefe houfes, in their general dealings.
point of quality. Upon this principle Mr. Locke reafoncd ; 7. Other houfes, which take commifiions in the general,
and
and 'tis upon this principle that merchants of the moit money never give any in return, too often ufe no little
craft in the
and (killpurchafe commodities at firft hand of the nianu making out their foreign accounts of fales, by couching
great
facturer, pjy him ready cafh, and fend their goods abroad, impofitions under many of their articles of charges,
which
with every advantage. they have never paid.
And thefe exporters of our manufactures, who are not in 8. Nor is this the only practice which ought to be guarded
circumflanccs to fend them abroad at firft hand, are an inju- againft. Goods perhaps may be fold at three or four months
ry, rather than a benefit to the national trade ; they injudici- credir, or for ready money, and yet the principal kept out of
ously glutting the markets abroad, which finks the price too his property for years, by falfe and frivolous pretences.
often below what they can afford to fell at ; and yet they arc Thefe arts are mentioned, with a view only to guard
the
importunate for remittances, and thereby force their factors young and unexperienced from beine too eafily enfnared
;
to fell almoft at any rate. Such merchants not only hurt the and we hope they will have the good effect thereby intended'
trade of a kingdom, but are fure to hurt, ihemfejves, and ACCOUNTANT, cr ACCOMPTANT,
one who is not
all who have connexions in trade with them. only well flailed in calling up all forts of accounts,
and rea-
dily performs all arithmetical operations,
but who is verfed
A real Mercantile Example. in the art of book-keeping, by charge
and d.fcharge, or by
debtor and creditor.
Account of Sales, and net proceeds of 2 bales of druggets, This appellation is applicable to a perfon, or officer,
appoint-
received per the Hollandia, Capt. Jan. Rocloff Smith, for the ed to keep the accounts of a public company,
or office; as
account of M. P. of London. i" accountant of the South-Sea, or India company,
or of
the Hank, the Cuftom- houfe, or Excife, kc.
Nov. 4. 1740. Configncd the above 2 bales of ACCOUNTAN1 SHIP, comprehend a not only a fkill in fi-
druggets qt. 1 12 pieces qt. 4875 yards as per gures or arithmetic, but a knowledge in the art of
acvount-
factory [i. e. invoice, which is frequently ftiled k eping bj debtor and creditor, or by the method
of regular
fo] which a 3 \ palms per yard are palms charge and difcharge, according to the nature of the tiani-
18280 net, a fols 9 s. ^6. per palm, to p ty in actions which method keeps every diftinfl account, if they
two months
8530 13 4 are ever fo
;

numerous, always fit for a ballance and that bal- :

Sold and confipned 2 pieces of wh ite druggets for lancc is found by fubtracting the .'urn total on the debit
wrappers as above, for 140 co o from the fum total on the credit h\!e, or the fuin total of
the
fide

latter from that of the former.

8670 13 4 To be fundamentally grounded in arithmetical operations
CHARGES, viz. requires a competent acquaintance with geometry and
alge-
bra, becaufe the geometric and algebraic way of
Freight and primage 106 5 o difcovers certain rules and theorems, whereby to
reafoninz
calculate
Porters landing and carrying to wareh. 6 O o numerically in the moftconcife manner: and to be properly
Opening to vilit, aflbi ting and making grounded in the nature of debtor and creditor requires a know-
up 400 ledge in the art of keeping accounts, according to the
Warchoufe room 800 of double entry, or what is commonly diilinguilhcd by
n.cthod
the Ita-
Brokerage 2 I per cent. 43 7 o lian method of Book-keeping, or by the name of Merchant's
To commiflion and {landing to bad Accounts.
debts a 4 per cent. 346 16 4 From hence it may be obferved, that no perfon can be pro-
514 8 4 peily Lid to be duly (killed in accountantfhip, without
being
fkilled in the art of debtor and creditor, as well as in that
of
8156 5 numbers nor, on the other hand, does any one dtferve the
:

A ggio deducted a 118 * per cent. 1283 o 2 name of an accountant, who is only acquainted with book-
keeping, and not with figures.
Genoa, 30 Nov. 1740. E. E. * Bco. 6S73 4 10 The art of accountantfhip is not only applicable to the re-
gular adjuftment of the variety of tranfactions among traders
* E. F.. Signifies Errors excepted in the account rendered, of every denomination, but alfo to the private affairs of gen-
and Bco, fignifies the Bank money of Genoa. tlemen and noblemen. And as it well becomes all perions of
the grcateft diftincticn to take due care of their eftates fo
Remarks. nothing, perhaps, can have a happier tendency to that end,
;

1. Foreign accounts of fales of merchandizes, are or ought
to be, governed in fome meafure by the invoice, lent there-
with from the principal. See Invoice.
2. Merchants, being inured to hazard from their firft felting
out in life, fend their property to foreign countries with as
much alacrity, on the good faith and honour of their cor-
refpondents, as a monied man lends his property at home on
land fecurity.
Credit therefore, is the great foundation of commerce be-
than a knowledge in the art of debtor and creditor, as well
as that of numbers. For merchants accounts, fays Mr.
' Locke, thou-h a feience not likely to help a gentleman to
get an eftatc, yet poffibly there is not any thing of mere
ufe and efficacy to make him preferve the eftate he has.
'Tis feldom obferved, that he who keeps an account of his
* income and e.\pence,and thereby has conftantly under view
' the courfe of his domefiic affairs, lets them run to ruin.
' And doubt not but many a man gets behind-hand before
I

tween nation and nation, as well as between one man and 1

he aware, or runs farther on, when he is once in, for
is

another in the fame nation. W

hence it follows, that the * want of this care, or the fkill to do it. I would therefore
flift principle the trader fhould tenacieufly cultivate, is the ' advife gentlen.cn to learn perfectly merchants accounts,
all

fupport of his perfonal credit. and not to think it a fkill that belongs not to them, became

3. It too often falls out, that thofe who take up their refi- it has received its name, and has been chiefly practifed
1
by
dence at foreign factories, no fooner get a houfe eftablifhed * men of traffic.
there, than they ufe every art to draw people in, to fend them Nor is accountantfhip lefs ufefu! to the gentlemen of the
law,
large conlignnients of merchandizes by commiflion. To than to private gentlemen ; and not only to thofe who are
which end, they at firft make remittances to their principals intended for the bar, but to all follicitors and attornics
in a reasonable time, and give them an handfome profit upon litigations between traders making fo confiderable a propor-
their goods, in order to induce them to increafe their confign- tion of the bufinefs of our courts ofJaw and equity. With-
ments. out the perfect knowledge of debtor and creditor in particu-
4. When they have thus drawn people in to entruft a large' lar, accounts may be fo craftily and fophiftically ftated, as to
fortune in their hands abroad, it is then that they too often deceive the moft upright judge and jury, as well as the coun-
begin to ufe every difhonourable art, to keep them out of cil, if they are not capable of unravelling them in the courfe

their money. of their pleadings.

If you prefs for remittances, you are given to underftand, Perfons of diftinction alfo, who are concerned in the chief
that nothing can procure them but frefh confignments, which pofts of the public revenue, or who act in the fenatorial ca-
have proved the ruin of many ; and, if you draw upon them pacity, cannot be too well fkilled in accountantfhip. The
for your property, your credit may fuffer by that means at one will thereby be enabled to acquit himfelf with credit and
home. reputation, in whatever branch of the revenue he fhall be
5. On thefe confiderations, our mod opulent and experienced employed ; and the other will become perfectly acquainted
merchants have eftablifhed houfes of their ow n at many of with the finances and money affairs of the kingdom. For
the Britifh factories in foreign countries ; wherein they breed fuch is the nature and excellency of the mercantile arc of
up a fucceffion of perfons, whom they gradually take into debtor and creditor by double entry, that it is as eafily appli-
partr.erfhip, which makes it for their interell to be punctual cable to the accounts of nations as to thofe of traders, or
and faithful. private gentlemen, millions being as familiarly adjufted there-
6. Such capital houfes feldom take commiflion from any, but by, as hundreds of pounds. When once a perfon is ac-
the perfons who are the principals belonging to thofe houfes : quainted with the feveral funds from whence the national re-
and fiich are generally capable to fupply them, with whatever venue arifes, as likewife their appropriations to the payment
of
 A C H A C (^
of intereft of certain national creditors; when it is duly Livadia and populous, and inhabited by many rich
is large
obferved in what manner the deficiencies of fome funds are Turks, who more numerous here than the Chiiftians,
are
occafionally fupplied, and the furplufages of others tranf- and there arc but few Jews. The trade confifts in fomd
ferred ; when the general heads of fuch accounts are under- woollen fluffs, made here, and in rice, which they fell
ftood from the ftatutes, and the accounts annually laid before ready hufked, and prepared by water-mills, and therewith
the parliament are duly attended to, any gentleman, well they furnifh all the adjacent country.
grounded in the art of debtor and creditor, may obtain as The inhabitants of Megara, which are all Chriftians, get
complete a knowledge of the money affairs of the nation, as their living by tilling thegroun I, f>r which they have half
of his own private concerns that is, when he is a mailer of
:
the crop ; the reft goes to the Turks, as their landlords under
the facts relating thereunto, and the diftindt heads under the Grand Seignior. They alfo make pitch, and faw boards
which the funds are kept, he will be capable fo to ftate thefe and planks out of the pines and firs, which grow in great
accounts by way of charge and difcharge, or debit and credit, abundance on the mountains about them.
as always to have a fatisfactory view before him of the ftate The trade of Salona confifts in fome cotton, but chiefly in
of the national debts and funds, and of the feveral variations tobacco; of which 15 okas are worth but one dollar: an
they fhall from time to time undergo. See Merchants oka weighs about 42 ounce;.
Accounts, or the nature of debtor and creditor, according The little trade they have at Delphos, now Caftri, confifts
to the method of double entry. in cotton and tobacco; their wine is exceeding wood.

ACCOUNTING-HOUSE, COUNTING HOUSE, or The trade of Lepanto confifts in leather, oil, lobacco, rice,
COMPTING-HOUSE, is a place fet apart by merchants, barley, and wheat: furs are alfo pretty cheap here.
On
and other traders, wherein to tranfact their bufinefs, and to each fide of the city, under a mountain, are fruitful vailies,
keep their books of accounts and vouchers relating thereunto. which ftretch out towards the fea. That to the weftward
is well p!?nt<:d with olives, vineyards, and corn;
and that
Remarks. to the eaftward is equally well planted, and divided into
It the cuftom of the Dutch merchants in Holland to keep
is gardens of oranges, citrons, and lemons. The wine here
a kind of Public Counting-houfes, for the reception of a nam is the beft in Greece.

ber of gentlemen's fons of fortune, more particularly of the Ail fhips that pafs out of the gulph of Patras
p;.y 3 per cent.
Englifti, Scots, and Irifh, who
pay them at the rate of one cuftom to the Emir, who pays about 6000 crowns rent per
hundred pounds and continue with them up-
fterling per ann. ann. for his office.
on that footing from year to year, as long as they pleafe. It is ACHIA, a kind of cane that grows in the Eaft Indies, which
common to fee ten, or a dozen, or more of thefe young peo- ispickled green in the country, with ftrong vinegar, pepper,
ple in a Dutch counting houfe ; fome being weak enough to and fome other fpice and ingredients. This pickle comes to
imagine, that a foreign country is the beft place to be bred in, Europe in a fort of earthen jars, about a foot high, and the
in order to underftand the Britifh commerce, and that there fame in breadth, growing narrower at the mouth. The bits
are no merchants who refide in England, are able to qualify of cane are an inch and a half in diameter, and a little above
their fons fo well as foreigners who refide abroad. two inches long, almoft of the fame confiftency with pickled
An humble attempt, however, was lately made to introduce cucumbers, being no lefs crifp, and cutting as well. They
fomething of the like kind of practice, of keeping a Pub- are of a pale yelow colour ; and, inftead of pulps, their in-
lic Counting-houfe in our own country ; and accordingly, a fide a clofe, fibrous fubftance, like that of the common
is

treatife was publifhed for that intent, entitled ' The Mer- canes, when the outfide coat is off. The Dutch brin" home
chant's Public Counting-houfe, or the New Mercantile Infti- great quantities of this pickle, which their cold climate makes
tution :' wherein is (hewn the neceffity of young merchants them think wholfome. They generally eat it towards the
being bred to trade with greater advantages than they ufu- end of their meals, judging it very good to quicken the ap-
ally are with a practicable plan for that purpofe.
: petite, and ftrengthen the ftomach, becaufe of the ftron"-
In this plan are digefted, in miniature, the various qualifica- vinegar, lemon, pepper, and other fpices, of which the
tions, which have been judged neceffary to form the accom- pickle is made up, and in which, the achia muft always lie,
plifhed Britifh merchant. And, however low an idea fome in order to keep it, give it a fharp tafte, and make it very
may entertain of the abilities of fuch a trader, it is prefumed hot and fiery.
that, upon the perufal of the before-mentioned tract, they This fruit is alfo called achiar. It is a green, which is pre-
will be of a different opinion. Perfons of candour and im- ferved in vinegar. It is extremely efteemed throughout all
partiality, it is imagined, will therein fee, that it is not the Eaft-Indies, and they drive a prodigious great trade in it.
thrufting a young fpark into any counting-houfe, either at The beft comes from Perfia, and is preferved in bottles,
home, or abroad, that is likely to qualify him to fave, much almoft after the fame manner as thofe imall cucumbers are
Jefs to improve, an handfome fortune by merchandifing. in France, which they call cornichons. Each fort of fruit
Thofe who are defirous of perufing this tract, may meet is not preferved by itfelf, but feveral forts are put together
with it at Mr. Horsfield's, bookfeller in Ludgate-ftreet, into the fame bottle.
by afking for Poftlethwayt's Merchant's Public Counting- ACHIAR, is a Malayan word, which fignifies all forts of
houfe, or New Mercantile Inftitution, &c. fruitsand roo;s, pickled with vinegar and fpice. The Dutch
ACHAIA, now Livadia, a province of Turkey in Europe, import from Batavia all forts of achiar, which the Chine fe
is bounded on the north by Epirus, by Thefialy, from which make after the manner of the Malayan?; but particularly
it is divided by mount Oeta, now Banina, and by the Euri- that of bamboe, a kind of cane, extraordinary thick, which
pus, now the ftreight of Negropont ; on the eaft by the Ar- grows in the Eaft-Indies, and is preferved there, whiift it is
chipelago ; on the fouth it has the gulph of Engia, or Ef;ina, It ill green, with very ftrong vinegar and fpice. This is
the ifthmus of Corinth, and the gulph of Lepanto ; and, on called bambne-achiar. The name changes according to the
the weft, the Ionian fea, and part of Epirus. Achaia is at fruitwith which the achiar is made.
prefent divided into three parts: namely, i. Livadia, pro- ACHIOTL, a name given by the Brazilians to a drug; ufed
perly fo called. 2. Stramulipa, or Stramnzupa. 3. The in dying, more commonly called Rocou. See Rocoul
dutchy of Athens. ACHTELlNG, a meafure for liquids, ufed in German".
A little way out of Thebes there is a hill, where they dig a Thirty-two achtelings make a heem'er ; four fciltems, or
kind of ftone, of which ihey make bowls for tobacco-pipes. feiltins, make an acrht&Hng.
The ftone, when it is firft dug out of a deep pit, is of the co- ACHTENDEELEN, or ACHTELlNG,
a meafure for
lour of new cheefe, and almoft as foft, being in lumps com- grain, ufed in fome
of Holland. Two hoeds of
parts
monly as big as a man's two hits. This they bring to the town, Gorcum make five achtendeelens ; 28 achtendeelens of
and carve very curioufly into bowls of pipes ; and as foon as Afperen make 32 of Rotterdam, which contain on!v26,cf
it is dry, it grows very hard, as white as mow, and fhining. VVorcum, 20, achtendeelens of Delft make 12 vicrtels of
The natural dexterity of the people of Athens, in all the Antwerp. Four achtendeelens yf of Delft make the heed
little matters they undertake, fhews itfelf extraordinary, as of Bruges.
in buying, felling, and in all their domeftic affairs; and it is ACICOCA, an herb that ^rows in Peru, and is fometimes
obferved by Mr. Wheler, that fo much of their ancient fpirit ufed inftead of the herb of Paraguay, of which it is faid to

remains, that few towns in Turky have preferved themfelves have all the properties. A great quantity of it is yearly car-
fo well as this, or enjoy greater privileges, under the tyranny ried from Lima, and other parts of Peru, to the ci'v of
of the Turks. Some other cities, indeed, feem, by trading, Avira, from whence it is fent to Potofi, efpccially when'that
more rich but is it not a wonder, that Athens, though
: of Paraguay is very fcarce, and confequcntly dear.
flic has had but an equal fhare in the ill fortune of all thofc ACORI, or BLUE CORAL. The true acori is very
noble cities of the Eaft under the dominion of the Turks, fcarce ; fome, however, is fifhed upon the coaff of Africa,
fhould be inferior to many of them in trade, when fhe wants particularly from Rio del-re, to the river of the Carnarones.
neither good harbours, nor good merchandizes for general This coral of the merchandizes which the Dutch trade
is p irt

commerce ? The revenue of the city is raifed upon the for with the Carnarones: that of the kingdom of Benin is
cuftoms, caratchs, or poll-money, weights of the town, alfo very much efteemed. It grows, in the form of a tree,

avtnies, or amercements, tenths, and vellanies ; thefe latter upon a rocky bottom. Sec Coral.
are the cups of acorns, with which they tan their leather. ACQUIESCKNCE, in the French commerce,
fignifies the
They alfo who carry merchandizes to any fair mud pay a cer- confent that a merchant, or other pcrfon, gives to carry
tain duty to the Veivode, who receives the whole revenues, into execution the determination given either by arbitra-
and pays to the Kiflar Aga, or chief of the black Eunuchs, tion, or by a con ml, or by any other refolution, in the
30,000 crowns a year for his place, which yet brings him courfc of juftice. There is no receding from fuch a judgment
in 5000 crowns more, all charges and expences defrayed.
 accl ACT
or fentence, after an acquiefcence, or agreement thereunto. to bring in, within four months from the delivery oft!,- ft

See Arbitration. quittance, a certificate in due form, that the far,

ACQUITTANCE, in France, a kind of difcharge upon dizes have been found, weight, quantity, and
in'riumhtr,
ftamped paper, which is made out and delivered to traders, quality, with the bah and leads of the cuftorn<
s, p-if;:ue,

factors, or carriers, by the officers, receivers and comp- houfe, whole and entire, conformably to the acquittance*
trollers of the two grand farms, eftablifhcd for
the imports Tin, certificate, being endorfed upon the back of the ac-
and exports in the kingdom of France, and the provinces quittance, the fecurity is difcharged without any cbifjculty,
reputed foreign. The Acquittance, or certificate of franchifes, concerns
There are four forts of acquittances thofe of payment ; thofe
; the exemption from the duties of export on merchandiz.es,
of caution, or precaution ; thofe for fecurity of pafling, or intended to bfc fent out of the kingdom, which are bought

thofe of perfonal fecurity, or bail j and thole of certificates and fent away during the franchifes, or freedom of fairs.
offranchife. They are particularly ufed at Lyons, during the four free
The Acquittance of payment mentions the quantity, qua- fairs, whichare thofe of Twelfth-day, Fafter, Au^uft, and

lity, weight, or value of the merchandize ; the number of All faints, each of which continue a fortnight free, and
chefts, bales, and packs, in which they are contained ; their begin as follows That of Twelfth-day, the firft Monday
:

marks and numbers ; the leaden-marlcs or tickets affixed after that feftival ; that of Eafter, the firft Monday after

to them; the fum paid for duties of import or export; the Lowfunday ; that of Auguft, the 4th of that month ; and
merchant's name for whofe account they arc lent ; the place that of All-faints, the 3d of November.
where they are to be unladen and the road the carriers are
; This acquittance, or certificate of franchifes, is at firft deli-

to go. This acquittance, or certificate of payment, muft go vered by the receivers and comptrollers deputed, or appoint*
with the merchandize, and remain at the laft office of the ed, by the provoft of the merchants, and by the aldermen of

culloms, to be revifed and examined by the clerks of the the city; it mentions the perfon for whofe account the mer-

farms, in order to know whether the duties have been fully chandizes are, their quantity, qua'ity, weight, the number
received or not ; and, in cafe they were not fully received, of ba'es, packs, or thefts that (hey have paid none of the
;

to caufc the deficiency to be p.id by the merchant to whom ufual duties of the city, and that the faid bales, packs, or

the merchandizes belong. Befides all tbefe particulars being chefts, were taken away, and loaded, during the time of
enumerated in fuch acquittance of payment, the time in which the franthife, 01 freedom of the fair, and have been marked

the merchandize is to arrive at the laft cullom-houfe, is alio by them, wiih a particular mark, of which there is' a ftamp
mentioned ; after which they remain void, and cannot be re- in the margin of the certificate ; and that they contain no

ceived by the officers, except there has been fome lawful prohibited <>i contraband goods. On the back of this ac-
hindrance, which muft be pioved by a verbal procefs, in quittance, or certificate, muft be fet down the warrant of
due form. The carriers are alfo forbidden to pals by any the clerks of the general office of the cuftom-houfe, to the
other cuftom houfe, except thofe mentioned in the acquits, cleik of the gates of the city, commanding him to certify
and are obliged to carry the goods directly to all the offices the going out cf the balcv packs, or chefts, mentioned in
of the cuftoms upon their route, and prefent their acquits, in the acquittance, or certificate of the magiftrates of the city,
order to their being indorfed, viz. fcen and, finally, to
; and that the duties are allowed to have been paid during
leave them at the laft office, where, after the chefts, packs, the fair ; and that declaration has been made, that they fhall
or bales, have been opened and infpected, the officers de- be exported out 01 the kingdom, through fuch a province. It
liver to them a warrant, called brevet de controlle, without muft be obferved, that, in order to have the benefit of the
any charge. The carriers are alfo obliged to produce their franchife for exemption from duties, the merchandizes muft
acquits on the firft demand of the officers of the cuftoms, be carried out of the town, towards the end of each fair
whom they meet upon their route, at whofe difcrction it is and out of the kingdom before the firft day of the fair next
to keep them, on delivering, in the like manner, a brevet following ; except, however, in cafes of juft and le<*al
de controlle ; though the opening can be done no where but hindrances.
in the cuftom-houfes, and of fuch goods only as have not The actpiittancc, or certificate, or permit, as we term it in
been vifited before, it being prohibited, wi h regard to thofe Englifh, offranchife, muft go along with the metchandize,
that have already been examined, to open them any where to the laft office of export, and remain there.
but at the laft office of the cuftoms. All this is directed by Acquittance, among the French merchants, fignifies alfo
the Ordonnance of the five great farms, of February 1687, a receipt. Paid fuch a one, by acquittance, of fuch a day ;
Tit. 7. Act. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. that is to fay, upon receipt, or acquittance. When a banker,
The Acquittance of caution, or precaution, or of fecurity, or any other perfon, gives to a fervant, or porter, a bill of
or bail, is delivered by the officers of the cuftoms to a private exchange that is due, in order to go and receive the payment
perfon, who binds himfelf as fecurity, that a bale of mer of it, he generally endorfes it in blank that is, leaving a ;

chandize lhall be infpecled by the officers of the cuftom- void fpace above his name, that the receipt may be wrote
houfe at the place to which it is configned, and that the there. But a man muft always take cue, with regard to
cuftoms, if there are any due, (hall be paid there ; in con- thofe blank endorfements, to put the words, " pour acquit,"
fequence of which, the bale is packed, corded, and loaded, for receipt, or acquittance, under his name, that the void
at the office,where the acquittance is delivered, that it may fpace may
not be filled up with an order payable to another,
rot be opened, nor the goods changed, upon the rouie they which might be attended with very bad confequences.
are to go. And, when the bale arrives at the place of its To Acquit, fignifies alfo in French, to pay the duties of
deftination, and the merchandizes, and other things con- import or export for merchandizes, as they are imported
tained in it, have been examined and vifited by the infpector, into, or exported out of, cities, and at the cuftom-houfes.
the receiver and comptroller, on the infpector's certificate, Thus they fay, that merchant drives a vaft trade, he has
caufe the duties to be paid, if any arc due, and endorfe the ' acquitted (that is, he has paid) this year, above 100,000
receipt upon the back of the acquittance, which is after- * livres duty to the king.' It fignifies pay one's
alfo to
wards fent back to the perfon who bound himfelf, to be debts : ' this merchant has at laft acquitted himfelf towards
returned by him to the officers from whom he had it, in his creditors he has paid them entirely.
;' that is, They
order to his being difcharged from his bond. alfo fay, to acquit bills of exchange, promifibry notes, bonds,
The Acquittance for fecurity of tranfit, or paffage, relates &c. that is, to pay them.
to certain merchandizes, or materials, for working and Acquittance, a releafe, or difcharge, in writing, of a
manufacturing ; fuch as are exempt from the duties of im- payment, debt, or any other thing we are obliged to pay or
port and export in the kingdom of France, and alfo from perform. Some acquittances are made before a notary-
tolls, grants, and other imports ; as are thofe which relate public, and others only under a perfon's private fign manual ;
to the manufactures eftablifhed in the towns and diftricis of they are both equally good, but not equally fafe with regard
Lille, Doway, Orchies, Tournay, and other cities in the Low to what may happen afterwards, the latter being fometimes
Countries, conquered by the King of France in Flanders, or Ijable to very great inconveniencies.
yielded to him by
treaties of peace, or truce, and which The receipt wrote on the back of a bill of exchange that
are entered and cleared at the cuftom-houfes of Calais, is paid, is properly a. true acquittance.
Bayonne, Seftome, near Marfeilles, Pont de Beauvoifin, ACTION, a right which a perfon has to fue for any demand
Strafburg, and Peronne, to "be fent into the Indies, Spain, or pretention, at law. It is alfo faid of actions entered

Italy, and England. againft a perfon, and of the proceedings carried on for afterr-
This acquittal is ufually delivered by the officers of the cuf- ihg and proving one's right.
toms at Lifle, according to the certificate of the magiltrate Action, in French commerce, fignifies fometimes the move-
of the town, and mentions the name of the perlon for able effects: thus thev fay, that a merchants creditors have
whofe account the merchandizes are, their quantity, quality, feized upon all his actions; which is as much as 10 fay, thac
and weight; the number of the bales, packs, or chefts, in they have taken poffeffion of all his active debts, that is, the
which they are contained ; how corded, packed, and leaded ; debts owed to him.
their marks and numbers ; the cuftom-houfes through which Action Redhi bitorv, an action at law by which the is

they are to enter and clear that they are not to be lodged
: buyer may damaged goods, or
oblige the feller to take back
any where, except in the cuftom-houfes through which fuch as do not prove according to the agreement.
they are to pafs, nor opened, except at the laft office on Action of a Company is an equal part, or portion of ftock,
the frontier, where they are to clear, and to be viewed and of which feveral, joined together, make the capital fund,
vifited by the officers of the farm?. For fecurity of which, or ftock, of a trading company. Thus a company which
the merchant, or who confi^ * litem, enters into a bond
1
has 300 actions, of a 1000 J. eaih, has a fund cf 300,0.0 1.
Vot,. I. D whici
 ACT
which is to be understood in proportion as the actions are
fettled at a larger or fmaller fum. A merchant, or any
other perron, is Lid to have 4 or 6 actions in a company,
when he has contributed to U.e capital flock, and is con-
cerned in it for, 4 or 6000 ). if the actions are
We have j nft fuppoied.
/1 proprietor cannot have a deliberative vote irt the aflemblies
of a company, unlefs he has a certain number of actions,
fixed by the letters patents of it's eftablifhment ; nor can he
be a director, unlefs he has (till a greater number of actions.
This proportion of actions, in order to a deliberative vote,
or the directorfhip, is mentioned in another place. See
Trading Companies.
Action fignifies alfo the bonds, contracts, and acknowledge-
ments, or Stock in general, which the directors of trading
companies transfer, or deliver, to thofe who have paid their
money into the company's cafh, and made themfelves pro-
prietors. Thus to deliver an action, is to expedite in due
form the by which the actionary becomes a proprietor
title
of the action he has taken out.
The actions of trading companies rife or fall, according as
fuch companies gam or lofe credit. very fmall matter A aldermen;
often occafions this riling or falling of the actions, and fre-
quently an uncertain rumour of a rupture between neigh-
bouring powers, or the hope of an approaching peace, when
they are at war, is fufficient to lower, or raife the price con-
fiderab'ly, at which they are ufually negociated.
in France, in the year 17 19, how far the credit of a
is capable to carry that of its actions: thofe of the
of the Weft-Indies, known fince by the name of the India
company, having role, in lefs than fix months time, to
1,900 per cent, which had never happened to any other
company, however high it's credit or power were.
Before the war which France declared againft the States
General of the United Provinces, in 1672, the actions of the
Dutch Eaft-India company had rofe to 650 per cent, which
is the utmoft height to which they were ever known to
arrive. But, in the firft months of that war, which was
like to have proved fo fatal to that republic, the actions fell
to lefs than 250. The company having afterwards retrieved
themfelves, their actions rofe again, after the peace of Ni-
meguen in 1678. The different ruptures that have happened
fince, between France and Holland, till the treaty of Utrecht
in 1713* either on the account of the league of Augfburgh,
or the fucceffion of Siain, did indeed occafion fome fall in
the actions, but always inconfiderable in comparifonto that
of 1672; and they eafily refumed their price at the end of
each war, and even rofe higher than they had been before
fo that, in the year 1718, they were not much below 600
per cent, the actionifts, as they are called in Holland, thereby
feeing their capital increafed to fix times it's original value,
and each action, which, at the eftabliftiment of the company,
coft only 500 livres de Gros, or 3000 floiins, being then
worth 800c florins.
1 company's profits and lofles, having no other fecurity than
The trade of actions, or flocks, is one of the moft confiderable
that is cairied on upon the exchange at Amfterdam, and in
all the other cities of the United Provinces, where there are
chambers, or courts, of the Eaft-India company ; and there
are even great numbers of people who fubfift and enrich
themfelves by this traffic only. What renders this traJe fo
common, and often fo profitable, in Holland, is,
can be carried on Without any great fund of ready money,
and confifls only, if we may ufe the expreffion, in a conti-
nual viciffitU'le of buying and felling of actions, which they
buy when they fall, and fill out again when they rife.
In the buying or felling of actions of the Dutch Eaft-India
company, a broker is aimofl always employed ; and, when
the price is agreed upon, the feller transfers them, and figns
the acquittance, or receipt, in the prefence of one of the
directors, who caufes them to be booked by the fecretary,
or regifter, which is fufficient for transferring the property of
the flock fold, from the feller to the buyer.
The broker's fee for his trouble is ufually at the rate of fix
florins for each a&ion of 3000 florins, one half paid by the
buyer, and the other by the feller.
It is not fo eafy to fpeak of the trade in the actions of the
French company, as of that in the actions of the Dutch com-
panies every thing in the latter being tranfacted with the
utmoU regularity, and exact form; and all things in the
former being at firft conducted with a kind of frenzy, which
feemed to have feized all perfons, whom the prudence of
the directors could not moderate for a great while ; and
which had, in a manner, cleared all the fhops at Paris of
their traders, to make as many brokers or flock -jobbers of
them, and had robbed the neighbouring ftates of their inha-
bitanis, who came
to fhare the immenfe fortunes of the
Quinquempoix, where the caprice of the people
Ititet called
had in a manner fixed the renter of that rich traffic, as
Change-alky, near the Royal Exchange, was at London,
in 1720.
The method of transferring Actions, or Stock?,
flcrdam.
When two perfons have agreed between themfelves, or by
ACT
the affiftahce oF a broker, upon the price of one or more
actions, and they are to be delivered, the teller goes to the
Eaft-India houfe, to make his declaration to the book keeper,
who immediately enters it ; and, after having made the feller
1000 1. as fign caufes it alfo to be fubferibed by one of the- directors,
it,
before whom the feller muft likewife declare, by word of
mouth, that he has fold it. The transfer being thus regiftcrcd,
and the feller having informed the buyer of it, the latter has
a right to go and allure himfelf farther of it at the Eaft-
India houfe, in cafe he does not think fit to truft the perfon
with whom he has negociated after which, he ought to
:
caufe the value of the actions transferred to be palled over at
the bank to the fellers account, who, when he is certain
that the value has been placed to his account, or credit, at
the bank, returns to the Eaft-India houfe, and figns the ac-
quittance, or receipt, at the bottom of the transfer which he
has made. As long as this acquittance is not figned, the
purchafer cannot difpofe of the actions transferred, though he
has paid for them but, in cafe of the feller's refufal to fign
:
fuch acquittance, after receiving the full value, he may be
compelled to do fo, only by a petition to the echevins, or
Each transfer cofts three florins and ten flivers,
both, for the feal, and to the book keeper.
It muft be obferved, that the regifters of transfers confift of
printed forms, in which the clerks have only to fill up the
blank. Thefe forms are called Seals, becaufe they have an
It was feen imprefs upon them, not unlike the ftamped paper 6f France.
company This regulation for the transfer of actions was eftablifhed
company by feveral placarts, or decrees, of the States- General of the
United Provinces J and, among others, by thofe of July 15,
1621, May 30, 1624, and September 16, 1677. By the
fame decrees, all perfons, of what quality foever, are pro-
hibited to fell, either for a fixed term, or for the prefent,
any actions of the company, either for their own account,
or the account of others, unlefs the faid actions be really and
actually entered in their name, or in the name of thofe for
whom they fell, time of fuch fale, upon penalty of
at the
the feller's paying a fine of one fourth part of the price for
which they (hall have fold them ordering further, that
:
the transfer of them fhall be regiftered within the fpace of
14 days after the fale, if they were fold in a city where an
office or chamber of the Eaft-India company is kept, or
within a month, if it be in another city, under the fame
penalty of being fined a fourth ; nor fhall the contracting
parties have power to except againft thofe placarts, or de-
crees, nor the brokers for them, upon pain of the latter be-
ing immediately deprived of their office, and for fuch as are
: not brokers to be puniftied arbitrarily, as the cafe fhall re*
quire.
The French Actions are, at prefent, of three forts ; namely,
fimple actions, actions rentieresj or rent actions, and actions
intereflees, or actions bearing intereft.
The fimple Actions are thofe which have a fhare in all the
the company's fund only.
The Actions rentieres, or rent actions, are thofe which have
a profit certain of two per cent, for which the king made
himfelf fecurity, as he was formerly for the annuities upon
the city ; but they have no fhare in the dividends.
The Actions intereflees, or bearing intereft, are, as it were, a
becaufe it medium between the two former ; they have two per cent,
fixed revenue, with the king's fecurity, like the rent-actions;
and muft, befides, fhare the over-plus of the dividends,
with the fimple actions. Thefe actions were eftablifhed in
behalf of ecclefiaftical communities, who might have money
to put out to ufe.
Befides this diftinction of actions, authorized by the kind's
edicts and declarations, the caprice of the flock-jobbers of the
ftreet Quinquempoix had invented many others ; as actions
of the old weft, actions of the five hundred, of mothers, of
daughters, of grand-mothers, of grand-daughters, and fome
others equally ridiculous. But, as all thefe terms came to
nothing at the fame time, with the credit of that ftreet, it
would be ufelefs to trouble the reader with an explanation of
thefe bubbles.
We fhall only add here fome other more fuccefsful terms,
which had their day in the traffic of actions. Such are thofe
of dividend, of well fed actions (nourrir) to feed an action,
and to turn an action into cafh ; all thefe expreffions, being
pretty well eftablifhed in the trade of actions, deferve a place
in this Dictionary.
To feed an Action, is to pay exactly, when they become due,
the feveral fums fubferibed to the flock of the company, ac-
cording to the orders of council, made for the creation of
the new actions; to fell or difpofe of them, according to the
occafion, for cafh, either to feed other adtions, or for other
affairs.
An Action fed, is one upon which all the payments have been
made, and which is capable of fharing in the dividends of
the company's profits. Till this complete and entire pay^
ment is made, it is not properly an action, but a fubferip-
at Am- tion. See Subscript! on.
Dividend is what is otherwife called repartition, that is, the
part, or fhare, which each proprietor of actions is to have
8 out
 ;;

ACT ACT
out of the profits of a company, in proportion to the num- home and abroad, it may prove ufeful and agreeable to fuch

ber of actions he has in it. of our readers to whom thefe matters may be new, to give
the fentiments of thofe, who have fet the fatal eon equences
Observation. hereof in the ftrongefl light ; in order to warn poll lity a-
Of the commerce of Actions, or Stocks, in foreign countries, gainft being led into the like calamitous Schemes and pro-
from the remarkable period of the year 1719, to 172 1. jects.

What we (ball add in this place relates to the actions, or The clofe connexion which at prefent Subfiles between the

flocks, of foreign companies, which have been carried to

as great an excels as thofe of France, and have met with
much the fame fuecefsj the infatuation and avidity of fud-
denly growing rich having been in a manner equal amongft
almoft all the nations of Europe, and made them turn to an
ill ufe one of the bell and molt advantageous eftablifhments
monied and trading interefls of thefe kingdoms makes this
the more natural and neceffary in a Dictionary of Commerce
our trade having then received, and always mull receive, the
greateit injury from fuch enormous abufes, as took place in
our flock negotiations, in that famous a;ra in England, called
the South-Sea year.

that ever was, for the increafe of trade, and to make it flou- Such is the nature of the public credit, that nobody would
rifh in a country.
lend their money to the fupport of the Hate under the moft
prefling emergencies, unlefs they could have the privilege of
The example of what palled in France, in the trade of actions,
and the imrnenfe fortunes which fome perfons made there,
buying and felling their property in the public funds, when
their occafions required. 'Tis certain, therefore, that the
tempted both the Englifh and the Dutch at the fame time ;
greateft delicacy and tendernefs is to be obferved, in laying
fo that an infinite number tf new companies were foon
Am- any reftraints upon thefe tranfactions, left the public credit
facn to deluge, in a manner, England and Holland.
Haeilem were almoft the only cities fhould be thereby irrecoverably prejudiced.
flcrdam. Ley den an I

in the United Provinces which were not carried away by the

In regard to great trading companies and banks, which carry
torrent ; and fo prodigious a number; of thofe chimerical
on bufinefs, and make thereby a certain and apparent profit,
it can never be difficult for the chief managers of fuch cor-
cfta.lifhmems werefeen in London, that the whole trade of
porations to be able to jud:e pretty nearly, at all times, of
that great metropolis was alrnolt reduced to the fole nego-
ciation of flocks ; which, by their fall, ruined the fortunes
the value of the properties of their constituents and when- :

ever the value of their actions, by any kind of artifices or

of many conliderable merchants, and fcveral of the moil il-
Great Britain.
luftiious families of
unfair practices, are made to rife or fall beyond their real
worth, feems a duty incumbent on them to fet the public
The companies whofe (lock;, or actions, made the grcatcft it

uoifc ac London, were, among the old ones, the South Sea,
rightupon thofe interefting occafions.
the Eaft-India, and the Bank.
h has been thought by fome very wife and honeft men, that
one way to prevent thofe evils, which may attend the fudden
The South-Sea flock, which, in the beginning of April 1720,
and exorbitant rife or fall of flocks, would be, if thefe com-
was only 120 per cent, was railed, in the month of July
at
panies were obliged, once a year, to (fate an account of trade,
following, to 1020 per cent.
and of their real profits, and lay it before their general court
Bank flock rofe from 148 to 300, and Eait-India flock from
and if they were tied down from dividing more than their
198 to near 500.
piofits, as the Dutch Eaft India company are faid to have
Thofe times, fo favourable to the old proprietors, continued
months South-Sea done, with great honour and liability to that corporation.
fcarce a few : after fcveral fluctuations,
ltock fell in November to 100, and, towards the beginning of
The great difproportion between paper and fpecie currency,
in this kingi'^m, fhews, that, without the former, the bufi-
the year 1721, it could be railed only to 150 per cent. Bank
nefs and trade of the nation muft be, perhaps, proportionably
flock to 130, and Eaft-India flock to 160: and they fell af-
terwards into fuch a difcrcdit, that the parliament made it ftagnated ; unlefs we could fupply our deficiency in currency

their chief bufinefs, for above a year, to difcovcr and punifh

by hard money.
the frauds and mismanagements of the cafhiers and directors Itby fuch arts as were pradtifed in the Mifliflippi and South-
of thefe three companies, and to reflore the credit of their Sea times, the flocks cf this nation, belonging to our public
flocks, which could not be accomplished before the year companies, fhould be blown up again to be nominally
worth one thoufand times more than they intrinfically are ;
1 he London AfTurance company was, of all the new com- although this would increafe the quantity of paper circula-
tion, yet, as it would not increafe our commerce in propor-
panies in England, that which feemed to make it's firft ap-
tion, it would only draw the money out of all the channels
pearance, under the moft favourable aufpices. It's flock,
on which only ten per cent, was paid at firft, prefently rofe of trade, and reduce us to real beggary, by grafping at ima-
to 120 per cent, that ginary wealth.
is, to twelve times the capital paid in,
and even to 160. This flourishing ftate continued
but a
To fupport the public credit of the nation upon a folid bafis,
and to prevent the fpreading of thefe corruptions and enormi-
Ihort time. A
florm, which, towards the end of October
ties in our public companies for the future, the fentiments of
i?2o, occafioned the lofs of twelve Jamaica fhips, gave the
affairs of that infant company fo terrible a fiiock, that it's
thofe cannot be too often inculcaved throughout this kingdom,
flocks fell the fame month to 60 ; other lofles having alio
who have zealoufly laboured to guard us againlt the like pub-
lic diftiefs and calamity for the future, wh'th the nation was
weakened it fome time after, the flocks fell to 12 or 15 per
cent. In fhort, towards the clofe of the fame year, this pro- plunged into in the South-Sea year.
mifing company fcarce fubfifted, but in the complaints the As this matter is fet in a ftrong and affecting light in what
proprietors made of being cheated by the directors. was urged by wife and honeft men in thofe frenzical times,
The actions of the new companies eflabliihed in Holland, we fhall give the reader the fubflance thereof, with fome
or augmented according to the model of thofe of England, fuitable variations. And as for other political hints, which
foon experienced the like revolutions. are intei larded, and which are not directly pertinent to the
The directors of the Weft-India company, having obtained point we intend to illuftr ate, the reader may pafs them over
leave from the States-General to take in new fubferiptions, as he thinks proper; fince mangling the piece would de-

at the rate of 250 per cent, foon faw them rife to 650 ; but, ftroy the fipirit of it.

falling afterwards almoft on a fudden, they came down to The gentleman, whofe fentiments thefe are, having expiat-
cent, per cent. ed the true nature of public credit, which confifts, as he fays,
The company of AfTurance, eflablifhed at Rot-
actions of the in the affluence of trade, the general wealth of the nation ;

terdam, beginning of July 1720, on which only

in the
and the confidence of the people in the jullice and integrity
4 of their governors, proceeds thus
ftivers per 100 guilders had been advanced, that is to fay,
:

10 guilders for every action of 2500 guilders, foon rofe to I have endeavoured to fhew what, and what alone, ought to

cent, per cent. But their credit hardly continued fome
months, when no body would give 18 per cent, for them.
Thofe of Gouda (or Ter Goude) for which but one per
cent, was paid in, after having fold at the rate of 30 per cent,
foon fell again to their original value.
Thofe of the Delft company met with the fame fate, and in
a fhorrer time. Finally, not to tire the reader with a tedious
be called credit. But there hath lately rifen up, in our age, a
new-fangled and fantallical credulity, which hath ufurped
the fame name, and came in with the word Bite, which hath
been made free of a neighbouring court * ; whereby the pcor,
innocent, induflrious* and unwary people have been deli-
vered into the ravenous and polluted jaws of vultures and ty-
gers ; and thoufands, I had almoft faid millions, have been

detail of particulars as there was fcarce Sacrificed, to fatiate the gluttony of a few. Thi hath in- 1
-

a city in North Hoi

land, even to the moft inconfiderable, but where, after the verted the ceconomy andpoii-y of nations; mad; a great
kingdom turn all aameiters ; and men have acquired the re-
example of Rotterdam, companies of navigation and aflur-
ance had been eftablilhcd, putation of wifdom, from their fkill in picking pockets. It
there was not one, in which
fo
the avarice of the proprietors was not punifhed by the fall of hath entered into the cabinets of courts ; hath guided the
their actions, and the entire lofs of the money employed in
counfels of fenates, and their whole wifdom, and moft of
their time, hath been employed in keeping up this vile and
them.
airy traffic, as if the bufinefs of government was not to pro-
Remarks. > teet people in their property, but to cheat peoph out of it.
To caution proprietors of flocks from being hereafter led
* Hereby is meant the ch was fet a foot
Miffiffippi fcheine, \vh
away by the like infatuations as prevailed in the vear 1720
in France ir. 7 it;.1
in England.
From this fuccinct account of the extravagant rife and fall of This is eminently true in a neighbouring country ["meaning:
actions or flocks in thefe fcveral public companies both at could fay, that nothing likeit had
in France] and I wifh I
ever
 ; ;;

ACT
ever happened amongft us.
Neither public nor private cre-
dit can confift in felling any thing for more than it is worth,
or for any thing but what it is. It is certainly the intcreft of
a country, that its commodities fhould fell at a good price,
and find a ready vent ; that private men fhoulJ be able to
trufl one another ; that lands fhould find ready purchafers,
good fecurities, money at low intereft and that mortgages
fhould be eafily transferrable. And the way to bring thefe
good purpofes to pafs, is to afcertain titles give ready re-
medies to the injured; to procure general plenty by prudent
laws, and by giving all encouragement to honefty, induflry,
ADM
affairsof nations to pretend not to fee, that if we do not foon
put our public debts in a method of being paid, they can
never be paid ; and all will do their utmoft to prevent fo fatal
a mifchief to their country, who do not intend it. But, if
there are any fuch, they will undoubtedly take early care to
lave themfelves out of the general wreck, which very few
;
will be able to do, though all will intend it. Thofe in the
fecret will have the advantage ; for, when felling of ftocks
;
becomes the word, no one can fell, unlets he fells for little
or nothing. All are waiting for a rife ; and, if that happens,
all or moft will endeavour to
fell, and then all felling is at art

and trade. But it will never be effected by authorizing, or
countenancing frauds ; by enabling artful men to circumvent
the unwary, ftamping the public feal upon counterfeit wares;
and by conftantly coining a new fort of property, of a pre-
carious, uncertain, and tranfitory value ; and, by conltant
juggles and combinations, confpiring to make it more fo ;
which conduct, whenever praclifed, muft foon put an end
to all public and private credit.
In what country foever thefe practices meet with encourage-
ment, all fair and honeft commerce will be turned into jug-
end. The managers
and brokers will engrofs the books, as
they did in the South-Sea year, and command the firft fale
and, by the time they are got out, no one will be able to
get out.
There is nothing left to be done, but for all honeft men to
join heads, hands, and hearts, to find all means to difcharge
the public burthens, and to add no more to them ; to fearch
every meafure, whereby we can leffen the national expences
to avoid all occafions of engaging in new ones ; and to do
all in our power to increafe the public wealth by folid trade,

gling. There will quickly grow a fort of cabaliftical learn- which wiil afford conftant employment for our people, and
ing and there will be a fecret and a vulgar knowledge ;
;
convert our paper- money into fubftantial cafh.
one to be trufted only to the vere adepti, and managers of Such a revolution of property did this abufe, in the buying
public companies; and the other to be divulged to the peo- and felling of ftocks, occafion in i ngland in the year 1720,
ple, who will be told nothing but what it is for the intereft that a zealous advocate for the public mteielts expreffes him-
of their betters to communicate; and pretty advantages may felf in the following manner, which will give us a ftrong

be made by being in the fecret. As for examp'e ; juft before idea of what may se expected on the like occafion :
any public misfortune is to make its appearance, thofe who What, can be more invidious, than for a nation
lavs he,

know it may
out their actions or ftocks ; and in the height
fell ftaggering under the weight and oppreffion of its debts,
of the danger buy again ; and when it is over, by taking eaten up with ufury, anJ exhaufted with payments, to have
another opportunity, they may fell a fecond time; and, when the additional mortification fee private and worthlefs
to
thefe eviU are averted, they may go to market once more ; men not in their calamities, and grow rich, whilft they
and fo, toties quoties, till the greateft part of the property grovv poor; to fee the town every day glitterini?; with new
of a kingdom, or a public company, is got into tf-e hands a P nipous equipages, whilft they are mortgag ing and
of but a few perfons, who undoubtedly govern al the
will !
f g their eftates, without having fpent them ; to fee
reft. Nor can thefe mifchiefs be poffibly pieven ed, bu* bv azing meteors fuddenly exhaled out of their jakes, and
wholly deftroying this fort of traffic, or by appointing fkiRu! their mud, as in Egypt, warmed into monfters ?

pilots to fet up occafional buoys and fea-marks, according to For other matter relating to public companies, fee the feve-
the fhifting of the winds and the tides ; that is, by afcertain ral Gre Companies eftablifhed throughout Europe,
ing and publifhing the real value of all public fecuritie-,, as under their proper heads. As the East-India Company
often as there is an alteration made in them bv new p,ovi of England, under Eaft-India ; South-Sea Company,
fions, or by wholly preventing the abufes, occafioned by the undet South-Sea; Hudson's Bay Company, under Hud-
mere trade of flock-jobbing. fon's-Bay; Dutch East-India Company, under Dutch
'Till fomething of this kind is done, it is foolifh to think, Eaft India, &c.
and worfe to pretend to think, that any effectual methods ACTIONARY, or ACTIONIST, a proprietor of ftock in
can be taken to difcharge and pay off the national engage- a trading company. In France the word Actionaire is in
ments ; for in whatever country it happens, that the public ufe, and that of sctionifte in Holland. It is lawful for an
funds become the markets and ftanding revenues of thofe, actionary, or proprietor, to fell his actions or ftock, either
who can beft cure the evil ; where great and fudden eftates in whole or in part, with lofs or with gain.
may be more eafily raifed by knavery and juggling, than To enter an Action, is to commence a procefs at law againft
fmall ones by virtue and merit ; where * plumbs may be got one, for the recovery of a debt. The word actioner was
at once, and vaft focieties may be made the accomplices of formerly ufed in matters of French commerce; but it is notf
power, in order to be indulged with feparate advantages almoft out of date, and they fay affigner.
it is not to be hoped, that effectual methods will be taken to ADARME, a fmall weight in Spain, which is alfo ufed at
dam and choak up fuch inexhauftible fources of wealth and Buenos-Aires, and in all Spanifh Amerira. It is the 16th
dominion. On the contrary, it is to be feared that new pro- part of an ounce, which at Paris is called the Demi grofs
jects will be yearly invented ; new fchemes coloured with (or half draghm.) But it muff be obferved, that the Spanifh
popular pretences, to tofs and tumble the public fecurities, ounce is feven per cent, lighter than that of Paris, fo that a.

and to change them into as many fhapes as Proteus knew. hundred ounces of Madrid make but 93 of Paris.
One year fhall metamorphofe the fchemes of another, and ADATAIS, or ADATVS, a muflin or cotton-cloth, very
the next fhall undo both. The leaders of one faction fhall fineand clear, of which the piece is ten French ell long,
unravel the projects of their predeceffors ; fhall charge their and three quarters broad. This muflin comes from the
defigns with corruption and rapine, and be more rapacious Eaft-Indies. The fineft adatais are made at Bengal.
themfelves ; and all, in their turns, fhall raife immenfe ADDITION, in arithmetic, is the firft of the four principal
eftates upon the public ruins ; and the laft fpirits fhall be al- rules, or operations in the art of calculation by figures.
ways the worft. It confifts in finding the fum total, or amount of feveral
* A plumb is a kind of cant word for an hundred thoufand numbers added one to another.
pounds. The common character which denotes addition, by our
I would gladly know, what advantage ever hath, or ever can modern arithmeticians, is +, or plus, the fame as is ufed
accrue to the public, by railing ftocks to an imaginary value, by algebraifts. Thus 5 + 7 denotes the fum total of 5 and 7.
beyond what they are really worth to an honeft man, who The addition offnnple numbers is plain. Thus it is readily
purchafes them for a regular fupport to himfelf and family, known, that 5 and 7, or 5 -f- 7, make in the whole 12; and
and defigns not to fell them again, till he hath occafion for 12 +10 make in the whole 22.
the money they will produce. It can moft affuredly ferveno In compound numbers, thofe which are of the fame kind,
honeft purpofe, and will promote a thoufand knavifh ones. are fet under each other ; i. e. units under units, tens under
Befides thefe before-mentioned, it turns moft of the current tens, &c.
coin of England out of the channels of trade, and the heads Addition of numbers of different kinds or denominations, is
of all its merchants and traders offtheir proper bufinefs. It performed by calling up each denomination by itfelf, be-
enriches thofe who are inftrumental to bring no riches into ginning with the loweft ; ;md, if after the addition there be
the nation by fair and honourable traffic, and it ruins the enough to m.ike one or more of the higher denomination,
innocent who are unacquainted with the tricks and artifices they muff be added to the figures of that denomination ; re-
of flock juggling. It hath changed honeft commerce into ferving the odd remaining number by itfelf, under its proper
bubbling; our traders into projectors ; induflry into trick- denomination.
ing :and applaufe is earned, when the pillory is deferved. ADIT of a mine, is the hole or opening through which it is
It hath caufed all the confufion in our public finances. It entered and dug, and through which alio the water and ore
hath overwhelmed the nation with debts and burthens, under are carried out. See Mining.
which it is almoft ready to fink ; and it hath hindred thofe ADMINISTRATION, thus the Spaniards in Peru call
national debts from being paid oft"; for if flocks fell for more, the fiap'e magazine, or warehoufe, eftablifhed at CalLo, a
or much more than the prices, at which they are redeemable, fm.ll town on the South Sea, which is the port of Lima, the
or more can be got by mere jobbing them than by difcharging capital of that part of South America, and particularly of
them, then all arts will be tiled to prevent a redemption. Peru. The foreign fhips, which get le.-ive to trade along

'Tis folly in any one, who is the ieaft acquainted with the that coaft, a.'c obliged to unload at the adminiftration, or
ftap'e
9
 ;:

ADM ADM
ftaple magazine of all the European merchandizes they car- board, except that no orders or commiffions
are valid when
ry thither, paying 13 per cent, of the price tticy fell for, if hgncd by him alone, it being necefTary for
two more ro
the cargo be entire, and even 16 per cent, if it be not. Be- lign with him; notwithlianding
which, be is not to be
fules which, they pay 3 per rooo duty for confulfhip, and controuled by them.
fomc other fmall royal rights and claims. Under thin authority are all the naval officers and fhippinr/-
ADMIRAL, he who commands a fleet. It is alfo the name as the navy-office, victualling-office, fick and wounded
of the fhip which he commands. In France, the admiral is office; Deptford, Woolwich, Chatham, Sheernefs, Plymouth,
one of the great officers of the crown, general of the marine, and. ortfmouth dock-yards j as are alfo all the
1
Imps and
and of all the naval forces of the kingdom. All the captains veflels of war, their admirals,
commanders, lieutenants, of-
and mafters of merchantmen, or trading veflels, are obliged ficers, and men.

to take th^ir licences, paflports, commiffions, and fafe con- The jurifdiclion of the lord high admiral, or of the
lords
duds, of him. commiflioners, is over Great-Britain, Ireland,
and Wales
The tenth of all prizes taken at fea, or on Ihorc, under a with the dominions and iflands belonging
to them
as al-
French commiffion and belongs to him, together with
flag, fo New England, New York, Eaft and Weft
Jerfey Ja-
the tenth of all ranfoms, the whole of all fines adjudged in maica, Virginia, Barbadoes, St. Chriftopher's,
Nevis, Mont-
the particular courts of admiralty, and half of thofe adjudged ferat, Bermudas, Antigua, Newfoundland,
in America; and
at the marble tables. (See that article.) He alfo has the Guinea, Benin, and Angola, in Africa, and all
and Angular
duties of anchorage, tonnage, and fea-marks, and one- of the plantations, dominions, and territories
whatfoever
third of all the effects taken out of the fea, or call on fhore in parts beyond the fcas, in the
pofleffion of any of his
all this is according to the marine law or ordonnance made majefty's fubjedts.
in 1681. The lords commiflioners of the admiralty
have the general
Admiral is alfo faiJ, in France, of the moft confiderable (hip direction of the affairs of the navy; though
fometimes the
of a of merchantmen, which keep company together
fleet fovereign interferes by his fecretaries of ftate,
and directs the
it is the fame with regard to the (hips bound to Newfoundland, motions of the fleet.
which go filfiing for green cod on the great bank. As for thofe The admiralty grants their commiffion to fuch perfon as his
which go for dried cod, when feveral nfhing velTels meet toge- majefty directs, whereby he is appointed
admiral and com-
ther,;^ defignto fifh, and curethe cod in thefameharbour, he mander in chief of the fleet, for the expedition which
is de-
whofe long-boat lands firft, has the admirdl-ticket given him. figned; and fuch admiral, when out of the
Britifh channel,
7'hc bufinefs of this admiral is to take care, that a board be appoints all officers, as vacancies happen, who are
generally
polled up, and kept on the fcaffold erected to dry the fifh confirmed by the admiralty, unlefs any very material
;
ob-
upon which board each mallei of a fhip is obliged to fet jedion occurs. An admiral is ufually furnifhed
with full
down his name, and the day on which he arrived : the ad- powers to hold courts martial, ai,d commonly appoints
his
miral alfo gives proper orders, and appoints the fifhing-placcs fecretary the judge-advocate yet any officer
; may hold courts
to thofe who come after him, and it his bufinefs to detci- martial whom the admiralty impowcr, though he be a pri-
mine their differences. He has alfo the privilege of chufing vate captain only: but the judge-advocate
at home is ap-
what place he plcafes on the fandy fFiore, to dry his fifh ; and pointed by the admiralty.
all the wood he finds upon the coaft on his arrival, belongs When any naval bufinefs is to be tranfa&ed, as
building,
to him. As long as the filhing fcafon continues, this admiral repairing, fitting our, or victualling fhips of war,
the ach
carries the flag on his main-mart. See the article Cod- miralty direct their orders to the proper officers.
They like-
Fishing. wife direct their warrant to the mafter-general of the
ord~
ADMIRALTY, the office of an admiral. In France that nance, for fuch naval ftores as are wanting on
board the
office bellowed on none but princes, or perfons of the
is fhips of war.
nigheft birth and quality. They alfo, by their warrant, direft the commiflioners
of the
The office of high, great, or firft admiral (for in different navy to appoint officers in the dockyards, rope-yards, fcrY.
countries they give him thefe different titles) is always very as likewife all Handing officers aboard fhips of
war; as pur-
confiderable ; and the high admiral is one of the great officers fers, gunners, boat-fwains, and carpenters; but
the mafters,
of the Hate in all maritime kingdoms and fovereigntics, and furgeons, and cooks are appointed by warrant of the
com-
is either a prince, or a perfon of the firft rank. have Wc miflioners of the navy. Admirals, captains, lieutenants,
feen, for inftance, in England, that James duke of York chaplains, volunteers, and fchoolmafters are appointed
by
(only brother to king Charles II, who himfelf was afterwards the board of admiralty.
king, and died in France) was inverted with that office, Before the meeting of the parliament, the admiralty prefent
during the war with the Dutch. His title was Lord High their memorial to the king in council, praying his majefty
Admiral of England, and he enjoyed very great powers and to declare the number of feamen proper to be employed for
privileges. The Time high office has alfo been often divided the current year ; and the commiffioners of the navy and
among feveral perfons, under the title of Lords Commiffioners victualling-office are directed to make out fuitable eftimates,
of the Admiralty and thus it is at prefent, there being now
; which being approved of, and the general fanction of the
no high admiral in this kingdom. king and parliament had, orders are ilTued accordingly.
They France duties of the admiralty, thofe duties
call in When wardeclared, the admiralty, by memorial prefented
is

which belong to the admiral, and are received in his name, to the king and council, pray his majefty to direct the ad-
In all the ports and places under his jurifdiclion, by his vocate for the office of high admiral in the court of admiralty,
receivers and deputies. You will find in the article Admi- to prepare and lay before his majefty, for his royal approbat
ralty what thofe duties are. tion, the draught of a commiffion, authorizing him the high
Admiralty of Great Britain. It was formerly under a admiral (or the lords commiflioners) to impower the court
great officer of the crown, who was ftiled Lord high Admiral, of admiralty, in the foreign governments and plantations,
and capitaneus nautarum & marinellorum, in reference to his to take cognizance of, and judicially proceed upon, all man-
deciding all differences among thofe in the king's fervice. ner of captures, feizures, prizes, and reprizals of ail fhips
And as the place was great, fo the power was extenfive, and goods feized ; and to adjudge and condemn the fame,
efpecially aU things belonging to the royal navy. He
in according to the courfe of the admiralty, and law of nations
j
fat formerly in the king's houl'e, and there kept his court, as alfo all fhips and goods liable to confifcation, purfuant to
as the French admirals do at this day, at the marble-table in the refpective treaties between his Britannic majefty and other
the king's houfe at Paris. But, at prefent, this office is princes and ftates.
adminiltered by a number of commiflioners, appointed by As alfo to defire his majefty's direction in council, to his
the fovereign of Great-Britain they are ftiled, Lords Com-
: advocate-general in the high court of admiralty, and to the
miflioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral of advocate-general of the high admiral in the fame court, to
Great Britain and Ireland, (Jc. By the ftatute 2 Will. & prepare and lay before his majefty a commiffion, authorizing
Mar. feff". 2. cap. 2. feci. 2. it is declared, " that all ju- him the high admiral, or the lords commiffioners of the ad-
*' rifdiclions and power, which by act of parliament, or miralty, to iflue forth letters of marque and reprizals to thofe
' otherwife, are inverted in the lord high admiral of Eng- whom he or they fhall deem fitly qualified, to feize all fhips
** have always appertained to the commiflioners of
land, or veflels of the enemy, &c. as alfo to direct the advocate
M if they weje lord high admiral." But the
the admiralty, as of the faid court to prepare, for his royal approbation, in-
perquifites are, of late years, on every new commiffion being ftructions to commanders of merchants fhips, to whom fuch
made out, refigned, by fome deed or writing, to the crown. letters of marque and reprifals fhall be granted ; the fubftance
When the office of lord high admiral is in commiffion, the of which inftructions are as follows :

number not fixed ; but, at prefent, it confifts of a firft

is I. They are impowered to feize war, and other
all fhips of
commiffioner, who prefides at the board, and fix more, who velTelswhatfoever, as alfo the goods, merchandizes, veflels'J
take place in the order in which they are named in the com- or fubjedts of the prince, or ftate, againft whom war fhaM
miffion. The next immediate officers under them are the be declared ; as likewife all other fhips and vefTels that may
vice and rear admirals of England, who are generally the have contraband goods on board ; but to take care, that not
two fenior admirals. The perfons who do bufinefs under any hoftilities be committed, nor prize taken, within th
them, are two fecretaries, a follicitor, feven clerks in ordi- harbours of princes and ftates in amity with his majefty, or
nary, befides fupernumeraries, door-keepers, meflengers, &c. in rivers or roads within the reach of their cannon.
The firft lord, or commiffioner, of the admiralty, is, in ef- II. To bring fuch prizes as they take either to fome port of
fect, lord high admiral, having the fupreme direction of the this kingdom, or to carry them to any of his majefty's foreign
Vol. I. E colonics
 ADM ADM
colonies and plantations, where there are courts of admiralty, This not efteemed a court of record, our common law-
is

as it may
be moft convenient for them, in order to their yers fay, becaufeit proceeds by the civil law, the judge
being legally adjudged. And here it may not be improper having no power to take fuch a recognizance as a court of
to obferve, that there is no other appeal from the faid courts record may: yet it is thought this court may fine and im-
of admiralty abroad, with relation to prizes, than to a com- prifon for a contempt in the face of the court. The procefs
mittee of his majefty's mod honourable privy council, par- and proceedings are in the name of the lord high admiral,
ticularly appointed to hearand determine therein. and by libel the plaintiff and defendant enter into a ftipula-
:

HI. They are to produce before the judge of the high court tion, or bail, by a kind of recognizance, for appearance, and
of admiralty, or the judges of the admiralty-courts in the to abide the fentence.
foreign governments, three or four of the principal perfons This court is generally ruled by the civil law, and the mari-

who belonged to the prize, that fo they may be examined time laws of Oleron. It has power to determine all maritime
and fworn, touching the intereft and property of fuch fhips, caufes arifing wholly upon the fea, out of the jurifdiction of
goods, and merchandizes} as alio to deliver to the judge a county. See Oleron Laws.
all papers found on board fuch prize, and to produce fome The jurifdiction of the admiral, or of the commiffioners for
perfon who can make oath that thofe' papers were actually executing that office, is declared by feveral ftatute;, which can-
found on beard at the time of capture. not be difpenfed with by any non obftante, becaufe all the
IV. To take care that not any thing belonging to the prize king's fubjecls have an interett in the jurifdiction of the ad-
be embezzled, before judgment be given in the high court miralty.
of admiralty, or by the courts abroad, that the faid fhip, By the 13th Richard II. chap. 5. " The admirals and
goods, and merchandizes are lawful prize ; and not to kill their deputies fhall not meddle with any thing done within
any perfon belonging to fuch fhip in cold blood, or to treat the realm; but only with things done upon the fea. By the
them otherwife than according to cuftom in fuch cafes. 15th Richard II. chap. 3. The court of admiralty has no
V. They are forbid to attempt or do any thing againft the manner of cognizance of any contract, or any other thing,
true meaning of any article, treaty, or treaties, depending done within the county, either by land or water, nor of
between the crown of Great-Britain and it's allies, or againft wreck of the fea but of the death of man, or of may-
:

the fubjecls of fuch allies. heim, done being and hovering in the main
in great fhips,
VI. It is declared lawful for the captors, after condemnation, ftream of great rivers only, beneath the points of the fame
to fell or difpofe of fuch prizes, with the goods and mer- rivers, the admirals fhall have cognizance. And alfo to ar-
chandizes on board them, fuch only accepted as by act of reft fhips in great fleets, for the voyages of the king and
parliament ought to be depofited for exportation. kingdom and fhall alio have jurifdiction in fuch fleets
;

VII. They are required to aid and affift any fhip or vefTel during fuch voyage. By the 2d Henry IV. chap. 2, the
of his majefty's fubjecls, that may be attacked by the enemy. 13th Richard II. chap. 5. is confirmed; and 'the party
VIII. Such perfons who (hall ferve on board merchant-fhips, ' grieved againft the form of that ftatute (hall (by action
with commifiionsof marque, or reprifal, are in no wife to be re- * upon his cafe) recover double damages againft the profe-

puted or challenged as offenders againft the laws of the land. cutor in the admiralty, and the profecutor fhall alfo for-

JX. The merchants, or others, before their taking out fuch
commiffions, are to deliver in writing, under their hands,
to the lord high admiral, or to the commiffioners for execu-
ting that office, or to the lieutenant, or judge, of the high
court of admiralty, an account of the name and burthen of
the fhip, with the captain and owner's names, her number
of guns and men, and for how long time fhe is victualled.
X. The commanders of fuch fhips are to hold a conftant
correfpondence with the fecretary of the admiralty, and to
give an account of the defigns and motions of the enemy's
lhips, as far as they can difcover, or be informed thereof, as
alfo of their merchant-fhips and veffels, and whither bound,
either out or home.
XI. They are reftrained from wearing the king's colours,
commonly union jack, and pendant; but, befides
called the
the colours borne by merchant-fhips, they are allowed to wear
* feit 10 1. to the king." By the 5th of Elizabeth, chap. 5.
p. 30. " The offences beforementioned, which hereafter
fhall be done upon the main fea, or coaft of the fea, being
no part of the body of any county, and without the
jurifdiction of the Cinque ports, and out of any haven,
or pier, fhall be tried and determined before the admi-
ral." We
have already obferved, in the beginning of the
article of the Admiralty of Great-Britain, that by the
ftatute 2 Will, & Mar. the jurifdiction and powers of the
lord high admiral belong to the commiffioners of the
admiralty.
Appeals from the admiralty aretoacourtof delegates, appoint-
ed by the commiffion, whofe fentence is final. 8 Eliz. chap. 5.
From inferior admiralty- courts, the appeals lie to the lord
high admiral, or lords commiffioners of the admiralty, in
this court : but the warden of the Cinque Ports is fupreme

a pendant, together with a red jack, with the union jack de- admiral within his own jurifdiction. 5 Elizabeth. Piracies
ferred in a canton, at the upper corner thereof, next the ftaff. and felonies, committed within the admiral's jurifdiction,
XII. They are required, upon due notice given them, to may be tried at fea, or on land, according to the court of
obferve all fuch other orders and inftruclions as his majefty the admiralty. 2 Will. Sc Mar. feff. 2. chap. 2.
fhall think fit to direct. Perfons in actual fervice and pay aboard his majefty's fhips
XIII. It is alfo further declared, that thofe who violate thefe of war, committing any of the crimes mentioned in the
inftruclions fhall be feverely punifhed, and be obliged to make 13th Car. II. chap. 9. upon the fhore in foreign parts, may
full reparation to perfons injured. be tried and punifhed for the fame, as if the offences had
XIV. Before letters of marque, or reprizal, are iffued, it is been committed on the main fea, or on board any fhips or
required that bail be given in the high court of admiralty, veffels of war. 6 Geo. chap. 19.
before the judge thereof, in the fum of 3000 1. if the fhip Within the cognizance of this jurifdiction are all affairs that
carries about 150 tons; and, if a lelTernumber, 15C0I. to particularly concern the lord high admiral, or any of his of-
make good any damages that fhall be done contrary to the ficers, as fuch ; all matters relating to the navies of the king-

intent and true meaning of their inftruclions; and (in cafe dom, the veffels of trade, and the owners thereof, as fuch j
the whole of the prizes not given to the captors) to caufe
is all affairs relating to mariners, whether ihip-officers or com-

to be paid to his majefty, or to fuch perfon as fhall be au- mon feamen, their rights and privileges refpeclively ; their
thorized to receive the fame, the full tenth part of the prizes*, office and duty; their 'wages ; -their offences, whether by
goods, and merchandizes, acccording as the fame fhall be ap- wilfulnefs, cafualty,ignorance, negligence, or infufficiency,
praifed, as alfo fuch cuftoms as fhall be due to the crown. with their punifhrnents alfo all affairs of commanders at
:

* N. B. Hio moft gracious majefty George II. was pleafed fea, and their under officers, with their refpeclive duties,
to give up, daring the late war, thefe royal advantages, privileges, immunities, offences, and punifhrnents. In like
which his prerogative entitles him to, for the- benefit of the manner, all matters that concern owners and proprietors of
Britifh feamen of this kingdom. fhips, as fuch ; and all mailers, pilots, fteerfmen, boatfwains,

The admiralty, on the entering into a war, give directions and other officers; all fhipwrights, fifhermen, ferrymen, and
to the navy and victualling offices, for the getting ready and the like : and captures made at fea,
alfo all caufes of feizures
victualling fuch fhips and vefiels as, by the report of the com- whether jure belli publici, or jure belli privati, by way of
miffioners to their lordfhips, are found fit for fervice, and to reprizal, or nullo jure, by way of piracy. Likewife, all
rebuild or repair the reft, as they direct, and to contract with charter-parties, cocquets, bills of lading, fea commiffions,
mailer builders in the merchants yards for fuch purpofes, &c. letters of fafe conduct, factories, invoices, fkippers rolls, in-
but it is to be obferved, that nothing of importance can be ventories, and other lhip-papcrs. Alfo all caufes of freight,
done, or any contracts made, by fuch inferior officers, with- mariners wages, load-manage, port-charge?, pilotage, an-
out a report by them firft delivered in, and an order there- chorage, and the like: alfo all caufes of maritime contracts
upon obtained from the high admiral, or from the com- indeed, or, as it were, contracts, whether upon or beyond
miffioners, who have before them a lift of all the navy fhips the feas ; all caufes of money lent to fea, or upon the fea,
and veffels fit for fervice, or otherwife, with their rates, tun- called fcenus nauticum, pecunia trajeclitia, ufura maritima,
n?.ge, complement of men, and gun's. bomary money, the grofs adventure, and the like.
All caufes
Admiralty Court of Great-Britain (curia admiralitatis.) of pawning, hypothecating, or pledging, of the fhip itfelf,
This court is held at Doctors-Commons in London. The lord or any part thereof, or her lading, or other things, at fea ;
high admiral, or the commiffioners for executing that office all caufes of jactus, or calling goods overboard ; and contri-
for the time being, ire fupremc in this court. Under them butions either for redemption of fhip or lading, in cafe of
arc a deputy judge (ufually a doclor of the civil law) two feizure by enemies or pirates, or in cafe of goods damnified,
regiffers, advocates, proctors, and a marfhal. The judge is or difburdening of fhips, or other chances, with average;
the king's letter patent-, and holds his place, alfo all caufes of fpoil, depredations at fea, robberies and
quamdiu fe b:nc geflerit t i. e. during good behaviour, piracies; alfo all caufes of naval confort {hips, whether in
2 war
 ;
: ;

ADM A D M
War or peace; infurance, mandates, procurations, payment?, If a man be in cuftody for piracy,
if any aid, or affifts hint int

acceptilations, clifcharges, loans, or oppignorations, emptions, Ins effcape,though that matter is an olrcnce at land, yet the
venditions, conventions, taking or letting to freight, ex- admiralty, having jurisdiction to puinfti the principal, may
changes, partnerships, factorage, paflage-moncy, and what- have likewife power to punifti fuch an offender* who is looked
ever is of a maritime nature, either by way of navigation ; on as an accc-SSary to the piracy ; but, to refcue a prifoner from
upon the feas, or of negotiation at or beyond the fea, in the an officer of theirs, they may examine the caufe, but they
way of marine trade and commerce: alfo, the nautic right cannot proceed criminally againft the offender.
which maritime perSons have in Ships, their apparel, tackle, Mariners may join and Sue in the admiralty for wages, which
furniture, lading, and all things pertaining to navigation ;
is an indulgence ; and was granted, becaufe the remedy in the

likewife all caufes of outredders, or outriggers, furnifhers,
hirers, freighters, owners, and
fuch. Alfo caufes of privileged fhips or vcffels in his
all
rrrajefty's fervice, or his letters of fafe- conduit: all caufes of
Shipwreck at fea, flotfon, jetfon, lagan, waifs, deodands,
treafurc- trove, and fifties royal, with the lord admiral's
Shares, and the finders respectively. Alfo all caufes touch-
ing maritime offences, or mifdemeanors ; fuch as cutting
the buoy-rope, or cable, removal of an anchor, whereby any
veiTel is moored, the breaking the lord admiral's arreft, made
either upon peifons, goods, or
fhips for the king's fervice, being punifhable with confifca-
tion, by the ordinance made at Grinfby in the time of Rich. I.
mariners abfenting themfelves from the king's fervice
'
their being impreffed, impleading upon a contrail, or
ritime caufe elfcwhere than in the admiralty, contrary to the
ordinance made at Haftings by Edward I, and contrary to
the laws and culloms of the admiralty of England. Fore-
flailing of corn, fifti, tffc. on ftiip-board; regrating and ex-
action of water-officers ; the appropriating the benefit of Salt-
water to private ufe, exclusively to others, without his ma-
admiralty was eafier and better than at common law ; eafier
part-owners, of fhips, as becaufe they muft fever here, but may join there; and better,
becaufe the Ship itferf is anfwerable. Yet it was never al-
lowed the mafter Should Sue there; nor is it reafonable,
where he commenceth the voyage as mafter ; for, tho' the
mariners contract upon the credit of the Ship, the mafter doth
contract on the credit of the owners. Lord Raymond
397.
But yet the mate may fue in the admiralty lor his wages, be-
caufe he contrails with the mafter, as the relt of the mari-
ners do. Lord Raymond 632.
fhip ; breaking arrefts on If a fhip rides at anchor in the fea, and the mafter fends his
boat on Shore for victuals, or other provisions for the Ship,
and accordingly the Slop-Seller brings victuals and provifions ;
after in that cafe, if the contract be made there, it muft be Sued
in a ma- for in the admiralty: but, if the goo.is are by the purfec
or mariners contracted for at land, they muft fue at com-
mon law.
But a fuit in the admiralty for feamen's wages, grown due
in the river, though no voyage made, was not prohibited.
Lord Raymond 1044.
It a fault be committed in any port, haven, river, creek,

jelly's licence : kiddles, wears, blind-ftakes, water-mills, or any place within the body of a county, the common law
and the of navigation in great rivers
like, to the obstruction Shall have jurifdiction to anfwer the par.y damnified ; but
falfe weights or mcafures on fhip-board concealing of goods : if the fame be committed on the high fea, the admiralty
found about the dead within the admiral's jurisdiction, or Shall have jurifdiction of it; and, if it be on a place where

flotfons, jetfons, lagans, waifs, deodands; fifties royal, or there is divifum imperium, then according to the flux or re-
other things, wherein the king's majefty, or his lord ad- flux the admiralty may challenge.
miral, have intereft. Exceffive wages claimed by Ship- Trials are where original contracts were made,
to be
wrights, mariners, cjfe. maintainers, abettors, receivers, which if in England, though the Subsequent macter to be
concealers, or comforters, of pirates: transporting prohibited done be upon the Sea, the trial Shall be at the common
goods without licence ; draggers of oySters and mufcles at law. But iS the contract and wh3t is to be done, all of
unfeafonable times, viz. between May-day andHolyrood-day; it, is beyond fea, it cannot be tried at law here, but in

deftroyers of the brood or young fry of fifti fuch as claim : the admiralty; but if part be done here, and part beyond
wreck to the prejudice of the king or lord admiral : fuch as fea, fo as it is mixed, then it Shall be tried at law. As an
unduly claim privileges in a port : difturbcrs of the admiral's action upon the cafe*, upon a policy of afturance made at
officers in execution of the court decrees : water-bailitfs and London, that a Ship Should Sail from Melcomb Regis, in the
fearchers not doing their duty: corruption in any of the ad- county of Dorfet, to Abville in France, fafely, Sic. And
miral-court officers : importers of unvvholfome victuals to the the plaintiff declared, that the Ship* in Sailing towards Abville,
people's prejudice : freights of Strangers veSTels contrary to viz. in the river Soame
France, was arrefied by the king
in
the law: transporters of prifoners, or other prohibited per- oS France, (sfc. was, whether the Ship was So
and the iffue
fons, not having letters of Safe-conduct from the king, or his arrefted or not; the trial was by Nifi Prius in London, and
lord admiral cafters of ballad into ports or harbours, to the
: reSolved to be well brought ; though 'twas objected, that this
prejudice thereof: unfkilful pilots, whereby fhip or man pe- illue, ariSing merely from a place out of the realm, could not

lifh : unlawful nets, or other prohibited engines for fifti : dif- be tried at law, for the affumpfit f, being at London, was the
cbeying of embargoes, or going to Sea contrary to the prince's ground and Soundation oS the action, and therefore Shall be
command, or againft the law furniftiing the Ships of ene-
: tried here, Sor otherwiSe it could not be tried at all. Cited
mies, or the enemy with fhips all prejudice done to the : in Dowdale's caSe, 6 Rep. 47. 6. Godbolt, 76 and 204.
banks of navigable rivers, or to docks, wharfs, keys, or any
thing whereby Shipping may be endangered, navigation ob- * Action upon the cafe, is a general aflion, given for the re-

structed, or trade by fea impeded embezzlements of

: alio drefs of a wrong done any man without force, and not efpe-
cially provided for by law. This, of all others, is now
obstructions of mariners wages
ihip-tackle or furniture
all
; all

defrauding of his majefty's cuftoms, or other duties at fea ;

moil in ufe
Where there ariSes an occafion of fait, that
has neither a fit name, nor certain form already prefcribed
all prejudices done to or by paSTengers on fhip-board, and all the clerks of the Chancery, antiently conceived a proper
damages done by one Ship or veflel to another : alfo going to form of action for the thing id quelHon which was called
:

fea in tempeStuous weather, failing in devious places, or an action upon the cafe, by the civilians actio in factum.
among enemies, pirates, rocks, or other dangerous places, Aflumpfit, is a voluntary promife made by word, whereby
f
not being neceffitated thereto all clandestine attempts, by
:
a man aiTumeth, or take:h upon him, to perform cr pa/
making private cork-holes in the veSTel, or otherwife, with any thing unto another. This word included any verbal
intent to deftroy or endanger the Ship. AlSo the Shewing of promife made upon confideiation, which the civilians ex-
falfe lights by night, either on Shore or in fifhing veSTels, or prefs by divers words, according to the nature of th: pro-
the like, on purpofe to intice Sailors to the hazard of their mife, calling it fometimes pactum, So ne:im?s fponlionem,
veSTels : all wilful or purpofed entertaining of unfkilful maf- fometimes promiffior.em, pollickationem, conftitutum.
ters, pilots, or mariners, or failing without a pilot, or in And So if a contract be made at land, though beyond fea,
leaky or infufficient overburdening the
veSTels : likewife the trial Shall be at law, though what is to bedone be all of
fhip above her birth-mark, and all ill Stowage of goods on it beyond Sea, by laying the contract made at a place in
ftiip-board; all importation of contraband goods, or expor- England ; as in Bourdeaux apud Islington in Com. MiddleSex.
tation of goods to prohibited ports, or the places not de- So is the cafe of Slaney and Cloberry againft Cotton, where
signed ; together with a great many other things, relating to the plaintiff Sued the defendant in the admiralty-court, upon
the State or condition of perSons maritime, their rights, their a promife made in Barbary, to fail from Sirborona in Bar-
duties, or their deSaults. bary to Ricumpta in"3razil, iSc. Upon fuggeftion that ihe
contract was made in London, prohibition was granted for
Observations relative to commercial and marine
:

the performance of the confideration does not give the ac-

affairs.
tion, without the contract ; and this was made at land,
ItmuSt be obferved, that the jurisdiction of the court of ad- though beyond the feas, Which may be fappofed to be done
miralty fometimes interrupted by a writ, which in our law
is England. 2 Rolls Rep. 486. See Tucker and
in a place in
is called a prohibitio, and may be prooerly defined to be, Cuff's cafe in tb'i fame book, 49Z and 497, and 2 Brow.
* A writ, forbidding to hold plea
in any matter or caufe, 10, 11.
fuppofed to be without the jurifdiction and cognizance of the A contract was made at Newcaftle, that a Ship Should Sail
court where the fuit depends." Srom Yarmouth to Amflerdam ; a debt was brought upon this
|
But, in all cafes where the admiralty have legally an original contract in the court of Newcaftle adjudged that the action
;

or concurrent jurifdiction, the courts of common law will be would not lie there, being a limited jurisdiction, which Shall
well informed, before they will take cognizance of them. not have cognizance of any matters done in partibus tranf-
We Shall give fume of the principal cafes relating to the ju- marinis, but'only the courts at WeStminfter. March's Rep.
risdiction of the admiralty, as to matters cognizable there, 3. If one libel in the coutt of admiralty far a
thing done
or at common law. upon the land, and it appeareth upon the libel that the thing

ADM
was done upon the land, and they, notwithftanding that, hold
plea of praemunire * lieth upon it ; but, if the lame do
it, a granted upon the ftatute of 2 Rich. U. cu;\ 3, the contract
not appear within the libel, then it is not within the 1.3 of
Rich. II. cap. 5. and 15 of Rich. II. cap. 3. but a prohi-
bition (hall only iflue. 2 Leon. 183.
* Praemunire, is taken either for a writ fo called, from the
words therein, praemunire facias, or praemoneie facias, &c.
fignifying to forewarn, or bid the offender take heed, or
is the offence on which the writ is granted.
A Dutch fhip was broken by a great tempeft in a creek of the
fea, infracorpus comitatus de Dorfet ; the failors, upon pre-
tence that the goods in the fhip were bona peritura, procured
a commiflion of fale out of the admiralty-court to fell them;
and the true owners, to prevent fuch fale, brought a fuper-
fedeas * and, upon (hewing the libel to the court, a prohi-
; be made in England to do certain things in
bition was granted. (1.) Becaufe the caufe of action accrued
infra corpus comitatus. (2.) Becaufe the fale of thegoods was
good, as bona peritura. Calmer againft Brand. 2 Sid. 81.
* Superfedeas, is a writ in divers cafes, and fignifies in general
a command to (lay, or forbear the doing of that which ought
not to be done, or in appearance of law were to be done,
were it not for that whereon the writ is granted.
Thus a man regularly is to have furety of peace againft him
of whom he will fwear he is afraid, and the juftice required
hereunto cannot deny him ; yet if the party be formerly
bound to the peace, either in Chancery, or elfewhere, this
writ lies, to flay the juftice from doing that which othcrwife
he ought not to deny.
One "having taken a (hip as prize, which had bona peritura,
entered into recognizance with fureties before the judges de-
legate, to bring the money raifed by fale of the goods in the
admiralty-court before fuch a day, if they, upon a plaint there
depending, did not adjudge the fhip and goods to be lawful
prize ; which they adjudged lawful prize ; and after, at
another time, cited the owner before the judges of the ad-
miralty, and, for his not coming and bringing the money at
the day, they threatened to fue execution againft the bail or
fureties, who were merchants of London
upon which pro-
5 all
hibition was prayed ; for, by their firft judgment or fentence,
their recognizance was difcharged, and they ought not, by
colour of this, to endanger the credit of men of reputation ;
but the court would not grant a prohibition, for they faid an
unjuft fentence of the admiralty, in a caufe of which they
have original conufance, is not a caufe of prohibition. 2 Sid.
152. Becks v. Chelfcoke.
In the cafe of Sir Richard Hawkins, vice-admiral of the
county of Devon, who was profecuted in the Star-chamber,
for abetting and comforting Hull, and other notorious pi-
rates. It was there refolved that, by the common law, the
admirals ought not to meddle with any thing done within
the realm, but only with things done upon the fea; and alfo
by the ftatute of 13 Rich. II. cap. 5. 2 Hen. IV. cap. 1 1.
It was likewife refolved, that the faid ftatutes are to be in-
tended to hold plea, and not of a power to award execution
for the judge of the admiralty, nofwithftanding thefe ftatutes,
may do execution within the body of the county.
Where one admits the jurifdiclion of the admiralty by plead-
ing there, no prohibition fhall be granted. Jennings againft
Audley, 2 Brow. 30. 12 Rep. 77. Therefore, on a motion
for a prohibition in a fuit for feamen's wages there, the fug-
geftion was, that the court below refufed to allow the defen-
dants allegation ; that the place, where the plaintiffs intitled
themfelves, was not a port of delivery : this is no foundation
for a prohibition ; if any thing, it muft be an appeal.
Cradeck bought divers things within the body of the county,
which concerned the furnifhing a fhip, as cordage, &c the
vender fued him in the admiralty-court a prohibition was
; A prohibition prayed to the admiralty, where there was a li-
granted, 2 Brow. 37. Cradock's cafe, Owen 122. 3 Keeble
552. Merry weather againft Mountford. Note, No appeal
from the admiralty before a definitive fentence. Lord Ray-
mond 1248.
The defendant being matter of a fhip, of which the plaintiff
was owner, the fhip was taken by pirates upon the fea; and,
to redeem himfelf and the {hip, he contracted with the pirate
to pay him 50 1. and pawned his perfon for it the pirate car-
; Spanifh ambaffador's cafe, 78. 1 Vent. 308. 3 Cro. 685.
ried him to the ifle of Scilly, and there he paid it with money
borrowed, and gave bond for the money at his return ; after
the redemption both of the fhip and himfelf, he fued in the
admiralty for the 50 1. and had a fentence for it, and there-
upon a prohibition to the admiralty was prayed, but denied
becaufe the original caufe began upon the fea, and whatever
Jolluwed was but acceff.iry and confequential. Hard. 183.
Prohibition was granted to the admiralty- court, on the 22d
and 23d Car. II. cap. 7.6. feci. II. in fuit there, for the for-
feit of a fhip on felling wares in Ireland without breaking bulk,
being put into Ireland from America, by contrary winds, this
being triable in the plantation^, or any court of record in
Weftminfter. Pidgcon con. Trent, 3 Keeble 640,647,651.
A matter of a fhip agreed with certain merchants concerning
a voyage, and received orders" from them to lay in piovifions
of meat and diink, and to provide mariners, is'c. and, after
the voyage was finifhed, the mcrch mts refufed to p;iy the
matter *oi the fhip what they had agreed for; upon which
;
ADM
he libelled ag.nutt them in the admiralty j proliibjtion ytja
being upon land, and denied the cafe, Hill, 8 Car. /. Cro.
296. which faith, that when a thing is in it's nature man-
time, as in the cafes of mariner's wages, the admiralty fbaj!
have the conufance of it. Woodward againft Bouifhan, Ray-
mond 3 and 3 Leviuz 60. Coke againft Cretcher, &c. 2
Vent. 181.
it
If a contract or obligation be made upon the fea, yet, if it
be not for a caufe marine, the fuit upon this fhall be z*
common law, not in the admiralty. Hob. 11.
If the original contract be made at fea on a marine caufe,
and after reduced into writing at land, the common law, not
admiralty, fhall have the conufance. Hob. 79, 212. Palmer
againft Pope.
If a charter- party
divers placesupon the fea, though that no act is to be done
in England, but all upon the fea, yet no fuit fhall be in the
admiralty for non-performance of the agreement; for the
contract is the original, and out of their jurifdiclion^ and
is
where part is triable at common law, and part in the ad-
miralty, the common law fhall be preferred. Maldonado and
Slaney Roll. Abr. 532, 533.
1
A & refluxum maris,
contract laid to be made intra fluxum
&c. is well enough laid to give the admiralty a jurifdidtion :
it was upon the high feas when the water was at high-water
mark, and it might be at land when the water was at low-
water mark. In that cafe, there is divifum imperium between
the common law, and admiralty jurifdidtion. Lord Raymond,
H53-
Itwas moved for a prohibition to the admiralty, becaufe the
libelwas to execute a fentence of the Alcade, which is the
admiralty at Malaga in Spain, upon a thing done within a
port there, and, after a rule for a prohibition Nifi, 'twas
moved that no prohibition fhould be j for though this court
will not execute the fentences of any foreign court, inaf-
much that it is governed by a dittindt law, yet thefe of the
admiralty may, and it is their ufe to do fo ; for this, that
the admiralty-courts inEurope proceed by the fame law
viz. the civil law, and Wibrel and Wiat's cafe, 5 Jac. was
cited to be adjudged accordingly. But, upon reading the li-
bel in the principal cafe, it appears that the fentence was not
concerning a matter that founds
definitive, but interlocutory,
as an action upon the cafe, and no fum fet ; and alfo
the Alcade is not as an admiralty there, and for this a prohi-
bition was granted. Jurado and Gregory, t Sid. 418. 1 Le-
vinz 267. 1 Vent. 32, and 2 Keeble 5 12, 610.
Motion for prohibition to the admiralty, for that they libelled
againft one for refcuing a fhip, and taking away the fails
from one that was executing the
procefs of the court againft
the faid fhip, and for that, in the prefence of the judge and
face of the court, he aflaulted and beat one, and fpake many
opprobrious words againft him. Now, feeing that thefe mat-
terswere determinable at law, the fhip being intra corpus co-
mitatus, and they could not adjudge damages to the party,
or fine, or imprifon, a prohibition was prayed, but denied ;
for they may puntfh one that refifts the procefs of their court,
and may fine and imprifon for a contempt, though they are
no court of record but, if they fhould proceed to give da-
;
mages, they would grant a prohibition as to that. Sparkes,
C5V. againft Martin, 1 Vent. 1. The fame doctrine Lord
Raymond's Rep. 446. and 1 Vent, is there cited.
Suit in the admiralty, the defendant pleaded the ftatute of li-
mitation ; if that court deny the plea, prohibition will be
granted ; or if they do receive the plea, but will not give
fentence accordingly, prohibition will go. Hardrefs 502.
Berkly and Morris.
bel for a fhip taken by pirates, and carried to Tunis, and
there fold, for that
it did not appertain to the court to try the
property of the fhip being fold upon land. In regard it was
taken by pirates, it is originally within the admiral jurifdic-
tion, and fo continues,
notwithftanding the fale afterwards
upon Otherwife, where the fhip is taken by enemies,
the land.
tor that alters the property. Contrary to Lord Hobart in the
After fentence in the admiralty-court for the feizino- of a
fhip, trover and converfion at law will not lie. Beake con-
tra Thynwhitt, Laws of the fea, 425.
Cafe upon the ftatutes of 13 Rich. II. c. 5. 15 Rich. II. c. 3.
;
and 2 Hen. IV. c. II. for fuing in the admiralty for matters
done upon land. The fhip of the plaintiff was arretted in
the port of London, with goods going to the Eaft- Indies, by
which the plaintiff loft the profit of his voyage. The Eaft-
India company having an exclufive charter, by the ftatute
13 Car II. petitioned the king in council to ftay the fhip,
and an order was made to the admiralty to ftay the fhip by
their procefs, which was ifiued accordingly ; all which was
done by the defendants as agents of the company, and thev,
as agents, paid the fees of the profecution ; and, if guilty,
damages for the plaintiff in duplo 15C0I. and fo upon ar-
raignment judgment for the- plaintiff", and an error affirmed.
Sands againft Sir Jofias Child and others. 3 Levinz 351. A
like cafe, 1 Vent. 47. Home againft Ivie.
ADMIRALTy
 ADM ADM
Admiralty is alfo faid of the jurifdiclion or court in France, of requeflsof our houfhoid and court of juflicc, and our great
where adminiflered in the name arid under the au-
juftice is council, to take any cognizance of the above-mentitned
thority of the admiral. The admiralty general of France cafes, circumrtance-, and dependencies. alfo prohibit We
fit at the bench of the marble table, in the hall or curt of
our courts of parliament to take cognizance of them
in the
Paris, every Monday, Wcdnefday, and Friday in the week ; firft inftance; and all merchants, mariners,
and others to
it is compofed of a lieutenant general who prefides, a parti- proceed before thofe courts for fuch matters, upon
pain of
cular lieutenant, three counfellors, the king's advocate and being fined arbitrarily.
follicitor, a chief regifler, or fecretary, and two ufhers or Here follows the regulation made by the admiralty in France,
ferjeants. All thefc officers, as well as thofe of the general eliablifhed the marble-table in the Juflicc hall at Paris!
at

and particular courts of admiralty, cflablifhed in the ports the 29th of Auguft, 1673. This regulation is compofed of
and harbours of the kingdom, are appointed by the admiral, 12 articles, which, with the king's good-will and pleafure,
but they mud have their commiffions from the king. oughtto be followed in all proceedings, and pleas relating
The jurifdition of the judges of the admiralty, has beeri re- to differences and fuits brought before the admiralty.
gulated by Title II. of Hook I. of the Ordonnance of the I. The court fhall fir every Monday, VVedne-fJay, and Friday,
Marine, or Navy, of the month of Auguft, 1681. That in the week, from jo o'clock in the forenoon till 12 ; ami
title fifteen following articles.
comprehends the in cafe one of thefe days fhall be holy day, the court
fhall
I. The judges of the admiralty fliall take cognizance, cxclu- lit the next day.
fively of all others, and between all perfons, of what qua- II. The fummons, or writs, to appear with regard to fuch
lity foever they be, even privileged perfons, nztivcs or fo- parties have their dwellings at Paris, or who fhall havtf
as

reigners, both pi itntifFs and defendants, in all matters relat- chofen a fixed dwelling-place, by themfelves, or their attor-
ing to the building, rigging, tackle, arming, victualling, nies or agents, fhall be made returnable in three days, within
manning, falc, and adjudication of (hips. which are comprehended the day on which the fummons is
II. We
declare to belong to their cognizance all actions iilutd out, and the day of appearance ; and, with regard to
arifing from charter parties, freights, bills of lading, car- aliens, or perfonshaving no fixed dwelling-place, in cafes of
riage or paflage, due?, lifting and wages of fcamen, and the appeal, the ufual delay, ihall be obu-ncJ.
provifions to be allowed them, whilft the veflels are fitting III. In fuch cafes, however, where there might be fome
out ; as alfo from bonds for money ven-
policies of infurance, danger in delays, the fummons fhall be delivered from dav
tured on the (hip's bottom, or for their return from the Voyage, to day, by virtue of an order written at the bottom of a
pe-
and generally from all contracts relating to commerce by fea, tition, which for that purpofe fliaii be prefented by the
party
notwithstanding any exemption or privileges to the contrary. and figncd by his attorney or follicitor.
III. They fhall alfo take cognizance of prizes taken at fea, IV. On the day of appearance, the caufe fhall be brought
wrecks of all kinds, of goods thrown overboard, and contri- Del re the court, and, for want of appearance in cither of

bution for them, of averages, and damages fuftaincd by the the parties, a vtrdxt, or fentence, of default, fhall pafs in
fhips or cargoes, together with the inventories, and delivery behalf of the plaintiff, with colt of luit, and his complaint
of goods left on board by fuch as die at fea. be judged juft and equitable (in cafe the defendant docs not
IV. They fhall likewife have cognizance of the duties for appear) and likewife a fentence with coft in behalf of the
paffes, thirds, tenths, buoys, anchorage, and other duties defendant (in cafe the p aintiff does not appear) the attorney
belonging to the admiral ; as alfo of thofe which fiiall be having firft taken a minute of it, in court, of which a deed
railed or claimed by lords, or other private perfons dwelling fhall be given to him in writing, and mentioned alfo in the

near the fea, for fifhing, or for fifh, or for merchandizes or fentence ; which fentence, however, may be reverfed in
/hips departing from, or entering into, ports. the fame fitting of the court; and, in fuch a cafe, no deed
V. The cognizance of fifhing either at fea, in fait lakes, or fh.ill be delivered.

at the mouths of river?, fhall alfo be vefted in them, as like- V. The parties, appearing in perfon before the court, fhall
wife that of inclofed fifhing-places, of the nature of nets, of be admitted, if they ihink fit, to plead their own caufe,
falcs and bargains of fifh, in boats, upon the ftrands, and in without the affiftance of a council or attorney.
ports and harbours. VI. The party, condemned for want of appearance, fhall be
VI. They fhall, befides, have the cognizance of the damages at liberty to fue in oppofition, within eight days from the date
done by (hipping to inclofed fifherics, even in navigable ri of the (ummons, by refunding the coft, which of right fhall
vers, and of thofe which vefTels may receive from fuch be determined to the fum of four livres.
fifherics, as alfo of the ways allowed for the towage of fhips, VII. The oppofition fhall be admitted, whether it be made
coming from the fea, if there be no regulation, title, or by a petition, or by a fingle deed, figned by the attorney.
cuftom to the contrary. VIII. Three days after the oppofition, including the day
VII. They fhall alfo take cognizance of damages done to on which it was 11 tified, and that of its expiration, it fhall
keys, moles, banks, palifadocs, and other works built for be brought before the court, without any further delay, pro-
flaying the violence of the fea, and take care that the ports vided the petitoner did let down in the fummons of notifi-
and harbours be preferved in their due depth and cleannefs. cation the day on which he intended to bring it before the
VIII. They fhall caufe drowned bodies to be taken up, court.
and fhall draw up accounts of the condition of dead corpfes IX. After the firft oppofition, if the oppofer is caft by de-

found at fea, upon the fands, or in ports, and even of fea- fault, it not be in his power to bring in a fecond oppo-
fhall
men drowned in working their veflels in navigable rivers. fition, under what pretence foever ; but he may have a reme-
IX. They fhall affifl at the mutters and revievs of the in- dy by an appeal, which fhall not be turned into an oppofi-
habitants of the pnrifhes which are obliged to watch the tion, but with the confent of all parties concerned.
coafts, and fliall take cognizance of all the differences that X. In cafe the defendant in an oppofition does not appear
may arife on occafion of fuch watch, as alfo of the offences before the court, en the day appointed to anfwer the oppo-
committed by thofe who are to guard the coaft, during the fition, a fentence of default fhall be given againft him, for
time of their continuing under arms. the profit of which the plaintiff fhall be allowed to put in his
X. They fhall, moreover, take cognizance of piracies^ plun- claim as opponent; and, with regard to the chief point,
ders, and defertions of fhips crews, and in general, of all the parties fhall be referred to the next fitting of the court,
crimes and offences committed at fea, or in ports, harbours, for a decifive and final fentence.
and on fhore. XI. The fummons and other proceedings fhall not be no-
XI. They fliai! admit all mafter fhip-carpenters, rope- tified but by the tip-ftaffs belonging to that court.
makers, fail- makers, maft-makers, and other artificers, XII. It is ordered, by this laft article, that thefe regulations
who work onlv in the conftruction of vefTels, marts, and fhall be publifhed, the court fitting, and notified to the regif-
riggings, in fuch places where there are free companies of ter of the fociety of the advocates and attornies of the par-
thefe different trades, and fhall take cognizance of the of- liament, and to the regifter of the court of infurances at
fences committed in the refpective trades. Paris.
XII. The remifiions granted to foccagers for crimes cogni- The Admiralty of Holland. The admiralty of the State-
zable by the officers of the admiralty, fhall be referred to, General of the United Provinces is divided into five colleges*
and adjudged by, the courts of the admiralty, from which which are thofe of Amfterdam, Rotterdam, Hoorn, Middle-
there hes no appeal but to our'courts of parliament. burgh, and Harlingen.
XIII. The officers of general courts of the admiralty, at Each college has its particular officers ; namely, an advocate-
the marble-table, fhall take cognizance in the firft. iri- fifcal, a receiver-general, a commiflary-general, feverai
flance of all matters, as well civil as criminal, contained fecretariesand regiflers, an overfeer of the failors, a com-
in this prefent ordinance, when there fhall be no particular miffioner of fales, a treafurer- pay mafter, a grand provoft,
courts in the places where fuch matters fhall occur ; and by and many officers for the inflection of paflports, and the
appeal, except in cafes of corporal punifhmenr, in which receipt of duties.
cafes our ordinance of the year 1670 fhall beobferved. That the reader may have a more complete notion of all

XIV. They have power to call up before them, from

fhall thefe colleges, and of their rights, and fundi ions,
privileges,
inferior judges, caufes exceeding 30CO livres in value, when we fhall give a particular account of that of Amfterdam,
the matter lhall have been laid before them by appeal from a which will be fuffici-nt to make the others known.
decree or interlocutory fentence, given in the firft inftance. The college of Amflerdam is compofed of jz lords, called
XV. We
prohibit all provofls, judges of cafllewards, viguiers, counfellors of the admiral: v.. Of thefe 12 lords, one is de-
bailiffs, fenefchals, prefidials, and other ordinary judges, puted by the nobility of Holland, cne by the city of Am-
: confuls, and commifTaries, perfons holding the courts fterdam, one by that of Leyden, cne by Haerlem, one by
V t.. I. F GouJa,
 A DV AEM
Gouda, and one by Eadam. The other fix are chofen by nies and plantations in America which diftinguffliM t'.rm
-,

the other provinces; viz. Guelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, from the planters, by the name of proprietors of fuch lands,
Groninocn, with the Ommelanden and Ovcryflel. colonies, or plantations.

Thefe lords of the admiralty have the right or taking cogni- The latter are ernployed itr planting and cultivating the land';,
zance of the cafes that happen in refpect to the frauds,
all
and the others lend their money, and hazard or adventure it,
malverfations, and contraventions committed againfi: the pla- in hopes of ihe profits they are to receive thereby. Thefe are
cartsand ordinances relating to the navy; as well concerning what, properly fpeaking, are called in France, actionaries ;
the duties of export and import of merchandize, as to take the others, inhabitants, colonifis, and grantees. In this fenfe

care that the prohibitions relating to contraband goods be we find, in the collection of the charters of England, the ad-
obferved ; upon all which cafes they pafs fentence fummanly venturers and planters of Virginia, the adventurers and

and fovereignly ; excepting, however, fuch civil matters in planters of New England, and fo of the reft. the charters ;

which the fum amounts to above 600 florins in

in difpute :
granted for new colonies always diftinguifhing thofe two
thefe cafes a man may remove the caufe by appeal, before kinds of parties concerned, and granting them different
privileges.
the States General, and have a rehearing of it.
PalTes muft alfo be taken out from the admiralty, and they ADVENTURINE, or AVENTURINE,
a precious ffone

are diftributed in the chambers, or offices, which are called of ayellowifli brown colour, full of little fpecks, which feem
fimply convoys ; and this is alfo the name given to the duties to be of gold. There are pretty fine pieces of it found in
of export and import, paid on merchandizes. At^Amtter- Bohemia, Silefia, and different parts of France.
dam the convoy is kept in the prince's court, which is a This flone takes the poiifn eafily, but then it eafily breaks.
great building, where the college of the admiralty fits. It is ufed in the fineft inlaid works : fnuff-boxes, patch-boxes,
All the duties of import and export, paid by goods imported and watch-cafes, are alfo made of it.

into, or exported from, the United Provinces, are paid to There a counterfeit adventurine mac'; with the filings of
is

the admiralties each college of which has its offices and brafs, and powdered giafs (whiift they are in fufion over the
;

officers for that purpofe. fire) to which a yellow tincture is given ; but the factitious

Thole of the colleae of Amfterdam are at the entrance of adventurine never comes near the genuine and natural.
the city, on the fide next the gate ca;led Boorn. When To ADVERTISE any thing that is 'loft, or fiolen, which the
boats no to, or return from, any fiiip, with merchandize, French recr.mmander une chofe perdue, is, with them,
call

the office^ have a right to vifit them, and examine whether to fend to the merchants or traders, who might purchafe
all

they have not more goods on board than are contained in the fame, tickets cr notes, containing a defcriptio.n of the
the pafs, in which cafe they may (fop them ; however, they thing, its nature, quality, form, &c. that, in cafe it be

are not allowed to break open or unpack any thing, before be offered them to fale, they may flop it, and give proper
notice be given to the commilTary-generai. notice. This is much afier the fame manner as is practifed
ADRESSE, in commerce, fignifies a direction to any one here in London, with regard to any piece of plate that is loft,
by letter or oiherwife. My adrefle is at Mr. at Or- of which notice is given to all the filverfmiths. But we Ge-
leans, cifY. that is to fay, You will direcTt for me at nerally advertife here in England, in the Gazette, or in any
ADVANCE, an anticipation of time. by way Money paid other of the printed news-papers. It is alfo cuftomary in

of advance is money paid before goods are delivered, work Holland to give notice by the public crier.

done, or bufinefs performed.

To pay a note of hand, or bill, by advance, is^to pay the Observations.
value before it becomes due, for which a difcount is ufually Advertifing in the news papers, in regard to matters of trade
taken. and bufinefs, is now grown a pretty nniveitfel practice all
Advance fignifies alfo loan of money, or fupplying with over the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland and it ;

merchandize. I am upon advance with fuch an one that : feems to be a very natural way for men of bufinefs of any
is, I have lent him confiderable fums; I have fupplied him kind to communicate what they have to propofe to the pub-
with abundance of goods, and do not know when! fhall be lic. It is the way, indeed, by which the very government
reimburfed. impart their intentions to the kingdom in general, theGazette,
Advance. In the terms of bills of exchange they fay, ad- printed and publifhed by authority, being nothing more than
vance for the drawer, when, upon a negotiated bill, the per- a kind of public advertifer, for the information of the whole
fon who has negotiated it, receives above par upon it, that community. The great trading and monied corporations
is, more than the fum contained in it. On the contrary, practife the fame, as being the beft method of Jetting the
they fay, advance for the payer, and lofs for the drawer, public know their proceedings. And however mean and
when he, to whom the bill belongs, does not receive the difgraceful it was looked on few years
fince, by people of
a~
full value of it. reputation in trade, to apply to the public by advertifements
To Advance, to be at the expence of an undertaking, be- in the papers ; at prefent, it feems to be efteemed quite
other-
fore the time arrives for being reimburfed. Abundance of wife; perfons of great credit in trade experiencing it to be
money muff be advanced in fitting out fhips, before any the beft, the eafieft, and the cheapeft method of conveying
returns come to hand; he has advanced all the cofts of that whatever they have to offer to the knowledge of the whole
manufacture, &c. kingdom. See News-Papers, their general utility, csV.
To Advance, fignifies alfo to lend money, or fupply a perfon ADViCE, advertifement, iiiftruction given to a perfon con-
with commodities. I have advanced abundance of money ; cerning fomething, that he did not know. give advice To
I have fupplied that merchant with abundance of goods, to is ufed to fignify, the communicating to another, by letter,
fiipport him in his trade. what palTes. My
correspondent of Nantz has given me ad-
They fay, to advance the payment, to fignify to pay a bill vice of fuch a bankruptcy, <3c.
before the time it has to run be elapfed. When the payment The merchants of Provence fometimes ufe the term advifo,
of a note of hand, or bill, is made, or advanced before it which they have adopted from Italy.
is due, it <s always cuftomary to allow difcount for the time A letter of advice
a letter miffive, by which a merchant,
is

it is pre advanced. or banker, informs his correfpondents, V at he has drawn

a
ADVEN TURK, a term ufed in commerce by fea, which bill of exchange upon him ; that his debtor's
affairs are in a
the French feldom employ without adding to it the epithet bad itate, or that he has fent him a quantity of merchandize.
grofl'e ; mettre de l'argent a la groffe aventurc, that is, to To letters of advice concerning the fending of goods, the in-
apply money in order to (hare in the profits of fhips. voice is ufually annexed See Invoice.
The Englifh, inftead of adventure, vulgarly ufe the word In regard to letters of advice for the payment of a bill of ex-
venture for a fmall parcel of goods, (Jc. fent with a friend change, they ought to contain the name of the perfon
for
that goes to fea, to any part of the world. whofe account it is drawn, the day, month, and year, the
ADVENTURER. A merchant's (hip is called an adventurer fum drawn for, and the name of him from whom the value
that goes to traffic within the limits of a grant to a trading is received. It ought alfo to mention the perfon's name
to
company, without having obtained their permiffion. whom it is payable, and the time when due ; and, when bills
Adventurer, fignifies alfo a perfon little or not known in of exchange exprefs the payment to order, that ought alfo
to
public bufinefs, who boldly thrufts himfelf into affairs, and be fpecified in the letter of advice.
proves a trick fter: all prudent merchants ought to be well A perfon may refufe accepting a bill of exchange, when he
aware of fuch perfons. has not had advice of it.
Adviniurers, fo they call thofe bold and enteiprizing pi- Advice, is alfo ufed for opinion, or cotrofel. This is my?d-
rates, who join together againfi the .Spaniards in the Wcft- or opinion.
vicc, I have done nothing in this, but by the
Indici, ar,d form enterprise! againfi them both by fea and opinion and advice of the mod fkilful merchants.
land, which would fcircc be credible, if the French adven- To ADVISE (in trade) to advertife, acquaint, or give notice
turers of St. Domingo had not in fome fenfe verified them, of any circumftance relating to a perfon's affairs ;as I
advife
by the Catthagena under Mcflicurs de Pointis and
talcing of you, that fuch a banker docs not appear upon our exchange
du Cafle. The name more ufually given them is Bucca- that fuch a fhip is arrived in our port.
;

neers, though not fo honourable. See Buccaneers. To ADULTERATE, to mingle fomething foreign to
Merchant- Adv km
ur> in, is a merchant that adventures his kind, with any fubfiancc, to debafe any thing with
bad in-
it's

goods to fea, and trades to foreign parts fo called, in dif- ; gredients to adulterate or counterfeit the coin, is
;
a capital
tinclion from fuch as carry on only an inland or home trade. crime in all nations.
Anvt- thofe alio arc called fo, who undertake ci- AEM, or AAM, a liquid meafure ufed at Amflerdam. See
ther by themfclvci, or in companies, the fettleracnt of colo- A AM.
AEM,
 A FF AF F
AEM, AM, AMK. This liquid meafurc, which is ttfe'd fuch a law, it is to be feared, would tend rather to render
almoft all over Germany, is not the fame a. that of.Am- oath than to fupport their fblemnity,
fterdam, though it lias almoft the Came name; neither is it ' I have heard, fays Mr. Locke,
very fober and obferving per-
alike in all the cities of Germany. The amc commonly * fons complain, of the danger men's lives and properties
are
contains 20 veitels, or 80 mafles. At Hcidelburgh it is i'Z ' in, by the frequency and fafhionablerr f> of perjury
amonft
vertels,and the vertel 4 mafles, which reduces the ame to ' us. Faith and truth, ef;:ecially in all occasions of attcfling
4$ mafles: and in Wirtembergh the ame is 16 yunes, and ' it upon the folemn appeal to heaven by
an oath, is the great
fhe yune 10 mafles ; which makes the ame amount to 160 ' bond of lociety this it become;, the wildom of nugiftratcs
:

mafles. carefully to fupport, and render as facred and awfufin the

./ESTUARY, in geography, an arm of the fea, running up ' minds of the people as they can.
a pood way into land. But if ever frequency of oaths (hall make them to be looked
/ETH10PS MINERAL, a compofition of crude mercury, 1
on only as formalities of law, or the cuftom of draining
and common brimftone, made by rubbing together an equal * truth (which men's fwearing in their own cafes is apt to
quantity of each, till they are incorporated into a black * lead to) has once dipt men in perjury, and the guilt with
powder. 1
the temptation has fpread itfelf very wide, and made it
AKFA, weight ufed on the gold-coaft of Guinea.
a It is * fafhionable in fome cafes, it will be irapoflib'c for the fo-
equal to an ounce, and the half of it is ca led eggeba. Moit ' ciety, thefe bonds being diffolved, to lublift all muft break :

of the Blacks on the gold-coaft give the!e names to thofe ' and run to confufion.
in pieces,
weights. 4
That fwearing in their own cafes by degrees, to lead is apt,
AFFAIR, every kind of buftnefs and occupation, in which a ' men into as litt e regard of fuch oaths, as they
have of
perfon employs himfelf, or is concerned. * their ordinary talk, I think there is reafon to fufpeft from
This term is commerce, in which it has vari-
much ufed in * what has been obferved in fornething of that kind. Mafters
ous fignifications. Sometimes it is taken for bargain, pur- * of (hips are a fort of men generally induftiious and fober,
chafe, contract, Zsc. but equally in a good or bad icnl'c t ac * and fuppofie may be thought, for their number and tapk,
I

cording to what is added by way of explanation. Thus they * to be equally honeft to any other fort of men ; and yet, by
fay: Such an one has made a fine affair of it; tofignifv, ' th difcourle I have had with merchants in other countries,
that he has gained much. And on the coutraiy That he : * I rind, that they think, in thef.- parts, they take a great li-
has a bad affair of it, when he has loit confiderably by a * berty in their c jftom houfe oaths to that degree, that I
;

bargain, purchafe, contract, csV. ' remember 1 was once told, in a trading town beyond fea,
Sometimes taken for a merchant's fortune, and in
affairs are ' of a maker of a veflel, there eftecmed a fober and fair
this fenfe they fay, he is very well in his affairs, when he is 1
man, who yet could not hold faying, " God forbid that a
rich and at his eafe, without debts, and pofiefied of a con- " cuftom- houfe oath fhould be a fin."
siderable fortune: and that he is ill in his affairs, when he 1
I lay not this, to make any reflection upon a fort of men
has had great loffes, and is much in debt. ' that I think as uncorrupt as any other; and whom I am
AFFICHE, French call thofe bills or advertifements,
fo the ' fure ought in England to be cherifhtd and elteemed, as the
which are pafted up in public places, to make any thing ' moft induftrious and nioft beneficial of anv of its fubjects.
known. ' But I could Rot forbear to give this here as an inftance
The u(e of thrfe public bills is very common in trade. * how dangerous a temptation it is, to bring men cufloma-
They are put up for the fale of merchandizes and of (hips, ' rily to (wear, where tii.v may have any concemm nt of
and to inform the public of fliips fctting out lor voyages, as ' their own. And it will a waj. be worthy the care and
is done upon the Royal Exchange of London. Thelc Lift con- '
confidtratiqn of law- makers, to keep up the opinion of an
tain the places to which they are bound, thofe where they '
o th high and iacied, as it ought to be in the minJs of the
are to touch on their voyage, of what burthen or number of * people winch ran never be done, where frequency of
;

tons they are, how many guns they carry, and their number ' oaths, by intereft, has eftablifhed a neglecl of
bialled
of men. It is alfo by thel'e bills, that the French trading * thtm and faftnon (which it feidom fails to do) has given
;

companies inform the public, of the quality and quantity of 4

cotmten nee to what profit rewards.'
the fluffs, linnens, metals, drugs, fpices, and other cft'tcls, The Cbipefe aduiinifter jufticc with great rigour in all their
which arrive on the return of their fliips. The place of tril.umils. When any perfon commences a fuit againft ano-
their arrival is ufually mentioned in them, with the day, and ther, he lays his claim in writing before the court of judica-
often the conditions of fale. In a vvoi \l, there a;e few things ture, and the defendant gives in his defence in
writing which
in trade, for which the French merchants may not fometimes he and which he is obliged publickly to hold up in
figns,
be obliged to have bills fixed up, though it were only to court between his fingers.
make known the new manufactures they are endeavouring to Thefe two writings are delivered in together; and, bein? ex-
eftablifh, or even the change of their place of abode, in or- amined, fentence is delivered in writing, and party has
eac.'i
der to keep their cuftomers. his papers returned to him ; but fir fi they return the defend-
It is not allowed at Paris to caufe bills to be pafted up, upon ant his writing, that he may again ac nowledge it.
any pretence whutloever, without having fnft obtained the W hen one party denies what the ether affirms, he is ordered
lieutenant-general de Police's permifTion, or that of the fu- to return his writing and if the defendant thinks he may
;

perior judges, according to the nature of the cafe.
AFFIDAVIT, an oath written and figned, and properly
fworn before fome perfon legally authorifed hr that purpole.
As traders are frequently called on to make -"ffidavits of one
kind or other, they fhould be made thoroughly fenlible of the
do it f'afcly, and accordingly delivers his papers a fecond
time, they alio call for thofe of the plaintiff, and then ther
fay to him who denies what the other affirms, Make it ap-
pear that >our antagonift has no right to demand of you what
is in debate; but take notice, if he makes out what you

nature thereof. deny, you fhall undergo twenty ftrokes of the bamboo upon
It is defined by divines and moral philofophers, a religious af- the back-fide, and pay a fine of twenty fakuges, which make
fertion, or afleveration, wherein a perfon invokes the Al- about two hundred dinars.
mighty, renounces all claim to his mercy, or even calls for This bamboo punifhment is fuch, as the criminal could not
the divine vengeance upon himfelf, if he fpeaks falfly. In furvivc ; it is fo grievous, that no perfon in all China may,
a legal fenfe it is a folemn aflion, whereby God is called to of his own authority inflict it upon another, on pain of
witnefs the truth of an affirmation. death, and confifcation of his goods ; fo that nobody is ever
fo hardy as toexpofe himfelf to fuch certain danger: where-
Remarks on the hardfhip of the frequency of oaths by fore juftice is \*e!l adminifiered to every one. They require
trade. no do they put the parties upon oath
witnefs, nor which ;

is the chief reafon for mentioning this cuftom in China.

There is nothing that has been more complained of, nor To collecl the public revenue, therefore, without compell-
with more reafon, by wife and good men in ail ages, than ing traders to fwear perpetually, was one great motive to Sir
the multiplying of oaths, more elpecially among the trading -Matthew Decker, as I heard him declare, for propofing his
part of mankind, in the ordinary courfe of their bufinels. 1 latefcheme.
fpeak particularly with regard to cuftom-houfe oaths, Is'c. AFFiNAGE, an a&ion which purifies and refines any thing,
which, I humbly apprehend, traders fhould by no means be to render it finer, neater, and better; as metals, fugar, &fc.
liable to ; for although traders, who fupport their, reputation Affinage is fometimes ufed with us in law-books, for the re-
by their care, induftry, and ability in bufinefs, are certainly fining of metals. See Refining.
as honeft a clafs of men as any in the community ; yet, as AFFIRMATION, is a. pofitive allegation of any thing:
they are not impeccable, they have a natural right to be upon the Quakers call giving their evidence, their affirmation,
a level with the reft of their feilow-fubjecTis, and not to be which they make u, on the holy fcriptures in courts of law.
under the necefuty of fwearing to every thing they do, or The French ufe affirmation to exprefs the oath taken in court,
tranfact ; which thry are daily obliged to do, in refpett to and the aflluancc given of the truth of any fadt this paftes :

the revenue. in the prelence of a judge, who makes the deponent hold up
There is no order of men in the community, who labour his hand, and fwear, that the thing affirmed is true.
under the like reftriclioris. Was the lawyer, the phyfician, There an article in the ordinance of 1673 in France,
is

or even the divine, to be obliged to (wear to do rigorous juf- which requires an affirmation in certain cafes relating to bills
tice, in all cafes where their intereft is concerned, it is to be of exchange : it is the XXI. of Tit'e V. Its terms are as
prefumed, that they mi^ht not be free from evil any more follow " That bills of exchange fhail be deemed to be
:

than traders are, in cafes where their intereft is concerned : difcharged, 3fter a ceflation of demand, or fuit for five years,

A FR
to reckon from the next day after they
protefted, or from the laft time of
pretended debtors fhall be held, if required, to
tion, that they are not further indebted
heirs, affigns, or reprefentatives, that they actually believe,
there is nothing due.
AFFREIGHTMENT. See Freight.
AFIOUME (or FIUME) a kind of flax, which comes from
Egypt, by the way of Marfeilles and Leghorn.
AFRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world.
Afric, in its largeft fenfe, lies fouth of Europe, and weft of
Afia, and is bounded on the north by the Mediteranean,
which parts it from the former ; and on the eaft by the Red
Sea, which feparates it from the latter, to which it only
joins by that fmall ifthmus, or neck of land, which cuts off
the communication between thefe two feas, and is commonly
known by the name of Suez. On the fouth and weft, it is
furrounded with the main ocean, fo that it may be properly
ftiled a vaft over-grown peninfula, joined only to the conti-
nent of Afia by the ifthmus above-mentioned, which, if cut
off, would make it by far the largeft ifland in the world. It
extends itfelf a prodigious way, not only on each fide of the
equinox, but of the two tropics likewife, the fouthern verge
of it reaching quite to the 35th degree of fouthern, and the
northern almoft to the 37th of north latitude whereby its
utmoft extent from north to fouth, is almoft 72 degrees, or
about 4320 miles. From eaft to weft it reaches ftill farther,
viz. from 17 weft to 60 eaft, or 77 degrees of longitude,
that is, 4620 miles.
Its fituation for commerce is certainly
other quarters of the world. It ftands,
center between the other three, and has
nearer communication with Europe, Afia, and America, than
any other quarter has with the reft. For (1.) It is oppofite
Europe in the Mediterranean, for almoft 1000 miles in a line
and weft, from beyond Tripoli to cape Spartel at the
eaft
ftreight's mouth ; the diftance feldom ico miles, nowhere
100 leagues, and often not 20 leagues. (2.) It is oppofite
to Afia for all the length of the Red Sea north and fouth
the diftance fometimes being not above 5 leagues, feldom 50
and it fronts all the fouthern coaft of Afia, viz. the coaft of
Cilicia, and that of India, though at a greater diftance, yet
much nearer than any other country. It is wonderfully ac-
commodated for commerce, by the interpofition of iflands
from Madagafcar to Malabar; and more particularly by
means of the alternate trade-winds, which render the navi-
gation fafe, eafy, and conftant. (3.) It alfo lies oppofite to
America, or about the diftance of 500 to 700 leagues, in-
cluding the iflands, for a coaft of above 2000 miles where-
as America no where joins Europe, except where it may be a
terra incognita, under a diftance of 1000 leagues, and not
Afia under that of 2500.
It is furnifhed with the greateft and moft convenient navi-
gable rivers, and perhaps with as many of them, as any
other of the chief parts of the world fuch are the Nile and
: It
Nubia on the north fhore, running into the Mediterranean
fea ; the Niger, or Rio Grand, running into the Atlantic
ocean, on the weft fide of Africa; the Congo, the Zairi,
and the Loango, three rivers of prodigious extent, fouth of
the line, which empty themfelves into the Ethiopic ocean on
the fame weft fide, but beyond the Gold-coaft alfo the Na-
tal, the Prio St. Efprit, the Melinda, and the Mozambo,
ail rivers of a very great length and breadth, which empty
themfelves into the Indian ocean on the eaft fide of Africa.
Thefe are all rivers of the firft magnitude; befides which,
there are innumerable others, which, though not equal to the
former, are yet very noble ftreams, fitted for navigation and
commerce, and which by their long courfes penetrate far in-
land and, was this country blefled with a people qua-
: even
lified for trade and bufinefs, they might become the medium
of an endlefs commercial correfpondence.
1 he country is populous beyond credibility, the foil fruitful,
the feafon, for the greateft part, mild and clement, and the
air falubrious and, if once a turn for induftry and the arts
: coaft,
was introduced among them, a greater quantity of the Eu-
ropean produce and manufactures might be exported thither,
than to any other country in the whole world. And, as the
natives in general ftand in great need of European commodi-
ties, fo they have the moft valuable returns to make for
them. This the Europeans experience, from the fhare of
traffic they carry on with them at prefent.
1 owhat a great degree this country abounds in gold, we have
not only the teftimony of the Portugueze, the Dutch, and
the French, as well as Englifh, who have fettlements on the
coaft of Africa, but the vouchers of the moft authentic
hillorians.
Jhere is no country in the world, fays the hiftorian Leo
Africanus, richer in gold and iilvcr, than the kingdoms in
Africa; as thofe of Mandingo, Ethiopia, Congo, Angola,
Butua, Quiticui, Monomotopa, Cafati, and Mehcnemugi. By
means of ftrength on the continent of Africa,
of fettlements
;ii](is Europeans might, by the exchange of their
he, the
commodities, draw into their hands all the gold of thole
countries. And here is a prodigious number
J calm,
;
AFR
became due, or were which would not only facilitate the inland intercourfes of
filing.However, the commerce, but alfo afford a very beneficial branch of traffic,
make affirma- in the teeth of thefe notable animals. In the fame hiftoiian
; and their widows, are numberlefs paffages relating to thofe rich mine
fhewing how eafy it would be for the Europeans to carry on
a very extenfive traffic with that part of the globe.
This account of the great treafures of Africa is confirmed
likewife by the Nubian geographer, who fomewhero fays,
that the king of Guinea, the greateft city in all the coun-
tries of Negroland, has a mafs of gold of thirty pounds
weight, as it was naturally produced in the mines ; which
is completely pure, tough, and malleable, without having
been fmelted by the ordinary arts of refining that metal from
its native ore. Father Labat, a modern French author, has
defcended to a very minute fpecification of great variety of
rich mines ; which, he fays, are very fhamefully worked by
the Negroes, by reafon of their being totally ignorant of the
nature of mining nor have they ever yet come to the main
:
vein of any of their mines.
The copper is the next valuable ore found in this part of the
world. The quantity of this metal is not fully fearched into,
though there is great reafon to believe it is exceeding great:
fo great, that commonly faid amongft them, that the
it is
mountains which we call Atlas, are all copper. Thus much,
;
however, is certain, that the quantity is extraordinary great,
that is difcovered in feveral countries diftant and remote from
each other; as in Fez, Tunis, and Abyffinia, or Ethiopia;
and it is allowed to be the fineft copper in the whole world.
On the northern coafts they have fuch plenty of corn, that
beyond either of the their fields, though but very meanly cultivated for want of a
as it were, in the knowledge in agriculture, yield them an hundred -fold in-
thereby a much creafe. Gums, ivory, wax, civet, oftrich- feathers, are in
fuch quantities, that any expence of them can fcarce ever
be miffed.
And, in thefe warm climates, the country, befides what na-
ture has of herfelf diffeminated, is, and muft be, capable of
improvement, in all the niceft and moft eftimable produc-
tions, which the well cultivated world fupplies us with, from
other places in the fame latitude.
: It cannot be doubted, but the fruitful rich lands, every-wherc
to be found upon the coafts, and within the country, upon
the banks of the rivers near the gold coaft, and the flave-
coaft, would produce all the richeft articles of the Eaft and
Weft-India commerce. Doubtlefs the fpicesof Banda, Ter-
nate, and Amboyna, might be produced on the rich and
fruitful mores of Melinda, on the eaft fide, or of the flave-
coaft on the weft fide, of Africa ; and that as eafily, and to
as great advantage, as where they are now produced ; the
: latitude being the fame, and the foil not unlike.
The cinnamon of Ceylon, the tea of China and Japan, and
the coffee of Mocha would all there be produced, on the
fame coaft, from the Rio de St Efprit, and fouthward to
the river Natale; a temperate, fertile, healthy, and ma-
nageable foil.
has been
affirmed that the fugars of Barbadoes and Ja-
maica, as alfo the ginger, cotton, rice, pepper, or pimento,
with the cocoa, the indigo, and every other plant which
comes from thefe iflands, would be as eafily produced in Af-
rica, and the crops be equally profitable and plentiful, if
fupported by the fame induftry as in America and we are :
: affured that the ginger, the cotton, and the indigo have been
attempted by the Englifh factories on the gold-coaft of Afri-
ca 1 and have thriven to admiration.
Upon the foundation of thefe facts, nothing fecms wanting
to render Africa equal by nature, if not in many refpects fu-
perior, to any of the three other parts of theworld. For
although the middle of it, lying between the tropics in the
torrid zone, and under the line, is exceedingly hot; yet
in it is habitable, and inhabited ; and
the hotteft part
the people who
dwell in thefe extreme hot climates, do a-
bound in plenty, have cattle, corn, cooling fruits, fhades,
rivers, &c. and live very agreeably and healthy ; as in the
ifhnd of St. Thomas, under the very line, alfo on the gold-
and in the kingdom of Benin, and Angola on the
weft fhore; and in Ethiopia, Melinda, the coaft of
Zanguc-
bar, and feveral of the more intemperate places on the
eaftem fhore.
But, making allowance for fome of the inland countries
remote from the fea, whuh we are told are without water,
and therefore defert, yet they are not equal to the unin-
habited waftes either of Europe, Afia, or America. Not-
.
withftanding this, Africa, in one refpedt, has greater advan-
tage than the other parts of the world, for it feels no cold,
the moft northerly latitude being about 37, and the moft
foutherly about 35 degrees, fo that infinitely the larger part
enjoys the fineft and moft temperate climate.
It is melancholy to ohferve that a country, which has near
10,000 miles fea-coaft, and noble, large, deep rivers, mould
yet have no navigation ; ftreams penetrating into the very
center of the country, but of no benefit to it; innume-
rable people, without knowledge of each other, correfpon-
clence, or commerce.
At the entrance of thefe rivers into the fea are the moft ex-
of elephants, cellent harbours, prodigious in number, deep, fafc, and
 :
A F R A
calm, covered from the wind, and capable of being made
fecure by fortifications; but no {hipping, no trade, no mer-
chants, even where there is plenty of merchandizes. In
fhort, Africa, though a full quarter of the globe, ftored
with an inexhauftible treafure, arid capable, under proper
improvements, of producing fo many things delightful, as
Well as convenient within itfelf, feems utterly negle6ted by
thofe who are civilized themfelves, and its own inhabitants
quite unfolicitous of reaping the benefits which nature has
provided for them. What it affords in its prefent rude, un-
improved ftate, is folely given up to the gain of others, as
if not the people only were to be fold for flaves to their fellow-
creatures, but the whole country was captive, and produced
its treafures, merely for the ufc and benefit of the reft of the
world, and not at all for their own.
Whether, infteafd of making flaves of thefe people, it would
not rather become fuch nations that aftume to themfelves
the name and character of Chnftians, to give them a relifli
for the bleffings of life, by extending traffic into their country
in thelargeft degree it will admit of, and introducing among
them the more civilized arts and cuftoms, may be fubmitted
to confideration.
The Dutch, by recommending their drefs, and introducing
their cuftoms among the natives, have prodigioufly improved
the commerce of the fpice iflands, and wonderfully huma-
nized the inhabitants, who were as favage in their manners
as the negroes.
But it is to be feared that, while the Having trade with thefe
people continues to be the great objedt of the Europeans, it
Will ever fpirit up wars and hoftilities among the negro princes
and chiefs, for the fake of making captives of each other for
fale. This, therefore, will ever obftrudt the civilizing of
thefe people, and extending of the trade into the bowels of
Africa, which, by the contrary means, might be eafily prac-
ticable.
The obtaining a competent number of fervants to work, as the
negroes at prefent do, in the colonies belonging to the feveral
European potentates, who have fcttlements in America, does
not feem at all impracticable. Europe in general affords
numberlefs poor and diftrefled objects for that purpofe, and if
thefe were not over-worked, as the negroes particularly are
in Martinico, and in other the French colonies, the Europe-
ans would make as good fervants for the American planters
as the blacks do and, if alfo all the Europeans were upon a
: coaft.
level in regard to the price of labour in their colonies, we can-
not but think they would all find their account in laying ab-
folutely afide the flave-trade, and cultivating a fair, friendly,
humane, and civilized commerce with the Africans.
Till this is done, it does not feem poflible that the inland trade
of this country fhould ever be extended to the degree it is ca-
pable of; for, while the fpirit of butchery and making flaves
of each other is promoted by the Europeans among thefe peo-
ple, they will never be able to travel with fafety into the heart
of Africa, or to cement fuch commercial friendfhips and alli-
ances with them as will effectually introduce our arts and
manufactures amongft them.
We muft, however, at prefent take the ftate of the trade as
it (lands, and men as they now are thefe hints may poffibly
: lous in proportion to its bignefs, but the iflanders are capable
fome time or other roufe lbme noble and benevolent Chriftian
fpirit to think of changing the whole fyftem of the African
trade, which, as things are now circumftanced, may not
be fo eafily brought about.
This trade, in its prefent ftate, is of as great advantage as any
we carry on, and is, as it were, all profit, the firft coft being
fome things of our own manufactures, and others generally
purchafed with them, for which we have, in return, gold,
teeth, wax, and negroes; the laft whereof is a very benefi-
cial traffic to the kingdom, as it occafionally gives fo prodi-
gious an employment to our people both by fea and land.
Thefe are the hands whereby our plantations are at prefent
improved ; and it is by their labours that fuch quantities of
fugar, tobacco, cotton, ginger, fuftic, and indigo are raifed,
which employ a great quantity of {hipping for tranfporting
them hither; and the greater number of {hips employs the
greater number of handicraft trades at home, fpends more of
our produce and manufactures, and breeds more failors, who
are maintained by a feparate employment ; for if every one
raifed the provifions he eat, or made the manufactures he
wore, traffic would ceafe ; which is promoted by a variety of
employments men have engaged in, which conftitutes a mu-
tual dependence, without invading each other's province.
Thus the hufbandman raifes corn, the miller grinds it, the
baker makes it into bread, and the citizen eats it thus the : who has cotton, and wants rice, carries his cotton to fell to
grazier fats cattle, and the butcher kills them for the market
thus the fhepherd fheers his {heep, the fpinfter turns the wool
into yarn, the weaver makes it into cloth, and the merchant
exports it ; and every one lives by each other : thus the
country fupplies the city with provifions, and that the
country with necefiaries.
On the whole, the African trade, both for exports and imports,
and alfo as it fupplies our Britifti plantations, and advances
navigation, is certainly very beneficial to this kingdom ; but
whether the laying this trade abfolutely open, while our rivals
carry the fame on, by the means of great trading companies
Vol. I.
F R
with joint ftocks, will prove the moft effectual means to pro-
mote our {hare therein, muft be left fo time and experience.
In giving a particular account of the trade of Africa, we
{ball divide it into the following general heads, viz'. Upper
Egypt, Lower Egypt, Middle Egypt, Nubia, Abyffinia, or
Ethiopia, Barbary, Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Biledulgerid,
Algicr, Fez, Morocco, Zara deferti, Sanago, or Senegal
river, Ncgroland, Gambia river, Melli, or Mendingo,
Tombut, Guinea, Benin, Congo, Cafraria, Cape of Good
Hope, Monomotapa, Zanguebar, Ajan, Madagafcar ifland,
Cape Verd, Canary, Azores, and other fmall iflands, under
the articles of African Islands, and alfo under the Bri-
tish, French, and Dutch African Companies; to
all which we refer alphabetically, for an account of their
refpective commerce.
AFRICAN ISLANDS.
I. Madagascar lies between the 12. 30. and 25 degrees
10 minutes of fouth latitude, and between the 44th and 51ft
oflongitude eaft from London. It abounds with fpacious
plains, extraordinary good paftures, rivers, and lakes, well
ftocked with fifti ; agreeable fprings, the water of which is,
perhaps, the beft in the world ; and large forefts, always
green, where lemon and pomegranate-trees, agreeably mixed
with odoriferous flowering trees, perfume the air with the
moft delightful fcent. Here are great number of oxen and
cows, great herds of {heep, and tame and wild hogs. They
have a kind of nur, which fmells of all forts of fpices ; it
is as big as a nutmeg, but browner and rounder. Pepper
grows about fort Dauphin, but in fmall quantities, becaufe
it is not cultivated. Grapes and wheat do not come to ma-
turity here ; oats and barley fucceed better. There is a great
quantity of tobacco, but it is prodigioufly ftrong. The foil
produces two crops of every thing in a year, except fugar-
canes, which muft be left two years ftanding, that they may
grow to a proper bignefs.
Here arc four forts of honey, allwhich are very agreeable to
the tafte and three forts of wines; honey-wine, which they
;
call fich, and taftes like Spanifh wine; wine of fugar-canes,
called touach, which is fomewhat bitter ; and the wine of
bananas, which is tartifh ; together with feveral forts of oil.
Gum of tacamaca, frankincenfe, and benzoin are found in
abundance in this ifland ambergreafe is gathered on the fea-
:
Here is alfo talc, with which they garnifh their win-
dows for wantofglafs; mines of coals, falt-petre, fteel and
iron, with which the negroes make razors, haflugayes, and
inftruments to cut wood.
It is confidently affirmed that they have alfo gold and filver
mines, but it is not known in what province they lie. Nor
does this ifland want for precious ftones, as topazes, ame-
thyfts, agates, is'c. The riches of the inhabitants confift in
cattle, which the men look after, and in fields of rice and
roots, which the women fow gold and filver fcrve only for
:
ornaments They make paans and carpets of cotton, of di-
.
vers colours ; and, as they have no looms, but only fticks
laid on the ground, which they raife by turns, and make the
woof, they cannot work very faft. The ifland is not popu-
to learn the arts and fciences ; and there are even few trades
in Europe of which they have not fome notion, and practife
to a certain degree; and yet they are for the moft part lazy
enough, and, when they work, it is flowly.
As for the trade they have among themfelves, it is managed
only by barter, for they have not the ufe of money the mer-
:
cery-wares and glafs beads, which they get from the Eu-
ropeans, ferve them inftead of coin. When they go into re-
mote provinces to buy oxen, cotton, filk, paans, iron hafla-
gayes, hatchets, knives, and other fuch things, they ex-
change gold for copper, filver for iron, and carry on their
trade after that manner. If they have any pieces of gold or
filver coin, they melt them down to make bracelets.
They have not as yet any true knowledge of commerce,
which is the reafon why they neglect to gather up thofe things
which their country produces. They value a plate of copper
more than the moft beautiful precious ftone when rough, and
laugh at foreigners who bid them any thing for them. In ths
greateft part of the country they eat the wax with the honey,
and the flefh of oxen and {heep with their hides, or fkins.
They generally burn_ ambergreafe in their facrifices ; and,
towards the north, they throw away the filk and eat the
worm, whilft in the chryfalis. He who wants cotton carries
rice or cattle to the place where cotton is cultivated ; and he
thofe places where there is rice : for there is neither fair nor
market here. The chief places in this ifland, or rather on
the coaft, are,
I. The
bay of Antongil, in the bottom of which there is a
fmall ifland, which abounds in all forts of provifions, and
very good water it affords a fafe harbour for {hipping. This
:
bay has been once much frequented by the Dutch, who ufed to
buy flaves and rice here. They had a kind of factory confifting
of 14 Dutchmen, fome of whom died with ficknefs, the place
being very unwholfome, and others have been murdered by the
inhabitants, whom they ufed with too much haughtinefs.
G 2. The

A F R A
2. The Mary, otherwife called Nofli Ibrahim,
ifland of St.
or the of Abraham, 1 Zing to the Southward of the b y of
i(le
Anlo gdj, is furrouaikd'vvith. rocks, over which canoes may
pafs at high-water, but, at low water, there is not above half
a foot depth. On thefe rocks is to be ken the fined white co-
ral in the world. On the eaftern coaft of the ifland
found ainbergreafe, and the ifland itfelf affords feveral forts of
gum. While the French were fettled upon this ifland, it be-
came much more populous than it was before ; the lord of
Antongil, who ufed formerly to make war againft the inha-
buants, dared no longer to attack them, fince they were un-
der the protection of the French ; fo that there are now here
10 or 12 villages.
3. Fort Dauphin, built by the French, {lands near the fouth-
eaft point of Madagafcar; but, the French finding that the
commerce would not bear the expence of the colony, they
left it again.
4. The bay of St. Auguftln lies on the weft coaft of Mada-
gafcar. The Englifh formerly drove a trade for flaves -on
the weft fide of the ifland, particularly at St. Auguftin's bay,
and at new and old MeiTalige ; but now they are afraid of the
pirates ; though fome venture their necks in going to trade
with them.
II. Mascarin, ifle of Bourbon, by
called Mafcareigne, or the
the French, about 370 miles diftant from the coaft of
is
Madagafcar to the eaft, under the 21ft and 22d degrees of
fouth latitude. It was difcovered by a Portuguefe of the
houfe of Mafcarenhas, who gave it his name. AfterwarJs
Mr. de Flacourt, governor of fort Dauphin and of the French
Settlements in Madagafcar, gave it the name of Bourbon in
the year 1654, when he took poiTeffion of it in the name of
his king. However, the French did not fettle at firft upon
this ifland; but, finding afterwards how advantage -us it
mi'i-ht prove to their navigation, they made a conliderable
fettlement there in 1672, after they had quitted thofe which
they had on the ifland of Madagafcar. They have now
three pretty confiderable towns there, with a governor, and
feveral magiftrates. There are many good roads for Shipping
about this ifland, but no fafe ports to fecure fhips againft the
violent ftorms which often rage in thefe parts.
The firft fettlement the French made here is the town, or
village, of St. Paul ; the others are called St. Dennis and St.
Sufanna. The governor refides generally at St. Dennis this VII. St. Thomas, or St. Thome, lies directly under the
isatprefent the baiting-place of the French Eaft-India Ships,
and the only one where they can conveniently get refresh-
ments. The ifland is fruitful in plants, and abounds par-
ticularly with aloes, tobacco, white-pepper, ebony, palm,
and other fruit-trees ; a kind of trees which produce odori-
ferous gums, as benzoin, &c, and a great many trees proper
for timber. The foil is well watered by feveral fmall rivers,
rivulets, and fprings of very good water ; and the rivers abound
with fifh. On the fea-fhore are gathered great quantities of
ambergreafe, coral, and fine fhells. There are many more
fmall iflands about Madagafcar, but not worth mentioning.
III. St. Helena is about the 14th degree of fouth latitude ;
its longitude is 5 degrees 30 minutes weft from London. It
is a fettlement of the Englifh Eaft-India company, and there
is a fmall Englifh town within the bay, which is the com-
mon landing-place, where are about 20 or 30 fmall houfes
but the houfes in the town ftand empty, fave only when fhips
arrive : for the owners of thofe houfes have all plantations
farther in the ifland, where they conftantly employ them-
felves; but, when fliips arrive, they all flock to the town,
where they live all the time that fhips lie here; for then is
the fair, or market, to buy fuch neceifaries as they want, and
to fell off the product of their plantations.
Their plantations afford potatoes, yams, and fome plantanes
and pananas. Their ftocks confift chiefly of hogs, bullocks,
co.ks and hens, ducks, geefe, and turkeys, of which they VIII. Cape Verd iflands, are feated between the 13th and 50
have great plenty, and fell them at a low rate to the failors,
taking in exchange fhirts, drawers, orany light clothes, pieces
of callico, filks, or muflins ; arrack, fugaT, and lime-juice
are alio much efteemed and coveted by them. But now they
are in hopes to produce wine and brandy in a fhort time,
for they already begin to plant vines for that end, there be-
ing a few Frenchmen there to manage that affair. The com-
pany's affairs here are conducted by a <._<overnor, deputy-gover-
nor, and ftorchoufe-keeper, who have ftanding falaries allowed
by the company, befides a public table well-furnifhed, to
which all commanders, mafters of fliips, and eminent paifen-
gcrs arc welcome. The ifland produces here and there a
drug like benzoin, and great plenty of wild tobacco on the
hills, which the flaves ufe to fmoak for want of the right
fort. The inhabitants are fupplied with neceflaries twice a
month out of the company's ftore, at fix months credit.
The chief commodities for fale here are cherry-brandy, malt,
and cyder, Spirits, beer, Madera and Canary wines, and
Spanifh brandy, which may be taken in at thoSe iflands ;
Batavia arrack, fugar, fugar-candy, tea, fans, china, lac-
quered ware, filks, China ribbons, coarfe ftriped ginghams,
oidinarv muflin, coarfe cbuits, blue and brown long-cloths,
Salamporcs, and all forts of coarfe callicocs.
[V. Ascension Island lies under the 7th degree of fouth
latitude ; it's longitude is about 13 degrees 10 minutes weft
2 that
;
F R
from London. It is a mountainous and barren ifland, not-
withflanding which it is generally ufed by our homeward
bound Eaft-India fhips, as a place of refrefhment. The foil
is covered with cinders and afhes, which makes fome
think
here was once a vulca o. Yet in fome parts it is fit for
is alio tillage, and it has a fafe, convenient harbour, where the
mariners fometimes hunt and feed upon turtles for 10 or
15
days together, which they reckon both a pleafant and whole-
fome food. There are a few goats, but they are lean there
:
are alSo feveral forts of birds here, but fo ill- tailed, that the
mariners will not touch them.
V. St. Matthew lies to the north of St. Helena, and to the
north-eaft of Afcenfion, in the 2d degree of fouth latitude.
It is deSerr, though there is a fine rivulet of SreSh water that
runs through it.
VI. Annobon the latitude 2 degrees fouth, in the 5th
lies in
degree 10 minutes longitude eaft from London. Here are
two high mountains, which, being continually covered with
clouds, occafion frequent rains. Here are feveral fertile vallics,
which produce plenty of bananas, potatoes, oranges, pine-ap-
ples, tamarinds, and cocoa-nuts. Befides which, the ifland
abounds alfo in lemons, citrons, nuts, figs, Turnifh corn,
and millet. Here are alfo oxen, cows, hogs, goats, fowls,
pigeons, and other poultry, and efpecially plenty of fifh. It
produces alfo a vaft deal of cotton. The governor is a
Portugueze, who has very few white people with him ; all
the other inhabitants are blacks, who are nevertheief- v vy
fubmiffive to the governor, and zealoufly attached to the
Roman catholic religion. On the fouth-eaft of the aland is
a very good watering-place, the water running down f m the
mountains into a valley full of orange and other frui.
;
but it is a difficult matter to come at that water, became 01
the violent breakings of the Sea; and the negroes have made
an intrenchment of ftone there, from which they can very
.
much incommode thofe who go thither for water. The
road for {hipping is on the north-eaft fide of the ifland, where
is good anchoring in 7, 10,
13, or 16 fathoms water, on a
fandy ground, clofe to the land. The revenues of this ifland
confift chiefly in cotton. The negroes gather it, and, after
they have cleaned it, they fend it into Portugal. Here are
alfo fome civet-cats in the mountains, which yet afford but
little profit.
:
equinoctial line, under the 6th and 7th degrees of longitude
eaft of London. It never rains except in March and Septem-
ber, when the fun paffes diredly over this ifland, but a dew
falls every night, which renders the foil very fruitful. It
produced formerly forty fliips load of fugar ; but in Mandel-
floe's time, f om whom we borrow this account, fcarce
enough to lade fix. Neverthelefs, it produces wheat, wine,
millet, rye, barley, melons, cucumbtrs, figs, ginger, red par-
fnips, cabbages, French turneps, lettice, radiShes, fage, beet,
parfley, and all forts of roots, pulfe, and pot-herbs. The
Portugueze have planted olive, peach, and almond- trees here,
which feem to thrive well enough, but bear little fruit, becaufe
of the exceflive heat and moiiture. The fea abounds with
excellent fifh and large whales. There is a mountain in the
center of the ifland, covered on the top with a cloud, which
moiftens the trees, and makes them drop water enough for
the fugar-canes. The Portugueze built a town here called
Pavoafan, with a harbour towards the continent.
It was at firft inhabited by all nations, who had a free trade
here; but now all pay tribute except the French, who enjoy
the fame immunities as the Portugueze, becaufe a French je-
fuit was very laborious and fucceisful in propagating the Ro-
man faith here. The town is very pleafant, and the inha-
bitants exchange their fugar (which by the by will not eafily
dry) for wine, cheefe, leather, and clothes.
minutes, and the 17th and 50 minutes of north latitude, and
between the 22d and 25th degree of longitude weft from
London. The Portugueze have a vice-roy here, who refides
in the ifle of Jago. Thefe iflands are inhabited by Euro-
peans, or by families originally come from Europe, who pro-
fefs the Roman catholic religion. Here are alfo fome negroes.
The mofl confiderable of thefe iflands are,
1. Mayo the whole of which ifland is a very dry fort of foil,
:
either a fort of fand, or loofe crumbling ftone, without any
frefh-water ponds or ftieams to moiften it ; but only Showers
in the wet feafon, which run off as fall as they fail. There
is but one fmall fpring in the middle of the ifle, from which
proceeds a little ftream of v/ater, that runs through a valley
between the hills. On the weft fide of the ifland, where
the road for fliips is, there is a large fandy bay, and a fand-
bank about 40 paces wide, which runs two or three miles
along the fhorc, within which there is a large felina, or falt-
pond, contained between the fand-bank and the hills beyond
it. The whole falt-pond is about two miles in length, and
half a mile wide, but above half of it is commonly dry the :
north end only of the pond never wants water, producing
fait from November till May, which is here the dry feafon
of the year.
The waters which yield this fait, work out of the fea through
a hole in the fand-bank above-mentioned, like a fluice, and
 A F R A
that only in fprhig-tides, when it fills the pond more or lefs,
according to m hefgiil eft lit- lides. iIt there is any fait in
the pond when the flufh of water comes in, it prefently dif-
folves but then, in two or three days after, it begin to kern ;
:
and (6 continues kerning, till either all, or the greateft part,
of the falt-water is congealed or kerned, or till a frefh fupply
of it comes in again from the fea.
This v/ater is known to come in only at that one paffage on
the north-eaft part of the pond, where alfo it is decpeft.
They who come hither to lade fait, take it up as it kerns, and
lay it up in h aps on the dry land, before the water breaks
in ao-ain. And it is obfcrvablc of this fait pond, that the fait
kerns only in the dry feafon, contrary to the falt-ponds in
the Weir- indies, particularly thofeof the ifland ofSalt-Tor-
Ctrgjr, where the (alts never kern till the rains come in about
April, and continue fo to do in May, June, July, sV. while
the wet feafon lafts, and not without fome great fhowers of
rain firft. Our nation drives a great trade here for fait, and
has commonly a man of war here for the guard of our fhips
and barques, that come to take it in ; of which, in fome years,
there ha/c not been lefs than a hundred a year. It cofts no-
thing but men's labour to rake it together, and wheel it out
of the pond, except the carriage, and that alfo is very cheap
the inhabitants having plenty of ailes, for which they have
little to do, befides carrying the fait from the ponds to the
fea-fide, at the feafon when fhips are here.
The inhabitants lade and drive their ailes themfelves, being
very glad to be employed, for they have fcarce any other
trade but this to live by. The pond is not above half a mile
from the landing-place, fo that the ailes make a great many
trips in a day. The ifland of Mayo is generally barren, be-
ing dry, as obferved above, and the beft of it is but an in-
different foil. The Candy bank that pens in the falt-pond,
has a fort of filk-cotton growing upon it. It may be of ufe
for ftuffing of pillows, and the like, but elfe is of no value.
The right cotton-fhiub grows here alio, but not on the
fandy bank. There are iome bufhes of it near the fhore,
but the moft of it is planted in the middle or" the ifland,
where the inhabitants live, cotton cloth being their chief
manufacture ; but they have not great ilore of that cotton.
The inhabitants of this ifland, even their governor andpriefts,
are all negroes; though, being fubjecJ: to the Portuguese, they
have their religion and language. The negro governor has
his patent from the Portuguese governor of St. Jago, and ex-
pects a final 1prefent from every commander that lades fait
here, and is glad to be invited aboard their fhips. He fpends
moft of his time with the Englifh in the faking feafon, whicli
is his harveft ; and, indeed, all the iflanders are then em-
ployed in getting fomewhat for they have no veffels of their
; chiefly for its excellent wines, which bears its name, and of
own to trade withnor do any Portugucze fhips come hither,
; which Heylin fays, they uicd to fend 3000 tons every year
fo that *hey have fcarce any but the Englifh on whom they
depend for trade and, though they arc fubjedts of Portugal,
: lons, apples,
they have a particular value for our nation. Affes them-
felves are a commodity in fome of thefe iflands, fevcral of our
fhips coming hither to freight with them, and carry them to
Barbadoes, and our other plantations.
2. St. Jago, or St. James's ifland, is the chief, the moft fruit-
ful, and beft innabited of all the iflands of Cape Verd ; and
yet it is mountainous, and has much barren land in it.
On the eaft fide of the ifland is a town called Baya, with a
good port, which, in peaceable times cfpccially, is feldom
without fhips for this has been long a place where fhips out-
: will keep beft in hot countries.
ward bound to Guinea, or the Eaft-Indies, Englifh, French,
and Dutch, have been wont to touch at for water and refrefh-
ments, but few fhips call here on their return to Europe.
When any fhips are here, the country people bring down
their commodities to fell to the feamen and paiTengers, viz.
bullocks,bogs, goats, fowls, eggs, plantanes, and cocoa-nuts,
which they exchange for fhirts, drawers, handkerchiefs, hats,
waiftcoats, breeches, or in a manner for any
efpecially linen; woollen is not fo much efteemed here.
for
They do not willingly part with their cattle of any fort, but
in exchange for money or linen, or fome other valuable
commodity. The people are very thievifh, and,
an opportunity, will fnatch any thing from you, and run
away. There is a fort here on the top of a hill, which
commands the harbour.
St. Jago town, the capital of the ifland, lies on the fouth-
v.eil part of" it, and is the feat of the general governor, and
of the bifhop of all the Cape Verd iflands. This town ftands
fcattering againft the fides of two mountains, between which
there is a deep valley, and a run of water in the bottom,
that empties itfelf into a fine fmall cove, or fandy bay, where
the lea is commonly very fmooth ; fo that here is good wa-
tering and fafe landing at any time, though the road be rocky
and bad for fhips. The people here are pretty orderly, but
they are generally poor, having but little trade. Belides
chance fhips from other nations, there come hither a Portu-
gucze fhip or two every year, in their way to Brazil. Thefe
vend among them a few European commodities, and take off
their principal manufactures, namely, ftripej cotton cloth,
which they carry with them to Brazil. Anocher fhip^alfo
comes hither from Portugal for fugar, their other manufacture,
and returns with it directly thither. For there are fevcral
F R
fmall fugar-works on this ifland, from which they fend
into
Portugal near ioo tons every year: and they have pie ,ty of
cotton growing up in the country, wherewith they cloath
themfelves, and fend alfo a great deal to Brazil. They have
;
vines, of which they make fome wine, but the European
fhips furnifh them w th better, though they drink but little
of any. Their chief fruits, befides plantanes in abundance,
are oranges, lemons, citrons, mufk and water melons,
limes, guavas, pomegranates, quinces, cuftard-apples,
papahs, &c.
The other iflands are, Buena Vifta, Sail, or Salt ifland, St!
Nicholas, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Anthony, Fuego, Brava;
f me of which have very good roads and harbours. The
ifland Sail is full of large falt-pond where the water na-
,
turally congeals into fait; and, at St. Vincent, the Portu-
gucze load hides.
IX. The Canary Islands, lie between 27 degrees 10 mi-
nutes, and 29 degrees 50 minutes of north latitude, and be-
tween the 1 2th and 17th 50. of longitude weft from Lon-
don. The foil of thefe iflands is fertile, producing wheat,
barley, millet, and excellent wine, which is tranfported
thence to mod parts of Europe, but efpecially to England.
;
There are alfo abundance of pomegranate, poplar, fig, ci-
tron, and orange-tiees they yield likewife fugar, dragon's
:
blood, and lome other forts of gum. Moft of the inhabi-
tants are Spaniards. The Spanifh fleet, returning from the
Weft-Indies, often make thefe iflands their place of rendez-
vous. The moft confiderable arc the following.
1. Lauzarota, or Laccerota, is divided by a ridge of moun-
tains, which afford nothing but pafture to the fheep and
goats; but the vallies produce very good wheat and barley,
though they feem fandy and dry. Here are aflls, kin.-,
camels, and very good horfes.
2. The foil of Fuerte Ven ura is partly mountainous, and
partly champain, abounding in wheat and barley. There
are fevcral brooks of freih water along the coafts, and foft
crooked trees on their banks, that yield gum, of which they
make white fait. T
ere are palm-tre^s which bear dates;
olive and maftic-trees, ore. id for dying, and a fort of fig-
tree, which yields balm as white as milk, that is of great
virtue for fevcral n edicuies. They make chcefe of the milk
of their goats, of which this ifland breeds above 50,000 a
year. Belides that, their flefh is very good, and the inha-
bitants mkc great profits of their fkins and fat, each bcaft
weighing 30 or 40 pounds. The harbours arc only fit for
middling veilcls. There is on this ifland a little town, wnich
bears the f..mc name.
3. Great Canaria, or Canary, is a fruitful ifland, noted
into England and the Netherlands. It abounds alio in me-
oranges, citrons, pomegranates, figs, oln
peaches, and plantanes; as alio with fir, dragon, and palm-
trees.
4. Teneriff produces the true Malmfey wine, and that near
Laguna is faid to be the beft in the world. Here is alfo Ca-
nary wine, and Verdona, or green wine. The Canary grows
chiefly on the weft fide of the ifland, and therefore is com-
monly lent to Oratavia. Verdona is a green, ftrongi bodied
wine, harfher and fharper than Canary. 'Tis not fomuch
efteemed in Europe, but is exported to the Weft-Indies, and
This fort of wine is made
chiefly on the eaft fide of the ifland, and fhipped off at
Santa Cruz. Befides thefe wines, here is alfo ftore of grain,
as wheat, barley, and maiz, which they often tranfport to
other places. They have alio fome beans, peafe, and coches,
a fort of grain much like maiz, fowed moftly to fatten land.
Here are likewife papahs, apples, pears, plums, cherries,
pomegranates, citrons, oranges, lemons, limes, pumpkins,
fort of clothes, onions, the beft in the world, &c. They are alfo well ftock-
ed with horfes, cows, mules, fhiep, goats, hogs, conies, and
plenty of deer. Laltly, here are many fowls, as cocks,
hens, ducks, pigeons, partridges, is'c. with plenty of rim.
if they fee All the Canary Iflands have of thefe commodities and pro-
vifions, more or hffe. But as the Laucerota is moft famed
for horfes, and Grand Canary, Teneriff, and Palma for wines,
Teneriff efpecially for the beft Malmfey, for which reafon
thefe three iflands have the chief trade; fo is Forteventura
for dunghill fowls, and Gomera for deer. Fowls and other
eatables are dear in the" trading iflands, but very plentiful
and cheap on. the others. ,
Oratavia lies on the weft fide of the ifland, and, beino- the
chief fea-por. for trade, the principal Engliih merchants re-
fide there with their conful. *
5. Gomera has a pretty good haven, and a town of the fame
name. The Spanifh Weft-India fleet often comes into it's
harbour, and ta.^es here corn, wine, fugar, fruit, is'c. The
country is high, feeds fmall cattle, and produces dragon-
trees.
6. Palma has a town of its own name, and a fafe harbour,
well frequented for wines, which fome reckon the beft of
the Canaries, and like Malmfey. They are tranfported
thence to the Weft-Indies, and other places. The beft comes
from the neighbourhood of a place called Brenia, irom
whence
 A G A AGE
whence they export about 12000 pipes a year. Here are with, fmelling-boxes, patch-boxes, fnuff-boxes, falt-cellars*
four fugar-engines. little mortars, and abundance of toys. It is alfo ufed in the
1

X. Madeira, or Madera, lies under the 32a degree of compofition of fome tabernacles to contain the hoft, and of
north latitude, and under the 17th and 18th of longitude cabinets and tables inlaid with precious ftones; being a kind
weft from London. The air is far more moderate than in of ftone that is cut, fawed, polifhed, and carved with no

the Canary iflands, and the foil more fertile in corn, wine,
fugar, and fruits, being much better watered by five or fix
little rivers ; but it is alike ftored with the fame fort of cat-
tle, birds, plants, and trees, from which is extracted the fan-
guis draconis, or dragon's blood, maftic, and other gums.
H-*re is a perpetual fpring and warm water, which produces
bloiloms and fruit every month in the year : white onions are
here fo fweet, that they may be eaten like apples. Here are
lemons of a monftrous fize, with oranges of all forts. Fruit-
trees from Europe thrive here in perfection. They make
here the beft fweet-meats in the world, and fucceed won-
derfully in preferving large citrons and beautiful oranges,
and in making marmalades and perfumed paftes, which in-
great difficulty. Much of it is brought from Strafburgh
entirely manufactured ; but this kind is far from being fo
hard, or of fo fine a polifh, as the right oriental.
None have a right to trade in that commodity at Paris but
the wholefale mercers and the goldfmiths. The fword-cutlers
however, allowed to fell it ; but only when made into
are,
handles to couteaux de chafle, and ready fet in. The cutlers
have the fame privilege for their knives and forks.
The antient river Achates in Sicily, near which were found
the firft quarries of thefe precious ftones, which were called
Achates, is not one of the leaft fources of the riches of that
country. Thefe ftones are much harder than jafpc r, and
polifh infinitely better though they are not entirely tranf-
:

finitely exceed thofe of Genoa, whatever the Italians may parent, they are, however, very luminous. Their colours
pretend. are various; white, grey, brown, red. and violet. In f me
Here are feveral fugar-plantations the fugar they make
: are feen a furprifing mixture of colours, which naturally
here is extremely beautiful, and fmells naturally of violets. reprefent trees, animals, houfes, flowers, birds, and even
This is the firft place in the weft, where this manufacture buftoes well finifhed. Thefe different ftains, well managed
was fet on foot and from hence it has been carried into
; by fkilful and attentive workmen, have produced medals,
America, where they make fuch vaft quantities of fugar, that which feem mafter-pieces of nature. For this ftone bears
the Portugueze, finding that this trade was not fo profitable to the graver very well and, as pieces of all magnitudes are
:

them here as it proved at firft, have pulled up the greateft found of it, they make all forts of work of it. The high-
part of their fugar-canes, and planted vineyards in their altar of the cathedral at Meffina is incrufted all over with it.
ftead, which produce excellent wine, and which foreigners The lapidaries pretend that the agates of the Indies are finer
come and buy up, and whereby the Portugueze make an im- than thofe of Sicily. * I own, fays F. Labat, that one may
menfe profit. There are three or four forts of thefe wines. * meet with fome that are finer than
others, and alfo, that,
One fort of the colour of champaign, but is not much
is
1
to make them the dearer, the dealers never fail to pretend
valued. The fecond fort is a white wine, much ftronger * that they come from remote parts. It is their common
than the former. The third is delicious, and is called Malm- * rule ; though one part of the fame piece
may be much finer
fey, being of the fame nature with that in Teneriff. The ' than another. Their prudent avidity does not permit them
fourth is of the fame fort with Alicant wine, but much in- ' to fay that they are of the fame country, the fame quarry,
1
ferior to it in tafte. It is never drank but mixed with the the fame block ; but, in order to fell them the dearer, they
4
other forts, to which it gives a colour, and ftrength to keep. make them come from the Eaft-Indies ; and, if you are
4
It is obfervable of Madera wine, that the heat of the fun defired to obferve the difference between two parts, or
.improves it much, when it*is expofed to it in the barrel, after * pieces, they are far from telling you that they
are of the
the bung is taken off. They make in the whole ifland about ' fame block; they make them grow at a 1000 leagues f.om
' each other, in order to enhance exceffively the price
28,000 pipes of wine, 8000 of which are drank there, and of thofe
' to which nature has given moft variety and beauty.
the reft exported the greateft part is fent to the Weft-Indies,
: In
All European nations trade hither, ' former times people fet more value upon them
efpccially to Barbadoes. than they
and receive in exchange for their commodities this wine * do at prefent. Whether the coft has deterred the curious,
(much ufed throughout all the American iflands, as keeping * or thefe ftones are no longer in fafhion, as they once
beft in hot countries) fugar, wax, oranges, lemons, pome- * were, it is certain that fo many of them are not ufed as
granates, and citrons. In the year 1735, they reckoned in * formerly. I have feen cafes of confiderable magnitude and

this ifland 6096 houfes, the number of which is very much * extraordinary workmanfhip, in fome cabinets and repofito-
increafed fince. The chief town is * ries of churches, in which the fhades and variety of co-

Funchal, which is very populous. But the natural Portu- * lours had been fo dexteroufly managed, that the pencil
gueze do not make up the greateft number of the inhabi- * could not have fucceeded better.' Voyage d'ltalie du P.
tants ; for there are a great many French and Englifh Roman Labat, torn. v. p. 156.
catholicks fettled here, who live after the Portugueze manner, AGE, which is ufance of woods, in the French
alfo called

befides a great number of Mulattoes, and of negroes, both commerce, the trade of that commodity,
fignifies, in
freemen and flaves. The road here is very bad for fhips to the time elapfed fince the laft cutting of a wood or cop-
ride in. pice.
XI. Porto Santo lies to the north-eaft of Madera, under The ordinance of waters and forefts in France appoints,
32 deg. 30 min. of north latitude, and under 15 deg. 30 f That,in cutting of woods, 16 ftanders fliall be left on
min. of longitude weft from London. This ifland wants har- every acre of the age of the wood, to grow up into timber-
bours, and has only a bay, which is fafe enough, except trees.'

when the wind blows from the fouth-weft. This bay affords They ftile the age of the confiftence of a tree, that at which
a convenient retreat for fhips that come from the Indies, or it ceafes to grow the age of the confiftence of an oak
: isioo
go to Africa fo that the merchant-men often flop there,
:
years.

wh ch affords a confiderable profit to the inhabitants. The Age is alfo faid, in the ftile of the manage, or riding-houfe,
ifland produces wheat and other corn, fufficient for the pro- and among the dealers in horfes, of the knowledge of the
vifion of the people. Here are plenty of oxen and wild years thofe animals are old, by the infpection of their teeth,
boars, and a prodigious number of conies. Here is alfo dra- as long as the mark is in their mouths ; or by their tufhes,

gon's blood, abundance of honey and wax, and the fea
abounds with fifh.
AGATE, and ACHATES, a precious ftone, that has dif-
ferent names according, to its different colours. There are
tranfparent agates, and opaque ones, and fome that are
partly tranfparent and partly opaque.
The abates which are called fardian are red ; the moft valua-
ble areof a kind of flefh-colour, mixed with brown ; the
leaft efteemed are thofe of which the red inclines to yellow.
The onyx is all opaque, ofawhitifh and black colour.
The fardonix is a mixture of the onyx and fardoine. This
laft kind of agates is the moft precious of all.
There is alfo a fpecies called chalcedony, or calcidony agate,
and outward, or corner teeth, when out of it.
Age (in law) fignifies a particular ftate, or time of life, at
which a perfon is qualified for certain offices in civil fociety,
and for lawfully tranfacting fome affairs, which before he
was not capable of, for want of years and a fufficient dif-
cretion.
By the common law here in England there are two principal
ages in a man ; at 14 he is at the age of difcretion, and at
21 years at full age.
In a woman they diftinguifhed formerly fix ages. At {even
years her father might diftrain the tenants of his manor for
aid to marry her, for at thofe years fhe may confent to ma-
trimony: at nine years old fhe is dowable at 12 years fhe :

befides the agate of Egypt, the Roman agate, the facred agate, is able finally to ratify and confirm her former confent to

or a^ate of Candia, which fome antient writers mention. matrimony at 14 fhe may take her 1 nds into her own hands,
:

This laft, which is not now to be feen any where, was red and mould be out of ward, if fhe were at this age at heran-
like coral, and fpotted with gold. ceftor's death at 16 fhe fliould be out of ward, though at
:

The agate is one of the precious ftones to which the antients the death of her anceftor fhe was under 14: the rcafon is,
have afcribed the moft occult and miraculous properties. that fhe might take a hufband able to perform knight's fer-
Pliny has filled a whole chapter with them ; and Ariftotle, vice :at 21 years fhe may alienate lands and tenements, and

long before, had fet him the example, and prepared the tranfact all kinds of bufinefs.
matter. The moderns, either lefs fubtle or more knowing, For a man, the age of 12 years binds to appearance before
content themfelves with the mechanic ufe, and defpife the the fheriffand coroner, for enquiry after robberies, 52 Henry
virtues of it. III. 14. At the age of 14 he may chufe his own guardian,
The agate is ufed in making cups, rings, feals, handles for and claim his lands held in foccage, though Braton limits
knives and forks, hilts, for fwords and hangers, beads to pray this to 1 5 years, with whom Glanville agrees. At 14 a man
may
 AGE AGE
Agency-Business comprehends any of bufinefs which
content to marriage, as a woman at 12: at that fame
fort is
may
age he may be bound apprentice. At 21 a man is at full age, undertaken on the behalf, or on the account, of other per-
and capable to make contracts, and manage his own eftate, fons. To act in this capacity requires fuitable natural and
which before that time he cannot do, with fecurity to thofe acquired talents and abilities; and, in particular, a good
who have dealings with him. knowledge of men and the world.
In France they {tile majeur (major) a perfon who is of age
to manage his own eftate, to buy, truck, alienate; in a word, Remarks.
to difpofe of it after any manner allowed by the laws and
cuftoms of the country. To be well qualified for fuch kind of bufinefs requires a fa-
culty and expertnefs. Such an one fhould not only have the
Remarks, expeditious, mechanical ufe of his pen, but fhould be mafter
of a plain, ftrong, and intelligible ftile, in order to commu-
With refpect to mercantile and other commercial
nicate his intentions with perfpicuity. He fhould, in pubhc
Dealings.
bufinefs too, be as ready with his tongue as his pen.
The civil law and common law
of Paris fix the age of ma- In order to tranfact bufinefs to the beft advantage of his
jority at the age of 25 years and the common law of Nor-
; principal, he fhould be a man of method, and be capable of
mandy at 20 years and a day. But there is no age fixed for digeftingand reprefenting the ftateof a cafe, in the cleared: and
the majority of thofe who apply themfelves to commerce, moft beneficial light, the more effectually to obtain his point.
merchants and traders being reputed to be of age, the mo- And to be a man of figures and accounts is as effentially nc-
ment they enter upon bufinefs. This is according to the cefiary as any thing clfe; more efpecially if he is anyway
ordinance of March 1673; in the fixth article of the firft concerned in matters of trade and money affairs. In a word,
title of which it is declared, that "all merchants and traders, a perfon who undertakes any branch of agency-bufinefs,
either wholefale or retail, fhall be deemed of as;e in matters ought to be one of a good general education, a genteel,
relating to their trade, nor fhall be fuffcred to recede from any affable, and communicative difpofition, and to have nothing
bargain, tranfadtion, Ufe. under the pretence of their being of the pedant about him.
minors." This mercantile regulation, concerning the ma- Agent of the Bank and Exchange in France, in England
jority of merchants and bankers, was cftablifhed in France called a broker, is a public perfon, who, in cities and places
long before the above-mentioned ordinance and there are ; of trade, ads between merchants, traders, bankers, and
feveral decrees of the parliament of Paris, and of fome other other perfons of bufinefs, to facilitate the trafiic of money,
parliaments, by which it is decided that any minor, carrying and the negotiation of bills of exchange.
on a trade, becomes of age with regard to his trade ; and For the nature of this ofHce in England, fee Brokers.
that children of good families, applying themfelves to com- In France, before the reign of Charles IX, every one that
merce, have no occafion for the content of their parents, in pleafed made brokerage their bufinefs, either of money or
order to bind or oblige themfelves which, however, muft
; merchandize, and there was no difference between brokers
be underftood only of what relates to commerce, for it is in of goods and agents of exchange. Nothing more was necef-
that refpecT: only they enjoy fuch kind of emancipation ; con- fary for a perfon's taking on him this office, than an eftablifti-
tinuing ftill, as before, in their age of minority, under pater- ed reputation, and a large acquaintance among merchants,
nal power and authority, with regard to all fuch other en- bankers, and other ranks of men of bufinefs. The brokers
gagements and obligations as do not relate to trade. ufually (as is ftill the cuftom in fome places) were chofen
As it might be afked, in order to explain that article of the by the piovoft of the merchants, mayors, and fheriffs, or
ordinance, At what age it is lawful for a man to enter upon judges-conful of cities, to whom they took an oath for the
trade, and, confequcntly, at what years he may be reputed faithful difcharge of their employment.
to be of age ? Monfieur Savary obferves (in his Negotiant Charles IX. by edict, in the year 1572, was the firft that
Parfait) that this depends on their being, or not being, of inftituted a number cf profeffed brokers, as well of exchange
free companies in the city, where a man would fct up and and money as of merchandize, who were to be admitted by
carry on his trade. At Paris, for inftance, where a man the bailiffs, fcnefchals, or other judges royal, of the places of
cannot take up his freedom before he is 20, he is reputed to their refidenre.
be of age, the moment he enters upon his 22d year. The wars of the league prevented the execution of this edict.
In thofe cities where by the ftatutes of the companies the But Henry IV. renaming the defign of by a
his predeceffor,
time of taking up the freedom is fixed before or after the decree of council in 1595, prohibited all perfons from exer-
20th year, the age of majority muft follow the time fixed cifin"- the profeflion of a broker, without having firft obtain-
by thofe ftatutes
; and, in thofe cities where there are no ed a commiflion from him, on pain of being fentenced aa
free companies, a minor reputed to be of age, the moment
is
tjuilty of fraud, and paying a fine of 500 crowns ; and, at the
he begins to trade for his own account, be it at 19, or even fame time, he fixed the number of brokers ; eight for Paris,
at 18, years of age. twelve for Lyons, four for Roan, and as many for Marfeilles;
AGENDA [things to be done] fo merchants call a pocket or one for each of the cities of Amiens, Dieppe, and Calais ;
memorandum-book, in which they fet down all the bufinefs three for Rochelle, three for Bourdeaux, and in all other
fhey are to tranfact. during the day, either at home or cities as many as fhould be deemed neceflary ; but with this
abroad. intent, that none fhould be obliged to employ them in the
The agenda is very ncceffary and traders in
to merchants, negotiations of the exchange and bank, or in the fale of
general, particularly to thofe who
have bad memories and merchandize, who did not think proper.
much bufinefs ; it being but too common, for want of fuch The inftitution of thefe bank and exchange-agents in France
a remembrancer, to let flip good opportunities in trade, havin"- undergone various changes and alterations, which
cither of buying or felling, or of negotiatingbills of exchange. afford little matter of ufe or curiolity to be acquainted with,
It ought particularly to be a conftant pocket memento to we fhall not tire the reader with a tedious detail thereof, as
factors and agents for others, to avoid omiflions prejudicial is done in Savary, but give a fuccinct account of the fup-
to the interefts of their principals. preffion of the bank-agents, and the new creation of ex-
Agenda is name by which many merchants and traders
alio a change-agents in 1723, wherein there is fomething deferving
call a littlepocket-almanack, which they carry about them notice,
for afecrtaining the dates of their difpatches, bills, meetings,
and the like. Suppreffion of the bank agents in France, and new
AGENOIS, a province of France. It is bounded by Condo- creation of exchange-agents in 1723.
meis on the fouth, Quercy on the eaft, Perigord on the
north, and Bazadois on the weft. It is the moil fruitful The bank-agents by commiflion, created in 1720 for the
country of all Guienne, is watered by fome navigable rivers, city of Paris,were fupprefled in their turn, and others
and produces a great deal of corn, wine, oil, hemp, and eftablifhed in their ftead, with the title of office, by an edict
tobacco, with which it furnifhes other provinces. Its chief ofthe month of January 1723.
places are 'In this edict his majefty obferves firft, that, being informed
Agen, its capital, where tanned leather and the manufacture that the feveral alterations made in thefe offices, by the fup-
of ftockings afford a pretty good trade. Its woollen trade preffions and re-eftablifhments which had been ordered, had
likewife is very considerable, efpecially in goods' brought rendered their condition abfolutely uncertain, he took the
hither from other places. Thefe feveral forts of merchandizes refolution to remedy it, by a new creation of thefe officers.
are carried to the fairs of Bourdeaux. The other principal He declares afterwards, that he annuls and fuppreffes all the
articles of its trade are the vines which grow on its neigh- offices of bank, exchange, and trade-agents, eftabliihed till
bourhood, and the brand v made from them. then in the city of Paris, in what number foever, with what
Clerac, or Clairac, in this province, is inhabited bv rich title, and under what denomination, they may have been
merchants, who carry on a confiderable trade in corn, wine, eftablifhed ; and that he creates and eftablifhes, in their ftead r
and brandy. 60 new offices, or employments, of counfellors, agents of ex-
AGENT, in matters of bufinefs, is a perfon entrufted, or change, bank, and commerce, to perform the fame functions,
appointed, with the conduct, management, and negotiation and enjoy the fame prerogatives, and the fame perquifites,
of the affairs of other people, or of a corporation. There or brokerage, enjoyed formerly by the agents of exchange,
are alio agents to the feveral regiments belonging to the army, bank, and commerce, created by the edicts of Auguft 1708,
and a-ent-victuallers for the navy. and November 17 14 but yet they fhall not have a right to
:

Vol. I. H claim,
 AGE
claim an exemption from the poll-tax, lodging of foldiers,
and other taxes, which was granted to the (aid officers
nor have any fettled fulary, nor e^oy the franc-fale, or ex-
emption from the falt-duty.
And, forward the redemption of the national debts,
in order to
and alfo to the end that fuch perfons as would purchafe thefe
offices might do it the more eafily, his majefty permits, that
the.money to be paid for them, together with the two fols for
every livre of it, be paid in rent, or annuity-contracts upon
the city, in rents upon the provinces, or other government-
iecurities, well and duly liquidated. Ordering, likewife,
that tlie annual taxation of thefe offices fhall be reduced to
one half of what it was, to be paid by the officers, according
to th^1 fums which thefe employments coft them ; and that
the purchafers fhall be admitted, after the fame manner as
the former proprietors wefe, by virtue of the grants which
fhall be fealed in the great chancery, they paying only one
half of the ufual perquifites of a gold .mark, for the regifter-
ing and the feal. His majefty further orders, that, whatever
isregulated by the edicts of Auguft 1708, and November
1714, and by the proclamations iffued out in confequenceof
them, concerning the functions and brokerage of exchange-
agents, be executed according to the form and tenor of them,
in every thing that is no" abrogated by this prefent edict. It
was regiftered in the parliament the 12th of February 1723.
For the execution of this edict, and the liquidation or clear-
ing of the new offices of exchange-agents, commiffionerc
were afterwards appointed by a decree of council, dated April
the 5th and another was alfo publiflied the 4th of Auguft
;
following, for the reimburfement of the fuppreffed offices,
the poffeitbrs of which were prohibited by the faid decree to
intermeddle with the functions of exchange agents, or to
take or receive any brokerage annexed thereto, upon pain of
a fine of 3000 livres.
His majefty having thought it proper to eftablifh in 1724 a
public exchange in the city of Paris, where all bills of ex-
change, and all other commercial affairs, relating both to in-
land and foreign trade, fhould be negotiated, and the offices
cf exchange-agents, created the foregoing year not being
taken up, his majefty judged it more agreeable to the new
eftablifliment of this exchange to put the exercife of thofe
offices into commiffion, and to appoint fixty perfons of capa-
city and honefty to perform the functions of them, in the
form and under the conditions in the regulations which
fhould be drawn up in council.
Thefe regulations contain 25 articles, which are part of the
41, that compofe the decree of council iffued the 24th of
September 1724, which orders the fetting up of an exchange
in the city of Paris. We
fhall mention here fuch of them
only as relate to the exchange-agents, by commiffion.
The articles of the decree, which contain the regulation of
the functions of the exchange-agents, begin with the 17th,
and continue to the 41ft and laft of them, both inclufive;
they are as follows, viz.
XVII. His majefty gives leave to all merchants, traders,
bankers, and others, who fhall be admitted upon change, to
negotiate among themfelves bills of exchange, notes pay-
able to the bearer, or to order, as well as merchandizes, with-
out the mediation of exchange-agents and with regard to all
: after exhibited, on pain of fuch, who fhall tranfgrefs againft
other commercial affects and papers, in order to abolifh thofe
fictitious fales, which have hitherto brought them into dif-
credit, they fhall not be negotiated but by the mediation of
the exchange-agents, after the manner as fhall be hereafter
explained, upon pain of imprifonment of thofe who fhall
trade in them, and a fine of a thoufand livres to be levied by
diftrefs; half of which fhall belong to the informer, and the
other half to the general hofpital ; nor fhall it be lawful
either to remit or mitigate that fine.
XVIII. All negotiations of commercial papers and effects,
tranfacted without the mediation of an exchange-agent, fhall
be declared null and void, in cafe of a difpute his majefty ;
forbidding all tipflaffs and bailiffs to bring any fummons, on
account of fuch negotiations, upon pain of deprivation, and a
fine of 300 livres; and forbiddinglikewife all judges to give any
fentence in fuch cafes, upon pamof nullity of thofe fentences.
XIX. The 60 offices of agents of exchange, bank and com-
merce, created by the edict of January 1 723, not being taken
up, his majefty orders that the faid offices fhall be put into
commiffion, to be executed in the form prefcribed by thefe
prefent regulations.
XX. Ten confiderable citizens and merchants of the city of
Paris fhall be chofen, to examine the capacity of thofe who
fhall prefent themfelves, in order to be provided with the 60
commiffions of agents of exchange, bank, and trade; and
upon the report of thefe ten confiderable citizens and mer-
chants, his majefty will caufe letters in the great chancery to
be delivered tothem, for the executing of the faid commiffions.
XXI. The exchange-agents fhall all be of the catholic, apo-
ftolic, and Roman religion, Frenchmen, or inhabitants of the
kingdom, naturalized at leaft, of twenty-five years of age
complete, and of an unblemifhcd reputation. They who
fhall have obtained letters of refpite, or made contracts for
delay of payment, or been bankrupts, fhall not be admitted
exchange-agents.
AGE
XXII. The exchange-agents fhall be fworn, that they will
5
fulfiltheir commiffions faithfully, before the lieutenant-ge-
neral for civil matters at Paris, after inquiry made by him of
their lives and morals ; and they fhall pay no perquifites for
the oaths taken, nor for their admiffion.
XXIII. The commiffions of exchange-agents may be per-
formed, without derogating from the quality of noblemen,
his majefty giving leave to thofe who fhall be provided with
them, to exercife them together, with the offices of counfel-
lors-fecretary to the king, both in the great court of Chan-
cery, and in all the other courts of Chancery in the kingdom,
without their having occafion for any other decree, nor for
of compatibility, his majefty difpenfing and difcharg-
letters
ing them from fuch letters and decree.
XXIV. Upon any alteration happening, either by death, or
otherwife, in the number of the fixty exchange-agents, which
fhall have been appointed to exercife the faid commiffions ;
the examination of thofe who are to fucceed, fhall be refer-
red to the fyndic of the exchange-agents for the time being,
upon whofe advice new commiffions fhall be iffued out.
XXV. The exchange-agents fhall be obliged to appear upon
change every day, from ten o'clock in the morning, till one
in the afternoon, except on Sundays and holidays ; nor fhall
they be allowed to be abfent from it for any reafon whatfo-
ever, except in cafe of ficknefs.
XXVI. They fhall every one of them keep a day-book, or
regifter, which fhall be numbered and marked with a flou-
rifh, by the judges and confuls of the city of Paris and his
;
majefty commands them to regifter exactly in that book, all
the bills of exchange, notes, and other commercial papers,
and all merchandizes and effects by them negotiated, without
regiftering any name, but diftinguifhingeachparticular article
by numbers ; and they muft deliver, to thofe who
a feries of
fhall employ them, a certificate figned by them of every ne-
gotiation they fhall have tranfacted, which certificate muft
be marked with the fame number, and the fame ftamp with
the folio of the regifter, on which it is entered.
XXVII. The exchange-agents fhall be admitted to give evi-
dence and make oath before all judges, about the bufinefs
they fhall have tranfacted, before which judges, as alfo before
the arbitrators who may be appointed, they fhall be obliged,
when required fo to do, to exhibit and produce fuch article
of their regifter, as may be difputed.
XXVIII. When negotiations of bills of exchange, notes to
the bearer, or order, and merchandizes, fhall be tranfacted
upon change by the mediation of an exchange-agent, the
fame agent may be employed by the drawer, the feller, and
the buyer of merchandizes.
XXIX. As for the negotiations of commercial papers and
other effects, they fhall always be tranfacted by the mediation
of twoexchange-agents; for which purpofe, fuch perfons as
may be defirous to buy or fell commercial papers and other
effects, fhall deliver the money or effects into the hands of the
exchange-agents, before change time, upon their receipts,
containing a promife to account for them within that day.
However, it fhall not be lawful to the faid exchange-brokers
to carry or receive any effects or money upon change, nor to
tranfact their negotiations, otherwife than in the form here-
the contents of this article, being removed from their em-
ployment, and paying a fine of 3000 livres, to be levied by
diftrefs ; half of which fhall belong to the informer, and the
other half to the hofpital general.
XXX. When two agents fhall be agreed upon change, about
any negotiation, they fhall give each other their note, pro-
mifing to furnifh one another within the day, that is to fa)',
one the effects negotiated, and the other the fum agreed upon
for the faid effects and each of. thefe notes fhall not only be
:
marked with the fame number under which the negotiation
fhall be regiftered in the book of the exchange-agent, who
delivers the note, but alfo counter-marked with the number
of the note, delivered by the other exchange-agent, that they
may ferve as references and proofs to each other. Thefe
notes muft be regularly difcharged on both fides within the
day, upon pain of being conftrained to it by diftrefs, and
even profecuted extraordinarily, in cafe of embezzlement of
the money or effects.
XXXI. The exchange-agents fhall alfo be obliged, in clof--
ing their negotiations with thofe who fhall have employed
them, to deliver to them the note, on the back of which
fhall be the name of the exchange-agents, with whom the
negotiation was tranfacted ; and to fet down in the certificate
they fhall deliver of it, according to the 26th article, the
name of the exchange-agent, and the two numbers of the
note, as alfo the nature and quantity of the effects bought or
fold, and the price of the fame.
XXXII. His majefty does moftexprefslv forbid the exchange-
agents to enter into any fociety or partnerfhip among them-
felves, under whatfoever pretence it might be, or with any
merchant, or trader; or even to execute any commiffion for
foreigners or ffrangers, unlefs they be actually at Paris at the
time of the negotiation, upon the fame penalty as mentioned
in the 29th article.
XXXIII.
 ;

AGE
XXXIII. His majefty further forbids them to make ufe, un-
der any pretence whatfoever, of any clerk, factor, or ma-
nager, even of their own children, for the tranfadtion of any
bufinefs, of what nature foever, unlefs in cafe of ficknefs ;
and, even then, only to finifli the negotiations already
betrun, but not to enter upon any new one, under the fame
penalties as mentioned in article 29.
XXXIV. Nor fliall the exchange-agents, under the fame
penalty, carry on any trade in bills of exchange, notes,
merchandizes, commercial papers, or other effects, directly
or indiredtlv, for their own proper account.
XXXV. No pcrfon fhall be admitted an exchange-agent,
if he be book or cafh-keeper to any merchant, or other.
XXXVI. The exchange-agents mall, in no cafe whatfoever,
name the pcrfon for whom they are to tranfact bufinefs, but
fliall be obliged to keep an inviolable fccrccy, and ferve them
faithfully in every circumftance of their negotiations ; either
with regard to the nature and quality of the eftccts, or their
AGE
manner, more authorized. There were forty-fix of them,
who, by reafon of a long poffeflion, looked upon their com-
miffionsas real offices, and difpofed of them as of hereditary
employments, made them part of their children's fortune,
and alfo mortgaged them like real eftates.
Things were very near upon the fame footing at Bourdeaux,
and thefe commiffions were looked upon there as city em-
ployments.
All thefe commiffions were created and erected into fettled
and hereditary offices, by three edicts of the year 1692, but
iffued out in different months. They were not, however,
fully executed, but with regard to Marfeilles and Bourdeaux,
the exchange-agents and brokers of thefe two cities beine ex-
empted from the general fuppreffion made in 1705, within
which thofe of Lyons were comprized, like all the others in
the kingdom.
The edict, by which that fuppreffion v/as ordered, having at
the fame time created 1 16 new offices of king's counfellors,

price :and thofc that fhall be convicted of prevarication, exchange-agents, as has been obferved above, there were 25
fhallbe condemned to make amends for the damage done of them appointed for Paris, and 20 for Lyons. But, the
by them, and fufFcr the penalties mentioned in the 29th edict of May 1707 having again fuppreffed them all, except
article. thofe of Paris, that of 1692 continued in force for the city
XXXVII. His majefty forbids all exchange-agents to ne- of Lyons, and was reftorcd to its former authority to ;

gociate any bills of exchange, notes, merchandi7.es, papers, which, however, an exception was made, with regard to
and other effects, belonging to perfons, whofe failure fliall the number of agents and brokers.
be known, under the fame penalties as above. The brokerage fee of the exchange-agents in thefe three
XXXVIII. They are alio forbidden, under the fame penal- cities was continued upon the ancient footing, as it was paid

ties, to endorfe any bills of exchange, notes to the bearer, to the commiffion-agents, except with regard to thofe of
or order, or to promife to pay them, in cafe they be not paid, Lyons, whofe brokerage fee was increafed, and fettled at one
when due. It fhall o'lly be lawful for them, when required, half per thoufand, in the room of one third allowed by the
to certify the truth of the fignaturc, or fign of the drawers, tariff of that city, for money depofited, changing of the fpe-

accepters or endorfcrs, and of thofe who mail have made the cies, drafts and remittances for foreign places, which is prac-
bills. tifed at prefent.

XXXIX. The king forbids them under the fame pe-

alfo,
Exchange-agents of the city of Amftcrdam.
nalties, to negotiate anywhere, but upon change, bills of
exchange, notes, merchandizes, commercial papers, and The city of Amftcrdam one of thofe, which carries on the
is

other effects. greateft trade in the world, either with regard to the large
XL. The brokerage to be paid to the exchange-agents for fums of money which its merchants and bankers remit to
their negotiations of ready money, bills of exchange, all foreign countries, cither for their own account or by com-

to the bearer, or order, and other commercial papers, fhall
be 50 fols per iooolivres, to be paid 25 fols by the buyer,
and 25 by the feller, as is cuflomary ; and, with regard to
the negotiations for merchandizes, they fliall be paid upon
the foot of one half per cent, of the value of thofe merchan-
dizes, viz. one fourth per cent, by the buyer, and one fourth
per cent, by the feller; nor fhall they, under any pretence
whatfoever, demand any other or greater brokerage, upon
pain of punifhment for extortion.
XLI. The names of the exchange-agents, who fhall have
tranfgrefled againft thefe rules and ordinances, or who fliall
have been deprived, fliall be wrote upon a board, and ported
up upon change, that the public may be warned not to em-
ploy them any more.
The decree of the 24th of September 1724, concerning the
eft.blifhing an exchange in the city of Paris, and the crea-
tion of 60 exchange agents by commiflion, was very foon
put into execution, with regard to the appointing of thefe
new officers ; and, on the 14th of October following, a fe-
cond decree of council was publifhed, by which his majefty
declared, that, having fecn the certificates of the ten con-
fiderable citizens and merchants, appointed to examine thofe
who fliould prefent themfelves as candidates to fill up the
faid offices of exchange-agents by commiflion, the fixty per-
fons named in his decree fhould be admitted accordingly ;
and as fuch tranfact the negotiations of all bills of exchange,
drawn from one place upon another, and upon places in
foreign countries, notes to the bearer, or order, commercial
papers, and other merchandizes and effects, on condition
that the faid fixty exchange-agents be fworn before the lieu-
tenant-general for civil matters in the city of Paris, whom
his majefty appointed for that purpofe.
Exchange-agents of Lyons, Marfeilles, and Bourdeaux.
Thefe three of France being, next to Paris, the places
cities
of the greateft trade in bank and exchange, Henry IV, as has
been obferved above, did not forget them in the creation of
exchange-brokers, in the year 1595 twelve of them were
: which amount to 600 guilders, or florins ; that is to fay,
defigned for Lyons, four for Marfeilles, and three for Bour-
deaux. It does not appear, however, that thefe creations
took place, or at leaft it is very likely that this eftablifhment
did not continue long for in 1692 thefe three cities had ex-
: brokerage of Amfterdam, and of the fees paid to agents and
change-agents erected, as it were, into municipal offices^ and
in fome cities they were, in a manner, hereditary. Lyons
had forty brokers for bills of exchange, cafli, remittances of
miflion, or with regard to the almoft infinite quantity of
merchandizes, with which its warehoufes are flocked, and
which are continually imported or exported, by the trade
they carry on to the very extremities of the earth.
To render that immenfe circulation of commerce the eafier,
there are in that famous city two of brokers, or agents
forts
for exchange and merchandize. They are called makelaers
in Dutch. Some of them are fworn brokers, and others
itinerant, or ambulatory brokers.
The fworn brokers are fuch by way of office, as it were, and,
being chofen by the magiftrates, are fworn before them. Of
thefe there are reckoned to be 375 Chriftians, and 20 Jews:
and, when there happens a vacancy among them, it is fup-
plied by the burgomafter, whofe turn it is to take care of the
trade of the city for fix months.
The itinerant brokers are thofe, who without having any pa-
tent or commiflion from the magiftrates, and without being
fworn before them, perform the functions of agents and bro-
kers, and act in negotiations, cither for drafts and remit-
tances of money, or for buying or felling merchandizes.
Their number is greater than that of the fworn makelaers,
or brokers ; fo that, taking them both together, there are
above a thoufand perfons employed in brokerage, mpft of
whom are overloaded with bufinefs and negotiations. The
only difference there is between thefe two forts of agents and
brokers of exchange and merchandize is, that the fworn
brokers are admitted to give evidence before courts of juftice,
in cafe any difputes happen with regard to their negotiations
whereas the itinerant brokers are not admitted to give evi-
dence, and, in cafe of objection by one of the parties, bar-
gains are rendered null and void.
The brokerage fees of agents and brokers of the bank and
exchange are paid equally by thofe who give their money,
and by thofe who receive it, or who furnifh bills of exchange,
unlefs they agree to the contrary.
Thofe brokerage-fees have been regulated for Amfterdam, by
the ordinances of January 16 13, and of the 22d of Novem-
ber 1624, at the rate of 18 ftivers for 100 livres de gros,
three ftivers for every 100 guilders, to be paid, one half by
the drawer," and the other half by him who gives his money.
That the reader may underftand this fubject of the
eafier
brokers, we fhall add here the following table.
A Table of the Brokerage Fees, paid at Amfterdam, at the

money, buying of merchandizes and eftates. The perfons, Rate of 18 Stivers for every 100 Livres de Gros.
who acted as brokers, took no patents from the king, but For 100 livres de gros fl. 18 f.

acted only under the commiflion of the provoft of the mer-

chants and echevins, or aldermen, and had their brokerage
For 1000 florins, or guilders I fl. 10 f.

For 1000 crowns, which are reckoned

3000
as
and perquifites paid them, according to the tariffs drawn up
by thofe officers of the city, and particularly by that of the
florins ]

.
4 fl. 10 f.

For iool. fterling, reckoned as 1000 florins I fl. 10 f.

31ft of December 166S. 2 fl. 10 f.

For 1 00c daelders, or 1666; florins
The number of brokers for bills of exchange, merchandize, For iooorixdollars upon Leipfic and Breflau 3fl- 10 f.

is't. was greater at Marfeilles, and their functions were, in a

For 1000 ducats 5 A- 00 f.
For
3
 ;

A G R A G R
For iooo erufadoes 2 fl. io f. houfes at fcvcral other towns, to which they fend facldri
For iooo florins bank money, current
againft once a year ; and have always fome perfons near the court,
money 1 ^ J
x 00
to prevent being impofed on by the covetous tyrannical vice-
For an a&ion of iooo de
livres of gros the roys and governors near their other fettlements.
Eaft-India company \^^ J
oq ^
The number of midians, where the public markets are here
kept for all forts of provifions ; qi covered bazars, where
Brokerage Fees paid to Exchange-Brokers in feveral cities of every merchant and artificer have their quarters and their
Europe. fhops, fome of which bazars are near half aquarterofa league
long ; and of caravan feras, which they fay amount to above
At London I for every 100 1. fterling, which makes i for 80 all of thefe are fufficient to convince us, both of the
:

each of the parties. prodigious extent, and of the immenfe trade that is carried
At Venice per iooo. on in this city.
At Genoa \ of a crown for iooo crowns. This trade is kept up by feveral caravans, which fet out from
At Bologna one fol for ioo crowns. Amadabath, Surat, and other places, compofed commonly
At Geneva 4 for iooo. of 400 or 500 camels, which the Englifh, Dutch, Moors,
AGIO, a (It is a Venetian word, which fignifies
bank term. Turks, Arabs, Perfians, and other nations, ufed to carry
aid or afiiftance. In moft of the trading cities, where there
) their merchandize to that capital, and to bring back from
are public banks eftablifhed, the word agio exprefles the ex- thence feveral others in return.
change, or difference there is between bank money, and cur- Befides the indigo of Agra, which is the beft in the world,
rent money, or cam. So that if a merchant, who fells his they get from thence a great many fluffs and linens ; the
merchandize ftipulated to be paid, either 100 livres bank latter of which are a fit commodity for the weft and the north.

money, or 105 cafh, or current money, in fuch a cafe the Thither likewife are carried the merchandize from Bantam
agio is be 5 per cent.
faid to and Tartary ; and here alfo arrive, in other caravans, the
The bank agio varies in almoft very place at Amfterdam : merchants from the inland parts of Indoftan, or the Mogul's
it is ufually from 3 to 5 per cent. ; at Rome near 25 per 1500 dominions.
at Venice 20 per cent, fixed ; at Genoa from 15 to 16 per The charges on merchandize bought at Agra, for Surat,
cent. amount from 15 to 20 per cent, including the remitting of
Agio is alfo ufed to exprefs the profit, which arifes from money bills of exchange at 5 per cent, packing up, carriage, and

advanced for a perfon ; fo that, in this fenfe, the words agio the duties or toll for the roads, according to their feveral
and advance are fynonimous ; they are ufed among merchants qualities.

and traders, to fignify that it is not an intereft, but a profit It muft be obferved, that, in all the dominions of the
alfo

for money advanced in trade. That profit is ufually reckon- Grand Mogul, the penalty for defrauding the cuftom-houfe
ed at one half per cent, for a month, that is to fay, the rate of the duties of importation, or exportation, is not the for-
of fix per cent, per annum. feiting of the merchandize, but only paying double the duty,

It is alfo fometimes called exchange, though that word has when the fraud is difcovered.
no great affinity with it. The indigo that is cultivated and prepared in the dominions
Agio is alfo ufed, but improperly, to fignify the exchange of of the Grand Mogul, particularly that of Agra, is always
a fum negotiated, whether with lofs or with profit. 20 per cent, dearer than that of the other parts of the Eait-
Some alfo give the name of agio of infurance, in France, to Indies it is in round cakes or balls.
:

what others call premium in England.

AGIOTAGE, a French word, hardly ever ufed but in a bad Frauds in the Indigo of Agra.
fenfe : it fignifies commonly an unlawful and ufurious trade.

AGIOTRE is ufed, by the French, to fignify the lending mo- As there are three forts of indigo
; namely, that of the firft
ney at high intereft, and carrying on an ufurious traffic in leaves, that of thefecond, and that of the third the Indians :

notes, bonds, government fecurities, and other fuch like
papers ; of which the debts and incumbrances of the ftate
confift. See the next article.
AGIOTEUR, a term eftablifhed among the French merchants,
traders, bankers, and other people in bufinefs it fignifies a
perfon who puts out his money to high intereft, by taking
from the public, bills, promifTory notes, affignations, or bonds,
endeavour to fell the one for the other, though that of the
fecond leaves be worth 12 per cent, lefs than that of the firft,
and the laft 20 per cent, lefs than thefecond.
The impofition may be difcovered by the colour, and by
:
breaking fome bits of the pafte ; that of the firft leaves being
of a bluilh purple, more fhining and bright than the two
others, and the fecond fort of a deeper colour than the laft.

and other fuch papers, at a very low price, to fell them out Another method they have of deceiving in the fale of indigo
again at a very high one. Agioteurs are looked upon, in is this when it is reduced into a pafte, they dry it upon fand,
:

France, as public nufances, and profeffed ufurers, who un- fome of which always fticks to it, and encreaies its weight;
der a good government fhould be exemplarily punifhed. or, when it is dry, they keep the pafte in a damp place. The
AGITO, which is alfo called GIRO, a fmall weight ufed in adulteration, made by fand mixed with it, may be known by
the kingdom of Pegu two agitos make a half biza, and
:
putting the indigo into the fire; the indigo will be confumed,
the biza weighs a hundred teccalis, that is to fay, 2 pounds and there will remain nothing but the fand.
5 ounces heavy weight, or 3 pounds 9 ounces light weight, Agra, a drug, a kind of fweet-fcented wood, found in the
of Venice. ifland of Hainan, on the coaft of China. The fineft is
AGNUS-CASTUS, called alfo VITEX by fome, a plant or bought generally in Hainan, at the rate of 80 taels per foot,
fhrub which fometimes grows to the height of a middle-fized and fells at Canton for 90. The fecond fort is commonly
tree. The agnus-caftus thrives beft on. the banks of rivers bought for 70 taels, and fells for 80 ; and the laft is bought
and brooks, and in rugged and ftony places, though it may for 45 taels, and fold for 60.
alfo be cultivated in gardens. Its leaves refemble thofe of the Agra-Caramba, a drug, is another fweet-fcented wood,
and more limber.
olive-tree, but they are longer Its trunk which comes from the ifland of Hainan, where it cofts
alfo

and branches are woody the latter end in many boughs,

:
about 60 taels per cati, and fells at Canton for 80 to 85.
which are long, Aim, pliable, and intermixed with leaves, This wood is proper to purge women the Japanefe fet a :

bloflbms,or feeds, according to the feafon. The bloflbms are great value upon it, and the Chinefe carry them a vaft quan-
of a purple colour, and fometimes white. The feeds, which are tity of i'.

properly the fruit of the plants, are white at firft, and grow AGREAGE, thus they call, at Bourdeaux, what is called
red by degrees. Many people call thofe feeds fmall or wild courtage (brokerage) in other places.
pepper ; either on account of their figure, which is not un- To AGREE, in French commerce, is to approve, ratify, or
like that of the true pepper, -or becaufe of their tafte, which confirm, a contract: for delay of payment. They fay, by
is fomething (harp and aromatic. The beft feed of the ag- way of proverb, that the debtor muft either pay or ratify;
nus-caftus is that which is new, large, plump, and comes that is, a debtor ought to fatisfy his creditor, either with
from hot countries ; thofe of cold climates having much lefs money, or with good words.
virtue. It is ufed in phyfic for the cure of venereal maladies. AGRICULTURE, the art of tilling and cultivating the
AGRA, the principal kingdom of the Mogul empire. It has earth, in order to render it fertile, and make it bear plants,
Bando on the weft, Dely on the north, Sambal on the eaft, trees, fruits, &c.
Gualear and part of Narvar on the fouth. The principal operations in agriculture are manuring, plow-
Agra, its capital, is a place of great traffic, being reforted to ing, fallowing, fowing, harrowing, reaping, mowing, &c.
by merchants from China, Perfia, all parts of India, and And to thefe belong the management of the productions of
by the Engliih and Dutch. particular places and countries; as heps, hemp, vines, to-
bacco, faffron, liquorice, woad, &c. To the fame art be-
Remarks. long alfo planting, tranfplanting, pruning, engraftjng ; the
culture of forefts, timber, coppices, &c.
Great-Britain once hadafatory here, but the longdiftance
to Surat, and the hazards and difficulties they underwent in
Remarks.
palling thither, made them withdraw it, though they conti- Agriculture confifts either in feeding or tillage, whereby
nue to trade here. are raifed flore of cattle, corn, and fruits, proper for food
The Dutch, who have frill a factory in this city, trade chiefly and traffic.
in fcarlct, looking glafi'es, filver, gold, and white lace, hard- To begin with feeding : and here I might enumerate the va-
ware, indigo, cloth of Jelapour, and fpices. They have rious forts of cattle raifed and bred by the care of the huf-
bandman .

A G R
band.uan but the moft cfirntial with rcfpedt to our traJcare,
; be improved and cultivated, the greater plenty we fhall have
1. The Which, befides theexcellency of it's
cattle for beef : of vegetables and cattle of every kind, the more populous the
fkfh for nourifhment, affords many neceffarics for our trade,
and is extremely ferviceabie in tillage: with this we both
nourifh our inhabitants athome, victual our fhips for foreign
voyages, and load them with the feveral manufactures where-
with it doth fupply us from the milk we make butter and
: alfo
d ic;from the flefh, beef; from the fkin, leather; from
tin hit, tallow; and of the horns feveral ufeful neceflaries
the overplus whereof, above our own confumption, we ex-
port, and fell in foreign markets.
2. The {Keep; whofe golden fleece being the bafis of our
woollen manufactures, employ multitudes of our people ;
and the wool being of different lengths and finenefs, makes
them of various forts whereby thofe animals afford us a
; one third what it is at prcfent. This will reduce the general
yearly crop, whilft living; and, at their deaths, we have
their flefh and their fkin? for variety of ufes.
3. Horfes ; whofe labour is fo ncceffary, that we can neither
carry on our hufbandry or trade without them befides their : value is conftituted according to the rate, at which artificers
fttnefs for war, being efteemed the moft courageous in the
whole world, and for thefe ufes are alfo tranfportcd abroad,
as a trafficable commodity. They are fent to our plantations
in America ; for the laft to fome of our neighbouring nations
but their flefh is of no ufe, their fkins of little the leather ;
made of them being very ordinary, only the longeft of their
hair is ufed in weaving hats for the ladies, and fome forts
are ufed in perriwigs for the men.
There are fundry other forts of beafts, fome whereof require
no care in raifing, others little; fuch as the flag, the deer,
the rabbit, the hare, the badger, the goat, and divers others,
whofe fkins are neceffary for our trade, and ufeful in our
manufactures.
Tillage is that whereby we raife our corn, by turning up and
manuring the land ; the feveral forts whereof are wheat,, rye,
barley, peafi, beans, vetches, oats, &c. all which not only
afford nourifhm.nt to ourfelves, and the beafts we ufc in
labour, but ferve for coniiderable articles in our commerce;
as the/ give employment to our people at home, and are
tranfportcd abroad according to the furplus of our domeftic
confumption, and the want of our neighbours, befides the
large quantities ufed in our navigation.
Thefe produces are all clear profit to the nation, being raifed
from earth and labour: but their principal benefit to the
community arifes from their exportation by our merchants,
cither in their own kinds, or when wrought up, the remainder,
which is fpent athome, tending rather to fupply our wants
than to advance our wealth; which exports being, more or lefs,
according to the price they bear in other countries, and thefe
arifing from the proportion their lands hold with ours in their
yearly rents, are not fo great in fpecie as when wrought up.
Butter fimply is the chief wherewith we fupply feveral fo-
reign markets ; and did formerly more, till by making it bad,
and ufing fcandalous arts to increafe it's weight, England
loft moft of that trade, and is now beaten out of it by Ire-
land which every year makes theirs better befides, they
: engaged in trade and profeflions alfo found it difficult to live ?
underfell England in the price, as they do alfo in beef, oc-
cafioned by the low rents of their lands.
It was the act of prohibition made formerly in England that
firft introduced them into a foreign traffic, their fole dependence
before that time being on the Enjrlifh markets, and from hence
they were fupplied with what they ftood in need of; but,
being thereby prohibited from bringing their cattle, and other
provifions to England, they endeavoured to find a vent for
them in other markets, which they did with good fuccefs,
and to more advantage the fweetnefs whereof gave a fpring
: To increafe the money, to keep up the payment of rents*
to their induftry, and put them on the woollen manufac-
tures, which they vended alfo where they exported their pro-
vifions; till, in time, it became fo great and flourifhing as
to give us apprehenfion it would endanger ours.
As for corn, foreign markets are frequently fupplied there-
with, both from thence, and from the iflands of the Azores,
cheaper than the rents of our lands will admit ; but the
Britifh plantations have fome dependence on England for
our product ; and, as the lands of Ireland rife in their yearly
value, they will have more. We
alfo raife, by agriculture,
confiderable quantities of hemp and flax, both which are
Ufeful in our trade.
Among the feveral trees that adorn our fields, the oak, the elm,
and the afh are the chief; thefe not only ferve for the buildings
of our fhips and houfes, but alfo furnifh us with materials,
" than it does at prefent, mult not the corn and cv.tle be ad-
wherewith our artificers make great variety of things fit for
our commerce and it were to be wifhed, that better care
: the labourer more, and his wages be raifed accordingly ? All
Was taken to preferve our timber, for the benefit of pofterity.
This gives us a fhort idea of the effects of hufbandry, which
Is apparently the original fource of moft of our treafures
the due cultivation of the earth being the great fountain of all
materials for trade, and the arts of commerce render them
the more valuable to their proprietors.
It is certain, therefore, that it will ever be good policy to
eafe the land, in order to promote trade ; and to encourage
the trading intereft, in order to promote the landed.
Every object of traffic requifite to the fuftenance of life being
produced by the earth, the more our lands in general fliall
Vol, I.
;
A G R
nation in ufeful hands, and the more comfortably and happily
will the people fubfift. As thofe produdtions augment, fo
will the generalconfumption the greater plenty, the cheaper
;
will every thing be, whereby trade will flourifh, and money
grow proportionably plentiful in general circulation:
and in fuch cafe, lefs money will purchafe every thin" in
: proportion as the plenty of land produdtions fhall reducethe
price, with rcfpedt to the demand.
By the general improvement of theold, and cultivation of frefh
lands to a degree requifite
to render things in general
cheap and plentiful, fuch plenty will foon be fo magnified, as
to reduce the price of the neceflaries of life to one half, if not
price of labour, that being regulated by the price of neceflaries
of life. Will not this make all our fabrics and manufactures
cheaper as well among ourfelves as foreigners, fince their
an manufacturers can fubfift? Will not this naturally extend
1
ourexportations, not only amongft our prefent foreign cufto-
mers, but attract new ones? Such new cuftomers who at pre-
: fent arc incapable of purchafing our commodities, byreafonof
their exceffivedearnefs ? Will not this prcventour competitors
in foreign commerce, whoarc now ftudioufly promoting every
art of agriculture, from rivalling and fupplanting us in that
which is the great fupport of the whole Britifh empire ?
In countries where the land cultivated does not afford an am-
ple competency of it's productions to make the whole plen-
tiful, nd therefore cheap, will not the people in general be
inevitably diitrefled and miferable? Can any chains reftrain
their tranfmigration, from country to country, 'till with
feme degree of confolation, they fhall be able to fuftain the
tuaJ ftate of labour? Where this policy is difregarded,
will it not cend to depopulation ; where regarded, have the
contrary effect ?
If the rents of lands fhall be raifed above what the quantity of
circulating money will enable tenants to pay,willnot the mo-
ney of a nation grow fcarcer ana (career ? Where there is not
a quantity of land effectually cultivated to reduce the rents in
proportion to the money, will not the fcarcity of money at
length grow fogreat, as to leave little in the kingdom ? For,
where the rents are kept up beyond the proportion of money
to pay them, will not every thing rife in fe's price and value,
commerce grow worfe and worfe, it's general ballance turn
more to the difadvantagc of the dearer n; tion, and at length
the nation become ftript of it's money as well as it's people?
Did not the demand for farms in greater proportion than they
were to be had, firft raife their rents? Did not this deter
people from encreaiing the cultivation of frefh land, as the de-
mand fliows they would, as thty encreafed in number? What
could the furplus people do, but ftrike into trades and profef-
fions ? Whilft the neceflaries, the price of labour, rents of lands
and manufactures have advanced amongft us, have not thofe
Will not more and more be daily undone, if the monftrous
dearnefs of things continues as it does ? Can the gentleman
flatter himfelf with efcaping a proportionate injury with the
reft of the people ? If money becomes fcarcer and fcarcer,
will not monopolizers, foreftallers, and regraters, multiply,
to enhance ftill more and more the prices of provifions. fince
the produce of the earth at a cheap rate will not bring fuffici-
ent fupport to the farmer, and pay all charges to which he is
liable? Does not this increafe, inftead of leffen the evil?
can this be otherwife effected than by the increafe of fuch
foreign commerce as will bring us in an increafed ballance r
But how can this be expected, except by thedecreafe in the
price of our commodities, which only will or can encourao-e
and enable foreign ftates and empires to buy them ? Can
this be effectually done, till ihe price of rents is reduced in
proportion to the quantity of money ? This cannot be ac-
complifhed, till a due quantity of wafte land is taken into
cultivation. This meafure will make farms abound, the
only natural way to lower rents in general.
Nor does it appear that gentlemen would be fufferers" bv low-
ering of rents, by fuch means. Let it be fuppofed, that all
our lands fhould be raifed 20 per cent, per annum ; fince that
land cultivated woulcfbear no more corn, grafs, nor cattle, &c.
vanced in proportion? Will not -the neceflaries of life coft
things would certainly be raifed, if money could be found
to circulate trade at fuch an advance; and fince gentlemen
as well as the labourer would buy every thing at fuch an ad-
vanced price, how could they be advantaged by receiving
20 per cent, per annum more, and paying the fame, or
more, for what they flood in need of?
If itfhould befaid, that although this might be the cafe with
regard to their expence,yet itwould not befo to their favings,
they will be deceived. Suppofe a gentleman of iocol. per
annum, now fpends 500I. and lays by 500I. per annum: if
eftates were raifed 20 per cent, as fuppofed, he would then
I fpend
 A J A A
fpend6ool. and lay by 600 1. per annum. But how would
he be the richer, fmce the price of every thing is raifedatleaft
in the like proportion ? The neccfiaries of life will coft the
labourer more, and his wages muft be raifed accordingly.
Timber for carriages, and other ufes, will coft more to fell
and hew : horfes to draw the produce of the earth will be
more expenfive, and confequently carriage, and every manu-
facture will coft more. All things in general will certainly
be raifed, while money can be found to circulate trade at
fuch an advance. Since then gentlemen themfelves, as well
as others, would buy every thing at fuch a raifed price, how
would they be benefited by receiving 20 per cent, per annum
more, and paying that at leaft for all they wanted ?
Thepurchafe ofeftates being governed by the intereft of mo-
ney, will be valued at as many years as if rents had not fallen ;
and though the fum for which they fell will be annually lefs
as the rent fhall be lowered yet the money will have, at leaft,
; ufe
all the fame effecl, apply the fame as you pleafe. If the lands
were raifed 20 per cent, per annum, this would not make them
produce more, but perhaps lefs, than they now do, by putting
it out of the farmer's power, in fome degree, to ufe fo much fkill
and expence in cultivation as before renis were fo raifed: as
this advance of rent would not tend to increafe the produce,
all the produce muft be fold, not only for all the 20 pounds
more, but there muft be profits likewife on all thofe20 pounds
to enable the farmers to purchafe whatever they wanted at the
higher prices, to which every thing will be enhanced from the
general rifeof things, as it paffed through every hand, compre-
hending the manufacturing part alfo; this would ftill propor-
tionably encreafe the profits on the firft raifed prime cofts,
before they reached the confumer ; and muft not he in the end,
not only pay the advanced 20 pounds rent, but the enhanced
profits arifing thereon, through all the feveral hands it paffed?
Andfince labour, which adds the greateft value to every thing,
enhanced too, it is apparent, that the fame
will in this cafe be
quantity of produce muft be dearer by all the firft advanced
20 pounds rent, and by fuitable profits to all the feveral hands
through which things pafs, together with a greater charge of
labour thereon. Whence it is evident that if the fame quantity
of produce muft thus coft a great deal more than all the 20
pounds rent, by which it was enhanced, the feveral parts there-
of muft coft more likewife in fuch proportion ; fo that we
may not fcruple to affert, that 140 1. could not in this cafe
purchafe more then iool. did before the rife; whereby gentle-
men, who are confumers in common with others, would be-
come poorer for raifing their eftates and therefore it mould
:
confequently feem manifeft that they would be the richer for
lowering their eftates 20 or 30 per cent, per annum, by a due
increafe in the cultivation of more land, fince it muft be no
lefs certain that 70 1. or 80 1. would purchafe more in this
cafe than iool. does at prefent, becaufe it is evident that
120I. in the other cafe, would not purchafe fo much as
iool. doth now. So that if rents fhould fall 30 per cent,
by a larger land cultivation, every thing would certainly fall
in the fame proportion, whereby gentlemen would lofe no-
thing but the nominal found of fo much per annum.
This obvious reafoning evinces why gentlemen cannot live
fo well and hofpitably on the fame eftates, as their anceftors
did, who had confiderably lefs nominal income than their
fucceffors. If, therefore, gentlemen find themfelves ftreight-
ened by raifing rents, above what the circulating money
amongft them will enable them to pay ; muft not this in-
creafe the ftreights and difficulties of the people on whom
fuch heavy rents are raifed, and account for their arrearages
and badnefs of payments ?
AJAN, a coaft and country of Africa, has the river Quil-
manci on the fouth ; the mountains from which that river
fprings on the weft; Abyffinia, or Ethiopia, and theftreight
of Babelmandel on the north ; and the eaftern, or Indian,
ocean, on the eaft. Going from fouth to north, along the
coaft, we find the republic of Brava, the kingdom of Maga-
doxo, and that of Adel, and fome other more weftward with-
in the land. The coaft abounds with all neceffaries of life,
and has plenty of very good horfes. The kings ofAjan are
often at war with the emperor of the Abyffins, and all the
prifoners they take they fell to the merchants of Cambaya,
thofe of Aden, and other Arabs, who come to trade in their
harbours, and give them in exchange coloured cloths, glafs-
beads, raifins, and dates; for which they alfo take back,
befides fb es, gold and ivory.
,r
The whole fea-coaft, from
Zanguebar to the ftrei^ht of Babelmandel, is called thecoaft
of Ajan ; and a confiderable part of it is ftiled the Defert-
coaft. It's kingdoms, or provinces, are as follow:
1. Brava, the capital of a republic of the fame name, is
fituatc between two arms of the river Quilmanci, where it
has a pretty good harbour. It is a pretiy large city, and is
inhabited by rich merchants, who trade in gold, filver, filks,
ftufFs, isfc. and pay an annual tribute to the Portugueze.
There is a great deal of ambergrcafc on the coaft of Brava.
2. Magadoxo, or Madogaxo, has the kingdom of Adel on
the north ; the kingdom of Alaba on the weft ; the terri-
tories of Brava on the north ; and the eaftern ocean on the
I D
eaft. This country abounds with barley, and other fruit,
and feeds great numbers of horfes and other cattle.
To the capital city Magadoxo a great many merchants of
Cambaya and Aden bring fluffs, drugs, and fpices, whicn
they exchange for gold, ivory, and wax.
3. Adel has Magadoxo on the fouth ; part of the eaftern
ocean, and that part of the coaft of Ajan which is called the
Defert-coaft on the eaft; the {freights of Babelmandel on the
north, and the Galles, with the kingdoms of Dancari and
Balli, on the weft.
The town of Zeila, feated in a gulph to the fouth-eaft of the
mouth of the ftreight of Babelmandel, is extremely populous.
The foil about Zeila is nothing but a dry, barren fand, and
they are obliged to fetch frefh water two days journey from
the city but, at that diftance, the country abounds with
:
corn and fruit to fuch a degree, that the inhabitants cannot
and the Arabs of Aden, and other neighbouring
it all,
countries,come and make their provifions here. The country
abounds alfo with cattle ; befides which, they have alfo here
gold, ivory, frankincenfe, pepper, and gre^ numbers of
flaves, whom they buy, or fteal, in Abyffinia, all which they
exchange with the merchants of Arabia and Cambaya for
cloths, amber, necklaces, glafs beads, raifins, dates, &c.
The inhabitants of Quiloa, Melinda, Mombafa, and other
parts, come and buy horfes at Barbora, another fea-port
town on this coaft.
4. Dancali, Dancale, or Dangale, lies to the weft of
the Red Sea, to the eaft and fouth of Abyffinia, and to the
north of Balli and Fatagar. It has a fea-port town called
Bailar. There is a place called the Land of Salt, becaufe it
contains mines, out of which they dig vaft quantities of fait,
which is carried into other countries on camels, and affords a
confiderable trade. The foil here is almoft every-where
barren, and produces no corn at all.
AIDERBEITZAN, or as the Perfians call it R-- AZE
A
B E I N, or S P I A A A CA
N, a province in Perfia, bor-
ders on the eaft to the province of Ghilan and Tabriftan; to
the fouth on Perfian Irack ; to the weft and north-weft upon
Upper Armenia and the river Aras ; and to the north, on
Schirwan. The foil of this province is fruitful, and the
climate healthy, though cold. It contains,
I. Tauris, a very large and potent city, being the fecond in
Perfia, for dignity, grandeur, riches, trade, and number of
inhabitants. The 15,000 houfes, and as many
city contains
fhops ; for the houfes in Perfia are
not in the fame place with
their fhops, which ftand for the moft part in long and large
arched ftreets 40 or 50 feet high, which ftreets are called ba-
zars, or markets, and make the heart of the city; the houfes
being in the out-parts, and having almoft all gardens belong--
ing to them.
Thefe at Tauris are the fineft bazars that are in any place
of Afia; and it is a lovely fight to behold their vaft extent,
their largenefs, their beautiful cupolas, and the arches over
them, the number of people that are there all day long, and
the vaft quantity of merchandizes with which they are filled.
The grandeft of all, and where they fell their jewels and
wares of greateft value, is octangular, and very fpacious,
being called kaiferie, or the royal market-place. Their other
public buildings are no lefs fumptuous, nor lefs populous.
The houfes where they fell tobacco, coffee, and ftrong li-
quors, are anfwerable to the beauty of the reft. The inhabi-
tants of this city amount to about 550,000 fouls, though
feveral perfons there, fay there are no lefs than 1, 100,000.
The number of ftrangers alfo, which are there at all times,
is very great; they reforting thither from all parts of Afia;
nor is there, perhaps, any fort of merchandize of which
there is not a magazine to be found at Tauris. The city is
full of artifts in cotton, in filk, and in gold ; and feveral of
the principal merchants there affirmed to Sir John Chardin,
that there are above 6000 bales of filk wrought out in manu-
facture every year.
The trade of the city extends all over Perfia and Turky, into
Mufcovy, Tartary, the Indies, and over the Black Sea. Not
far from the city, in the neighbouring parts, are to be feen
great quarries of white marble, of which there is a fort that
is tranfparent. The people of the country imagine it to be
water of a mineral fountain, congealed and hardened by de-
grees There are, indeed, not far from it, two confiderable
:
mines, the one of gold, the other of fait ; but there has
been no working in the gold mine for a long time, becaufe
they always found that the profit never anfwered to the ex-
pences of the labour.
Trie bazars at Ardebil, or Ardevil, are fine and well
covered ; but here they deal very little in gold fluffs and
jewels, as they are faid to have done formerly, and as they
do in other places. Here are but three or four large ftreets
where the chief fhops are ; the reft are not worth fpeaking
of: and, indeed, trade flags here very much. The meidan, or
great fquare, is 300 paces long, and 150 broad, having fhops
all round it, which, when this city was in its flourifhing con-
dition, were well ftocked with valuable commodities; but
the richeft goods, fuch as jewels, gold, filver, filk, jf#. were
kept

A I R ALA
kept in another market-houfe, or exchange, which is a
fquarc building, arched over, and opens, at three gates,
into three long ftrccts.
At Miana there is a kind of cuftom-houfc, where the officers
are laid to be very tyrannical in their
meaner who travel that way.
fort of people
Soltanaya, orSuLTANiA, has fome bazars, but not con-
fidence ;
be reckoned a trading-place.
nor, indeed, can it
AIDS of aflizes of wood, are petty officers of the city of Pa-
ris, appointed by the provoft of the merchants, and the cche-
vins, to mcalurc the wood for fuel which is proper to be
mcafured, and are landed on the keys. This they do in the
prelencc, and under the orders, of the affizers of wood,
whom they thus aid and affift in the exercife of thefe func-
tions, which are the chief that belong to the office of affizers
of wood.
Aids, or Aides, in French, is faid in general of all fubfidies
levied by the prince's authority (and in England by the autho-
rity of the king and parliament) or of fuch as are voluntarily
granted by the people, to aid and affift the ftate on urgent
occafions. In Fiance that word is particularly ufed tqfignify
one of the king's general farms, which confift chiefly in the
duties laid upon wine. They call ordonnance of aids an or-
donnancc of Lewis IV, iflued at Fontainebleau in June 1680,
which regulates the trade, fale, tranfportation, import, and
export of wines, both within and without the kingdom.
AIGRIS, a ftone which ferves inftead of current coin among
the Illinois, a nation of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, where
the river Afbin runs, near the gold-coaft. It is there looked
upon as a precious ftone, and yet it has nothing in it to make
it very valuable. It is of a grcenilh-blue colour, without any
luftre pretty hard, indeed, but it does not take a good polilh,
;
or they have not fkill enough to poliih it better. And yet
they are very fond of it; and, when they buy it, they give
its weight in gold for it. They make little bits of it, called
betiquets, which are bored through in the middle, that they
may firing them on fmall threads, made of the bark of trees.
Confidering the price of that ftone, the betiquets muft be ex-
tremely fmall, fince two of them arc worth but one penny
French money. They cut fome in the form of cylinders, an
inch long, aid they are bored through length-ways. They
ierve as ornaments for the beards of the kings and lords,
making trefies of the hair, which they pafs through thofc
cylinders. Akaefini, king of the Illinois, had, in the 20 trefies
of his beard, 60 of thofe cylinders, which were worth, at
leaft, 20,000 crowns. But, for all that, this pretended pre-
cious ftone is not fo fhiningand bright as green rafadc, which
is brought them from Europe. * I am pretty much inclined
* to think, fays the Chevalier de Marchais, in his Voyage de
' Guinee, torn. I. p. aigris is the fame as the
261, that the
* comes near it, but which
ftone called jade, or a kind that
' is not well polilhed by the Illinois, which is owing to their
* want of fkill.'
AIRESHIRE, in Scotland, is bounded on the north by the
fhire of Renfrew ; on the fouth with Galloway; on the eaft
with Clydfdale and, on the weft, with the frith of Clyde.
;
This county is very populous, and the inhabitants are ex-
v
ceeding induftrious. It is divided into Carrick, Kyle, and
Cunningham, which are reckoned the three great bailleries
of Scotland.
1. Carrick is fruitful in pafture, and is abundantly furnifhed
with commodities, both by fea and land. The chief rivers
are Stincher and Girven, which abound with falmon and
other good fifh. The people towards the coaft are great fifher-
men, though there is no confiderable port in this part of the
country, and are employed by the merchants of Glafgow, and
elfewhere, to catch herrings for them. The chief town is
Maybole, which has a pretty good market, by reafon the
coaft near it is full of people; but, though it ftands on the
coaft, it has no harbour.
2. Kyle, is feparated from Carrick by the river Dun, and
from Cunningham by the Irwin ; both which, together with
the river Aire, abound with falmon. It is more populous
than Carrick, and the foil is better. It's chief town is
Aire, which ftands near the mouth of the river of its own
name, has a very good harbour, and lies conveniently for
trade ; but it is now fo declined, that the townfmen fay,
from having been the fifth beft town in Scotland, it is now
the fifth wdrft, which is owing td the lofs of its trade. But
what was the reafon of the decay of trade in this place is not
eafy to determine.
3. Cunningham, is a country rich and fruitful, abounding
with fine paftures and iiulofures near its capital town,
which is
Irwin. Here they have a port, which was formerly
better condition than has been for fome years paft, the har-
it
bour being fo much
decayed by length of time, and other
accidents, that the trade of the town has declined ; for
the water not being confined to its proper channel, the har-
bour became fo choaked up with fand, that it was of little ufe
to what it had been ; fo thatfhips of very fmall burden were
frequently fhut up for feveral months in the river, before
they could fail out to fea. At the fame time, the church,
town-houfe, bridge, and other public works, being in a rui-
.
nous condition, an act of parliament was palled, in 1736, the
ninth ofGeorge II. for laying a duty of two pennies Scots
upon every Scots pint of ale or beer fold in the town of Irwin
and its liberties; and a duty of a penny fterling upon every
exactions upon the ton of coals fhipped off for tranfportation. By which
means the harbour is reftored to its priftine goodn^fs, and
the town to its former flourilhing condition. But thus much
may be faid, that, nctwifhftanding the declining ftare. of its
harbour before this act palled, it carried on a greater trade
than moft of the ports between Aire and Dumfries. Their
chief trade is in Scots coal, which they export in great quan-
tities to Ireland ; the neighbouring hills abounding with this
commodity.
AKOND, an officer of juftice in Perfia, before whom are
brought all caufes relating to orphans and widows, in regard
to contracts, and other civil matters. He ii the chief of the law-
college, and reads lectures to all the inferior officers. He has his
deputies in the f-veral provinces . thekii gdc ., rh ', with the
fecond f.idra, conclude all bargains, agreements, and -ontrafts.
ALABASTER, a kind ofn. -hi", v.'h. h is fo ft and eafy to cut.
There are feveral forts of it : the moft common is v/hite
and finning, and was forieftcemd that which
eaft :
is of a horn-colour, ,->nd tivnfparcnt, was not much more
valued. Th ; moft precious was ihat which is yt ''owifh, f'ome-
thing like honey, and fpotted with points, or fm. veins. 1
The white alabafter feems to have the preference above all
others at prefent. It is clofe, and very prop r to ms '-'.efigures,
flukes, columns, ornaments, and veflels of feveral fizes. The
antients ufed fuch veflels to put their moft admired perfumes
in. The countries in Europe, which abound moft with
alabafter, are Germany, towards Coblentz ; the province of
Macor.nois, in the neighbourhood ofCluni, in France; Italy,
towards Rome, where that or Montaiout is particularly re-
markable ; not only for its whitenefs, but alfo for the bignefs
of its blocks, fome of which are fo large, that ftatues, as big
as life, may eafily be cut out of them. F. Labat, in his jour-
ney to Italy (Voyage d'It..lic, torn. VI. p. 74.) obferves, that
there are quarries of alabafter in the neighbourhood of the vil-
lage called de la Tofta, nearCivita Vecchia there is alfo ala- :
bafter to be found in fome places of Lorrain; but it is not
much efteemed.
Cornelius le Bruyn, in his voyage to the Levant (Voyage du
Levant, torn. V. p. 284.) relates, That he has feen moun-
tains of alabafter, which are about 150 leagues weft diftant
from Archangel. The inhabitants of the country call them
pifoertje, that is to fay, ovens. They are fubterraneous grot-
formed by nature, after a very particular manner. The
toes,
chief entry feems to be fupported by pillars of rocks, in the
form of pilafters; and there are feveral other by-ways, which
lead into fmall grottoes. The ftones are as white as common
alabafter, but not fo hard ; and yet feveral pretty pieces of
work are made of them. Thefe mountains, which are half
a league in extent, are feen for the fpace of two hours along
the river Penda, and there are no grottoes beyond.
ALADULIA, a province of Anatolia, or Afia Minor, compre-
hends, in its largeft fenfe, Cappadocia Magna, and theLefler
Armenia. It joins to the country, or Beglebergate of Tre-
bizond on the fouth, and is, by the Turks, called the Begle-
bergate of Munit, or Marafch. This diftridr is likewife
called, by the Turks, Dulgadir, or Dulcadia. The terri-
tory of this province is unfit for tillage, but hrth abundance
of fine pafture-grounds, on which the inhabitants breed a
prodigious number of cattle, efpecially horfes and camels,
befides great herds of fheep and goats.
1. Cappadocia, befides the great pafture-grounds, produces
wines and fruits in greac quantities; and the mountains, with
which it abounds, efpecially that long and high chain of
them called Antitaurus, have mines of filver, copper, iron, -
alum. Its chief cities are,
Marafch, which is large, and well-built, and drives a good
traffic.
Caefarea, now Caifar, a fair and populous city, the ftage of
allthe caravans of the eaft, which here difperfe themfelves
to their refpeclive cities. The bazars are handfome and
well ftored, and the inhabitants, who are quite polite, drive
a confiderable trade in cotton.
2. Armenia the LefTer, the other province of Aladulia, fo
called to diftinguifh it from the Greater Armenia, which
belongs to Perfia, has_ little or no trade, and, therefore, no
place of note.
ALAMODE, in commerce, a thin, light, glofly, black filk,
not quilled, or crofied, chiefly ufed for womens hoods and
mens mourning fcarfs.
The fubftance of the feveral acts of parliament now in force
in much that relate to this article, is as follows.
Alamodes and luftringsmay not be imported but into London
only; and upon notice firft given to the commiffioners of the
cuftoms, of the quality, quantity, with the marks, numbers,
and packages, the names of the importer, the fhip, and her
burden, the mafter, the place v/here to be laden, and into
which they are intended to be imported ; and taking a licence
under the hands of the faid commiffioners, or any three of
them. 4 and 5 Will, and Mar. cap. 5. feet. 14. 9 and 10
Will. HI. cap. 43. feet. 1.
 ALB
If they are imported into any other port than London, or
without notice, licence, and payment of duty, and not
fealed or marked, are forfeited, or their full value. 4 and 5
Will, and Mar. cap. 5. fee*. 14. 5 and 6 Will, and Mar.
cap. 20. feci. 45. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci:. 2.
Upon importation they are to be marked and fealed, and re-
gistered in a particular book, by the officers of the cuftoms,
before delivered out of the cuftom-houfe warehoufe. 5 and
6 Will, and Mar. cap. 20. feci. 45. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap.
43. feci. 2. If the feals, or marks, are altered, counter-
feited, or mifapplied, the offenders, and their aiders, &c.
are each to forfeit 500 i. and to ftand in the pillory for the
fpace of two hours. 5 and 6 William and Mary, cap. 20.
feci. 45. 6 and 7 William III. cap. 18. feci. 30. 9 and
10 William III. cap. 43. feci. 5.
If they are imported without payment of duty, or being pro-
hibited, or, by way of infurance, delivered, oragreedtobe
delivered, the importer, contractor, or receiver, may be
profecuted, and a capias in the firft procefs, fpecifying the
fum of the penalty may be iffued, and the offenders be ob-
liged to give fufficient bail to appear in court, and, at fuch
appearance, muft give fecurity to anfwer all forfeitures and
penalties, or elfe go to gaol. 8 and 9 Will. III. cap. 36.
feci. 1 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 8.
If they are fraudulently imported, knowingly received into
cuftody, bartered, or fold, every perfon concerned
feit 500 1. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 3.
If they are bought, fold, or harboured, being fealed, or
marked, with a counterfeit feal, or mark, the offenders
knowing thereof, and not difcovering, are to forfeit the
goods and 100 1. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 5.
They may be feized within the cities of London and Weft-
minfter, and the bills of mortality, only by officers of the
cuftoms, or perfons deputed by the Luftring company,
havingwrits of affiftance from the court of Exchequer. 9 and
10 Will. 3. cap. 43. feci. 5. 5 Ann. cap. 20. feci. 3.
When feized, they are immediately to be carried to the
cuftom-houfe warehoufe in London ; and, if forfeited, to be
there fold by inch of candle, on condition to be exported,
and not to be delivered but in order to be put on fhip-board,
and until fecurity be given for the due exportation; which
fecurity may bedifcharged by certificate of the chief magiftrate
of the place where they were delivered, or by oath that they
were loft at fea. 8 and 9 Will. III. cap. 36. feci. 4. 9 and
ioWill. III. cap. 43. feci. 2.
If feized and forfeited, they are not to be confumed in
Great-Britain, but muft be fold on condition only to be ex-
ported. 8 and 9 Will. III. cap. 36. feci. 4. 9 and 10
Will. III. cap. 43. feft. 2.
In difputes concerning their manufacture or importation,
the proof is to lie on the importer, or claimer. 9 and 10
Will. III. cap. 43. fed. 5.
Officers conniving at the fraudulent importation of them, or
collufively delaying profecution, are to forfeit 500I. and
rendered incapable of holding any office under his majefty.
9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 6.
If they offend a fecond, or more times, after conviction,
they are to forfeit double for each offence. 9 and 10 Will.
III. cap. 43. feci. 7.
Commanders of fhips of war, importing, or knowingly per-
mitting fuch goods to be unfhipped, befides all other penal-
ties and forfeitures, are to be rendered incapable of ferving
his majefty. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 4.
Seamen belonging to fuch fhips, difcovering the importa-
tion, or unfhipping, befides part of the forfeitures, are to
be difcharged from their fervice, if defired. 9 and 10 Will.
III. cap. 43. feci. 4.
Before claim can be entered, the claimer is to give fecurity
to pay full cofts of fuit, if he be caft ; otherwife, the goods
to be forfeited. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 10. 5 revenue in England.
Ann. cap. 10. feet. 4.
Information is to be commenced within two years after the
offence. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 12.
Black alamodes and luftrings are not to be bought, fold, or
dealt in, unlefs fealed, or marked, at the cuftom-houfe, or
by the Luftring company, upon forfeiture thereof, and 100 1.
6 and 7 Will. III. cap. 18. feet. 28.
But, if the buyer difcovers the feller within 12 months, he is
difcharged, and is intitled to half the forfeiture of the feller.
6 and 7" Will. III. cap. 18. fed. 29.
Black alamodes and luftrings, wherefoever manufactured,
found without the proper marks, or feals, are forfeited ; and
the perfons in whofe cuftody they are found forfeit iool.
6 and 7 Will. III. cap. 18. fed. 28. 8 and 9 Will. III. cap.
36. feet. 3.
The diflribution of all penalties and forfeitures is
to the king, and one third to the feizer, or fuer; but the
charges of fuit and profecution muft be paid out of his ma-
jefty's part. 9 and 10 Will. III. cap. 43. feci. 9.
ALBANIA, a province of Turky in Europe, lies
Macedonia on the eaft, and the gulph of Venice on the weft,
having on the north-caft, and north, a chain of mountains,
tidied Monte nigro, or the black mountains, which divide
ALE
it partly from Macedonia, and partly from Servia and Dal-
matia. On the fouthit is bounded by Epirus, which is
fometimes called Lower Albania, as the province we are fpeak-
ing of is (tiled Upper Albania. Its foil is fruitful, but more
towards the north than towards the fouth, and produces flax,
cotton, and excellent wine; as alfo wax in the woods, and
fait dug outof the mountains. The inhabitants make tapeftry,
which, with the other commodities, they vend abroad. But
this country has undergone the fame fate of all under the
Turkifh dominion, being almoft deftitute of commerce, and
its coaft poffeffed by a kind of pirates, or rovers. Its chief
places are,
1. Scutari, which is a confiderable trading town.
2. Dulcigno, fituate on the gulph of Venice, may contain
7 or 8000 fouls, fays Mr. Spon, and is an indifferent good
fcale, that to fay, in the Levant language, a city of traffic.
is
The Franks have here a conful.
3. Durazzo, is a noted fea-port on the cor.ft of the gulph
of Venice. The harbour of Dyrrachium lies to the nortb>
weft of Brundufium, now Brindizzi, and the paffage from
the one to the other was eafy, fo that the former became
one of the moft confiderable towns on the coaft of the Adria-
tic fea. Two circumftances concurred to make it flourifh ;
the one was, that the inhabitants gave every one a full liberty
to fettle there ; whereas, the Apollonians, their neighbours,
is to for- drove all ftrangers^out of their city, after the example of
the Lacedemonians. The other was, that moft foreigners who
failed up and down the Adriatic fea, u red, by the way, to
put into this harbour. Meifieurs Bcudrand, Mary, andCor-
neille fay, that this is ftill a pretty large town, well fortified,
and that it has a good harbour whereas Meffieurs Spon and
:
Wheeler aflert, that it is now but a village, with a ruined
fort. Thirty miles from la Valona, to the fouthward, there
is a mountain, where rifes a fountain of pitch, which, being
mixed with tar and water, ferves to careen veffels.
ALBERTUS, a gold coin ftruck in Flanders during the ad-
ministration of Albertus, archduke of Auftria. Itweighsfour
pennyweights, of the finenefs of 21 carats and f. It is worth
about i4Frenchlivres, and yet it is received only for a mark at
the mint in France, to be melted and made into Louis d'ors.
ALBE, a fmall piece of money in Germany, worth eight fenins
of that country, or two creutzers ; that is to fay, a fol and
feven deniers French money.
ALBUS, the fmall coin, current in Cologne, and in the coun-
triesof the Lower Rhine. Four albuffes make four and a
half creutzers, or a fimple blaffart, according to the regula-
tions of the empire.
ALCANA, a drug ufed in dying, which comes from Egypt,
and from fome other parts of the Levant. The botanifts of
the latter century called the plant which produces this dye,
Liguftrum JEgyptiacum, or ^Egyptian privet ; but they
were miftaken it is not a fpecies of that kind.
:
The colour, which is extracled from its leaves, is red, or
yellow, according as it is prepared. It is yellow if the
leaves are put to foak in water: and red if put into vinegar,
citron-juices, or alum-water.
The
oil that is extracled from the berries of the alcana is of
an agreeable fcent, and of fome ufe in phyfic, tfpecially for
fofteningof the nerves. It is called alfo oil of cyprus, and
the plant fometimes Cyprus.
ALCAVALA, a cuftom-houfe duty, paid in Spain, and in
Spanifh America. It is a duty of import, at the rate of five
per cent, of the price of merchandizes.
ALE, a well known liquor in England, made of malt.
What chiefly diftinguifhes ale from beer, which is made from
the fame ingredients, is the quantity of malt and hops ufdd in
it, there being more put into beer than into ale ; wherefore
the former is ftronger and more bitter, and will keep longer.
The duties on ale and beer make a principal branch of the
They were laid in the 12th year of
Charles II. and have been continued by feveral fublequent
aCts of parliament to the prefent time.
By flat. 12 Car. II. cap. 23. feci. 1, There was to be paid
to his majefty during life,
For every barrel of beer or ale above 6 s. the barrel, brewed
by any perfon who fhall fell beer or ale, to be paid by the
brewer, is. 3d.
For every barrel of 6s. beer, or ale brewed asaforefaid, 3d.
Continued for the life of his prefent majefty, by 1 Geo. II.
ftat. 1. cap. 1.
By 12 Car. II. cap. 24. feci. 15.
ftat. There was to be
paid unto the king, his heirs, and fucceffors for ever, as a
part of the recompence for the tenures and purveyance taken
away,
For every barrel of beer or ale above 6 s. the barrel, brewed
two thirds by any perfon, who fhall fell beer or ale, to be paid by the
brewer, is. 3d.
For every barrel of 6 s. beer or ale, or under, brewed as-~
aforefaid, 3d.
between Confirmed 13 Car. II. cap. 7.
By ftat. 4 Will. & Mar. cap. 3. feci. 2. There was to Be
paid unto their majefties, during ninety-nine years, for beer
and ale, by way of excifc, above all other duties,
For
 ALE A L G
Fcr every barrel of beer or ale above 6 s. the barrel, ex- ALFANDIGA, the name of
the cuftom-houfe at Lifbon, the
clusive of excife, brewed by any perfon who fhall fell beer capital of Portugal. 'Tis here arc paid the duties of import
or ale, to be paid by the brewer, 9 J. and export, as is practifed at the cuftom-houfes of other
For every barrel of beer or ale of 6 s. the barrel, or under, 3d. countries. All gold or filver lace, fringe, ribbons, and bro-
For every barrel of beer, ale, or mum, imported from beyond cades, are there feized, as contraband goods ; no perfon
feas, to be paid by the importer before landing, 3 s. whatfoever in Portugal, being fuflFercd to have gold or filver
Made perpetual 1 Geo. I. cap. 12. fec~l. 8. and the furplus, wore or fpun upon his clothes or furniture.
together with that of the duties on cyder, perry, brandy, ALGARVE, a little kingdom within that of Portugal. It
fpirits, and metheglin, as expreffed in the fame act, appro- is wedged in by the ocean on the weft and fouth ; on .lie eaft

priated to the aggregate fund. by the Guadiana, which parts it from Andalufia; on then-nth
By flat. 5 Will. & Mar. cap. 20. feet. 10. There was to by the mountains called Serra de Algarve, or Colderao, and
be paid unto their majefties, for beer and ale, one moiety of Serra de Monchique, which divide it from Alemcjo ; fo
the duties of excife granted for four years, by 2 Will. & Mar. that it is but 90 miles in length, where longefl ; and but 28
cap. 10. (viz.) in breadth, where broadeft.
For eve;y barrel of beer or ale, above 6 s. the barrel, cxclu- 1'he country, though very mountainous in moft parts of it,
five of excife, brewed by any perfon who (hall fell beer or ale, is yet very fertile. It doth not indeed produce any great
to be paid by the brewer, o,d. quantity of corn, but abundance of wine, oil, figs, raifins,
For every barrel of beer or ale, of 6 s. the barrel, or under, 3d. dates, almonds, pomegranates, and other fruits, though not
For every barrel of beer, ale, or mum,
imported from beyond fo exquifitely tailed as thofe of Spain ; and, as the palm-trees
fea, Gucrnfey, or Jerky, to be paid by the importers before are here in great abundance, the poor people employ them-
landing, 3s. felves in working the leaves of them into a variety of knacks
j
Five fevenths of this duty, and alfo of the duty on cyder, but, in the ma:n, the country is nothing populous or wealthy,
perry, brandy, bfc. as is exprefTed in- the fame act, appropri- nor their cities and towns very remarkable for any tolerable
ated to make good a fund to the Bank, and two fevenths to fhare of trade.
pay annuities; and the furplus to the aggregate fund. Lagos, one of the cities of AJgarve, is about miles no
I Geo. I. cap. 12. fouth from Lilbon, and 25 eaft from cape St. Vincent. It is
By flat. 4 Ann. cap. 6. fed!:. 6. From the 17th of May 1713, fcated on a large bay, that opens fouthward to the ocean,
there was to be paid unto her majefty during the term of and where feveral fleets have anchored during our late war
ninety-five years for beer and ale, above all duties impofed with Spain in queen Ann's time. Figs are one of the chief
by former acts, commodities of the kingdom of Algarve, and are fhipped off
For every barrel of beer or ale above 6 s. the barrel, cxclufive at Faro and Figuera in this bay, or near it. This country is
of excife, brewed by any perfon, who fhall fell beer or ale, to exceeding fruitful, and the figs in particular are not only the
be paid by the brewer, yd. bift, and the beft cured for merchandize of any we find,
For every barrel of beer or ale of 6s. the barrel, or under, 3d. cither in Spain, or on the coaft of Barbary, but there is the
For every barrel of beer, ale, or mum, imported from beyond greatefl quantity for the Englifh, Dutch, Flemings, and
;

fea, or from Gucrnfey or Jerfey, to be paid by the importers Hamburghers, fetch them in great quantities; and 'tis faid,
before landing, 3 s. that there are frequently 40 or 50 ihips a yc.r, which are
Thefe duties, together with thofe on cyder, perry, brandy, laden with figs in this little country.
&c. as exprefied in the fame act, charged with annuities, and ALGIER, akingdom of Africa, is bounded on the eaft by
by 1 Geo. I. cap. 12. are made perpetual, and part of the Tunis, from which it is divided by the river Suf-Gemar; on
aggregate fund. The South-Sea company are impowered to the weft by the kingdom of Fez, from which it is parted by
purchafe the annuities, by 6 Geo. I. cap. 4. the rivers of Malvia and Zah, or Zes ; on the north it is
By flat. 8 Ann. cap. 7. feet. 1. From the feaft of the Annun- watered by the Mediterranean, and on the fouth are the
ciation 1710, there was to be paid unto her majefty during defarts of Numidia. This country enjoys aconitant verdure.
the term of thirty-two years, for beer and ale, above all In February the leaves begin to bud, in April they fhew their
duties by former acts impofed, fruit ui full growth, which are moftly ripe by May. The
For every barrel of beer or ale (above 6 s. the barrel, exclu- grapes are fit to gather in June, and the figs, peaches, necta-
five of excife) brewed by any perfon who fhall fell beer or rines, olives, nuts, &c. in Auguft.
ale, to be paid by the brewer, 3d. The foil is various, many parts of it being dry, hot, and
For every barrel of 6 s. beer, or ale, or under, 1 d. barren ; others fertile in corn and fruit, efpecially the moun-
By feet. 3. For the barrel of two-penny ale, defcribed in the tainous parts on the weft of Tenez, Buggia, and Algier
feventh article of the treaty of union, there was to be only- Proper. Others, as the northern part of Trtmecen towards
paid, by virtue of this act, fuch a proportional part of 3d. the fea, abound in excellent pafture grounds.
as 2s. bears to 4s. gd. above the other duties charged in The towns in this kingdom, even along the fea-coafts, are
the faid articles. but few and thinly peopled, except its metropolis. Thole
Made perpetual by the South-Sea act, 6 Geo. I. cap. 4. inland are ftill fewer and thinner, and inhabited by a flout
ALENTEJO, a province of Portugal, borders
on the north and haughty people, who trade into Biledulgered, and the
on part of Eftremadura, and of the river Tajo eaflward on ; countries of the Blacks. The Algerines are very great
the Spanifh provinces of Andalufia and Eftremadura on the ; pirates, and reckoned the moft dangerous of all Afric. They
weft it is bounded by the ocean, and part of the Portugueze are extremely avaritious, and cruel to thofe that fall into their
Eftremadura; and on the fouth by the little kingdom of Al- hands, efpecially to the Chriftians.
garve. This country is reckoned the fineft and moft fertile of As we fhall fpeak of this trade once for all, and not defcend
all Portugal and its inhabitants, who are chiefly farmers, are
; to every minute province, which is not deferving our notice;
very wealthy and induftrious. It abounds not only with corn fo, we apprehend, that the following brief and connected
of all forts, wine, oil, and own inha- account may be more acceptable to the reader.
fruits, fufficient for its
bitants, but likewife fupplies fome of the adjacent provinces; Algier Proper, which is bounded on the eaft by Bugia,
and this exportation is very much facilitated by a number of on the weft by Tenez, by the Atlas on the fouth, and by the
rivers, which fall either into the Tajo, or Guadiana, which Mediterranean from the mouth of the Chinelaf to the north-
two laft great ones run quite acrofs this province. ern confines of Bugia. The territory of Algier is fertile in
At Elvas, a city in this province, fituate on the banks of the fruits, and the plain of Moligia produces corn, barley, and
Guadiana, the Portugueze have of late erected a woollen ma- oats, two or three times a year, befides other grain. The
nufactory ; and the undertakers of that project imagine, that melons are of anexquifite tafte, fome of which ripen in fum-
they fhall be able to make a good progrefs, and to fuppjy mer, and others in winter. Their vines are very large and
themfelves with broad cloths, fine druggets, and other fluffs, thick, and the bunches of grapes commonly a foot and a
fuch as they have principally from England ; and that they half long. Its chief places are,
(hould ufe all the oil of their own growth in this manufacture. Al<ner, the capital of the whole kingdom. In this city are
But, as yet, they have only been capable of finifhing fome merchants of feveral nations : they are faid to be fo nume-
coarfe and ordinary things, rather worfe than the Englifh rous, that theyamount at leaf! to three thoufand foreign
kerfeys, and which ferve chiefly for the clothing of thepooreft families,which have fettled there on the account of trade,
of the people. and keep about two thoufand fhops in the two bazars of the
The inhabitants of Portale'gre, another city of this pro- place.
vince, have likewife made the fame attempt as thofe of Elvas, The Jews, whofe number amounts to eight thoufand, dwell
and have fucceeded no better hitherto. The country, about together in a particular quarter almoft the whole trade here
:

produces a very great quantity of oil.

this place, pafTes through their hands. The manufactures of the filken
At Estremos is a curious manufacture of red earthenware, kind are here carried on moftly by Andalufian and Granadan
formerly much admired in England ; and, though now out of Spaniards.
fafhion among us, is ftill vogue in Portugal. The
in great The greatefl commerce of the Algerines confifts in the mer-
potters that work it are very ingenious, and turn it into a chandize which they obtain by the piratical plunder of the
vaft variety of curious utenfils ; fuch as jars, bowls, tea-pots, Chriftians over the whole Mediterranean, and in part of the
and the like. ocean. The corfairs are continually bringing in prizes, with
At Monte Novo is another curious manufacture of a particu- great numbers of Chriftian Haves. Their marine is fo ftrong,
lar earthen
ware, efpecially of cups, pitchers, and drinking- that they fit out every year twenty-two, or twenty-three
bowls, adorned with bright ftones. vefTels, with three or four hundred men each.
Vol. I. K Every
 A L G
Every Turkifh veflel, of what nature or bignefs it be, pays
20 piafters for anchoring in this harbour.
The Chriftian fhips, large or fmall, pay each 40 piafters,
when their princes are at peace with the republic, They
whofe fovereign is at war with Algier, may go thither, on
paying 80 piafters they have nothing to fear, as foon as they
: while at Algier, where he died in the beginning of the year
are in the harbour but at fea, either going thither, or com-
; 1724. He was a very artful intriguing man, who, by many
ing from thence, they are liable to be taken, as ufual.
The produce of this duty for anchoring is divided between
the dey, the grand writers, the aga-bachi, who is upon duty
for fearching or vifiting the marine, the interpreter or lin-
guift of the factory, under the protection of whom the veflel
is, and the Spanifh hofpital ; every one has a fhare as fettled
by the regulations. It is the interpreter's buflnefs to make
the diftribution, and give every one his proportion.
The duty of importation on all merchandize, belonging to
Turks, Moors, or Jews, is I2j per cent, and of exporta-
tion z\.
The Englifh, fince the taking of Oran, have obtained a dimi-
nution of the duty of importation, and pay but 5 per cent.
The French obtained the fame favour, by an article inferted
in the ratification of the treaty of peace, concluded the 27th
of January, 17 18, by the commodore count du Quefne.
Money pays always 5 per cent, for importation, except that
which isdefigned for the redemption of flaves, which pays
but 3 per cent.
All brandies or fpirituous liquors and wines pay, without any
diftinction, four current piafters per cafk, for importation.
The company of the Baftion de France is allowed the cargo
of two barques every year, without paying any duty. See
Bastion of France.
The coin, or fpecies current at Algier, and ftruck there, are
the gold fultanins and the afpers : and a fmall coin called
burbas, fix of which make an afper : and the doublas, a filver
coin, worth a little above three livres French money.
Foreign fpecies current at Algier, are Venetian fequins, fulta-
nins of Morocco, gold coin of Portugal, Spanifh piftoles,
and piafters.
The currency of the coinnot fixed, but varies according
is
as the government requires yet the difference is but fmall.
it,
Foreigners reckon the value of thofe fpecies, according to the
price of bullion in Europe.
There is nothing fixed or fettled, but the patack chique, or
patack of afpers, which is an imaginary money, always worth
232 afpers. The third part of a current piafter, which is
commonly called patack gourde, weighs about two piafters
and a half; but its weight is fometimes increafed or de-
creafed, arbitrarily, as the dey pleafes.
There are money-changers at every corner of the ftreets,
who are Moors. They change other fpecies of coin for
afpers, without any profit but the bafe or counterfeit afpers,
which they know how to Aide amongft the good ones; and
people do not take much notice of this, nor is it an eafy mat-
ter for others to diftinguifh the good from the bad afpers.
When a perfon receives a fum of money, he fends for one of
thefe money changers, to examine the fpecies, in which they
are very expert, by their daily practice and occupation.
The merchandize for importation, confifts in gold and filver
fluffs, or tiflues, damafks, drapery goods, fpices, tin, iron,
copper, lead, quickfilver, fmall cordage, bullets, common
linens, fail-cloth, cochineal, tartar, alum, rice, fugar,
foap, gall-nuts of Aleppo and Smyrna, cotton in the wool
and fpun, copperas, aloes, Brazil wood, Campeachy or
logwood, cummin, vermilion, arfenic, gum-lack, anife of
Malta, fulphur, opium, maftic, farfaparilla, oil of afpics,
common incenfe, gall-nuts, honey, wool, paper, combs,
cutler's ware by fets, old and new cards for carding, and
dry fruit.
There is but a very fmall quantity of thofe merchandizes fold
at Algier, though the country always wants them, becaufe
there are duties to be paid ; and it is difficult to get one's
money after the fales, the returns being uncertain, and infults
and oppreffions very frequent.
They who have occafion for any of thefe commodities, wait
till the laft extremity, being always in hope that fome prize
will foon arrive, laden with what they want, which happens
very often.
There hazard in carrying piafters thither, becaufe you
is lefs
may run them without much difficulty, and ftrike very good
bargains with the dey, when there is a plenty of prizes.
Merchandize for exportation, confifts of oftrich-feathers, wax,
leather, copper, rough wool, woollen coverlids, embroidered
handkerchiefs, filk girdles after the Turkifh fafhion, dates,
and Chriftian flaves.
We meet fometimes with all forts of commodities, brought
in with the prizes.
The veffels whofe flag is free, that is to fay, whofe ftates are
at peace with thofe of Barbary, meet fometimes at Algier
with a cargo for Tctuan, Tunis, Tripoli in Barbary, Alex-
andria, Smyrna, or Conftantinople.
The trade, carried on for fome years paft at Algier, is but
trifling. The French have had little ; the company of the
Baftion of France, who had the liberty to fend two cargoes
thither every year, having fent none thefe feveral years, be-
A L G
caufe they could not procure payment of the laft merchan-
dize they had imported thither.
The Jews of Leghorn engrofled, for fome years, the fmall
remains of trade at Algier, by means of one of their nation
called Solomon, and furnamed Jaquet, who lived a great
unfair practices, had gained the confidence of the reigning
powers, under a pretence of being very zealous for the dey's
intereft. He fitted out fhips for cruifing, and was farmer of the
wax ; for it muft be obferved, that the Turks, and even the
Moors in the cities, look upon that employment as a difgrace,
and upon all farmers of duties or taxes, as publicans, or ufurers.
He ufed to give notice of all that pafled in Chriftendom, and
had managed fo well by his correfpondence, that the Chrif-
tian flaves could hardly be redeemed by any other perfon but
himfelf. This was to obtain advantageous commiffions, and
fecure to himfelf all the profit there was to be made, on the
difference between the piafters of Algiers, and thofe that are
current in Europe.
When he knew there was a bargain on foot for the redemp-
tion of flaves, he ufed to outbid the others till they were
tired, and forced to apply to him. He was favoured therein,
as in all other things, by the ftate, and was looked upon as
one of the chief fupports of the country.
The Englifh conful, who is the only merchant of that nation
at Algier, has the moft profitable trade :he fells to the repub-
lic, powder, fhot, bullets, grenadoes, hatchets, anchors, cord-
age, and other warlike ftores, when fhe wants them ; and trie
dey gives him, in return, oil, corn, and other provifions, the
exportation of which is prohibited to all others.
There is a French conful, under whofe protection the foreign
Jews, the Greeks, the Armenians, and others, put them-
felves, and apply to him in their feveral difputes. This con-
ful is forbidden to carry on any trade, either directly or in-
directly.
There was formerly a factory and conful for the United Pro-
vinces, but he retired in the year 1716. The Algerine cor-
fairstaking at that time hardly any prize, the militia caufed
the divan to meet, and reprefented there, that they no longer
met at fea with any fhips of the enemy ; that all thofe they
happened to fee were either Englifh, French, or Dutch; and
that, thecountry not being able to fubfift without prizes, it
was neceflary to declare war with one of thefe three nations
by a majority of votes.
Accordingly it was declared againft Holland ; whereupon
they immediately flopped a veflel of that nation, which was
in the harbour, and the dey fent orders to do the fame in all
the ports of the kingdom. He allowed to the Dutch conful as
much time as he pleafed, to fettle his affairs ; and affected to
pity and folace him. This conful was a great friend of the
dey, and had a very fair reputation amongft the Chriftians,
the Turks, and the Moors.
The principal provinces of trade in this kingdom are,
. Bona province, bounded on the north by the Mediterra-
nean, on the eaft by Tunis, on the fouth by Conftantina, and
on the weft by Labez. This country is fertile in corn and
jubub-trec, which covers a great part
fruit, particularly in the
of it. They breed likewife quantities of cattle, large and
fmall, but are fo expofed to the continual incurfions and
rapines of the Arabs, that only a fmall part of the mountains
is inhabited. Six miles eaft of the town of Bona, is a fort
called the Baftion of France, and is kept by the French, who
have their magazines of corn and other commodities, and
apartments for thofe who are concerned in them. The road
for fhips is very bad before the town of Bona, but a little far-
ther weftward, where the Genoefe fort ftands, it is deep, and
fafe. On the eaft fide of the bay of Bona, the Genoefe have
a coral fifhery.
. Constantina province, borders on the eaft to part of
Tunis and of Bona, having the kingdom of Labez on the
weft, on the fouth the Atlas, and the Mediterranean and
part of Bona on the north.It hath a fruitful foil, the low
lands abounding in corn, fruit, bV. and the mountains with
pafture grounds.
. Gigeri, or Jijel province, reaches to the frontiers of
Numidia, and upon the fea-coafts, having Bona on the eaft,
Conquo and Algiers on the weft, and Labez on the fouth.
It is moftly dry, mountainous, and barren, producing no-
thing but fome little barley, flax, hemp, and a few nuts.
The inhabitants of this province are fo like a great many of
our coafters in Cornwall, Suffolk, &c. that they fpare no
wrecks at fea, let them be friends or foes ; only, if the crew
be Mahometans, they give them fome fmall viaticum, to
bring them on in their way home; and even if the fhips
belong to the Turks, or to the allies and friends of the dey of
Algier, he can fave nothing of it to the owners by any other
means than a friendly compofition whereas, on any other
:
coafts but thofe of Gigeri, both the dey, his agas, and offi-
cers, will interpofe their authority in favour of their friends,
though it often happens even there, that their affiftance
comes too late to be of any fcrvice to the fufferers. The in-
habitants of the town of Gigeri live chiefly on thefe wrecks.
Bugia province, by the Africans called Bucgeya, or
Bug-
 A L G
Bucoia, liesalfoon the Mediterranean eaft of Algier, and
has the mountains of Labez on the fouth, the Gigcri and part
of Conftantina on the eaft. The foil is poor and dry, and
bears but little wheat, but a good deal' of excellent fruit and
good pafture. The wealth of the inhabitants confifts in
cattle, hempen and flaxen cloth.
fruit, The money they
ufe made of pieces of iron, weighing about half a pound,
is
and fmall pieces of filver of about 4 grains.
5. Lahez kingdom, lies on the fouth of Bugia, having Tunis
on the eaft, Conquo on the weft, and Mezezeb on the fouth.
It is very mount linous and barren, having but little corn or
fruit growing in it and in molt parts fcarce any thing but
;
a kind of fword-grafs, with which they make their mats,
called by the Arabs, Labez, from which the country hath
got the name. It is ftiled a kingdom, becaufe, having been
formerly fuch, it ftill retains its antient title, though now
only a tributary province of Algier.
6. Conco, or Conquo, is adjoining on the weft to that of
Labez. It is inhabited moftly by the Bereberes and Azuages,
who are fo fond of liberty, and afraid of being reduced to \
hard flavery, like moft of their neighbours, that they chufe
to lead a poor indigent life on their almoft inacccffible moun-
tains, rather than pay fome fmall tribute to the government
of Algier; and in all other cafes, avoid all traffic or com-
merce with them. The country produces plenty of fruit,
hemp, flax, honey, wax, cattle, and corn enough for their
ufe. The higher mountains have alfo mines of falt-petre
and iron, and the king's revenue is computed at 700,000
ducats.
7. The province of Beni-Araxid, or Beni-Razid, is one
of the dependencies on Algier ; the fouth of which is a plain
champaign country, and the north very mountainous, but
interlaced with fertile vallies, abounding with corn, honey,
and pafture grounds, and the whole province producing plen-
ty of jububs, figs, and other excellent fruits. One part of
its inhabitants dwell in towns and villages upon the moun-
tains, and cultivate their corn fields, vineyards, and fruits.
The other, which inhabit the plains, range about
to place like the Arabs, and are richer in cattle, camels,
horfes, (s'c The chief towns are,
Bcni-Arax, which hath a great number of perfons of quality
and wealth.
Calaa, hath a good number of merchants and artificers, who
livevery comfortably.
El-Mohafcar, hath a market every Thurfday, to which the
Bereberes, Aruages, and Arabs repair to fell their cattle,
corn, barley, dried figs, and raifins, honey, wax, oil, &c.
and the merchants ot Tremecen their cloths, linnen,
hlets, bridles, and other fuch commodities.
faddles,
The territory about Batha is covered with the fineft fruit-
trees, and very well cultivated.
8. Miliana, or Magnana province, is fituate on the fouth
and eaft of Algier Proper, and joined on the weft to Beni-
Araxid ; it is inhabited moftly by a rude people, whole chief
bufinefs is weaving of linnen cloths, and making of faddles
after the Morocco faftiion.
9. Tenez province, hnth Algier Proper on the eaft; Tremecen
on the weft, of which kingdom it was formerly a part ; the
Mediterranean from the mouth of the river Chilef, or Carte-
na, to that of Aflafran, on the north ; and on the fouth reaches
quite to mount Atlas. The foil is generally very fruitful,
producing plenty of corn, cattle, wax, honey, and variety
of fine fruit.; but the natives are uncivilized and morofe,
though they drive a great commerce with ftrangers ; whereas
the Arabs, though very ignorant, are of a contrary difpofi-
tion. They are ftout and brave, and very impatient under the
Turkifh yoke. There is over-againft the city of Tenez a
fmall ifland, under which the veflels that trade to it fhelter
themfelves in tempeftuous weather. The inhabitants have, in
conjunction with the brave Arabs above-mentioned, made
fome noble efforts to fhake off the Turkifh yoke, but hitherto
in vain.
10. Oran province, ftands on the Mediterranean coaft, has
Harefgol on the weft, Tehez on the eaft, and is bounded on
the fouth by Tremecen ; and is as fruitful as moft of the pro-
vinces.
The town of Oran ftands about a mufket-fhot from the fea,
and is well fortified.
11. Tremecen province reaches, in length, from eaft to weft,
from the confines of Anga to thofe of Fez, and, from north
to fouth, from the fea to the defert of Atlas. The country is
very well watered, and produces plenty of corn and variety
of fruits and cattle, efpecially on the north fide the reft to-
wards the fouth is more dry, barren, and fandy, and even the
parts adjacent to the capital are moftly defert,
why
reafon there is fo few towns in this province.
that are in it, are generally well feated, built,
and the people in good circumftances. Thofe who
the more defert parts of this province, own no
the deys of Algier, but ramble where they pleafe, and will
trade with the Chriftians in a friendly manner. The mer-
chants of this province trade chiefly into the country of the
Blacks, where they exchange their merchandize for Tibar
A L I
gold, ambergrcafe, mufk, civet, African bezoar, elephant's
teeth, negro flaves, bfc. and this traffic is fo advantageous to
them, that two or three fuch journies are fufficient to enrich
a man ; and fo it had need, confidering the length and diffi-
culty of it through fuch vaft fandy deferts, and the danger
they run from the fands, heat, and drought, and efpecially
from the plundering Arabs. The inhabitants of the towns
here are well bred and courteous. The chief town is,
Tremecen, fituate about 35 miles from the Mediterranean,
which grew to a confiderable height of fplendor'and opulence
under its kings, but is much decayed, fince it hath been un-
der the Turkifh yoke. Within its circuit are ftill made great
quantities of oil, and excellent grapes dried, and fent abroad.
In the city are variety of manufactures, efpecially thofe of
weaving cotton, filk, and linnen carpets, is'c. in the neat-
nefs of which they excel to a great degree, infomuch that
fome of their mantles will fcarccly weigh ten ounces. They
are likewife famed for their fine faddles, ftirrups, bridles,
isfc. which are made after the Morefco fafhion.
ALIEN, is one born in a foreign country, under the obedience
of a foreign prince and ftate, and, in regard to England, not
fubject to its fovereignty.
Though aliens, according to the laws of England, are not of
capacity to buy, or inherit, lands, or freeholds, yet they may
purchafe houfes, or warehoufes, which are for accommodat-
ing them as merchant-ftrangers.
Yet, if they depart and relinquifh the realm, the king fhall
have the fame; and fo it is if they have taken a leafe of mea-
dows, lands, woods, or paftures for the law provides them
:
nothing but a habitation to traffic in, as merchants.
But, though aliens can have no action for, or concerning
lands, they may fue perfonal actions, as on a bond; fo like-
wife for words for the common law, according to the laws
:
of nations, protects trade and traffic ; and not to have the
benefit of the law, in fuch cafes, is to deny trade.
The fenfe of the ftatutes now in force in rclatiot
lation to aliens,
as traders, is as follows :
from place Aliens born, made denizens, are to p2y fuch duties as they
did before they were made denizens. Stat. 22 Hen. VIII.
cap. 8.
Aliens or merchant-ftrangers, are to be ufed in this realm as
merchants-denizens are in other countries. Stat. 9 Hen. III.
cap. 30. 5 Hen. IV. cap. 7.
Aliens and denizens, coming into this kingdom, are to be
well and honeftly intreated, with refpect to the payment of
the duties. Stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 4.
Aliens, or merchant-ftrangers, bringing in goods, muft give
cam- fecurity to the king's cuftomer and comptroller, to employ
their money upon the commodities of this realm, or to put it
in due payment here (their reafonable cofts excepted) and
not to export the money received for the fame ; upon forfei-
ture of all their goods, and to fuffer a year's imprifonment.
Stat. 4 Hen. IV. cap. 15. 5 Hen. IV. cap. 9. 27 Hen.VI.
cap. 3. 17 Edw. IV. cap. 1. 3 Hen. VII. cap. 8.
A Britifh man, fworn to be fubject to a foreign prince, or
ftate, is to pay ftranger's cuftoms but, if he returns to:
Great-Britain, and there inhabits, he is to pay but Britifh
duties, and to have a writ out of Chancery for the fame.
Stat. 14 and 15 Hen. VIII. cap. 4.
An alien infant, under 21 years of age, cannot be a mer-
chant-trader within this realm, nor can he enter any goods in
his own name at the cuftom-houfe. Stat. 13 and 14 Car. II.
cap. 2.
Aliens, or perfons not born within his majefty's allegiance,
or naturalized, or made free denizens, muft not be mer-
chants, or factors, in the plantations, upon forfeiture of all
their goods and chattels, one third to the king, one third to
the governor, and one third to the informer. Stat. 12 Car.
II. cap. 18.
Aliens and their fons, not freemen, are to pay the duties of
fcavage, Sec. in the; port of London.
The merchant-ftrangers, who pay double fubfidy for lead,
tin, woollen cloths, fhall alfo pay double cuftom for native
manufactures of wool, or part wool j and the faid ftrano-ers,
are to pay for all other goods, as well * inwards as outwards,
rated to pay the fubfidy of poundage, three-pence in the
p6und, or any other duty payable by Charta mercatoria, be-
fides the fubfidy. Rule the 12th for the advancement of
trade, '&c. annexed 1o the tates of merchandize, under the
act of tonnage and poundage, palled anno 12 Car. II. cap. 4.
But, by 25 Car. II. cap. 6. feet. 1, 2, 3. and 9 Ann. cap. 6.
feet. 3, 5. repealed, as to goods imported.
:
* This is the duty called petty cuftom, payable by merchant-
which is the ftrangers on
goods all imported liable to tonnage and
poundage (unlefs where the original old fubfidy has been
But thofe
intirely taken away) but not on thofe liable to the fubfidy
and inhabited,
of tonnage, becaufe an equivalent is included in the old
live in
fubfidy.
fubjection to
Note, Charta mercstoria, which was firft granted by 31 Ed;
I. was confirmed by 27 Edw. III. cap. 26. and the duty of
three-pence per pound thereby granted, directed to be com-
puted by the contents of the goods, according to the oath of
the
 :

ALL ALL
the importer, or letters of credence, without unfealing, or or too much in the finenefs, you muft draw up a table of the
opening j upon penalty of imprifonment by the officers, and metals to be melted, containing their quality, weiglit, and
quadruple damages to the party grieved, and as much to the finenefs. This table is afterwards to be divided into two
king. others, the one containing all the fpecies which are below,
Aliens duty outwards taken off. 12 Car. II. cap. 4. 25 and the other thofe that are above, the requifite degree of
Car. II. cap. 6. 5 Ann. cap. 27. 6 Ann. cap. 10. 7 Ann. finenefs.
8 Geo. 11 Geo. I. Each of thefe tables being calculated feparately, you may
cap. 7. 9 Ann. cap. 6. I. cap. 15.
cap. 29. find, by the calculation of the firft, how much metals that
When aliens are to be deemed natural bora fubjects, fee are above the ftandard, exceed it; and, by the fecond, how

Naturalization. much is wanted in thofe that are below it: fo that, by com-
ALIQUANT PART, a term of geometry and arithmetic. paring thefe two products, or funis, together, we difcover
It fuch a part of a whole which does not meafure it ex-
is
exactly, by mean of a fubtraction, how much, either of
actly, but fome remainder will ftill be left. Or an aliquant fine gold, or allay, muft be added, in order to reduce all thole

part is that, which, being taken any number of times, will metals to the ftandard required for the new melting. Here
always be greater or leffer than the number, or quantity, of follows the inftance, which the abovementioned anonymous
which it is an aliquant part. Thus 7 is an aliquant part of author gives us
30, becaufe it does not divide it exactly, but there
remains
2; or, 7 taken four times, is lefs than 30, viz. 28) and, Numbers. Marks. O unces. Carats.
taken five times, is greater, viz. 35. 1. 1. 4- Jacobuffes, at 21 U
ALIQUOT PARTS, alfo a term of geometry and arithme- 2. 2. 6. Ingots, at 20
tic. aliquot part is fuch a part of aily quantity, or num-
An 3- I. 4- Ingots, at 18 %
ber, as meafures it exactly, without any remainder. Thus 4- 3- 6. Ducats, at 23 |
I, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, are aliquot parts of 30, becaufe each 5- 1. 4- Nobles, at 23 |
of thefe fmaller numbers meafure the number 30 exactly, 6. 1. 4- Ital. Pift. at 21
without any remainder.
ALLEVEURE, the fmalleft copper coin that is ftruck in Swe- 12 4
den ; it is not worth quite two deniers tournois of France.
Two alleveures make a roufting ; eight rouftings a mark of
copper ; and 24 marks the common rixdollar, which is at
I have therefore, 12 marks and 4 ounces of gold, of feveral
par with the French crown of 60 fols, or five livres. See
degrees of finenefs, which muft be reduced to the finenefs of
Sweden. 21 carats and \.
ALLAY, or ALLOY, a mixture of feveral metals, or of
Among the fix articles which compofe the firft table, there are
diverfe portions of the fame metal, of different finenefs. three, viz. the firft, the fourth, and the fifth, which are above
Minters never ftrike any gold or filver coin without allav, the ftandard and three, viz. the fecond, the third, and the
;

and always mix fome copper with thofe two metals, accord- fixth, which are below it. I feparate them into two tables.
ing to a certain proportion, fettled by the rules of the mint,
which, in France, cannot be altered but by the king's edicts, High Gold.
proclamations, or ordonnances.
Numb. Marks. Oun Thirty-feconds.
Brafs coin is made of an allay of copper, mixed with a few remains good 32ds.
1. 1. 4- 9.
parts of fine filver, regulated alfo by the prince.
4-
3- 6. ditto 210. 32ds.
The jewellers, gold wire-drawers, and gold-beaters, and gold 5- 1. 4- ditto 96. 32ds.
and filverfmiths, are obliged to ufe allay in the filver and gold
they work ; but it ought to be lefs than that of coin, to pre- Sums remaining good upon
vent their melting it, in order to ufe it in their works, which thefe three artic El" } 3*5- 3 2ds -
the French call billonnage, which is an unlawful melting of
gold or filver coin.
The brafs-founders, alfo, have their allay of copper, pewter, Low Gold.
and tin. This allay differs according to what they defign to Numb. Marks. Ounces. Thirty-feconds.
caft, either ftatues, guns, or bells. 2. 2. 6. wanting no. 32ds.
Finally, the pewterers, in the making of their feveral veffels, 3. 1. 4. ditto 144. 32ds.
difhes, plates, &c. alfo make ufe of an allay of red copper, 6. I. 4. ditto 12. 32ds.
regulus of antimony, and fome other minerals.
There are of allays practifed in the coinage of mo-
two forts Sum of what is wanting in 1

ney : the one, gold and filver are ufed that have not
when thefe three articles j
266. 32ds.

yet been coined; the other, when feveral fpecies of coins, or

ino-ots of different finenefs, are melted together, to coin new The two fums compared.
money. Remains good 315.
The proportion of the allay with the finer metal is eafy in Wanting 266.
the firft cafe; fince, when once the finenefs of the gold or fil-
ver is known by refining, it is only adding to it the allay of Remains good 49~32ds, for which muft be put 4 drachms
copper required by law to bring it to the legal ftandard. and \ of copper, and then the whole will be of the ftandard
In England the ftandard of gold coin is 22 carats of fine gold, of 21 carats and | the weights of the metals being con-
:

and 2 carats of allay, in the pound troy: and the French, fequently increafed to 12 marks and 4 ounces exactly, be-
Spanifh, and Flemifh gold are nearly of the fame finenefs. caufe of the addition of the allay.
The pound weight is cut into 44 pieces and a half, each cur- There remains only to know how you may calculate the pro-
rent for 21 fhillings. portion there is between 4g-32ds of fine gold, and 4 drachms
The ftandard of filveris n
ounces 2 pennyweights of filver, and a half of copper. But the operation is eafy, to one who
and 18 pennyweights of allay of copper. The allay in gold is acquanted with the firft principles of arithmetic, and
coin and copper ; and, in filver coin, copper alone.
is filver knows, alfo, 6g6-32ds good are worth a mark of cop-
that
Whether gold or filver be above or below ftandard, is found per, or 64 drachms
; and that, accordingly, 5"32ds, and
by affaying. See Assay. 5-8ths, are worth a drachm.
When feveral fpecies of coin, or ingots of different finenefs, This example, which relates to gold above the ftandard, may
are to be melted together, the operation, requifite to find the alfo ferve for that which is below it but, in that cafe, as
;

due proportion of allay to the fine metal, is more difficult : many 32ds are to be r>dded as were found wanting.
and yet it is one of the moft important articles a mafter of The chief reafons alledged for the allaying of coin, are, 1.
s
the mint ought to be acquainted with, and which all t ,ofe The mixture of the metals, which, when fmelted from the
alfo ought to know who work in gold and filver, that they mine, are not perfectly pure. 2. The faving of the ex-

may not be miftaken in the allay they are often obliged to pence that it muft otherwife coft, if they were to be refined.
make of gold or filver of different ftandards. 3. The neceffity of rendering them harder by mixing fome
All the authors who have wrote upon coinage, have given parts of other metals with them, to prevent the diminution
tables for making that reduction ; and the arithmeticians have of weight ; which pieces of money might fuffer in time
their rule of alligation, which may alfo be ufed. But the by being often handled and rubbed. 4. The melting of fo-
anonymous author of a fmall treatife, printed at the end of reign gold, or coin, which is allayed. 5. The charges of
Monfieur Boiffard's edition of 1 72 1, has given us the eafieft coinage, which muft be made good by the profit arifing from
method to pradtife that rule. the money coined. 6. and laftly, the duty belonging to the

As that method will fervc both for gold and filver coin, we fovereign, on account of the power he has to caufe money
fhall give but it muft be firft obfervcd,
but one inftance of it ; to be coined in his dominions. See Gold and Silver, and
that the calculation for the allay of gold is performed by the Refining.
32 parts, which are wanting in, or exceeding, the ftandard The of copper for ftatues, guns, or bells, has alfo its
allay

of thofe metals dcfigned to be ufed; and that, with regard to proportions ; but, as they are arbitrary, and depend on the
filver, we reckon by grains of fine m-tal. tafte and experience of the founder, it is hardly poffible to

When anyone would make that kind of allay, or rather eva- afcertain the rules of it.

luation of allay, in order to add, or diminifh, what is wanting, Monfieur Felibien pretends that the good allay for ftatues,
or
 : 1 .

ALL ALL
br brafs figures, ought to be made of one half of rofe cop- Example. I would augment the compound in the laft cafe
per, and half of yellow copper, or common brafs. Accord- to 4825; that is, I would add 16 to the 32; how much
ing to others, and to iVloniicur de St. Remy in particular, mult 1 take of each fimple ingredient ? See the
operation.
there ought to be four pound;, of brafs, and eight of tin, in
100 weight of red, or rofe-Copper. Which of theft opinions
12 Then, as 32 : 16 :: ni 6 anfwer.
8 32 : 16 :: 8
is heft grounded, muft be left to thofe who have experience
3 32 : 16 ::
3
in the carting and allaying of thofe metals for their various
9 32 : 16 :: 9
purpofes.
To make the mixture fit for great guns, mortars, and other Sum 32 Sum =
=16
16
pieces of artillery, the belt and fofteft tin of Cornwall is a
neceifary ingredient, fkilfully applied. There muft be 6, 7, So that I muft have 18
| gold at 1. 4 : per
4:5:
:

12 at
or 8 pounds of it to 100 weight of red copper, more or lefs,
according as this laft metal happens to be of a better or vvorfe 4
'
at 4:6:8
quality.
and 13 at 4:13:4
The is ufually made of 20 pounds of the hardeft
allay for bells
tin to 100 v/eight of rofe-coppcr. 48 fum for proof in the whole.

The allay, or mixture for the fevcral forts of pewter defigncd Cafe Having the fimples of any compound given,
3.
for difhes, plates, and other houfhold utenfils, is commonly to
find how muchof each kind of fimple ingredient in any
made of red copper, regulus of antimony, and bifmuth, or part of that compofition.
is

lead. The pewtcrers at Paris ufe the word alloyage inftead

of alliage (allay) and have borrowed that word from their ft.i- Rule. As the total of the compofition,
tutes, where it is faid that the founding pewter muft be (al- Is to the quantity of any fimple in that compofition:
loye) allayed, with fine copper and bifmuth. See the article So is the total quantity propofed to be proportionably
Tin, where you will find the methods of allaying or mixing compounded,
the fevcral forl-i of tin. To the quantity of each fimple to be in that propofed
To Allay, or Alloy,
metals together, is to melt fevcral
quantity.
in order to mix, or incorporate them with each other, that
they may form afterwards but one and the fame matter. Example. I would know how much of each ingredient (or
Gold and iron cannot be allayed, or duly incorporated toge- price of gold mentioned in the firft cafe) is in a pound, or
ther by melting, nor even be foldcrcd together, without the 12 of the 32, being the compound given ? The operation.
help of copper. Tin melted with gold becomes fo clofely 32 : 12 :: i2J$4Jofl. 4 : per 3

:

united with it, that it is extremely difficult to feparate them, 32 12 :: 8 3 of 4

:
5 : :

a ftnall quantity being even capable to fpoil a whole calling. 32 : 12 :: 3 1 of 4:6:8

J
See Assay. 32 12 :: 9
of 4 13
Remarks. :
3 : :
4

Perfons who purchafe plate fhould be careful to deal with Sj 12 fum proof.
thofe of known honour and credit in their bufinefs, there be-
Cafe 4. The total of the compound of two fimples, with
ing very great deceit and impofition therein, notwithftanding
the total value of that compofition, and the value of an unit
the laws, and the care of the goldfmiths company to prevent
of each fimple being given; to find the quantity of each
them. For the company have long complained that there
fimple ingredient in the compofition.
are numbers who counterfeit the hall mark, becaufe their
metal is worfe in point of quality, or has more allay therein Rule Multiply the total quantify of the compofition (here
. . .

than the law directs ; and \et the buyer pays the fame price 20) by the lefler price of the unit (here 4) then deduct the
for it, as if the wrought plate was made according to the le- product from the total value of the compofition (here 82)
gal ftandard. This is a great evil, and fhould be guarded and divide the remainder by the difference in value of an
againft. unit of the two fimples given (as here 5 s. or { of a pound)
ALLIGATION, is a rule in arithmetic, which may be called and the quotient is the quantity of the higher-priced fimple
the Rule of Mixture, or of compounding ingredients, be- (here 8) whofc complement to 20 is 12; fo that the anfwer
caufe it teaches how to mix feveral fpecies of fimples accord- is 12 25 of gold at 4I. per f; and 8 ij at 4I. 5 s. per 5j;
ing to any intent, or defign, propofed ; on which account This canon, or theorem, is difcovered algebraically.
we fhall take notice of it. It is either medial or alternate.
Gold at 4I. per 3j.
Alligation medial fhews what the mean price of a pound, Ditto at 4I. 5s.
:

ounce, &c. is worth, when fevcral quantities of feveral va- Total of the =20 g Total value
7 1. 8z
lues are mixed together, &c. as per the cafe following. compofition j 4 80
Alligation alternate fhews how much of various kinds of
fimples may be taken to make up any affigned quantity of a
80 l.i) 2(8
compound which will be worth a price propofed.
Cafe 5. To find the quantities of each fimple ingredient
Of Medial Alligation. (when more than 2 in number) contained
thefe fimples are
Cafe 1. A refiner, or goldfmith, hath gold 12 ij at 4I. per in acompofition, by having the totals of the quantity com-
^ ; 8 ij at 1.
4 5 ; 3 f at 1. 4 6 8 and 9 3j at ; 1. 4 13 4 pounded, and of the value; and alfo the value of an unit of
per : what is an ounce worth, fuppofe thefe be all melted each fimple ingredient.
2J
down together ? Anfwer, 1.
4 7 5^. ^ of gold, at 1.
4 per 5j=
Rule Multiply each quantity given by the price then by
5; ditto, at 4J =
. .

direct proportion fay,

. ;
5$ ditto, at 44 =
*ij ditto, at 4] =:
As the fura of the quantities given,
Is to the fum of the faid products j
Total of the comparifon 323 Total value 1. 137
- So is one ounce of the mixture,
To its value. Rule. To thefe kind of queftions, as in thofe of alligatiori
alternate, various anfwers may be given, and yet all true.
See the work following :
You may beft do them by 2 at a time, as in the laft cafe.
of gold.
15 of the total mixture, and 63 of the
12
>J
X bv 1.
4 product : the is 1. 48
I fuppofe the 2 firft

total value, and fo I find 3 at 4I. and 12 at 4 1. - then the

8 by 4: produceth
5 :
34 reft of the total compound is 17, and of the value 74; which,
:

3 by 4 6 : 8 produceth 13 according to the 2 latter prices, gives 16 at 4 j, and 1 at 43.

9 by 4 13 :
4 produceth 42 But note, That you muft fo difcreetly divide the total quan-
tity and value, that, when the product of the firft in 1 of the
32 fum 1. 137 fum. '
2 prices is taken from the latter, the remainder may not be
Then 32 % fay, 1. 137 :: 1 5j 1.
4 or to 1. 4 : 5 : y~; fo much as (when divided by the difference of the prices)
and, by the fame rule, the value of any other quantity of will give a quotient fo great as that part of the total quan-
that compofition is found : as fuppofe 7 in the laft example, tity of the ingredient which you fixed upon, or fuppofed.
which is worth 29 fv.
For as 32
The operation.
137 :: 7 : :
29 f.
Cafe 2. To increafe or diminifh a compound proportion- Firft, 2 = 15 J
and=.63
ably, by knowing the feveral quantities of the fimples in 4 lefs 60 deduct
the compofition.
Rule. As the fum of the particular quantities of the com- Produa=6o 7) 3( I 2 at 4t
pound given,
Secondly, 15 63 deduct:
Is to the whole quantity propofed to be augmented or
lefTened 4i 63!
So is each particular quantity in the given compound,
To the due proportion required of that fpecie, fine- Produa=63^ i) -i)V=3*4
nefs, &c. Tb*
Vol. I.

ALL ALL
The fecond. 2 = 17 and 74 io to 18 C. * 7 11,.

73 j dedud 18 to 30 C. or upwards 9 lb.
Tare is the weight, or 2.11 allowance made in confideration of
*
Produ&:=73 4) -Ki at 4l the cafks, bags, or other kinds of packages. For the accom-
modation of trade, there are in many cafes tares fettled and
Laftly. 17 74 deduct eftablifhed by cuftom and experience. See the article Tares
79i Tret, Custom-house, Bills of Entry.
Allowances on the delivery of thefe goods, which are chiefly
79' l) 5i(, &ri6aU^ linnens, are as follows.
If linnens are contented inFlemifh or Dutch ells, two
ells in
Alligation alternate. 120 are to be allowed for fhortnefs of meafure.
A farmer hath 4 forts of wheat, viz. 5 s. 6 s. But if linnens are contented in Englifh ells, there is no allow-
Queftion 1.
ance made to the importer.
7 s. and 7s. 6d. per bufhel ; and he is inclined to mix
fo

much of each fort as will make 64 bufhels worth 6 s. 6d. per

Of French lockrams, two ells in every 120 are to be allowed.
how much of each muft he take? The followineare the fettled allowances for wrappers.
bufhel :

Having placed the prices as below, and the mean price,

On Hamburgh
take the difference between the mean price, 6 s. 6d. and
and in packs andbales, 1 ell in 40, but not
Bremen linnen to exceed 120 ells on any one puck,
cs. (the firft price) which is is. 6d. this you muft put down
and alfo let the pack be ever fo large.
(in the firft way) againft 7s. 6d. (becaufe bigger than the
Heffens Canvas
mean price:) then put the difference between 6s. 6d. the
Dantzick linnens, 4 ells in every 120.
mean price, and 6s. (the fecond price) which is 6d. againft
Flanders linnens, 3 ells in every 100.
the price (7s.) becaufe bigger than the mean price. Then
Holland's duck, 4 ells in every 100 ; but, if brought
put the difference between 6s. 6d. and 7s. (the third price) loofe,
there is no allowance. See the article Linnens.
againft 6s. becaufe that is lefs than the mean price. Laftly,
Allowances on goodsrated by meafures of capacity, liquid or
the difference between 6s. 6d. and 7s. 6d. is is. which drv.
Article 1. Allowances upon delivery.
put ao-ainft 5 s. the firft price. And thus having placed the
Olives imported in large cafks are to be gauged,
differences between the mean price, and thofe lefs than it and f of the
contents allowed for liquor.
ao-ainft the prices bigger than the mean price ; and the dif-
ference between the mean price and thofe greater than it,
r? $ Pipe 1 ,

ri^ht againft thofe that are leffer alternately.

W I Hoo-fhead j
01
.

wme which fllaI1 be run out

2. Sum up the difference, which you fee is 3s. 6d.

inches left therein, fhall be accounted
And not above j 9 J
outs, and no fubfidy paid for the- fame.
3. Say by the fingle rule of proportion direct,
t 7 )

of the whole Article 2. If a merchant enters his wines filled, he

As the fum of the differences is to the bufhels pays duty-
mixture only for the net wine contained in the cafk, and has
: no al-
the differences to the bufhels required.
lowance out of the duties for leakage : when wines are en-
So is
tered unfilled, duty is to be paid for the full contents
of the
The firft way. cafk, though ft may want confiderably of beina full but -

Prices. Differences, then the merchant is allowed 12 per cent, out of the duties
s. d. for leakage. See Wines
1 : o {Rhenifh,
Rhenifh, -j
o : 6 Therefore,, if \ French, I
The mean price 6s. 6d. :6 cafks of 1 Port, or Madera,
wfines imported into
1 : 6 f
all other J
6 I
-2 : 6=Sum.
r 66 i
A fecond way. Third way. Sums,
s. s. d. s. d. s. d.

5 : 6 5 o : 6 ; 1 s. 1 : 6
6 1 : 6 : 6 ; 1 1 : 6
6s. 6d. 1 . 6 6s. 6d. 1 : 6 ; 6d. 2 : o The Out Ports want l

7
6 7 1 : 6 j 6d. 2 : o more than < TA y of bein s full >

7 :6 |
7:6
Sum c : 3 6 Sum total: 1425
The Sum of the Bulhels the The Diffe- Bufhels required, 6
Differences. whole Mix- rcnces.
d. ture.
s.
L~59J
As 3 : 6 - 6a. :: 12 18 \% of that of 5 s. per bufhel.

3 6 - 64:: 6 9 1,, of that of 6 s. per bufhel. The merchant lofes by entering them unfilled. In general,
if any cafks of wine, imported into the out-ports, want much
3 6 - 64:: 6 9 xi of that of 7 s. per ditto.
6 - 64:: 27 I of that of 7 s. 6 d. per do. more than one tenth of being full, 'tis for the merchant's
3
advantage to enter them filled, otherwife unfilled.
Sum, or Proof 64 the whole mixture.
Five flafks, or 7 and 1 half betties of Florence wine, are
For greater variety, fee the beft books wrote profeffedly on allowed to pafs for a gallon. Five bottles of other wines,
arithmetic. imported in bottles, are allowed to be reckoned to a gallon,
ALLOCATION, the admitting or allowing an article in an unlefs the merchants or officers think proper to meafure.
account, and pairing it as fuch. It is alfo an allowance made Jars of oil are allowed to pafs at 22, 24, or 26 gallons.
upon an account, and is a word ufed in the exchequer ; hence cheft of oil ufually allowed at 8 gallons. A
allocatione facienda is a writ directed to the lord treafurer Barrels of mum are allowed to pafs at 48 gallons.
and barons of the Exchequer, upon the complaint of fome Kegs of fpruce beer, at 4 gallons.
accountant, commanding them to allow him fuch fums as In cafe of leakage, mum barrels and kegs of fpruce beer may
he has lawfully expended in the execution of his office. be filled up before computation is made.
ALLOTTING, or ALLOTMENT
of goods, is when a Tar barrels are allowed to contain 31 and 1 half gallons, and
fliip's cargo is divided into feveral parts, which are to be are to be filled up before computation is made for the duties.
bought by divers perfons, whofe names are written on as See the article Tar.
many pieces of paper, which are applied by an indifferent Awns of Rhenifh wines are allowed generally to pafs at 38
perfon to the feveral lots or parcels, and by this means the and 1 half gallons.
goods are divided without partiality for every man has the For merchandizes which are rated by fuperficial and folid
:

parcel of goods, that the lot which his name is upon, is ap- meafure, there are no allowances. See the article Timber.
propriated to. See Inch of Candle. ALLUM, or ALUM, a kind of foflil fait, or white mine- .

ALLOWANCES at the cuftom-houfe, to goods rated by
weight, are two, draught and tare.
Draught is to be firft deducted, and then the tare, where
there is any cuftomary.
The manner of making the allowance for draught, is, for
the weigher to call out the full and true grofs weight in the
fcale which is to be entered in the land-waiter's bpok, and
; The principles which compofe allum are very clcfely united.
an allowance made for each weigh or fcale, according to the
following table.
ral, which is often mixed with earth, from which it is fe-
parated, by wafhing it with water ; and which impregnates
ilfclf with the entire quaiity of the fair, acquiring thereby a
tafte much like that of brine. This water is afterwards
boiled to make it evaporate, as is done in the way of refining
of falt-pctre.
The chief ufe of allum is in dying, becaufe it renders the co-
lours clear, bright, and lafting: it is, if I may fay fo, the

tie of adhefion of the coloui.* to the fluffs, as ink, or other

Grofs weights. Allowance for draughts.
Under I C. wt
i lb.
colours, upon paper. Were it net for the medium of ahum,

the ink would foak through the paper, and the effort of the
From 1 C. to 2 C. 2 lb.
air would foon feparate the dye from the fluffs, or tarnifh
2 to 3 C. 31b.
3 to 10 C. 4 lb. their whole luftrc. The effects of allum are ;o be afcribed
to its ftyptic and aftringent quality, and therefore it pre-
fores

ALL
fcrvcs paper that has been dipped into allum,
When written on.
There are three principal forts of allum; namely, the allum
of Rome, or Civita Vecchia the allum of England, other-
; muft be
wife called rock allum, white allum, or ice allum and the
allum of Liege, or Mezicrs ; befides that which comes from
the Levant.
The Allum of Rome, fays F. Labat, is reddifh,becaufe the
earth whence it is taken is of that colour.
the bell, you muft chufe that which has but little duft, is red-
difh both within and without ; and, above all, take care it
be not counterfeit; for there are people, who know how to
give a reddifh colour to the allum of England and Liege.
The furcft fign by which you may know it to be counterfeit,
is, when, by breaking it, it is not fo red within as without.
The Allum of England, is in great pieces, or lumps, clear
and tranfparent like cryflal. It is more or lefs fine accord-
ins as it has been well or ill purified. Sometimes there is
allum found of a blackifh colour, and fomcthing moid. In
order to chufe it good, it muft be white, clear, tranfparent,
dry, with but little dull, or dirt.
F. Labat obferves, that there is another kind of allum made
in England, which is alfo called roch, or ice allum ; it is the
fame as that we fpeak of in this article but adds, that it is;
not by far fo good as that of Civita Vecchia. Monf. Leinei y
afcribes the fame qualities to it as to the former, but obferves,
that it is not of fo great ufc in phyfic, becaufe
ftrong. The Englifh rock, or roche allum, is
bluifh mineral ftonc, which abounds in the hills of Yorkfhire
and Lancafhirc. They calcine it on a hearth or kiln, and
then fteep it fucceflively in feveral pits of water. Afterwards
they boil it for about twenty-four hours, and then let it ftand
for about two hours ; the impurities fubfiding, and leaving a
clear liquor, which is put into a cooler, adding a due pro-
portion of urine to it. In three or four days it begins to
gather into a lump, which being taken out, wafhed, and
purified over again, is fit for uk.
The Manner of difcovering and preparing
Vecchia.
The ftone thatproduces allum is taken out of the open
fields, and not of quarries, as free-ftone is in France, and
other countries. The workmen, who are ufed to fearch
and rake for thofe ftones, know by certain tokens, and by a
long experience, which are the places where they are to be
found, without much raking or digging. In thofe places,
which abound moft with allum, there commonly grow fmall
fhrubs, called agrifolios, in the language of that countrv.
They are ever-greens, and much like the holms that are i'cen
in Provence and elfewhere but the agrifolios have their bark
: matter with iron fhovels, to make the ufelefs ftones, earth,
green as well as the leaves, which are broad, thorny, and
of a darker green than the bark. In meeting with thofe
fhrubs, either upon the mountains of Tolfa, or on the fides
of them, or in the plane, it is a fure fign that there is all urn
flone underneath and the more there are of thofe fhrubs,
; When in that condition, they pour it into wooden gutters,
the more certain we may be of meeting therewith. There
are fometimes met with allum-ftones fpread upon the furfacc
of the earth. That fign cannot be equivocal ; it fhewing
that you may dig without fear of being difappointed, and be
certain that the bed or vein lies near, and is plentiful.
They employ commonly three forts of workmen, for the
finding and raking of thofe ftones. The firft may be ftiled
the difcoverers. They are thofe, who, by a long experience,
are become expert in the knowledge of the figns, which point
out the places where the allum-ftones lie. Thefc direct, the
work, in order to trace the vein, and not to be milled,
when any obftacle is in the way that may occafion a miftake.
The fecond are thofe who break the rocks, which fometimes
inolofe the good ftones, and cover or hide the veins. Befides
pick-axes, iron wedges, and twi-bills, which they ufe, they
are alfo often obliged to blaft them with gunpowder, as in
metallic mines. The third workmen are thofe who pick
and chufe the ftonts ; for thofe that are found in the fame
vein, are not all true allum-ftones. 'Tis neceffary to have
a perfect knowledge of them, not to be miftaken, otherwife
the farmers of them would be drawn into ufelefs, and often
very confiderable expences. The ftones are commonly
whitifh, greyifh, or blue, or even mixed with thofe three
colours. Thofe marks, however, are lefs fure than the grain,
which feldom mifleads thofe who are ufed to that fearch, and
to the picking of the ftones.
When all thofe figns prove equivocal, they burn and calcine
two or three wheel-barrows full of the ftones ; and, by the
confequence, they judge of what may be expected from the
vein that is opened.
When the ftones prove good, they carry them to the kiln,
and place a quantity round the fides of it, as when they de-
fign to make lime; and they give them more or lefs fire, ac-
cording to the quality of the ftone, and the nature of the
place whence was taken. That is to fay, if the ftone is
it
foft and dry, and was taken from an open place on the top
of the mountain, where it was expofed to the he it of the
fun, it requires much lefs fire, than when it is fofc but moift,
being taken out of ths bowels of the earth, where it had
-
A L M
from finking, nothing but moiftur", and very little of the fun's heat. It il
impoffible to prefcribe general rules upon this fubject, be-
caufe it depends very much from the circumftances, which
left to the capacity and honefty of the workmen^
; who have the direction of the work; but yet the mailer ou"ht
to know as much, or more than ihey, to prevent impofuion.
For the expence of this manufacture is very large ; befides
which, there muft be 30,000 crowns paid to the apoftolic
In order to hav chamber, to whom all the ground of thofe allum mines and
the neighbouring woods belong.
When the ftones are baked, and the kiln uncovered, they
pick out the ftones a fecond time, and thofe which are fuf-
ficientiy baked, arc carried to the place where they are to be
extinguifhed they put into a feparate place of the kilri
:
thofe ftones that are not enough, in order to bake them a
fecond time with other frefh ftones that are to be put in-
to the They are called bif-cakes, becaufe of their
kiln.
fecond baking. They throw away as ufelefs thofe that
were burnt, inftead of being only baked ; and thefe they
pal] (bales;
The ftones that arc fufficiently baked, arc carried into a place
furrounded with low walls, the foil or ground of which is
well paved, and has little channels dug into it to gather
the water. They make a heap of thefe ftones between two
channels, and make the heap commonly 15 or 18 feet lone,
and 5 or 6 broad at bottom ; and 8 feet high, and narrow at
it is not fo the top ; and they take care that the fides be very fmooth
made from a and very clofe. Upon that heap of ftones, they throw water
with feopes in order to extinguifh the fire hid within the
ftones, as is pratifed in the burning of lime-ftones. This
work continued night and day, during 25 or 30 days, and
is
till the water, thrown upon the heaps, runs oft* perfectly
cold. For till that time the ftones heat the water, that runs
oil after having penetrated them; and is fo hot in the be-
ginning, that it perfectly boils. The heat decreafes by
degrees, as the ftones which have been
fet on fire, begin to
cool. That water carefully kept, not only to extinguifh
is
other Hones, but alfo to put it into coppers with the ftones
Allum at Civita that have been baked and extinguifhed for that water :
could not pais through the pores of the ftonc, without being
impregnated with a great quantity of alluminous particles :
fo that it helps to form the grains of allum in the moulds :
they call that water lye.
When the Hones are entirely extinguiflicJ, and reduced to a
foft, and as it were, a liquid mafs, they carry the whole into
large coppers, wherein they pour a Yumcient quantity of
the water, which ferved to extinguifh them; and they kinJle,
a very great fire under it, that is continued for 16, 18,
or even 20 hours : during this time they ftir the boiling
and other drofs, come to the top, which they fkim off", to
purify the whole. They continue this work, till the matter,
or, as they ftile it, the alluminous lye, be clear, clean, and
thoroughly liquid.
which convey it into fquare wooden frames, made after
the manner of inverted pyramids, about 4 or 5 feet high,
and 2 feet and a half broad. The point of the pyramid is
bored through, but they flop the hole, w.ien they pour the
lye into it.
They leaveit there to fettle and cool, for 10 or 12 days
;
during which time the alluminous particles unite tjgether,
and flick to the fides of the frame, where they harden, and
form an infinite number of various figures.
When they judge that the whole quantity of allum they can
expect, is formed, they open the hole at the bottom of the
frame, to let out what remains of the lye, that is not con-
gealed ; but, before they take the allum out, they pour more
lye into the frame, to wafh it and purify it from the drofs
and filth that may flick to its outfide and, after having left :
the reiidue a day or two to dry, they take it out of the forms,
and lay it up in the warehoules.
There are about 60 days required to perform that work, from
the time the ftone was taken out of the quarry or vein, till
the allum be fit for fale.
The farmers of this manufacture make confiderable profits by
it, notwithftanding the high price they pay for their farms,
and the expences they are at. They have warchotifes at Ci-
'vita Vecchia, where it is weighed, and from thence it is car-
ried in bags into the velTels of the purchafers, which are ge-
nerally barques from Marfeilles.
ALLURE, or ALLEVEURE, a-fin 11 brafs coin ftruck in
Sweden, worth about 4 French fo!s, or about 2;d. Englifh
money. Two
allures make a roulting, and 8 rouftings A
mark of copper.
ALMADY, a fmall canoe, four fathoms long, generally made
of the bark of trees ; it is ufe;' by the negroes on the coaft of
Africa, to trade among themfelves, and with the Europeans,
who lie off the fhore for trade.
AlMADY, is alfo a veiTel ufed in the Eaft-Indies ; it is made in
the form of a weaver's ihuttle, except that it is fquare at the
ftern. Some of them are 80 feet long, and 6 or 7 feet wide.
They carry great ftore of merchandize, and with thefe velTels'
the richeft Indian merchants drive their greateft trade; whether
they
2
 1

A L M A L M
they load them on their own account, or let them out upon per cent, better than vellon, the J mar. tooth pan r,f a mat.
freight to the European merchants. of 2 /o y maravedies muft be add-
S

ALMENE, a weight of two pounds* ufed to weigh faffron in ed, viz. 1 37

.

feveral parts of the continent of the Eaft-Indies. 1 he quarter part of three times dos
ALMOND, The Portuguese
a meafure in Portugal for
oil. per ciento paid in plata for the fame
fell by almonds, 2& of which make a butt, or pipe.
their oil reafon muft be added o 75
Each almond contains 12 canadors, and a canador is equal to The premium of 5 per cent, on 1
a mingle of Amfterdam. See the article Mingle. maravedies muft amount to o 7
ALMONDS, this kind of fruit, and the tree that hears it, are The laft duty is 1 1 maravedies ; and*
too much known want a defcription.
to the quarter of this being 31 hun-
The trade of almonds, which is carried on
in France, is con- dredth parts of a maravedy, the half
on account of their oil, and the large quantity
fiderable, both of the fum fhould be added for its
of them ufed in Lent, either fhelled or unfhelled ; a great being paid in plata ; but to avoid
quantity of the fweet are ufed in fugar-plums, and of the fo inconfiderable a fraction, the
bitter ones in bifcuits, confefts, &c. merchants in their accounts add
The grocers and druggifts of Paris have both forts from the only the half of 30 o 15
provinces of France, and the neighbouring countries, as Pro-
In all 2 35
vence, Languedoc, Touraine, the county of Venaiffin, The cuftoms, without thefe additions,
Avignon, Sic. They have alfo fome from Barbary. The amount to 24' per cent, maravedies 24 25
beft are thofe of the county of Venaiffin ; thofe of Barbary
So that the whole cuftom is on every 7
and Chinon in Touraine are the worft.
Almonds in the fhell come from the fame places as thofe that
100 maravedies J
26 60

are otherwife, even thofe which are called Florence almonds;

But, where the almoxarifargo is no more than
to which they give that foreign name, with no other view but 5 per cent, the
old alcavalais 51 per cent, and the whole cuftoms as follow, viz.
to make them more valued ; for it would be more proper to
call them almonds of Languedoc, or Touraine, from which per cent, almoxarifargo quarto plata.
provinces they are brought, than of Florence, from whence dos per ciento quarto plata.
they do not come. per ciento, with a premium, or addition, of 50 per cent,
How to make a good choice of almonds, is pretty well known : per ciento nova alcavala.
neverthelefs, merchants who buy them in caiks, chefts, or per ciento donativo.
bales, ought to examine whether they be the fame through- dos per ciento quarto plata.
out for, in this kind of merchandize, the beft are often
: per ciento.
placed at the top, in order to fell the better. per ciento.
Two forts of oil are drawn from almonds, either fweet or dos per ciento quarto plata.
bitter, the one by the help of fire, the other without. That old alcavala.
which is fire is good for nothing except to burn ;
extracted by . uno y quarto per ciento quarto plata.
but the of fweet almonds, drawn without fire, is fit for
oil
feveral different ufes, either in phyfic or perfuming.
22* fo that, according to this table, the whole duties arc
22 I
per cent, maravedies.
ALMOXARIFARGO, is a duty of 2[ per cent, paid ad
valorem upon all bulls hides, to the king of Spain, in Spanifh
But in this, as well as in the former cafe, for the quarto
plata and the premium additions muft be made, viz.
America, upon the exportation of thefe hides, which are
fhipped on board European veflels. Befides this duty, there mar. loo/h part of a mar.
is alfo another duty called that of the quinto, but only at the For the quarto plata on 5 per cent, al-
rate of four rials per hide. moxarifargo .
o 62 I
This is alfo an old duty paid upon the Britifh woollen manu- For the quarto plata on 3 times dos
factures in Old Spain. per ciento 75
All goods in Spain, it muft be obferved, are rated at the For the premio of 5 per on cent, 1

cuftom-houfe by maravedies, or rials ; and the cuftoms are maravedies \ 71

paid by one or other of thefe denominations. For the quarto on the duty plata laft
The cuftoms called alcavalas [fee Alcavalas] and fome of per 1
J. cent. i5
others, are paid in vellon, or copper money ; the old duty I 60
called almoxarifargo, and fome others, are paid three quar- To which add the zz\ abovementioned, viz- 22 75
ters in vellon, and one quarter in plata, or filver money.
And the whole duty on goods, paying
The plate money is 50 per cent, better than the vellon money but 5 per cent, almoxarifargo, a-
The merchants there always
of the fame denomination.
make up the accounts of their cuftoms in their own books in
mounts to 24 35
Thefe duties of 26 T6 9 maravedies, and 24-^0 maravedies
<y
vellon, and therefore, make an addition of 50 per cent, for
percent, are reckoned in vellon, or copper money.
fuch part of it as is paid in plate.
But, to fhew how much this amounts to upon the real value of
Fifteen rials vellon are a piece of eight, and 34 maravedies
Britifh goods, it will be neceflary firft to fix the value of our
make a rial.
goods, and then to fhew what gratias are allowed, or abate-
The duty called almoxarifargo is 11 per cent, on fome of our
ments made, to the merchants out of thefe cuftoms.
woollen manufactures, on others not above 5 per cent.
To begin with a comparifon of the cuftom-houfe valuation,
On thofe goods where the almoxarifargo is 1 1 per cent, the and the real value, and particularly in the cafe of Englifh bays.
old alcavalas is no more than 1 per cent. But where the al-
moxarifargo is no more than 5 per cent, the old alcavala is
A piece of bays rated at 10,000 maravedies, pays 2,660
maravedies cuftoms.
5 \ per cent. The fame has been ufually fold for 20 ducats, or 220 rials
So upon an 100 maravedies only will
that the duties in Spain
plate to which add 50 per cent, for vellon, or copper money,
:
arife thus,even to the 100th part of a maravedy, on the
and
goods which pay the higher almoxarifargo. 100 maravedies will amount to 330 rials; and thefe, multiplied by
it

maravedies, will produce 11,220 maravedies; that is, 1,220

34
are fuppofed to be the value of the goods.
more than the cuftom-houfe valuation.
11 percent, almoxarifargo, quarto plata.
Now 2,663 maravedies on 10,000, is 26', or 26 , |, per
2 Dos per ciento quarto plata.
Uno y medio per ciento, with a premio, or ad-
cent, but on 11,220 is not quite 23 per cent.
1 1.
But, in the next place,
dition of 5 per cent. 33 per cent, is abated for the farmer's
gratia; that is, in 100 pieces of bays, the farmer cf the
j Uno per cent, noeva alcavala. revenue counts no more than 67, he receiving cuftom for no
1 Uno per cent, donativo.
more ; fo that the whole 100 pieces pay only the cuftom of
2 Dos per ciento
Per ciento.

quarto plata.
67 pieces.
I
Upon the payment of thefe cuftoms there is alfo a quarter
1 Per ciento.
part abated for the king's gratia. A quarter part of 67 is
2
I Old

Per ciento quarto plata.
alcavala.
16 \ : this reduced the cuftoms on 67 pieces to no more than
the cuftom on 50 '.
1
J Per ciento quarto plata.
But other allowances are alfo made to the merchants, which
24+ in all ; fo that, by this account, the whole duties are brought the cuftoms on 100 pieces of bays down to 43, or
24 \ of 100 maravedies. thereabouts, which make an abatement of 57 per cent, on
But here the reader muft obferve, that a quarter part of fome the cuftoms, which has been fhewn were not above 123 per
of thefe duties is paid in plata, which, as faid before, is 50 cent, of the real value of the goods, and reduced the fame
per cent, better than vellon ; and that there is alfo a premium, to about 9 .j\ per cent, on our bays.
or addition, of 5 per cent, on one of the duties. The addition On other goods the deductions are greater. The farmer's
then of this 5 percent, and alfo of the 50 percent, will ftill gratia is
45 per cent, the king's gratia a quarter part of the
fwell the account, and add to the forefaid 24 } per cent, that remaining 55, which amounts to 13 \ per cent, and reduced
is to fay, the goods to 41 \ per cent, of the quantity whereon the cuf-
toms were paid ; which is the fame thing as abating 58 \ per
The quarter part of 1 1 per cent, almoxarifargo, is 2 Tyo -

cent out of the cuftoms, and reduced the fame, on all goods
maravedies, which, being paid in plata, which is 50
paying the 1 1 per cent, almoxarifargo, to lefs than 9 ft i on
all
 A L O
all others which paid but 5 percent, almoxarifargo, to about
8* per cent.
ALNAGE,or AULNAGE, i. e. ell-meafure ; the mcafuring
of woollen manufactures with an ell, and the other functions
of the alnager.
Remarks.
All the attempts which our forefathers made for regulating
of manufactures, when left to the execution of any parti-
lar officer, in a fhort time, refolvcd but into a tax on the
commodity, without refpect to the goodnefs thereof. As is
moft notorious in the cafe of aulnage, which was intended
for a proof of the goodnefs of the commodity; and to that
purpofe a feal was invented, as a fignal that the commodity
was made according to the ftatute which feals, it is faid,
:
may now be bought by thoufands, and put on what the
buyers pleafe. Sir Jonah Child on Trade, p. 2. feq.
That impolitions of this kind upon foreign nations, have
proved highly injurious to our woollen manufactures, by
giving our rivals an opportunity to fupplant us therein, is
well known to thofe who have any experience in the trade
of Portugal and Spain.
ALNAGER, ALNEGER, AULNEGER, q. d. mcafurcr
by the ell ; fignificsa (worn public officer, who, by himfelf,
or deputy, is to look to the affize of woollen cloth made
throughout the land ; i. c. the length, breadth, and work
thereof, and to the feals lor that purpofe ordained.
There are now three officers relating to the alnagc, or regu-
lation of cloth ; all which were antiently comprifed in one
perfon. Thefe bear the diflinct names of fearcher, mea-
fuxer, and alnager.
Remarks.
A duty being impofed on woollen cloths, for the maintenance
of an office to look to that manufacture, and the loyalty, as
they call it, of the {tuft's produced therein the alnager, v\ ho
;
had the direction of the whole, is now become only the col-
lector of that duty, or fubfidy, granted to the King, though
he ltill holds the ancient denomination, becaufe the collec-
tion of that fubfidy was committed to him.
Nor was he
abridged of his mcafuring and fearching, till, by his own
neglect, it was thought proper to feparate the two offices.
So that there is now a peculiar meafurer, diftine't from the
alnager, or collector, to allow the affize of the length and
breadth of every cloth made in England and Wales.
ALOES. That name belongs to three different things. 1. To
a very precious and fcarce tree. 2. To a drug very ufef ul in
phyfick. 3. To a plant, from the roots and leaves of which
that drug is extracted, which is their juice. Moft authors
miftake the plant and the tree for each other ; becaufe, no
doubt, we have but little knowledge of the tree and the;
drug, which the plant produces, is much better known, and
of a much greater ufe.
We may judge of the value and fcarcity of the aloes-tree,
by the fabulous origin which the Indians, and even fome
European authors, have not blufhed to afcribc to it, fup-
pofing it to grow in the terreftrial paradife, and not to be
tranfmitted to us but by means of the waters which fome-
tirr.es overflow that delicious place.
There was no occafion to wait for the arrival of ambaffadors
from Siam into France, in the year 1686, to be undeceived,
and to explode thofe fables, to which no perfon of fenfe
could give any credit, not even they who propagated them.
But thofe ambaffaJors contributed very much towards giv-
ing us a true knowledge of thofe trees, of which hardly any
thing but the name was known till then.
The aloes-tree grows in China, in the kingdom of Lao, and
in Cochinchina. It is about the fame height and form as the
olive-tree : its leaves are alfo much like thofe of that tree
;
and its fruit is red, and differs but little from a cherry. The
trunk of the aloes-tree is of three colours, which make three
forts of different woods, names and properties. Immediately
under the bark, it is black, compact, and heavy. The next
wood is of a tanned colour, light, full of veins, and is like
rotten wood. Finally, the heart is that precious wood of
tambac, or calembac, which is dearer in the Indies than
even gold itfelf ; and which, in the opinion of the Siamefe,
was the moft fcarce and moft valuable of all the magnifi-
cent prefents they brought from their matter to Lewis XIV.
The calembac has a ftrong, but agreeable fmell. It ferves
to perfume cloaths and apartments, is a fovereign cordial in
fainting fits, and againft the palfy. It is alfo ufed to fet
the moft precious jewels that are worked in the Indies.
Of the two other woods, that which is next to the bark is
black, and, for that reafon, the Portugueze have given it the
name of Pao d'aquila, eagle-wood. It is no commodity for
trade in France, where it is only to be found in the cabinets
of fome curious perfons. The wood of a tan colour, which
lies between the eagle-wocd, and the tambac, is nothing
but the calembac, which is the only true aloes-wood that
the druggifts at Paris are able to fell, the other two forts
being too fcarce ; and all that quantity of wood to which the
name of aloes is given being without any virtue, and of no
worth at all,
Vol. I.
A L O
The wood of calembac muft be chofen of a mining yellow,
and well veined without. It fhould be porous, and of a yel-
lowifh white within; light, of a refinous quality, and like
rotten wood. It ought to be of a bitter tafte, like that of
the drug called aloes, which, on that account, has commu-
nicated its name to it when thrown into the fire, it ought
:
to burn like wax, and yield an agreeable fcent. The true
calembac is generally in flat bits ; which, together wi<
lightnefs, cafily diftinguifhes it from many other forts of
wood people pretend to fell inftead of that.
The kingdom of Tonquin produces as much aloes as China
and Cochinchina; and, after the filks, its greateft riches
confift in that precious tree. The aloes of Tonquin is fo
good, that fome of it is fold there 1000 crowns per pound,
more or lefs, according as it has more or lefs greafe, or fat
in it, that which has none fells hardly for three crowns, be-
ing fit only for inlaid works, or for beads, fuch as are to
be feen at Paris.
All the Eaftern people* efpecially they who let their beards
grow, make a very great account of this perfume, becaufe
of the cuftom which prevails in all the Eaft, not to receive
in their houfes any perfons of note without the ceremony
of prefenting them with perfumes; which is performed by
covering their heads with a piece of cloth, or a large filk,
or cotton, handkerchief, under which they put a fmall pan,
wherein they burn aloes, or fome other drug of an exquifite
fcent.
Tavernier, in his account of Tonquin (Relation du Ton-
quin) affcrts, that he law at [fpahan a log of aloes-wood,
which was 6 feet long, and 2 in compafs, which had colt
40,000 pardos, that is, 54,000 French livres.
Another account of the aloes-wood is as follows :
The aloes is an aromatic wood, which comes chiefly from
the kingdom of Champaa, a country fituated on the eaft of
Camboia, called by the Chinefe, Tfiamfiaa, whole king is
tributary to the king of Cochinchina. He is obliged not
only to give the belt pieces of the aloes-wood, which is called
calembac, and comes from the heart of the tree, to the king
of Cochinchina, by way of tribute, but alfo to fell him all
the wood that is taken from it; of which he carries on a
great trade, by fending moft of it to Japan. No perfon what-
soever can take any of that wood upon the fpot, under pain
of death. The Chinefe and other idolaters make a great ufe
of it, confuming vaft quantities thereof in their perfumes,
and in their facrifices.
It is a large tree which fhoots forth many branches. It grows
here and there in the woods, and is moft carefully watched.
The older the tree is, the more precious its wood becomes.
I take it to be a kind of fig-tree, of which there are feveral
forts in thofe countries, whofc fruit is not good to cat ;
but there is only one fort which produces the true calem-
bac ( it muft be called thus, and not calembouc. ) The Arabs
call it agallocum, and under that name it was known, and
very much efteemed, by the ancients. The Greeks named
it aloes, and xulo-aloes, that is to fay, the wood of aloes.
The Hebrews ftiled it ahalon, and ahalos ; fee Pfalm xlv.
and Proverbs, ch. vii. The Arabs brought it anciently
from Malaca, where they bought it to fell to the Egyptians,
the Syrians, and the Greeks. Malaca was formerly the ge-
neral mart, or ftaple, for all the nations of Afia, who ufed
to repair thither for trading in the moft coftly merchandizes.
Thither Solomon's fleet, which brought from thence,
failed
gold, aloes-wood, and other aromatic drugs. That trade
of Malaca is dwindled almoft to nothing fince the Portu-
guefe, and after them, the Dutch, have engroffed almoft
all the trade of the Eaft-Indies.
The worft of aloes-wood is called eagle-wood, a name which
the Portugueze gave it. There are feveral forts of it, which
are of different degrees of goodnefs. All the trees which
produce the eagle aloes are of the fig-tree kind. There are
fome of them in the neighbourhood of Siam and Malaca,
and even in fome of the Sundy iflands, but they are much
inferior to the calembac wood. This latter is very much
ufed in phyfic among the Eaft Indians. It is reckoned ex-
cellent for ftrengtheningthe heart and the ftomach ; for pal-
pitations and fainting fits ; for fhortnefs of breath, pains in
the ftomach, wind in the bowels, and other forts of cholics.
The Indians rub a piece of that wood upon a rough ftone,
on which they pour alittle water, in order to feparate from
the wood fome fmall particles, a certain quantity of which
is a dofe, which they give to fwallow with fome water, or
arrack. True calembac is feldom to be met with in Europe.
The Indians have many fuperftitious notions concerning
this tree. The name of this tree is commoi ly mi (taken for
that of a medicinal plant, called the aloe-plant. The for-
mer fhould be Wrote with an s, and the latter without an s,
to diftinguifh them.
The Aloe Plant, is that plant which is cultivated in the
French king's gardens at Paris, and which feveral curious
perfons alfo cultivate among their exotic plants : the drug-
gifts alfo often adorn their fhops with it.
It crrows in many places of the Eaft and Weft-Indies ; fome
alfo grow naturally in Europe, particularly in Spain, in
the
M mountains
 ALP
mountains of Sierra-Morena, where it grows to an extraor-
inary bignefs and height. Its leaves are green, thick, tough,
and prickly: a kind of reddifh filk is drawn from them,
which proper to make lace.
is Some bits of that lace have
been feen in France, which Monfieur Tournefort had car-
ried thither from Spain. From the midft of the leaves there
Ihoots up a ftalk, which bears the bloffom and the fruit of
the plant. It produces a kind of white feed, extremely
light, and hemifpherical.
The aloe plants which have blowed fcveral times in the royal
garden at Paris, and particularly in the year 1664, have
undeceived the world of a popular error, which had almoft
prevailed, even among the learned ; namely, that thofe plants
blow only once in 100 years, and that the bloflbm made a
prodigious noife, whenopened.
it We
are now ufed to fee
it blow, and are allured that not only no terrible noife is
heard at the opening of the bloflbms, but even no noife at
all. Many of thefe plants are now cultivated in England,
and fkilful gardeners can make them blow in a fhort time,
by putting the pots, or boxes, wherein they grow, into
a bed of tanner's bark.
The aloe which is ufed in phyfic, and which farriers alfo
life to cure horfes, is the juice extracted from the root, or
the leaves, of this plant, by incifions made into it; which
juice is thickened in the fun.
The :
diftinguifh three forts of aloe. The focotrine, or lucid,
which is alfo called fuccotrine, and ciccotrine; the citrine,
and the cabaline which yet are only the fame
;
juice, more
or lefs refined. The focotrine aloe is the moft beautiful, and
the beft of all, and comes from the ifland of Zocotora, at
the mouth of the Red Sea, or ftreights of Babelmandel, and
from thence it has its name. The cabaline is the coarfeft,
the moft earthy, and the worft of all it is only given to
: The alquiers are alfo in ufe in other places of the kino- of
horfes, whence, perhaps, it has its name, viz. from caballa,
or cavalla. The citrine is a medium for goodnefs between
both. They prepare focotrine aloe in Jamaica, and fend it
over into England in large gourds.
The focotrine comes in fmall bladders, extremely thin. It
ought to be friable, refinous, pretty light, clear, tranfparent,
and of a fine green colour ; or black, or brown, fhining
without, and of a citron-colour within, of a difagreeable,
bitter tafte ; and being reduced into powder, it muft be of
a yellowifh colour, as though it were gilt.
It is the focotrine aloe that is ufed in phyfic ; but it muft be
ufed with great difcretion, it being a very ftrong purge. It
is made ufe of in the compofition of thofe pills which are
called pills of Frankfort, or pills good for the appetite, and
is alfo the chief ingredient of thofe called angelic pills.
ALOSE, a fort of filh, pretty much like the fardine, or pil-
chard, in fhape, but a great deal larger. Some will have
it to be the fhad, but it is quite another filh, and is very
fcarce in England. It is one of thofe fifh which are called
pafiage fifties, or fifties of a feafon, becaufe it never fwims
out of the fea into rivers but in the fpring.
The roes of alofes are as much valued in the Eaft-Indies as
thofe of fturgeon are in Ruffia ; and the trade of them is not
much lefs confiderable, they fpending every year many fhip
loads of them.
The alofe grows to the bignefs of a falmon. It is covered
with large thin fcales, which are eafily rubbed off. Its head
is, as it were, fqueezed in towards the upper part of its body : which Monfieur Aftruc thinks appears plainly to the fight.
its mouth is peaked, and it has no teeth. There is, on the
top of its head, over its eyes, a bone, or fcale, on each fide,
which is fmooth and bright. Its tongue is blackifli ; its back
white, inclining to yellow ; its fides and belly are of a filver
colour. This fifh is fond of fait ; and, therefore, they bait
it by throwing handfuls of fait into the places where they
perceive any. It is a delicious meat, and contains a great
deal of oil and volatile fait. When this fifh is not very frefti,
it has a fourifti tafte, which hurts the gums of thofe that eat
it. There is in its head, a ftony bone, good for the ftone
and gravel, and for abforbing the acids, for it is an alkali.
The ftomach of the alofe, being dried and reduced into pow-
der, is proper to ftrengthen the ftomach, being fwallowed.
ALP AGN A, an animal much like the llamus and the vigognas,
except that its legs are fhorter, and its muzzle thicker and
flatter, fo that it fomething refembles a human face. The
inhabitants of Peru reckon this animal among the beafts of
burden, and make it carry 100 weight. Of its wool they
make fluffs, ropes, and bags ; and, of its bones, tools for
weavers. They even make an advantage of its excrements,
ufing it for fuel, both in their chambers and in the kitchen.
The wool of thealpagnaeafily paffes for that of the vigogna;
and that of the latter, which comes from Peru into Spain,
is almoft always mixed with the former.
ALPHABET, among merchants and traders, is a kind of in-
dex, with the 24 letters in their natural order, in which are
fet down the names and firnames of thofe with whom open
accounts are kept, and which refers to the folios of the
ledger where thofe accounts ar2 written in the form of debtor
and creditor, fervingto find eafily, and without any trouble,
fuch accounts as are necefTary to be turned to.
ALPH/ENIX, is only the white barlcy-fugar, or twiftcd fu-
A L S
gar, to which they give an extraordinary name, in order to
render more valuable.
it
This fugar, which is thought good for colds, is made of
common fugar, which is boiled till it becomes eafy to crack,
when they pour it upon a marble tabic, greafed with oil of
fweet almonds, and they mould it into various figures with
a brafs crotchet. It is eafy to falfify it with ftarch.
ALQUIER, which is alfo called CANTAR, a liquid mea-
fure ufed in Portugal to meafure oil contains 6 cavadas,
: it
or canadors. Two
alquiers make an almude, or almonde.
Alquier is alfo a dry meafure for grain at Lifbon. It is very
fmall ; for no lefs than 240 alquiers are requifite to make 19
fcptiers of Paris, or one laft of Amfterdam, or 38 buftiels of
Bourdeaux 60 alquiers make a muid, or buftiel of Lifbon.
:
From 118 120 alquiers make a tun of Nantz and Ro-
to
chelle, and 30 buftiels or 10 feptiers of Paris, the tun of
Vannes, which is 125 alquiers 60 alquiers is a moy, which
:
contains about three Englifh quarters, and 2^, alquiers is an
Englifti bufliel.
The meafure of Oporto in Portugal is alfo called alquier,
but is 20 per cent, bigger than that of Lifbon ; fo that the
tun yields but 87 alquiers of Oporto, which muft be un-
derftood proportionably of the other meafures, the evalua-
tion of which has been given above.
It has been obferved already, that 60 alquiers make a muid,
or buftiel, of Lifbon ; but Monfieur Ricard, in his treatife
of the commerce of Amfterdam, aflerts that 54 only make
that buftiel.
The corn exported from the ifle of St. Michael into that
of Madeira affords 4 alquiers advantage, or profit, per 60 j
and 60 at St. Michael's produce 64 at Madeira, which is an
advantage of 6 \ per cent.
Portugal's dominions, particularly in the Azores iflands,
and in the ifle of St. Michael ; and in thofe two places, ac-
cording to the fame Monfieur Ricard, the muid, or buftiel,
contains 60 alquiers there, and 240 alquiers make a laft of
Amfterdam.
ALQUIFOU, or ARQTJIFOU *, as the merchants fpell
it, is a fort of mineral lead ore, very heavy, eafily reduced
into powder, and hard to melt. When it is broke, it parts
into Alining fcales, of a whitifh colour. The potters ufe
it to give their works a green varnifh : and in England it
is commonly called potter's ore.
* The former way of fpelling that word is ufed by Lemery
(Traite des Drogues Simples) under the word Plumbum.
The fecond by Monfieur Aftruc, in his Memoires pour
l'Hiftoire Naturelle de Languedoc, pag. 368.
The alquifous come from England in large lumps of vari-
ous fizes and weights. It muft be chofen in large lumps,
very heavy, the fcales bright, and refembling tin-glafs.
The peafants of Durfoit, in the diocefe of Alais in France,
who work at the lead-mine which is near that place, give
the name of archifou to the lead-ore they take out of it.
The quantity they can get is not confiderable ; and, there-
fore, they work at it only when they have nothing elfe to
do. It is ufed for a varnifh in earthen ware. That varnifh
is in great requeft among the potters, as being much finer
and clearer than that which is to be found in Vivarez,
As for the fhining and cryftalline ftone with which the ar-
chifou is mixed, it is of no manner of ufe.
Though there is fome archifou in Languedoc, as has been
obferved, yet they fend a great deal thither from England.
There is alfo a great quantity of it fent there from Leghorn,
and fome from Barbary and from Sardinia.
ALSACE, a province formerly belonging to Germany, but
almoft intirely yielded to France by the peace of Munfter.
It is feparated from Imperial Germany by the Rhine. It is
bounded on the north by the palatinate of the Rhine ; on
the eaft the Rhine feparates it from the marquifate of Baden,
and from the countries of Ortnawand Brifgaw ; on the fouth
it is bounded by Switzerland, and by the principalities of
Montbelliard and Porentrai ; and, on the weft, the moun-
tains of Vouge, or Vofge, part it from Lorrain.
Remarks.
There not fo great a trade in this province as one might
is
expecf from the fruitfulnefs of its foil, and from the abun-
dance of commodities proper for trade which are there to be
met with. It is very probable that the inhabitants neglect
applying themfelves to trade for no other reafon, but becaufe
being naturally idle, and finding all the neceffaries of life with-
in their own country, there are but few of them who care
to trouble themfelves with the labour and cares which un-
avoidably attend an extenfive commerce, particularly that
which is cairied on with foreigners. And, indeed, a gentle-
man well known for his integrity, and for the confiderable
employments he has filled in Alface durirg thirty years, and
by the military pofts to which his merit has raifed him by
degrees, obferves, in the memoirs he was pleafed to com-
municate concerning the trade of this provinc?, that the in-
dolence
 ;

A L S A MA
dolencc of the people, or their love of reft and quictnefs, is wards Be fort. The filver, copper, and lead mines are at Gi-
fo Tent, that, during the wars, which continued for near half romani, St. Maria of the mines, Aftembarc, and Munfter;
a century, without hardly any interruption, between Germa- The filver mine of Giromani produces yearly about fixtecn
ny and France, none of the inhabitants would enter upon hundred marks of fine metal: that of copper, or rather of
any undertaking for the French armies, though the fums em- filver, which affords alfo copper, above twenty-four thou-

ployed for provifions, artillery, magazines for foldiers upon
the march, extraordinaries of war, fortifications, &c. amount-
ed yearly to above 8 or 10,000,000 of livres. There were
only a few bankers of Stralburg, the capital of this province,
and thefe not very rich, who made fome remittances of mo-
ney for the troops. That gentleman adds, that it is from the
fand weight of this laft metal. But the expence of working
thefe mines is almoft equal to the advantage ; and the duke of
Mazarine, who owns them, does not get from them above
five or fix thoufand livres a year clear profit. For preparing
and melting the iron ore of the mines of Bcfort, there are feve-
ral forges and furnaces in the neighbouring forefts, and for

fame principle of their natural indolence, that the inhabitants thofe of copper a great many furnaces and mills.
of Upper and lower Alface fuffer the peafants of Switzer- Monficur Mackout of Hircheim, knight of the military order
land, who come thither every year, to gather their corn, cut of St. Lewis of the body of the nobility, and a magiftrate of
their hay, and manage their vintage ; though by that means the city of Strafburg, fet up, in the year 1730, a manufactory
great fums of money are yearly carried out of their country, of caft ftecl. It is after a confiderable labour, and oreat ex-
which they might rave, had they but induftry enough to do pences, that this worthy magiftrate has carried that manu-
their work thcmfelvcs. factory to a great degree of perfection : Nor was it without
Strangers, therefore, carry on the grcateft part of the trade meeting with innumerable difficulties, and great oppofition ;
of Alface, importing fuch commodities as the province wants, but at laft he h;;s demonstrated, that it is poffible to make
and exporting great quantities of its produce. This trade ex- in Alface as good fteel as that which they got from Germany,
tends very far into Germany on one fide, towards the Upper and which is made in Sweden, Stiria, Carinthia, Tyrol,
Rhine, and, on the other, into all the countries fituate from or any where clfe. The court of France being informed
Strafburg to the mouth of that river. of the fuccefs of this new manufactory, the king has ho-
The trade of Strasburg confifts in tobacco, brandy, madder, noured it with his royal protection, by granting to the Sieur
for dyeing fcarlet, faffron, leather, tallow, wood, and large Mackout an exclufive privilege for the whole province
cabbages. of Alface.
Part of thefe commodities are carried to Mentz, and into ALTIN, a money of account in Mufcovy. It is worth three
Holland ; and of cabbages only, which feems a very trifling copeecs, 100 of which make a ruble, worth about four fhil-
article, there are fold in thefe two places to the value of above lings and fix-pence fterling. See Russia.
30,000 ciowns every year. ALTOM, a name given in feveral parts of the Grand Seig-
The manufactures are mockado and bcrgamo tapeftries, final 1 nior's dominions, particularly in Hungary, to what the Eu-
woollen cloths, blankets, fuftians, and linnens of hemp and ropeans commonly call a fequin. However that name is

flax. There is likewife a copper-mill, and a mill for fpices. lei !om given but to fequins ftamped with the Turkifh mo-
At Strafburg the magiftrates alone carry on the trade of wood narch's ftamp.
for fuel, which they fell even to 8 livres per cord ; nor will ALUM. See Allum.
they fuffer any private perfon to have a warehoufe of fuch AMALGAMATION, a chemical operation, by which gold
wood in the city, nor even in the neighbourhood. or filver reduced into a kind of pafte by incorporating it
is

It muft be ohferved, with regard to this trade of wood, that, with mercury or quickfilver, according to certain proportions
though the province of Alface abounds with all forts of wood, of weight or quantity.
yet moft of what is confumed at Strafburg comes from the To AMALGAMATE, is to difiolve fome metals by means of
other fide of the Rhine, even in war time; by which means quickfilver.
above the value of 200,000 livres is yearly fent out of the All metals may be amalgamated with mercury, except copper
kingdom, without the leaft profit to the king's fubjects. and iron ; which being fulphureous and earthy, are too dif-
The tanneries are alfo pretty confiderablc at Strafburg ; but ferent from mercury to be incorporated therewith.
theyfearce tan any other but what they call fmall leather, as To Amalgamate gold
is to reduce it into a pafte, by uniting

fhamois, goats, and fhecp's fkins; on which the city takes a and incorporating with mercury.
it

duty of 4 fols per fkin.
The trade of the reft of the province confifts, firft in timber,
which Lower Alface produces in abundance, moft whereof is
fit for {hip-building, and is fent to Holland by the Rhine.
Secondly, in wine of Upper Alface, which is likewife ex-
ported into Holland, whence it is fent into Sweden and Den-
mark, where the Dutch fell it for rhenifh, or old hock.
Thirdly, In brandy and vinegar, which are made in thofe
places whence they get the wine thefe are defigned partly
: and, after they have been both fet over afire, the gold diffblves
again for Holland, and partly for Germany.
Fourthly, In wheat, rye, and oat?, which grow both in
Upper and Lower Alface, and of which the Switzers buy up
great quantities.
Fifthly, In hogs and other fattened cattle, which are a] moft
all confumed within the country.
Sixthly, In tobacco, of which they fell above 50,000 quin-
tals perannum, in Switzerland, Germany, Lorrain, and in
the towns on the river Saar.
Seventhly, In faffron, turpentine, hemp, flax, tartar, tal-
low, gun-powder for fowling-pieces, chefnuts, prunes, and
other fruits, and alfo in all other forts of herbs and plants, as
Amalgamated gold, is faid, not only of gold reduced into a
pafte, but alfo of water, or painter's gold, or gold reduced
into a calx, mixed with mercury, for gilding metals, and
particularly filver. The proportion of painter's gold and
mercury ufed by gilders of metal, is of an ounce of mercury to
a drachm of gold.
Gold is amalgamated by putting the thinneft plates of that
metal that can be made, into a crucible, with mercury
into fmall particles, like meal, and mercury being a moiffc
fubftance, reduces it into a pafte. When the crucible is taken
from the fire, and fufficiently cooled, the gold and mercury
are poured into a veflel full of common water, whence it is
taken out in the form of a white pafte. With this pafte filver
and other metals are commonly gilt.
Gold takes of mercury, by amalgamation, three times as
much as it's own weight.
The minters, refiners, and filverfmiths, alfo ufe the word
amalgamate, to fignify the operation which is performed in
the mill where they put their fweeps, as they call them, to
wafh off* the earth and filth ; in order that the mercury which

onions, cabbages, poppies, anile and fennel, and moft other is poured into the tub being well ground, may attract the
kind of feeds. imperceptible filver or gold particles that are mixed with the
The trade of all thefe commodities,
and particularly of feed, filth, and make them into a pafte.
is very confiderable, France, as well as Holland, taking off AMAN, a fort of blue cotton cloth, which comes from the
a great deal. As for chefnuts, prunes, and other fruit, the Levant by the way of Aleppo.
greateft demand they have for them is from Cologn, Frank- AMASIA, a province of Afia Minor, is bounded on the north
fort, and Bafil. by the Euxine Sea, on the eaft by Armenia, on the weft by
Anatolia Proper, and on the fouth by Caramania and Aladulia.
Remarks. It is divided into three diftricls, viz.
Pontus Galaticus, Pontus Polemoniacus, Pontus Cappa-
It muft be obferved, with regard to the trade which thefe two dociae.
Jaft cities have with Alface, that it is almoft entirely carried Pontus Galaticus is fituate on the northern fide of Gala-

on by land-carriage, becaufe of the danger there is in iending tia > having the Euxine on the north, and Pontus Polemo-
merchandizes by water, it being very difficult to draw veffels niacus on the eaft. The chief place is

along the banks of the Rhine, and the rapidity of that river Amasia,
by the Turks Amnasan, which, though ad-
called
rendering the navigation of it very dangerous. vantageoufly fituate on a navigable river, large enough to car-
There are a great many manufactories in Alface, but not of ry fhips of the greateft burthen up to the town from the Eux-
any very dear or very fine fluffs the moft confiderable are
; ine Sea, has no confiderable commerce. The chief is a ma-
of tiretanies, half of wool and half of thread, of buckram, of nufacture of red linnens, which are called Levantine cloths.
canvas, and fome linnens. Pontus Polemoniacus lies along the fame Euxine coaft,
The tiretanies and linnens are confumed in the province; the having the Galaticus on the weft, and the Cappadocicus on
canvas and buckram are fent into England, Holland, and the eaft. It's chief city is
Germany. NiEOCffiSARiA, or Tocat, which was burnt down about the
There are in Alface mines of filver, copper, iron, and lead; beginning of the prefent century, to the ruin of a great num-
but none, except the iron mines, are plentiful thefe lie to-
: ber of merchants, who had confiderable warehoufes in it.
Re-

A M A
Remarks.
The excellent fituation for trade is an effectual means to
It is, indeed, rightly looked
recover it from fuch a
difafter.
upon center of the Afiatic commerce.
as the The cara-
vans of Diarbeker come hither in 18 days (men on horfeback
perform the journey in 12). Thofe from Tccat to Sinope
go it in 6, and to Prufa in 20; and thofe that go hence to
Smyrna, without turning to Prufa or Angora, take up about
days with mules, and 40 with camels. Thofe caravans
27
carry on a very confiderable commerce into all thefe parts,
as well as into Perfia. One of the chief manufactures of
this place is the filken, in which are ufed vaft
quantities,
not only of the Turkifli, but alfo of the Perfian filk, in
making light fluffs, buttons, frogs, &c. The next is that
of leather, which is chiefly of the yellow colour, and is car-
ried by land toSamfom, a fmall fea-port on the Euxine, and
thence into all parts of Turkey and Europe. Some red
linnens are likewife here manufactured, which, though in-
ferior to thofe of Perfia, are fent in great quantities into Muf-
They are called Le-
covy, Tartary, and even into France.
vantine cloths, but are chiefly made here and at Amafia.
But the moft confiderable manufacture of Tocat, is that of
copper, which they work here in great quantities, and in
variety of utenfils, fuch as pots, kettles, candlefticks, &c.
which they fend to Conftantinople, Egypt, and other parts.
They have their copper from the mines of Trebizond and
Caftamboul, the former about three, and the latter about 10
days journey from their city. About a mile out of Tocat is a
large village, chiefly inhabited by chriftians, who are moftly
employed in tanning of leather. The greateft part of the
people about Tocat, even as far as 30 or 40 miles, are em-
ployed in the iron and copper manufactures.
Pontus Cappadocicus extends itfelf from the Polemoniacus
eaftward, quite to Colchis and the frontiers of Georgia ;
having the Leffer Armenia, and the river Euphrates, for it's
fouthern, and the fame Euxine Sea for it's northern, bounda-
ries. It's chief place is
Trepizond, formerly one of the moft flourifhing cities of Afia,
but now almoft in ruins, and it's harbour capable only of
receiving faics ; which, however, carry fome of the goods of
Armenia and Perfia to Conftantinople from this port ; fo that
it may be yet faid to have the beft trade of any in the Black
Sea.
The AMAZONS RIVER in America, begins at the foot of
the mountains called Cordillera, about 8 or 10 leagues eaft of
Quito in Peru. It runs firft from weft to eaft, turns after-
wards fouth, and then, after many windings and turnings,
holds it's main courfe eaft, 'till it falls into the Atlantic Ocean.
It's fountains and mouths are very near under the equator,
and the main of it's ftrearn is under the 4th and 5th degrees
of fouth latitude. The rivers which fall into it on the north
fide, rife about one or two degrees north latitude, and thofe
on the fouth fide begin fome of them in 10, fome in 15, others
in 20 degrees fouth latitude. It's channel from Junta de los
P. eyes, about 60 leagues from it's head, till
it is joined by the
river Maronbon, is from one to two leagues in breadth.
From thence it is from three to four, but grows broader, as it
advances towards the Atlantic Ocean, into which it falls by a
mouth 50 or 60 leagues broad, between Cape North on the
CoaftofGuaiana, and Cape Zaparate, on the coaft of Brazil.
From the fpring-head to it's mouth it is 8 or 900 leagues in
a direct line, but the windings and turnings make it about
1 200. The riverswhich run into it on the right and left,
have their courfe from 100 to 600 leagues in length, and
their banks are well inhabited by multitudes of people. The
nations who inhabit about this, and the other rivers that run
and their villages
into it, are reckoned one hundred and fifty ;
fo thick in many places, that they are within
call of one ano-
ther. Among thefe people the Homagues,
wards the head of this great river, are moftly noted for their
manufactures of cotton ; the corofipares for their earthen
ware; the Surines, who live between latitude 5 and 10, for
their joiners work. They make war upon one another, to
purchafe flaves for their drudgery, but otherwife they treat
them kindly enough. Their forefts afford
building the largeft fhips. They have many trees of 5 or 6
fathoms round in the trunk, and inexhauftible ftorcs of ebony
and Brazil-wood, cocoa, tobacco, fugar canes, cotton, a
fcarlet dye called rocou, befides gold and filver in their mines,
and in the fand of their rivers. Among the rivers that fall in-
to the great one, the Napo, Agaric, Puromaye, Janupape,
Corupatubc, and others, have gold in their fands. Below Co-
rupatube, there arc mines of feveral forts in the mountains.
In thofe of Yaguare there are mines of gold ; in Picora there
are mines of filver; on the river Paragoche there are precious
ftones of feveral forts, and mines of fulphur, CSV. near other
rivers. On the Amazons river, about 200 leagues from the
fea there is a bofphorus, or ftreight, one mile broad, where
the tide com.s up, fo that it may ferve as a key to all the
trade of thofe countries. But the Portuguese being already
poffeffed of Pora, on the fide of Brazil, Corupa,
and Efthero,
on the fide of Guaiana, and Cogcmina, an ifland at the
;
A M B
mouth of the river, they may, by fortifying the ifland of the
Sun, or fome other place be maftcrs of all
in it's chief outlet,
the trade. The people know
not the ufe of money, but bar-
ter one thing for another, and will give 20 s. worth of pro-
vifions, &c. for aglafs-bcad, orjews-harp. See Peru.
AMBASSADOR, is a public minifter, fent from one fo-
vereign prince as a reprefentative of his pcrfon, to another.
It is not confident with our work to take other notice of this
article, than as the fame may have affinity with commerce.
Sir Thomas Challoner having been fent ambaffadur to Spain,
by queen Elizabeth, remitted a complaint to the queen, that
his chefts had been fearched upon which the queen demand-
:
ed the opinion of her council in the point, who upon the
whole matter refolved the action into this Legato omnia
sequi bonique ferendo dummodo principis honor non directe
violetur, the very words of Mr. Camden ; an ambaffador
muft bear all things patiently, provided that the honour of
the prince whom he ferves be not directly violated.
Remarks.
The office of an ambaffador does not include a protection pri-
vate but public for the king his mafter, not for any feveral
;
fubjedts otherwife than as it concerns the king and his pub-
lic m.inifters to protect them, and procure their protection
in foreign countries, in the nature of an office and negotia-
tion of Trace ; therefore their quality is to mediate and pro-
fecute for them, or any one of them, at the council-table,
which is as it were a court of ftate; but when they come to
fettled courts, which do and muft obferve effential forms of
proceedings, they muft be governed by them: and therefore in
the cafe of Don Diego Serviento de Acuna, ambaffador leiger
from the king of Spain, who libelled in the admiralty-court,
as procurator-general for all his mailer's fubjects, againft one
Jolliff and Tucker, and fir Richard Bingley, for two (hips and
their lading of divers kinds, of the goods of the fubjects of
the king of Spain generally, and not naming of them ad-
duel, ad port, de Munfter, in the preface of the libel gene-
rally againft them all, and then proceeds and charges them
feverally thus That Jolliff and Tucker, captain piratae, in
:
alto mari bellice dictas naves aggreffi funt, & per vim vio- &
lentiam took them, and that they were adductae in partes Hi-
berniae, and that, coming into the hands of Sir Richard
Bingley, he converted them to his own ufe (not faying
where) and, refufing to render them, being required, it was
there held that a prohibition fhould go, for the matter is
triable merely at the common law, and that fuch a procura-
tion was not good, though to an ambaffador.
Don Alfonfo de Valefco, ambaffador from the Catholic king,
attached tobaccoes at land here, which one Corvero, a fubject
of the king of Spain, brought hither, and the ambaffador by
the libel fuppofed to belong to his mafter, as goods confif-
Sir John Watts, the
cated, as all other his goods were.
plaintiff in the fuggeftion, prayed a prohibition, which was
granted accordingly, for the property of goods here at land
muft be tried by the common law, however the property be
guided. See Admiralty ; and it was likewife ruled, that
if any fubject of a foreign prince bring goods into this king-
dom, though they were confifcated before, the property fliall
not be questioned but at the common law of England. Don
Alfonfo verf. Corvero. Mich. 9 Jac. Hob. 212. Hill. 9
Jac. upon the like libel by Don Pedro Surega, ambaffador for
Spain.
By the civil law, the moveable goods of an ambaffador,
which are accounted an accefiion to his perfon, cannot be
feized on, neither as a pledge, nor for payment of a debt,
nor by order or execution of judgment ; nor by the king or
ftates leave where he refides (as fome conceive), for all co-
action ought to be far from an ambaffador, as well that which
who live to- toucheth his neceffaries as his perfon, that he may have full
fecurity ; if therefore he hath contracted any debt, he is to
be called upon kindly, and, if he refufes, then letters of re-
queft are to go to his mafter * ; fo that at laft that courfe may
be taken with him, as with debtors in another territory to :
fon e this may feem hard, yet kings, who cannot be com-
materials for pelled, want not creditors. But the lord Coke feems to be
of another opinion }-, for, as to contracts and debts that be
good jure gentium, he muft anfwer here.
* Grotius, lib. ii. cap. 18.
f Coke 4 Inftit. fol. 153. Certain it is, that none dareth
prefume to meddle either with their perfons, goods, or fer-
vants without leave had, the contempt of which hath been
puniflied with imprifonment. Lucas 4. Vide flat. 7 Ann.
cap. 12. 5.
AMBER (YELLOW) or KARABE, or YELLOW SUC-
CINUM, in Latin SUCCINUM CITRINUM. It a is
kind of gum, or rofin of a tree, which is commonly found
in the Baltic, on the coaft of Pruffia. The wind blows it on
fh< re, and the inhabitants, who are afraid left the fea, which
brought it hither, fhould carry it off again, go and gather it
in the height of the ftorm.
Some authors pretend there is yellow amber that is a foffil
and
 A M B A M B
and that in Sweden, is fome found
as well as in Pruflla, there and will not prevent its breaking : would therefore be
it

in the funds, at a very great diftancefrom the fea; And in- rcquifite to give this amber a hardnefs, which it has not,
deed, we read in the Hiftory of the Royal Academy of Scien- in order to render it of a more general ufe. But all the
ces at Paris, for the year 1700, that fome yellow amber has methods which Mr. Sendelius tried for thatpurpofe proved in-
affo been fomctimes found in the clefts of fome rocks in Pro- effectual j and he is apt to think, that this amber is nothing

vence, the raoft naked and the moil barren ; which would in- but a compound, or mixture, of gum and rofin. His conjec-
cline one tothink, that this gum is a mineral, and not a ve- ture has even been confirmed by experience. For, having
getable, and that the fea-amber of Dantzick falls not into made a difl'olution of this amber with fpirits of wins tartariz-
the fca from fome tree, but is carried into it by fome land- ed, he found, after decantation,
a melligenous gum, to
flood. which nothing could former hardnefs, becaufe the
reftore its

Agricola reckons it among the bitumens ; fome fuppofe it to refinous parts had been diffolved by the operation. All this,
be produced in the fands of a lake called Cephifick, in the together with the fmall variety obferved in its colours, in
neighbourhood of the Atlantic Ocean. There are many other comparifon to that of Pruffia, does not feem very likely to
opinions, but all fo improbable, that we may as well keep to bring it into any eftecm. However, Mr. Sendelius is (till in
the full we have mentioned ; fince it is certain, that the hopes of making burning-glaffcs of this amber, becaufe of
grcatcft part of yellow amber comes from the Baltic and Pruf- its great tranfparency. He has even, by the diflblution he
fia : un]efs it be faid, that there are two forts of yellow am- made of it, got a varnifh, which, on account of its novelty,
ber, the one a mineral, and the other a vegetable gum. may perhaps ferve as a paint to the fair fex.

It is very probable that this gum, or rofin, is formed at
upon poplar and fir-trees, of which there are whole forefts
on the coaft of Sweden, which is very high and that it is
driven into the fea, after being feparated from the coaft of
Pruflla, which is very low. The flies, ants, and other in-
fects, which are often included within pieces of yellow am-
firft We have mentioned hitherto feveral opinions concerning the
nature of yellow amber; let us obferve farther, that the au-
;
thor of the Spectacle de la Nature, torn. iii. p. 311, thinks
it has the fame original with jet, which fecms to be nothing
but a black bitumen, mixed with particles of iron, and har-
dened like a ftone yellow amber having the fame fmell, and
:

ber, feem to prove that it is a production of the land, and the fame eledxicity, after it is heated by rubbing.
not of the fea. Mr. Hartman, a Pruffian, in his dillertation infertcd in the
It is thought, that fome Germans have the art of mollifying Abridgement of the Philofophical Traductions, torn. iv. p.
yellow amber; and, after what manner foever the thing is 473, tells us, that people not only dived to the bottom of
performed, it is probable that thofc little animals may be the the fea, in order to j.ather amber along the coaft of Pruffia,
agreeable impofitions of art, rather than a work of nature. whither it is carried by the violence of florins, from the beds
Yellow amber has the property of attracting fmall particles of where it runs, but that it is alfo found in the vcjy ground, in
draw, piper, or other light things the caufe of which ;
feveral places ot Pruffia, commonly
lying among vitriolic and
not been fofatisfactorily accounted for as could be wifheu. bituminous matters, which lie in beds, or lays, one over the
Yellow amber is made ule of in feveral precious and delicate other, like fo many different thin leaves, which at the firft
pieces of workmanfhip it fcerns, however, that it is not at
: view one would take for wood. That amber is one of the beft
prefent in fo high an eftcem in France or England as it was revenues of the king of Pruffia, who appropriated the poflef-
formerly, especially with regard to necklaces, which, from fion of it to hiinfelf.
the court ladies, have palled to children and maid-fcrvants. The moft eaftem nations of Afia, and particularly the Japa-
But it has kept up its price in Auftria, and other parts of ntfe, give a higher price for yellow amber than for amber-
Germany, in Poland, in Hungary, and in fome parts of Italy. greafe, and value it even more than precious ftones, of
The beft worked amber comes from Poland and Hungary, which, except coral, they make but little or no ufe. But,
where it alio fells deareft. among all the feveral forts of amber, the yellow tranfparent
It of fome ufe in phyfic, provided it be the true karabe ;
is amber, which is fo common, and fo little valued among the
many people having the art to counterfeit it with turpentine inhabitants of Europe, is that for which the Japanefe give
and cotton, or with yolks of eggs and gum arabic. Others the higheft price, b ecu ufe of its perfection, and the antiquity
fell gum of copal in the room of it. they afcribe to it. They defpife all the other forts of amber.
From yellow amber is extracted a tincture, a fpirit, volatile This is what Kcempfer acquaints us with.
fait, and an oil that oil ferves to make a varniili with fpirit]
: Liquid Amiier, a kind of refill, that is clear, reddifh, and
of wine. very liquid when new, but becomes very thick as it grows
old. It is ;'!fo ranked among balms. It runs from incifions

An abftract from a letter of Mr. Sendelius, M. D. at Eb- made in certain trees, which grow in New Spain, and which
bing, to Mr. John Philip Breynius, M. D. at Dantzick, the natives there call ococol. When it is new and ftill liquid,
concerning the amber of the Indies, \. year 1722. it is called oil of liquid amber; and, when old and thick,balm

Extracted from the Bibliotheque Germanique, torn. v. of liquid amber. It comes into England in barrels. Seethe
article Balm, towards the end.
p. 121.
AMBERGRIS, or AMBERGREASE, a kind of grey gum,
It is but a few years fince, that this rmber is known in Eu- of a fweet and agreeable fmell. As much as this precious
rope ; it was brought hither by the Dutch, from the kingdom gum is known, by the great ufe that is made of it, and
of Benin, which is a part of Guinea. Mr. Breyn having re- the high eftecm it is in every where, as to its origin, it is
ceived fome of this amber, fent part of it to Mr. Sendelius, to but little known. What we are certain of is, that it is
examine it, and compare it with that of Pruffia. Here follows found on the fea-coaft in feveral places, efpecially when, af-
what is moft curious in the refult of his obfervations. ter fome ftorm, the agitation of the waves have caft it on the

This amber, which is found in abundance in the kingdom of fhore.

Benin, is a proof that that country, as well as Pruflia, is Remarks.
plentifully flocked with that bitumen, unlets one would fay
that it is a vegetable production; which the author would The places where there is commonly moft of it, are that
not difpute, efpecially with thofe who have feen none. All part of the African coaft, and of the neighbouring iflands,
the bits of this amber are not equally beautiful. There are which extends from the Mofambic coaft to the Red Sea ; the
fome, whofe brightnefs and tranfparency imitate that of cryf- ifles of St. Maria and Diego Ruis, which lie near the ifland
tal or diamonds, if one does but never fo little take oft* the of Madagafcar ; the Manille iflands, and the coaft beyond the
cruft, or moft coarfe parts. Some others, on the contrary, Cape of Good Hope.
are fpreai over, either in the whole, or in part, with fmall The ambergreafe of the Weft-Indies is generally thrown
clouds, which darken them, and in which you may perceive upon the coaft of the Bermuda Iflands, in the ftreight of Ba-
animals, fome of which are like our infects, and others
little hama ; and upon the coaft of thofe iflands which lie very near
are peculiarto the country where that amber is found. the peninfula of Jucatan, between the gulph of Honduras and
There are other pieces which may be ftiled foul, becaufe that of Mexico; fome is alfo found in certain places upon
there are earthy particles mixed with them, though in a the coaft of the Mediterranean.
greater or lefler proportion ; among the latter, there are fome Kcempfer afferts, that there is ambergreafe found upon the
that have their lamina?, or thin plates, placed over one ano- coaft of Saxuma (wfiich he writes Satzuma) and in thofe of
ther ; which would incline one to think, that this new am- the iflands of Riaku, as Kcempfer calls them, which I take
ber, like that of Pruffia, was liquid before it became harden- to be thofe of Liqueio, to the fouthward of Saxuma, in the
ed. This amber, when rubbed, but efpecially when burnt, kingdom of Japan. But there comes a greater quantity of am-
exhales a fmell, which fhews that it contains a very fubtile bergreafe from Khuinano", that is to fay, from the fouthern
volatile fait. This fmell, which is equal to that of the beft coaftof Kiinokuni, and Iga (fpelt Isjc by Kcempfer) and
maftic, not to fay that it excels it, is not by far fo agreeable fome other neighbouring provinces of the fame kingdom.
as that of the amber of Pruffia. But, if this new amber is Mr. Neumann fays, that there alfo comes ambergreafe from
inferior to that in this refpect, it may vie with it with regard the Molucca iflands, from thofe to the weft of Sumatra, from
to its attractive quality, or electricity. As for hardnefs, which Borneo, and from Cape Comorin, near Malabar ; as alfo
is one of the chief properties of amber, and gives it a place from the coaft of ^Ethiopia, which from Sofala to Brama
among jewels, it refults from Mr. Sendelius's obfervations, abound with ambergreafe.
that this amber of Benin is not of a very folid confiftency. The Indians, who inhabit the iflands near the coaft of Ju-
He adds, that water, into which the amber of Pruffia is catan, have a pretty curious way of gathering ambergreafe.
plunged, when it becomes hot by being worked, though When there has been a great ftorm, and it is probable that
it does not grow foft, has no efficacy upon this new amber, ambergreafe fhall have been caft upon the fhore by the waves,
Vol. I. N thofe
 ;

AMB A M E
who are tributary to the Spaniards, run to the Ambergreafe is ufed by perfumers, by phyficians and apothe-
thofe Indians,
prevent certain birds, who are very fond of this caries in fome prefcriptions, and by confectioners in feveral
fhore, to
they forts of fweet-meats it is alfo fometimes put into chocolate.
gum, from eating it. They go againft the wind,
till :

frefh, exhales a very There are likewife extracts, efi'ences, and tinilures made of
fmell the ambergreafe, which, being
ftrong fcent. When they do not fmcll it any longer, they it. The beft effence of ambergreafe comes from Holland and
It alfo hap- Portugal.
<TO back, and thus find it at laft upon the fand.
thither by the
pens pretty often that the birds, being drawn
fcent, fhew them where it lies. The Commerce of Ambergreafe at Amfterdam.
are feveral opinions concerning the original
of amber-
There
though moft of them are tranfmitted to us from They fell at Amfterdam two forts of amber, namely amber-
greafe*-, but,
greafe and black amber.
the antients, we are not much the wifer.
precious gum is formed only of honey- Ambergreafe fells from 8 to 16 guilders per ounce. The dis-
Someaffert that this
the rocks *. count for prompt payment is 1 per cent.
combs and wax, which tumble down from
The price of black amber is from 5 to 8 guilders per ounce,
Others fay it is nothing but the excrements of fome birds.
with the fame difcount, or deduction, for prompt payment.
Others ap- in, that it is the fpawn, or fperm of a certain kind
but this is mere AMBER-SEED, or MUSK-SEED, is the feed of a plant
of whales, or fome amphibious fea-animal,
for there have been fometimes fuch large heaps, which grows in the Antilles iflands in America, and in Egypt.
conjecture ;
natu- Its fmell is very much like that of true mufk. The perfumers
or collections of this ambergreafe found, that it is not
There are feme who ufe it, and the pater-nofter-makers made bead-ftrings, or
ral to have recourfe to that explication.
However, chaplets, of it.
maintain it is nothing but the fkum of the fea.
become folid, and acquire Father Labat, in his Voyage to Weftern Africa, obferves, that
all as;ree that thefe feveral matters
the plant of amber-mufk grows in plenty perfectly well, and
theirtcent, by the agitation of the waves, by the faltnefs of
without any culture, throughout the whole country of Galam
the fea, and by the heat of the fun, which purifies and bakes
that the negroes make no ufe of it, not even the women,
them.
though they are very fond of fweet fcents. When this feed
* This is the famous Monfieur J. B. Denys's opinion, in the fe- meets with a fat and deep foil, it grows to the height of 6 or
cond conference of the Journal de Scavans for the year 1672; 7 feet, provided it be near fome tree to fupport it, to which
but it is refuted at large by Kcempfer, in his hiftory of Japan, it by furroundmg it ; when it wants that fupport, it
clings,
Supplement, pag. 46.
fallsdown, and creeps on the ground, as foon as it is about
There is Thill another opinion concerning the original of arn- 2 feet high. Its ftalk is round, pretty tender, garnifhed with

bero-reafe more modern than thofe already mentioned, and fmall, branched fhoots ; it is haity and whitifli. Its leaves

more probable. They nothing but

pretend that this gum is are always coupled, but they are unequal, the uppermoft
of bitumen, which, coming liquid out of the bowels being much larger than the undermoft. They are dented ; and
a kind
of the earth, at the bottom of the fea, grows thick
and con- thr ugh the dentings are not deep, yet they form very acute

denfes in proportion as it rifes; and that this is the

reafonwhy angles, which makes them look as if they were garnifhed
accounted They are flabby, flefhy* of a bright green on
fuch large pieces of it are feen, which cannot be with points.
for by the other hypothefis. the upper part, and of a paler green on the lowermoft. It is

Kcempfer maintains the antient opinion, according to which pretended that thefe leaves, boiled in water, and made into
it is a kind of bitumen, or
greafy fubterraneous fubftance, a cataplafm, are excellent for the cure of tumors, or fwell-
which acquires the like confiftency. And yet we have feen, in S' Sl
. . . . ,

that Monfieur Sav.ry looks upon this opinion as' the moft The feed, which grows plentifully in the fruit of this plant,
modern.
'
is hot to the firft degree, and is ufed with fuccefs in fome dif-
Its fcent is
proved by feveral
thought to be natural, which is tempers. It is faid that thofe who fell mufk increafe the quan-
other ordoriferous gums, on which nature herfelf has
bellowed tity of it by an addition of thefe feeds.

their perfume. AMBREADA. Thus they call the falfe, or factitious amber,
The largeft piece of ambergreafe, of which we have had hi- which the Europeans ufe in their trade with the negroes on
therto any knowledge, is that which was carried into Holland the coaft of Africa, and particularly on the river Senegal.
towards the end of the feventeenth century. It is almoft round, There are fome large and red pieces of it, 1000 of which,
of above two feet diameter, and weighs 182 pounds.
The making 20 ropes, or firings, weigh three pounds. There are-
duke of Tufcany had offered 50,000 crowns for it. It is others fmall, and alfo red, which weigh but two pounds and
to be feen in the Eaft- India houfe at
iliil
Amfterdam, and is a half.
J

looked upon by Virtuofo's as an extraordinary produftion of AMBULANT, or AMBULATORY. They give in France
nature. the name of ambulant commiflioners to thofe commiflioners,

This is undoubtedly the fame piece of

ambergreafe mention- or clerks, of the king's farms, who have no fettled office, but
ed by Kcempfer, which weighed 185 pounds Dutch weight. vifit allthe offices within a certain diftril, to fee that no-
It was fold by the king of Tidor to
the Dutch Eaft-India thing be done in them againft the king's right and the intereft
company, for 11,000 rix-dollars. It is of a greyifh colour, of the farm.
and of a very good kind. Its figure is pretty much like that Ambulant, is Amfterdam of thofe brokers, or ex-
alfo faid at
See Va- who
of a tortoife, whofc head and tail had been cut off. change agents, have net been fworn before the magi-
lentiniMufieum Mufeor. lib. v. cap. 28. The biggeft pieces ftrates. They tranfact bufinefs like the former, but their tef-
of ambergreafe which had been feen till then, and were look- timony is not received in the courts of juftice. See Agents
ed upon as 'being of a prodigious fize, did not exceed 40 of Exchange.
founds weight. AMEND. To amend a work, is to correct, or rectify the
Several of our us that ambergreafe is
voyage- writers tell faults of it. In France the regulations made with regard
thrown up by the lea on the coaft of India and China, but to the woollen manufactors order, that woollen cloths, and
whence it comes is unknown we only know that the beft of
: other fluffs, that cannot be amended, fhall be cut into pieces
it is
coaft, or upon the confines of
thrown upon the Barbary two ells long, fometimes without a fine, and fometimes with.
the land of Negroes, towards Schar, and places thereabouts. Among the artificers and handicrafts-men in France, thofe
It is of a bluifh-white, in round lumps. works that are feized by the juries, 'and cannot be amended,
The inhabitants of this country have camels trained up to the are liable to be confifcated.
bufinefs, which they mount, and go in fearch of it by moon- AMENDABLE, what can be amended, corrected, or recti-
fhine, and ride for that purpofe along. fhore. The camels are fied. That word is very much ufed in the ftatutes of the
broke to this; and, as foon as they perceive a piece of am- companies, or corporations, of tradefmen in France, and is
bergreafe, they bend their knees, and the rider picks it up. faid of thofe works feized by the juries, becaufe they are

There is another fort, which fwims in great lumps upon the faulty, but which can be rectified, and, therefore, are not
furface of the fea, almoft like the body of an ox, or a little liable to be confifcated. At Paris it is the chamber, or court,
lefs, and are very weighty. When
a certain fifh of the whale- of the police, that judges whether a piece of work is amend-
kind, called Tal, fees thefe floating lumps, he fwallows able or not.
the fame, and is thereby killed. The whale being feen float- Amendable, from Amende, a fine, is alfo in France of thofe
ing upon the furface, thofe who are accuftomed to this kind artificers, or workmen, who defcrve to be fined for trangreff-
ci fifhery, and know when thefe whales have fwallowcd am- ing againft the ftatutes and rules of their corporations.
bergreafe, inftantly go out to him in their boats, and, darting AMERICA, the largeft part of the four the world is divided
him with iron harpoons, they tow him to fhore, where they into, lies to the weft of Europe and Africa, from which it is
fplit him down the back, and take out the ambergreafe. parted by the Atlantic ocean ; on the other fide it has the Pa-
What they find about the belly of the creature is commonly cific, or South fea, which feparates it from Afia. Thisvafl:
fpoilcd, by contra&ing an unpleafant fcent ; but that which continent continued unknown to the reft of the world for all
has not been infedled by ordure in the belly of the whale is the ages that paffed from the Creation to the year of our Lord
fedtly good. 1492, when it was firft difcovered by Chriftopher Columbus,
p( ,

Ambergreafe ought to be chofen very clear, thoroughly dry,
very lid", in fine pieces, intircly grey without ; of the fame
colour," but fpotted with black fpots, within of a fwect and
pleafant fcent ; and, above all, care muft be taken that it be
not adulterated, or mixed with gums, or other drugs, by
which means it is c-afily counterfeited. You muft beware of
that vvhi'.h ismoift, flabby, or foftife, and foul.
a native of Genoa, employed for that purpofe by Ferdinand
and Ifabella, king and queen of Spain.
; Yet this brave adventurer had not the honour of giving his
own name to this new world, but was robbed of it by Ame-
ricus Vefpufius, aFlorentine, who was fent in i4g7,byEma-
nuel, king of Portugal, to continue the difcoveries begun by
Columbus.
It

A M E A
It ispretended, indeed, by the French, who are unwilling
their own
nation fhould be without a fhare of the glory of the
diKovery, that Columbus had the firft hint of this unknown
world from one Betincourt, whom they make the firft difco-
v i. of the Azores, or Terccra iflands.
i and is 90 miles over at the mouth.
The Spaniards lay a claim, lilcewife, to this honour, and fay
that one Captain Aldres, a countryman of theirs, who died
at Madeira, had been, with two others, caft on the Ame-
ri ah roaft by a tempeft, and that he left behind him fuch
directions and obfervations as quite convinced Columbus,
into whofe hands they had fallen, of the reality of fuch a con-
tinent, and the probability of finding it out.
We mull not omit that the Welfh aifert a much more antient
title to it than either of the former ; for it is related that prince
Madoc, the fon of Owen Gwincth, was, with his fleet, caft
tin the co. ft of Florida, as early as the year 1190, or accor-
ding to fome 1170; and that he fent for colonies from his
native country, which fettled there. Though this is by many
looked on as fabulous, yet it evidently carries fome marks of
truth with it for Meredith ap Rheife, who gives us the ac-
; to her extenfive colonies in thefe parts.
count, died feveral years before Columbus fet about his
expedition. And it receives no fmall confirmation from the
affinity that has been obferved between the language of the
Welfh and fome of the Indian nations. Whether any of
thefe ever returned, or whether they purpofely concealed
their new fettlement from their own nation, it remained ftill
unknown to the reft of the Europeans till the time of
Columbus.
The Spaniards gave it the name of the vv World, and not N
improperly, it being fuch an immenfe tract that it exceeds
any of the other three parts of the old one, and, indeed, is
little lefs in extent than all the three parts put together.
It was called alio the Weft-Indies, as being near equal in
wealth with the other Indies, and was diftinguifhed by the
name Weft in regard to its bearing that pofition from Europe,
as the other do caft.
As to the extent, it is fo prodigious, that,
and a half from its firft difcovery, we have
afecrtain its boundaries.
What has been hitherto traced of it extends from 78 degrees
north latitude, under which Sir Thomas Smith's bay lies, to
57 degrees Couth latitude, under which lies cape Horn, the
moft fouthern extremity of the American continent ; which,
taken in a dire6t line, amounts to 8,ico miles in length,
with a breadth, in fome parts, of 3,690 miles ; though the
ifthmus that joins North and South America is not 60 miles
over yet from thence both parts of the continent ftretch
: in Chili, and in the government of Vegragna and New Gra-
themfelves out eaft and weft, till they make the breadth be-
fore men ioned.
In fuch variety of climates there muft neceffarily be a great
variety offoil. The moft northern and fouthern parts are
rendered more barren by the exceflive cold, but the reft is
an immenfe treafury of nature, producing moft of the plants,
grains, fruits, trees, metals, minerals, is'c.
other pans of the world, and thofe in great plenty ; befides
an infinite variety of others, peculiar to itielf, as not having
yet been found in any other country. But the chief wealth
confifts in the inexhauftiblemines of gold and filver, which,
though the labour and art of man has been continually endea-
vouring to drain for above 200 years, are yet fo far from be-
ing impoverished, that they feem rather to want frefh fupplies
of hands to bring the fubterraneous treafures to light.
Nor are gold and filver the only rich productions ; there have
been fuch great quantities of pearls, emeralds, amethyfts,
and other precious ftones found here, and brought into Eu-
rope, that the value of thofe commodities is confiderably
diminifhed to what it was before.
To thefe may be added a vaft number of other commodities,
which, though of a leffer price, are neverthelefs ftill very
valuable and ufeful. Of this fort are cochineal, indigo, anatto,
logwood, brafil, fuftic, lignum vitae, fugar, rum, ginger, pi-
mento, cacao, vanelloes, cotton, red wood, tobacco, turpen-
tine, train oil, naval ftores, furs of various forts, hides,
bergreafe, bezoar, balfams of Tolu, Peru, and Chili;
mechoachan, fafTafras, farfaparilla, cafiia, tamarinds,
and a wonderful variety of other drugs, woods, and plants
to feme of which, before the difcovery of America, we were
either utter ftrangers, or forced to buy of others at an extrava-
gant rate from Afia.
The prodigious variety of excellent fruits which grow here,
fuch as pomegranates, citrons, lemons, oranges, malicatous,
cherries, pears, apples, figs, with all the culinary, medici-
nal, and other herbs, roots, &c. would beendlefs to enumerate.
Thefe are among the native productions of America; and its
foil is fo kindly and fruitful, that it nourifhes many of an exo-
tic growth in the greateft perfection which is very remark-
; peet to trade, muft be farther
able in coffee, cultivated here of late with furprifing fuc-
cefs. And though the Europeans, upon their firft landing,
found no corn ; yet all forts of grain are now produced equal
in quantity and goodnefs to any in the world. To which
may be added ftieep, hogs, oxen, goats, cows, ts'c. which
have been tranfplanted from Europe, and have multiplied
exceedingly.
Their feas abound with the greateft plenty
2 Wheat
;
M E
as do likewife their
rivefs, which are the largcft and longer):
in the univerfe ; and, in comparifon whereof, thofe of Eu-
rope are no more than fmall brooks. The river of Canada
in North America is known to run more than 1,500 miles,
That of the Amazons
in South America, which rifes in Peru, waters feveral large
kingdoms in a courfc of 3,600 miles ; and, falling, into the
fea between Brafil and Guinea, rolls with fuch rapi.!;
y, and
with fuch a prodigious quantity of water, that they taicc it
quite frefh out of the fea, at feveral leagues diftance from the
mouth of it. That of Rio de la Plata is computed at leaft
150 miles in breadth at the place where it difuh-.rges itfelf
into the ocean befides a great number of others, not much
:
inferior to thefe.
Upon the difcovery of America, the Spaniards poffefled them-
felves of the largeft
and richeft part of it. Hence they derive
immenfe treafures yearly, and the kingdom of Old Spain
may even be faid to depend wholly on the for the fup-New
port of her finances, and to owe all her opulence and grandeur
On the continent they have all South America, except Brafil,
on the weftern ocean, which belongs to the Portugueze; and
except fome parts either of Chili, or in the Magellanic land,
on the ifthmus of Darien, whofe inhabitants they have not
yet been able to bring under their fubjection ; and whom, on
that account, they ftile Indios bravos, brave or courageous
Indians: except, likewife, the vaft country of the Amazons,
and almoft the whole country of Guiana, where the French
and Dutch have fome fettlcments, but the Spaniards very few,
if any.
The Spaniards have an immenfe wealth from America ; yet
other nations partake thereof, as we fhall fee prefcntl v ; for
the king of Spain has at leaft two millions sterling
per annum revenue from thence, including the indulto on the
goods brought back in return for the cargoes fent out by the
other merchants of the feveral European power who trade 1
-,
in two centuries there, as well merchandize as money ; theSpani 1]; tenants
not been able to have their commihion fur the returns, and have oft ntimes
the profits made in New Spain, paying the foreign meichants
fuch a rate as they agree on for the goods at their going out;
and this is very great, and enriches the merchants of Cadiz,
Port St. Mary, Seville, and other places to a very great
degree.
The produce of the feveral countries in Spanifh America, are
as follows : 1. Gold and filver in Mexico. See Mexico.
Silver and no gold See Peru.
in Peru.
Gold and no filver
nada. The quantities of gold and filver in all thefe parts of
Spanifh America, are without meafure, and without tale.
N. B. In the general accounts which we have of New
Spain, travellers make mines of gold and filver in almoft all
the provinces of this great country but we are affured that
:
is a miftake ; the gold comes chiefly as above there may be :
known in the fome gold found in the rivers, in the country about Cartha-
gena, and St. Martha, but not in any other parts, that we
have yet feen duly confirmed.
2. Sugar is another article, whereof there is an exceeding
quantity, chiefly on the fide of the Bay of Mexico, Guaxaca,'
tiff. But by the multitude of the inhabitants, and their lux-
urious way of living, the fugar is chiefly confumed in Mexico,
and in the religious houfes, in chocolate, fweet-meats, pre-
ferves, and confectionary wares. The quantity, however,'
fent from Guaxaca and Guatimala, and other provinces to
Mexico, and to Panama, is exceeding great ; fo that it is a
confiderable branch of home-trade.
3. Tobacco, this is a very fine fort, though different from
that of the Brafils ; 'tis generally made all into muff ; of
which the galleons bring great quantities. 'Tis chiefly had
at St. Martha, Carthagena, and that fide of the gulph.
4. Cotton, which they manufacture at home, and drive a
great home-trade in the godos made of it.
5. Indigo, efteemed the beft in the world.
am- 6. Cochineal, a very valuable merchandize, chiefly found in
jefuits the government of Tobafco.
7. Valuable drugs of feveral forts, as aloes, cortex peru, or
jefuits bark, Paraguay tea, farfaparilla, balfams of divers kinds,
and "balm, fome of Carthagena, the other of Tolu, brimftone,
pimento, green ftone jpr the gravel, cantharides, or Spanifh
flies, caflia teftula, oleacafam', an antidote againft poifon,
manna, amber liquid and folid, foap-root, myrrh, CSV. &c.
8. Hides and fkins, brought from Buenos Ayres, and the
Havannah.
9. Chocolate.
10. Jewels, as torquoifes, pearl, emeralds, coral, topaz, jafper.
The produce of thefe greatly extended dominions, with ref-
diftinguifhed, as the feveral
countries peculiarly diftinguifh them in their commerce. For
here is a very confiderable circulation of trade among them-
felves,as well as a return to Europe; and perhaps more
than in any other part of the world, out of Europe, China
excepted. It is, therefore, neceffary to diftinguifh between
the produce of the country, which is fent to Europe as mer-
chandize, and the produce carried from one part of America
and variety of fifh, to another, for their home confumption. For example,


A M E A M E
Wheat and barley aie fent in great quantities from Ncoya, In like manner, for carrying the treafure for the galleons from
Guaxa.a, Vcnezuala, Honduras, Coquimbo, Ifalcalla from iV exico, and the country of Paetneca, which is about 60
Chili, to Panama and Lima, and alio from New Bifcay, to miles north from Mexico, to La Vera Cruz, when the gal-
Mexico. The laft town and country of Ifalcalla is called leons come from old Spain, the numbers of carriages, men,
.nary of Mexico. GuatimJa good wheat.
alio has and horfes, are incredible. The filver mines in and about
Timber, pitch ;.n tar. hemp and cordage fent from Guiaquil
! that part of the empire of Mexico, are hardly to be reported,
for {hip-building, to Panama, Lima and Acapulco. Moil: of the account would be looked on as fabulous and impoflible.
the great edleons for the South-Sea trade, are built at Guia- The number of Haves, Indians and natives employed in thefe
quil, where they have naval ftoresj alfo at Chiapa, Tabafco, mines, proportionably great, befides above 100,000 Spanifh
is

Trinidadc Cotton fpun and woven into feveral forts of
manufacture-:, in Jucurr.an, Niguaragua
Cotton unwoven,
and for others to work into manufactures, but more generally
wrought among thrmfelves, at Vera Paz, Crudad Real,
Guaxaca, and Mexico.
They have biacic cattle in New Granada and Carthagena,
Venezuala, Jucuman, Coquimbo, which three latter places
fuppiy the coaft of the South-Seas.
Nicaragua, Campeachy
and Guaxaca, fend great quantities of black cattle to Mexi-
co. Chiapa, La Plata, have the beft horfes and mules.
Nicaragua, Chili and Chiopa have fheep, which carry bur-
dens, and travel all over Chili and Peru.
The fheep carry
the filver from Potofi to thefea-fide.
They have a very great confumption of tobacco made into
fnuff among themfeives ; and it employs many fhips to carry
it from one place to another. The largeft quantities of it are
brought from the Havannah, on the ifle of Cuba, which is
carried to La Vera Cruz and Porto Bello; and fold to the
merchants of Mexico at the firft, and of Peru at the other.
At Venezuala is the fineft tobacco in all New Spain.
Cocoa is alfo a very great article in their merchandize ; it is
produced chiefly at Guatimala, Vera Paz, Soconufca, Cru-
dad Real, and Guaxaca. The nuns have the chief trade of
making it into chocolate it is thought they drink more
: Spain being fo confiderable an article of commerce, natu-
chocolate in the city of Mexico, than in all New Spain.
Sugar is a general product in all the Spanifh colonies in North
America, at Mexico, Nicaragua, Guaxaca, Crudad Real,
Guatimala, Ifalcalla, Sic. It is confumed in great quanti-
ties in Mexico, and themoft populous cities and large quan-
: America, we fhould take fome notice of the fupplies of all the
tities are carried to Panama, from whence they carry it by
Indians, and Creolian Indians or Meftiza's, that is to fay,
begotten between a Spaniard and a Mexican ; and befides
7 or 8000 families of real Spaniards, who live among, rule,-
and govern the reft. Add to thefe, the numbers of people,
horfes and mules, employed to carry all the treafure and mer-
chandize between Mexico and La Vera Cruz.
The product of the country there is not fufficient to fuppiy
thefe, and the city of Mexico cannot fuppiy them ; therefore
corn and cattle, and other provifions, are brought a long way
for their fupport.
The carriage back again to other parts from La Vera Cruz,
of the European goods which come by the galleons, is a very
confiderable article of trade ; and particularly the carriage alfo
of tobacco, fugar, and other produce of Guatimala, and the
adjacent country of Guaxaca, which comes by fea to La Ve-
ra Cruz from the fouth coaft.
All this is faid to employ
above 60,000 horfes, mules, afles, and a proportioned num-
ber of men.
Cochineal is brought thus over the mountains from the coun-
try of Guadalaxara, north-weft from Mexico about three
hundred and twenty miles. It is brought on horfes and
mules, with which the country abound.
This account of the inland trade and land-carriage of New-
rally brings me to fpeak of the trade of Acapulco on the
South Seas, as it refpecls the land part chiefly : but for this
fee the article Acapulco.
In order to comprehend the whole of the trade of Spanifh
goods they call for from Europe For this we refer to Spain
:

fea to Lima, to Guiaquil in Peru, and to Baldivia in the re- and Spanish America for a more particular account we -

moteft parts of Chili. This is a confiderable article of then- here contenting ourfelves.
}

home trade, as before noticed.
They have fome manufactures among them too
people fpin cotton with great application, and they make
abundance of neceffary things of it, which they could not
have from Europe but at an extraordinary price ; as parti-
cularly they make a coarfe fluff for the poorer fort of people,
called meftizas, with which they clothe themfeives, and of
which they make hammocks to lye in.
They make kind of Segovia cloth, of fheep's-wool, and
alfo a
cotton-wool, mixed together and this is carried through the
: galleons, and a pelache or advice boat that arrived at Cadiz
country on mules to be fold, like as the pedlars in Poland
We fhall, however, here give a fketch of the great value
; for the of the returns made to Europe for this trade, from whence
fome calculation may be made by it of the value alfo
of the goods exported from Europe. That fome rational
conjecture may be made of the magnitude of this whole
trade in gencal, and the wealth of the Spanifh dominions in
America in particular, we fhall here exhibit the draught of
a cargo of one of the leaft fleets or flotas from La Vera Cruz,
that came fome years ago, and which confifted but of five
in July 1723. It is as follows :

carry linnen from place to place. This cloth is generally

bought to clothe the free Chriftian Indians, who live in great Pieces of Eight, 705,626 for the king 1 duely
numbers in the villages, and even in the largeft cities, and Ditto
7,621,586 for the merch ts Jregifter'd.
drive trades according as they are brought up and taught Old Plate 174,348 .

When they are young; particularly, they are carpenters, ma- Gold
403,277 in piftolescoin'd 1 alfo'
fons, huibandmen, vine-dreffers, planters, he. Some of Ditto
15,325 in duft. Jregifter'd.
thefe have great farms, and are well turned for makino- of
fugar and indigo. There are above 120, oco families of them 8,920,162
in the city of Nicaragua, and the country adjacent, generally
employed in feeding black cattle, and planting corn with N. B. This is all what they called registered plate ;
:

botli which they fuppiy the greateft cities towards Ifalcalla the plate unregistered is fometimes equal to it, and
and Mexico. always very confiderable.
The feveral kingdoms of this country are fo vaftly large, that
great numbers of people, and of cattle, are employed to carry Merchandize by the same Fleet.
by land the growth of one country to another. The people
Cochineal
1,425 bales Coral
8 chefts
of Nicaragua, and of the Honduras, employ 30,000 mules
and horfes to carry corn, fugar, cocoa, and other goods into Indigo

1,931 ditto Oil'of Myrrh 6flalkslarge

the inward provinces ; they carry thofe things, as provifions,

Cocoa 920,0001b. wt. Ointment DITT057 ditto

even to Mexico itfelf.

Venelloes 70,ooolb.wt. PowderofOxaca22 ditto

Every time the galleons arrive from Europe, there are an in- Jallap 458 Presents 263
bales chefts
finite number of people cf all forts, as well Peruvians and
Cortex Peru 67 Chocolate ditto
114 chefts

Chilians as Spaniards, who come from the remoteft parts of LapisContrayerva37 China ware ditto
18 ditto
Sarsaparilla 37 Liquid amberditto boxes 11
Pearls
the Spanifh countries to Porto Bello, with fervants, mules,
guanicoes and other carriage, to trade for thofe European boxes Bees-wax 8,716
2 quintals
goods and for the payment, they bring in the firfl place the Emeralds Dress'd hides 1,527
1 ditto
Ginger 27

:

bullion, which, as it is heavy, and muff, come at leaft over- cafks

land from Panama, fo it requires abundance of cattle for car-

riage ; others bring it by land carriage from the countries After the arrival of the above Flota, came in the fame
whence they come, as from Cufco and Quitto in Peru, over feafon two fhips from Buenos Ayres.
the mountains, and more ftill from Lima ; and fome come
even from Chili itfelf, which is a ftrange journey for length. Cargo.
The latter of thefe, it is true, bring nothing but gold, and Pieces of Eight
498,326 for the king
generally come from Baldivia and St. Jago by fea to Lima, Ditto 2,753,842 for the merchants
and the reft by land but then thefe convey the European
: Gold 326,790 in. duft for the king
goods, which arc bulky rather than heavy, up the river to the Hides 37,726 dried
lake of Nicaragua* and fo to Panan a. Paragua Tea 463 chefts
As there is a vaft flux of trade thus between Porto Bello and Cortex Peru 237 bags
Panama on this occafion, fo there is a very great trade from Ameer 38 . boxes
all the coaft of Chili and Peru directly to Panama by fea; in-

fomuch that on thefe ocvafions there fhall be feen in the Another Flora, which arrived in Spain in April 1727, being
bay and road of Panama, three or four hundred fail of fhips the fame which, at that time, lay long blocked up at the Ha-
at a time, againft the approach of the fair at Porto Bello. vannah for fear of a war with England, confifted of 7 gal-
leons
 A M E A
Icons and 4 mcrchant-fhips, exclufive of one fhip
the Azores or weftward iflands : this fleet was exceeding
rich, and brought, bcfides private fums unregiftered, and
befides merchandize,
14,316,794 Pieces of Eight in filven
123,840 in gold.
The fhip loft had two boxes of coined gold, and 236,178
pieces of eight in filver. The merchants goods we had no
cftimate of.
At the fame time the galleons blocked up in the harbour of
Porto Bello, by Admiral Hofier, had on board no lefs than
26 millions of pieces of eight in fpecie, befides merchandize
at the fame time alfo an Englifh fhip called the Royal George,
loaden there for the South Sea Company of London, had on
board near a million of pieces of eight in treafure, befides
merchandize ; and another South Sea fhip at La Vera Cruz
had near as much.
Thefe are furc teftimonics of the immenfe wealth of Spa-
nish America, and of the great extent of the commerce
from Europe to them, of which the above were the returns.
After this, no qucftion need be afked, to what height fuch
a commerce may not be carried. It has advanced not in-
confiderably fince ; for though the trade of particular Euro-
pean nations may have declined, yet others have advanced,
which has been, and always will be owing to the encourage-
ment given thereto in Old Spain.
The iflands in America belonging to the Spaniards are St. Do-
mingo, otherwife called Hifpaniola, which the French fhare
with them at prefent; Cuba, Porto Rico, Canary iflands, St.
Margaret, and fome other lefs confiderable, which the Spani-
ards vifit fometimes-, but where they have no colonies. See
Spain, Spanish America, Acapulco, Mexico, Peru.
Before the laft definitive treaty of 1763, France had
on the continent of America, Canada, where are Que-
bec, Montreal, Port-Royal, Richlieu, and Fron-
tenac, and Louisiana: but fince the
the Mississippi,
faid treaty thefe areannexed to the crown of England, and
the privilege of navigating on the MisaissiPPl is allowed to
M E
loft upon and the latter in North America. But their proje&s met
witri
ho fuccefs.
The fame may be obferved of the Scots, who, in the begin-
ning of the XVIIth century, fettled in the Ifthmus,
and ori
the river of Darieh, from whence they were driven
by the
Spaniards;
Remarks.
By this furvey of America, and of the territories belonging
to the fevcralEuropean potentates, who fhare this part dftne
world among them in colonics, a good judgment may be made
how greatly the general traffic and navigation of Europe de-
pends on America. And, indeed, it is worth obfervationj
that the trade from the feveral mother
kingdoms intereftcd
:
in America, to their refpeclive colonies there,
may be looked
on in the light of their own branches of foreign trade, as be-
ing under their own direftion and regulation and it muft be :
allowed, that experience hath hitherto fhewn, that
thofe
powers who moft wifely cherifh their plantation trade and
navigation in America, in due fubferviency to the profperity
of their particular mother-countries, are likely to have the
greatcft fhare of mercantile fhipping, the beft nurfery for fea-
men, and in a word, to be the beft capable of maintaining the
dominion and fovereignty of the feas.
America; more efpecially its iflands, depend greatly on Africa,
which fupplies the feveral powers therein concerned with
negroes, to do their flavery in their refpeclive plantations. To
the Spaniards and Portugueze the Blacks are particularly ufe-
ful in their gold and filver, and diamond mines to the Eng- ;
lifh and the French in the production of their fugars, tobacco,
rice, indigo, &c. Sfc. And in their iflands particularly, it
has been faid that the Europeans cannot fuftain that labour
and fatigue in thofe climates equal to what the negroes are
experienced to do. This, however, has been looked on by
many wife and good men as a pretext to fubject that race of
men to flavery for, if the Europeans were obliged to live
;
as foberly as the negroes, they would be as able to undergo the
real flavery the negroes do in fome plantations, efpecially in the
French fugnr colonies, where, in order to raife their colonies as
fuddenly as poflible, they regard no hardfhips they put on their
ncgroe flaves and by thefe means that rival nation firft fup-
:

England as well as France. planted England in the fugar trade of moft parts of Europe.
Before the war, France had the iflands of Martinico,
The communication between America and Afia, though far
Guadaloupe, Desirada, Marigalante, St. Bar- from being fo large as the circumftances of each will admit
tholomew, Santa Cruz, Granada and the Gra- of, has, however, of late years, been carried to a pretty con-
nadines, and they pretended a right to St. Vincent, St. fiderable extent, and is productive of mutual advantages to
Lucia, Dominica and Tobago ; but fince the faid treaty, both. The commerce of the Philippine iflands depends in a
Granada and the Granadines, St. Vincent, Domi- great meafure on the two large fhips which arrive thither
nica, and Tobago, arc annexed to the crown of England,
yearly from Acapulco, bringing to the value of 10,000,000 of
and St. Lucia is given to Franceand the former are their
;
pieces of eight, in goods and fpecie ; and the returns they
ancient iflands, of which we difpofleffed them in the laft war,
make in all the choice products of the Eaft-Indies, are dif-
and reftored to them at the laft peace.
perfed from Acapulco, fome in fmaller veflels to the fea coafts
Before the treaty of 1763, the French poffefled the fouthern
of Peru and Chili ; but the greater part to Mexico, by land-
part of St. Domingo, Cape-Breton or Louisburgh,
carriage, which is 240 miles ; whereby a great number of
the ifland of St. John's, the ifland of Anticoste, the
people, horfes, mules and carriages, are employed. Add to
Madeline Islands, and others dependent on Canada. this, that the exports from America to the Philippines come
Since the laft peace, the French retain their part of St. Do-
chiefly from Mexico to Acapulco, by the fame land-carriage.
mingo ; and Cape Breton, the ifland of St. John, the See Acapulco.
ifland of Anticoftc, together with the ifland of Madalene,
For the trade of America, as the fame relates to the intcreft
and all dependencies on Canada are ceded to Great Britain,
of the powers under whofe dominion the feveral colonies
and the French have the iflands of St. Peter's and Mique-
are, together with the peculiar laws and regulations made
tON ceded to them for the flicker of their fiihermen, with- to render them more beneficial to thofe feveral powers ; fee
out the liberty of making any fortifications ; and it is ftipu-
British America, Spanish America, French Ame-
Iated, that they are to keep a guard of 50 men only upon
rica,Portugueze America, Dutch America.
them for the police.
The Portugueze have in America the coaft of Brazil only, The definitive treaty of 1763, having made a great
which extends from the river of the Amazons to that of St.
alteration in the affairs of America, we fhall here infert the

Gabriel, near the river Plate. That coaft divided into 14

is
faid treaty at large ; to which we fhall occafionally refer

captainfhips, or governments, of which thofe that are beft throughout this work.
known in Europe are Fernambuco, or Pernambuco, Santos
or Baya da todos the Bay of all Saints, and The Definitive Treaty of friendship and peace between
los fantos, i. e.

Rio Janeiro. The and diamond mines of this

rich gold his Britannic Majefty, the moft Chriftian King, and the King

country afford the Portugueze a conftant fupply of wealth;
and the trade they carry on thither is the fupport of their
kingdom. The Dutch, who have fo large a fhare in the Eaft- In the name of the moft Holy and Undivided Trinity, Father,'
Indies, have but a very fmall one in thofe of the Weft. Their
iflands are Saba, St. Euftatia, and a part of the ifle of St.
Martin ; all thefe are the fmalleft and moil inconfiderable of
the Antilles. But, to make the Dutch fome amends, they are
in pofTeflion of Bonaires, Aruba or Oruba, Curaflbw, which is
alfo fpelt Curacao. Thefe not lying any great diftance from
Carthagena and Porto Bello, afford the Dutch frequent
opportunity to carry on a very profitable contraband trade,
which the Spanifh governors are ufed to wink at.
They have alfo Surinam, at the mouth of the river of the
fame name, on the coaft of Guiana ; befides Bamron, Apren-
vace, and Berbice ; all thefe are on the continent, and are,, as
it were, feparated bv Cayenne, which belongs to the French.
The Danes are fettled on the fmall ifland of St. Thomas,
of Spain, concluded at Paris the 10th day of February, 1763.
To which the King of Portugal acceded on the fame day.
Son, and Holy Ghoft. So be it.
Be it known to all thofe to whom it fhall, or may, in any
manner, belong.
It has pleafed the Moft High to diffufe the Spirit of union
and concord among the princes, whofe divifions had fpread
troubles in the four parts of the world, and to infpire therrf
with- the inclination to caufe the comforts of peace to fucceed
to the misfortunes of a long'and bloody war, which, having
arifen between England and France, during the reign of the
moft ferene and moft potent prince George the Second, by
the grace of God king of Great Britain, of glorious me-
mory, continued under the reign of the moft ferene and moft
potent prince George the Third, his fucceflbr; and in its
progrefs, communicated itfelf to Spain and Portugal confe- :

where the Hamburghers alfo have a fmall factory. This quently, the moft ferene and moft potent prince George the
ifland is not far from Porto Rico. They are alfo in pofTeflion Third, by the grace of God king of Great Britain, France
of one of the fmall iflands called the Virgins.
and Ireland, Duke of Brunfwick and Lunenbourg, Arch-
The duke of Courland, with his people formerly, as well Treafurer, and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire j the
as the Swedes, have alfo made fome attempts to get a foot-
moft ferene and moft potent prince Lewis the Fifteenth, by
ing in this new world ; the former in fome of the Antilles,
the grace of God, Moft Chriftian King; and the moft fe-*
Vol. L O rene
 A M E A
rene and moft potent prince Charles the Third, by the grace
t>fGod king of Spain and of the Indies ; after having laid
the foundation of peace in the preliminaries figned at Foun-
tainebleau the third of November laft ; and the moft ferene
and moft potent prince, Don Jofeph the Firft, by the grace
of God kin^ of Portugal and of the Algarves, after having
acceded thereto, determined to compleat, without delay,
this o-reat and important work. For this purpofe, the high
contracting parties have named and appointed their refpective
ambafiadors extraordinary and minifters plenipotentiary, viz.
His facred majefty the king of Great-Britain, the moft illuftri-
ous and moft excellent lord, John, duke and earl of Bed-
ford, marquis of Taviftock, &c. his minifter of ftate, lieu-
tenant general of his armies, keeper of his privy feal, knight
of the moft noble order of the garter, and his ambaflador extra-
ordinary and minifter plenipotentiary to his Moft Chriftian
Majefty; his facred majefty the Moft Chriftian King, the
moft illuftrious and moft excellent lord Csefar Gabriel de
Choifeul, duke of Praflin, peer of France, knight of his
orders, lieutenant general of his armies, and of the province
of Britanny, counfellor in all his councils, and minifter and
fecretary of ftate, and of his commands and finances ; his
facred Majefty the Catholic King, the moft illuftrious and
moft excellent lord, Dom Jerome Grimaldi, marquis de Gri-
maldi, knight of the Moft Chriftian King's orders, gentleman
of his Catholic Majefty's bedchamber in employment, and
his ambaflador extraordinary to his Moft Chriftian Majefty ;
his facred majefty the Moft Faithful King, the moft illuftri-
ous and moft excellent lord, Martin de Mello & Caftro,
knight profeffed of the order of Chrift, of his Moft Faithful
Majefty's council, and his ambaflador and min'fter plenipo-
tentiary to his Moft Chriftian Majefty.
Who, having duly communicated to each other their
after
full powers, in good form, copies whereof are tranfcribed
at
the end of the prefent treaty of peace, have agreed upon the
articles, the tenor of which is as follows.
Article I. There be a chriftian, univerfal, and per-
(hall
petual peace, as well by fea as by land, and a fincere and
conftant friendfhip fhall be re-eftablifhed between their Bri-
tannic, Moft Chriftian, Catholic, and Moft Faithful Ma-
jefties, and between their heirs and fucceflbrs, kingdoms,
dominions, provinces, countries, fubjects and vaflals, of what
quality or condition foever they be, without exception of
places or of perfons fo that the high contracting parties fhall
:
give the greateft attention to maintain between themfelves and
their faid dominions and fubjects, this reciprocal friendfhip
and'correfpondence, without permitting on either fide any
kind of hoftilities by fea or by land, to be committed from
henceforth, for any caufe, or under any pretence whatfoever ;
and every thing fhall be carefully avoided which might here-
after prejudice the union happily re-eftablifhed, applying
themfelves, on the contrary, on every occafion, to procure
for each other whatever may contribute to their mutual glory,
interefts and advantages, without giving any affiftance or pro-
tection, directly or indirectly, to thofe who would caufe any
prejudice to either of the high contracting parties ; there
fhall be a general oblivion of every thing that may have been
done or committed before or fince the commencement of the
war, which is juft ended.
II. The treaties of Weftphalia, of 1648 ; thofe cf Madrid,
between the crowns of Great-Britain and Spain, of 1667 and
1670 ; the treaties of peace of Nimeguen, of 1678 and 1679 ;
of Rvfwick, of 1697; thofe of peace and of commerce, of
Utrecht, of 1713; that of Baden, of 17 14 ; the treaty of triple
alliance of the Hague, of 1717 ; that of the quadruple alliance
of London, of 1718 ; the treaty of peace of Vienna, of 1738 ;
the definitive treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, of 1748 ; and that of
Madrid between the crowns of Great-Britain and Spain, of
1750; as well as the treaties between the crowns of Spain and
Portugal,, of the 13th of February, 1668 ; of the 6th of Fe-
bruary, 17 IS; and of the 12th of February 1761 ; and that of
the nth of April, 1713, between France and Portugal, with
the guarantees of Great-Britain, ferve as a bafis and founda-
and for this pur-
tion to the peace, and the prefent treaty :
pofe they are all renewed and confirmed in the beft form, as
well as all the treaties in general which fubfifted between the
high contracting parties before the war, as if they were in-
ferted here word for word, fo that they are to be exactly ob-
fervcd, for the future, in their whole tenor, and religioufly
executed on all fides, in all their points which fhall not be
derogated from by the prefent treaty, notwithftanding all that
may have been ftipulated to the contrary by any of the high
contracting parties : and all the faid parties declare, that they
will not furFcr any privilege, favour or indulgence, to fubfifl,
contrary to the treaties above confirmed, except what fhall
have been agreed and ftipulated by the prefent treaty.
III. All the prifoners made on all fides, as well by land as by
fea, and the lioftages carried away, or given, during the
war, and to this day, fhall be reftored without ranfom, fix
weeks at lateft, to be computed from the day of the exchange
of the ratification of the prefent treaty, each crown refpec-
tively paying the advances which fhall have been made for
the fubfiftence and maintenance of their prifoners, by the
fovereign of the country where they fhall have been detained,
M E
according to the attefted receipts and eftimates, and other
authentic vouchers, which fhall be furnifhed on one fide and
the other and fecurities fhall be reciprocally given for the
:
payment of the debts which the prifoners fhall have con-
tracted in the countries where they have been detained, until
their entire liberty. And all the fliips of war and merchant
veflels which fhall have been taken fince the expiration of the
terms agreed upon for the ceffation of hoftilities by fea,
fhall be likewife reftored, bona fide, with all their crews and
cargoes and the execution of this article fhall be proceeded
:
upon immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of
this treaty.
IV. His Moft Chriftian Majefty renounces all pretenfions
which he has heretofore formed, or might form, to Nova
Scotia, or Acadia, in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of
it, and with all its dependencies, to the king of Great-Bri-
tain :Moreover, his Moft Chriftian Majefty cedes and gua-
ranties to his faid Britannick Majefty, in full right, Canada,
with all its dependencies, as well as the ifland of Cape-Bre-
ton, and all the other iflands and coafts in the gulph and river
of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends
on the faid countries, lands, iflands, and coafts, with the fo-
vereignty, property, pofi'eflion, and all rights acquired by
treaty or otherwife, which the Moft Chriftian King and the
crown of France have had till now over the faid countries,
iflands, lands, places, coafts, and their inhabitants, fo that the
Moft Chriftian King cedes and makes over the whole to the
faid king, and to the crown of Great-Britain, and that in the
moft ample manner and form, without reftriction, and without
any liberty to depart from the faid ceffion and guaranty under
any pretence, or to difturb ( rear-Britain in the poficflions
above-mentioned. His Britannick Majefty, on his fide, agrees
to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants
of Canada he will confequently give the moft precife and moft
:
effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholick fubjects may
profefs the worfhip of their religion, according to the rites of
the Romifh church, as far as the laws of Great-Britain per-
mit. His Britannick Majefty further agrees, that the French
inhabitants, or others, who had been fubjects of the Moft
Chriftian King in Canada, may retire, with all fafety and
freedom, wherever they fhall think proper, and may fell their
eftates, provided it be to fubjects of his Britannick Majefty,
and bring away their effects, as well as their perfons, without
being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence what-
foever, except that of debts, or of criminal profecutions :the
term limited for this emigration fhall be fixed to the fpace of
eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the ex-
change cf the ratifications of the prefent treaty.
V. The fubjefts of France fhall have the liberty of fifhing
and drying on a part of the coafts of the ifland of Newfound-
land, fuch as is fpecified in the 13th article of the treaty of
Utrecht ; which article is renewed and confirmed by the pre-
fent treaty (except what relates to the ifland of Cape Breton,
as well as to the other iflands and coafts in the mouth and
gulph of St. Lawrence) and his Britannick Majefty con-
fents to leave to the fubjects of the Moft Chriftian King, the
liberty of fifhing in the gulph of St. Lawrence, on condition
that the fubjects of France do not exercife the faid fifhery,
but at the diftance of three leagues from all the coafts be-
longing to Great-Britain, as well thofe of the continent,
as thofe of the iflands fituated in the faid gulph of St. Law-
rence. And as to what relates to the fifhery on. the coaft of
the ifland of Cape-Breton, out of the faid gulph, the fubjefts
of the Moft Chriftian King fhall not be permitted to exercife
the faid fifhery, but at the diftance of fifteen leagues from the
coaft of the ifland of Cape-Breton ; and the fifhery on the
coafts of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, and every where elfe
out of the faid gulph, fhall remain on the foot of former
treaties.
VI. The king of Great-Britain cedes the iflands of St. Pierre
and Miquelon, in full right, to his Moft Chriftian Majefty,
to ferve as a ihelter to the French fifhermen ; anti his faid
Moft Chriftian Majefty engages not to fortify the faid iflands,
to erect no buildings upon them, but merely for the conveni-
ence of the fifhery, and to keep upon them a guard of fifty
men only for the police.
VII. In order to re-eftablifh peace on folid and durable foun-
dations, and to remove for ever all fubjects of difpute with
regard to the limits of the Britifh and French territories on the
continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the con-
fines between the dominions of his Britannick Majefty, and
thofe of his Moft Chriftian Majefty, in that part of the world,
fhall be fixed irrevocably, by a line drawn along the middle of
the river Mifliflippi, from its fource to the river Iberville, and
from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river,
and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the fea ; and
for this purpofe, the Moft Chriftian King cedes, in full right,
and guaranties to his Britannick Majefty, the river and port
of rh Mobile, and everv thing which he poflcflcs, or ought
to poflefs, on the left fide the river Mifliflippi, except the
town of the New Orleans, and the ifland on which it is fitu-
ated, which fhall remain to France ; provided that the river
Mifliflippi fhall be equally free, as well to the fubjects of
Great-Britain, as to thofe of France, mits whole breadth
and
 A M E A M
and length, from its fource to the fca, and exprefsly that part
which is between the faid ifland of New Orleans and the
right bank of that river, as well as the paffage both in and
out of its mouth. It is further ftipulatcd, that the vefTels be-
longing to the fubjects of either nation, fhall not be flopped,
vifited, or fubjedted to the payment of any duty whatfoever.
The ftipulations infertcd in the 4th article in favour of the
inhabitants of Canada, fhall alfo take place, with regard to
the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article.
VIII. The king of Great-Britain fhall reftore to France the
iflands of Guadaloupe, of Marie Galante, of Defirade, of
Martinico, and of Bclleifle; and the fortreffes of thefe iflands
fhall be reftored in the fame condition they were in when
they were conquered by the Britifh arms ; provided that his
Britannick Majefty's fubjedts, who fhall have fettled in the
faid iflands, or thole who fhall have any commercial affairs to
fettle there, or in the other places reftored to France by the
prefent treaty, fhall have liberty to fell their lands and their
eftates, to fettle their affairs, to recover their debts, and to
bring away their effects, as well as their perfons, on board
vefTels which they fhall be permitted to fend to the faid iflands
and other places reftored as above, and which fhall ferve for
their ufc only, without being reftrained on account of their
religion, or under any other pretence whatfoever, except
that of debts, or of criminal profecutions and for this pur-
: the difpatch the cafe will permit of to the faid evacuations,
nofe, the term of eighteen months is allowed to his Britannick
Majefty's fubjecls, to be computed from the day of the
exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty ; but as the
liberty granted to his Britannick Majefty's fubjecls, to bring
away their perfons, and their effects, in vefTels of then
nation, may be liable to abufes, if precautions were not taken
to prevent them ; it has been exprcfsly agreed between his
Britannick Majefty and his Moft Chriftian Majefty, that the
number of Englifh vefTels which fhall have leave to go to the
faid iflands and places reftored to France, fhall be limited, as
well as the number of tons of each one ; that they fhall go in
ballaft, fhall fet fail at a fixed time, and fhall make one
voyage only, all the effects belonging to the Englifh being to
be embarked at the fame time. It has been further agreed,
that his Moft Chriftian Majefty fhall caufe the nccefTary pafs-
ports to be given to the faid vefTels ; that for the greater fecu-
rity, it fhall be allowed to place two French clerks or guards,
in each of the faid-vcffels, which fhall be vifited in the land-
ing-places and ports of the faid iflands, and places reftored to
France, and that the merchandize which fhall be found
therein fhall be confifcatcd.
IX. The Moft Chriftian King cedes and guaranties to his
Britannick Majefty, in full right, the iflands of Granada, and
of the Granadines, with the fame ftipulations in favour of
the inhabitants of this colony, inferted in the 4th article, for
thofe of Canada ; and the partition of the iflands called Neu-
tral, is agreed and fixed, fo that thofe of St. Vincent, Do-
minica, and Tobago, fhall remain in full right to Great-
Britain, and that of St. Lucia fhall be delivered to France, to
enjoy the fame likewife, in full right; and the high contract-
ing parties guaranty the partitions foftipulated.
X. His Britannick Majefty fhall reftore to France the ifland
of Goree, in the condition it was in when conquered and : for his fuccefTors, from all pretenfions which he may have
his Moft Chriftian Majefty cedes, in full right, and guaranties
to the king of Great-Britain, the river Senegal, with the forts
and factories of St. Lewis, Podor, and Galam ; and with all
the riglrs and dependencies of the faid river Senegal.
XL In the Eaft-Indics, Great-Britain fhall reftore to France,
in the condition they are now in, the different factories which
that crown poffeffed, as well on the coaft of Coromandel and
Orixa, as on that of Malabar, as alfo in Bengal, at the be-
ginning of the year 1749. And his Moft Chriftian Majefty
renounces all pretenfion to the acquifitions which he had
made on the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, fince the faid
beginning of the year 1749. His Moft Chriftian Majefty
fhall reftore on his fide, all that he may have conquered from
Great-Britain, in the Eaft-Indies, during the prefent war ;
and will exprefsly caufe Nattal and Tappanouly, in the
ifland of Sumatra, to be reftored ; he engages further i.ot to
erect fortifications, or to keep troops in any part of the do-
minions of the Subah of Bengal. And in order to preferve
future peace on the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, the
Englifh and French fhall acknowledge Mahomet Ally
Cawn for the lawful Nabob of the Carnatick, and Salabat
Jing for lawful Subah of the Decan ; and both parties fhall
renounce all demands and pretenfions of fatisfaction, with
which they might charge each other, or their Indian allies,
for the depredations, or pillage, committed on the one fide,
or on the other, during the war.
XII. The ifland of Minorca fhall be reftored to his Britan-
nick Majefty, as well as Fort St. Philip, in the fame condi-
tion they were in, when conquered by the arms of the Moft
Chriftian King ; and with the artillery which was there when
the faid ifland and the faid fort were taken.
XIII. The town and port of Dunkirk fhall be put into the
ftate fixed by the laft treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and by for-
mer treaties. The cunette fhall be deftroyed immediately after
the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, as
well as the forts and batteries which defend the entrance on
the fide of the fea and provifion fhall be made, at the fame
; veffels, which fhall be vifited in the landing-places and ports
E
time, for the wholefomenefs of the air, and for the
health of
the inhabitants, by fome other means, to the
fatisfaction of
the king of Great-Britain.
XIV. France fhall reftore all the countries belonging to the
electorate of Hanover, to the landgrave of Hcffej to the duke
of Brunfwick, and to the count of La Lippe Buckebourg,
which are, dr fhall be occupied by his Molt Chriftian
Majefty's arms the fortreffes of thefe different countries fhall
:
be reftored in the fame condition they were in when
con-
quered by the French arms ; and the pieces of artillery
which
fhall have been carried elfewhere, fhall be
replaced by the
fame number, of the fame bore, weight; and metal.
XV. In cafe the ftipulations contained in the 13th article
of the preliminaries fhould not be compleated at the time of
the fignature of the prefent treaty, as well with regard
to
the evacuations to be made by the armies of France,
of the
fortreffes of Cleves, Wefel, Guelders, and of
all the coun-
tries belonging to the King of Pruflia, as with regard
to the
evacuations to be made by the Britifh and French armies of
the countries which they occupy in Weftphalia, Lower
Saxony, on the Lower Rhine, the Upper Rhine, and in all
the empire, and to the retreat of the troops into the domini-
ons of their refpeclive fovereigns ; their Britannick and Moft
Chriftian Majeftics promife to proceed, bona fide, with all
the entire completion whereof they ftipulate before the fif-
teenth of March next, or fooner, if it can be done ; and their
Britannick and Moft Chriftian Majeftics further hgage and <
promife to each other, not to furnifh any fuccours of any
kind to their refpedtive allies, who fhall continue engaged in
thewar in Germ ny.
XVI. The decifion of the prizes made, in the time of peace,
by the fubjedts of Great-Britain, on the Spaniards, fhall be
referred to the courts of juftice of the admiralty of Great-
Britain, conformably to the rules cftablifhed among all na-
tions, fo that the validity of the faid prizes between the Britifh
and Spanifh nations, fhall be decided and jucged according
to the law of nations, and according to the treaties, in
the courts of juftice of the nation, who fhall have made the
capture.
XVII. His Britannick Majefty fhall caufe to b? demolifhed
ail the fortifications which his fubjedts fhall have erected ia
the bay of Honduras, and other places of the territory of
Spain, in that part of the world, four months after the rati-
fication of the prefent treaty and his Catholick Majefty fhall
:
not permit his Britannick Majefty's fubjedts^ or their work-
men, to be difturbed or moleltcrl, under any pretence what-
foever, in the faid places, in their occupation of cutting,
loading, and carrying away logwood. And for this purp'ofe,
they may build without hindrance,- and occupy without inter-
ruption, the houfes and magazines which are neceffary for
them, for their families, and for their effedts and his Catho-
:
lick Majefty affures to them, by this article, the full enjoy-
ment of thofe advantages and powers on the Spanifh coafts
and territories, as above ftipulated, immediately after the
ratifications of the prefent treaty.
XVIII. His Catholick Majefty defifts, as well for himfelf as
formed in favour of the Guipufcoans, and other his fubjects,
to the right of fifhing in the neighbourhood of the ifland of
Newfoundland.
XIX. The king of Great-Britain fhall reftore to Spain all the
territory which he has conquered in the ifland of Cuba, with
the fortrefs of the Havanna; and this fortrefs, as well as all
the other fortreffes of the faid ifland, fhall be reftored in the
fame condition they were in when conquered by his Britan-
nick Majefty's arms, provided that his Britannick Majefty's
fubjects, who fhall have fettled in the faid ifland, reftored to
Spain by the prefent treaty, or thofe who fhall have any com-
mercial affairs to fettle there, fhall have liberty to fell their
lands and their eftates, to fettle their affairs, to recover their
debts, and to bring away their effects, as well as heir per-
fons, on board vefTels which they fhall be permitted to fend to
the faid ifland, reftored as above, and which fhall ferve for
that ufe only, without being reftrained on account of their
religion, or under any pretence whatfoever, except that
of debts, or of criminal profecution and for this purpofe,
:
the term of eighteen months is allowed to his Britannick
Majefty's fubjects, to be computed from the day of the ex-
change of the ratifications of the. prefent treaty but as the :
liberty granted to his Britannick Majefty's fubjedts, to bring
awav their perfons and their effects in veffels of their nation,
mav be liable to abufes, if precautions were not taken to pre-
vent them ; it has been exprefsly agreed between his Bri-
tannick Majefty and his Catholick Majefty, that the number
of Englifh veffels which fhall have leave to go to the Lid ifland
reftored to Spain, fhall be limited, as well as the number of
tons of each one : that they fhall go in ballaft ; fhall fet fail
at a fixed time ; and fhall make one voyage only : ail the
effedts belonging to the Englifh being to be embarked at the
fame time. It has been further agreed, that his Catholick
Majefty fhall caufe the neceffary pafiports to be given to the
faid vefTels ; that, for the greater fecurity, it fhall be allowed
to place two Spanifh clerks or guards in each of the faid
of
 A M E AMP
of the Spain, and that the merchan-
faid ifland, reftored to
dize, which be found therein, fhall be confifcated.
fhall
XX. In confequence of the reftitution ftipulated in the pre-
ceding article, his Catholick Majefty cedes and guaranties,
in full right, to his Britannick Majefty^ Florida^ with fort
St. Auguftin, and the bay of Penfacola, as Well as all that
Spain poffefies on the continent of North America, to the
eaft, of to the fouth-eaft of the river Mifliflippi. And in ge-
neral, every thing that depends on the faid countries and
lands, with the fovereignty, property, poffeflibn and all rights,
acquired by treaties or otherwife^ which the Gatholiclc King
and the crown of Spain have had, till now, over the faid
countries, lands, places, and other inhabitants ; fb that the
Catholick King cedes and makes over the whole to the faid
kin?, and to the crown of Great-Britain, and that in the
moft ample manner and form. His Britannick Majefty agrees
on his fide, to grant to the inhabitants of the countries above
ceded, the liberty of the Catholick religion he will confe-
: Lunenbourg, as well for himfelf, as for his heirs and fuccef-
quently give the moft exprefs and the moft effectual orders, that
his new Roman Catholick fubjccts may profefs the worfhip of
their religion $ according to the rites of the Romifh church, as
far as the laws of Great-Britain permit his Britannick Ma-
: XXVI. Their facred Britannick, Moft Chriftian, Catholick,
jefty further agrees, that the Spanifh inhabitants, or others
who had been fubjects of the Catholick King in the faid
countries, may retire, with all fafety and freedom, wherever
they think proper ; and may fell their eftates, provided it be to
his Britannick Majefty's fubjects, and bring away their effects,
as well as their perfons, without being reftrained in their
emigrations, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of
debts, or of criminal profecutions : the term limited for this
emigration being fixed to the fpace of eighteen months, to be
computed from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of
the prefent treaty. moreover ftipulated, that his Catho-
It is
lick Majefty fhall have power to caule all the effects that may
belong to him to be brought away, whether it be artillery or
other things.
XXI. The French and Spanifh troops fhall evacuate all the
territories, towns, places and caftles of his Moft
lands,
Faithful Majefty, in Europe, without any referve, which fhall
have been conquered by the armies of France and Spain, and
fhall reftore them in the fame condition they were in when
conquered, with the fame artillery and ammunition which
were found there and with regard to the Portugueze colonies
: majefty, are to be forfeited, and treble the value.
in America, Africa, or in the Eaft-Indies, if any change fhall
have happened there, all things fhall be reftored on the fame
footing they were in, and conformably to the preceding
treaties, which fubfifted between the courts of France, Spain,
and Portugal, before the prefent war.
XXII. All the papers, letters, documents and archives,
which were found in the countries, territories, towns and
places that are reftored, and thofe belonging to the countries
ceded, fhall be refpectively and bona fide, delivered or fur-
nifhed at the fame time, if poflible, that poffeflion is taken,
or at lateft, four months after the exchange of the ratifications
of the prefent treaty, in whatever places the faid papers or
documents may be found.
XXIII. All the countries and territories which may have been
conquered, in whatfoever part of the world, by the arms of
their Britannick and Moft Faithful Majefties, as well as by
thofe of their Moft Chriftian and Catholick Majefties, which
are not included in the prefent treaty, either under the title of
ceflions, or under the title of reftitutions, fhall be reftored
without difficulty, and without requiring any compenfation.
XXIV. As it is neceffary to aflign a fixed epoch for the ref-
titutions and the evacuations to be made by each of the
high contracting parties ; it is agreed, that the Britifh and
French troops fhall compleat, before the 15th of March next,
all that fhall remain to be executed of the 12th and 13th
articles of the preliminaries, figned the 3d day of November
laft, with regard to the evacuation to be made in the empire,
or elfewhere. The ifland of Belleifle fhall be evacuated fix
weeks after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent
treaty, or fooner, if it can be done. Guadaloupe, Defirade,
Marie Galante, Martinico, and St. Lucia, three months after
the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or
fooner, if it cin be done. Great-Britain fhall likewife, at the
end of three months, after the exchange of the ratifications
of the prefent treaty, or fooner, if it can be done, enter into
poffeflion of the river and port of the Mobile, and of all that
is to form the limits of the territory of Great-Britain, on the
fide of the river Mifliflippi, as they are fpecified in the 7th article.
The ifland of Goree fhall be evacuated by Great-Britain three
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent
treaty; and the ifland of Minorca by France, at the fame epoch,
or fooner if it can be done and accoi ding to the conditions of
: point wherein the ftar fets, and the true point of weft in the
the 6th article, France fhall likewife enter into poffeffion of
the iflands of St. Peter, and of Miquclon, at the end of three
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent
treaty. The factories in the Eaft-Indies fhall be reftored fix
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent
treaty, or fooner, if can be done. The fortrefs of the Ha-
it
vanna, with all has been conquered in the ifland of
that
Cuba, fhall be reftored three months after the exchange of
the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner, if it can be
done ;
and at the fame time, Great-Britain fliall enter into
poffeflion of the country ceded by Spain, according to the
20th article. All the places and countries of his moft Faith-
ful Majefty^ in Europe, fliall be reftored immediately after
the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty ; and
the Portugueze colonies, which may have been conquered,
fhall be reftored in the fpace of three months, in the Weft-
Indies, and of fix months in the Eaft-Indies, after the ex-
change of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner, if
it can be done. All the fortreffes, the reftitut.on whereof is
ftipulated above, fhall be reftored with the artillery and am-
munition which were found there at the time of the conqueft.
In confequence whereof, the neceffary orders fhall be fent by
each of the high contracting parties, with reciprocal paffports
for the fhips that fhall carry them, immediately after the
exchange of the ratifications of the-prefent treaty.
XXV. His Britannick Majefty, as Elector of Brunfwick
fors, and all the dominions and poffeflions of his faid majefty,
in Germany, are included and guarantied by the prefent
treaty of peace.
and Moft Faithful Majefties, promife to obferve fincerely and
bona fide, all the articles contained and fettled in the prefent
treaty ; and they will not fuffer the fame to be infringed, di-
rectly or indirectly, by their refpective fubjects ; and the faid
high contracting parties, generally and reciprocally, guaranty-
to each other all the ftipulations of the prefent treaty.
XXVII. The folemn ratifications of the prefent treaty, expe-
dited in good and due form, fhall be exchanged in this city
of Paris, between the high contracting parties, in the fpace of
a month, or fooner, if poflible, to be computed from the day
of the fignature of the prefent treaty.
(L. S.) Bedford C. P. S.
(L. S.) Choifeul due de Praflin.
(L. S.) El. Marq. de Griinaldi.
AMMUNITION of warlike ftores and pro-
fignifies all forts
vifions, more powder and ball.
efpecially
By the ift of Jac. II. cap. 8. . 2. ammunition, arms, utenfils
of war, or gunpowder, imported without licence from his
Sect. 2. Such licence obtained, except for the furnifhing of
is to be void, and the offender to
his majefty.'s public ftores,
incur a praemunire, and be difabled to hold any office from
the crown.
Ammunition or gunpowder may be prohibited to be exported
at the king's pleafure, by 12 Car. II. cap. 4. . 13.
AMOUNT, a term in arithmetic and book-keeping. It is faid
of the total, which feveral fums added together produce. Ex.
See what is the amount of all thofe articles, or what thofe
articles amount to. The firft fide of the expences amounts
to 500 1. the fitting out the London privateer will amount to
5000 1.
AMPHISCII, in geography and aftronomy, the people who
inhabit the Torrid Zone.
They are thus denominated, as having their fhadow turned
fomctimes one way, and foir.etimes another, i. e. atone time
of the year to the north, and at another to the fouth.
AMPHORA, the largeft meafure ufed at Venice for liquids. It
contains 4 bigorzas, the bigorza being 4 quarts, the quart 4
fachies, and each fachie 4 leras ; but by wholefale the amphora
is 14 quarts, and the bigorza
3^ quarts.
AMPLIATION, fignifies, in French, the duplicate which is
taken or given of a receipt, an acquittance, an account, or
the like. Thus they fay, to fign a copy by ampliation, that
is to fay, to fign a duplicate thereof. In this fenfe they alfo
call ampliation a copy printed upon paper, of a contract of
fale of annuities on the city of Paris, engrofled upon parch-
ment. Notaries, when they deliver the engroffed contract to
the annuitant, ought alfo to deliver him an ampliation upon
paper, which he is obliged to produce to the paymafter, with
his receipt annexed to it, the firft time he has a mind to re-
ceive his annuity or rent.
AMPLITUDE of the fun or ftars, in aftronomy and naviga-
tion, is an arch of the horizon intercepted between the true
eaft and weft point of it, and the center of the fun or ftars
at their rifing or fetting.
Amplitude is of two kinds, eaftern, or ortive, and weftern,
or occafive. Eaftern, or rifing amplitude, is the diftance
between the point wherein the ftar rifes, and the true point
of eaft, wherein the equator and horizon interfect.
Weftern, or fetting amplitude, is the diftance between the
equinoctial. The eaftern and weftern amplitude are alfo called
northern and fouthern, as they fall in the northern or fouthern
quarters of the horizon.
To find the fun's amplitude, either rifing or fetting, by the
globe, bring the fun's place to the horizon either on the eaft
or weft fide, and the degrees from the eaft point, either north
or fouth, are the amplitude required.
To find the fun's amplitude trigonometrically, having the
latitude and fun's declination given Say,
As
 ANA ANA
As the co-fine of the latitude is to the radius, fo is the fine of There are three forts of ananas, diftinguifhed by their colour}
the prefent declination to the fine of the amplitude. Suppofe, their figure, and their tafte. 1. The white an nas: though
e. gr. the latitude to be 51 deg. 30 min. and the declination this be both larger and more
than the other forts*
beautiful
of the fame 11 deg. 50 min. yet it is not of fo exquifite a the teeth" on edge;
tafte ; it lets
and makes the gums bleed. 2. The peaked, or fiigar-loaf
Then, to the ar. co. of the co-fine of 0,2058503 ananas this is of a more agreeable tafte than the former,
50
30'.

.

Add the fine of .

9,3118926
:

but makes the gums bleed.

3. The rennet apple
Sum is the fine of 9>5177429
though the fmallcft, is the moft excellent of all. J' has the
this, :

Which is the amplitude required.
Magnetical amplitude, is an arch of the horizon contained
between the fun at his rifing or fetting, and the eaft or weft
point of the compafs ; or, it is the difference of the rifing
or fetting of the fun from the eaft or weft point of the com-
pafs. It is found, by obferving the fun
fetting, by an amplitude compafs.
AMYANTUS. SccAmiantus.
ANA, a term of pharmacy and phyfic, very well known to
phyficians and apothecaries. The fignification of it is as
follows.
The phyficians, in their prefcriptions, wherein feveral drugs
are to be ufed, if it happens that the fame quantity, weight,
or meafure, of one, two, or more of thofe drugs, are to be
mixed, fet down only the names of thofe feveral drugs, but
not the quantity that muft be taken of them, till after the laft,
putting the word ana before that quantity. Thus for inftance,
R. Rhubarb, fena, caflia, ana four drachms, fignifies that four
drachms of each of thefe drugs muft be taken ; whicii the
apothecary feeing, he underftands it immediately.
The word ana has feveral other fignifications j but, as they
do not relate to trade, fo they are foreign to the purpofe and
defign of this Dictionary.
ANACOSTE, or ANASCOTE, a fort of woollen diaper
fluff, manufactured after the manner of ferges of Caen, but
not fo woolly, and made of better wool. It is made at
Leyden in Holland, at Bruges and Aerfchot in theAuftrian
fmcll and tafte of the rennet apple, whence
it has its name.
It does not fet the teeth on edge.
Profefibr Boerhaave reckons"
fix kind of ananas. An excellent
liquid confection, or fwect-
meat, is made of all thefe feveral forts. Some are alfo pre-
ferved whole, and, being taken out of fyrup, are
iced over
with fugar. This fort of fweet-meals is fent over into
at his rifing or Europe from the Antilles iflands.
The wihe made of ananas is almoft equal to malmfey. At
the end of three weeks it turns. But, if it be kept as many
weeks longer, it becomes better than ever, but is more heady.
The ananas fuppliesalfo the phyficianwith fovereign remedies.
It exhilarates the mind, ftrengtKens the heart and ftorrach,-
creates appetite, is good againft the gravel and ftrangury, and
is even an admirable antidote againft poifon.
The water diftilkd from it has the fame properties ; but, as
itworks quicker, and is alfo very corrofive, it fhould nor be
ufed but by the prescription of the moft prudent phyficians.
The excellency of this fruit is not too highly extolled by
travellers, notwithftanding what Mr. Savaiy fays to the
contrary, after having tafled it preL-rved at Paris. Father
Labat i^ when he fays, that the ananas"
juft in his observation,
preferved is Europe, at the top of a pyramid of
a fine fight in
fwcet-mcats, but that its natural tafte and flavour are only
to be found in America, they both lying in the juice ; which
cannot be altered by heat and fugar without its entire diffipa-
tion, and confequently the natural tafte and flavour muft be
loft alfo. He adds, that he brought fome into France, which
he had caufed to be prepared in Martinico with all imaginable 1

Netherlands, at Ypres, and in its neighbourhood in French
Flanders. This fluff is a French ell broad, like the ferges of
Caen, and about twenty ells long. It is generally fent white
or black into Spain, where there is a great demand for it.
They have lately begun to manufacture fome of them in
France, efpecially at Bourgcs, where they imitate them
perfectly well, and the merchants of that city fend great
quantities of them into Spain.
ANAGROS, a meafure for grain, ufed in fome cities of Spain,
particularly at Seville. It contains fomething more than the
mine of Paris: fo that 46 anagros make 19 feptiers, meafure
of Paris, and 19 feptiers of corn are reckoned to be equal to
about 10^ quarters of London.
ANANAS, vulgarly called by us the pine-apple, becaufe of
its refemblance with the cones of pines and firs, is a fruit
care, but that they fecmed to him no better than fweetened
flax, in comparifon to what they were in their natural flate;
It is certain, that no one can well judge of the goodnefs of this
fruit, if he has not often tailed it on the fpot of its growth.
With great difficulty they have been produced, by the means
of hot-beds, in Holland, England, and in the French kind's
gardens ; but they could never produce this fruit either of trie
like bulk or flavour, which it naturally has about 12 degrees
diftance from the equator.
The flavour of this fruit, when at its maturity, is fo Cweet t
juicy, vinous, and refrefhing, that it is eat with great plea-
fure in hot countries, notwithftanding the want of appetite.
It greatly helps digeftion, by reafon of its vinous and fermen-
tative quality, which operates efficacioufly in the diffolution
of our food. It is efteemed, therefore, the beft fruit that can

which grows in the Antilles iflands, and in feveral other be eat at the end of a meal. It flrengthens a weak ftomach,
places of the Indies, as well as in South Guinea, and other and creates an appetite. The fick are frequently cured with
parts of the world. This fruit was for a long time no other- it, by ufing it with moderation, and according to the nature

wife known in Europe, than by the agreeable defcriptions
which travellers, as it were, vying with each other, ftrove to
give of it. A few years fince they have brought us fome
preferved ananas, by which we may be able to judge how far
the defcriptions of travellers are true or exaggerated. And
of their illnefs. It is, in a word, the moft wholefome of all
the fruits of the earth.
As they do not eat fo much of it in the Indies as in Europe,-
by reafon of the heat, and becaufe few fit down to fupper there,
I eat it often of an evening, as many others did, with a pretty

they are nowraifed to good perfection in England, as well as quantity of bread, without experiencing the leaft detriment.
in other parts of Europe. It is true, that there is in fome forts of the rmanas a certairt
All the authors who fpeak of the ananas, ftile it the king of acidity, that is not very perceptible to the tafte, but it makes
fruits : they fay that, befides excellent tafte, which makes
its the lips fmart, efpecially of thofe whofe lips are tender, and
it deferve that name, it on its top the enfigns of the
carries who are not ufed to this fruit; and, fometimes, it makes the
royal dignity, in a kind of crown, compofed of flowers or gums of fcorbutic people bleed.
bloffoms, and indented leaves of a bright and fhining red. This has made many European travellers unwilling to eat
The fruit grows on a ftem full a foot high, furrounded with much of it, from an apprehenfion that its acrimonious qua-
15 or 16 leaves, as long as thofe of cardoons, and in fhape lity is prejudicial. What has ftrengthened this fufpicion is,
like thofe of the aloe plant ; being peaked at the end, fome- their obferving that the knife with which it is cut grows
what hollow in the middle, and armed on both fides with black, from the ftrength of its juice, which penetrates the
very fharp thorns. iron, and diffolves a part of it into a matter as black as ink.
The fruit arifes from the middle of thofe leaves, and is fome- The fame is related in Mr. de la Loubere's Voyage to Siam,
times of the fize of a melon. Its form is pretty much like and in that of Labat to the American iflands. Notwith-
that of the pine-cone, as has been already obferved, its rind ftanding this, as long experience has verified the goodnefs of
being raifed in compartments made fcale-fafhion. Nothing this fruit, a mere fufpicion of its being otherwife fhould not
can be more magnificent than the colours it is painted with. prevail, Labat himfelf declaring, that, although he had very
Its fcales are green, bordered with a carnation colour ; the often eat of it, yet he had never found the leaft injury thereby.
ground is yellow, and, to adorn it the more, from each fcale Thofe Europeans who fcruple to eat this fruit crude, by reafon

arifes a fmall flower of a purple colour, which falls off as the of its concealed acidity, which affects the and gums, think
lips
fruit ripens on the top is the crown, the enfign of its royal
: to correct it, by fteeping it fliced in wine and fugar, for an
dignity. hour, in a covered plate. This preparation
is very good,'

The pulp of this fruit is and of fo

fo agreeable to the fight, but is more agreeable to my
tafte'when I eat it lone, tole- ;

exquifite a tafte, that, in order to give fome notion of it, rably ripe, fays Labat, for. then it does not affect the lips or
we mould unite in our conception a compound of the flavour cums ; fo that this acidity of the ananas feems to be owing
of the moft exquifite fruits. It is faid to have fomething of only to its ftate of crudity, which is natural to other fruits,
the peach, the ftrawberry, the mufcadine grape, and of the and not to any pernicious quality whatever, when nature has
rennet apple ; which all together compofe a tafte for delicacy got the better by a due maturity.
beyond expreffion. Its pulp is fomething fibrous, but yet it The Javans give it a little green, in flices with fugar, to
melts in the mouth. children, for the worms. To be the more efficacious, it mnft
The ananas is propagated neither by its roots, nor by a kind be a little green, but in that ftate it is injurious to womert
of fmall and almoft imperceptible feed, that is mixed with its with child. Perfons in a fever, or Under any inflammation^
pulp, but only by its crown, which being put into the ground, fhould avoid it, by reafon of the feverity of its ferment, yet
takes root, fhoots out leaves, and a ftalk, or ftem, and prefents it is good to diffipate obftructiens in chronical cafes. It is

a new king of plants and fruits. Very proper alfo W prevent the generation of the ftone in the-
Vol. I. P bladder*
 ; ;

ANA ANA
bladder, andi perhaps to diffolve it in time. It is probable, I fruits that grow thereon beinsr reckoned inferior to none in
that to the uie of this truit
ufe ot fruit we may afcribe it, that the In- Turky. It is computed to contain about 30,000 inhabitants,
dians are fcarce ever troubled with the ftone or gravel. Turks, Jews, Greeks, and Armenians, all driving a confi-
This excellent fruit makes part of the refrefhment where- derable traffic in rr.anufadtures of filks, cottons, woollen and
with the Indians, and Africans near the line, entertain the linnen cloths, earthen ware, and glafs of all forts, which
European mariners, and barter it for toys and baubles, which make it one of the moft trading cities in thefe parts, Befides
they are fond the Europeans are very glad to have
of. And all thefe, the greateft part of the faics, barques, and other

a fruit whofe fight and tafte are fo very delightful to them, for trading veffels belonging not only to this city, but even to
trifles. the merchants of Conftantinople, are built here.
ANATTA, or ANNOTTO,
a fort of red dye brought from Chalcedon was once a city of great traffic and opulence, but
It is made of red flowers, which grow on it is now dwindled almoft to nothing.
the Weft-Indies.
bufhes, or flirubs, 7 or 8 feet high. It is thrown, like indi- 2. Mysia and Lesser Phrygia, have the Propontis for
go, into large tubs, or cifterns, full of water, with this diffe- their northern boundary the Hellefponton the weft ; Phrygia
;

rence, that nothing but the flowers is ufed, the leaves of which
are ftripped off, as is done with regard to rofes. Thefe re-
main in the water till they are rotten ; and when, by much
ftirring, they are reduced into a thick liquid fubftance, it is
expofed to the fun to dry, and afterwards made into rolls, or
cakes.
There are none but the Spaniards who now cultivate this
plant, and prepare the dye in any quantity, the plantations
thereof which the Englifh of Jamaica had at St. Angel's be-
ing ruined. The Englifh dyers make more account of this
drug than of indigo ; and accordingly the merchants of Ja-
Major on the eaft; and Lydia and the Archipelago on thefouth.
The Marmora iflands abound with corn, wine, fruits, cot-
ton, and pafture grounds, whereon are bred great quantities
of cattle. Praeconeffus, the largeft of them, is famed for its
marble quarries.
Lampfacus, now Lampafco, was formerly celebrated for the
excellent wines it produced ; and the territory about it is ftill
covered with fine vines and pomegranates, which the Turks
cultivate under pretence ofpreferving the raifins, but, in fact,
make good wine and brandy of them.
3. /Eolis, has Phrygia Minor on the north ; the iEgean, or

maica, who have it from Porto-Rico, buy it 25 per cent,
dearer ; for they pay put three rials per pound for indigo, and
4 for anatta. The Europeans who trade in this drug have,
at prefent, the greateft part of from the bay of Honduras.
it
./Eolian fea on the weft; Ionia on the fouth ; and Lydia 011
the eaft. Nothing occurs here under the article of trade.
4. Ionia, is the next province to iEolis, about the boundaries
of which geographers differ. Its only confiderable city is the

ANATOCISM. but very little ufed in trade;

This word is following
however, as it fometimes occurs, it was thought proper to Smyrna, by the Turks called Ifmyr, is one of the fineft ports
mention it. It fignifies the taking of ufurious intereft for the in the Levant, being fituated at the bottom of a bay capable
loan of money. This is when the lender extorts compound in- of containing the largeft navy in the world ; and, by its gene-
tereft, or joins and accumulates together the interefts of feve- ral and flourifning trade, being one of the greateft and richeft

ral years, and requires a new intereft to be paid for them, as cities in the Afiatic Turky. The commodioufnefs of its har-
for the firft and true principal. bour hath rendered it the common rendezvous of the greateft
ANATOLIA, or ASIA MINOR, is bounded on the north mercantile fhipping in all the four parts of the world, and the
by the Euxine Sea on the north-weft by the fea of Marmora
; ftaple of their merchandize.
on the weft by the Thracian Bofphorus, the Propontis, and It was very confiderable in the time of the Romans, and hath
Archipelago on the fouth by the eaftern part of the Medi-
; been all along famed for its great commerce with all nations,
terranean and, on the eaft, by the Euphrates, which divides
;
efpecially the Englifh, many of our confiderable merchants
it from Turcomania and Diarbeck, orDiyarbeckr. It is di- refiding in it, and having a conful to protect them.
vided into four parts, viz. I. Anatolia, properly fo called, on This city is reckoned to contain 15,000 Turks, 10,000
the weftern. II. Caramania, on the fouthern. III. Aladulia, Greeks, near 2000 Jews, befides Armenians, Franks, is'c.
on the eaftern and, IV Amafia on the northern part. This
; . The Perfian caravans pour in their merchandizes all the win-
whole country is naturally rich and fertile, though the Turk- ter months ; that is, from the beginning of November to that
ifh tyranny hath almoft reduced it into a defert. The few of May, confifting, communibus annis, of about 2000 bales of
plains and dales that are cultivated, though after theTurkifh filk, befides other cloths of linnen, cotton, &. drugs, gums, fifr.

method, in a carelefs, flovenly and artlefs manner, do yet From England, France, Italy, and Holland, are imported co-
yield excellent corn of feveral forts, fruits of all kinds, ex- chineal, indigo, brafil-wood, campeachy-wood, copperas,
quifite grapes and wines, the faireft olives, citrons, lemons, enamel
fpices of all forts, tartar, vitriol, paper, tin, fteel, all ;

oranges, figs, dates, &c. befides abundance of coffee, rhu-
barb, balfam, opium, galls, and other valuable drugs and
gums. To which we may add their twifted cotton, filk,
oToTam, yarn, goats-hair, carpets and tapeftries, calicuts,
cordavans of feveral colours, and quilted coverlids, which
are brought into Europe from thence.
I. Anatolia, properly fo called,
'
fortsof cloths, furs, Delft and Ancona ware, and a great
quantity of other commodities. From thence, in return, is
brought Perfian filk, mohair, cotton, fine and coarfe wool,
wax, gall-nuts, rhubarb, opium, fcammony, aloes, tutty,
galbanum, tacamabac, gum-tragacant, ammoniac, arabic,
myrrh, frankincenfe, zedoar, caffiamunair, &c. befides
is divided into the follow- great variety of tapeftry.

ing difin&s : i.Bithynia. 2. Myfia. 3. iEolis. 4. Ionia. The whole traffic is here, as well as in all Turky, managed
5. C ria. 6. Doris. 7. Lydia. 8. Phrygia. g. Galatia. by the brokerage of. the Jews, the Turks never tranfacting
10. Paphlagcnia. any bargain with Chriftians in any cafe, but leaving it to
I. Bith ynia, the neareft province to Turky in Europe, is part- thofe fubtle brokers, who make a great hand of it, and arc all
ed from it by the fmall {freight called the Thracian Bofphorus. wealthy, and live very, handfomely, and fome of them fplen-
Prufa, called by the Turks Burfa, ftill preferves a great fh.ire didly, by it. The whole town is a continued bazar, or fair,
of its antient opulence, though fome fay that its traffic is where nothing that can be wifhed for is wanting, either
much decayed, and the great concourfe of merchants fomuch for cloathing, fuftenance, or pleafure ; becaufe all the belt
leffened, that the place is going to ruin ; but this feems to be commodities of Afia and Europe are brought hither, and fold
a miftake, fince there is a caravan that goes every two at cheap rates.
months from thence into Perfia ; befides its being a ftage for The territory about Smyrna is very fertile with fine olive-
feveral others that go from Aleppo, Conftantinople, &c. to trees and vines ; and the wine made here is excellent. The
Ifpahan. confuls of England, France, and Holland live here in a very
The bereftine is a large edifice, well built, and filled with ftately manner.
warehoufes and {hops, which exhibit to fale all kind of mer- 5. Caria, is bounded on the north by Ionia and the river
chandizes, which are brought hither from the Levant, befides M.eander ; on the eaft by Great Phrygia and Lydia ; and, on
thofe which are manufactured in the city itfelf. It is well the fouth and weft, by the Icarian fea.
known that the Bithynian filk, which is by far the fineft in 6. Doris, projects into the fea, and is furrounded by it on all
all Turky, is, for the moft part, manufactured here, befides three fides, and is only joined to Caria on the north. It hath
a great deal which is brought hither from Perfia, which, the ifland of Scio, or Cos, and that of Rhodes, on the fouth
though much inferior in finenefs to theirs, is yet wrought in and fouth-weft.
great quantities by the Prufan workmen, who are allowed to 7. Lydia, alias Mjeonia, borders to Phrygia on the eaft, to
be the beft in all Turky for weaving of hangings, tapeftry, Myfia on the north, and to Caria on the fouth, but its limits,
carpets, &c which are from thence carried into all parts of ftrictly fpeaking, lie between iEolis on the fouth-weft, Myfia
Europe, and are there in great requeft. on the north-weft, Caria on the fouth, and Phrygia Major
Nice, called by the Turks Ifnich and Nichar, though much on the eaft. In this province is the river Pactolus, famed for
fallen from its ancient grandeur, hath a convenient haven on its golden fands, and the mountain Tmolus, celebrated for

the tea. of Marmora, over againft Mefampola. The country its faffron and excellent wines.

about it affords very good fruits, and excellent wines.
contains about 10,000 inhabitants, including Greeks, Arme-
nians, and Jews, as well as Turks, who all drive a confider-
able commerce in corn, fruit, fine cloth, tapeftry, and other
LeVantlne manufactures.
Nicomedia, by the Turks named Ifmia and Ifmigimid, is a
large and populous city, with rich and beautiful bazars, or
-
Warehoufes, markets, halls, and other public edifices. It is trading town, and fubfifts chiefly on the manufacture of cot-
fituate on a fruitful and delicious hill, the corn, wine, and
It The country round Thyatira, called by the Turks Akifher, is
covered with cotton-trees and corn-fields, and a part of it,
though uncultivated, with tamarifks. Here are fome inferior
workmen in the cotton-work, which is the chief manufacture
of the place.
Magnefia ad Sipylum, called by the Turks Surleteffar, is re-
duced from a once large and populous city to an ordinary
ton-yarn.

3 Laodicea,
 A N C A NC
'
Laodicea, once one of the moft confiderable trading towns of They ought, therefore, to take care that the iron of whicH
Afia, efpecially for the exchange of money, is now nothing the anchors are made be neither too foft nor too brittle,
both
but a vaft heap of ruins. thefe defefts being very dangerous. If the iron be brittle, the
Dinghifly is large, and well-peopled, and drives a confidera- anchoris apt to break; and, if it be too foft the
anchor will
ble trade. bend. In order to make anchors of a good quality, it is
8. Phrvgia Major, has Pamphylia on the fouth ; Myfia fometimes the practice to conjoin the brittle iron with foft and
on the weft Bithynia on the north j and Galatia on the
; tough iron ; and, for this reafon, the Spanifh or Swedifh
eaft. This country would be vaftly fruitful, if well cultivated. iron ought to be preferred, and united together, the former
Cotyaeum, now Chiutaia, is a large, populous, and flourifh- being foft, and the latter brittle.
ing town. Aubin, in his Marine Dictionary, obferves, that the anchors
Syiinada, was antiently much famed for its fine marble, which of a large veflel are made fmaller in proportion than thofe of
was of a beautiful white, fpotted with red and purple, and of a fmall veffeh The reafon of which, fays he, is, that though
a great price. the fea exerts an equal force againft a large fhip as againff
a
9. Galatia, by the Turks now called Chiagare, hathPhrygia fmall one, fuppofing that they both have an equal extent of
Major on the weft Paphlagonia on the north ; Pamphylia
; wood in the water, which gives room to the water to act
on the fouth and Cappadocia on the eaft. This country was
;
equally againft an equal extent yet the fmall veflel, on ac-
;

antiently efteemed a rich, fertile one, and was famed for count of its not the fame ftrensjth with the
lightnefs, has
producing the amethyft ftone in great quantities. great one, to refift the force of the water, which mult be
Ancyra, called by the Turks Angouri, formerly the capital fupplied by the weight of the anchor.
of Galatia, and a noble city, is ftill a populous, trailing From thefe, and other hydroftatic principles, which are not
place, chiefly in camblets, and fuch light fluffs. nccefl'ary to trouble the generality of traders with, the follow-
The city Aphium, has its name from
of Aphion, or the quan- ing table has been formed ; wherein is fnev/n, by means of
tities of opium which are made in and about it, the whole the fhip's breadth within, how many feet the beam, or fhank,
producing great crops of poppy, from which that
territory ought to be long, giving it four tenths, or two fifths, of
excellent drug, called by the Turks aphion, is extracted. the fhip's breadth within ; by which proportion may be re-
10. Paphlagonia, by fome made a part of Galatia, together gulated the length of the other parts of the anchor. In this
with Pontus, lies on the north of Galatia, is divided on the table is reprefentcd likewife the weight an anchor ought td
eaft from Cappadocia by the river Halys; on the weft by that be for a fhip from 8 feet broad to 45, increafing by 1 foot's
of Parthenius. At prcfent it is called, in the Turkifh, the breadth.
country of Pender, or Boli. Feet. Feet. Weight.
Heraclea Ponti, now Penderachi, or Eregri, is quite funk
from its antient fplendor and commerce. 3 4 r 33 lb -
Amaftris, now Amaftro, from being a famed fea-port under 9 3 I 47
the Roman and Greek empires, is now dwindled to nothing 10 4 64
by reafon of the lofs of its commerce. 11 84
4 i
Teuthrania, now Tripoli, is ftill a good port-town. 12 4 no
Sinope, now Sinabe, is at prefent a place of good trade, and 5 * 140
maintains a very profitable fifhery. The country about it is n 5 \ 17s
fertile, if it was well cultivated ; witnefs the many olive- J
5 6 216
trees of confiderable bignefs that grow in it. Strabo long 16 6 ! 262
fince obferved, that, in all the coafts from this city quite to l 6 *
t a
314
Bithynia, there grew great numbers of trees, fuch as olive, 18 1
7 373
maple, and walnut, with fome of which the inhabitants ufed J
9 7 i 439
to build fhips ; and of others, fuch as the maple and walnut, 20 8 512
they made fine tables, cup-boards, and other utenfils. The 21 592
fame is done at prefent, except that, inftead of tables, which 22 681
the Turks do not ufe, they make fophas, and other forts of 23 778
9
flooring, wainfeoting, and other houfhold ornaments. Juna- 24 884
9
polis, now Cinopolis, formerly a good trading town, is now 25 10 I coo
quite inconfiderable. SeeAMASiA, and Aladulia. Breadth ofj 26 Length of 10 II 24
Anatrum, which is more commonly fpelt Anatron, the the veflel 27 the anchor' 10 Weighs { 1259
fcum of glafs, which fwims when the matter
in the crucible 28 11 1405
is in fufion. That fcum which
appears variegated with divers 29 11 1562
colours, efpecially with grey, white, brown, and blue, con- 30 12 1728
tains a kind of fait proper to fatten fheep, and which is alfo 3i 12 1906
given to pigeons. When it is reduced to powder, and left 32 12 2-97
expofed to a moift air, a part of it diffolves, and the remainder 33 J
3 2300
that is found coagulated at the bottom of the veflel differs but 2515
34 J
3
little from common fait.
35 >4 2742
ANCHOR, an eflential material belonging to a fhip. It is a 36 14 2986
very large and heavy iron inftrument, with a double hook at 37 3242
one end, and a ring at the other, by which it is faftened to a 3 15 3512
cable. It is eaft to the bottom of the fea, or rivers, where
39 15 379 6
taking its hold, it keeps fhips and velTels from being drove 40 16 4096
away by the wind, tide or currents. 4i 16 4426
The parts of an anchor are, 1. The ring to which the cable 42 16 4742
is faftened. 2. The beam, or fhank, which is the longeft 43 17 5088
part of the anchor. 3. The arm, which is that which runs 44 l
l 545i
into the ground. 4. The flouke, or fluke, by fome called 45 18
I iT 5832
the palm, which is that broad and peaked part, with its The inhabitants of the ifland of Ceylon ufe large round ftones
barbs, like the head of an arrow, which faftens into the inftead of anchors. And, in fome other places of the Indies,-
ground. 5. The ftock, a piece of wood faftened to the beam the anchors are a kind of wooden machines, loaded with
near the ring, ferving to guide the fluke, fo that it may fall ftones. Some pretend that veflels faftened wi'h thofe forts
right, and fix in the ground. of machines keep fteadier than thofe that have iron anchors,
There are feveral kinds of anchors. 1. The largeft is called or only a ftone *.
the fheet anchor, and is never ufed but in violent ftorms, to
hinder the fhip from being drove afhore. 2. The two bow-
* They who are defirons of ftudying this fubjedt mr-re thoroughly
may read the Difcourfe' upon Anchors, wrote by Dr. John Ber-
anchors, or bowers, which are lefs, and are ufed for fhips to
nouilli, LL.D. which, in the year 1737, carried the prize in
ride in a road, or harbour. They are alfo called the firft and the Royal Acadejjiy of Sciences at Paris.
fecond bower, or beft and fmall bower. 3. When a vefiel is
to be brought up or down a river by the winds, though the Anchors in France, pay duty on importation 50
' fols per
tide be contrary to it, the feamen fet their forefail, fore-top-fail, hundred weight.
and mizen-fail, and let her drive with the tide. If fhe comes ANCHORAGE, a fea-term, fignifying in general a place

too near the fhore, they have a little anchor ready, which is where a fhip may eaft anchor.

called the rodger, or redgo-anchor, with a hawfer faftened to
it from the fhip ; and this they drop in the middle of the cur-
rent, by which means they wind her head about ; after which
they take up the anchor again. 4. The ftream anchor, is a
fmall anchor, made faft to the ftream-cable, for a fhip to ride
duty which mailers of merchant-men pay in
It fignifies alfo a
feveral ports of France to the king, or the admiral, for the
liberty of anchoring in thofe ports. This duty is not reckoned
part of the average ; and infurers of fhips sre not bound to
make it good. It is due, and paid by the matters of fhips,
"

by in gemle ftreams and in fair weather. 5. The grapnel, is according to the ordonnance of the marine made in the year
an anchor for a fmall fhip or boat. 1681.
Merchants, traders, and others, who fit out fhips for fea, Anchorage in England, alfo denotes a duty taken of fhips for
cannot be too careful with regard to the goodnefs of anchors, the pool of the haven, where they eaft anchor. The ground
fince upon them chiefly depends the prefervation of fhips and in all ports and havens being the king's, no man can eaft an
cargoes, and even, the lives of all thofe who are on board. anchor into any port, without paying for it to the king's offi-
cer
 '
A N C A N C
ter appointed by patent. It muft be confidcred, that in
what- Their monies and exchanges in general being the fame as at

ever port, haven, or harbour, an anchor is caft, it fhould

be Rome, we refer to that general head for an ample account
commodioufly fituated, with a proper depth of water, and thereof.

convenient bottom for anchorage.

to be only
Remarks.
ANCHOVY, a very fmall fea fifh, which fome take
a kind of fprat, and others miftake it for the
fardine, or pil- The erecting of the port of Ancona into a free port by a de-
But, if we are to judge of it by its figure and tafte, cree of pepe Clement XII. dated February 16, 1732, ex-
it
chard.
may be affirmed that it is a particular fifh in its kind, which tracted from the Supplement au Corps diplomatique da
but no-
has but a fmall refemblance of the fprat and fardine, droit des gensj torn. ii. part 2. art. 154.
thing befides like them.
The anchovies are fifhed on the coaft of Provence, in the By that decree his holinefs abolifhes ahd fuppreffes all duties,

months of May, June, and July, at which feafon fhoals of inipofts,and taxes, which ufed to be paid till then in the iaid
through the port and city, and beftows upon them the following privi-
this fifh regularly come into the Mediterranean,
{freights of Gibraltar. They are fent to Paris from
Nice, Can- leges :

nes^Antibes, St. Tropez, and fome other places in Provence. 1. Commanders and mafters of fhips, and merchants of all
Vaft quantities of them are alfo exported into foreign countries. nations, fhall freely enter the port of the city with their

They are likewife found in plenty in the river of Genoa, as veflels and effects, to trade and difpofe of them there as they

alfo on the coaft of the ifie of Gorgone, which lies over- fhall think fit, either by wholefale or retail, and fhall after-
againft Leghorn thefe are reckoned the beft.
;
There is, wards have liberty to depart from thence in perfect fafety.
befides, a great quantity of them that comes from
Sicily. 2. In order to remove all apprehenfions merchants might be-

It remarkable that anchovies are feldom fifhed but in the

is
under of being detained too long, in cafe any difpute fhould
night-time. If a fire be kindled on the poop of the veffels arife concerning their merchandizes, his holinefs confents

ufed for this fifhing, the anchovies will come in greater

num- that the confuls of merchants ihould take cognizance of the
has been matter, and confirms all the privileges formerly granted to
bers into the nets ; but then it is afferted, that it
found by experience, that anchovies taken thus by
fire are them, to enjoy them after the fame manner as the confuls do-
neither fo good nor fo firm, and will not keep fo
well as in the Levant and in Portugal ; and for the greater eafe of the

thofe which are taken without fire. merchants of the Levant, or of Portugal, and that they may
When the fifhery is over, they pull off the heads of all the not lofe their time or their money before other tribunals, in
cafe they be not fatisfied with the fentence of their own con-
anchovies, gut them, and afterwards range them in
barrels

weights, the largeft of which do not weigh above fuls, his holinefs orders that they fhall bring no appeal but to
of different
and they put a good deal of fait in them. the confulfhip of merchants, to whofe fentence they fhall be
25 or 26 pounds,
Some alfo pickle anchovies in fmall Delft, or earthen pots, obliged to fubmit.

made on purpofe, of 2 or three pounds weight, more or lefs, 3. The merchants and workmen who fhall fettle in the faid

which they cover with plafter, to keep them the better.^ city, fhall be free, during 10 years, of all taxes called bene

Anchovies fhould be chofen fmall, frefh pickled, white on ftante, (or taxes upon land, as is faid in Savary ; but it fhould

the outfide, and red within. They muft have a round back ; rather be taxes upon people in good circumftances) and of all

for thofe that are flat, or large, are often

nothing but fardines. duties of importation of foreign wine and oil for their own
the pots or
Befides thefe qualities, the pickle, on opening ufe and confumption.
barrels, muft be of a good tafte, and not have
loft its flavour. 4. All fhips laden with merchandizes that fhall land in the
ANCONA, a marquiiate in Italy, is bounded on the north port of Ancona, fhall have liberty to fell and negotiate them
Ombria,
and eaft by the Adriatic fea, and by the Abruzzo and to the beft advantage ; as alfo to unload their effects, and

and the duchy of Urbino, on the weft. Its foil is

fertile, and lodge them in the common warehoufes of the city, and to
its chief manufaftures are flax and
wax, which are whitened fend them out of town by water, without paying any duty
here to great perfection. or impoft, except with regard to grain and maflerizie, or

The city of Ancona, ftanding on the Adriatic

fhore, over houfhold goods and furniture from foreign countries, which
carrying on fhall not be imported without a fpecial licence.
againft Dalmatia, is very conveniently fituated for
a traffic into all the countries on the oppofite fhore. It was 5. To prevent all diforders with refpect to merchandizes
anciently very famous for it, and flourifhing,
but is very already prohibited, as woollen cloth, filk, brocadoes, laces
much decayed fince Venice has engroffed all the trade of this of gold, filver, filk, or thread, &c. and others, the impor-
fea. However, pope Clement XII. by a decree, dated Fe- tation of which into the ftate of the Church might be prohi-

bruary 16, 1732, erefting it into a free port, has

endeavoured bited hereafter, his holinefs commands that it fhall be free to

itsrecovery. The harbour is a very good one, and, though export them out of the faid city, and for that purpofe a place
of it looks as frefh fhall be appointed, where they may be fafely kept till the
built by the emperor Trajan, the marble
trade at prefent chiefly confifts in filk fluffs
and fhips be ready to export them out of the dominions of the
as ever. The
dreffed leather. The Jews are almoft the only people that Church, or to fuch other places where they fhall not be pro-
enriches them. and, for the faid warehoufe-room, there fhall be paid
carry on the bufinefs here, which greatly hibited :

They have built themfelves a very ftately fynagogue. only 5 bayoccos for a cart-load of the faid merchandizes,
There money coined. in this city; but all foreign coin
is no which mall be freely carried out of the harbour, without pay-
is received there upon the foot of the Spanifh piftole, which ing any duty or impoft.
is reckoned worth 31 julios ; the julio, at the rate of 7 6. The lazaretto, or peft-houfe, of Ancona, fhall be tho-

fols, 1 denier and \ French money

(about 3 pence Englifh) roughly cleaned, and the infpectors of health fhall take all
the piftole at the rate of 1 1 livres, and the crown at
the rate poflible care of the public fecurity.

of 60 fols. 7. No perfon fhall perform the office of a broker without

being firft examined, and procuring a certificate from the
Gold Coin.
confuls, and the number of brokers fhall be fixed.
The Spanifh piftole
31 julios. 8. For the encouragement of all traders, and preventing all

The piftole of Italy 3 difputes among them, his holinefs orders that the effects that
The new fequin fhall have been fold, or negociated, in the free city and port
The old fequin
18 of Ancona, fhall be immediately fubject to the ufual and pub-
The Hungarian fequin lic duties, by paying the fmall tax abovementioned, without
any alteration ; which is to be underftood, both with regard
Moft of the fhips bound for the ports of the Levant take off to the effects exported by water, and to thofe imported or
thofe laft fpecies at Ancona, for which they give the bankers, exported by land.
e ven to julio,
or money-changers, a profit of f, ^, |, 4, and i
9. There fhall be people appointed on purpofe to pack and
or the
according to the fcarcity of the fpecies they want, unpack the merchandizes, whofe falary fhall be fixed.
greater or lefler occafion they have for them. 10. The duty of anchorage for all vcffels entering the free
As to other coin, the evaluation is as follows : port of Ancona within the following diftriit, namely, from
the point di Falconara, in aftrait line to the rock della Volpe,
Other coin.
whether thofe veflels be loaded, or only in ballaft, and from
The Roman crown 10 julios. what place foever they come, fhall be as follows :
The julio 10 bayoccos.
4 quadrins. For fmall veflels, failing in the gulph of 1 crowns. bayocc.
The bayocco
Venice, of the bulk of 50 migliaia ? or > o 50
Of Weights and Meafures. 75 rubbia t
3
Ancona is but 9 ounces and 1 of the
weight For larger veffels, in proportion to their l
The pound at
00 pounds weight of the former make bulk, to 200 migliaia, or 300 rubbia J
Paris pound ; fo that 1

Their gros weight is a quintal of an For fmall veflels, failing without the 7
but 60 of the latter.
loolb. and makes about 73II7. weight
of London. gulph, of 50 migliaia J
For larger, in proportion to 200 migliaia
The length of the bracciata, or fathom, is 1 foot 11 inches all other large veflels failing both
4
fo that 100 fathoms For
and 6 lines of the royal foot at Paris :

Paris, and 100 ells or auns within and without the gulph, namely,
of Ancona make about 54 ells of
London. fhips, patachias, flutes, brigantines,
of Paris make 128 yards J of
pinks, and other fuch veffels, of 200
Their mcafure for linncn and woollen is the brace, and is
migliaia, or 300 rubbia
about 27 i inches of London,
For
 ;
AND
For thofe of 300 migliaia
For thofe of 450 migliaia
For all larger fhips
1 1. The captains or matters fhall on their arrival declare to
the caftoralio (or regifter), or to his clerics, the quality and
quantity of the effects they have on board, the perfons to
whom they are directed, for the fake of preventing all difor-
ders, particularly with regard to prohibited goods.
12. All captains and matters are forbid to unload any ballad,
or to throw any dirt in the harbour, under the penalty of
200 crowns, and a place is appointed where ballaft may be
caft.
13. According to the cuftom practifed in all ports, the vettels
which fhall lie in that of Ancona, fhall be obliged to provide
therafelves with bifcuit, fait, fletti, wine,
have occafion for.
The Ancona into a free port was looked upon
erecting of
with an evil eye by the Venetians, becaufe it draws thither
the merchants from the Levant, and from the north, who
were ufed to go to Venice. , in gold and filver, pearl, and other products of Spanifh
The other principal places of trade in the marquifate of An-
cona, are
The city of Loretto, whofe whole traffic confifts in pilgrims
ftaffs and images, beads, medals, &c.
dreflcs, crucifixes,
and is very confiderablc, on account of the vaft confluence
of Arrangers hither.
Recanatx, is reckoned a good trading city, and has a
September which lafts 15 days.
The city of likewife is much reforted to by mer-
Tolentino,
chants of on account of its fairs.
all forts
ANCONY, at the iron works, a bloom wrought into the form
of a flat iron bar, about three feet long, with two fquare
rough knobs, one at each end.
ANDALUSIA, a province in Spain, is divided on the north
from Eftremadura and New Cattileby the chain of mountains
called Sierra Morena ; on the caft from Portugal by the river
Chauca, and from Algarve by the Guadiana on the fouth it
hath the ocean, the mouth of the (freights of Gibraltar, and
part of the Mediterranean ; and along the fouth-eatt it hath
the kingdom of Granada.
Remarks.
No part of Spain exceeds this in wealth and
merce from without, and plenty of every thing within them-
felves ; the former is owing to their maritime fituation, and
commodious harbours ; the latter to the richnefs of their coun-
try, and the number of its inhabitants the furprifing quan-
tities of wheat, wines, and oil it produces, is almott beyond
credibility; and we have been well informed of one fingle
town which hath been known to make 75,000 pipes of wine,
and the fame quantity of oil in a year. They abound alfo
with numberlefs cattle throughout the whole province.
It is alfo needlefs to mention the fo well, known exquifite
oranges, citrons of Seville, and fine raifins, almonds, figs,
pomegranates, &c. that are the natural growth of this pro-
vince. Here is likewife a great plenty of curious white fait,
the beft of fugar, fine fcarlet berries for dying, and, in a
word, every thing that can make a country wealthy and de-
lightful.
They have alfo rich mines of gold, -filver, and bafe metals,
which have been wholly neglected fince the difcovery of Ame-
rica. Nor fhould we omit their moft celebrated breed of
horfes, fo famous in all ages and nations ; for it is certain that
thofe of the river Guadalquivir, or the famed Bcetis of the
ancients, have always exceeded all other parts of Spain for
the fineft and fleetett and the city of Cordova ftill retains its
; The council of the Spanifh Weft-Indies at Madrid has the
ancient reputation, for being the beft breeders of that noble
and ufeful creature.
I. Seville, or Sevjle, is the capital city in this province, and
the greateft next to Madrid. It is feated in a moft fruitful
plain, on the river Guadalquivir, which is navigable for large
veflels near forty miles from the mouth of it, and over which it
hath a ftout bridge of feventeen boats, which joins the city
to a large fuburb on the other fide, called Triana, which is
well filled with inhabitants, and variety of tradefmen of all
denominations.
R e MARKS.
The Cafa de Contratacion, or India Houfe, was erected here
in the year 1513, for the regulation of every thing that re-
lates to the Spanilh Weft India trade : and a royal court anno
1556, confifting of a regent and eight judges.
The exchange, which was built here for the accommodation
of merchants, is faid to have coft a million of ducats. The
mint keeps here 180 officers in pay, and, when it works, can
coin 700 marks, each containing eight ounces of gold and fil-
ver, in a day. The cuftom- houle maintains 257 officers,
whofe lalaries amount to 54,000 ducats per ann.
Here the great heat of the fummer is fully recompenfed by the
pleafantnefs of the three oth^r feafons, as well as by the
abundance of all things for fulleniir.ee and delight ; and more
Vol. I.
AND
10 particularly by the neighbouring wood, called the Ajorafce,
15 or the farm of olives. This delightful place, which extends
20 27 miles in compafs, doth produce feveral thoufand tons of
oil annually, whilft the adjacent plains and vallies do yield no
lefs a plenty of corn and wine.
Among the manufactures that are carried on in this city, thofe
of the nlk and filver fluffs are the moft confiderablc. In the
fuburb of Triana, on the other fide of the river, there are <;o
workhoufes of feveral forts of curious earthen ware, particu-
larly of glazed tiles forchimnies, like thofe made in Holland.
Here is likewife made an excellent foap, of which 15,000
hundred weight is tranfported into other ports of Spain, or
exported into foreign countries. Without the city are falt-pits,
and rich quarries of the fineft jafper marble, and other curious
ftones. But the moft confiderablc branch of trade here has
isfc. as they fhall been that of the Weft Indies, which Roderigo Caro caft up
out of the books of the India-Houfe, taking the returns from
thofe countries, as entered at Seville, from anno 1492 to
anno 1592, that being thefirft century after their difcovery,
and found it to amount to the value of five thoufand millions,
America. This was only what was entered, and what was
not ii reckoned it ill more ; and, were the entries examined
of the next century, from anno 1592 to 1692, there is little
doubt but it would greatly exceed the other. But the trade of
Spanifh America is now carried on by the way of Cadiz, or
Calcr, in this fame province.
fair in All along the river are many curious and commodious keys,
where veflels of good burthen may fafely lie. The conveni-
ence of this navigable river, from the mouth of which, keys
are diftant about 36 miles, brings hither a vatt concourfe of
merchants fhipping, who have Irately houfes in the city and
fuburbs, and live in a fplcndid manner ; which is always found
to be the cafe wherever commerce flourifhes in any tolerable
degree.
2. Cordova is the ncxtcity in dignity to Seville in this province.
It ftands on a fertile and delicious plane, at the foot of one of
; the mountains of Sierra Morula, and in a pleafant wholefome
air. Befides the extraordinary fruitfulnefs of its foil round
about, which fapplies it with plenty of the beft wheat, wine,
oil, fruits, and every thing that can render it delightful and
opulent, it carries on a great variety of trades and manufac-
tures, and particularly the woollen and filken of the fineft
kind, and in very great perfection ; and alfo that of a
fertility, in com- curious gilt leather, in great requeft there as well as in foreign
countries.
But, above all, it is famed for its fine breed of horfes, which
are reckoned the moft fleet and mettlefome, as well as the beft
; difciplincd and moft warlike in Europe.
3. Cadiz is the next in rank of the royal cities in this province.
The advantageous fituation of this city for maritime traffic,
drew in formerly a feries of other nations, fuch as the Phoe-
nicians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Phocians, and other Greeks,
and afterwards the Carthaginians and Romans, who were all
poflefled of it by turns, though the Romans longer than any
other. The fpacioufnels of the harbour, its being iurrounded
by the fea, feated upon the ocean, fo near the Mediterra-
nean, and within fo fhort a paflage over to Afric, made it
of fuch confequence, that whatever nation was poflefled of it,
did ftill endeavour to add fomething to its ftrength and gran-
deur.
What renders Cadiz the more confiderable at prefent, is its
convenient fituation for the reception of all merchandizes ieat
by the feveral European nations thither, in order to go by the
galleons and flota to Spanifh America afterwards ; thele Spa-
nifh bottoms being only authorized by his Catholic majdty
for that purpofe.
fole controul of this important affair ; and they appoint the.
tribunal of contradtation refident at Seville, for the due care
and infpection of the galleons and flota at Cadiz, at their
outfet to, and return from, America, in order to prevent all
frauds in the royal revenues of Spain. See the articles Gal-
leons and Flota, and the trade of Spanish America.
4. Xeres de la Frontera, is another city in this province,
feated on the banks of the little river Guadaletta, about 6 miles
from the fea, and about fifty fouth from Seville. Its territory
is. fo rich and fruitful, that, befides vaft quantities of wheat,
fruit,cattle, and provjjions of all forts, it yields annually
6c, 000 pipes of the wine- we call fherry. It has likewife been
reckoned to breed in thofe plains- about 2000 horfes every
year, till of late.
5. Gibraltar, a famed and well-known fea-port on the mouth
of the {heights.
Remarks.
Since the Englifh have been mafters of this town, it is become
a place of confiderable trade, which it was not before, efpe-
cially between the coaft of Barbary and this place the Eng- :
lifh merchants here having great warehoufes of all kinds of
goods of the growth of Barbary fo that they furnifti the
,
merchants in London on as good terms as they ufually had
them in Barbary ; and, by the convenience of fhipping, can
fend them to England in finaller quantities than by loading
Q_ veil's is
 A N E A N G
veffels wholly, as they were obliged to do before They had
a great trade here by barco longos, and open veffels, with
the Barbary coaft, when we had War with the emperor of
Morocco ; fo that the trade is never fhut up and Gibraltar : pounds mark weight.
is now the market for the wax, copper, almonds, drugs, and
other produ&s of Barbary, which they fell to the Spaniards,
efpecially wax, in very large quantities.
The city is reckoned impregnable on the land fide, and is ex-
tremely ftrong to the fea alio, and has proved of the laft im-
portance to Great-Britain in wars with Spain or France. Nor
is it of lefs importance to the Englifh in cafe of a war with
the Moors of Sallee, or with the Turks of Algiers here be-
ing generally, on fuch occafions, men of war Stationed to
cruize upon thofe rovers, and to convoy our merchantmen in
time of danger. See the article Mediterranean, for the
importance of Gibraltar to Great-Britain.
6. Ezija, or Ecija, feated on the Xenil, a little above where
that river falls into the Guadalquivir, and on a fertile and de-
lightful plain, producing immenfe quantities of corn, wine,
oil, filk, and efpecially cotton and fine horfes.
7. San Lucar is a city and port fituate at the mouth of the
Guadalquivir, 45 miles below Seville, and ferves as a port to
that celebrated city, and well known throughout Europe;
but was much more confiderable before the Spanifh and Weft-
India fleets were allowed to fet out from, and return to, Cadiz.
8. Lucen a is as delicioufly feated as any city in Europe, no fpot
of ground producing greater plenty of generous wine, fine
oil, and choice provifions, than this territory doth.
Thefe are the chief cities in this province of Spain, which are
any thing remarkable for trade. And as the others abound
in the like productions, it is needlefs to make
ANDIRA, orANGELYN, a tree of Brazil, the
which is hard and fit for building. of an afh-co-
Its bark is
lour, and its leaves are like thole of laurels, but fmaller it
produces blackifh buds, from which arife a great manyblof-
foms in a clufter, which are odoriferous, and of a fine pur-
ple and blue colour. Its fruit is of the fize and figure of a
hen's egg ; it is green at firft, but becomes black by degrees,
and has a future, or feam, on one fide it is extremely bitter,
: like black hellebore.
and has a very hard fhell, and in the infide there is a yel-
lowifh feed, or kernel, of a bad tafte, fomething bitter, and
aftringent.
That kernel, being pulverized, is given for killing worms,
but the quantity taken muft be lefs than a fcruple ; for they
fay it would be a poifon if too much of it was taken.
The bark, the wood, and the fruit f this tree, are as bitter
as aloes ; and herein it differs from another andira, which is
like it in all refpedts, excepting its tafte, which is infipid. The
wild beafts eat of its fruit, which makes them grow fat.
ANE'E, or ASNE'E, a meafure for grain, ufed in fome pro-
vinces of France, particularly in Languedoc and Maconnois.
It is not, however, a real meafure, fuch as the minot may
be at Paris, but rather a collection of a certain number of
other meafures.
At Lyons, the anee contains 6 bichets, which make a feptier,
and 3 buftiels (boiffeaux) of Paris. At Macon the anee is
of 20 mealures, which amount to a feptier and 8 bufhels of
Paris.
With regard to foreign meafures, 4 anees of Lyons make 7
tnuids of Amfterdam, which contain but 3 anees of Macon.
Anee alfo fignifies, at Lyons, a certain quantity of wine, which
is the load an afs can carry at once ; (from whence that name
was taken ; for ane, or afne, fignifies an afs in French) that ANGLESEY, an ifland and county in North Wales, encom-
load is fixed at 8c pots (or Englifh quarts, wine meafure).
The bichet of Lyons weighs 60 pounds, and the afne 360.
The weight of Lyons is 16 per cent, lighter than that f Paris,
by 16 marks per 100 pounds weight, the mark weight.
An anee and a bichet make at Marfeilles 17 fivadieres ; 100
anees make 131 loads and a quarter ; and one anee is one
load and 7 ^.
The feveral meafures from Lyons to Gray in Franche Comte,
and their proportions to the anee of Lyons.
The meafure from Neuville to St. Genis, within a league in
a ftrait line, is 2 per cent, fmaller than that of Lyons.
At Trcvoux, and as far as Montmerle, and acrofs the coun-
try as far as St. Trivier, 100 neuvaines make 1 12 anees of
Lyons.
From Montmerle to Brief de Davannon, and acrofs the 1. Beaumaris is the chief town, and has a good hatbour for
country to Thoiffey, 100 anees make 136 of Lyons.
At Pont de Vefle, and Pont de Bage, to Pont de Vaux, 100
anees make 137 of Lyons.
At Macon as in the foregoing article.
At Tournus 100 bichets make 1 20 anees of Lyons.
At Chalons 100 bichets make 85 anees of Lyons.
At Verdun the bichet is equal to the anee of Lyons.
At Beaune joo bichets make 1 14 anees of Lyons.
At Suerre 100 bichets make 107 anees of Lyons.
There muft be 100 of them at Nuits.
100 homines of St. Jean de Laune make 126 anees.
At Auftonc 222, and at Maxilli 250.
At Marnaud ico anees make 112 of Lyons.
At Lovaur 100 carteaux make 18 anccs of Lyons.1
At St. Trivier 100 bichets make 120 anees of Lyons.
At Belleville and at Montmerle, the anee is of ij meafures,
which ought make 17 bichets at Lyons.
to
The faid anee weighs 440 pounds Lyons weight, and 380
ANKGRAS, a meafure for corn ufeJ at Seville and Cadiz in
Spain. Four anegras make a cahis 4 cahis make a fanepa
;
;
and 50 fanegas the laft of Amfterdam. See weights and mea-
fures, tinder the articles of Spain and Holland, reduced
to the Englifh ftandard.
ANGEL, called in French ANGELOT, a gold coin ftruck in
England, where fome few aie ftill to be fcen in the cabinets
;
of the curious. It had its name from the figure of an angel
reprefented upon it. It was 23 carats 3 fine, and weighed
4
pennyweights. Its value in 1 Hen. VI. was 6 s. 4d. in
1 Hen. VIII. 7 s. 6 d. in 34 Hen. VIII. 8 s. in 6 Ed w. VI.
it was 10 s. in 2Eliz. 10 s. and in 38 Eliz. 10 s. And the
half angel, or, as it was fometimes called, the angelet, was
worth one half of this, and the quarter angelet in proportion.
There have alfo been angels of gold coined in France, on
which was reprefented the figure of St. Michael, holding a
fword in one hand, and in the other an efcutcheon with three
fleurs-de-lis, and trampling a ferpent under his feet.
The filver angels, or angelots, which the Englifh, while they
were in pofleffion of Paris, under the reign of Charles VI.
and in the beginning of that of Charles VII. caufed to be
ftruck, had alfo the figure of an angel, but holding in his
hand an efcutcheon with the arms of England and France,
Henry VI. ftiling himfelf king of thofe kingdoms. Thofe
filver angels were worth 15 fols.
ANGELICA, called alfo ARCHANGELICA, or the ROOT
repetitions. of the HOLY GHOST, in Latin angelica, or radix Syria-
wood of ca, a medicinal plant, highly efteemed, becaufe it is thought
to be an antidote againft poifon, for which reafon it is ufed
: in the compofition of Venice treacle.
This plant grows on the higheft mountains, and is particu-
larly found in great plenty in thofe of Bohemia. Its root
forms a kind of knot of the bignefs of a walnut, from which
iffue many fmall blackifli threads, a foot long, pretty much
The
white within, of a thin
root is
fubftance, a fharp tafte, and an aromatic fcent. The ftalk
which flioots out of it, grows about a cubit high, it is hol-
low, and has feveral knots. It is of a reddifh black. Its
leaves are of a dark green, long and indented, and its blof-
foms or flowers, which form a kind of umbrella, are white,
and produce a flat feed, of a lanticular figure.
The roots of angelica Ihould be chofen whole, thick, long,
brown without, and white within : they muft not be worm-
eaten, which they feldom efcape, when kept. Their fmell
and tafte muft be agreeable, aromatic, and fomething bitter-
ifh. They contain a great deal of exalted oil and volatile
fait. This root is brought dry from feveral places. Thofe
that come from Bohemia are better than thofe of England and
Holland. Care muft be taken, above all, not to be impofed
upon by the roots of maon, a plant which comes from Bur-
gundy but the impofition may eafily be difcovered, for the
:
root of angelica is like that of black hellebore, and the root
of maon like that of common parfley.
ANGELOT,
a fort of fmall cheefe, very fat and excellent.
It is made in the country of Bray in Normandy, whence it is
called angelot of Bray. This fort of cheefe is commonly pre-
fented upon table in little moulds, either fquare, or in the
form of a heart.
pafTed by the irifh Sea on all fides, except on the fouth-eaft,
towards the continent of Britain, where it is divided from
Carnarvonshire by the narrow frith of Menen, which in fome
places, at low water, is fordable, from Beaumaris on the eaft,
to Holyhead on the weft.
The foil is more fruitful than could be imagined, it appearing
ftony, rocky, or mountainous. Giraldus extolled it for the
moft fruitful country for wheat in all Wales, infomuch that,
in his time, it was proverbially called the mother or nurfe of
Wales, by reafon, when other countries failed, this had fuch
plentiful harvefts, that it ufed to fupply all Wales.
It is at this time generally very rich in corn, particularly in
wheat, faid to be the beft in Wales, as alfo in cattle, fifh, and
fowl: it produces likewife great plenty of mill-ftones and
grind-ftones, and fome allum.
Shipping ; their market is well fupplied wirh provifions, and
it is the ufual town for the reception of paffengers from Lon-
don to Ireland, before they take fhipping for Holyhead.
2. Holyhead is the ftation for the packet-boat to Ireland;
it lies oppofite to Dublin, to which it is the fhorteft and the
fafeft paflage over St. George's Channel. The packet-boats
from Dublin arrive here three times a week, if the wind per-
mits, and are larger than thofe to Holland and France, as
they ought to be, confidering that St. George's channel is (o
boifterous, efpecially in the winter.
ANGOLA, a kingdom, which is reckoned part of that of Con-
go, on the coaft of Africa. Angola, though it extends not
above 25 or 30 leagues along the coaft, furnifhes, neverthe-
lefs, the Europeans with the greateft number of flavcs, and
thefe the beft of all Africa. It is true that this kingdom ex-
tends
 ;

A N G A N G
tends very much in length and breadth within land, fo that When the fhips of the French Afllento company went thither
it is not much lefs than 150 leagues broad, and as many for the time, 10 annabaffes Were worth one nero, or
firft

long. Its capital is Loanda fan Paolo. Piezas de India; amufquet the fame a barrel of gunpow- ;

der the fame ; a piece of falampouris four negroes, or Piezas

Remarks. de India ; ten copper bafons, one 5 a piece of chintz, one
;
and fo of the reft.
Though the Portugueze are extremely powerful in the inland The long meafure ufed at Loango is called pau; There are
parts of the kingdom of Angola, and though moft of the ne- three forts of it; the queen's pau which is 28 inches long,
groes of this province, which they have fubducd, are, as it and valued at three macoutes the pau of thefidalguos, which
:

were, vaflals to the crown of Portugal, to which they pay isof 24 inches and that of private perfons, which
: is but
every year a tribute in flaves; yet the trade of negroes, which 16 inches and ,
is carried on at that coaft, has always continued free and The duties paid at thefe three places for the liberty of trading
open to the other European nations ; and the Ehglifh, French, are not the fame, being fomething higher at Loango, than at
and Dutch, fend thither yearly a pretty large number of fhips, Malimbo and Cabindo, or Malemba and Cabenda. As to the
which carry off fcvcral thoufands of thofe poor wretches, and merchandizes, the fame forts are
proper for thefe three places.
convey them to their own colonies in America* or to thofe We fhall give hereafter an account of thofe dutifr's.
of the Spaniards. Befides the duties agreed upon, there are alfo prefents to be
The Portugueze, however, carry off the greateft number; made to the negro kings or princes on that coaft, in order to
and it is a wonder they have not yet difpeoplcd the country, obtain an audience; for it is an eftablifhed rule never to ap-
confidering that almoft every year they buy there no lefs than pear before them, without prefenting them with fomething.
15,000 negroes, whom they fend into the Brazils, to work The prefents which the French Afllento company made in
in their gold and diamond mines. 1703, to have an audience of the queen of Loango, confifted
The villages, or, as they are called in the kingdom of An- in ten annabaffes, a barrel of brandy containing eio-hteen
gola, the libattes, of Cambamba, Embaco, and Murtingomo, quarts, and a pau and a half of fcarlet cloth.
thole which furnifh the greateft number of (laves to the Por- Prefents are alfo made
to the fidalguos, or lords ; there were
tugueze merchants who carry on that trade. at that time three of them, and the prefent to all three con-
The commodities which they give in exchange, are woollen fifted in fifteen annabaffes, a barrel of brandy containing 18
cloths with broad lifts, ftriped feather-beds, crimfonfilk, fluffs, quarts, and a pau and a half of fcarlet cloth.
linens, velvets, gold and filver lace, broad black ferges, Boke-neale, is a province of Africa, fituate to the north of
Turkey carpets, thread of all Colours, filk for fewing and the kingdom of Loango, to which it is tributary.
quilting, Canary wine, brandy, oil of olives, feamen's knives, It is reckoned that this province muft be above 150 leagues
fpices, refihed fugar, large fifhing-hooks, large pins an inch diftant from the coaft, becaufe the negroes who come from it
long, and others of feveral fizes, needles, &c. to trade on the coaft, are ufed to fpend above three months
The Portugueze have alfo a fettlement in Benguela, a fmall in their journey.
kingdom under the dependency of Angola, where they have Moft of the ivory which the people of Loango fell to the Eu-
fome trade but that place is unwholefome, and more proper
; ropeans, comes from Boke-neale they barter it commonly
:

to be inhabited by the condemned criminals, whom the tri- for fait, which they fend thither in bafkets, and which their
bunal of Lifbon banifhes thither, than the dwelling-place of flaves carry on their heads. The Europeans alfo give in ex-
free perfons, who follow the profeflion of merchants. change large knives, fmall drinking-pots, palm-oil, and feather-
Our author fpeaks, after this, of Loango, Ma limbo, and beds, which they barter for pieces of ftuff called libongos.
Cabindo. as three places lying on the coaft of Angola;
but we find, according to the belt maps, and the moft accu- Remarks.
rate geographers, that Loango is a kingdom by itfelf, though
part of Congo in general, and lies a great way to the north The duties or fees, which were paid by the French Afliento
of Angola, Congo, properly fo called, lying between thofe company, were of five forts, viz. I. To the queen. 2. To
two kingdoms. As for Malimbo and Cabindo, [orMalemba the fidalguos. 3. To
the king's mother and to the king's fon.
and Cabenda, as we fuppofe our author meant,] we not find- 4. Tothe captain of the coaft. And, 5. To the interpreter.
ing them in the maps, nor in any of the geographical works The duties for the queen were fettled at 40 annabaffes, a
we have been able to confult under his orthography; how- pieces of blue falampouris, or baftas; 2 barrels of gunpow-
ever that be, we (hall make no alteration. der ; ; two fmall pewter pots to drink out of;
30 copper-bafons
as many
earthen ones ; 36 padlocks, 48 knives ; 2 barrels of
Remarks. brandy, containing 18 quarts each ; 3 paus- of fcarlet cloth j
as many of blue cloth; 2 mufquets; 24 fmall bells; 4
The negro trade which is carried on in thofe three places looking- glaffes with black frames; 2 nicanees ; 2 pewter
(Loango, Malimbo, and Cabindo) on the coaft of Angola, difhes; 4 pounds of black glafs beads; 2 fabres ; 2 pieces
is none of the leaft confiderable, which the Englifh, French, of white falampouris ; 2 pieces of coarfe blue cotton cloths
and Dutch, drive on the coaft of that part of Africa, with ftriped, and as many of painted linens, and 2 trumpets: all
regard both to the number of flaves they meet with there, which, according to the manner of reckoning of the negroes*
and to their goodnefs and ftrength. The Europeans prefer amounted to io,oco or 11,000, that is to fay, ioco or
them before all others, and the inhabitants of the colonies in 1 100 macoutes.

America always give a better price for them, as being more
capable to undergo the labour and fatigue of cultivating and
manufacturing fugar, tobacco, indigo, and the other hard
work to which thefe poor wretches are commonly put.
At Loango de Boariothey reckon by macoutes and hundreds;
each macoute is worth 10, fo that 10 macoutes make 100.
In order to make that account, they agree with the fellers of
flaves about the number of macoutes each fort of merchandize
is to be valued at. For inftance, 2 Dutch knives are rec-
koned worth one macoute an anabaffe, or coverlet, with
; to each of the merchants who bring the flaves.
broad ftripes, three; a copper bafon, weighing two pounds,
and 12 inches in diameter, alfo three; a mufquet30; a bar-
rel of gunpowder weighing 10 pounds, 3olikewife; a piece
The duties to the three fidalguos amounted to about 22 of
23,000, which was 7500 for each of them, which, reduced
into macoutes, made 750 macoutes.
The interpreter had about 3000, that is, 300 macoutes.
The king's mother and the king's fon 2800, or 280 ma-
coutes ; and the captain Manabaza, commander of the coaft,
about half, which amounts to 1400, or 140 macoutes.
Befides thefe large duties, there is another fmall fee or prefent,
confifting in one annabaffe and two knives, which are given
All thefe duties are paid in merchandizes, reduced into ma-
coutes.
The price of the flaves is alfo rated in macoutes and, in the :

of blue falampouris (linen cloth made on the coaft of Coro- year 1704, the price of negroes was fettled as follows the :

mandel) 120 macoutes, which the negroes reckon 1200, and
fo of the reft.
The price of the merchandizes being thus agreed upon, they
afterwards agree about that of the flaves, which is reckoned
by hundreds; (o that, if you buy a negro, Piezas de India *,
for 3500, you muft give 350 macoutes in merchandizes,
cording to the foregoing valuation, or eftimation.
* See the Article Assiento Treaty.
Obferve, that it feems flaves are paid for fomething cheaper
to the king or queen, or the chiefs, than to private people;
becaufe the blue falampouris, which are valued at 1200, to
common merchants, are rated but 600 to the king and queen
which may alfo be faid of fome other merchandizes; but yet,
upon the whole, it amounts almoft to the fame.
1 he price of negroes is fettled otherwife at Malimbo and Ca-
bindo. They reckon there by pieces, which is eafier than the
account by macoutes but yet there is no difference upon the
: cellent fruit. The fruit and corn which grow here moft plen-
whole, each fort of meichandize I eing valued at fo many pieces.
negroes of the queen, and of Macouda, her chief favourite,
at 2500 per negro-man, Piezas de India; at 2230 per ne-
gro-woman, alfo Piezas de India ; and the negro boys and
girls in proportion ; that is to fay, the former at 250, and
the latter at 230 macoutes.
ac- As to the flaves you tra<Te for with the private merchants, their
price is not fixed ; you give as few macoutes for them as you
can *.
* But fince the French Afliento, not only the price of flaves,
but that of gold, ivory, &c. is advanced 2 or 300 per cent,
more; the caufes of which will appear under the head of the
English African Company.
ANGOUMOIS, a province of France, is bounded by Pol&ou
on the north, Limofin and La Marcheon the eaft, Perigord
on the fouth, and Saintonge on the weft.
This province produces abundance of corn, wine, and ex-
tifully, are wheat, rye, barley, oats, and other fort of grain,
Which
 A N G A N G
which the French call haillorge, and is pretty much like bar- turn home a little before the winter, bringing to their fan
ley; Spanifh wheat, faffron, wine, walnuts. fuch affiftance as they could not meet with in their native
Wines are the chief and moft important branch of the trade of place: this is to them inftead of trade, and by which other
Angoumois. The wines in the greateft repute, and fold pre- provinces grow rich.

ferably to all others, are thofe of Cogniac and its diftnct, and
the next in quality are thofe of Angoulefme.
The red wines are fold in Limofin and Poictou, and the white
wines ferve to make brandy.
The fale of brandies differs according to the times. During
the wars they are bought up by the French commiffioners of
the ftores, for the ufe of the armies in Flanders and Germa-
ny. They are firft carried by land to Chatelleraud, where
they are embarked on the Vienne, to go afterwards by the
Loire to Orleans, from whence they are fent to the places
for which they are defined.
In time of peace the fale is eafier, quicker, and in greater
The chief income of Upper and Lower Limofin arifes from the
trade of cattle, chiefly of black cattle, which arc fold partly
to the traders of the neighbouring provinces, and partly to
thofe of Paris, Who buy up great quantities of them every
year. The latter are ufed to have the cattle fattened in Nor-
mandy, before they bring them to Paris ; for they grow very
lean on the road, becaufe of the length of the journey.
As long as the French had armies in Italy, moft of the oxen
fent thither for the fuftenance of the troops were bought in
Limofin, which increafed that trade very much.
They alfo feed flocks of fheep in Limofin ; but, as their flefh
is not'very good, and their wool but indifferent, they bring

quantity. They are then fent to Charente below Rochfort, up fo many only as are fufHcient for the demands of that pro-
where the Englifh and Danifh fhips come and take off great vince; and the little wool they afford is employed in the
quantities, efpecially of the Cogniac brandies. At Charente is woollen manufactories mentioned hereafter.
a duty to be paid, which is thought to do fome prejudice to The trade of horfes is not lefs confiderable than that of oxen,
the trade. if it be not more fo. Moft of them are fold at the two fairs
LaMarche. Notwithftanding the great occafion they have of Chalus, one of which is kept on St. George's day, and the
on that com-
for fait in thofe four provinces, yet the profits other on Michaelmas-day ; and at the three fairs of Limoges,
modity are very inconfiderable, both on account of the duties which are kept in the months of May, July, and December.
that are to be paid at the office of Tonne-Charente, which Of thefe five fairs, that which is kept at Chalus on St. George's
fwallow up the greateft part of them, and of the feveral tolls day is the moft confiderable. Moft of the horfes fent thither
belonging to many lords, whofe eftates are fituated upon are bought when they are colts, to be afterwards brought
that river ; all which together leave hardly any profit to the up in that country, in Angoumois and in Perigord.
trader. The horfes of Limofin are very much efteemed ; they laft
As to the paper and brandy made at Angoulefme, we fhall long, and work very hard. They reckon that one year v/ith
fpeak of them prefently. another they fend out of that province between 1 500 and
We refer likewife to the fame article, for what relates to the 2000 colts, fince the ftuds, which had been neglected by
woollen manufactories of this city ; we fhall only obferve that Monfieur de Louvois's death, have been put again upon a
there are few other manufactories there of any note, except good footing, and fmce they have brought thither ftallions
that of clock and watch- making; which was formerly in great from Spain and Barbary ; it appearing from experience that
repute, but is at prefent hardly kept up, becaufe the beft work- they fucceed there better than any other.
men are gone to Saintes, Blois, or Poictiers. The land in Limofin is almoft every where covered with chef-
We queftion whether we ought to reckon, amongft the mer- nut trees, the fruit whereof ferves for food to the country-
chandizes made in this city, the water, which from its excel- people, but not, as has been afferted by fome, reduced into
lency is called the water of Angoulefme, and ferves to beautify flour proper to make bread ; the flour, or meal, that could be
the complexion. The care which the ladies take of their made of chefnuts, being not good to make dough, as that of
beauty, occafioned for a long time a great demand for that wheat is ; but that fruit really ferve them for food inftead of
water ; but whether it be, that people have been at laft unde- bread. Their manner of preparing chefnuts for food is as fol-
ceived with regard to its qualities, or difgufted by the high lows they take off the firft peel, or rind, when they are dry :
:

price, it is certain that the demand for it is greatly abated. then they boil them a little, to take off the fecond peel 5 and
ANGOUMOIS and L1MOSIN. We fhall join thefe two afterwards they boil them intirely to reduce them into a kind
provinces under one article, as in the original, they being un- of pap. It is a food to which people can eafily ufe themfelves j
der the fame generality. it gives ftrength and vigour even to thofe who ufe no other

Limofin, has Angoumois and Perigord on the weft, La fuftenance, which is the cafe of moft of the peafants. Chef-
Marche on the north, Auvergne on
theeaft, and Quercy on nuts will keep a great while, if they be dried in the fhade;
the fouth. Though Angoumoisand Limofin border on each but, when they have been thus kept, they are more infipid
other, yet they are very little alike with regard to the fruitful- and lefs nourifhing than thofe which are frelh, or of the
refs of the foil, or the plenty of things neceftary for the fup- fame year's growth.
portoflife, proper for tsade. The open fields of Limofin produce pretty good rye; but,
Angoumois, as obferved, produces abundance of corn, wine, though they be never fo well manured and cultivated, they
and excellent fruit; Limofin, on the contrary, is barren and can never be brought to produce wheat. Befides rye, which
cold. It produces wine in fome places only, and that very none but the richeft country-people feed upon, they alfo fow
indifferent too; wheat hardly any where; rye, barley, and fome buck- wheat, and a kind of thick turnip, which, together
chefnuts are the materials which the inhabitants chiefly ufe with the chefnuts, are all the food of the pooreft fort.
tomake their bread. The country of Angoumois differs very much from the for-
There are in both fhefe provinces a great number of paper- mer. Its foil is proper for all forts of crops ; and though, ge-
mills, the. manufactory of which is very much efteemed. The nerally fpeaking, the crops be not very plentiful, and the pro-
paper of Angoumois, that which is proper for print-
at leaft duce be defigned only for home-confumption, yet it is not (o
ing, is which is the reafon why
chiefly defigned for Holland, much owing to the barrennefs of the foil as to the want of a
jn moft of their manufactories they put the arms of Amfter- proper cultivation.
dam upon it they likewife fend fome paper to Paris. That of
; The fruit and corn, which grow there moft plentifully, are
Limofin is not lefs excellent for the printing of books ; it is, wheat, rye, barley, oats, and baillorge, which is pretty much
above all, admirable for prints of copper-plates j but it is like barley, as obferved ; alfo Spanifh wheat, faffron, wines,
feldom ufed for writing, not being fufEciently gummed for walnuts, and all forts of fruit.
that purpofe. Angoumois is not, indeed, at prefent quite fo flourifhing in
The manufactories of woollen not very confiderable
fluffs are regard to the wine trade, as it was formerly ; for that com-
in this generality. At Limoges (the capital of Limofin) they modity being cultivated in fome other provinces of France,
hardly make any other fluffs except bays. At Angoulefme particularly in Orleannols and Gatinois, this has conftder-
they make ferges and ftamines at St Jean d'Angeli, ferges
: ably leffened the demand for it ; the fale of it being reckon-
and broad- cloths at Nerac, woollen cloths and ferges at la
: : ed to amount formerly to above ioo,coo I. per annum. An-
Rochefoucault, ferges at Santereune, cloths
: at Cogniac, : other reafon of the decay of trade here is, that the faffron
ftamines: at St Leonard, very coarfe woollen cloths and, : which grows here is not reckoned fo good as that of the

laflly, at Brioes and Tulle, bays. other provinces abovementiontd.

All thefe fluffs are partly ufed in the places where they are However, they fend pretty large quantities of it into Germany,
made, and partly fent to Bourdeaux, Limoges, and Angou- and to Lyons, whence it is carried into Hungary, Prufiia, and
lefme. other northern countries, where it is very much ufed.
The faffron that is marie in Angoumois
is no inconfiderable Another confiderable article of tho trade of Angoumois is its

object of trade for that country and, though it be not quite

; forges, particularly thofe of Rancogne, Planche-Menier, and -

fogood as that of Gatir.ois, yet they fend great quantities of Rouflines the iron of which is very foft, very eafy to melt
;

it to Bourdeaux, where the Englifh, Dutch, Swedes, Danes,
and other northern nations, come and buy it; as they alfo
do the brandies of Cogniac, which are in great clfecm, par-
ticularly in England and Holland.
They have in Limofin ftuds of horfes, which fuccced pretty
well; the grcatcfl part of them are fold at the fairs of Chalus.
The barrennefs Of Limofin, and the inhabitants inclination
for labour, are the rcafons why feveral thoufands of them leave
it every year, arid difperfe themfelves throughout the whole
kingdom of France, wherever they can get
for caft work, and very fit to be worked with the hammer.
Moft of it is ufed in making great guns, bombs, and bullets,
for the king's arfenals of the marine, and particulaily for that
of Rochfort.
Laflly, the manufacture of paper, though it has loft very much
of the reputation it formerly had in foreign countries, particu-
larly at Amfterdam, yet they ftill furnifh the Dutch Willi pret-
ty large quantities of it in time of peace ; the beft- printers
in Holland always lamenting the want of the paper of Angou-
work, and re- lefme, which the Dutch have never been able to imitate per-
6 fectly,
 A N G A N G
fedtly, whatever pains theyhave taken, and whatever expence ANH ALT, principality of Germany, has Mifnia on the
a
they have been at, for that purpofe. fouth, the duchy of Magdeburg and the principality of Hal-
Wc have (ecu a memorial, wherein the author afTcrts, that berftadton the north and north-weft; the duchy of Saxony
the abovernentioned decay of the paper-trade was not fo much on the eaft, and Thuringia on the weft. Its chief trade is
owing to the long wars, which touk upalmoftthc whole reign in beer.
of Lewis XIV, as to the duties that were laid on that com- 1. Dessaw. Its trade is in excellent beer, which is trani'i art
modity, or on the materials of which it was made, fmce the ed all over the country.
year 1656 namely, the (lamp duty, at the rate of 6 fols per
: 2. Zerbst, is remarkable for the fame flrong' beer brewery
as
ream of fine paper, and 4 fols per ream of common paper ;
at De/Taw, but it is faid to excel it ; infomuch that, in Fran-
the duty of exportation at Tonne-Charcnte, on each bale of conia, it fells dearer than wine.
pap< r, which amounts to 4 fols per ream; another duty of ANIL, a plant, or flirub, of whofe
ftalk and leaves the indigo
importation, eftablifhed likewife at Tonne Charentc, of 10 is made, which ufed in dyeing.
is fo much
See Indigo.
fols per 00 weight on all the rags, and on the gum that
1 ANIMATED. The French give the name of animated gum
comes from Poictou, which again raifes the price of paper a to a fort of yellowifli and tranfparent gum, which drops by
fol ;,cr ream. The author of that memorial is of opinion, that, incifion from fome trees in New Spain.
if thofe duties were leffened by one half only, the manufac- AN1NGA, which grows in the Antilles iflands, and is
a root
tory and trade of paper would foon revive and that wc ; pretty much like the China plant. The root of the aninga
mi ht fee at prefent, as it was formerly, 60 paper-mills at is now ufed by fugar- bakers, for refining
the fugar, and is more
work in Angoumois, inftead of 16 only which remain, and effedtiial and left dangerous than the fublimate of mercury
and
even thofe are not always employed. arfenic, that were ufed formerly, before it was found that the
aninga-root was proper for that ufc.
Manufactories of Stuffs. ANJQU, a province of France, bounded on the north by
At St. Jean D'Ange lj, they make woollen cloth, a French Maine on the wtft by Britany ; on the fouth by Poictou ;
;

ell wide, and ftamines. They are fent to Bourdcaux and to and on the eaft by Touiaine.
Limoges. The trade of this province confifts almoft intirely in wines,
At Nekac, they make woollen cloth and ferges ; they are fent flax, and hemp, of which they make a great deal of thread
to the fame place as thofe of St. Jean d Angeli. and linen ; in Hate from the quarries, and coals and iron
At Angoulesme, they manufacture ferges and ftamines. They from the mines in blanching linens and wax ; in refining
;

are all fuld on the fpot. fugar and faltpetre ; in the forges and glafs-houfes; and laftly,
At La Rocheeoucault, there is a manufactory f ferges. in ftamines and druggets of all forts.
They alio make gloves there. Part of the wine is fent to Nantes, by the river Loire; the
At Limoges, Tulle, and Brine, they manufacture bays. reft is dirtilled into brandy, of which the people of Nantes

At St. Leonard, they make coarfe and thick cloths, proper
for clothing the foldiers and peafants.
At Aubeterre, there are no woollen manufactories but they
make there coarfe linens, and paper, which they fend to
Bourdeaux, Rochellc, and Touloufe.
The particular Trade of Limoges and Angoulcfme.
Limoges is fituated on the river Vicnne, which runs along
fuburbs on the eaft fide hut that river affords it no great
: where elfe.
conveniency for trade, becaufe it is hardly navigable, except
for floats of timber, on account of the rocks which hinder
courfe.
This defect of the Vicnne, and the great diftance at which
Limoges is from the fea, make it impoflible for the inhabit-
ants to carry on fuch a trade as the towns fituated near the
fea-coaft haveoccafionally with foreigners ; for which reafon
they have, by their induftry and great labour, opened to them-
likewife buy up a great deal ; but they fend alfo a pretty con-
fiderable quantity of it to Paris, by the canal of Briare.
;
'1 he chief flate
quarries are in the neighbourhood of Angers,
and in the pariflies of Hotellerie, Flee, la Jaille, and Magne
in the election, or diflrict, of Chateau-Gontier.
The coal and iron mines are more plentifully found in the
parifhes of Courfon, St. George, St. Aubin, Luigne, Cha-
its tcaudefons, Chalonne, and Montejan-fur-Loire, than any
The forges, furnaces, and founderies for feveral iron-works,
its are at Chateau- la-Calliere, and at Paonnee.
The glafs-houfes are at Chenu in the foreft of Vefin, and
in fome other places ; but that at Chenu is the moft confider-
able.
There are two fugar-bakers houfes in this province; the one
at Angers, and the other at Saumur, in which laftcity there
is alfo one for refining faltpetre.

felves a pretty confiderable trade with the inland parts of the There are ten bleaching-grounds for wax, namely, 7 at Sau-
kingdom, by the correfpondence they keep up there, and by mur, and 3 at Chateau-Gontier.
making their town a kind of ftaple for the merchandizes There arc, alfo, in thefe two cities, bleaching-grounds for
which are fent from Paris to Touloufe, or from Touloufe to linens, and fome likewife in other places ; but the former
Paris ; as well as for thofe which go from Lyons to Bour- are by far the moft famous, both with regard to the beauty of
deaux, and from Bourdeaux to Lyons. the bleaching, and to the great quantity of linens that are
Limoges is, likewife, the ftaple for the fait of Brouage, which bleached there.
is ufed in Auvergne and it is, alfo, by the merchants and
; At Angers, they make very fine ftamines of wool upon filk,
factors of this city, that the trade is carried on from Auvergne with gold ftripes ; fine camblets, razes, and other forts of
and Lyons to Rochelle. ferges.
Befide this ftaple-trade, if we may call it fo, there are a great At Lude, they make druggets and ftamines, which are very
many manufactories, either within the city of Limoges, or in much efteemed they are called after the name of the place
;

itsneighbourhood, which afford it a trade either within the where they are manufactured.
country, or with the neighbouring provinces, and even as At Chateau-Gontier, befides the fame forts of fluffs as are
far as Paris. made at Lude, they make alfo quilted ferges.
Thefe manufactories are woollen fluffs, mentioned above ; Laftly, there are ftamines, ferges, and druggets made at
hides, for which there are feveral tan-houfes on the banks of la Fleche, Beauge, Doue, Montreuil-Belay, Beaufort, and
the Vienne, the water of which is proper for drefling leather ; Durtal.
gloves, of which great quantities are made at St. Junien, and All thefe fluffs, except thofe made at Angers and Lude, moft
in fome other neighbouring places ; paper, which is made in of which are fent to Paris, are ufed within the province, and
the mills of St. Leonard ; nails, particularly for horfe-fhoes, are fold at Lude, Lavat, Saumur, and Angers.
a great quantity of which is fent to Paris, where they are in As for the linens of Anjou and Touraine, the beft manufac-
good eftcem pins, which employed formerly above 20 maf-
;
tories, and where the greateft quantity of them is made, are
tcrs and 500 journeymen ; iron-wire, very foft and malleable; at Chateau-Gontier, Beaufort, and Cholet.
Jaftly, a vaft quantity of iilk and thread-buttons, the manu- The linens of Chateau-Gontier are fent to St. Malo for fo-
factory of which fuffered, indeed, a great deal, as long as the reign countries ; and thofe of Cholet are fold in Poictou, at
fluff- buttons were in fafhion ; but it has begun to revive Rochelle, and at Bourdeaux. .

again, fince the wear of thofe buttons has been feverely pro- Thofe of Beaufort, which are commonly bleached at Doue in
hibited. Anjou, are defigned partly for the French iflands in America,
They alfo make
Limoges enamel of copper, the colours of
at and partly, if they be coarfe, for making fmall fails for fhips,
which are extremJy beautiful and lively, becaufe the water and for packing up merchandizes.
of the Vienne is proper for diluting and mixing the colours; They alfo make at Cholet a great many fine ftriped linens,
but the defigns are fo contrived, that flcilful judges make
ill for which they have a confiderable demand ; they are com-
no account of them they fell, however, pretty well in the
; monly made of raw flax, and ferve to make waiftcoats, and
neighbouring provinces, and there are even fome fent to Paris. linings for men's clothes, and fummer night- gowns for women.
Angoulesme, the capital city of Angoumois, ftandsonahigh They manufacture, likewife, at Cholet, thofe linens called
hill, atthe foot of which runs the Charente ; the neighbour- platilles.
hood of that river does very much contribute to the commerce The greateft trade of thread, of all forts, either for fewing or
cf this city, and ferves to carry abroad the commodities of for weaving, is carried on at the market of Craon.
Angoulefme, and to convey thither fuch as the people have
cccalun for. The commodities fent abroad, as obferved
The manufactories of cloth, and other woollen fluffs in
the province of Anjou.
above, are chiefly brandies and paper; and they import,
amongft other things, fait, which is brought from Saintongein Angers, the capital city of Anjou. They make in this city
boats to Angoulefme, whence it is carried in carts and on ftamines of feveral prices, and a fort of ferges, all of the wool
mules, into Auvergne, Limofin, Perigord, and la Marche. of the country. They make, one year with another, 1 1 or
Vol, I. R i2,oce
 A N I A N N
12,600 pieces of thefe fluffs ; and there are above rooo made Anise is alfo a kind of oblong feed, or grain, pretty much like

in other places, marked at the hall. Three quarters of all
thefe fluffs are ufed within the province
Paris. This manufacture employs 90 looms and 4 fullers.
They make, alfo, in that city, a great quantity of hats, and
tan a great deal, of leather of all forts. There are above 20
freemen of the hatters company, and 12 of the tanners.
Chateau-Gontier. The fluffs
mines and druggets manner of Lude, and quilted
after the
ferges. The druggets are fold to the merchants of Lude, and
the other fluffs to thofe of Angers and Laval.
: the reft are fent to
manufactured here are
that of fmallage, and has an aromatic fcent and tafle. This
feed comes from an umbelliferous plant, of the fame name,
too much known to need further defcription.
Anife-feed is part of the commodities in which the corporation
of merchant- druggifts trade at Paris. They import a great
deal of it from Alicant and Malta, by the way of Marfeilles.
fta- They get alfo a vaft quantity from Tours and thinon in
France, which, though greener than that of Alicant and
Malta, is neverthelefs not fo much efleemed.
The good qualities anife-feed ought to have are as follow it :

There are 23 maflers, who have 50 looms at work, and mutt be frefh, large, plump, newly dried, of a good fmell, and
make about 11 00 pieces a year of the three forts of fluffs of a biting and aromatic tafle, without any bittcrnefs, which
abovementioned. Three fullers are employed to clean and that of Chinon is apt to have.
full thofe fluffs. There are here, alfo, 4 hatters, and 9 Anife-feed is of a hot nature, good to expel wind out of the
tanners. ftomach and bowels. It is often ufed in medicines, and is
La Fleche. The produce of this manufactory amounts only judged proper to qualify fena. The confectioners ufe a great
to 400 pieces of fluffs per annum ; but, befides, there are deal of anife-feed in fugar-plums, which they fell under
about 300 pieces made in other places, marked at the hall divers denominations.
here. The fluffs made in this town are flamines and ferges, There is extracted from anife-feed, by diftillation, a kind of
wherein they ufe no other wool but that of this province. white oil, which
called effence, or quinteffence, of anife, of
Thefe fluffs are fold at Saumur and at Angers. that which comes from Holland is the moft efleemed. That
There are 60 looms employed in this manufactory, and but oil, to which the phyficians and apothecaries afcribe great
one fuller. They alfo drefs here fome leather. virtues, of a very flrong and penetrating fcent ; for
is

Beauge. The manufactory of this town is, in almoft every which reafon it is ufed with difcretion. Perfumers mix fome

thing, like that of the former, with regard to the kind of fluffs of it with their paftes and pomatums, to give them a fweet
that are made, their number, the quantity of foreign pieces fcent. They alfo put fome of it in certain mixtures of aro-
marked here, the number of looms, and the places where the matics.
fluffs are fold. Whilfl anife-feed is diftilling to extract the oil from it, there
There are 4 hatters employed in the manufacture of hats. comes a clear water from it, which is called anife-water, the
They have, likewife, here a pretty good trade in wine, corn, effects of which are much the fame with thofe of anife-oil.
and cattle. That oil muftbechofen white, clear, tranfparent, of a flrong
Saumur. There are marked yearly, at the hall of this city, fcent, as eafily liquified by the leaft heat as congealed by the
4 or 500 pieces of fluffs made in other places. Thofe which leaft cold.
they manufacture here are flamines, ferges, and druggets of Anife-feed affords, likewife, another fort of oil, quite green,
thread and wool, wherein they ufe none but the wool of which is got by expreffion, to which the fame virtues are af-
the country. They do not make much lefs than 200 pieces cribed as to the white oil, but the effects of it are neither fo
per annum, though there be but 32 looms in the town, under flrong nor fo quick. It is to Monfieur Charas that, in France,
the direction of five maflers. There is only one fuller to the difcovery of this laft fort of oil is owing.
fulland clean the fluffs. ANKER, a liquid meafure at Amfterdam. It is the fourth part
They have a pretty confiderable trade in hats, In which ma- of an aem, and contains two flekans. A
flekan is 16 mingles,
nufactory fix mafter hatters are employed. and a mingle two pints of Paris, or about two quarts wine-
There are feven tanners, who drefs both large and fmall meafure in England ; fo that an anker contains 64 pints of
leather. Paris, or about 32 gallons Englifh meafure. See Aem.
Lude. They make, in the manufactories of this place, be- ANABASSES, ANNABASSES, a fort of covering made at
tween 4 and 500 pieces of druggets and flamines yearly, Roan in France, and alfo in Holland ; they are commonly
which are fent throughout the whole kingdom, and particu- I in length, by | in breadth, and are ftriped with blue and
larly to Paris. There are 25 looms, under 10 maflers white equal ftripes, about an inch broad.
only. This is one of the bell commodities for the Guinea trade,
Doue. The
manufactures of this town confifl in flamines, and, in particular, for that on the coaft of Angola, a kingdom
ferges,and druggets, wherein they ufe only the wool of the in Africa.
country. They make yearly above 200 pieces, which employ At Loango, or Boaria, the capital of the kingdom alfo called
14 looms and 10 matters. Thefe fluffs are fold in the pro- Loango, in Africa, they reckon by macoutes and by hun-
vince, and at Saumur. dreds and an anabaffe is reckoned three macoutes, that is to
;

The tanner's trade is confiderable here there are 15 mafter-

; fay, 30, each macoute being worth 10. See Angola.
tanners who carry it on. The leather they drefs confifls partly ANNUITY, a yearly rent or income, paid either for the term
in flrong hides,and partly in fmall leather, all which are fold of a perfon's life, or for a term of years only, or in fee, or
in the neighbouring provinces, and fometimes they fend fome for ever.
to Paris. Annuities upon lives, being daily bought and fold, is now be-
There the hats they make are pretty much
are nine hatters : come, as it were, a kind of diftinct branch of bufinefs, and
efleemedthey are moft of them fold within the province.
; therefore fhall not be wholly omitted in a work of this kind.
Montreuil-Bellat. They make here the fame forts, and Dr. Halley was the firft who attempted to put this matter on
the fame number of fluffs as at Doue. There are 1 3 maflers, its true bafis for computation. There have been many other
who employ 15 leoms, and two fullers to clean the fluffs, ingenious writers fince, who have built upon his foundation,
which are all fold within the province. and whofe further obfervations are not to be disregarded, by
Beaufort and Durtal.
In the former of thefe places thofe who would enter very deeply into this point.
they make 183 and in the latter 200
pieces of fluff yearly, :
Dr. Halley's calculations are drawn'from the bills of mortality
they are flamines, ferges, and druggets, all of the wool of at Breflaw, the capital city of the province of Silefta. It is
the country. At Beaufort, there are nine matter-weavers and fituate on the eaftern bank of the river Oder, near the con-

14 looms; and, at Durtal, 14 matters, 20 looms, and two fines of Germany and Poland, and very nigh the latitude of
fullers. London. It is very far from the fea, and as much a mediter-
There are alfo tanners in thefe towns, fix in the former, and ranean place as can be defired ; whence the confluence of
11 in the latter. ftrangers is but fmall, and the manufacture of linen employs
ANISE, or AN IL, a greyifh wood, that comes from the Indies chiefly the poor people of the place, as well as of the country
in thick logs, or billets, and which is called anife becaufe of round ahout ; whence comes that fort of linen we ufually
its fcent, which comes pretty near that of the plant which call your Silefia linen, which is the chief, if not the only,
bears that name, and grows very commonly in the gardens in merchandize of the place. For thefe reafons the degrees of
France, and clfe where. mortality in the city feem moft proper for a flandard, and the
The an.fe-wood is ufed in inlaid-work, and turners ware. rather, for that the births do a fmall matter exceed the fune-
The druggifts alfo fell the feed of it, difguifed under different rals : the only thing wanting is the number of the whole peo-
names, calling fometimes anife of China, of Siberia, of the
it ple, which in fome meafure I have endeavoured to fupply,
Philippine iflands, and of the Indies ; but, to give it more re- fays the Doctor, by comparifon of the mortality of the people
putation, they call it moft commonly the feed of Badian, or of all ages ; which is traced out from the curious tables of
the feed of Zingi. the births and funerals drawn up monthly by Dr. Newmann
This feed, which is contained in a fmall pod, very hard and of that city.
thick, in the form of a (tar, is perfectly like that of the colo- It thence appears, that, in the five years from 87 to 91 inclu-
quintida, except only that it is of a tanned colour, and fhin- five, there were born 6193 P^rfons, and buried 5869 ; that is,

ing, and that it has a pretty good fmell. born per annum 1238, and buried 1 1 74, or of about a 20th
The Chincfc ufe it with their tea, and the Dutch in the Eaft- part ; which may perhaps be balanced by the levies for the
Indies, after their example, alfo put fome into that liquor, and emperor's fervice of his wars. But this being contingent, and
into then fhcrbet, pretending that it gives it a more plcafant the births certain, I will fuppofe the people of Breilaw to be
flavour. The u(e of it is not introduced in Fiance, nor in increafed by 1238 births annually. Of thefe it Appears by the
England, that we know of. fame tables, that 348 do die yearly in the firft year of their
 1 1 ;

ANN ANN
age, and that but 890 do arrive at a full year's age; and like- there die, ofthe young lads, much about one percent, per
arm,
wife, that 193 do die in the five years between 1 and 6 com- they being of the forefaid ages. From 25 to 50, there
feem
plete, taken at a medium ; fo that but 692 of the perfons born to die from 7 or 8, and
9 per ann. of each age and after that :

do furvivc 6>whole years. to 7p> thc growing more crazy, though the number be
y much
From age the infants, being arrived at fome degree of
this diminiflied, yet the mortality increafes, and there are found
to
firmnefs, grow
lefs and lefs mortal ; and it appears that of die 10 or 1 1 of each age per annum. From thence the" num-
the whole people of Breflaw there die yearly as in the fol- ber of the living being very fmall, they gradually decline till
lowing table ; wherein the upper line (hews the age, and the there be none left to die : as thefe may be feen at one view
next under it the number of perfons of that age dying yearly. in the table.
From thefe confiderations the adjoined table
is formed, whofe

7 . 8 . 9 . . . 14 8 ... 21 .. 27 . 28 . . .
35 ufes are manifold,
and give a more juft idea of the ftate and
11 . 11 . . 6
3$ . 5 6.4f6f .g . j 2 . .8.7 7 condition of mankind, than any thing yet extant that I know
36. ... 42 ... 45 ... 49. 54 55 56 . . . . . . 63 . . .
of. number of people in the city of Breflaw
It exhibits the

8 .9! 8 10 11 . 9 10 12 of ages, from the birth to extreme old age, and thereby
all
. 9 . 7
.
7 9 . . . . . . .
9i-
(hews the chances of mortality at all ages ; and likewife how
70 . 71 . 72 ... 77 ... 81 ... 84 ... 90 : 91 .98 99
to make a certain cftimatc of the value of annuities for lives,
14. 9. 11. 9. 6. 7. 3. 4. 2. 1. 1: 1 .

X
5
which hitherto has been only done by an imaginary valua-
100 tion alfo the chances that there are, that a prrfon of any
:

s age propofed does live to any age given ; with many more, as
I (hall (hew. This table docs (hew the number of perfons
And, where no figure is placed over, it is to be underftood that are living in the age current annexed thereto.
of thofe that die between the ages of the preceding and con-
And although thefe tables are built upon five years obferva-
sequent column.
tions only in the city of Breflaw, and have been/iow com-
From this table it is evident that, from the age of 9 to about municated to the public near fifty years ; yet they have hi-
25, there do not die above 6 per annum of each age, which therto ftood theteft, and have proved the foundation of thofe
is much about one per cent, of thofe that are of thofe ages :
divers curious rules, canons, and theorems, which the learned
and whereas in the 14, 15, 16, 17 years there appear to die
Dodor himfelf, and the ingenious Monf. de Moivre fince,
much fewer, as 2 and 3^, yet that fcems rather to be attri- have inveftigated therefrom, according to an elegant algebrai-
buted to chance ; as are the other irregularities in the feries
cal and geometrical method of reafoning and without which, :
of ages, which would recYify themfelves, were the number
indeed, it was not poflible to difcover thofe rules nor with- :
of years much more confiderablc, as 20 inftead of 5.
out fome knowledge in thefe fciences, can any one compre-
And by our own in Chrift-Church hofpital I am informed, hend the rcafon and demonftration of them.

Dr. Halley's Table of Observations, exhibiting the Probabilities of Life.

Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age |Per-
Age. Perfons.
cur. fons. cur. lons. cur. fons. cur. fons. cu.-. fon'. cur. tpns.

I ICOO 8 680 >5 678 22 586 29 559 36 4 '

7 5547
2 55 9 670 10 622 23 579 30 S3' 37 472
14 4584
3 798 10 661 '7 616 24
S73 3' S23 38 463 2 1 4270
4 760 1 653 18 610 2; 507 32 5'J 39 454 28 3964
5 73 2 12 646 9 604 26 560 33 5C-7 40 445 3604
35
6 710 '3 640 20 59 27 S53 34 499 4' 436 3178
42
7 6q2 >4 634 21 59 2 zii 546 ^5 4QO 42 2709
49
Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- Age Per- 5^ 2194
cur. fons. cur. fons. cur. fons. cur. fons. cur. fons. cur. fons. &3 1694
272 202 70 1204
43 4'7 S
o 346 57 64 7 '3' 78 58
262 65 192 72 120 77 692
44 407 S
1
335 S8 79 49
8+ 2 >3
397 52 324 59 252 66 182 73 109 80 4'
45 100
46 387 3>3 60 242 67 172 74 98 81 34
1
07
S3
47 377 54 302 1 61 232 68 162 75 88 82 28
292 62 222 69 Sum total. 34000
367 76
48 55 1 I
S
2 78 8.3 23
49 357 5b 282I 63 1 212 70 I42 77 1
68 *4 20
I

Thus appears, that the whole people of Breflaw does con-

It Ufe III. But if it be required at what number of years it is an
fift of 34,000 fouls, being the fum total of the perfons of all even lay, that a perfon of any age (hall die, this table readily
ages in the table. performs it for if the number of perfons living, of the age
:

The firft ufe hereof (hew the proportion of men able to

is to propofed, be halved, it will be found by the table at what
bear arms in any multitude, which are thofe between 18 and yeaV the faid number is reduced to half by mortality; and
56, rather than 16 and 60; the one being generally too that is the age, to which it is an even wager that a perfon of
weak to bear the fatigues of war, and the weight of arms ;
the age propofed (hall arrive, before he die. As for inftance :
and the other too crazy and infirm from age, notwithftanding a perfon of 30 years of age is propofed, the number of that
particular inftances to the contrary. age is 531, the half thereof is 275, which number I find to
Under 18, from the table, ate found in this city 11,997 per- be between 57 and 58 years ; fo that a man of 30 may rea-
fons, and 3950 above 56, which together make 15,947. So fonably expect to live between 27 and 28 years.
that the rehdue to 34,000, being 18,053, are perfons between Ufe IV. By what hath been faid, the price of infurance up-
thofe ages. At
one half thereof are males, or 9027
leait fo : on lives ought to be regulated ; and the difference is difco-
that the whole force this city can raife of fenfible men, as vered between the price of infuring the life of a man of 20
the Scoich call them, is about 9000, or 9+ , or fomewhat -3 and 50, for example ; it being 100 to 1 that a man of 20
more than a quarter of the number of fouls; which may, dies not in a year, and but 38 to 1 for a man of 50 years of
perhaps, pal's for a rule for all other places. age.
The fecond ufe of this table is, to fhew the differing degrees Ufe V. Ondepends the valuation of annuities upon lives
this
of mortality, or rather vitality, in all ages for if the num- : for it is ought to pay for only fuch
plain, that the purchafer
ber of perfons of any age remaining after one year, be di- a part of the value of the annuity as he has chance that he
vided by the difference between that and the number ofthe is living ; and this ought to be computed yearly, and the

age propofed, it (hews the odds that there is, that a perfon of fum of all thofe yearly values, being added together, will
that age does not die in a year. As for inftance, a perfon 25 amount to the value of the annuity for the life of the perfon
years of age has the odds of 560 to 7, or 8o to 1, that he propofed.
does not die in a year becaufe that, of 567 living of 25 years
: Now the prefent value oT money, payable after a term of years,
of age, there do die no more than 7 in a year, leaving 560 at any given rate of intereft, eithermay be had from tables
of 26 years old. already computed, or, almoft as compendioufly, by the table
So likewife for the odds that any perfon does not die before of logarithms for the arithmetical complement of the loga-
:

he attain any propofed age, take the number of the remain- rithm of unity, and its yearly intereft (that is, of i,c6 for 6
ing perfons of the. age propofed, and divide it by the diffe- per cent, being 9,974, 604J being multiplied by the number of
rence between it and the number of thofe ofthe age ofthe Years propofed, gives the prefent value of one pound payable
party propofed ; and that (hews the odds there is between after the end of fo many years. Then, by the foregoing
the chances of the parties living or dying. As for inftance : propofition, it will be, as the number of perfons living after
what is the odds that a man of 40 lives 7 years ? Take the that term of years, to the number dead,
fo are the odds that
number of perfons of 47 years, which in the table is 377, and any one perfon is by confequence, as
alive or dead. And
1 ubtracl it from the number of perfons of 40 years, which is the fum of both, or the number of perfons living of the age
445, and the difference is 68 ; which lhews, that the per- firff propofed, to the number remaining after fo many years'

fons dying in the years are 68, and that it is 377 to 78, or (both given by the table) fo the prefent value of the yearly
7
5! to 1, that a man of 40 does live 7 years. And the like fum, payable after the term propo'ed, to the fum which ought
/or any other number of years. to be paid for the chance the perfon has to enjoy fuch an an-
7 nuity
 1

ANN ANN
nuity fo many years. And, this being repeated for every equal to the continual produft of R r -f- YX YXf -j- v,
-f
year of the perfon's life, the fum of all the prefent values of which, being the whole number of changes for three lives, is
thofe changes is the true value of the annuity. This will, compounded of the feven products following. (\.) R r,
without doubt, appear to be a moft laborious calculation , which is the number of chances that all three erf' the perfons
but it is one of the principal ufes of this fpeculation, from are living; (2.) r, Y, which is the number of chances that
whence the learned Dr. Halley, after no ordinary number of the two elder perfons are living, and the younger dead
;
arithmetical operations, has formed the following table, which
( 3)
R J, the number of chances that the middle age is dead,
(hews the value of annuities for every fifth year of age, to the and the youngerand elder living; (4.) R r% being the chances
70th, as follows : that the two younger are dead, and elder living;
(5.) r, Y,
the chances that the younger and elder are dead, and the
Years 1 Years Years middle age living ; (6.) R yv, which are the chances that the
Age. Age. Age.
Purchafe. Purchafe Purchafe. younger is living, and the two other dead ; (7.) Y
y, which
are the chances that all three are dead; which latter, fubtraft-
1 10,2 8 25 12,27 50 9,21 ed from the whole number of chances N
v , leaves N v } the
5 13,40 30 11,72 55 8,51 fum of all the other feven products, in all of which one or
10 3>44 35 11,12 60 7,60 more of the three perfons are furviving.
15 *3>33 40 10,57 65 6,54 I fhall not apply this in all the cafes thereof, for brevity's
20 12,78 45 9>9 J 70 5>3 2 fake; only to fhew in one how all the reft may be performed,
let it be demanded, what is the value of the reverfion of the
Ufe VI. Two lives are likewife valuable by the fame rule younger life after the two elder propofed? The proportion
for the number of chances of each fingle life, found in the is, As the whole number of chances, or N n v, to the product
table, being multiplied together, become the chances of the R> v , So is the certain prefent value of the fum payable after
two lives. And, after any certain term of years, the product any term propofed, to the value due to fuch chance as the
of the two remaining fums is the chances that both the per- younger perfon has to bury both the elder, by the term pro-
fons are living the product of the two differences, being the
; pofed which he therefore is to pay for. Here it is to be no-
;

numbers of the dead of both ages, are the chances that both ted, that the rirft term of all thefe proportions is the fame
the perfons are dead ; and the two produces of the remaining throughout; N n v. The fecond changing yearly according
fums of the one age, multiplied by thofe dead of the other, to the decreafe of R r
f,
and increafe of Y yv. And the third
fhew the chances that there are that each party furvives the are fucceflively the prefent value of money payable after
other; whence is derived the rule to eftimate the value of one, two, three, &c. years, according to the rate of intereft:
the remainder of one life after another. agreed on.
Now, as the product of the two numbers in the table for the
two ages propofed, is to the difference between that product, The prefent value of one pound per ann. for any number of
and the product of the two numbers of perfons deceafed in years not exceeding 100, intereft at four per cent.
any fpace of time ; fo is the value of a fum of money to be
paid after fo much time, to the value thereof under the con- Years. PrefentValue. Years. PrefentValue. Years. PrefentValue.
tingency of mortality and, as the aforefaid product of the
: 1 0.9015,38 3+ 18.4IU.97 67 z3-'9+>47
two numbers anfwering to the ages propofed, to the product 2 1.8860,94 35 18.6646,13 68 23 2635,07
of the deceafed of one age multiplied by thofe remaining alive 3 2.7750,21 36 18.9082,81 69 23.3302,95
of the other ; fo the value of a fum of money to be paid af- 4 3.6298,95 37 19.1425,78 70 2 ?-394S>'4

ter any time propofed, to the value of the chances that the 5 4.4518,22 38 19.3678,64 7i 23.4562,64
6 5.2421,36 39 19.5844,84 72 ^3-9 56,38
one party has, that he furvives the other whofe number of '

deceafed you made ufe of in the fecond term of the proportion. 7 6.0020,54 40 9-79 2 ?>73 73 2
57 2 729
3
3 6.7327,44 4i 19.9930,51
To fuch who are acquainted with the algebraic method of 42 20.1856,26
74 25.6276,24.
9 7-4353,3' 75 23.6804,08
analyfis, this perhaps may be better underftood, by putting
10 8.1 108,95 43 20.3707,94 76 23.7311,61
N for the number of the younger, and n for that of the 1 8.7604,76 44 20.5488,41 77 23.7799,63
elder, Y y the deceafed of both ages refpectively, and r R 12 9.3850,73
-11 20. 7200,-19 78 23.8268,87
for the remainders ; and R-f-Y=N, and r-\-y=n : then
13 9.9856,47 46 20.8846,53 79 23.8720,07
fhall Nn be the whole number of chances, the N nYy H 10.5631,22 47 21.0429,36 80 23.9153,91
chances that one of the two perfons is living, y the chances Y 15 11.1183,87 48 21.1951,30 81 23.9571,07
that they are both dead, R
y the chances that the elder perfon 16 11.6522,95 49 21.3414,72 82 23.9972,18
is dead, and the younger living ; and r Y
the chances that the '7 12.1656,68 50 21.4821,84 83 2 4-3 57,87
elder is living, and the younger dead. 18 12.6592,96 s 1 21.6174,8? 84 24.0728,73
Thus two perfons of 18 and 35 are propofed, and after 8 J
9 3->339'39 52 21.9475,81 35 24.1085,31
years thefe chances are required the numbers for 18 and 35
:
20 i3-593> 2 6 53 21.8726,74 86 24.1428,18
are 610 and 490, and there are 50 of the firfl age dead in 21 14.0291,59 54 21.9929,56 87 24.1757,86
22 14.4511,15 22.1085,12 88
8 years, and 73 of the elder age ; there are in all 610 490, X 23 14.8568,41
55
22.2198,19
24.2074,87
or 298,900 chances ; of thefe there are 50 \ 73 or 3 6 5> 56 89 24.2379,68
24 15.2469,03 57 22.3267,49 90 24 2672,77
that they are both dead. And as 298,900, to 298,900,
2S 15.6220,79 58 22.4295,60 9i
3,650, or 295,250, fo is the prefent value of a fum of money 24.2954,59
26 1 5.9827,69
59 22.5284,29 92 24.3225,56
to be paid after 8 years, to the prefent value of a fum to be
27 16.3295,85 60 22.6234,89 93 24.3486,12
paid, if either of the two live. And, as 560 X 73, fo are 28 61 22.7148,94
16.4979,59 94 24.3756,6;
the chances that the elder is dead, leaving the younger ; and, 29 16.9837,14 62 22.8027,82 95 2 4-3977,55
as 417 X
50, fo are the chances that the younger is dead, 3 17.2920,33
iL 22.8872,91 96 24.4209,18
leaving the elder. Wherefore as 610 X 490, to 560 X 73, fo
31 17.5884,93 64 22.9685,49 97 24.4431,91
is the prefent value of a fum to be paid at 8 years end, to the I 7-87355i 23.046^,81
3Z 6," 98 24.4640,06
fum to be paid for the chance of the younger's furvivance ; 33 18.1476,45 66 23.1218,09 99 24.4851,98
and as 610 X 490, to 417 X 50, fo is the fame prefent value 100 24.5049,98
to the fum to be paid for the chance of the elder's furvivance.
This poffibly may be yet better explained, by expounding For all the variety of tables of this kind, and the reafon and
thefe produces by rectangular parallelograms ; but thofe who nature of their conftruclion, fee the article Interest Sim-
do not underftand the algebraic, will hardly underftand the ple and Compound.
geometric demonftration. Wherefore we fhall proceed to
Ufe VII. If three lives are propofed, to find the value of an A further illuftration of Dr. Halley's foregoing table, by the
annuity during the continuance of any of thofe three lives, the ingenious Mr. De Moivre.
rule is, As the product of the continual multiplication of the
three numbers in the table, anfwering to the ages propofed, Suppofe that by this table we would know what the probabi-
is to the difference of that product, and of the product of the lities, are for a man of 30 to live &c. years.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
three numbers of the deceafed of thofe ages in any given Look for the number 30
one of the columns of age, and
in
term of years So is the prefent value of a fum of money to be
: under it you will find 31, 32, 33, &c. and oppofite the num-
paid certainly after fo many years, to the prefent value of the ber 30, in the next adjoining column on the right-hand, you
fame fum to be paid, provided one of thofe three perfons be find 531, under which are written 523,
515, 507, &c. cor-
living at the expiration of that term. Which proportion be- refponding in order to the numbers in the column of ages;
ing yearly repeated, the fum of all thofe prefent values will the meaning whereof is, that, out of 531 perfons living of the
be the value of an annuity granted for three fuch lives. 30 years old, there remain but 523, 515, 507, 499, fcc. that
But to explain this, together with all the cafes of furvivance attain the refpective ages of 31, 32, 33, &c. and who, con-
in three lives, let N
be the number in the table for the younger fequently, from that term of 30, do live 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. years
ap<*; n for the fecond ; and v for the elder age let be : Y refpectively.
th fe dead of the younger age in the term propofed ; y thofe In order to compute the value of an annuity upon a life of a
of the fecond age ; and v thofe of the elder age and : given age, let the quantities A, B, C, D, E, F, &c. reprefent
let R be the remainder of the younger age j r that of the .refpectively the perfons living at the age given, and the fub-
middle age ; and the remainder of the elder age. Then fequent years.
fhall R -f- Y
be equal to ; r4-j, to N and p-\-v, to v; ; Now it is obvious, that there being A perfons of the age

and the continual product of the three numbers , fhall be N given, and one year after B perfons remaining, the proba-
bility
 B G I

ANN ANN
bility which the perfon of the given age lias to continue- many years as are intercepted between the age given, and
in life, for one year at leaft, is represented by the fraction the extremity of old age, fuppofed t 86, ^nd let that inter-
B val of life be called >., then the value of an annuity upon
T", and that the probability which has to continue in life,
it
fuch a life would be exprefled by 1 - - ^
for two years at leaft, is rcprefented by the fraction -r~ &c. , fuppofing, as

ami that therefore, if money bore no intercft, it would be only

r
before, that r ftands for the amount of the principal a:id in-
neceflary to multiply thofe probabilities by the (urn to be re
tereft of one year.
ceived annually, which is fuppoftd here to be I, and the = Thus
1 1. in
fuppofing an age of 50, and that the intereft oi ri
fum of the products would exprefs the prefent value of the
ney be eftimated at 4 per cent, then n will reprefent
36, and
annuity. But, as money bears intercft, let r reprefent the
for 1.04, for which reafon looking into tables of
amount of i /. with iio intereft at the year's end, then the
/
4 per cent,
which fhew the worth of an annuity certain for 36 years, be-
prefent values of the lums to be received annually Would be
ing 17.9083, this being multiplied by r, that is, 'by 1.04, the
refpectively
1
'

I

r '
I

rv>
I

r3>
- I

r*>
- &c. And., therefore, multi- piodudt will be '8.624632; and this being divided by w,
t hat is, by ^6, the quotient will be -0.517351. Then this
plying thefe fums by the probabilities of obtaining them, we being fubtracted fiom unity, and the remainder, 0.482649,
(hall have the value of the annuity exprefled by the feries being divided by r
1, that is, by 0.04, the quotient will

A+JL + ^+JL+JL+JL + iL,

r rr r3 ' r+ '
r> r
6
r> '
JL, &C
r"
.
be found 12.0661, which is very little more than 12 years
purchafe for the value of an annuity on a life of 50.
But, for the fake of thofe who arc not fo well verfed in deci-
which mu ft be continued to the end of the tables. mal fractions, it may be proper to exprefs the rule as follows :
But let us fuppofe, that, n.ftead of an annuity upon a life Multiply the annuity certain, as found in the tables, by the
whofe age is given, there ftiould be the expectation of a amount of 100 1 joined with its intereft in one year, that 1

fum, which we will call (i) payable once for all whenever it in this cafe by 104, and let the product be divided by ioj,
happens, that the life ceafes within a limited time. It is
then let the quotient be fubtracted from 25, which (he.
plain that the probability of the life's ceafing after one year is I
many years purchafe a perpetuity of 100 1. is worth, and the
A remainder will fhew how many years purchafe the annuity
Ar , and tnat the probability of
. .

its continuing one year,

upon the age given is worth in ready money.
B B (\ B C
and dropping the next, will be a~* j^ or barely T~~* PROBLEM III.
and that again the probability of its continuing two years, whofe number of chances to con-
Suppofing a fictitious life,

and dropping the third, will be - , andfoonj and that tinue yearly be conftantly equal to a, and the number of
A chances to fail conflantly equal to b, fo that the odds of its
continuing, during the (pace of any one year, oe to its fail-
therefore the value of the expectation founded on the con-
ing in that fame interval of time conftantly as a to b
tingency of the life's falling within a limited time, would be ; to
A-H . B-C . C I) . DE ,
1-F F &c.
find the value of an annuity upon fuch a life.

A r A rr '
Ar } Ar>- Ar> A/- 1 SOLUTION.
Let be fuppofed, for inftancc, that the party on whofc
it now Let be the annuity, r the amount of 1 1. joined to its inte-
1

life this expectation depends is 10 years of age, and that the reft in one year, make a-\-b=s.
age limited, as a condi ion of obtaining the ium (i), is 21 ; It is plain from what has been faid already, that the prefent
hence it is plain that, the difference between 21 and 10 be-
ing 1 1, we ought to limit ourfelves to terms of the lore- n value of thefirft yeai's rent is -- of the fecond , of the
s r s s r r
going and then, confulting Dr. Hallcy's table, we {hall
feries,
find the numbers A, B, C, D. E, &c. to be refpcclively 661, th ird > &c. which terms conflicting a geometiica'pro-
653, 646, 640, 634, 628, &c. and that therefore A B,
B D
C, C D,

expectation will be
E,
6, 6, 6, &c. and that confequcntly the prei :nt value of the
E
F, &c. will refpeitivly be 8, 7,

601 r + obi rr
766 6
+ 661 n
6
'
56i r*
grcfllon, the fum of them

fo that r=: 1.05, then the denominator r s

23.1
all will

fented 21, and b 1, then s would reprefent 22; fuppofingal-

a would be
21 or 2-i, and, dividing the numerator 21 by the de-
be
a
;

thus if a repre-

6 6 6
f 601 r> " 661 r 6 + 661 r>
+
'
661 r s '
661 r 9 + nominator 2.1, the quotient will be 10, which (hews that the
life would be worth 10 years purchafe.
6_ 6
661 r
~"~
66i r" COROLLARY I.

An annuity upon a fictitious life being given, the probability

Let be further fuppofed, that this expecta-i
it
o. 01 15260 I of its continuing one year is alio given ; for let the value of
tion is not given but fold to a purchafer, 0.0096054 2 a a
= Mr
who intends to make 5 per cent of his mo- 0.0078412 3 it be=:M, then
r 5 a =
M, therefore
ney, then r (lands for 105, and therefore] 0.0074678 4 s M-r-x
0.C071 122 5
the fum, which purchafers ought in juftice
to pay for their expectations, is the fum of 0.0067735 6
COROLLARY II.

the numbers here annexed, which is about o 00645 10 7

If a lifewhofe value, as deduced from the tables of obferva-
% and therefore if the fum, called (1) be
; 0.0061438 8 tion, or from the preceding problem, be worch 10 years pur-
fore, ftands for an eftate whofe prefent real 0.0058512 9 chafe, then fuch a life is equivalent to a fictitious life whofe
value is 20 years purchafe, the adventurer o 005,726 10 chances for continuing one year are to tl e chances of its
ought to pay no more for the confideration 0.0053072 11 failing in that year as 21 to 1.

ot his chance than 1 \ years purchafe.

0.0796599
COROLLARY III.

Wherefore having calculated a life from the tables of obfer-

It is not intended here to calculate other intervening chances vations, or from Problem the lid, we may transfer the value
which might defeat this expectation, fuch as that of an he.r of that life to that of a fictitious life, and find the number of
male, which might live to the age of 21 for, there being not ;
chances it would have to continue or to fail yearly.
any tables * of obfervations concerning a man's marrying and
getting an heir male between 16 and 21, what could be added
COROLLARY IV.

on that fubjeit would be barely conjectural, which would not And the combination of two or more real lives will be very
be of a piece with what has been faid however, it is eafy to ;
nea the lame combination of fo many correfp n ine
as the

conceive, that this mud confiderably diminifh the value of fictitious lives ; and cherefore an annuity granted upon ma- f<

the expectation. ny correfponding fietijous lives, and the values of the rever-
lions granted upon the real lives, will be very near the fame
* If any tables of that kind fhould be calculated, there cannot
as thofe granted upon the fictitious lives.
perhaps, be a better foundation to proceed on than that of Dr.
Arbuthnot, concerning the regularity in the births of both
fexes, publiihed in the Philofophical Tranfadions, N 328.
PROBLEM IV.
The .alues of two fingle fictitious lives being given, to find

PROBLEM II.
the value of an
continuance.
annuity granted for the time of their joint

Suppofing the probabilities of life to decreafe in arithmetic

progteffi >n, when

confidered from a term given, to find
the value of an annuity on a life of a given age.
SOLUTION.
Lc- the values be refpectively M
and P, r the rate of intereft ;
SOLUTION. the the value of an annuity upon the two joint lives will be
.

MPr
Let P reprefent the value of an annuity certain of 1 for as exprefled by
Vol. I.
1.
M+ 1 X P+ 1 MP'
S DEMON-
 . }

ANN ANN
DEMONSTRATION. foundation of receiving the firft year's rent, and the other
years following the fame law, we may draw this condu (ion
Let x and y reprefent the refpective probabilities of the lives
that, from the fum of the values of the fingle lives we fub-
if
continuing one year together, then xy will exprefs the proba-
% 1
bility of their joint continuance for that year; and x y the
tract the fum of the values of the joint lives taken two and
two, and to the remainder add the value of the three joint
probability of theirjoint continuance for two years ; and x )
J 3

lives, we fhall have the value of the annuity upon the longeft
vhe probability of their joint continuance for three years, &c.
of the three joint lives.
wherefore the value of an annuity for all the time will be ex-
prefiible by the following geometric progreffion, viz. PROBLEM VIII.
^4.LiL+l+f-Z.,
+
&c. whe re the fum is - \ but, To find the value of one life after another.
r r r r\ r -xy
M and, By the value of one life after another, is meant what a man
by the firft corollary of problem the third, xz=. ., ,
muft pay in prefent money to purchafe the expectation of an
annuity for his the failing of another, with this re-
life after
for the fame reafon, y: and, therefore, the value of
P + I
, ftriclion, that, if the expectant die:, before the prefent pofleflbr,
no confederation to be given to the heirs of the faid expec-
MPr tant.
is

the two joint lives

M 4-i X P+i - M P r*
is

SOLUTION.
PROBLEM V. Since the expectation of the purchafer is grounded on the fail-
ing of the life in poffeflion, and of the continuation of his
The two (ingle lives being given, to find the value
values of own life, it follows, that, if we fuppofe xandy to be the ref-
of an annuity upon the longeft of them that is, to con- ;
pective probabilities of the lives continuing one year, then
tinue fo long as either of them is in being. I
x-\-y or y #_y will'exprefs the probability of the fii ft life's

SOLUTION. dropping in the year, and of the lecond's outliving the year;
from whence we may draw this confequence, that if, from
From fum of the values of the fingle lives, fubtract the
the the prefent value of the expectant's be fubtracted the va-
life
value of the two joint lives found by the foregoing problem, lue of the two joint lives, there will remain the value of the
and the remainder will be the value of the annuity required. expectation.

DEMONSTRATION. This may be made plain another way for, fuppofe I were the
purchafer, I might begin to pay the proprietor of the annuity
:

It will be fuflicient to fhew what will be the value of the the full value of my life, but then I would expect back the va-
iirft is found
vear, fince the values of all the fubfequent years lue of the two joint lives of the prefent pofleflbr and myfelf,
in the fame manner. fince I am to receive nothing whilft we are both living. To
Lee, therefore, x and y be the refpective probabilities of the this may be added, that, fuppofing that the proprietor is to be
lives continuing one year together, then i x and I y paid for the longeft of the two lives of the prefent pofleflbr
are the refpeclive probabilities of their dropping in that year, and myfelf, my fhare of the purchafe ought to be only that
and, confequemly, the product of i x by i y, viz. part of it which would remain if the life of the prefent pof-

"^ . x
y -f- x y is the probability of their both dropping in feflbr was deducted out of it, which will give the fame con-
that year; and, this being fubtracted from unity, the re- clufion as before.
mainder x -4- y
x y will exprefs the probability that either But, if the expectant were to have the reverfion abfolute for
one or the other, or both, outlive the year: which is fuf- himfelf and his heirs after the deceafe of the prefent pofleflbr,
ficient for the purchafer of the annuity to eftablifh his right it is plain that there being nothing interpofed between his

of receiving the firft year's rent, whofe prefent value is, prefent circumftances and the poffeflion of the eftate, but the
x y x y life of the prefent pofleflbr, then from the value of the per-
therefore,
'
r r r

petuity ought barely to be fubtracted the life of the pofleflbr,
y
and the remainder will be the value of the expectation.
And, therefore, one may expectation o*
fee at fight that, the
the other years being founded on the fame principle, the va- PROBLEM IX.
lue of an annuity upon the longeft of two lives will be the
To find the value of one life after two.
fum of the values of the fingle lives, wanting the value of the
joint lives. SOLUTION.
PROBLEM VI. From the value of the longeft of the three lives, fubtract the
value of the longeft of the two firft lives, and there will re-
The value of three fingle lives being given, to find the value
main the value of the expectation of the thiid life.
of an annuity upon theirjoint lives.
But, if the expectation be above the abfolute reverfion, then
SOLUTION. from the perpetuity fubtract the value of the longeft of the
two firft lives, and there will remain the value of the third.
Let x, y, z refpectively reprefent the probabilities of the lives And the fame rule may be extended to as many lives as may
continuing one year, then the probabilities of their continu- be affigned.
ing all three together for one year will be xy z, and the pro- Though thefe- queftions may, at firft fight, feem to have a
bability of their continuing together for two years is x xyy z z, great degree of difficulty, yet there is reafon to believe that
&c. and, therefore, the value of an annuiiy upon the three the fteps taken to come at their folution, will eafily be fol-
xy z xz
,a
z- ***** lowed by thofe who have a competent (kill in algebra, and
ioint lives will be r"
>
;

r
!+ ,&
thatthechief method of proceeding therein will be underftood
xy z by thofe who are barely acquainted with the elements of that
which conftitutcs a geometric progreffion, whofe fum is~ : art.
For thofe, however, who may not^ be acquainted with this
now in the room of x, y, z, writing their refpeclive values, method of reafoning, 1 fhall fubjoin what may be more gene-
M-r-i P+i Oj-i .... ... rally intelligible, and, therefore, more generally acceptable.
, , , the fum of the three joint lives will
r r r The common method of purchafing annuities is at a certain
MrPQj-r number of years purchafe for which reafon, the following
;

be exprefled by fup- tables may be ufeful to fhew how long the annuitant muft
M+i XP-r-i XQ.4-1 MPQ_rr live, to be reimburfed his principal money, with intereft, at
pofing, as problem, that M,
we have done in the preceding any given rate.
P, Q^, reprefent reflectively the values of annuities upon each The table is very plain, as appears by this example.
fingle life.
Suppofe ii years purchafe is given for an annuity,
PROBLEM VII.
years, days.
The value of three fingle lives being given, to find the value (l2 200^ 2
of an annuity upon the longeft of them. 13 9 2f
200
SOLUTION. 1?
H 48 he will bereim-
3
3f
Let x, y, z, reprefent the refpeclive probabilities of the life's

Then, if the H 286 buried his prin- 4 percent,
continuing one year then the product of i x by i y, annuitant/ 15 190 cipal, with in-< 4
and of that again by
;

I z, that is, i
x-\-xy xy z, will lives 16 34 tcreft, at the 5
per ann.

exprefs Jr x%
y
18 188 rate of 6
z+yz 21 264 7
the probability of their all Failing the fiiftyear, and, thisbe- 27 201 8
ibtracted from unity, the remainder will exprefs the
I \?a 160J [9J
probability that either they will all one year, or, at
fublift

leaft, that they will not all fail in the year: which being the The
 )

A N N ANN
The fractions of the year are made in days, for the greater than 100 years in England, and particularly in London, out
exaclnefs, though it is common for annuities to be paid either of ^5 children born, i8 of them a>e boys, and 17 giris, the
half yearly or quarterly. people in thefe two provinces will con hit ut
504,000 mules,
A Table to calculate the value of Annuities upon Lives 476,000 females.
at 4 1. and 5 1. per cent, continuance of the lives to rcimburle 980,006
the annuitants their purchafe- money. He farther remarks, it appears from the affi
that
nuities for lives, mentioned before, the females have,
Years pur- At 4 pe r cent. At 5 per cent. accidents of age, lived about 3 or 4 years longer than the
chafe given fame number of males ; which he looks upon to be^ppointed
for a hie. as a compenfation for the continual excefs there is in the birth
years. days. years. days.
1 1 19 of the males above the females.
i
2 40 2 5 Having confidered the quantity, he then comes to take notice
2
121 of the quality of thefe 980,000 inhabitants ; and fays, he fees
3 3 95 3
163 4 209 no reafon to differ from t N e proportion of Mr. Ki.
4 4
252 327 Davenant's Eflays, who hath divided the people of England
5 5 5
6 6 34 7 "3 in this manner:
8 137 8 33
7
8 34 10 172
12
The proportion for every 100, oco inhabitants is

9 II I3K 92
Mirried men and women 34/. r
10 *3
H 286
9 14
16
75
'34
Widowers 1,500
11
Unmarried young men and children 45,000
12 16 246 18 285
Servants 10,500
J
3
j8
20
261 21
24
189
247
Travellers, rangers, &c.
ft 4>ooo
14 34
28 100,000
15 23 132 15'
16 26 18 32 360 If this proportion be admitted, then the number of each fort
17 29 J
9 38 322 in Holland and Weft Friezland will be as follows. He adds,
167 47 71
18 32 that the faid provinces can raife at this time 220, oco able-
bodied men, deducting for ciiieafes, and o:her infirmities.
,'-,,

We have feen to what ufeful purpofes the bills of births and But then he admits at 16 years of age, whereas Dr. Halley
burials at the city of Brcflaw, the capital of
Silelia, have been admits none till 18, perfons under that age being generally
applied, by a very learned and fagacious member
of the Roy,.l too weak to bear the fatigues of war, and the weight of arms.
well known, alfo, what curious He then proceeds to rectify the miftakes of the learned Ifaac
Society of London; as it is

obfervations have been made, both moral, phyfical, and po- Voffius, who makes but 550,000 in Holland and Weft Friez-
litical, William Petty, upon the f irne argument, feve-
b v Sir land, and difaliows Sir William Petty's account of the num-
and Dr. Abuthnot, and others, fmce.
ral years before, ber of people in London, becaufe he makes them alone equal
The learned Mr. Kerlleboom, likewife, has obliged the world to the inhabitants of Holland and Weft Friezland together.
with fome very ufeful lemaiks upon tne fame topic The He clofes the whole with a table of the prefent value of an-
induftrious author ha> not only coni'ulted thole obfervations nuities upon lives, in proportion to the ordinary, or com-
made by the beforementioncd gentlemen, our countrymen, mon bonds, charged upon thofe provinces, and fubject to the
but has acquainted himfelf more particularly with thofe of extraordinary taxes raifed at this time, viz. 1738. You will
Mr. King, in Davenant's Eflays, &c. in order to render find annexed the degrees of mortality, faid to be in the Hague
himfelf more capable of making a jult cftimate on this deli- and Haagambagt, as alfo the numbers and conditions of the
cate fubject. inhabitants of Amfterdam, Harlem, Goudas, and the Hague,
To which end, he begins with the number of inhabitants in not omitting London at this prefent time.
the two provinces of Holland and Well Friezland ; thefe he
The two provinces of Holland Amfter-
makes, viz. 1738, to amount in all to 980,000, and obliges and Weft Fr czland. dam. Harlem Gouda. Hague. Lonion.
It exhibits
us with the following table of the particulars. Married men
the fame time, living at 7*4*< 6,9c 14,85c 241,800
the number of people of all age?,
and wome
from the birth to extreme old age which, becaufc it fhews ; Widowers 760 3
cr 720 3, 1 CO

1

the chances of mortality within the ages mentioned, he calls Widows 2, -:8c 90c 2,38c S7
the Table of Contingencies of Life and Death. Unmarried
22,70c 9,0c c 215,700
500 child
Of above 90 cars old there are Servants 5.3c- 2, IOC
of 90 86inclufive 2,500 4>8; c 85,000
Travellers
85 81 6,500
80 76 13,000
ltrangers 2,04,
8
0f
M9 52,300
&c.
75 71 20,300
Total 980,004; 50,50c 2,00C 41,50c 653,600
70 66 27,300
651 061 34.3 00
60 56 40,800 The fatality of the quarters.

55 5i 47,000 deal.
5 46 53,000 Spring to fummer 37
45 41 57,800 Summer to the autumnal equinox 286
40 36 62,500 Autumn to winter 287
3S 31 67,600 Winter to fpring 286
30 27 58,400
40,1,500 The fatality of the months for 31 years, one year with another.

of 26 21 94,300 dead.
20 16 83,400 January IC2
15 to II 87,200 February 88
10 6 91,800 March 95
131,800 April
5' :o birth. 77
488,500 fum under 27 years old. May- - 112
June 100
491,500 -
July 92
488,500 Auguft 95
980,000 fum f all the inhabitants. September 99
Oct.ber 93
This table is founded upon three principles, viz. correct ob- November 95
fervations upon the tables of affignable annuities in Holland, December 99
which have been kept there for above 125 years wherein ;

the ao-es of the perfons dying ate truly entered upon a fup- : Hence it appears, that March is lefs fatal at the Hague and
pofition that there are yearly born in the provinces 28,0^0 Haagambagt, than April, and April than May and June;
living children : and, laftly, that the intire number of inha- that May is' the moft fatal month of all; that the remaining
bitants in any country is to the number of the births as 35 months are nearly equal. It appears further, that three parts,
to 1. or feafons of the year, are veiy nearly equal ; but that the
From appears, (1.) That about half the number
this table it other quarter, cr feafon, beginning at the vernal equinox, is
of people in the two provinces are above 27 years old, and, more fatal than any of the reft by the one fifteenth part.
confequently, that near the other half are under that age.
(2.) Then, by following what hath been obferved for more 2 A Table
 1

A N O A N. O
ably intitled to a fhare of the profits of the commerce, fince
A Table of Annuities for Life.
they were to ftand to their fhare of the loflcs.
Let the annuity be ioo guilders yearly, upon a life under a
2. That perfons of great and plentiful fortunes might have an
year old. opportunity of employing their money to the advantage of the
Guild. Guild. Stiv.
nationaltraffic, which otherwife would lie dead in their coffers.
Itsprefent value is 1667 that is 6 o per cent.
3. That the fons of perfons of family, well qualified for trade,
1896 5 7
though not of competent fortunes wherewith to cairy it on,
1835 5 9 might eftablifh themfelves in the wotld, and exert their ta-
1770 5 *3
lents and induftry for the benefit of the community which, ;
1667 6 o
for want of money, would remain ufelefs to the (tare.
1587 6 6
4. That princes might find their account by encouraging fuch
15 15 6 12
policy, becaufe, the more manufactures and commerce flou-
14.29 7 o
rifh in their ftates, the larger become their revenues, by du-
1334 7 I0
ties on imports and exports on trade.
1212 8 5
That thefe partnerfhips might not be deemed di {honourable
1093 9 3 to perfons of condition, nor derogatory, even to the nobility,
971 10 6
it is urged, that, fince fuch only advanced their money, and
840 118 had no perfonal concern in the commercial tranfactions, it
709 14 2
could not poffibly demean, or any way difhonour them and ;

507 17 11
more efpecially fo, fince thofe adventures were generally made
with merchants, or wholefale dealers, and not with retailers.
Upon a life of 5 years to 1 inclufive
That this practice might not be judged difhonourable in
10 6
France, Lewis XIII. iffued an ordonnance in January 1627
*5 1
to countenance and encourage it.
20 16
Befides this ordonnance of Lewis XIII, it may not be amifs
25 21
to obferve thofe extraordinary letters patents, which were
30 26
granted by Lewis XIV, for the eftablifhment of fevera! wool-
1
35 3 len manufactures, whereby the undertakers are ennobled,
40 36 and upheld in their nobility, as well as thofe who were inte-
45 41
refted with them as partners.
5 46 The firft is that of July 1646. It relates to the eftablifhment
55 Si
of a manufacture of cloth in the city of Sedan, in imitation
60 56
of that of Holland, in favour of Sieurs Nicholas Cadeau, Jean
65 6r
Binel, and Zuill de Marfeilles, merchants of the city of
70 66
Paris. The patent fays, That, in confideration of this
The ufe of this table. eftablifhment, the French king ennobled thofe merchants,
and their defendants, without imputing the leaft derogation
Queftion. Let it be defired to know the prefent value of an
to their nobility, or that of their poftenty, by reafon of their
annuity for life, for inftance, of 90 guilders a year, which being concerned in trade or manufactures they were even
:

was granted in the year 1703, upon a life then of three years granted, likewife, all thofe privileges and immunities which
old.
were enjoyed by thofe of noble extraction, with the right of
Anfwer. The life now (in 1738) is between 37 and 38
committimus.
years old ; hence the number between 40 and 36 i-ives 1334., is that in the month of October 1665.
Another inftance It
for the prefent value of an annuity of ioo guilders ; hence
concerns the eftablifhment of a woollen manufacture in the
( = J
1 200 guilders is the prefent value of the an-
city of Abbeville, in imitation of thofe of Spain and Holland,
in favour of the Sieur Jofliua Vanrobais, a Dutch merchant.
nuity for that life. He was permitted to take into partnerfnip in the faid manu-
Thus the reader has a connected furnmary of what forne of facture whomfoever he pleafed ; the king exprefsly declaring,
the moft able mathematicians have favoured the world with in his patent, that it fhould be no derogation to any of the
on the fubject of annuities upon lives; and, if thefe princi- nobility to be concerned with him therein, on pretence of
ples and their application are underftood, whatever elfe has their being interefted partners in that commerce.
been, or may be communicated to the public on this topic, A third inftance is that of December 1698, relating to a new
will eafily be underftood too, without our dwelling longer on cloth manufacture, and of cloth with filk and wool, of all
this matter. colours, in the province of Champagne, in the cities of Cha-
To ANNUL, with book-keepers, and in regard to double lons and Rheims, in favour of the Sieurs Sauvage and
entries, is to render an article void, fo as that it may be Champagne, and company ; which patents were granted to
reckoned for nothing. In order to annul an article which has the fame effect as the former.
been wrong entered in the nooks, either in the day-book or The French king, therefore, declaring it no difhonour what-
ledger, one or feveral o ('cyphers) are wrote in the margin, soever to perfons of quality in France to be privately inte-
by fome, next to that article ; or, as others do, the word vanas refted with traders in their enterprizes, has proved greatly in-
is wrote in the margin, which is a word corrupted from the ftrumental to extend the commerce of that kingdom.
Latin, and fignifies vain, or null. When an article is pofted
in the ledger to the debit, which ought to have been to the
Remarks.
credit, or to the latter inftead of the former, it is commonly Perfons of fortune, who would thus hazard their money in
wrote oft* on the oppoftte fide as To or By an error wrote traders hands, fhould caft their eye upon an honeft, as well
off"per contra. as a fkilfulman, and one of unblamable conduct and beha-
In books of account properly kept, all rafures fhould be mofl viour, being upon his fidelity and induftry that he grounds
it

carefully avoided ; and, if miftakes are committed, it looks his hopes of advantage.
with a better face of juftice and honour to let the miftke re- It fhould be well considered, alfo, by him that advances the
main, and to repeat the words I fay, &c. and rectify the money, whether the branch of trade propofed by the mer-
miftake in right words or figures, rather than to let any ra- chant, &:c. to be carried on, has a good face, and a realbn-
fures appear in a fett of books. able profpect of profit attending it whether the capital pro-
;

ANONYMOUS, that which has no name. Partnerfhips in pofed be competent to profecute the fame with every advan-
trade in France are filled anonymous, when they are not tage ; whether the trade defigned to be carried on be domef-
carried on under any particular name, but wherein each of tic or foreign, and whether the trader has a fuitable corre-
the partners trades vifibly on his own account, and in his fpondence for the purpofe, as well as a thorough knowledge
own name; after which, all the partners give one another in all the circumftances relating to fuch trade, in order to
an account of their profit or lofs in trade Thefe forts of carry it on fuccefsfully.
partnerfhips are concealed, and known only to the partners The conditions of agreement are next to be weighed : as,
themfelves. 1. Whether he that advances the capital fhould have any cer-
Anonymous pannrrfliips in trade, in France, are fuch, alfo, tain intereft for a part, cr the whole, of his money, befides
wherein perfons of fortune and quality depofit fums of money, receiving a proportion of the profits, or bearing the like
in order to fhare of the profit and lofs. To this end, thofe fhare of the iofs.
w ho furnifn the capital have no trouble in the carrying on the 2. Whether the trader is only to undertake the fole conduct
trade, nor do their names appear to be any way intcrefted of the bufinefs ; or whether, befides, he fhould not advance
therein. a part of the capital, the better to engage him in the com-
The firft foundation of thefe kind of partnerfhips in France, mon intereft ; and what fhare of the profits he fhall have for
was grounded, fays Mr. Savary, in the Complete Trader, hisfkill and conliant attendance on the bufinefs.
upon the following principles, viz.. 3. Whether the perfon who finds the money is likely to ha-
1. That pcrfoi were not of the mercantile profeflion

zard more than the fum he adventures, and how he is to guard
might make ufe of thefe mcalures to employ their money, arrainft accidents of this kind, by the ill conduct or misfor-
without being guilty of ufury for that, by their running the
; tune of the trader.
hazard both of traders and trade, they were juitly and honour- Tbis mutt be & matter of the <reateir c'cli acv, and cannot
be
 A N O
be too cautioufly guarded againft in England, left the mo-
neyed man fhould be drawn in as a partner in affairs which
he has never confented to, or approved of. It is to be con-
fidered, therefore, whether it may not be more eligible to lend
a trader money at legal intereft, than to be deemed a partner
With him, in cafe of the accidents of trade, and the fecret
negociations he may carry on befides thofe which are known
to one that is only an anonymous, and not an active, partner
in the trade.
Nor fliould fuch anone, interefted in the trade, omit to ftipu-
late a free accefs to all letters, books, and accounts, at all
times, in order to judge how the bufinefs goes on.
But, in this cafe, the advancer of the money will be as much
at a lofs as if he had not this toleration, unlefs he is perfectly
well acquainted with mercantile accountantfhip
is more eafy than to perplex and confound one
rant thereof.
Upon the whole : there is great danger attending fuch kind
of tranfactions, unlefs the moneyed man acts with the ut-
moft circumfpcction, and, indeed, is full as knowing in the
practical arts of commerce as the trader himfelf.
There are, alfo, different kinds of anonymous partnerfhips
among traders, which may be well worthy fome readers at-
tentive confideration.
Suppofe, for example, that a merchant of Marfeilles under-
ftands that there is a fhip, laden with various forts of mer
chandife, coming from Smyrna, and he receives an invoice of
the merchandize therein contained ; fuppofe, likewife, that
fuch merchant does not care to run the hazard of the whole,
and writes to a correfpondent at Paris, acquainting him that
there is fuch a cargo, and, fending him the invoice thereof,
he defires to know whether he chufes to be interefted with
him any part of the faid cargo.
in
The merchant at Paris, having perufed the invoice, and find-
ing there is profit to be made, engages to take part, one half,
a third, or a quarter, profit or lofs, of the fliip's cargo, and
writes to his correfpondent at Marfeilles accordingly, that he
may either draw upon him for Inch part of the
charge, or that he will remit him.
The merchant of Marfeilles, having received this anfwer from
him purchafes fuch merchandifes that were contain-
at Paris,
ed in his correfpondent's letter, which gives birth to this part-
nerfhip, that is diftinguifhed by anonymous, it taking place
only pro tempore, by virtue of letters, and is unknown to the
public. The merchant of Paris, by letter, obliges himfelf
to be anfwerable to him at Marfeilles for the part he has en-
gaged for, and to abide by the profit or lofs ; and the mer-
chant of Marfeilles, by purchafe of the merchandize, accepts
the partnerfhip, and obliges himfelf to render an account,
and make good the profits which (hall accrue on thefales there-
of, and to fuftain his fhare in the loffes which may arife there-
on. But, in this cafe, the merchant of Paris is not anfwer-
able either to the mailer of the fhip, or to the owners of the
merchandifes, for what the merchant of Marfeilles fhall have
bought; fo that, if the merchant of Marfeilles fails before
he has paid for fuch merchandife, no remedy can be had
againft him at Paris.
The reafon thereof is, becaufe the Marfeilles merchant treats
in this cafe, in hisown name only, with him who fells him the
merchandife, and who acknowledges him alone for his debtor.
In fhort, the feller can have no more remedy againft the Paris
merchant for what he fold to the Marfeilles merchant, than
the Paris merchant can againft him, if he demanded, in his
own name, the execution of what the Marfeilles merchant
was to have performed on his part towards him.
It is the fame thing, likewife, in regard to the fale, as to
the purchafe, of merchandifes ; for, if this merchant of Mar-
feilles fent the goods bought by him to be fold by the mer-
chant of Paris, it is clear that he at Marfeilles could main-
tain no action againft the buyers at Paris, under pretence
that he was a party interefted in fuch goods, the debtors there
acknowledging no body their creditor but the merchant at
Paris, of whom they purchafed thefe merchandifes fo that
if the merchant at Paris fails, he at Marfeilles can only come
in as a creditor with the reft, for fuch proportion of the bank-
rupt's effects as ihall be divided among the creditors. This
is the univerfal law and cuftom of merchants; and, if duly
confidered, will be found to be well bottomed on the laws
of nature and reafon, for the fupport of univerfal commerce:
for, in this cafe, the anonymous, or unknown partner, de-
pends on the fidelity of him to whom heconfigned the goods
for fale j and, was not this the cafe, there would be no fecu-
rity in trade.
However, the cuftom and ufage of merchants are different,
if the two anonymous partners immediately divide the mer-
chandife bought between them, according to the fhare and
proportion of each, and that the merchant at Marfeilles fhould
fend his part to him at Paris, to be difpofed of with his mark,
and for his proper account, by commifiion in this cafe the :
bankruptcy of him nt Paris happening, he at Marfeilles may
lay claim to the merchandife which fhall be found intire,
and in the fame condition as fent, in the poffeffion of the
merchant at Pari? but, with regard to what (ball be fold,
; pofite to the arctic circle.
he cannot claim that of the buyers, although they (hall not
Vol.. I.
A N t
have paid for the fa-ne; becaufe the merchandif,-, having
changed hands, becomes the abfolute property of the pur-
chafer. Thus he at Marfeilles can have no a&ion igatnl
thofe buyers for payment, although they remain debtors to
the bankrupt, and he can only ad towards them as debtors
to the merchant of Paris, who has debited them in his books
to merchandife fold them in his proper and private; name,
and not under that of the merchant of Marfeilles f<> that the ,
merchant at Paris only is the debtor to him a: ufeillcs. M
This is an eftablifhcd ufage among merchants. *
Thefecond kind of anonymous partnerfhips is, when tradef-
-
men and merchants refort to eftahlilhed and markets,
fairs
with intent to buy or fell merchandifes. Thofe who have
occafion for the fame fort of goods, in order to prevent rai-
; for nothing fing the price by the diftinct number of buyers, agree, three
who is igno- or tour, or more, together, to join in an anonymous part-
nerfhip for that time, for the purchafe of goo is during the
fair,&c. one of them only appears in the conduct; after
which the goods are divided accoiding to what each indivi-
dual agreed for, and paid for to the feller by the vifible pur-
chafer only. As thefe fort of partnerfhips are only o:cafiohal
and unforcfeen, they are made upon the fpot verbally only
among the parties concerned, from which agreement they
very rarely deviate. The Dutch factors who refide at Nantz
in trance, often make this kind of anonymous aflociations,
in the purchafe of wines and brandies, and by that means, as
it were, put their own price upon them for traders mult act
;
through them as their brokers; who having once offered a
price, if they are not taken at a word, another will come after-
wards, and offer lefs ; which fometimes fo greatly difappoints
the fellers, that they decline coming to the public fairs and
markets. On the other hand, when goods are fcarce, the
fellers, in their turn, will enter into thefe anonymous combi-
nations. The moft eminent traders will enter into the like
agreements, and, having bought up all the goods of the petty
dealers in the country, they carry them to the public fairs and
markets, and fet their own price thereon for by this means;
prime coft and all buyers muft purchafe of them, or return without what
they came for. This fort of aflociations is a kind of mono-
poly, and of public detriment, and often deitroys the ceco-
nomy, and reflrains the freedom, of commerce. Thefe
things frequently happen at fairs and markets the fellers :
combine to flick to a price, and the buyers will give
only a middling price ; fo that all bufinefs fhall be, as it
were, at a ftand, and difconcerted, and all of a fudden, on
the laft day of the fair, or market, both buyers and fellers
come to a reafonable refolution ; and fometimes, by thefe
meafures, the buyers, fometimes the fellers, become the
dupes. Thefe, and many others, are the fineU'es of com-
merce, which are hard to be prevented.
Another fpecies of thefe anonymous, or unknown agree-
ments in commerce, is between traders who obferve, for ex-
ample, that in France corn is extremely dear, by reafon of
the badnefs of the harveft for two or three years, which has oc-
cafioned a fcarcity ; and that at Dantzick, or in England, or
fome other part, there is a great plenty of corn in conlequence :
of thefe observations, three or four merchants of fortune fhalt
unite together to buy, and import the fame into France, and
depute one only to be the vifible and known purchafer.
Nor are thefe forts of anonymous temporary partnerfhips
pradtifed only among merchants, and other traders, but there
are perfons of quality who in France will often take fhare in
thofe occafional aifociations with traders eminent for their
difcernment and worth ; they being wife enough not to
think it the leaft difparagement or degradation to their ho-
nour and dignity to promote the commerce of their country,
in concert with their private intereft. And certainly there
is no way of gain more honourable, or more lawful, than
what is obtained in this manner, becaufe they rifk their mo-
ney upon an uncertainty of profit or lofs.
What renders this kind of partnerfhips the more eligible by
perfons of fortune is, that they run no hazard in France
: quatenus a partner.
Great eftates may be acquired by merchants from this prac-
tice, judicioufly managed, and that with a middling fortune ;
which fhall be fully fhewn under the article of Partner-
ships foreign and domeftic.
To ANSWER for another, fignifies to be bound for him, to
be his furety. It is a common faying among the French,
that he who anfwers, pays. This happens but too often in
trade, where fuch anfwering, or binding one's (elf for another,
cau'fes very rich and fubfta.ntial merchants to break, whofe
failure is occafioned by nothing but their too great readinefs
in anfwering for others. This has been very fatal to many
in England, in regard to the revenue in particular.
ANTARCTIC Pole, in geography, is the fouthern pole, or
end of the earth's axis fo called, becaufe oppofite to the:
:
arctic, or north pole.
Theftars near the antarctic pole never appear above our horizon.
Antarctic Ciicle, is one of the letter circles of the fpher-;
parallel to the equator, at the diftance of 23 degrees 30 mi-
nutes from the fouth pole. It takes its name from being op-
ANTEDATE, a falfified date, a date fet down before the
T true
 ANT
true one. Antedates are of a very dangerous confequence in
matters of tiade.
To Antedate, is to fet down a falfe date, to date from a day
prior to that on which the bufinefs is tranfacted, the note, or
bill, drawn, or letters written, &c.
Remarks.
In France it was formerly the ill cuftom to leave blank orders
n the back of bills of exchange; that is to fay, to indorfe
them by writing only one's name, fo that they could eafily
be antedated, which might occafion very great abufes, es-
pecially from thofe who happened to break for they who
: fatbeafts are left to rot
fell under that misfortune, and had bills of exchange drawn
at two ufances, or payable in the payment of Lyons, which
were to order, in blank, might antedate the order, and make
them thus be received under borrowed names, or give them
in payment to fuch of their creditors as they wanted to fa-
vour, to the prejudice of others by which means thofe bills
: neral.
could not be demanded to be added to the bankrupt's ef-
fects, becaufe, the date of their order feeming to be prior
to the time of the failure, it could not be urged that they
were negociated within the time wherein the perfon became a
bankrupt.
The regulation for commerce in France, made in the year
1673, has provided, that it is not now fo eafy to antedate
orders on the back of bills of exchange for, in the 22d ar-
: other is to Great-Britain.
ticle of tit. 5. it is ordered, that the fignature, or namefign-
ed, on the back of bills of exchange, fhall ferve only as an
indorfement, and not as an order, unlefs it be dated, and
contain the name of the perfon who fhall have paid the value
in money, merchandife, or otherwife: and, by the 26th ar-
ticle of the fame title, it is ordered, that, whoever antedates
orders, fhall be punifhed as guilty of forgery.
To ANTICIPATE a payment, is to pay it before the time be
expired, when it is to become due.
ANTILLES ISLANDS, lie in America, fituate in the At-
lantic ocean, between 59 and 63 degrees of weft longitude
from London, and between 11 and 18 degrees of north lati-
tude. Some call thefe ifles the Caribbees, from the firft fet-
tiers, though this is a denomination that moft geographers
confine to the Leeward Iflands, with regard to the ufual courfe
of the European fhips from Old Spain, or the Canary Iflands
to New Spain ; in which courfe they mull: neceffarily pafs be-
tween fome of thofe iflands.
They are commonly diftinguifhed by the Great and Little
Antilles. Befides the original natives, they are inhabited by
Spaniards, or Englifh, French, or Dutch, as they have hap-
pened to be poffeffed by them. We
fhall take them as they
are ranged on the north fide of the north fea, from weft to
eaft, and on the fouth fide of it from eaft to weft, let them
belong to whom they will.
The firft that we come to from the Bahamas, are Cuba, Ja-
maica, Hifpaniola, and Porto- Rico, which, with fome final]
ones, as it were appendant to them, go all by the name of
the Great Antilles.
I, Cuba. This ifland, which begins on the eaft fide, at lati-
tude 20. 20, touches on the north at the tropic of Cancer,
and extends from longitude 74 to 85. 15, about 11 degrees
from eaft to weft, or 660 miles from Cape St. Anthony on the
weft, to Cape Maize on the eaft ; but is very narrow in pro-
portion, being, in fome parts, not above 12 or 14. leagues
in breadth, and, at moft, but 120 miles in length. It lies
60 miles to the weft of Hifpaniola, 25 leagues to the north
of Jamaica, 100 miles to the eaft of Jucatan, and as many
to the fouth of Cape Florida, and commands the entrance of
both the gulphs of Mexico and Florida, and the Windward
PafTage fo that the Spaniards, by their poffeffion of this
: is liable to be invaded from thefe three quarters at once ; and,
ifland, may, with a tolerable fleet, not only fecure their own
trade, but annoy their neighbours.
'Tis faid to have generally the beft lands, for fo large a coun-
try, of any in America, and to produce moft of the commodi-
ties known in the American iflands, particularly ginger,
pepper, and other fpiccs caflia, fiftula, maftic, aloes, large
; they would not be able to keep in a body without the help of
cedars, and other odoriferous trees ; oaks, pines, palm-trees,
large vines, cotton-trees, and tobacco. They have fruit-trees
of various forts, large walks of cocoas, good fugar- works, and
?.re faid to make the beft fugars in the Weft-Indies, "though in
no great quantity, for want of hands to cultivate the canes.
They have mines of copper, which furnifh the Spaniards in
America with metal for their brafs founderies, for the making
of cannon, &c. Gold duft alfo being found in the fands of
the rivers, it is conjectured there are gold mines, if not of
filver, in the mountains, of which there runs a ridge from
the eaft to the weft of the ifland.
But the Spaniards have not yet opened thefe mines perhaps ;
from not having yet discovered them, or from policy to pre-
vent an invafion, as is faid to be the cafe at Florida, where,
though 'tis certain they have mines towards the north fea,
they do not work them, but rather employ themfelves in
others farther up the country, th :ig!i the carriage by land to
Mexico is much more expen five.
This ifland has many very good ports and harbours
of great
advantage to fhipping for the fafe wafting the gulph, and when
the Spaniards keep Guarda Colta, plying oft' and on between
ANT
the weft end of Cuba and Hifpaniola, it is fcarce poftible for
any Englifh fhips from Jamaica to efcape them.
Here are great conveniencies for making fait, and catching
fifh, which are chiefly barbel and fhad. They have mules,
plenty of horfes, fheep, wild boars, hogs, and cattle of a lar-
ger and better breed than any other part of America ; they
have wild fowl, partridges, and large tor.oifes. They have
quarries of flints and fountains of bitumen, which is ufed for
fhips inftead of pitch, and alfo for medicinal ufes.
Their black cattle are fo numerous that they run wild in the
woods for want of people to confume their fiefh many fine :
upon the ground, though great num-
bers are killed, purely for the hides that are fent into Spain.
The flefh being cut into-pieces is dried in the fun, and ferves
as provifions for fhipping.
Abundance of tobacco, both in leaf and fnuft", is exported to
New Spain, Cofta Ricca, the South Sea, and Europe in ge-
Another of its trading commodities is Campeachy
wood for dyeing, which the merchants of this ifland import
from the bay of that name, and the bay of Honduras, and
put the fame on board the flota for Spain, together with their
hides and tobacco. Upon the whole, it is moft advantage-
oufly fituated for the general trade of the Spanifh Weft-Indies,
and may be defervedly called the Gibraltar of America, and
therefore a place of as much importance to Spain, as the
But the Spaniards, by their fhocking butchery of the natives,
have depopulated the ifland, fo that their improvements are
not fo general, nor fo good, in their nature and tendency, as
in our iflands. Here are more churches than farms, more
pi iefts than planters, and more lazy and luxurious bigots than
ufeful labourers. To which it is owing, that this large and
well fituated ifland, with a luxuriant foil, befides great plenty
of food for its inhabitants, does not produce, for exportation,
near the value of our little ifland of Antigua.
Its harbour for fhipping is fo large, as to admit a thoufand
fail of fhips to ride there commodioufly and fafely, as it were
without either anchor or cable, no wind being able to hurc
them. It is fo deep withal, that the largeft veflels anchor at
a fmall diftance from the fhore, and there is commonly fix
fathom water. The entrance, which has no bar or fhoals to
obftruct it, is by a channel about three quarters of a mile in
length, but fo narrow, that only one fhip can go in at a
time.
This ifland is of the greateft importance to the Spaniards of
any of their fettlements in America, the Havanna here being
the place of rendezvous for all their fleets in their return from
that quarter of the world to Spain, and lying at the mouth
of the gulph of Florida, through which they are all obliged
to pafs. The Spaniards therefore, not without reafon, call
it the Key of all the Weft Indies, to lock up or open the door
or entrance to all America : and, in effect, no fhips can pafs
this way, without leave from this port.
But, however impregnable this place may be thought at pre-
fent, yet even the Englifh Buccaneers, under Capt. Morgan,
took it in 1669, and would have kept it, could they have had
the king of England's protection. Had this been the cafe,
our poffeffions in the Weft Indies, as well as our trade thither,
not only to and from our colonies, would have been dulv fe-
cured, but our fair and honourable trade, by the way of Old
Spain to New, would have been far more extended j for,
while the key of the Weft Indies was in Britifh hands, the
Spaniards would always have found themfelves under the ne-
ceflity of encouraging our trade thither, preferably to that of
our rival nations.
Jamaica, lying between Cuba, Hifpaniola, and the continent,
itsfecurity is the more precarious, as the French are pofleff-
ed of the weft part of Hifpaniola. On the other hand, it is
very plain, that if the Englifh were poffeffed of the Havan-
na, our fhips, both here and at Jamaica, would be always
long ready to pick up the ftraggling fhips of the Spaniards, which
this port, it being as impoflible for their unwieldy fhips to
turn up through the Windward Paffage from the bay of Mex-
ico, or Porto Bello, without feparation, as it would be for
them to pafs the gulph of Florida, fhould they lofe the Ha-
vanna, where they always rendezvous, victual, water, and
provide all neceffaries for their return to Spain.
II. Jamaica, extends from longitude 75. 57 weft of London,
to longitude 78. 37, and from latitude 17. 48, to 18. 50.
This ifland, reckoned bigger than all the other Britifh fugar
iflands put together,Barbadoes excepted, is fo far from being
wholly cultivated, fome of them are, that it has as much
as
land uncultivated as would produce about three times what it
does at prefent, were encouragement given for the cultivation
of the reft.
The general produce of this ifland is fugar, rum, ginger, co-
coa, coffee, cotton, pimento, or Jamaica pepper, feveral
kinds of woods, fome medicinal drugs and tobacco, but of (o
ordinary a fort, that it is only cultivated to ferve the negroes,
who could fearce live without it. Fruits grow here in great
plenty, the Seville and China orange, the common and fweet
lemon, (haddocks, citrons, pomegianatcs, mamics, four-feps,
5 P a P a >>
 ANT
papas, pine-apples, cuftard-applcs, ftar-apples, prickly pears,
Alicada pears, melons, pompions, gavas, and feveral forts of
berries, whicli are to be found in the woods every where.
The fugar-cane the glory and treafurc of Jamaica, as well
is
as of Barbadocs, Antigua, St. Chriftophcr's, Nevis, and all
our new colonies annexed to the crown of England by the
Definitive Treaty of 1763 ; and, as it is the piincipal article
of the Britifh commerce in our American iflands, we mall
give an ample account of that manufacture from the cane,
under the article of Sugar.
The confumption of fugars in Great-Britain, one year with
another, has been computed at 70,000 hogfheads, each con-
taining twelve hundred weight: and, according to a compu-
tation we find in a treatife, faid to be written by Mr. Afhlcy,
late deputy-auditor of Barbadoes, and well acquainted with
this trade, intitlcd, The importance of the fugar- colonies to
Great-Britain, they all produce, on an average, 85,000 hog-
fheads ofiugar in a year the neat profits of which the author
; of it as the Englifh, though they run no lefs hazard in buying
fuppofes to be fpent in England by the proprietors of cftatcs
in the Weft-Indies, who rcfide here, or are fent outannuallv
in the Britifh manufactures, either directly to the fugar-colo-
nies, or to the Guiney coaft, to purchafe negroes for their ufc.
The author reckons, that there are three hundred fail of (hips
fent every year to our lugar-colonies from Great-Britain (not
to mention thofe from other places) which are navigated by
about 4500 feamen that the freight for the fugars brought
: when, having bargained for what part of the cargoe they
hither amounts to 1 70,000 1. a year, and the duty, com-
miffion, Sic. to little lefs than ?.oo,oool. more.
As to the exports from hence to our fugar colonies, it appear-
ed t>y the cufiom-houfe books in 1726, that all the Britifh
manufactures exported to Barbadoes, all the Lceward-lflands,
and Jamaica, put together, the latter of which generally takes
as much for the Spanifh trade, Sic. as all thofe other iflands,
amounted to 234,785 1. 17 s.
The Jamaica fugar is faid to be the befl in all our plantations,
and made with the greateft eafe; for Dr. Stubbsfays, it cures
falter here in ten days, than it docs in fix months in Barbadoes,
efpecially in thofe places where it rains for months together.
There were about fixty mills in Jamaica in the year 1670,
which were computed to make about two millions of pounds
weight of fugar; and fome writers fay, they now make ten
times as much as they did then.
Indigo was formerly produced in great quantities in this ifland.
In the parilh of Vere, where it was chiefly cultivated, the
profits of the planters were fo great, that 300 gentlemen's
coaches were reckoned at its parifh-church every Sunday. But
whether it was owing to the want of feafons, or, as the
planters themfelves fay, to the high taxes that were laid upon
that commodity, there is not at prefent a ftalk of indigo to be
found there, nor arjy other veftiges of the former profperity
of that parifh. The tax laid by the Britifh legiflature on that
commodity was 3 s. 6 d. a pound, which might have been
borne, when a pound weight of it was worth 10 s. but upon
its falling to 4 s. was infupportable.
We became and not only took off
fenfible of this too late,
all duty upon indigo of our own growth, but have invited
foreigners to bring it to us duty-free, and even in their own
Clips. There have been fome attempts of late to revive this
manufacture in Jamaica, but without fuccefs, the people
there having quite forgot the art however, in the year 743,
: !
Mr. Macfarlan made a Imall quantity of very good indigo in
the parifh of St. Thomas in the Vale ; whether he has profe-
cuted his defign fince we cannot learn, but are pretty fure
that all, or moil of the indigo imported from our fugar-colo-
nies, is the produce of our neighbouring French and Spanifh
plantations. See the article Indigo.
There are few colonies in America fo well ftored with cattle
as this their horfes, afl'es, and mules, are very cheap, and
: Spanish-town,
there would be much greater quantities of Mack cattle, only
the Englifh here, who mind planting more than grazing, have
thereby folefl'ened the ftock, that they are fupplied with flefh
from the northern colonies, as well as the Leeward Iflands.
Their fheep are generally large and fat, and the flefh good,
but the wool, being long and full of hairs, is worth nothing.
Their bays, roads, and rivers, abound with excellent fifh of
almoftall the European and American kinds; but the tortoife
is by much the moft valuable, both for its (hell and fifh, the
latter being counted the moft delicious, and withal the moft
wholefome in the Indies, and efteemed as one of the niceft
dainties at the table of our nobility and merchants, to whom
they are often fent as prefents from the governors and chief
planters of this and the neighbouring iflands.
The chief trade of Jamaica is with Great-Britain ; for the
iflanders wear, eat, and drink, fcarce any thing but what
comes from thence, except Madeira wine, and rum punch.
The moft faleable goods here are ofnabrugs, check linen,
wbite linen, both coarfe and fine; laces, cambricks, hats,
fhoes, ftockings, broad cloths, filks, platilloes ; all forts of
iron ware, foap, candles, butter, cheefe, fait beef, pork,
herrings, dried cod-fith, bifcuit, beer, ale, cyder, &c. all
which bring at lea.it 50 per cent, to the importer.
The general trade of this, and the ifland of Barbadoes, is
much alike, but in fome articles it differs ; as in moft of the
ANT
dyers woods from the bay of Campeacbjr, which the Barb
does people cannot fo eafi'y come at as the Ja 1
who
arc only at the charge of cutting and cai rying it off, though
the Spaniards, even before the breaking out of the prefent
war, did fo much to hinder that trade, that the logwood-cut-
terswere forced to have guards, and fighl for their prize, the
Spaniards reckoning this an illicit trade, and that lifh
have no right to trade in the bay of Campeachy, but be ingHfll I
haveaffertedthecontraiy. See he artich Logwood Trade.
The Jamaica trade has, in the general, the advantage of
that of Barbadoes, and particularly in bringing us bullion ; fo
that fome years, 'tis (aid, it has exported no lefs than
300,000 pieces of eight to Great-Britain.
Notwithftanding all the care that the courts of England and
Spain have hitherto taken, to prevent a ciandeftine trade be-
ing carried on from Jamaica to the Spanifh main, they have
rot been able to fupprefs it. For the Spaniards are as fond
the merchandize, than the Englifh do in felling it to them, as
appears by their way of managing it, which is thus: The
fhip, being furnifhed at Jamaica with negroes and dry goods,
commonly makes to the coaft near Porto Bello, and no fooner
arrives, but a perfon who undcrltands Spanifh, is fent off to
give notice of it to the dealers about Porto Bello, who ap-
point the time an,d place for the (hip's canoe to attend them;
want, they return to the town for the money, which they
bring aboard, and take the goods.
Sometimes the Spanifh dealers come to trade over the Ifthmus
from Panama, travelling like peafants, with mules laden with
jars of meal, in which they conceal their filver, tor fear of
meeting with the km:-; of Spain's officers and therefore they
;
generally travel through woods and bye The floop
trade from Jamaica to the Spanifh Weft-Indies, c r the 1 .
protection of our men of war, has heretofore been reck d
at 200,000 1. a year, till 1702, that an order came to the go-
vernor of Jamaica to prevent it, on account of a treaty be-
twixt us and the Dutch, who afterwards went into it them-
felves at Curaflau.
The importance of this ifland to Great-Britain, not only for
its trade but fituation, is very great. For, it lying in the very
center of the Spanifh acquifitions in America, no veffel can
fcarce come to, or go from, the continent of New Spain, but
muft neceffarily fail within fight of Jamaica, or fall into the
hands of fuch of our cruizers as are ftationed there ; for every
fleet comes from Carthagena puts into Hifpaniola, from
that
whence cannot fail for the Havanna, the general rendez-
it
vous of the Spanifh galleons and flota, without pafling by one
end or the other of Jamaica.
Here alfoare many fine bays which are convenient for fhip-
ping, fome whereof might be improved to excellent purpofes,
and a fleet might lie in them with the greateft fafety, and
watch the motions of fhips from the Havanna.
Port Royal. The harbour, which is eleven miles by land,
from Spanilh-town, and fix by water both from thence and
from Kingfton, is about three leagues broad, very deep, and
perhaps one of the beft in the world. So that 1000 fail of the
largeft fhips may ride in it fafe (the hurricanes always except-
ed) from every wind.
Kingston is about 5 miles from Port-Royal by water, but not
lefs than 15 by land. It is the refidence of the moft confidcr-
able merchants, whofe fhips load and unlo d here, which
makes it a place of vaft trade and there are never lefs than
,
two or three hundred veffels in the bay before it. The har-
bour is fpacious, and the fhips lie land-locked ; but thepen-
infula that covers them from the fea, being low and narrow,
they are not altogether fafe from ftorms.
the chief city of the ifland, being an inland
place, its trade is inconfiderable, yet feveral wealthy mer-
chants, and moft of the gentlemen of eftates, have houfes in
it, where they live after a very gay manner.
All fhips bound to Jamaica from Great-Britain, or Ireland,
or the plantations on the American continent, or from the
coaft of Africa, inftead of attempting to pafs through the
gulph of Florida, where the current is ftrong againft them, or
through the ftreight called theWindward Pafl"age,which would
-be altogether as impracticable, and hazardous, always lhape
their courfe fo as to faH down fo far fouthward, till they arrive
fomewhat eaft of the Caribbee-iflands,.in a parallel latitude
with Jamaica ; and for this end,they generally make the
ifland of Antigua, or others in that neighbourhood, from
whence they alter their courfe to due weft, and bear away
with the trade-wind to Jamaica.
But when fuch fhips are homeward bound to Europe, or the
northern colonies on the American continent, they have their
choice of two courfes, viz. either through the Windward
Paffage, or through the gulph of Florida.
The current of this gulph is an hindrance to the paffage of
fhips from Europe to Jamaica, and, by confequence, it will
drive them homewards, or towards Europe.
From clearing the weft point of Jamaica to the weft of Cape
St. Antonio, in the ifland of Cuba, the fhip has the advantage
of the trade- wind upon her ftarboard quarter all the way,
whi>.h
 ANT ANT
which from Port- Royal, the place fhe is fuppofed to fet out powerful, that theymay make themfelves mafters of the whole
from, is in all a run of about 200 leagues but when fhe
: ifland,whenever they pleafe, and doubtlefs will, when the
doubles Cape St. Antonio, and changes her courfe to bear proper time prefents ; which will render our pofleflion of Ja-
away for the gulph of Florida, which is in the teeth of the maica the more precarious.
trade-wind, fhe then lofes much more time and way than fhe Its principal trade confifted for many years in tobacco, in
had gained in her quic': paffage from Jamaica to the leeward which there have been from 60 to ico fhips errplo/ed, but
of Cuba and, while fhe is thus beating againft the wind, be-
:
that funk to nothing in the eftablilhment of an exclufive farm
tween the coaft of Cuba and the gulph, fhe is in great dan- of this commodity in France, and fugar afterwards became
ger from the bpanifh guarda cofta's from the Havanna; and the ftaple commodity. Some think it is the beft that is made
fuppofing fhe efcapes them, and is juft entered the gulph, in the Weft-Indies. .

fhe is ftill in greater perils, from the current and coaft of 'Twas computed in 1726, that tru-re were 200 fugar works
Florida. here, that at an average they made annually 400 hogfheads,
This homeward paffiige through the gulph being fo very pre- each of 500 weight, which did not bring lefs than 200,000 1.
carious, there remains no other courfe but that of the Wind- fterling per ann. to the French. The indigo was reckoned to
ward PafTige. Now the extent of this paffage is about 1C0 produce half as much. At prefent, 'tis thought, the trade is
leagues from CapeMorant to the north fide of Crooked Ifland; rather in a better than worfe condition, in regard to thefe
and, reckoning from Port Royal, 'tis above 180. The trade- articles, to the great injury of the Britifh colonies, and be-
winds blowing continually from eaft to weft, the mod: diffi nefit of the French. to
cult part of this paffage is the courfe from Port-Royal Point IV. Porto Rico, belonging to the Spaniards, is the laft of the
to Morant, which is direclly againft the wind, and has very Great Antilles Iflands, whofe tra'e remains to be defcribed.
often detained fhips for a month or fix weeks together ; and, This ifle extends from long. 65 to 67. and from lat. 18 to
indeed, after that, many have been forced to return to Port- 18, 40.
Royal, after fuffering great damage. The foil is extremely fertile, abounding in fine meadows, and
Some fhips that fet out betwixt December and May, have had well flocked with wild cattle. Their pork is excellent, fois
the good fortune to turn that point in one night's time, by the flefh of the kids, but their mutton is poor dry food. They
taking an advantage, which does not always offer, of the have good fhip-timber, and variety of fruit-trees, cocoas,
trade-winds, and currents flackening in that feafon towards pine-apples, mameys, guavas, papays, bananas, plaintains,
the evening, and of the ftrong breezes then rifing from the palms, mufk-melons, oranges, limes, plums, figs, wild
land ; but this cannot be done from May to December, be- grapes, pomegranates, citrons, pimento, caffia, fiftulet, the
caufe then the trade-winds and currents are the ftrongeft. fenfitive plant, and the baftard cinnamon, together with rice
Befides, in the intervening months, they have fuch fiery fea and Indian corn.
breezes, efpecially in July, Auguft, and September, that no The principal commodities in which its traders deal, are fugar,
fhips ftir out of port :therefore, the fafeft time for them to ginger, hides, cotton thread, or raw cotton, caffia, maflic, isc.
leave Jamaica, is obferved to be betwixt December and May. They have alfo great quantities of fait, and make a confider-
And, even when fhips have doubled the cape of Morant, they able profit of their oranges and lemons, as fruit, and in fweet-
are expofed to the danger of meeting with the French and meats. They have many good veffels, in which they trade
Spanifh guarda cofta's of Hifpaniola, by being neceflitated, for to various parts of America.
fafety only, to fleer as near as poffible to that ifland, till they The genius of the people, and tli2 convenient fituation of
pafs Crooked Ifland, for fear of being drove to the leeward the ifland, would render it the moft flourifhing of all the Spa-
between Jamaica and Cuba, where it is all a flat fhallow bot- nifh colonies, were it not for the mifchiefs to which they are
tom. Nor indeed are they fafe from thefe enemies, when they frequently liable, from great droughts, hurricanes, and the
are got to the north of Crooked Ifland ; for the Spaniards have, defcents of privateers, whereby their fea-ports have been of-
in time of peace, frequentlypretendedtoasgreat a right to vifit ten ruined.
our fhips hereabouts, as if they were within mufquet-fhot of The other places of any note, which lie near Porto Rico, are
Cuba, or Hifpaniola. But, was the ifland of Cuba once pof- a clufterof very fmall iflands, called the Virgin's Iflands. The
feffed by Great-Britain, it would prove not only the beft fe- only one which deferves our notice, is that diftinguifhed by
curity of our navigation from Jamaica, but of the whole ifland the Danes ifland, St. Thomas's. It is faid by our voyage-wri-
to the Britifh nation. ters,to abound with potatoes, millet, mendioca, and moft
III. Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, is the greateft, next to fortsof fruit and herbage, particularly fugar and tobacco,
Cuba, of all the Antilles Iflands. It lies in the middle between oranges, citrons, lemons, guavas, bananas, and fig-trees.
Cuba and Jamaica, on the north-weft and fouth-weft, and They have hares and black cattle, but are furnifhed with flefh
Porto Rico on the eaft, and is feparated from the laft only by enough from Porto Rico. They have excellent fifh, and all
a narrow channel. forts of wild fowl ; yet fuch is the plenty both of people and
This ifland belongs partly to the Spaniards,
and partly to the money, that provifions are dear. Here is a fafe commodious
French. It is allowed to be the molt fruitful, and by much harbour, which is a free port, and fancfuary for privateers.
the mod pleafant in the Weft Indies, having vaft foreffs of All the trade here is carried on by the Dutch in the name of
cabbage-trees, palm, elms, oaks, pines, the jenipah, caramite, the Danes, and is pretty confiderable for fo fmall a place, par-
acajou, and other trees taller and larger, and the fruit more ticularly in time of peace, where 'tis the ftaple for that traffic,
lovely to the eye, and better tafted than in the other iflands; which the French, Englifh, Dutch, and Spaniards, dare not
particularly ananas, bananas, grapes, oranges, lemons,citrons, carry on publicly in their own iflands. In time of war, pri-
toronias, limes, dates, and apricots. vateers bring their prizes into this, as it were, always neu-
Mere are all the fowl common to the Weft Indies. In the fa- tral ifland, for fale. Many vefftls alfo trade from hence
vannahs, there are innumerable herds of black cattle horfes ;. along the coaft of Terra Firma, and always full of all forts
enough in the French part of it to fupply all their neighbour- of goods.
ing colonies, befides wild horfes and wild hogs of the breed The voyage between thefe iflands, in which there is a plenti-
brought over by the Spaniards. ful fifhery, is the moft pleafant, fays Father Labat, that can
There is fcarce a country in the world better watered either be made, and compares it to a paffage through a large mea-
by brooks, or navigable rivers, which are all full of fifh, as dow, with groves of fine trees on each fide.
the coaft is of crocodiles and tortoifis. Gold duft is found in ANTIMONY, a mineral fubftance, pretty much of a metal-
the fands of their rivers, and it has many mines of gold, fil- lic nature, except that it is not ductile or malleable. It is
ver, and copper. found in mines of various forts of metals, and particularly in
The chief general commodities of this ifland are hides, fugar, thofe of filver and lead ; which made fome chymifls imagine,
indigo, cotton, cocoa, coffee, ginger, tobacco, fait, wax, ho- that it contains all the principles of thofe metals.
ney, ambergreafe, and various kinds of drugs, and dyeing As it is taken from the mine, it is in ftones of feveral fizes,
woods. in figure pretty much like mineral lead, except that it is
The French here are faid to equal, if not outnumber, the lighter and harder.
Spaniards, though both together are very fhort of what the ex- Hungary was formerly the only country where mines of anti-
tent and fertility of the ifland is capable of maintaining. mony were found ; but a great many of them have been fince
Before the Spaniards here murdered, in cold blood, no lefs. difcovered in France, particularly in Poiclou, Auvergne, and
than three millions of the inhabitants, men, women, and chil- Britany.
dren, the natives were innocent and happy in their own way. The antimony of Britany and Poictou is the moft valued,
While the natives enjoyed their poffeflions, they cultivated that of Auveigne being judged to abound more with fulphur.
their lands for them, fupplied them with fifh, and with fome There has been antimony in Hungary in cakes of 3 or 4
quantities of gold. By which the Spaniards lived much more pounds weight, made up, as were, of fmall needles, inter-
it

happily, and in greater affluence than they have ever done
fince ; whereas now the far greater part of what the Spaniards
claim, rather than poflefs, is defert, and yields them little or
nothing.
As this ifland was the firft of the Spaniards difcovcries, fo it
was the certer of their commerce in America. After their
conquefls in Peru, they flighted this ifland ; which encou-
raged the French, about the middle of the laft century, to fix
themfelves on the weft part of the ifland, where they have im-
proved their fi:ulemcnts to fuch a degrc?, and are grown
laced together, of a yellow colour, inclining to gold, upon a
white ground, as it were, of filver ; it was of a quality fur-
pafling all the other forts of antimony; but it is become fo
fcarce, that there is none of it to be feen at prefent.
There is crude antimony, and prepared antimony.
Crude Antimony, as it comes from the mine. But that, to
which the druggifts give that name, bears it but improperly;
fince it has been melted, and eaft into cones or needles, which
are larger or fmall er, according to the provinces from whence
lb it comes; tliofe of the antimony of Poidlou being beautiful,

long,
 ANT
long, broad, white, and mining} thofe of Britany fmaller,
but very well purified.
-Prepared Antimony is that, which Mas patted through the
hands of the chymifts to be purified, who have invented many
different preparations of it, and have alfo given it feveral
names, either out of whim, or with regard to the different
effects they afcribe to it: fuch are the following appellations.
Regulus of antimony, glaSs of antimony, flowers^ butter, faf-
fron, oil, calx, golden fulphur of antimony, imperial powder,
crocus metallorum, rubine of antimony, polycreftes, emetic
wine, diaphoretic antimony, powder of algaret., bezoar mine-
ral, and many other names, which the curious may meet with
in the difpenfatories, and in the works of the chymifts.
No remedy ever underwent a more inconftant fate than anti-
mony has done with regard to phyfic. It was fcarce got out
of the darknefs of its mines, towards the 12th century, by the
afliftanceof the monk Valentine, but the ill fuccefsof the trial
he made of it upon his own unfortunate brethren, the monks,
(if the fat be not a fabulous flory) threw that mineral again
into its former obfeurity. About 300 years after this, Para-
colitis brought it a fecond time to light, and it begun to gain
reputation; when, in the year 1566, it was thunderltruck
by a decree of the parliament of Paris. In 1637, it was re-
ceived by public authority, among the purgative drugs at
leaft. In 1650, a new decree cancelled that of 1566, and
antimony was reftored to its former credit. Since that time,
a full liberty was granted to the doctors of phyfic to preScribc
it, with prohibition to all other perfons to ufe it without
their advice. This may be Said to have completed the tri-
umph of antimony, at lead in France, where it meets no
longer wi'.h any adverfatics, and is become, as it were, the
1 id refource in all diftempers, which feem to have none left.
Nicholas Lemery has published a Treatife of Antimony,
which was printed at Paris in the year 1707, in l2mo, a
commendation of which may be fecn in the Acta Eruditorum
Lipficnf. for the year 1708, p. 122.
In general, molt of the preparations of antimony are either
emetic or diaphoretic. The regulus confifts chiefly, accord
ing to its phyfical mixture, I. In a metallic vitrihable earth.
2. In an arfenical SubStance. 3. In a phlogiflL fpirit. Thefe
three fubftances do particularly conftitute the form nf that
metallic mixture. The metallic earth is the bafis and prin-
Theemetic and dangerous pro
ciple of the diaphoretic virtue.
perty, which the regulus, and other emetic preparation! of
antimony occafion, is produced by the arfenical fubitance
and the phlogiftic principle, is the metallic and ihining ap-
pearance, both of that regulus, and of copper, iron, iin, and
lead. According to the different prepaiations and additions,
may be compofed either molt excellent or molt dangerous re-
medies. It is with refpett to this, as with reSpect to mercury.
The regulus of antimony is ufed by feveral tradefmen, as by
pewterers, letter-founders, Silvei Smiths, minters, and af-
layers; as alfo to make burning-giaiTes, iffc. As to the feve-
ral chymical preparations, which are very numerous, for
their procefs and manner ot uiing them, the curious may con
fult Stahl, Hoffman, and the excellent public lecture on an-
timony by the late Mr. Newmann, printed at Berlin, in the
German tongue, in the year 1730.
In France they fend into the country, by the king's order, an-
timonial remedies, well prepared, but often different ways,
and of which they who ufe them, cannot know the feveral
virtues. Mr. Gcoffroy undertook to regulate this, as much as
poffible, as the curious may fee, in the Hiftory of the Royal
.Academy of Sciences at Paris, for the years 1720 and 1734.
Upon the whole, the various preparations of antimony fhould
be ufed with the greateft precaution, according to the prescrip-
tion of an able phyfician.
Crude Antimony pays a duty of 5 fols per hundred weight
on importation in France, and of 60 fols prepared.
For the duty paid in England, fee Drugs.
Antimony is Jailed by that great phyfician and eminent chy-
mift Dr. Boerhaave, amongft the Semi-metals. It is ufed in
metallurgy, and in medicine as a drug.
The method of fmelting antimony from its native ore is as
follows, viz.
APPARATUS.
1. Chufe a melting crucible, or an earthen- pot unglazed, that
may contain Some pounds ot the ore of antimony, and let it
be broken into fmall bits of the-bignefs of a hazel-nut bore
: To inftance
at the bottom of it a few fmall holes, two lines in diameter
this may be ealily done with a common wimble, or, if this
cannot do by reafon of the hardnefs of the pot, with a fmall
wedge, which Qiuft be moved circularly with the left hand,
and mean while inceflantly Struck with a hammer in the right.
Let the bottom of this veffej be received by the orifice of a
fmailer one, upon which it mult be put, and, when the ore is
put into it, let it be covered with a tile ; and all the joints
be ftopt clofe with proper luting.
a
2. Pit thefe vefiels upon the pavement of the hearth, and put
Stones all round them, at the diitance ot fix inches fill this
:
intermediate (pace with afhes, io high as that the inferior pot
be coveted to the upper-brim. Then put frefh and burning
coals upon it, and with a pair of hand- bellows exc;:c the fire,
Vol.. I.
ANT
till the upper veffel grows red-hot take off the fire a quar-
:
ter of an hour after, and, when the veffels are grown cbldj
open them. You will find that the antimony has run through
the holes made at the bottom of the upper veffel, and makes
in the inferior one a kind of regulus, from the proportion of
the weight whereof with that of ore, you will be able to
know how much may be got out of one hundred weight.
This may enable gentlemen who have eftates in antimony, to
judge of the yielding of the ore of matter fit for fale, and con-
fequently to know what profit the working the fame in large
quantities will yield ; provided the fame method of operation
is made ufe of in the affay, as in the great works. This is
the way tnat is generally ufed to prepare antimony from the
ore, either for the ufes of metallurgy, or medicine, tor the
former, in fomc cafes, it undergoes further methods of re-
fining; and, in the latter, the proceffes in regard to this mi-
neral are very different.
The pharmaceutical method of preparing the effential medi-
caments from antimony, after its being fmelted from the fc,
is, according to the fentiments of the ableft chymifts, as
follows, viz.
PROCESS I.
Antimony diffolved in aqua regia.
Take pure antimony, broke from the top of the cone j re-
duce it to fine powder
put a pound thereof into a low capa-
;
cious glafs veffel, with a wide mouth; fet the veffel under a
chimney, th.it carries up fumes well, and pour to it a pound
and a half of aqua regia. A violent efferveScence arifes, a
great heat, thick red fumes, and a hilling, all which foon
alter ceafe. There now remains at the bottom a matter of a
grey and yellow colour, moifr, thick, pappy, which is to be
dried over a gentle fire, by keeping it fometimes ftirred with
a ftkk.
The USE.
This is called the humid calcination of antimony, whereby
the foSiil, which before was neither emetic nor purgative,
now acquires very violent virtues. The yellow matter in-
corpo-ated amongft this calx is the true fulphur of antimo-
ny, which the acid not diffolving, it is Separated from the
other metallic pare of the antimony, which diffolves in aqua
regia ; whence we have both a calcination, and Separation
; in this procefs j which is fubfervicnt to the following opera-
tions.
PROCESS II.
The true fulphur of antimony.
Take the calx of the preceding procefs, wafh and fhake if
with water, pour off the thick into another veffel ; put on
frefh, and continue thus, till the yellow lighter matter, dif-
perfed in the water, is feparated from the more ponderous
metallic matter, which is to be kept apart; the Sulphureous
part, which falls to the bottom, being freed from the whitifh
water, floating above it, may be thrown away. Then dry the
powder by a gentle fire, and it will be true fulphur. H Some-
what larger pieces of antimony were put into aqua regia, and
the Solution thus performed, larger pieces of fulphur would
be obtained ; becaufe the aqua regia Seeks out and diffolves
the larger metallic parts concealed in the fulphur, and fo
makes the mafles of fulphur more vifible.
The USE.
Hence it appears, how may fie concealed be-
Secretly fulphur
tween metallic and how extraordinarily aqua regia
fhoo<.s ;
can find out metal, through the body of fulphur ; and again,
how unchanged the nature of fulphur may remain. This 13
the fulphur of antimony, which Helmont orders to be extract-
ed, and whirh he fays fcarce differs from the common,
which, we prefume to fay, is a very great mistake in that
learned chymift, v/e having discovered effential different, pro-
perties, which we Shall take particular notice oS under the ar-
ticle of Sulphur.
We* Shall for the prefent give one inftance, which we do not
remember to have met with in any of the chymical writers,
either ancient or modem.
making of the glafs of antimony.
in regard to the
: The common methods thereof, as. g.ven us by the learned
Boerhaave, Stahl, Homberg, and all the chymifts of the
higheft reputation, are by a tedious calcination for many
hours over a gentle fire: whereas what thefe great men per-
form in many hours, may be performed in near as many mi-
nutes, by virtue of its own antimonial fulphur. Thus ;
PROCESS III.
Let a pound of crude antimony be melted in a common cru-
cible, and put to it gradually the quantity of one quarter of a
pound ot its own fulphur per fe, and ftir it as put in with a
tobacco-pipe, and the whole will, as it were, inftantly be-
come vitrified.
U Th
 ; ;

ANT ANT
Thereafon which led a priori to the trial of this procefs, was, PROCESS VIII.
from obferving that the-vitrifying quality lies only in its ful-
Nitrum antimoniacum.
phur, when dulv excited by the external heat. And by this
means may be eafily vitrified all the inferior metals, and divers Put the waters of the preceding procefs into a glafj-
filtered

minerals; and indeed, when properly applied, moft metalline urinal; evaporate to dry nefs, and keep continually flirring;
fubftances, excepting gold and filver. Thefe are properties at laft there remains a white faline matter, of a particular

very different from common fulphur, in regard to metal- tafte, not ungrateful, nor nitrous, but mild ; and this is

lurgy and, with refpect to medicine, the antimonial fulphur

:
called nitre of antimony.
isan emetic and fudorific, whereas the common brimftone is Hence we fee the nitre is changed into a new fait, by detona-
chiefly laxative. So that not only Helmont, but other learned ting with antimony. This fait is gently aperitive, and, in
cbymifrs, fecm to have miftaken the qualities of this antimo- denfe inflammatory blood, excellently refolves without vio-
nial fulphur, and therefore, perhaps, may have misapplied the lence it fuccefsfully promotes perfpiration, fweat, and urine
:

fame in many cafes, in medicine as well as metallurgy. hence cools and becomes ferviceable in the fmall-pox, meafles,
pleurify, and peripneumony it is therefore wrong to throw
:

PROCESS IV. this water away as noxious; which is commonly done.

The regulus of antimony. PROCESS IX.

Tifeke half a pound of clean iron filings, heat them in a cru- The fixed fulphur of antimony.
cible, gradually put thereto a pound of antimony pulverized,
being firft well dried : keep it in a ftrong fire, fo that it may To the filtered nitrous liquor of the preceding procefs, whilft
flow thin : pour it quite cold, ftrike
into a cone, and, when it remains hot, and contained in an urinal, drop ftrong di-
off the fcoria at top of the cone, the regulus lying at the bot- ftilledvinegar; the liquor will prefently turn milky, and a
tom. And, if the regulus is not fufHciently purified for the very white and fine powder precipitate. Shake the glafs, con-
purpofe intended, you muft remelt it, with a ftrong fire, tinue to drop in vinegar, and ftir the liquor till it appears no
with about four ounces of pure, dry, and hot pulverized nitre; longer turbid; then let it reft till all the powder is fallen af- :

then pour it again into a cone, as before. There will thus terwards pouring it offinto another veffel, perfectly edulcorate
be obtained about feven ounces and a half of regulus as bright the powder with water, dry it, and it will be exceedingly
as filver ; but this is more or lefs, according to the quality of white and fine this is called the fixed fulphur of antimony.
:

the antimony *.
* This procefs may be performed at one operation, by throw-
ing in the nitre gradually after the iron and antimony are
well melted down. Or the regulus may be feparated by a
competent quantity of nitre alone.
PROCESS
If you would obtain the fulphur of antimony, boil the fcoria
of the preceding procefs in common water till it is all dif-
folved the folution will be almoft fcentlefs
; drop vinegar
The acetous, nitrous liquor, that floats above the precipitate,
has extraordinary virtues in all acute, feverifh diforders, as
well on account of the vinegar, as of the mild nitre, now fet
free from its fluggifh fulphur ; and thus the beft things are
often thrown away
(as in this cafe fays Dr. Shaw) in chymif-
try. In thefe feveral proceffes, we fee how wonderfully ful-
phur may be diffolved, lie concealed, and be raifed again in va-
V. rious forms and colours.
Thefe are fome of the principal proceffes of antimony, as
they have relation to practical medicines. Whoever would fee
: all the variety of medicinal preparations propofed to be made

into it, and there inftantly rifes a very fetid ftercoraceous from this mineral, may confult the feveral authors before-
odour; and the liquor that before was thin, becomes very mentioned.
thick. Continue the addition of more vinegar, and ftir the
matter, till nothing more precipitates. Let the matter reft ; Of the application of antimony to metallurgy.
the precipitate will gradually fall pour off the liquor, wafh :

the precipitate in feveral waters, till it becomes perfectly in-
fipid; dry it gently; and this is called the golden fulphur of
antimony. It has a mild emetic virtue, &c. and is called the
golden fulphur, becauie, when rubbed upon
a gold colour thereto.
What the regulus of antimony is capable of performing in the
way of improving metals, we may learn, fays Dr. Stahl, from
Kern der Alchymie, who informs us, ( i.) That the fimple re-
gulus being mixed or melted along with filver, and then eva-
filver, it gives
porated, leaves the filver enriched with a few grains of gold;
and, (2.) That the crocus metallorum, or the fcoria, obtained

PROCESS VI.
in the preparation of the fimple regulus, being edulcorated and
cemented with filver, and laftly melted into it, by a continued
A diaphoretic antimony with nitre. fufion of feveral hours, renders the filver fomething of a gold-
en nature.
Take one part of antimony, and three of nitre reduced to This reguline fubftance of antimony may likewife be commo-
powder; throw them by little at a time into an ignited cru- dioufly employed in the extraction of the metallic fulphurs, as
cible; they will deflagrate. Continue them till all the pow- they are called, and their purification from all terreftrial
der is with care not to add frefti, till the former is
put in ;
heterogeneous faeces ; whence the compound metallic regu-
perfectly deflagrated. Keep the matter for a quarter of an lufes, viz. the martial, the venereal, and the jovial, arife.
hour in the fire, that the crucible may remain ignited let :
There are fome who queftion, whether thefe compound regu-
all cool ; there will remain a white and hard mafs, which
lufesdo actually participate of any thing from the metal where-
being taken out, and reduced to powder, is the diaphoretic with they are prepared and fufpect there is no more per-
;

antimony with nitre. formed in this cafe, than a bare abforption of the fulphur
This matter, thus rightly prepared, being taken in the quan- abounding in the antimony, upon which the reguline pare
tity of half a drachm, (carce occafions any fenfible change,
fubfides alone. The meaning whereof is this, that the re-
excepting that it moderately opens on account of the fixing guline fubirance, confufedly intermixed with a large propor-
nitre adhering thereto; whence it may prove ferviceable in
tion of adhering fulphur, is what makes antimony ; and that,
acute cafes. In this ftate the chymifts call it diaphoretic, and
fulphur be taken away, the remainder becomes regulus
if this
judge, that the arfenical poifon of the antimony is fixed by a
again whence, as the fubjects which eafily take away this
:

large proportion of nitre ; but there was nothing emetic in the

antimony before, though taken in the quantity of feveral
drachms crude, or without any nitre ; whereas an equal pro-
portion of nitre excites this vomitive virtue.
PROCESS
Common diaphoretic antimony.
Reduce the calcined antimony of the preceding procefs to fine
powder; wafh it with hot water; mix it with a ftick
whereby the adhering fixing nitre will be diffolvcd, and a
white calx (ubfide by ftanding. Pour offthe faline liquor, add
frefh water, and edulcorate the calx, fo that no feniible tafte
of the nitrous fait may remain; then dry the powder, and it
will be white, infipid, and ponderous, or the common anti-
fulphur from antimony, are alkalies, iron, copper, tin, and
lead, any one or more of antimony in
thefe, being added to
fufion, ought, upon that im-
fuppofition, only to receive or
bibe the fulphur, and leave the regulus pure and unmixed,
collected in a metallic form at the bottom.
VII. This opinion is overthrown, by numerous experiments
and inftances to the contrary. For example, if any fuch
metallic regulus, though made ever fo pure, be fimply eva-
porated by the blow-pipe, upon a coal, it leaves a pure grain
of metal behind it, which, upon the proof, is found to be
gold or filver. So likewife the martial regulus in particular,
being melted in a crucible, with the addition of coals, or
common fulphur, and detained for fome time in the fire, a
ruddy powder or flowers evaporate or fublime from it, which
nearly approach to the nature of cinnabar and, ifdigefted :

monium diaphoreticum. with a menftruum confiiting of three parts diftilled vinegar,

This is an indolent, noxious calx, fays the learned Dr. Shaw and one of aqua fortis, it affords a green extraction but no- :

upon LJocrhaavc, without any activity difcovcrable by obferva- thing of this kind happens in any of the cafes, when only
tion ; and lofes all the virtue it had before. It only acts fen- the fimple regulus is employed.
fibly when mixed in a double proportion with purgatives, This extraction of the pure metallic fulphur deferves to be
the virtues whereof it actually excites, as appears by fure ex- the more attentively confidered, becauie Becher * exprefsly
amples in the pulvis Corwacnini; but I recommend it for no advlfes us to beware of ufing corrofive, faline menitruums for
other uic.
* Miner. Arenar. p, giz.
this
 ANT
this purpofe, as they might eafily, together with the ufeful
part of the regulus, or rather of the iron or copper, corrode
and extract alio the ufelefs, earthy, and ftyptic part; which,
upon melting them together, would again accrete
ful part, and conceal or difguifc it under
veil.
But this feparation is excellently performed by the regulus of
antimony itfelf; there being no danger that this fhould im-
bibe any of the terreftrial, ftyptic fubltances. But if there be
any fulpicion, that fuch a compound regulus fhould ftill con-
tain fomething of the crude fubflance of the metal, as we
ufually find to be the cafe in the martial regulus, melted in a
ftrong heat, and fuddenly poured into the cone; or if the an-
timony employed contained but little fulphur, or only fo fmall
a proportion was ufed as could not totally c node the metal;
whence the regulus becomes porous, lefs leafy, and lefs bright
and fhining, but rather appears difcoloured and grey, and of
itfelf indifpofed to flow, unlefs the fire be
and whence alfo the venereal regulus turns
the fpace of a few days : in thefe cafes the regulus
beat again, mixed with own, or a half more than its
its
own weight of crude antimony, and thrown into a well ig-
nited crucible, and fufed with a very good heat, fo as to make
the matter run very thin, in which ftate it is to be dirtily
pouieu out; and, by this means, the antimony again imbibes
all the crude metal that adhered to the regulus, and thus
ftill
at a ftngle operation renders it highly pure and bright: an ef-
fect, which in the common w^y with nitre, is not obtaine.i
without a deal of trouble.
It mufl be further obferved, thai this reguline fubflance of an-
timony is convertible into various forma and lhapes. Thus,
for example, 'tis turned to a fixed, to a volatile, and to an in-
termediate fubftance, in the different preparations of diapl o
reticcerufe, bezoar, mineral flowers, mercurius vRafe, glafs of
antimony, &c. from all which the regulus may not only be re-
covered again, but any one of them may likev* ifc be converted
into any other, or made to travel fuccclnvely through all the
various forms of the reft.
If the regulus of antimony be reduced to fine povvdet, and
calcined in an open veflel, fo as that the bottom may remain
ignited /or feveral hours, this is turned into a kind of gicv
powder.
And here there occurs a remarkable phenomenon, which has
occafioned much fpeculation among the chymifts, viz. that
the regulus, notwithftanding its conftant evaporation, oriuj-
limation, in the form of a fine fume, is
weight; example, if an ounce of the c v '"-.!
fo that, for
regulus were thus committed to calcination, it becomes, at
the end of the operation, heavier by half a drachm, or a
drachm, than it was at firft ; and this at the fame tim" that
contracted in its bulk. And, if the powder thus
it is nc
be melted with a fufheient degree of heat, it turn- a kii.d cr
purple glafs, fomewhat purer than that prepared ,rom com-
mon antimony.
If a quantity of charcoal, in grofs powder, be added to thi
glafs, and the method of reduction praclifed in a clofe veffel,
with a fire of fufion continued about an hour, more or lefs,
according to the quantity of the matter ; when, after this,
the vellel comes to be broken, the glafs will be found reduced
to metalline regulus again.
The ufe of antimony in regard to gold.
All the metals, except gold, arcfubjedt to an attenuated refo-
lution by antimony fo that, if any thing of gold be contained
:
in the other metals, it may by this means be feparated from
them.
The feparation, thus procured by antimony, Becher confiders
barely as the effect of gravity ; on account whereof he thinks
the antimony comes to refolve and collect together all the me-
tals, which, being lighter than gold, continue to float
it.
this opinion is not without its difficulties. For, (i.) when
But
nothing but pure gold is melted along with antimony, the an-
timony ftill lets go the gold in the fame manner; though,
by the fuppofition, it fhould only do this upon the mutual
fufion of other metals along with the gold. (2.) But the prin-
cipal objection is, that gold will fubfide in antimony, with-
out mixing at all confiderably therewith ; whilft the fame an-
timony remains moft tenacioufly mterfperfed in the bodies of
all other metals, where it does not act by its bare gravity alone,
as we evidently fee in the cafe of lead for, if lead be found
:
along with antimony, and little plates of filver be thrown in-
to the melted mafs, the lead will not, by that means, be pre-
cipitated, but rather the filver freely fubfides into the regu-
lus, which is no way touched by the antimony ; whilft the
antimony detains the lead, a matter whereto it may adhere
more firmly than to the filver.
ItIs however true in practice, that, when antimony is melted
with iron, for inftancc, either alone, or according to the ether
methods beforementioned, the iron thus fubtilly diifolved may
be brought to enrich the body of the filver, or to depofit a
grain or two of gold therein; ?s may be ilifcovered by edul-
corating the fcoria, ftrati lying it with filver plate, and cement-
ing them both together for fome hours in a clofe veflel, the
ANT
fire at length being fo far Incrcafed as to make the matter flow
fome hours longer after which it is to be taken out, beat
for ;
from its fcoria, refined, and proved by the depart.
to the ufe- The reafon of which effect proceeds hence, that the latent
its former ignoble gold naturally contained in iron, being how very fubtilly di-
vided and diffufeJ therewith, comes, in the courf- of this
long continued fufion and ebullition, to be a thouland times
toffed and agitated evefy- where about therein, fo as of ne-
ceffity fometimes to impinge upon, and unite with, the par-
ticles of the filver, which now make part of the mixture;
and, being once lodged among them, they cannot after-
wards be touched either by the antimony or the iron ; fo
that the gold, thus defended, wants only for its manifeftation
to be perfectly feparated from the fcoria, and collected toge-
ther in its natural form, by the proper operations for that
purpofe. See the article Refining.
But it is alfo apparent at the fame time, that the fcoria here
made very intenfe ;
formed by the antimony corroded with the metal, whence
ruddy or livid in they come to be joined together, are lighter than the reft of
is to be the metal which remains corroded, and floats above it in the
nature of frum.
1 he theory of Decher, therefore, may very well be admitted
in this fenfe, that all the metals, but g j! J, being corroded
by antimony, th.it metal, on account of its fuperior fpecific
gravity, falls to the loweft place.
This explanation may be further illuftrated by the following
experiment. To an ounce of melted filver throw two ounces
of antimony; and, when they have flowed very thin together,
pour them out ; upon which the antimony will be found at
top, togcthei with about a dram of the filver it has corroded,
in the lurm of a fpungy Icoria, whilft the reft of the filver
that is not thus diflblved, remains tlofe and heavy, like a re-
gulus, at the bottom.
'J he ultimate refinement of gold is by fufing it thin with
thrice own
weight of antimony; wherein the antimony
its
fears aw?y and imbibes the fubftance of all the other metals,
but Leave* the gold nit.uched which, therefore, as the hea- ;
vier body, fall ilua 'o the bur 0111 of he melting cone. <
It is remaikable in hit eration, that a very little portion
>
of antimony, fo little 11 ^n icacc alter the weight of the
gold, adheres tenacioufly to the furface thereof, and covers
its native colour with a whitenefs whence it is commonly ;
faid, that the. fucne of the antimony here turns the gold
white. 1 he ic_ulu--, is again to be purged from this accre-
tion by the blaft, whi< h will drive the little additional matter
foum' In gai .
> off in fcoria, or exhalation.
'<
1 hefe are the chief ufes wherein antimony is applied in me-
tallurgy. In what cafes it is further ufed we fhall lhew un-
der their refpective heads.
AN ItPODES, geography, are fuch inhabitants of the earth
in
.
as live diametrically oppofite to
one another, that is, in paral-
> lel of latitude equally diftant from the equator, but one
north, the other fouth, and under the fame meridian,
though 180 , or juft half that meridian, diftant from one an-
other.
ANTiSCII, in geography, are the people who live in two
places oppofite to one another, one on the north, the other
on the fouth fide of the equator, fo that their ihadows at
noon fall different ways, one directly oppofite to the other.
ANTOECI, in geography, are fuch inhabitants of the earth as
dwell one againit another in the fame femicrrcle of the fame
meridian, and in the fame degree of latitude, but one north,
the other fouth. Thefe have noon and midnight at the fane
time, but the feafons of the year are contrary; as, when the
northern aiuoeci have their fummer, the fouthern have winter,
and vice verh. In a word, they live under the fame meridian,
but oppofite parallels.
ANTWERP, a remarkable city
in the Netherlands, on the
river Schelde, and
the capital of the province, which is
is
called the marquifate of the holy empire.
above
Though the trade of this city be ftill very confiderable, yet it
iscertainly atprefent but the fhadovv of that which flourished
there formerly. The ftately and famous houfe of the Eafter-
lings, or, as the natives call it, of the Oofterlingen, fhews
the extent of that trade. It was built in he year 1568, f
>r
the cenvtniency of the merchants coining from the Baltic. It
isa fquare ftone building, 250 feet broad, wiui warehoufes on
the top for dry goods, and cellars below for wer. In the
middle fto r y, which has a gallery quite round the iqu are, are
300 lodging rooms for merchants. But now this noble ftruc-
ture turned into a horfe-banack ; the cellars ferve for
is
ftables, and the rooms above for hay- lofts, t be vail ware-
houfes in that building, which are perhaps the largeft in the
world, wherein each nation depofited their merchandizes, will
be an everlafting teftimony of that extenfive commerce,
which, though divided between Amfterdam, Rotterdam, and
the other trading towns of the United Provinces, is yet fuf-
ficient to enrich them all, and give them the reputation of
driving the greateft trade in Europe.
There are kept at Antwerp feveral free fairs, which draw
thither merchants from all parts of the world. The moft
c^nfide;ab!e of thefe fairs are, that which is kept at Whit-
funtide, and that which they hold between the feftivals of
St. Remigius and St. Bavon.
The
 A P O A
The bleaching-grounds in the neighbourhood of this city are
in very great repute ; and the opinion people have, that the
waters of the little river Schenith are more proper than any
others for the bleaching of linen, is the reafon why they fend
linens thither from the remoteft parts of the Auflrian Ne-
therlands.
The manufactories of wrought tapeftries are very famous.
They alfo continue to excel here in the art of printing ; and,
thouoh it be certain that this art is much decayed here fince
the famous Plantin, who had almoft brought it to a degree
of perfection, yet it is certain that the printers of Antwerp
are not unworthy to be ftiled the fucceffbrs of fo great a man.
The mod: confiderable manufactory eftablifhsd at Antwerp,
and which chiefly fupports its trade, is that of thread-lace,
fo well known every where under the name of Mechlin-lace.
It is hardly poffible to imagine what vaft quantities France
and Holland buy yearly of this commodity, as well as of all
forts of thread, the fpinning of which is excellent in this city,
and in its neighbourhood.
The merchandizes which foreigners, and efpecially the French
and the Dutch, fend thither, and which fell belt, are,
All forts of gold, filver, and fillc fluffs ; broad cloths, and
other woollen {tuff; fpices ; pot afhes and lees; wines and
brandies ; fait from France, Spain, and Portugal ; herrings
and ftock-fifh ; oil of olives, train oil, and feeds; painted
linens and muflins; fugars either refined, or in powder.
There are two forts of money, both at Antwerp and through-
out all Brabant and Flanders; or rather it is the fame under
different denominations. The one is called money of ex-
change, and the other current money.
According to this diftin&ion, the patagon, or rixdollar, is
worth 8 fchellingen, or 48 ftivers, exchange- money, and but
7 fchellingen current money: and a pound grofs of 6 guilders
exchange money, makes 7 guilders current money fo that :
you mult pay 116 guilders and 3 current money to make 100
guilders exchange- money ; and 116 pounds grofs and cur-
rent money to make 100 pounds grofs exchange-money.
Merchants keep their accounts at Antwerp in pounds, fchel-
lings, and groots grofs Flemifh. The pound grofs is of 20
fchellings, and the fchelling 12 groots j the groot is half a
ftiver.
The pound at Antwerp is about 5 per cent, lighter than that
of Amfterdam and Paris : fo that ico pounds weight at Ant-
werp make but 95 and \ in thofe two cities; and 100 pounds
of thefe two cities make 105 pounds at Antwerp.
As for long meafure, 100 ells at Antwerp make 101 | at
Amfterdam ; and 100 ells of Amfterdam make 98 || at Ant-
werp, or very near 98 |.
They draw from Amfterdam upon Antwerp, and from Ant-
werp upon Amfterdam, in pounds grofs, and in guilders,
commonly at a few days date, and fometimes at one or two
ufances, or months. The exchange is often at par, and oft-
ner ftill at 2 or 3 per cent, lofs for Antwerp.
ANVJL, a large mafs of iron, ufedby feveral handicrafts, who
work and forge, or hammer metals, particularly by the fil-
verfmiths, blackfmiths, lockfmiths, farriers, armourers, &c.
There are two forts of anvils fome are forged, and others
: thecary without fugar, to any apothecary, or merchant, whofe
caft; the former are made by the blackfmiths, and the latter
are caft in the founderies. The beft are thofe which are
hammered, and the upper part of which is fteel.
APHRONITRE, a kind of natural falt-petre, gathering, like
an efflorefcence, on old walls, now commonly called falt-petre
of the rock. See Salt-petre.
APIARY, a place where bees are kept, furnifhed with all
conveniencies necefiary for that purpofe. It fhould be fhel-
tered from high winds on every fide, and well defended from
poultry, &c. whofe dung is offenfive to bees.
APOCYNUM. See Beid.
APOTHECARY, one who practifes the art of pharmacy,
which is that part of phyfic confifting in the choice, the due
preparation, and mixtute of medicines.
This is a very genteel bufinefs, and has been in great vogue
of late years, there being, as has been computed, upwards
of 1000 in and about London. There are, in this profef
fion, various dcgiees, as to employ and extent.
Some do little elfe but make up medicines, according to the
prefcription of the Difpenfatory (compiled by the order of the
College of Phjficians, for their direction) and thofe of parti-
cular phyficians, befides vifiting their patients.
Others not only prepare almoft all kinds of medicines, as
well Galenical as chemical, but likewife deal in drugs ; with
all which they fupply their brethren in trade, and fo become
a fort of wholefale dealers, as well as apothecaries.
Others, again, praclife furgery, man-midwifry, and, many
times, even officiate as phylicians, efpecially in the country,
and often become men of very large practice, and eminent in
their way. There is another branch, alfo, many of them fall
into, which is that of curing lunaticks, &c.
Remarks.
A youth intended for this pr.feffion fhould be a pretty good
fcholar, and have a tolerable knowledge in the Latin tongue
at ieaft, that he may be better able, in due time, to read
P P
of the heft authors who have wrote upon the fubjeds of
fottic
botany, pharmacy, anatomy, and medicine ; though itmuft
be owned there are, at prefent, almoft innumerable helps in
our mother-tongue.
In London they are one of the city companies, and were firft
incorporated with the grocers in the year 1606, in the reign of
King James I. but not alone till 161 7.
They have a hall, where there are two fine laboratories, out
of which all the furgeons chefts are fupplied with medicines
for the ufe of the royal Britilh navy.
In the year 17 12, the 10th of queen Anne, an aft paffed for
reviving and continuing feveral ads therein mentioned, one
whereof was for exempting the apothecaries from ferving the
offices of conftables and icavengers, and other parifh and
ward-offices, and from ferving upon juries which ad was
:
made perpetual in the 9th year of George I.
The apothecaries in England are obliged to make up their
medicines according to the formulas prefcribed in the Dif-
penfatory of the College of Phyficians, and are under an obli-
gation to have the medicines there enumerated always ready
in their fhops ; and their fhops are liable to be vifited by the
cenfors of the college, who have it in their power to deftroy
fuch medicines as they judge not to be good.
The apothecaries at Paris make but one corporation with the
merchant-grocers, which is the fecond of the fix corporations
of merchants.
By a regulation of the 15th ofOdober 1631, all the apothe-
caries of Paris are prohibited to give any medicine to pa-
tients, unlefs by the order, and with the advice, of a regu-
lar-bred phyfician, or of a perfon approved by the faculty
;
nor are they to make up any prefcription, given, or drawn
up, by any perfon {tiling himfelf an empiric phyfician, or
operator.
Among the good regulations made in Denmark, that which
the apothecaries are obliged to obferve is reckoned one of the
beft ; for no perfon can have leave to follow that profeffion
unlefs he be approved by the college of phyficians, and con-
firmed by the king himfelf. There are but two apothecaries
allowed for the city of Copenhagen, and but one in every
other confiderable town. The magiftrates, attended by the
doctors of phyfic, vifit their fhops and drugs twice x&r thrice
a year, and thofe drugs that are either ftale or bad, are feiz-
ed, and publicly thrown upon a dunghill without thecity ; and
this is aftain upon the character of fuch apothecary, as is fcarce
ever wiped off. The price of all drugs is fixed, fo that one
may, without fear of being impofed upon, fend even a child
for any drug to an apothecary's (hop, where nothing is fold
but what is good, and at a reafonable price.
All drugs are fold for ready money, and yet the apothecaries
are obliged to regifter in a book what they fell, to whom,
and by what phyfician's prefcription. So that there feldom
happens any accident by poifon, either accidentally, or with
defign and, if any fuch thing happens, it is eafily found
:
out, and quickly punifhed. Prefent State of Denmark (in
French) by Des Roche, 1730, torn. ix. p. 431.
In France they give, by way of contempt, the name of apo-
fhop, or warehoufe, is not well furnifhed with drugs or mer-
chandize.
They alfo ftile fuch exorbitant bills, or accounts, of tradef-
men, or others, upon which full one half muft be deducted,
apothecaries bills but this is only a proverbial expreffion.
:
The cuftom of the Chinefe on this occafion is well deferving
our notice. They have a ftone, which is ten cubits high,
erected in the public fquares of their cities, and on this ftone
are engraved the names of all forts of medicines, with the
price or each ; and, when the poor ftand in need of any re-
lieffrom phyfic, they go to the treafury, where they receive
the price each medicine is rated at.
APPEAL, a law term, alfo pretty much ufed in trade by mer-
chants. It fignifies to bring a caufe before a fuperior and
lawful court, or judge, when a perfon thinks himfelf ag-
grieved by the fentence of an inferior judge, or court. There
is nothing more authorised than appeals, both by the civil
and canon law. They fay, in traders affairs, fuch a perfon
has appealed from the fentence of the confuls to the parlia-
ment, if in France, or to fome other proper court in oiher
countries ; as in England, for inft.mce, there lies an appe.J
from the high court of chancery to the houfe of Lords. Ap-
peals are often the refource of thofe whofe caufe is bad, when
they would gain time. But then their appeal is often let aiide,
the former fentence confiimed, and they condemned to pay
coft. There is a limited time, within which the appeal mull
be lodged, which time being ehipied, no appeal can be lodg-
ed. That time differs accorJing to the feveral courts, or
jurifdictions.
APPENZEL, one of the cantons of Sw iizerland, has the town
and abbey of St. Gall on thenorth, thecounty of Tockenburg
on the weft, part of that county, and the bailiwic of Gams
in theGrifons country, on the Couth, and Rheinthal on the
eaft. It is filled with cattle, which yield great quantities of
butter and cheefe, by the file of which, and their linen ma-
nufacture, the people chiefly fubfift.
APPIOS, the feed of a plant that comes from the Levant, par-
ticularly
 A P P
ticularly from the ifle of Cnndia. Its ftalks arc very thin,
and reddifh its bloffoma are pretty much like thole of rice.
: pilchards, &c. they expedite them according to the bill of
Its feed, which is very fin all, is one of the commodities fold
by the wholefale groceis in France and Holland.
Appios p.iys in France 50 fols duty of importation per 200
weight.
To APPRAISE, is to rate, value, and fet a price on goods.
This is done, efpccially in France, when any merchan-
chiefly
dize, wares, or other goods, cannot be paid for, or pro-
duced in kind, in which la.it cafe the value, according as it
is appraifed, muft be paid.
APPRAISER, one who rates, or fets a value upon goods,
&c. He muft be a fkilful and honeft perfon. It is not a
bufmefsof itfelf, but generally performed by brokers of houfe -
hold furniture, to which fet of men
and 1 believe ftill is, chiefly applied ;
ers, and other brokers, are employed, or even any peifon or
perfons who are fuppofed to be fkillcd in the commodities they
are to appraife, or fet a value on.
1 hey are employed in cafes of death, executions brought in
upon goods, or of ftock. to be turned over from one perfon to
another, or divided between copartners; and have the name
of fworn appraisers, from their taking an oath to do juftice
between party and party.
They fometimes appraife jointly, each party agreeing to
have the fame appraifcr, or appraifers; fometimes in oppo-
sition, each party chufing one, or more, of a fide; and fome-
times by commiilion, or deputation, of trultecs, mafters in
Chancery, &c.
Their manner is, each one for himfelf, to take an inventory
of every article, and mark its value with his own private
characters. When they have gone through the whole, they
give their eftimates in a grofsfum, very rarely of particulars.
When they value againft one another, if they happen to dif-
fer much, they reconfider, and at length moft commonly
bring it to an average; and, in fome cafe-, they are obliged
to take the goods at their own valuation, if the parties (hall
think proper to relinquifh them.
At Bourdeaux they call appraifers (appreciateurs in French)
thofe clerks of the cuftom houfe and of city duties, who ap-
praife and rate the merchandizes which are imported r ex-
ported, in order to regulate upon what footing the duties of
importation or exportation ought to be paid.
The cuftom-houle at Bourdeaux is called the convoy, and the
office of the city duties is called comptablie. The city duties
are fuch as were granted by the i'rench king to certain cities,
either to pay their debts, or for their particular occafions.
The office of thofe appraifers confifts in the following parti-
culars.
1. They are obliged to keep a regifter, or
book, marked and numbered by the director of the office,
and to tranferibe and enter into it all the declarations which
are delivered from day to day at the office for receiving the
city duties, without augmenting or dimiuiihing any thing in
them but by the exprefs order of their fuperiors.
2. To deliver carefully as many receipts, or bills of entry, as
there arc articles in each declaration.
3. Themerchandizes being entered and carried into the
laid cuftom-houle, according to the order of thofe receipts,
or bills of entries, the appraifers are obliged to open and
vifit them, when the merchants require it, in order to know
the quality and quantity of them; which being found to
agree both with the declarations and the bills of entries, the
appraifers make a true eftimate, or evaluation, of each mer-
chandize in particular, according to the market price of
them.
4. They muft enter into their regifter their eftimate both of
the weight and of the quality and quantity of the merchan-
dize, as they found them by their fearch, or vifit. And, as
to thofe merchandizes which are weighed in the cuftom-
houfe, the appraifers expedite them upon the report of the
warehoufe-keeper.
5. They are obliged, after appraifing the merchandizes, to
deliver a fecond receipt, or bill of entry, which ferves the
merchants to clear their merchandizes, either at the cuftom-
houfe, any duty be owing there; or at the office of the
if
city duties as alfo what may be due for brokerage.
;
6. They ought to write the faid bills of entry upon the regi-
fter of importations by fea and,,
; if
muft alfo regifter them in the regifter of receipts defigned for
-that purpofe, that themerchants may pay the duties owing
for them at the cuftom-houle, according to the printed tariff.
And, with regard to the merchandizes that come from the
weftern ifles, the faid appraifers are obliged to regifter
all indifcriminately, in a particular regifter, as well as in the
regifter of importations, by fea, with their appraifed price,
except fugars, which are not regiftered in the regifter of im-
portations by fea, nor in that of the city duties, but only in
a particular regifter kept by the receiver of the cuftom-houfe,
as well as that of the weftern ifles.
7. As for thofe merchandizes which are not carried to the
cuftom-houfe, as deal-boards, and other timber coming by
fea, the faid appraifers expedite them upon the report, and
afterthc examination, of the karchcrs of outward-bound fhips.
Vol. I.
A P P
And, with regard to tar, gum, pitch, train-oil, herring*,
lading: and, as for green or dried fifh, the appraifers expe-
dite accoiding to the report of the clciks who were prefent
it
at the unloading and landing of it.
8. At the end of every quarter ihey draw up an alphabetical
lift of all the merchandizes imported by fea, that have been
cleared at the cuftom houfe.
9. Finally, with regard to the merchandizes that come by
land, the appraifers have feveral things toobferve, viz. as to
thofe that come from the inland country by the b >ats of Thou-
loufe, Agen, and other places, they follow the fame rules
and methods as with regard to thofe that come by fea, except
that they do not deliver bills of entries for thofe merchan-
the word was formerly, dizes, which is done by the clerks of the office of the city
yet now alfo upholfter- duties, after receiving the declarations.
As for thofe that come by the ftage-coaches, by carriers, by
waggons, or other carriages, they clear them upon the certi-
ficate^ or acquits, given by the clerks of the cuftom houfe
offices through whkh they palled.
APPRECIATION, the eftimate made of things by expert
people, when they declare the real value, or price of them.
it is commonly faid in France of corn, provifions, and move-
ables only. Debtors are obliged to pay the things they owe,
either in kind or inmoney, according to the appreciation,
or valuation, made by knowing and experienced perfons.
APPRENTICE, a youth placed and bound with a mer-
chant, tradefman, &c. for a certain time, in order to learn
commerce, trade, merchandizing, &c. and all that relates to
them, th:.t he may, in time, become capable to follow the
profeffion of a merchant, trader, &c.
Apprentices fhould obferve the ftricieft fidelity and fubmif-
fion to their mafters, an I an inviolable fecrecy in all their af-
fairs. They
fhou!d apply themfelvcs diligently to obtain a
knowledge in the feveral forts of merchandize wherein their
mafters traffic, an to be able to judge of their federal quali-
I
ties, and their defects ; to learn whence they
their goodnefs,
came, how they were manufactured whether at home or ;
abroad how bought, and at what price and whether at
; ;
firft hand, for ready money, or upon credit. And they are
1 alio, perfectly to acquaint thcmfel/es with the feveral weights
and meafures of their own, and other countries, refpecting
their particular branch of trade; as alfo to perfect themfelves
in all accountantship requifite for their employment. More-
over, it efpecially concerns them to obferve a civil and obli-
ging deportment towards thofe with whom their mafters are
concerned.
Regulations of Apprentices in France.
memorandum- Apprentices are obliged to finifh the time for which they were
bound with their mailer. In France children of merchants
and tradefmen are reputed to hive finifhed their apprentice-
fhip, when they have actually lived till the full age of 17 yearg
with their father or their mother following that profeffion,
art. 1. of tit. 1. of the ordonnance of 1673.
By the ftatutes of the fix corporations of merchants and
traders at Paris, the time during which the apprentices are
obliged to ferve their mafters is differently fettled. With
hollers they are obliged to ferve three years; with grocers,
wax-chandlers, druggifts, and confectioners, alfo three years :
with apothecaries, who make but one corporation with the
three laft mentioned, four years: with trading jewellers three
years with fkinners and fell mongers four years with cap-
: :
makers and glovers five years ; anJ with working-jewellers
eight years.
In France all apprentices to traders of either of the fix cor-
porations muft be bound before a notary-public, and none
can take above one apprentice at a time.
When an apprentice is a candidate to be made free, of either
of one of the fix corporations of merchants, or of fome one
of the companies of arts and trades, he muft be of proper age.
No man can be a candidate to be admitted a merchant, un-
lefshe be full 20 years old, and produce his indenture and
the certificates of his apprenticefnip, and of the mafters, or
fieemen, whom he ferved afterwards. If the contents of
thofe certificates fhould not be true, the afpirant, or candi-
date" for hisfreedom, is for ever excluded from being made
free, and the matter with~whom he was bound, and who
there be grocery, they
fhould have given fuch a certificate, would be condemned to
pay a fine of 500 livres, and thofe who. gave the other certi-
ficates,. 300 livres.
muft be examined upon the
He who afpires to the freedom-
keeping of books and regifters, with fingle or double entries,
them upon bills of exchange, the rules of arithmetic, the parts of
the ell, the pound, the marks upon meafures and weights,
and upon the qualities of merchandizes, as much as is requi-
fite for that branch of commerce which he defigns to follow.
Private perfons and corporations are forbidden to take, or re-
ceive, from the afpirants any prefents for their admiffion, cT
any other fees, but fuch as are ordered by the ftatutes, under
any pretence whatfoever, upon pain of a fine, which muft
The afpirant alfo forbidden
not be lefs than 100 livres. is
to give any treat to any of the members, upon pain of having
his admiffion made abfolutely void.
X Befides
 A P P
Befides thefe general regulations, extracted from the third,
fourth, and fifth articles of the of the ordonnance
firft title
of the year 1673, each of the fix corporations of merchants
has particular ftatutes, or by-laws, for regulating the time of
apprenticefhips, and that of ferving with mafters, or free-
men, asalfowith regard to their mafter-pieceof workmanfhip;
but few of them are fubject to thofe bye-laws: and, as they
are not mentioned in the ordonnance, it was judged that the
reader would not be difpleafed meet with them in this
to
place, that he may fee, as it were with one view, all the ob-
ligations which thofe lie under who afpire to the freedom in
every one of thefe corporations.
In the corporation of the draper-hofiers, which is the firft of
thofe fix corporations, the afpirants, or candidates for the
freedom are not obliged to make a mafter-piece ; it is fufR-
cient that they have ferved a merchant-draper three years as
apprentices, and two years after their time was up, which
make but five years in all.
Though the apothecaries, grocers, druggifts, confectioners,
and wax-chandlers, make but one corporation, which is the
fecond of the fix, yet the afpirants are obliged to different
things, according to the trade they defign to follow in that
body.
They who afpire to pharmacy, or the apothecary's trade,
muft ferve four years as apprentices, and fix as journeymen,
with fome matter or freeman, io years in all befides which,:
they muft be examined, and perform a mafter-piece.
As for thofe who afpire to be admitted druggifts, grocers,
wax-chandlers, or confectioners, they need not ferve above
three years as apprentices, and as many as journeymen, fix
years in all ; nor are they obliged to make a mafter-piece.
Jn the corporation of wholefale merchant mercers-jewellers,
which is the third of the fix, the afpirants are not bound to
any mafter-piece; it is enough, in order to be made free of
the company, that they ferved a merchant-mercer three years
as apprentices, and three years more as journeymen.
Befides the apprentices belonging to the fix companies of
merchants, there are alfo apprentices to all the companies of
arts and trades, viz. the feveral mechanics, in the city and
fuburbs of Paris. They muft all, as well as the former, be
bound before a notary-public; and they are obliged, after
their time is expired, to ferve their mafters a little longer as
journeymen. The time of their apprenticefhip, as well as
that of their ferving as journeymen, differs according to the
different ftatutes of thofe feveral companies. Nor is the num-
ber of apprentices a mafter maj have at a time fixed, fome
trades having more, others lefs.
No apprentice can obtain his freedom, unlefshehas requireJ,
and performed, his mafter-piece of workmanfhip.
The widow of a freeman may continue to keep the appren-
tices who began their time under her hufband, but (he can-
riot take a new one.
In feveral companies, a widow who marries an apprentice
makes him free of her late hufband's company.
The apprentices, in thofe cities where there are fworn mafters
of companies, can be made free of their company at Pari<, by
performing a mafter-piece, after they have worked fome time
with a freeman, more or lefs, according to the ftatutes of
each company.
The reader may fee, in the articles which treat of the feveral
artsand trades of Paris, what difference there is among them
with regard to apprentices.
Remarks.
The cuflom of the French, in regard to apprentices, is wor-
thy the imitation of other nations.
Their obliging them to ferve as journeymen a number of
years, after the expiration of the term of their apprentice-
fhip, the more gradually qualifies them to become their own
independent mafters ; whereas when a young raw fellow,
juft out of his time, commences mafter at once, and takes
full poffeflion of his fortunes, we daily fee them plunge them-
felves into inextricable calamities ; which, in all probability,
they would have avoided, had they been obliged by the law
to have ferved as journeymen to their refpedtive mafters a few
years firft, and by that means have been infenfibly habituated
to liberty, under their care and controul.
Wherefore, for a young man to ferve lefs time as an appren-
tice to particular employments, in order to ferve a few years
afterwards as a journeyman, feems to be policy better calcu-
lated to preferve youth from dangers, than the cuflom of
England, of obliging them only to be apprentices, and not
journeymen at all, unlefs at their own option.
One-and- twenty years of age feems to be too foon for a young
man to have the uncontroulable management of an handfome
fortune in trade, efpecially by immediately coming from a
ltate of fervitude to that of felf-mafterfhip.
The commerce of depending on the excellency of its
a nation
manufactures, and thofe again on the fkill, ingenuity, and
dexterity of its manufacturers and artificers of every kind ;
on thefe confiderations we may prefume, that the French have
made fuch fevere laws, to oblige their artifts to make them-
felves thorough mafters of their refpective trades, and to ex-
A P P
clude them from the freedom of the feveral corporations of
arts and trade, unlefs they are capable of performing with
their own hands what they call a mafter-piece of workman-
fhip; that is, fuch a piece of workmanfhip that will fhew a
young man mafter of his bufinefs ; and this muft not be done
in a corner, but in the prefence of thofe fworn for that pur-
pofe.
Nor any kind of treat, or entertainment, tobemr.de, that
is
might any fhape influence or corrupt the heads of thofe cor-
in
porations, to connive at want of fkill, and to grant the honour
of the freedom, except to thofe only who really merit it, both
by their ingenuity in the bufinefs, and by their faithful and
diligent fervitude during the time of their apprenticefhip fo :
that, to obtain the freedom in thefe companies, is not a mat-
ter of form and expence only, but a demonftration of true
merit, and attended with great advantage to the arts and
manufactures of the kingdom, as well as credit and reputation
to the artifts themfelves. It is no wonder, therefore, that
by thefe, and fuch like wife meafures, the commerce of this
neighbouring kingdom fhould grow to fuch a height within
the compafs of little more than half a century.
The national benefit of this policy will further appear, from
confidering the difadvantage Great-Britain muft inevitably
fuftain in her commerce, were her manufacturers to dege-
nerate in their ingenuity and dexterity.
This lofs is not foon
retrievable. This would prove no injurious to the king-
lefs
dom than tranfporting themfelves out of it to other nations.
Notwithftanding the apparent advantages which attend the
nation from the fkill of its artificers and manufacturers, we
have no kind of public encouragement for them, either to
keep them from going abroad, or to reward them for excelling
at home.
It is in every one's mouth, what advantages Scotland and Ire-
land have reaped of late years by their infant manufactures,
in the donation of fmall premiums to roufe and excite their
manufacturers to excel. But, in England, we are vain enough
to imagine that we have no improvements to make; that we
have arrived at our acme of perfection. Tis to be wifhed,
that this felf-fufficiency may not make us degenerate. To
prevent which, fome fmall public premiums, beftowed an-
nually en our artifts and manufacturers, might not a little
conduce. Whatever advances in trade are made in England,
muft be done by private people, upon the ftrength of their
own ability, or the nation muft go without them.
Though thefe fuggeftions are chiefly relative to the rifing ge-
neration of our manufacturers and artifans in general, yet eve-
ry man of fenfc will naturally make the tranfition from thofe
to ranks of young people bred to trade in a different and in a
fuperior clafs we mean fuch as are bred merchants, whole-
:
fale dealers,fhop-keepers, warehoufemen, &c. for the clerks
and apprentices of thofe ftand in as much need of being
fpurred up to excel, as thofe of the manufacturers and me-
chanics.
However flight fome people may make cf thefe confiderations
upon apprentices, yet the breeding up our young people
properly to trade, in every branch of it, feems a matter of
the laft confequence to a trading nation ; and may, one time
or other, be found worthy fome people's thinking of, when
they are once convinced of this important truth, that traders
alone are the great fource of all their treafures, and confe-
quently of all their fplendor and magnificence.
Condition of a bond that an apprentice fhall perform, &c.
' Whereas by indentures of apprenticefhip, bearing date the
* 20th day of May now laft paft, Adam Afh the younger, one
* of the fons of the above-bounden Adam Aih the elder, is
' become bound as an apprentice to the faid Bryan Bufh, in
' the trade, art, or employment of
a hofier, for the term, or
* fpace, of feven years,from the day of the date thereof, as
' by the fame indentures may appear. Now the condition of
* the above- written obligation is fuch, that, if the faid Adam
' Afh the fon fhall and do, from time to time, and at all
* times during his faid apprenticefhip, well and truly obferve,
* perform, fulfil, and keep, all and every the articles, cove-
' nants, claufes, and agreements whatsoever in the faid re-
* cited indentures contained, and which, on his part, are to
* be obferved, performed, fulfilled, and kept, and fhall and
c
do, from time to time, and at all times during the faid
* term, be faithful and juft to the faid Bryan Bufh, his exe-
* cutors, adminiftrators, and affigns, in all his the faid Adam
' Afh the fon's buying, felling, accounts, reckonings, re-
* ceipts, payments, and all other his doings and dealings in
* any wife relating to the faid trade or employment, or the
of the fame, and in all other matters and
affairs or bufinefs
things wherein as an apprentice, or fervant, hefhall, or may,
be employed by, or concerned for, on the behalf of, the
< feid Bryan Bufh, his executors, adminiftrators, or af-
* figns then this prefent obligation to be void, and of none
;
' effect, &c.' Horfman's Precedents in Conveyancing, vol.
i. p. 282.
APPRENTICESHIP, the time during which apprentices are
obliged to continue with the merchants or tradefmen with
whom they are bound. Their indentures ought to be re-
corded in the regifter of the company, or body, to which
their
 ;

A Q^U A Q^U
their matters belong ; and their time does not begin but from Remarks.
the day on which the indenture is regiftcred. one, in No
On the ufe and application of aqua fortis in divers cafes.
France, can be admitted a tradefman, unlefs he produces his
indenture, and the certificates of his apprenticclhip. Art. 3. 1. In this operation you mutt always proportion the duration

of of the ordonnance of the year 1674.

tit. I. of the degrees of your fire to the quantity of the matter to be
The French give the name of apprentifie to a maiden, or diftilled.

woman, who binds herfelf for a time with a miftrefs, before 2. >or fecurity's fake you mutt leave, in the clofure of the
a notary-public, in order to learn her art, or trade, almoft recipient and veffel that contains the matter to be diftilled, a
after the fame manner as apprentice-boys. hole, which may be flopped and opened With a wooden peg:
for, if you happen to exceed the
juft degree of fire, efpecially
British Laws relating to apprentices. in the beginning of the operation, the firft and more fubtile
fpints, which afe very elaftic, come forth; the opening,
And with us it is enacted, by flat. 8 Ann. cap. 9. fcdf. 32.
pound, therefore, of the hole may give them a palfage, left the vef-
that there fhall be paid the duty of fixpence for every
fels fhould burtt, which would be very dangerous.
of every (urn of 50 1, or under, and twelve-pence for every
twenty fhillings of every (urn more than 50 1. which for five 3. The your nitre is refined, the better will the aqua
better

years fhall be paid, or agreed for, in the putting out any clerk,
fortis be. Avoid carefully the mixture of fea-falt therewith,
for the reafon we fhall give, when we treat of aqua regia.
apprentice, or fervant, to learn any profeflion, trade, or
employment ; and proportionably for greater or lefler funis, to 4. 1 here are many other ingredients ufed in the making of
aqua fortii, fuch as burnt allum, find, and the like; the rea-
be paid by the mailer or miftiefs.
The full fum given, or agreed to be given, with fon whereof is, to hinder the fpeties, which may happen
Sect. 35.
not to be fufticiently calcined, from foaming, and from break-
an apprentice, &c. ihall be written in, words, at length, ill
ing the veffel with great violence. But, when thefe fpecie9
the indenture, &c. which mult bear date on the day it was
are duly calcined and dried, thefe additions are quite needlefs;
executed, upon pain that every matter or miftrefs, offending
and, indeed, by overfwdling the mafs to be diftilled, require
in thefe particulars, fhall, for every offence, forfeit double
fum given, or agreed to be given; one moiety to the Veffelsof a fize proportionable.
the
Crown, the other, with cofts, to him who fhall fue within one 5. I here are many otiier needlefs and noxious ingredients ufed

year after the time limited for fuch clerk, or apprentice, to

by fome in the making of aqua fortis. Thefe are blood-ftones,
unflaked lime, plume allum, &c. all which fhould be avoided,
ferve his matter, &c. is expired.
they making a much vvorle, as well as a moreexpenfive, aqua
Sect. 37. All indentures, &c. of apprenticefhips, which fhll
be executed in any other part of Great-Britain, fhall, within
tortis. Water thus made, therefore, fhould never be ufed
brought either to the in docimaftical operations before it has been accurately tried :
two months after they are executed, be
head office, or to fome collector of the ftamp duties and the ;
for, aqua
being tainted with thefe heterogeneous mat-
fortis

and, in cafe the payment fhall be made the major part of

it confumes away, and becomes fre-
fhall be paid; 1,
1

duty
and, quently |o fixed, hat the ftrongeft fire is hardly able to take
to the receiver-general, the indenture fh.dl be ttamped
:

off any of it. Nothing fhould be ufed befides calcined vi-

in cafe the payment fhall be made to a collector, he fhall in-
triol, intimately mixtwith nitre, there being no need of any
dorfe in words, at length, a receipt of the money paid to
thing elfe,
him, and fubferibe his name.
executed with- 6. However, hole, clay, and brick-duft do expel aquafortis
Sect 38. Every indenture fo indorfed,
.
if it is
out of nitre, which then is called the fpiritus nitri; but you
in 50 miles of London, fhall, within three months after date,
but if executed at a greater ciftance, then within fix months mutt add tour times as much of thefe, in proportion to the
afterdate, be brought to the faid head-office, where (the fame nitre: confequently, this method, requiring large veffels and

being produced with a receipt indorfed) it fhall be ttamped. more fire, cannot be fo profitable as without thefe ingre-
dients.
Sect. 39. Indentures wherein the full fum agreed on lhall not
be inferted, or the duties not paid, or not ttamped, or ten- 7. As the extracted fpirits of nitre are with difficulty con-

dered to be ttamped, fhall be void, and the clerk, or appren- denfated into drops, efpecially in fultry weather, it will be
proper, by reafon of the calcined ingredients to pour into the
tice, fhall have no privilege of freedom, or uiing his tra-fe.
Sect 40. Money given to put out apprentices, either by pa-
.
recipient one quarter part of pure water, or rather of the

rifhes or public charities, fhall not pay any duty. ,

phlegm, extracted out erf the aqua fortis ; by which means the
Sect. 41. Forging the ftamps, or any receipt for monies pay-
fpirits will be much eafier received.

able by this act, is felony, without benefit of clergy. 8 Aqua fortis difl'olves and corrodes all gritty ftones, and the
Sect 43. No indenture, &c. fhall be admitted in evidence feveral kinds of thofe that are vitrificable, and not confumed
in any fuit to be biought by the parties thereunto, unlefs lie by fire; but it has no power on
nor fand. flints

for whom makes oath, that,

itfhal! be given in evidence firft 9. It alfo mercury, regu-
diflblves iron, copper, lead, filver,
lus of antimony, bifmuth, and zink ; tin imperfectly ; gold
to the beft of his knowledge, the fum therein mentioned was
not at all.
all that was paid, &c. on the behalf of the appientice, for
.

the benefit of the matter, &c. 10. Common aqua fortis, when poured on filver, generally

Sect Where any

thing fhall be given to a matter, not grows troubled in the beginning of the diffolution ; and, a
45.
being money, the dutv fhall be paid for the full value thereof. little after it is perfect, a precipitation of a whitilh powder is

AQUA FCRTIS, and the fpirit of nitre, are the fame, and made.
differonly in the manner of making. The former is ditti'.ied If this powder, taken by itfclf, melts in the fire with pot-a(h,
with vitriol and colcothar, the other with clay, bole, oil ot you will find a regulus of filver collected. This fometimes
vitriol, brick-duft, &c. melts with difficulty in the fire, and has all the charadteriftics
The generality of attay- matters ufe aqua fortis, as being more of calx of filver precipitated from aqua fortis, by oil of vi-
eafily prepared, by reafon that a quantity of vitriol much lefs triol.

than the mixture beforementioned, and with lefs

terrettrial This happens, becaufe the aqua fortis has been extracted by

fire, feparates the fpiiit out of the fame quantity of nitre. too great and too long a fire, or becaufe too great a quantity
of calcined vitriol has been ufed, or becaufe the mixture of
The diftillation of aqua fortis is performed as follows, viz. the nitre and vitriol has not been rightly made: for, in thefe
cafes, there appear, when the diftillation- draws at an end,
Put vitriol into an earthen, or iron pot if you make a fire :
opaque, milky, vitriolic fumes in the recipient; which phae-

under it, the vitriol begins to melt and fmoke ; by increafing nomena fufficiently manifeft the caufe of the aforefaid preci-

the fire gradually, it thicken?, and afiumes an afh colour. pitation. The abovementioned calx very feldom proves fluid
Let it be ftirred with a twig juft before it becomes folid, till in the fire; afterwards turns into horn-filver, and fhews
it

it be perfectly dry ; but let it be taken as yet boiling out of

that the impure nitre, bought for the diftillation of the aqua

the pot, for, if it grows cold therein, it will ftick fo faft that fortis, was intermixed with marine fait, which adulteration

you will hardly be able to get it out. Pound to a fubtile fhould be carefully guarded againft.
powder three pounds weight of this calcined vitriol, and mix 1 1. As the diffolution of filver, efpecially that by which gold

is feparated from filver with aqua fortis, is confiderably hin-

them well with four pounds of nitre well dried, and pulve-
rized very fine. Put thefe together in a cucurbit, or retort, or dered, and madevery uncertain, 'by this kind of precipitation
an iron por, and then put it in a furnace. beforementioned ; that part cf the oil of vitriol, and of the
At firft let the fire be made not much greater than is necef- fpirit of fait, which fpoils the aqua fortis, muft be feparated

fary to boil water. When the recipient grows warm, con- which is done in the following manner :

tinue the fame degree of fire, till all the phlegm is expelled, Pour about one thirtieth, or one fortieth, part of the aqua for-
which you will know from the diminution of the heat of the tis to be purified, into a fmall cucurbit, and over a gentle fire

recipient : increafe the fire gradually, till you fee a few yel- diiTblve filver in it, to fuch a quantity as may fully faturate the

low vapours arife. Keep up an hour or two,

the fame fire for aqua fortis. If in the beginning of the diffolution the troubled
and make it fo ftrong as to warm the veffels moderately. Con- aqua fortis looks milky, it wants purification then pafs :

tinue this for fome hours, and, letting the veffels cool, pour through a filtre the warm diffolution, which, being clear,
the liquor, now emitting reddifn fumes, out of the recipient pour drop by drop into the reft of the aqua fortis that is to be
into a glafs veffel, having a glafs ftopple this liquor, thus :
purified : this will become milky, as before; continue to inftil

prepared, is your aqua fortis. the aqua fortis till the dropping in of the fmalleft drop doth
not
 :

AQU A Q^U
not at all difturb it, or render it milky. Let it reft for fome 16. When pure fine filver is diflblved in proof aqua fortis,

hours, that the precipitated calx may fubfide; which done, the liquor will be pellucid : but, if any allay, or copper, re-
again let a drop fall, and repeat it conftantly, till at la ft the main mixed with it, the folution will have a bluifli, or
milky cloud is no longer produced by the falling of the drop. greenifh caft. If this folution of perfectly pure filver be diluted
Decant the pure and limpid aqua fortis from the calx which with fair water, it will ftill remain pellucid, without letting
fubfided at the bottom, or ftrain it gently through a four-fold- any thing precipitate. But, if any
faline matter be contained
ed filtring paper, which ought to be fmall, left it fhould break, in the water, the whole will now
turn thick, or milky. The
by being overloaded with too much of the aqua fortis. The folution of pure filver, properly weakened wi:h water orcafi-
remaining calx is fuch as we have mentioned in remark 10, onally, may be commodioufly ufed for ftaining the fkin, or
and the aqua fortis is perfectly purified for ufe. other animal fubftances, black; and if white, grey, or red
12. Some are wont to employ common filver mixed with hair be moiftened with it, the hair will foon become of a
copper, or copper alone, for the precipitation of the fpirit of beautiful brown, or jet-black colour; for which purpo re it
marine, or vitriolic fait, from aqua fortis; but this does not may be ufed with fafety, care being taken not to touch the
fucceed, when the fpirit of marine fait is to be precipitated, fkin therewith, for thus a blacknefs would be occafioned, that
becaufe this being mixed with aqua fortis diflblves copper per- requires many days before it goes off again, but it difappears
fectly. The oil of vitriol is, indeed, expelled from the aqua at length, by the fcarf-fkin fcaling off, without caufing pain,

fortis by means of the copper, in the form of a whitifh duft, or leaving any fore behind.
but not fo perfectly as by filver; otherwife it appears in this 17. The folution of pure filver has an intolerable bitter tafte,
operation that the precipitating body adheres to that to be though by the eye it be not diftinguifhable from fair water:

precipitated, and finks to the bottom together with it, and whence we have an eminent inftance how metals may be
therefore cannot be a proper precipitator on this occafion. concealed from the fight, or remain lodged in unfufpected li-
13. The beft aqua fortis is often tinged with a greenifh co- quors, and thence be introduced invifibly into other fubftances;
lour, occafioned by being expofed for fome days to the open whence the greater caution fhould be ufed with all pretenJers
air, and thus deprived of its fuming red fpirit, by pouring to the melioration and tranfmutation of metals.
upon it fome frefh ftrong aqua fortis, ftill emitting its fumes; 18. This folution of filver is the foundation of feveral medi-
or by being diluted with water. cinal and chemical preparations, as the vitriol of fiher, the
That you may be certain this colour does not proceed from lunar cauftic, the filver pill, csV.
copper, pour a little of the liquor into a fmall cucurbit, and 19. The filver is recoverable from this folution, barely by
add to it as much of an alkaline diflblution, or fpirit, as is fufpending a copper- plate therein for, copper being more :

fufficient to faturate the acid ever fo little copper,

: if there is eafily diflblved by aqua fortis than filver, the filver is therefore

the colour becomes of a very dark azure, with a cloudy pre- precipitated to the bottom, in the form of a powder, and,
cipitation; becaufe the nitre has been thereby regenerated, being wafhed and melted, comes into a metalline lu.np
v/hich does not diflblve copper fo much as aqua fortis does :
again.
but, if there is no copper, the colour vanifhes intirely. 20. Fafchius fays, in treating of the fediments ofdepart-wa-
14. Aqua prepared and corrected according to what
fortis, ters *, that if gold, by quartation, be mixed with filver, and
has been faid, muft be concentrated to a certain degree; for, again feparated from it with aqua fortis, it will conftantly be
if it is too weak, it either retards the diflblution, or often does found to have increafed its weight ; which increafe he attri-
not even affect the filver. butes :o the filver adhering to the gold it ftill remains ; but
If, on the contrary, it is too ftrong, it vanifhes into fumes for experiment to decide, whether this additional weight be
which rufh violently out of the veflels, though fufficiently truly owing to the filver, or whether it be an increafe of r?al
deep, hurrying part of the filver along with them ; but, if gold. For more matter hereon fee the articles Refining,
there is any thing of gold in the filver, it is corroded into a and Gold and Silver.
duft, the perfect collection of which is afterwards very diffi-

cult. The firft remedied by pouring the aqua fortis

fault is
* Probier-Buchlein, page 64. ed. 1678.
into a deeper cucurbit, and by extracting the phlegm out of
it, over a gentle fire, till you fee yellowifh fumes appear ; but, 21. Aqua fortis is alfo ufed as an inftrument in gilding. See
to find out whether it is too ftrong, you are to ufe the follow- the article Gilding.
ing method It is applicable to the art of dyeing likewife.
See the article
Melt together one part of gold and four parts of filver, of Dyeing. The of nitre
found to heighten and im-
fpirit is

which make a plate, which you are to cut into three, or more prove the rich colour of cochineal into the brightnefs of burn-
parts; roll up each part, that it may more conveniently be ing fire, but then its acrimony muft be rectified with a proper
introduced into a fmall cucurbit when rolled up, and flightly
:
application of tin, after which it neither hurts wool nor filk,
heated at the fire, put this fmall plate into the faid cucurbit; yet retains all its brightnefs.
pour upon it aqua fortis, about the triple of the weight of the Aqua Secunda : it is aqua fortis which has loft part of its

metal, and put it on a gentle fire: if then the filver is eroded diffolving quality, after being ufed in the parting of metals.
from the gold, fo that the gold remaining retains the very Aqua Regia, or Aqua Regalis, or Aq_a Regis, as
fame figure of the plate rolled up, and there appears no red- fome call it, is a ftrong corrofive fpirit, which diflblves gold.

difh duft at the bottom of the veflel, then the aqua fortis has The method of making it is as follows, viz.

the proper degree of ftrength but, if the diflblution has

:
When the fpirit of nitre is duly prepared, as under the head
been made with fo much violence that the powder of the gold aqua fortis, the fpirit of fea-falt muft alfo be prepared. See
was eroded, or the plate almoft broken, the aqua fortis is too that article under Salt.
ftrong. In this cafe, you muftdiluteit with one tenth or eighth When thefe two fpirits are mixed together, the mixture is

part of pure water, or rather of weaker aqua fortis, or of the called aqua regia. Or, to have excellent, put into a glafs
it

phlegm that was extracted from it which done, you muft :

retort aqua fortis of the beft kind, well proved, and of the re-

repeat the of the diflblution of a like fmall plate feveral

trial quifite ftrength, according to what has been faid under aqua
times over, till the filver be diflbl ved without the leaft diminu- fortis add to it half the quantity of common fait, perfectly
;

tion in the gold, whereby you may be fure of the requifite de- dry, and pulverized ; in a fand-bath force up the fpirits, firft
gree of ftrength in your aqua fortis. by a flow, and afterwards by a ftrong diftillation. Or, if you
15. Aqua fortis is excellent when
it comes again after having
put into aqua fortis one quarter part of fait- ammoniac, it im-
been by fire expelled out of diflblved metal, becaufe it may mediately affumes a yellow colour, and emits abundantly the
be almoft intirely fetched out of it by diftillation. In order white vapours of the fpirits of fait, which foon produces true
to this, you introduce into a middle-fized glafs cucurbit, aqua regia.
adapted to an alembic, with an hole in it, one pound, or one However, you are to take care, in this fecond method, that
half pound, of the fame diflblution, anddiftil it into a large the veflel containing the mixture be not prefently fhut up
recipient, that the drops may fall one after the other, at the clofe, for in that cafe it would burft. Befides, this mixture
interval of fome feconds when the phlegm of what remains
:
muft be made under the chimney, left the fuffbeating fpirits
fhall be drawn off to fome ounces, let the like quantity of a fhould fpread all over, and fill the laboratory, and prove in-
frefh diflblution, gently warmed, be put anew into the cucur- jurious to the operators.
bit, and be drawn off again; and let the pouring on of the Aqua regia diflblves perfectly iron, copper, tin, gold, mer-
frefh diflblution be reiterated in the fame manner, till it is all
cury, regulus of antimony, bifmuth, and xink it diflblves :

grown thick. even lead more than fpirit of fait does ; it becomes, however,
This muft be done in a fmall cucurbit, feveral times over ;
fomewhat troubled in the operation.
left a large veflel being overcharged with too great a quantity If it has its requifite degree of ftrength, it does not diflblve

of the diflblution, fhould burft all of afudden, and the aqua filver; but, if you have put into the mixture a quantity of

fortisand metal be loft at once. When, after the extracting falt-ammoniac, or of marine fait, or of fpirit of common
of all the phlegm, yellowifh fumes begin to appear by in- fait, not fufficient, it then corrodes filver, nay, it even dif-

creafing the fire a little, let a drachm, or half a drachm, of folves it in part, this aqua regia being imperfect.

fuct be added, left the remaining metal, being dried up,

fhould fo ftrongly adhere to the fides of the veflel as that it Remarks.
could not be taken off: when at laft the mafs fhall be quite
dry, let it be put on the fire till it becomes red hot. The cal x The reafon is then fdf-evident why, in the feparation of filver
of metal which remains at the bottom of the cucurbit mult be and gold by aqua regia, it is better to ufe a quantity of fpirit
collected, and incited with pot-afh, or borax. of fait, or of marine fait, or of falt-ammoniac, exceeding,
3 than
 A CLU
than one fhort, of the right meafure nor is it lefs evident
thence, why an exact Reparation of filver and gold is better
effected with aqua fortis than with aqua regia ; as the former
never corrodes gold, whereas the latter corrodes filver fre-
quently.
The fulution of gold by aqua regia is yellow, or gold-colour-
ed, and tinges the 1km purple, as we have obferved, under the
article aqua fortis, that the folution of
may be further added, that, if the folution of gold be precipi-
tated with fait of tartar, and the powder be carefully dried, it
makes the aurum fulminans, fo called from the violent explo-
fion it goes off" with, when heated beyond a certain degree.
See the article Gold.
If gold be diflblved in aqua regia, made by diftillation from
equal parts of fait- ammoniac and nitre, either with or with-
out powdered brick, or calcined flints, and the folution be
digeiled, and (everal times cohobated, with the addition of
freih liquor, Becher allures us *, the gold will thus become
totally volatile.
* pige 192.
Rofet. Chymic. exp. 2.
A fimilar, or more potent menftruum, is given us by
ftill
Cailius f who mixing pure nitre with oil of vitriol, thence
> and render it lefs corrofive. Its ufe is to get the filver from the
diftils a fpirir, and, obtaining another in the fame manner
from common fait, he joins the twofpirits together. In this
fpecies ofaqua regia he diffolves gold, then draws off the
menftruum, till a melaginous fubftancc remains behind, to
which he again adds as much of the aqua rtgia as makes up
the former quantity then again abftracls, and fo repeats this
; theoritu^w amethyft. See Amethyst.
cohobation thrice. Laftly, be mixes, along with the re-
maining melaginous matter, twice its weight of well de-
phlegmcd oil or vitriol, and, by diftilling it in a ftrong heat of
(and, there afcend, as lie expreffes it, molt elegant rubies
which expreflion is not extravagant as it may appear
fo for
Kunkel % alfo tells us, that, by pouring a little oil of vitriol
into a folution of gold, and diftilling it over with a ftrong fire
at laft, a portion of the gold will not only afcend in the form
of red drops, but alfo fublime to the top of the cucurbit, in
the appearance of feathers, or flowers, tinged of a moft beau-
tiful red : but, if thefe flowers are touched by the
they again run into a ycliow-coloured liquor.
f And. Trn&at. de Auro, pag. 10 1.
CaiT.
j ontra iion entia Chymic. non-ens 13. p. 103
1.
Boyle'i Abridgment, vol. i. p. 458, 459, &c.
The fame Caflius likewife advances a quicker method of
volatilizing gold, bv means of the fmoking fpirit ||, which,
in the fpace of an hour, fublimes it into yellow flowers. In
order to this, he evaporates a folution of gold made with aqua
regia, till it leaves only a little purple cake behind ; upon this
he pours the fmoking fpirit: then, clapping the head upon
the cucurbit, he diftils in hot fand; and, as foon as ever the
matter comes to be agitated by the heat, the fmoking fpirit
very impetuoufly carries up the particles of the gold, and fub-
limes along with them into yellow round flowers.
CalT. de Auro, pag. 101, 102.
See pag. 218, 219.
||
There are certain other powders, or crocuffes, prepared
gold, called croci folis, being principally of three different
colours, and having four different ufes.
The firft is a black, or dufky powder, that ferves for extempo-
raneous gilding. The fecond is of a faffron colour, being
made with aqua regia by exhalation, commonly called the
calx of gold, and ferving for various purpofes of amalgama-
tions and extractions ; but becomes the third, when made
with aqua regia by precipitation 'tis of a yellow colour, and
: there was but a fmall number of them that carried on any
called aurum fulminans, which is of ufe in medicine : and the
fourth is a purple powder, made of the aurum fulminans.
The manner of preparing the firft is this having made a
folution of gold in five or fix times its quantity of common
aqua regia, let clean linen cloths be dipped therein, and dri-
ed, continuing, or repeating, the operation till all is foaked
up. Then put the cloths into a little crucible, and burn them
with a fmall and gentle ignition, and keep the remaining mat-
ter for ufe, under the form of a fine black powder ; a little of
which being taken up with a wet cork, and rubbed upon a
plate of filver, will immediately gild over the metal ; though
it m'uft be obferved, that more gold is confirmed in this way
than in the common one of gilding by amalgam. See the
article Gilding.
The fecond, or faffron-coloured calx of gold, is made by dif-
tilling, or evaporating to drynefs, a folution of the metal made
in aqua regia ; the fire being at laft increafed fo as gently to
ignite the remaining matter.
The third, or yellow calx of gold, is prepared by gently pour-
ing oil of tartar per deliquium into a folution of the metal
made with fuch aqua regia as contains falt-ammoniac, by
which means the gold is precipitated in the form of a yellow
powder. After the liquor, therefore, has flood a proper time
to fubfide, the clear part thereof that floats above the powder
is decanted, and the fediment feveral times edulcorated with
hot water, and at laft permitted to dry with a very foft and
o-entle heat.
Vol. I.
A R A
: If a litti'e of this powder be laid upon an iron, or any other
metalline plate, placed over a candle, or a parcel of burning
coals, it takes fire, and goes oft with a very fmait report,
and an impetus, as to ftrikc a remarkable cavity in
fo ftrong
the plate. From which phenomenon fome
have imagined that
this powder had a tendency, contrary to that ol fire, down-
wards, though, in reality, the explofion is madequaquaverfum,
filver ftains it black. It or in all dimenfions alike*.
* Sea Boyle's Abridgment, vol. page 519; and Memoircs
ii.
de I' Acad, de Scienc. an. 17 19.
The fourth is made by mixing, or gently grinding, common
fulphur, or the flowers of it, along with this aurum fulminans,
and afterwards melting the mixture with a foft heat, which at
laft is to be fo far increafed, as to fet on fire, and burn out the
fulphur, whence a purple powder will be left behind.
Aqua Simplex, or fimple water, is aqua fortis that has been
and has nothing left but phlegm. It is ufed in the
diliillcd,
mint, and by filverfmiths, in order to begin to foften the
grains of filver.
Aqua Extincta, or extinguished water, is aqua fortis into
which fome river water has been poured, in order to qualify it,
aqua fortis that ferved to part gold from it.
Aqua M
arina, a precious ftone found along fome parts of the
coaft of the ocean. It is of a pretty beautiful fca-grcen, which
it isthought to acquire by being tolled up and down on the
fand by thl tide':; ebbing and flowing. It is almoft as hard as
Aqua Vitve, is commonly underftood of what is othcrwife
called brandy, or fpirit of wine, either fimple, or prepared
with aromatics.
Some, however, difiiguifh between them, appropriating the
: term brandy to what is drawn from wine, or the grape, and
aqua vita.- to that drawn after the fame manner from malt,
ts'c.
ARABIA, is bounded on the caft by the Arabian, or Perfian
gulph, and part of the Arabian Sea on the weft by the Red ;
Sea on the north by Paleftinc and Syria Propria; and, on
,
open air, the fouth, by part of the main ocean.
The whole country is by the moderns, as it was by the an-
cients, divided into
I. Akabia Deserta, or Desert.
See alfo
II. Arabia Petr^ea, or Stony.
III. Akabia Foelix, or Happy.
The product of Arabia is aloes, caflla, fpikenard, frankin-
cenfe, myrrh, manna, and other valuable gums, cinnamon,
pepper, cardamum, dates, oranges, lemons, pomegranates,
figs, and other fruits ; honey and wax in plenty and in their :
feas they have a great quantity of the beft coral and pearls.
The people here have no fettled habitations, except on the
fea-coafts, where their cities and towns are more regularly
built and inhabited, and more given to traffic. Some of
them, near to Syria, are a little more orderly than the reft,
and get a living by making of pot-afh.
Though the far greater part of the nation live in a wild fa-
vage manner, and addict themfelves to plunder, yet there are
many of them, efpecially fuch as live in towns, that apply
from themfelves to trades and commerce, and to arts and fciences,
in which they generally excel. The Ifhmaelites had formerly
fpread themfelves over moft part of Arabia, and had fallen
very early into the way of trading into Egypt, and carrying
thither fpices, balm, frankincenfe, myrrh, opium, and other
rich commodities ; and thefe are likewife obferved to have
gone in troops, or caravans, and to have ufed camels for their
carriage, as the merchants do at this time of day. But, as
fuch trade, fo the reft lived, like fome of the prefent Arabs,
upon plunder and rapine, and were, like them, a vagabond
: race of men.
Having premifed thus much of Arabia in general, we fhall
now fpeak of it more diftinctly, with refpedl to its threefold
divifion.
I. Arabia Deserta, according to the modern geography,
is bounded on the eaft by the province of Diarbeck, or Mefo-
potamia, and the Perfian territory of Hierak ; on the weft by
Paleftine, or Sowriea-r; Souriftan, and Arabia Petraea; on the
north by the fiver Farat, or Euphrates, which parts it from
Diarbeck, and by Palmyrene, or part cf Syria and, on the ;
fouth, by Arabia Fcelix, from which it is divided by a long
chain of mountains. This* is properly enough called the De-
fert, it being almoft every-where interfered by high barren
mountains, many of its plains being nothing but great fands
and heaths, through which thofe that travel muft not only car-
ry provifions, but fteer by the ftars and mariner's compafs.
Guiland Melchior, who had gone through fome of them, tells
us that there are neither men, beafts, birds, or trees, grafs, or
pafture to be feen, or any thing but vaft rolling fands and
craggy mountains ; but that the lands that lie on the eaft fide
along the Euphrates afford both plants and food for the inha-
bitants of divers cities and towns feated in that part. There
are, likewife, fome plains and vallies, that feed a great num-
ber of fheep and goats, and other fuch fmall cattle which love
to browle upon fuch dry lands.
Y The
 A R A
The whole Arabia Deferta is divided into three principalities,
viz.
1. Anna, whofe chief cities are, Anna, on the Euphrates, the
capital,Mefcheid Urfin, Sumifcabac, Thema, Anna on the
Aftan, Balfora, and Tangia.
2. Argia, whole chief towns are, Argia, the capital, Faraa,
Maaden, Thaalabah, Aladi Dhath-Aliantin.
3. Chavabeda, whofe chief towns are, Chavabedah, Tan-
gia, Merah, Megiarah.
Anna, was formerly a famed mart-town, but now not much
frequented. It (lands on the river Euphrates, in a fruitful
and pleafant foil, and hath but two ftreets,
thereby: that on the Mefopotamian fide is about two miles
long, but thinly peopled, and bygone but tradefmen and
journeymen that of the oppofite fide is above fix miles in
;
length, and it is there that the principal inhabitants of the city
dwell. Every houfe hath fome ground belonging to it, and
thefe grounds are loaded with noble fruit trees, as lemons,
oranges, citrons, quinces, figs, dates, pomegranates, olives,
&c. very large, and in great plenty. Some of the flat grounds
are fown with corn, and other grain, which yield likewife a,
confiderable crop. This city is one of the thoroughfares
through which the caravans muff pafs that go to and from
Aleppo, Tripoli, Damafcus, Bagdad, &c. It is tributary to
the Turk, and it is to him that all the merchants pay cuftom
for the commodities they carry through it.
R E M A R K
Balfora was once famed for a market-place,
which all the Arabian merchants for a good
to refort, as to an exchange, which made trade
The prince of Balfora gives full liberty to all nations to come
and trade to this capital, where they ate fo civilly ufed, and
fo good an order kept, that one may go
flreets at hours of the night.
all The Dutch bring hither
their (pices, and the Englifh fome pepper and cloves; but the
Portugueze trade is quite abolifhed, and the Auguftine friers
that were fettled there have been obliged to go ofF. The In-
dians bring hither alfo feveral of their commodities, and one
may meet here merchants from all parts of Turky, Egypt,
&c. to buy the Indian commodities that are brought to the
place, and which they convey to their refpedtive marts on
young camels backs, which are alfo bought here. Some are
carried up the Tigris, but they go but (lowly, becaufe towed
by men againft a rapid ftream, who cannot go above 7 or 8
miles a day, nor move at all, when the wind is contrary.
The cuftoms paid at this place amount to almoft 5 per cent.
The prince of it, who is tributary to the Turk, hath his chief
revenue from the exchange of money, for the horfes and ca-
mels fold there, but chiefly from his palm-trees, of which he
hath a plantation reaching almoft 90 miles in length, and no
foul dares touch a date of them till they have paid him a
certain cuftom. The horfes which are bred here are in great
requeft, and fell at a vaft rate. The income of the prince,
from the forementioned branches of money, horfes, camels,
and dates, is fo great, that he is able to lay up 3,000,000
of livres every year, all the other charges of his tribute and
government defrayed.
Balfora hath been under the Turks ever fince ann. 1668.
and, like all other cities tributary to that dominion, is go-
verned by a cadi, who is appointed by the prince. There
are in it three forts of Chriffans eftablifhed, viz. Jacobites,
Neftorians, and Armenians but others of all forts are per-
: deed be true then, but is quite altered fince.
mitted to trade here. It fwarms with veffels from all nations
of Afia and Europe; the Englifh and Dutch have their fac-
tories here, which are very confiderable, and maintained by
their Eaft-India company to carry on their commerce with
China, Japan, and other parts of India, and for the difpatch
of their letters from all parts into England and Holland by
the way of Damafcus and Aleppo ; ard thefe are carried by
Arabs hired for the purpofe, who are very fwift of foot.
The Portugueze have likewife a factor here, but he hath but
little to do, fince their trade has dwindled away. Mod of
the commerce is carried on by Armenians, Indians, and Per-
fians; and the caravan of it is one of thofc, which brings all
the richeft merchandizes from India as well as Europe. What
ftill increafes its trade and opulence is,
their caravans or pilgrimages to Mecca,
way, and not only pay confiderable duties to the government,
but exchange many rich commodities here, which they brin<*
with them for others they carry off in their return. But there
is among others one great abufe, which is yet winked at both
by the Porte, and the bafha, or prince, becaufe it brings a
confiderable profit ; and that is, the bafenefs of the money
coined here, which, being loaded with greater alloy than that
of other nation?, is exchanged by the merchants at a great
difadvantagc.
The principality of Argia, and
The principality of Chavabeda, are in
to us, but in the Arabian tables.
II. Arabia Petrvea, the mod weftern
is now called Das-lik Arabiftin by
bics,
raah Arabiftin by the natives, and by others Bathalabah, but
A R A
moft commonly the bcglcbsrgate of Bofra, fo named from
that capital. It is bounded on the noirh by Syria and Pa-
leftine, on the call: by Arabia Deferta laft defcribed, and part
of Arabia Foelix, which likewife bounds it on the fouth, and
on the weft by the Red Sea and the iflhmus of Suez or
Egypt. The northern part is poorlv inhabited, and full of
barren mountains, and is under the Turks in the begleber-
gate of Cairo; but the fouth is both fertile and well peopled,
and governed by its own princes, except fome places alono-
the coaft. It is alfo more frequented on account of trade.
Though in moft refpects it much refembles the Deferta laft
which are divided defcribed for its ftony, fandy, and barren grounds, yet 1* lelds
\
in fome parts fufficient nourifhinent for cattle, whofe milk and
camel's flefh is the chief food of its inhabitants but there are
;
fome others which are quite uninhabited, and impaflable.
Shur, now called El Torre, hath a good harbour, and about -
400 houfes inhabited by fome Chriftian merchants, Jews,
and Moors. G;>ods are here unladen to be carried by land
to Suez, on the ifthmus, 120 miles north-weft at the end of
the weft gulph, which is not navigable for large' veffelb any
farther than Tor, by reafon of the rocks. Near this place
is the garden, which they fay Mofes calls Elim,
which is
planted with palm-trees, and the monks make fome tolerable
profit of the dates, which
are the Left in that country.
In the way from Tor,
or Morah, to mount Sinai, the vallies
abound with cama-trees, which produce the frankincenfe.
Among other trees that grow' on thefe mountains, there is a
S. fort which bears a kind of wool like cotton, though neither
fo fine nor fo white.
(till (landing, to III. Arabia Fosljx, by and moft confiderable
far the largeft
way about ufed of the three provinces, by the inhabitants called Yeman
is
to flourish Yama'n, and Hayaman, from one of the largeft diftridts in it
which hath given name to all the reft. It hath had the title
of Fcelix, from its extraordinary fertility and ronftant ver-
faf- through the dure; but was anciently called Saba, Sabea, and Seba, from
Seba the fon of Cufh, the grandfon of Ham, who was pro-
perly the founder of a city of thatname, anciently celebrated
for opulence, and efpecially its plenty of gold and filver.
its
The ancients were not content to give it the title of Happy,
but added that of Sacred to it, on account of its fine aromatic
gums and fragrant woods, which were ufed in faenfices, fuch
as frankincenfe, myrrh, aloes, nard, cinnamon, caffu, ce-
dar, and other odoriferous woods, which arc here in fuch
plenty, that the natives ufe them for common fuel. And in-
deed, if we were to judge of this Arabia by what the an-
cients have launched out in its praife, we (hould imagine it
the richeft and moft delightful land
in the whole world.
According to them, it produced not only all the fine gums
and plants we have already mentioned, befides an infinite va-
riety of precious drugs, medicinal fhrubs, herbs, &c. but
likewife abundance of gold and filver, befides bafer metals
and minerals ; diamonds, rubies, fardonix, and a vaft num-
ber of other precious ftones, of exquifite beauty and variety
of colours. (Pliny.)
The fea likewife furnifhed with the greateft quantity of
it
(hells and richeft pearls. exceeded all others in
It likewife
the fertility of its foil, and its vaft produce of corn, wine
oil, and the moft exquifite fruits and fpices of all forts. Corn
was there fown twice a year, and yielded a prodigious in-
creafe (Strabo), and fo did every thing elfe in proportion. It
had a vaft number of rich and opulent cities, befides towns
and villages, and was reckoned the moft populous province
in all Afia. What is faid of the trading towns, might in-
The Red Sea
was very much frequented by merchant-fhips, before the
Cape of Good Hope, and the paffage by it to the Indies were
found out; and Arabia was the market where all the com-
modities brought from India, China, and all the eaftern iflands,
were fold to the merchants of Egypt and Barbary, and
brought by the latter over land to Cairo, and other ports in
the Mediterranean, whither the Englifh, Italians, and other
European nations came to take them off their hands.
But now the goods from India and Perfia are brought to us
directly by fea, the commodities of Arabia are become lefs
ufeful, and oar commerce with it conlequently is confider-
ably decreafed. If the account which the ancient writers
give of it be true, it fufficiently fhews how furprifingly it muft
that the Perfians, in have been altered, fince they wrote for, at this time, no-
;
take this city in their thing like that fo much exaggerated fecundity, much lefs in
that great number of cities and inhabitants, appears, except
in fome few fpots here and there, which bear but a very fmall
proportion with the reft; the midland being either fandy or
mountainous, all dry and barren; fo that the fea coafts, and
the lands along the banks of the rivers, are the only places
that deferve the name of fertile or happy, except where put
into the fcale with the defert and ftony.
In this refpect indeed, it may well enough deferve thefe ti-
tles, if it were but for its fine fpices, and odoriferous plants,
and more efpecially for its frankincenfe, which is peculiar to
all refpects unknown it, and found in great abundance almoft every-where in it.
To this we may add the coffee-trees, which we are told (At-
of all the three Ara- las Geograph.) are to be found only in three or four dillricts
the Turks, and Bar- of the province of Yemen, properly fo called, and which
grow in the mountainous parts of it.
Tt
 A R A A R A
It likewife produces abundance of fine fruits, and enjoys a to take in new ones, fuch as leather, cfpccially the Morocco,
conftant verdure all the year round; but, even in this noble coffee, gums, and other drugs from Arabia. It is likewife
province, fomc parts of it are almoft as barren as the Petraea the ftaplc of the caravans, which go by fea from Gaid-hab, a
or Deferta, and produce nothing for 30 or 40 miles together, city in Egypt, to Mecca. The Chriftians are not luftered to
efpeciallv where it runs contiguous to the Red Sea. fettle in it, by reafon of its ncarnefs to Mecca, but yet art

Aiabia Fcelix, is now by molt modern geographers divided permitted to drive a confiderable commerce with it, fi being
into 13 provinces or diftricts, fome ftilcd kingdoms, dtheis the place where the fhips that come from the Eaft-Indies ate
principalities, as follow: wont to flop. The Porte keeps about 30 veflels on thefe feas,
The principalities of x. Bahareiri. 2. Ilagiaz, or Higiaz, to tranfpoit the merchandifes that come from thence, and
and 3. Jemama, 4.The kingdoms of Ad<m or Mocha, 5. which, though large enough to carry between 90 and 100
Of Seger or Alibinali, 6. Aman, Zirifden, or Oman, 7. guns, are yet without any. The great refort of fhips and
Fartach, 8. Yemen, g.. Mafcalat, 10. Ormus, 11. Xael, or other paflengers to this place, make every thing very dear in
Hadramut, 12. Zbith, 13. Territory of Tehaman. it, even water, which is brought hither from
a fpring 12
But we fh ill, for the greater conveniency of our readers, di- miles off, and fells for three-pence per pint.
vide thole territories into maritime and inland. 2. Maritime Tehamah, or Diiafar. This territory hath the
On the fea coaft are hefe that follow : ptincipality of Mecca on the north, the kingdom of Mocha on
1. The kingdom or principality of Mecca. the fouth, the Red Sea on the welt, and Yemen Proper on the
2. The maritime Tehamah al Dhafar. eaft. The Dhafar has feveral forts of tiuits,
territory of
3. The principality of Zibith, Zebeth, Zaba, or Saba. that are not elfewhere found ; fuch as thofe efpecially, which
4. Of Mocha, or kingdom of Aden. are called the nargil and tambul ; which are, accoiding to

5. Of Xael, or kingdom of Hadramut. d'Hcibclot, the cocoa and betel. Befides thefe, we are told,
6. Seger, or Alibanali. that frankincenfe is peculiar to this territory and province.

7. Yemen principality. 3,
The principality of Ziiiet, Zbith, or Zaba, has the
8. Vodane. Red Sea on the weft, Tehamah, or Dhafar on the north,
9. Mafcalat. Mocha on the fouth, and Yemen on the eaft. This country
10. Barhaim. is remarkably rich in balm, which is reckoned fome of the

In the inland arc the principalities ot kingdoms of beft in 'Arabia; as alio in manna, myrrh, caffia, and other

1 nam. rich drugs, efpccially frankincenfe. it is gathered in fpring

;iaz, or Hagiaz, or Hig'az. and autumn, and is fold to all nations.
una. Zibet is rich, populous, and the greateft mart in the world
Fartach. for frankincenfe, myrrh, aloes, and other precious drugs,

Oman.
R 1- M arks.
To thefc wc might add the kingdom of Ormus, which for-
merly had fome large territories on the Terra Firma but as
it has been long fince conquered by the Perfians, the king-
dom wholly deftroyed, and the ifland now become quite in-
confiderable, from which it took its name, wefhall fpeak of
this latter among the ifland^. 011 this coaft, according to its
prefent ftate. But as we have made it a conftant rule to
ran^e the conquered dominions under the heads to which
they originally belonged, and the main part of the Ormian
kingdom being in this Aiabia, we (hall now give a tranfient
account thereof before we enter into the reft, that we may
gums, &c. of this country. The neareft port where the vef-
fels, which come from other parts of Arabia, Ethiopia, and
India, can come in cither pillage, is near the fortrefs of
Gal; fsca, ot Chalafsca, which is about 40 or 50 miles from
;
Zijct: however, that hinders not its being a city of great
commerce. At Gaiaf ca is one of the moft confiderable
ports on the Red Sea, fince we find in both of them, not
only all the drugs, and other fine commodities from the Indies,
but likewife fome of the tirft china-ware brought from thence.
Zibet was once the center of thejtrade of Ethiopia, Egypt,
and China; and all agree, that it drives ftill a good trade in
fugar, fpice, and a variety of fruits.
.. The kingdom of Mocha is bounded on the north by Taha-
mah, or Zibet by the ftreights of Babel-mandel, which is the
;

avoid breaking the thread and order in which we have mar-
fhalled them above; and we arc the more induced to give a
fliort defcription of that monarchy, as both our Englifh and
other European nations have formerly had fome confiderable
intereft in it.
Seyladin was the 26th monarch of it, when the Portugueze in
1507 feized on it, and made a fettlcment there. At this
mouth of the Red Sea, on the fouth ; by the fame fea on the
weft, and the principality of Hadramut on the eaft. This
country abounds with manna, myrrh, frankincenfe, caffia,
balm, and gums of feveral forts, which are fold here very
cheap. Mocha is a large and populous city, and a fpacious and
commodious port feared at the entrance of the Red Sea, and a
vt.ry confiderable trading place; of which we have this ac-

time wc had the following account. The natural genius ot
the Ormians is a mixture of the Perfic and Arabian. They
are abundantly fupplied with all kinds of neceflaries by their
neighbours, and by the merchants that come thither from
Arabia, Turky, Perfia, and India, but the greateft part comes
from Armenia, Perfia, and Venice ; thefe laft being extremely
fond of the precious ftones which are brought thither from
India, and which they convey from Oi mus to Venice by land.
Befides, there are commonly fold great quantities of carpets
from Perfia, Dias, Coracou, Sic. Turky camblets, Arabian
count from the merchants that trade annually between it and
the Eaft-Indies. Numerous caravans arrive here annually
from Turky and Egypt, as likewife the great fhip Manfouri,
fent hither by the Sultan, which arrives in September, and
brings with it a vaft cargo of the richeft European merchan-
dizes, and carries back the return in fpices, callico, filk,
and other India goods. The fhips that ufed to unlade at A-
den, do likewife come hither to meet the caravans ; all which
muft needs render the place exceeding populous, as in fact
it is; at left one half of the year, from March to September,

herbs and medicinal drugs, particularly manna, myrrh, frankin-
cenfe, fandragan,&c. fine horfes from theprovinceof Bahraim,
pearls from that of Mafcalar, and feveral forts of dried raifins;
all which ate brought to Ormus by two cafilos of caravans of
merchants which come hither from Aleppo, and pafs through
Tripoli, which is about three days journey from this ifland,
which is the time of trade. The chief commodity our fhips
fetch from thence, is coffee, which grows in the neighbouring
country, and is the beft to be met with in thefe parts.
Aden is yet a confiderable trading port, but its vaft traffic
hath been in a great meafure removed to Mocha. Till then
it was a plnce of great refort, and was efteemed one of the

and who exchange them for others that are brought thither faireft and wealthieft cities of Arabia, being the center of
from other parts of the world all which traffic brings an ex-
; commerce between the eaft and weft, the Perfian gulph and
traordinary gain to the governor of it. But the Portugueze the Red Sea.
were after driven out by Schach Abbas king of Perfia, by the 5. The principality of Xael, has Mocha and Aden on the
affiftance of the Englifh, who had fome confiderable immu- weft, the Arabic fea on the fouth, the mountains of Yemen,
nities granted them as a reward, and among others one half or Gebel al Arad on the north, and the kingdom of Seger on
of the cuftoms "of Gambroon, which yielded them about the eaft. The fandy deferts here produce great quantities
4C,oool. a year for 50 years. But, in the wars with the of aloes, which they there call lahr al' Hadrd, to diftinguifh
Great Mogul,' the company fold it, referving only 3000I. a from that of Succotori,-* which we ftile Succotrine, and is
it

year. much the better of the two. In the mountain of Schibbam in

, The principality of Mecca, is bounded on the north by this principality, are produced fome of. the fineft onyxes and
Arabia Petraea, and Teham or Tabam on the fouth, its agate ftones.
eaftern extent unknown, and the Red Sea on the weft. 6. The principality of Seger, is contiguous on the weft to
The Mecca confifts in religious relics, which the
traffic in Xael; has the Arabian fea on the fouth and eaft, and the
pilgrims buy at Eafler, when there is likewife a great fair country of Gadter on the north. It produces a good deal of
kept, in which the richeft merchandizes of the Indies, Perfia, frankincenfe and aloes, but the latter is nothing near fo good
&c. are expofed to fale. The vaults of the mofques, and as that which grows at Succotora. The town of Dhofar, o
the ftiops round them, are filled with a prodigious quantity of Dhafar, is a confiderable fea-port in this province.
the richeft commodities, particularly precious ftones, and 7. The kingdom of Jemen, or Omin, under which name the
fcented, and other aromatic powders ; and, at all fuch fea- Arabians comprehend the greateft part of Yemen, or Arabia
fons, even the caves in the adjacent mountains are turned Fcelix from the city of Aden, quite to that of Mafcat on
;

into fhops. the gulph of Ormus; or, in other words, from the Perfic to
Jodda,Gioddah,Gickla, G
nidda, Geda, and Zieden, is a noted the Arabic gulph. We
have followed the more recent geo-
tea-port, where the Turkifh galHes, which are wont to winter graphers, who confine this kingdom within narrower bounds,
at Suez, at the bottom of the Arabic gulph, come to difem- fince, according to the Arabian ones, it would have contained
bark the goods which they bring from Egypt, Syria, &c. and thofe of Xael and Seger already mentioned, as well as the
large
 A R A A R B
large territories of Gadter and Mahre, which lie between alone they ufe at Goa to draw the fpirit : whereas at Batavia
them and the kingdom we are now fpeaking of. According they ufe copper-ftills.
to the modern boundaries, it exiends itfelf from 48 to 58 de- The Parier arac made at Madrafs, and the Columbo and Qui-
grees of eaft longitude, but from north to fouth only from lone arac at other places, being fiery hot fpirits, are but little
22t to 26 of latitude, where it juts fartheft into the Perfic valued by the Europeans, and therefore feldom imported,
gulph, but in other parts not above 1 degree at the moil. though highly prized among the natives.
But of the true limits, or foil, of thefe remote countries, we
know very little. The ifles of Zohar, north of cape Rofal- British Laws relating to Arac.
gate,were the chief places of trade to the eaft, till the com-
merce was transferred to the city of Ormus. By flat. 2 Geo.
I. cap. 30. Arac on board a fhip within the
Oman feems formerly to have been a place of no fmall traffic, limits of any port of Great-Britain, or found unfhipping or
bur, as to its prefent ftate, we are altogether in the dark. unfhipped before entry, may be fezrehed for and feized, toge-
Mascat, is town, which the Portu-
a confiderable fea-port ther with the package, by the officers of excife, in like manner
gueze made choice of, after the lofs of Ormus: whilft they as by the officers of the cuftoms.
held ir, it was a place of great profit to them ; but, being Upon an excife- officer's fufpicion of concealment of arac,
beaten out by the Arabian princes, both place and trade are made before the commiffioners or a juftice of the peace, they
gone to decay. At prefent, the inhabitants are a mixture of may impower him to enter fuch fulpected places, and feize
Moors, or native Arabians, fome Indian Pagans, fome Jews, the liquors, with the cafks, &c.
and a few Portugueze, who carry on a trade with Ormus, and If the officers are obftrucled, the penalty
is iool.

other places on the Arabian and Perfic coafts. The town is Arac not to be fold but in warehoufes, and entered as di-
is

pretty much frequented by the Al Arabs, as they emphati- rectly by 6 Geo. I. cap. 21. upon forfeiture, and the cafks,
cally ftile themfelves, who come from the inlands, when they C3V.
hear any fhip is arrived at Mafcat, whither they bring a great If permits are not returned which are granted for the remo-
deal of poultry, dates, and horfes, which they exchange for val of arac, or if the goods are not fent away within the time
rice, drabs, and other commodities they want. Mafcat is fup- limited, the penalty is treble the value.
pofed to be the place where mips anciently fet out from Arabia If the permits are not returned, and the decreafe is not found
to China. to be fufficient, the like quantity is forfeited.
We are obliged to pafs by feveral other kingdoms, princi- Permits are not to be taken out, but by direction in writing of
palities, and provinces in this pait of Arabia, both maritime the proprietor of the ftock, or his known fervant, upon for-
and inland, as there is nothing worth notice related concern- feiture of 50 1. or three months imprifonment.
ing them, or their traffic. All we know of Gadter and Mah- By 9 Geo. IL cap. 35 If arac is offered to fale without
flat.

reh, or Mahrah, is, that the latter produces fome frankin-
cenfe, which is gathered here, and fent into other provinces.
Sanaa, in the territory of Tehamah, is populous and wealthy,
and traffics more in money than merchandizes. El'-Katif, in
the kingdom of inland Oman, is a place of trade, and the
inhabitants fiih for pearl about the neighbouring coaft. On
the mountain Shebah in the country of Naged, are dug feveral
curious ftones ; fuch as the agate, co: nelian, and efpecially that
called, in Arabic, Gezz Allcmani, which is the Arabian onyx,
and much efteemed for its beauty.
a permit, or by any hawker, pedlar, tffc. with a permit, the
perfon, to whom it is offered, may feize and carry it to the
next warehoufe belonging to the cuftoms or excife, and bring
the perfon offering the fame before any juftice of the peace,
to be committed to prifon, and profecuted fur the penalties
incurred by fuch offence.
1 he perfon feizing fuch goods may profecute in his own
name ; and, on recovery, is intitled to f part of the grofs
produce of the fale. And the commiffioners are (ifdefired)
upon a certificate from the juftice of the offender's bein<? com-
r

ARAC, or ARRAC, or RAC, a kind of fpirituous liquor or

1
muted to prifon, t

to advance to the feizer 1 s. per gallon for

brandy made by the Tartars of Tungufia, who are fubject to the arac fo feized.
the czar of Mufcovy. Arac (except for the ufe of the feamen two gallons each) found
This fpirituous liquor is made of mare's milk, which is left to in any fhip or veffel arrived from foreign parts at anchor, or
be four, and afterwards diftilled twice or thrice, between
is hovering within the limits of any port, or within two leagues
two earthen whence the liquor runs
pots clofely flopped, of the fhore, and not proceeding on her voyage (unlefs in cafe
through a fmall wooden pipe. This liquor is very ftrong, and of unavoidable neceffity and diftrefs of weather, notice where-
intoxicates more than brandy diftilled from wine. of muft be given to the collector or chief officer of the port
Arac is likewife an excellent fpirituous liquor, which theEng- upon the flap's arrival) is forfeited, with the boxes, cafks, and
get from Batavia or Malacca to make punch. The Chi-
lifh other package, or the value thereof.
who make arac in the Indies by diftillation.
nefe are thofe ARAINS, ftriped or checked armorines or taffeties, which
They make 3 forts of it, extracted, the one from the cocoa- come from the Indies.
tree, the fecond from rice, and the third from fugar. The ARANEA, a fiver ore found only in the mines of Potofi, or in
firft is the beft, and moft in ufe. They make it of the liquor the fingle mine there of Catamito. It owes its name to fome
which iflues from the bloflbm-bunch of the cocoa-tree. For refemblance it bears to a cobweb (a fpider being called ara-
which purpofe they tie the bunch, whilft ftill wrapped up nea in Latin, and aragnee in French) being compoled of
within its cod or membrane, with a piece of packthread, and threads of pure filver, which to the fight appear like a filver
then with a knife they make a crofs-cut in that bunch, a little lace, when burned to feparate the filk from it. It is the
above the place where it is tied, and adapt a pitcher to it, to richeft of all kinds of filver ore.
receive the liquor, which is vinous, palatable and fweet. It ARARES, a name given by the Indians to that kind of fruit
is called touac, or fouri. Others ufe a bamboe-cane inftead which is called, in Europe, citrine mirobolans. This fort of
of a pitcher. Having thus drawn the liquor, they let it fer- niirobolans is thought proper to purge the gall.
ment, and afterwards diftil it to make arac. They have a ARATE, a weight in Portugal, See Arobe.
prodigious demand for it all over the Eaft-Indies. ARBITER*, or ARBITRATOR, an extraordinary judge,
The Dutch import fome into Holland. It is fomething
alfo or commiffioner, in one or more caufes, between party and
fweeter, and lefs intoxicating than common brandy j for party, chofen by their mutual confent.
which reafon, the Englifh think it more fit to make punch.
* The civilians make a difference between arbiter and arbitra-
The author of the Speclacle de la Nature was miftaken in
tor; though both gtound their power on the compromife of
aliening, that the liquor of the cocoa-tree was drawn by
the parties, yet their liberty is diveife : for an arbiter is tied
making an incifion in the lower part of the trunk of the tree,
to proceed and judge, according to ihe forms, cuftoms, and
for it is certain that none would come that way.
ufages in the law an arbitrator is permitted wholly to ufe
:

his own difcretion in accommodating the controverfy com-

A further account of arac. mitted to him, according to what feems juit and equitable
agreeable to his own judgment.
The nature and compofition of this celebrated liquor has been
much controverted. Mr. Lockyer tells us, that the name of The ordinances in France direct, that all differences among
arac is an Indian word for ftrong waters of all kinds; for merchants and among partners in
in relation to their trade,
they call our fpirits and brandy, Englifh arac. But what we relation to their partnerfhips, be determined by arbitrators :

underftand by the name arac, is really no other than afpirit which gives unto the arbitrators, who are named for all thefe
procured by difi illation from a vegetable juice called toddy, forts of differences, a right to terminate them with all poffi-
which flows by incifion out of the cocoa-hut-tree, like the ble diligence, in order to avoid the delays of judicial proceed-
birch juice procured among us. ings ; alfo a right to qualify the awards which they give
and
The toddy, adds Mr. Lockyer, is a pleafant drink by itfelf, on of that kind, with fuch temperaments of equi-
affairs
when new, and purges thofe who are not ufed to it and, ; ty, as they fhall find that the facts and circumftances may
when ftale, it is heady, and makes good vinegar. The Eng- deferve.
lifh at Madrafs ufe it as levcn to raife their bread with. In England, although there is no particular obligation laid on
Goa and Batavia are the chief places for arac. At Goa there parties to refer their differences to arbitration, as the cuftom
are divers kinds fingle, double, and treble diftilled.
; The is in France, in fome cafes; yet the ftatutes recommend
double diftilled, which is that commonly fent abroad, is but a thefe references to the fubject, and more particularly to mer-
weak fpirit in comparifon to Batavia arac yet, on account of : chants and traders, as an ufeful expedient to end their diffe-
its peculiar and agreeable flavour, it is preferred to all other rences with the greater eafe and expedition. And, in order
aracs of India. This is attributed to the earthen vefl'ds, which to give more weight and efficacy to the award of the arbitra-
7 tors,
 ;

A R B ARE
tors, the parties are allowed to agre among them arbiters. As Thcfe merchants hive referred
for inftance.
that their fubmiflion of the fuit to ihe award or umpi their difpute to an arbitration, i. e. to be decided by arbiters.
any perlon, or perfons, may be. made a rule of any of his I In fe pei Ions are very much employed in arbitration; that
majeSty's couns of record, that the parties may be thereby is, are often chofen arbiters. This caufe has been determined

finally concluded. by arbiration| i. c. by the fc ntencc of arbiter*.

Stat. 9 and io Will. III. cap. 15. feci. I. After the 1 ith of Arbitration, in matters of the Foreign Exchange, is the
M.iy .698, all merchants and others, defiring toend any con mofl beneficial, as well as the molt delicate, branch of ex-
troverfy (for which there is no remedy but by pcribnal action, change to be thoroughly imformed of.
or fuit in equity) by arbitration, may agree that their fubmif- Before any one applies himfelf to the Study of this Subject, :t
fion of the fuit to the award or umpirage of any perfons (hall is ncccftary that he Should be well Skilled in all the practical

be made a rule of any of his majefty's courts of record, operations, in regard to the reducing of the ftei!i"g money
which the pa' ties fh?.!l chufe, and may infert fuch their agree- of England into the foreign monies of exchange, and of ac-
ment, in their fubmiflion, or the condition of the bond or count, of all places throughout Europe, according to the di-
promife and upon producing an affidavit of fuch agreement,
:
rect courfes of exchange, eftablifhed for thefe purpofes, and
and upon reading and filing fuch affidavit in the court fo cho- vice verfa. Alfo,
fen, the lame may be entered of record in fuch court, and a 2. That he Should be acquainted with the methods of con-
rule of court Shall be thereupon made, that the parties fhall verting Sterling money into the monies of exchange, and of
fubmit to, and finally be concluded by, fuch arbitration or account, of all other places of commerce, wherewith England
umpirage; and, in cale of difobedience thereto, the party has no direct eftahliShed courfes of exchange, but is under the
neglecling or refuting fhall be fubject to all the penalties ol neceflity ofmaking ufe of the intermediate exchange of other
contemning a rule of court, and procefs fliall iflue accordingly places together with the nature of the agios, and the manner
:

which fhall not be flopped or delayed by any order, &c. of converting their bank monies into current, and the leverfe.
of any other court, cither of law or equity, unlefs it ap- 3. 1 he manner of calculating all the foreign monies through-
pear on oath, that the arbitrators or umpire misbehaved out Europe into thofe of every other diftinct country, either
themfelves, and that fuch award was corruptly or unduly according to the direct, or intermediate exrban -c which ;

procured. makes a much greater variety of cafes, than thole who are
Sect. 2. Any arbitration or umpirage procured by corruption not thoroughly acquainted with this extenfive Subject can
or undue means fhall be void, and let afide by any court ol imagine. See the article Exchanges.
law or equity, fo as fuch corruption or undue practice be 4. Itis prcvioufly neccllarv, alio, to tlie entering upon a know-

complained of in the court where the rule is made for fuch ledge of the arbitration of exchange, to know the intiinfic
arbitration, before the laft day of the next term alter fuch ar- value of foreign monies, r-ccerding to the mod accurate af-
bitration male and pub'ithed to the parties. fays which have been made for that purpofc.
The power of arbitrators is to be regulated by the compromife 5. Laftly, it is requifire to undeiftand the general natural
he; ween the what concerns the differences which
parties, as to caufe- of the rife and fall of the courfes of exchange between
they arc to determine, and whatever they decree beyond that, nation and nation, or between one trading city and another
isof no effect. in the I >me n uion.
Arbitrators, in their proceedings, are to obferve the five fol- That may communicate my meaning with the greater per-
I

lowing points, viz. fpic.iity, it may be proper, for the Satisfaction of others, as

1. That the award made be given up in writing within well as practical merchants and remitters, to premife, That
the time limited, by the bonds of compromife between the as the advantages to be made by understanding how to ar-
parties. bitrate the exchange at all times, and in refpect to all places,
2. That there be appointed by the award fome reciprocal aft depend on the general rife and fall of the prices of exchange
to be done by each party to other, which the law requircth to between one nation and another (o that rife and (all depends
;

be quid pro quo, albeit never fo Small. on the balance of trade being either in favour or againft a
3. That they make a final end, and do determine upon all the nation.
points or differences produced before them by fpecification, if That the courfe of exchange is the criterion of the balance
they be required fo to do, and authorized thereunto. of trade, has been allowed, not only by crcat ftatefmen and
4. That they do not award any of the parties to do or per- fpeculative politicians, but by the moft Skilful and Sagacious
form any unlawful act or thing prohibited, and againft the practical traders.
law. As this matter is put in a very rational and familiar light by
5. That they do not award any thing, whereby any matter thofe able and distinguished merchants of the city of London,
already determined by decree in Chancery or judgment at the who were instrumental, in conjunction with the late ever
common law, or any fentence judicially given in the caufe, be memorable Earls of Halifax and Stanhope, in defeating x..a
infringed or meddled withal. l'rench treaty of commerce, in the year 1712 1 Shall quote ;

After a definitive fentence is given, the function of arbitrators their reafoning upon this point, from the Brinfn Merchant.
ceafes, and they have not power to retract or alter it. In confequer.ee of which, the practical applicaiion of what
No matters wherein the public is concerned, or befides thofc we Shall communicate on the topic under confidetation, will
of a private nature, which regard property between pcrfon and appear the more intelligible :

perfon, can be lubmitted to the decifion of arbitrators. ' Suppofe, fay they, the tenant in Wiltfhire is to pay for rent
Belidcs the differences among merchants relating to their ' 100 1. to his landlord in LonJcn and the Woollen-draper in
;

trade, and among partners in relation to their partnerfhips, ' London is to pay the like fum to his clothier in Wiltfhire :

thofe touching 1 he partition of inheritances

near rela- among c
both thefe debts may be paid, without tranfmitting one far-
tions, accounts of rur.rdianfhips, and other administrations, ' thing from one place to the other, by bills of exchange, or
the restitution of marriage portions, and of dowers, muft in ' by exchanging one debtor for the other thus: That is,
France be referred to arbitrators and it is ordained that, in
:
* the tenant may receive the landlord's order to pay 100 1 to
cafe any of the parties refufe to name arbitrators on their part, * the clothier in the country; and the woollen- draper may re-
the judge fhall name them. ceive his clothier's order to pay the like fum to the landlord
Or, long abfence of one of the arbiters,
in cafe of death or ' in town.
the parties concerned muft chufe another, or upon their re- * Thefe two orders are properly called bills of exchange ; the
fufal the judge is to name one. So if the arbitrators differ * debts are exchanged by them ; that is, the woollen-draper
in opinion, and are not able to agree among themfelves, the ' in town, inltead of the tenant in the country, is become
judge is to appoint a fuperarbitcr. ' debtor to the landlord ; and the tenant in the country, in-
All articles of partnerfhips Should contain a claufe, by which c
ftead of the woollen-draper in town, is become debtor to
the partners bind themfelves to fubmit to arbitrators, in the * the clothier: and, when thefe orders are complied with,
difputes that may arife between them; ' the two debts between London and the country are dif-
And the fame Should be obferved in contracts or policies of charged, without fending one Shilling in fpecie from the
afTurance. ' one to the other.
.ARBITRARY, that which is left to the choice or determi- f
In like manner, the warehoufeman in London is indebted
nation of men, or not fixed or fettled by any pofitive law or 1
in tool, for Stuffs to the weaver in Norwich ; and the li-
injunction. As aibitrary fines are mulcts ufually called * nen-draper in Norwich indebted in the like fum to the
is

amercements. ' Hamburgh merchant ; both thefe debts may be

in London
To ARBITRATE, to adjudge or act as an arbiter ; to award * paid by bills cf exchange, or by the exchange of one debtor
or give fentence. ' for the other, by placing one debtor in the other's ftead :

The French ufe the word arbiter in another fenfe alfo ; it Sig- * that is, the warehoufeman may receive the order of his
nifies toeftimate a thing
in general, without entering into par- * weaver, to pay icol. to the Hamburgh merchant; and the
ticulars. In this fenfe they fay. the judges-confuls have arbi- c
linen-draper may receive the order of the Hamburgh mer-
trated (cnt arbitre) the coft, damages, and interefts, at fuch a * chant, to pay the like fum to the weaver.
fum : that is, they have calculated them fo much. Arbiters, ' Thefe orders are bills of exchange; the debtor in one place
or common have attributed to what fum the decay
friends, * is changed for the debtor in the other : and thus both debts

cf fuch merchandizes may amount.
ARB1T RATION, a jurisdiction chofen voluntarily, by parties
at variance, ;o have thfir difference terminated and adjufted
by perfons impewered by them, and who are {tiled arbiters, or
arbitrators. It is alio Lid of the fentence pronounced by the
Vol. i.
* may be paid, without fending one Single Shilling in Specie
* from the one city to other.
But, if the debts due from both places are not equal, then
' only the fame quantity of debts on both fides can be paid
' bv bills of exchange. The balance muft be Sent in money
from
55
 ARE
from the city, from whence the greateft fums are due. For
example :
If, by die trade between London and Norwich, the former
owes io,ccol. to the latter, and tne latter no more than
9000 1. to the foimcr it is manifeft, that only the debts
; Dutch
of 9000 1. on each fide can be difcharged by biils of ex-
change; the balance of iocoI. mult be fent either from
London, or fome other place indebted to London, to even
the account between both the cities.
Let us fuppofe then, that to fend and infure iocoI. in
fpecie to Norwich would coil 5I. or 10s. percent, which
of the debtors in London would be willing to be at this
charge ? It is natural to believe, that every one, will en-
deavour to fhift it off from himfelf, that every one will en-
deavour to pay his money by a bill of exchange ; it is na-
tural to believe that every one, rather than ftand the coft
and hazard of fending icol. in fpecie, would pay lool.
5 s. in London for a debtor in Norwich, upon condition
that the Norwich debtor (hould pay an 100 1. for him in
that city.
By which means the Norwich debtor would pay his debt of
ICO 1. in London with lefs than that fum, while the London
debtor would be obliged to give more than that fum for the
payment of 100 1. in Norwich. And, if fuch for years
together were the courfe of exchange between London and
Norwich, there could be no queftion to which of the two
cities a fum muft be fent in fpecie to pay the balance;
that city undoubtedly pays the balance, that gives more
than the par; that undoubtedly receives the balance, that
gives lefs than the par for bills of exchange.
The courfe of exchange, in this cafe, would fufficiently
decide that the balance of trade is on the fide of that city
that procures bills of exchange upon the moft eafy terms.
I have taken examples from two Englifli cities, where the
money is of the fame denomination ; and the fame quan-
tities are equally at par in both. But the cafe is the very
fame between two cities, where the denominations of the
money are different, as long as any certain quantity of
money in the one can be reduced to a par or equality with
any certain quantity of money in the other.
For example, the old French crown was juft equal or par
to 54 * pence Englifli ; and 444^ of thefe crowns were
juft par, or equal to an iooi. fterling; every farthing
given more or lefs than 54 d. for a crown, in a bill of ex-
change between London and Paris, amounts to 9s. 3d.
upon 444 crowns, cr upon fo many times 54 d.
* This was But what is the cafe at prefent,
in the year 1713.
See the article Coin, where the aiTays, weights, and values
of foreign fdver and gold coins is given by which it will ap-
! From what has been faid, the reader may obferve the utility
pear, whether England or foreign countries have the ad-
vantage by exchange, according to the intrinfic value of fuch
coins.
e Suppofe then the courfe of exchange between London and
1
Paris flood thus heretofore. man in Paris, indebted
If a
'
to London, paid a farthing than the par for a bill of
lefs
<
exchange upon London to pay 54 d. there; the Parilian
paid his debt to London of 100 1. by a bill of exchange that
* coft him in Paris 9s. 3d. lefs than that fum and if a : rifon of exchanges may be exactly afcertained, for the govern-
* merchant in London gave a farthing more than the par for
1
a bill of exchange upon Paris, to pay a French crown, the
* Londoner gave 9s. 3d. more than 100 1. for a bill of ex-
* change to pay that fum in Paris.
' If fuch was exchange between London and
the courfe of
* Paris ; if thegave above the par, and the fecond lefs
firft
* than par, for bills of exchange to pay their refpective debts,
there can be no doubt that bills of exchange were more
* eafily to be had in Paris than at London; and confequently,
' that greater fums were due from the latter than the for-
* mer; and that we paid a balance upon our trade to that
4
kingdom. And as the price rofe here to a penny or two
pence above the par, or fell there fo much below it; it
* lhewed fo much the greater fcarcity here, and the greater
plenty there of bills of exchange ; and that fo much the
' greater balance of bullion was going hence, by means of
' oyr trade to thajt country.'
Here letthe intelligent practical merchant and remitter, &c.
make his obfervations on what we mean by the intrinfic ar-
bitration of the exchanges, which need not be further en-
larged upon, if he confidcrs the due application of what has
been faid this fingle cafe being as good as a multitude.
; But the greateft profit to be made this way does not always
The foregoing reafoning may be further carried on thus:
If the city of Bordeaux owes 100,000 ounces of filver at
Paris, and fends wines and brandies to Holland for ico,ooo
ounces: and if Holland fends fpecie t.o Paris for 100,000
ounces, due to the bankers at Bourdeaux and with thefe the ; continue in fuch an equality of proportion, as only occafion-
fpecie merchants at Paris remit and pay the 100,000 ounces
they owe to Holland: in this cafe the exchange between
Bourdcaux and Paris, Bourdeaux ;md Holland, and Paris and
Holland, will be at par there will be no variation, but what
; to be made to other places, with which they do not happen to
proceeds from the commiffion of the negociators concerned in
the returns.
But in regard that the coin of France is reckoned by
A R B
fols, and deniers ; and in Holland, by florins, ftivers, and
groots that the coin in ufe in Holland differs in the ftan-
;
dard, bulk, and mark, from that ufed in France ; the com-
putation of the exchanges is made by the exchanging fo many
French exchange crown ; and, although
groots, for a
this at view does not feem to denote that the exchange is
firft
fo much per cent, over or under par, yet in reality it .
and the banker, corfcerned in the Dutch exchange, know;;
how to calculate this par in the tale of French Crowns, and
Dutch groots.
So that the exchange between London and Paris, and Paris
and Amfterdam, &c. is, in effect, carried on juft as it is be-
tween London and Wiltfhire, or London and Norwich; only
with this difference, that the accounts are kept in another
gibberilh ; and that the charge and rifle of fending money
from London to Paris, or from Paris to Amfterdam, is greater
than that of fending it from London to V/iltfhire, or Nor-
wich ; and when the balance of trade with Amfterdam is
againft Paris, the exchange at Paris will be from 5 to 6 per
cent, above the par by bills on Amfterdam ; whereas it will
feldom exceed an half per cent, above par between London
and Norwich.
Whether France pays livres, fols, and deniers, for ryals of
plate, and marvedees, new or old in Spain for crufadoes, or
;
milrees in Portugal ; for guilders, rixdollars, or marks-lubs,
in the north ; for pounds, (hillings, and pence fterling; for
marks, piaftcrs, and ducats, in Italy ; the par of the exchange
is always ounce for ounce of filver, or rather of gold, that
being of eafier carriage, and moft commonly is tranfported in
the balance of trade; and the computations and evaluations
of the exchange will fquare every-where with our firft ex-
amples.
If France owes a balance in trade to Flanders of 100,000
ounces; Flanders to Holland of 100,000 ounces ; Holland to
England of 100,000 ounces; England to Spain of 100,000
ounces; Spain to Italy of 100,000 ounces; Italy to Ger-
many of 100,000 ounces; Germany to France of 100,000
ounces ; the exchange may be carried on at par between all
thefe countries, without any tranfportation of gold or filver.
But as the balance of trade grows due gradually from one
country to any other, by an importation of commodities, the
variation of exchanges follows the fame proportion.
And it is the bufinefs of the judicious general merchant, and
the fagacious remitter, to fpeculate where the balance of trade
lies,among the European nations, at all points of time; for
by that means he may embrace his opportunities of advantage,
and thefe almoft daily, between fome nation or other, provi-
ded his credit and correfpondence are duly eftablifhed to ad-
mit thereof.
of knowing the intrinfic arbitration of exchange, by comparing
the courfes with the real value of money. For more matter
relating to which, fee the article Exchange.
Another method of confidering the arbitration of exchanges,
is founded upon comparing the various occafional prices of
exchange together between nation and nation ; in order to
difcover at all times, whether certain courfes continue in an
equality of proportion, or how far they deviate therefrom :
by which means the advantage to be made by fuch a compa-
ment of the merchant or remitter to take his meafures accord-
ingly, and not to let the advantageous occafion efcape his
cognizance. And this muft neceffarily prove the cafe, pro-
vided a perfon is not accomplifhed in this branch of the ex-
changes.
Before I enter upon the illuftration of this matter by exam-
ples, it will be proper to obferve, that, in a comparifon or
combination of the courfes of exchange of feveral places to-
gether, it is rare, very rare indeed, that they happen to ebb
and flow in an exact equality of proportion the reafon where-
;
of muft be obvious to every one, who confiders that the ba-
lance of trade differs between different nations, and confe-
quently, from what has been faid, the courfes of exchange
will be in favour, or otherwife, of fome nations, when com-
pared with others. This is fo plain, that it needs no further
animadverfion.
This being the cafe, the judgment of the exchange-negocia-
tor confifts in vigilantly obferving, from a due comparifon of
the courfes, where the greateft inequality of proportion lies ;
for there lies the greateft profit to be made by drawing and re-
mitting to certain places preferably to others.
happen to arife, from a comparifon of thefe courfes only where
the general currency of a trader's bufmefs lies on the contra-
:
ry, from the circumftances and the nature of the trade of
fuch countries, the rife and fall of the courfes may generally
ally, or feldom, to admit of any extra profit by the exchange.
Whence it is, that thofe,who are unacquainted with the niceties
of thefe computations, think there are little or no advantages
have any tranfactions. This is an egregious miflake: nay,
if a merchant has dealings with two or three different n.
livres, it is very rare but confiderable advantages are to be made, by
knowing
 J

ARE ARE
knowing how to exchanges with accuracy and
arbitrate the :

the more general correfpondence is with various nations,

his
the greater opportunities he has . reaping benefit by his fu-
perior (kill in this branch of mercantile feience.
To the end that my meaning may be the more readily com-
prehended, the following diagram may be neccflary.

Paris <

Amfterdam

London
Paris on Amfterdam at 54 {|$. And on London at 31 .
Loudon. Paris What is the proportional arbitrated price between London
and Amfterdam ?

OPERATION.
1 1. --= /<j!e?d. fterling.

z* ?--=> iiw=*7*i
/?* 4
127
Lifbou f$
1. 54. X by 160, and take in the numerator, gives 8763;
to balance which, place the 160 on the left hand fide, and
Let it be fuppofed, that the exchange between London and
cancel 54 \li.
Amfterdam is at 34 and between London and Paris at
6,
2. Then x 31
:

\ by 4, and take in the 3 the numerator, and

31 >. What is the proportional arbitrated price between Am-
that gives 127 ; to balance which, place the 4 on the right-
fterdam and Paris ? hand fide, and cancel 31 {.
The moft concife method of difcovcring the proportional ar- will divide by 10, which leaves
3. I find that 160 and 240
bitrated price is by a numerical equation, in the algebraic way 16 on the left-hand and 24 on the right.
fide,
of analyfis Thus,
4. I find that 16 will divide by 4, and 24 by 4, which leave 4
:

on the one fide, and 6 on the other. And

+ Signifies addition Say 1 cr. Paris =3 31 d. j fterling
= 34 Laftly, Finding two 4's on each fide, they cancel each other.
fubirraction 2^od. fieri. : 6 = 414 So that the confequence of the whole is, that 8763 x 6,
X multiplication
arid the product divided by 127, gives the anfwer, 414 grots,
-: - _ divifion
or 34 6, the exchange between London and Amfterdam, as
:

... therefore
required.
_ - - . equality
The third cafe.

The richthand fide of the equation conftitutes a general di-

vidend, the left-hand fide a general divifor.
But make it troublefome for moft to x
as the fractional parts
an(J them, who arc not well acquainted with fractions both
_f-

vulgar and decimal ; and as thefe are fometimes too tedious

for men of bufinefs ; the moft eafy and concife practical way
is to reduce thefe equations, according to the following ax-
ioms, viz. Amfterdam
(1.) Equal quantities multiplied by equal quantities their pro-
ducts are equal. And (2.) Equal quantities divided by equal
quantities, their quotas are equal ; that is to fay, the numbers
refuking therefrom remain proportionally equal.

Examples as above.
London
/ =
=
& I
Amfterdam on 54 t!. And on London at 31 |,
Paris at
ii* 4H What is the arbitrated price between London and Paris ?

4 =127 OPERATION.
80 =#$ 1 Crown Paris = s^-^ grots.
2 69
127 x 69 $H g rots i4&&' fterling.

80 x 2 to the anfwer. That = i& 30

is you multiply 127 by 69, and divide the
to fay, that if
product thereof by that of 80 multiplied by 2, you have the 46 2921
true anfwer required, which you will find to be 54t||> the ..2921 _ Anf -
u e v j
^jt
rf J
3r
J _2
neareft practical fraction in common bufinefs being |. 46x2 92 *
fyg
However, the calculation muft be made with the utmoft ac- 6
curacy, or you will not fo wcl! know what you are about.
92
This is only an abbreviation of the operation upon the pre- Thefe three cafes prove the truth of the method, in regard to
ceding axioms. As 1. You x the 31 i by 4, which gives 127 each other.
placed under the line, and a 4 fet on the other fide to balance
Another example derived from the firft diagram.
it from the firft axiom.
Then, as there don't happen to be more fractions, I proceed
to abbreviate the work further by divifion, Thus I find at Amfterdam
one glance of the. eye, that 240 and 414 will both divide by
3, which produce for quotas 80 and 138, which numbers, as
they are done with, are cancelled. I next obferve, that 4 and
138 will both divide by 2, which give 2 and 60. So that the
refult is, that 127 multiplied by 69, and that product divided
by 80 multiplied by 2, which remain uncancelled, will give
the anfwer required.
London
But if any other divifor could be found, which would meafure
both the dividend and the divifor, the abbreviation might be
carried on ftill further, and very often till we have the true
anfwer without further trouble.
The foregoing example admits of three cafes thus. :

Lifbon
 ;

A R B A R B
Suppofe London exchanges on Amfterdam 34 II. And on :
OPERATION.
Lifbon at 5:5!- What is the arbitrated price between 1 1. fieri. - - = tj0d. fterling.

Amfterdam and Lifbon ? ^'fterl. - - = rees Portugal.

/fSftrf

OPERATION. rees Portugal -

tz
= ^ grots Amfterdam.
$00
Crufade of Lifbon 5= 4^ rees Portugal.
I '

H
X&&0 rees = ^d.| fterling. %U 2
*
nil
j.0 d fterling - - = tf :
xj 49 grots Amft.
pi*
8 iit 419 i
it
Xt

*i
m i

it x 41,9
f

2 7 4 2
So that, after all the abbreviations which can be made, the
So that,after all the abbreviations which can be made, the num- anfwer comes out exactly the 419 grots of Amfterdam, with-

bers which remain uncancelled, are 419 x 7 = x 2 X4 = out any further divifion or multiplication ; which is equal to

34 1 1. This will frequently happen to be the cafe. So that
:
64
the operation may this way be generally done upon the thumb
=45 grots f| of Amfterdam per crufade of Lifbon, which is
the true anfwer. nail, on the exchange, when people grow expert at it.
If you fuppofe Hamburgh to ftand in the center of the firft

This example diagram, you may obferve how the examples will multiply.
alfo admits of three cafes : thus,
Thus:

Lifbon
Ainfterdaiii

Amfterdam
London Paris

London
Cafe (a.) Amfterdam exchanges on Lifbon at 45 1|. And on
London at 34 1 1. What is the arbitrated price of exchange
:

between London and Lifbon ?

Lifbon
OPERATION.
1 milree = X000 rees
The firft additional example will be London, Hamburgh, and
Lifbon; the fecond will be Lifbon, Hamburgh, and Paris;
$s& rees = 1 crufade
the third will be London, Hamburgh, and Amfterdam ; the
fa
I
r
cruf. = fg | grots Amfterdam. fourth will be Hamburgh, Paris, and Amfterdam ; the fifth
rt will be Hamburgh, Paris, and London the fixth will be
419 grots Amft. = ftyA. London. Amfterdam, Hamburgh, and Lifbon, &c. And the reader
;

U 2933 will obferve, that each of thefe examples has three diftinfl
cafes of operation fo that, if you multiply places in the
:

is circumference, it will be found that there is a furprifing va-

i
8 riety of changes to be rung upon the capital places of trade in
5
2 933*i5*5
Anfwer
4iqx8
= 65
J d.
as above.
| fterling
Europe; all which ought to be equally well underftood by the
fkilful general merchant, or he can never be capable of reap-
ing thefe conftant advantages, which are to be made by being
Cafe 3d of the 2d example. able readily to arbitrate the exchanges.
And yet by this comparifon of three places only, from the
examples given, thefe are but fimple arbitrations but, when ;

Amfterdam they come to be compounded in the combination and compa-

rifon with more places, the variety of diftincl: cafes will mul-
tiply extraordinarily, in order to become an univerfal mafter
of this moft advantageous branch of the foreign exchange.
But how greatly the variety of queftions in the arbitration
will multiply, appears from another diagram, where London
fuppofed to be the central place of exchange to all thofe
Lifbon is

in the circumference of the circle and where a triangle is

;

formed from the center, London, to any other two places in

the circumference, there arifes a fimple arbitrational queftion
which queftions multiply in proportion to the number of
places wherewith London has direel courfesof exchange: and
each of thefe queftions, as before obferved, admitting of three
London diftincl cafes of operation, the variety is very great; and, con-
fequently, the opportunities of profit are great in proportion to
Lifbon exchanges on Amfterdam at 45 . And on London the London merchant, or remitter, provided he is fufficiently
at 5 :
5 . What is the arbitrated price of exchange between fkilled to embrace all thofe opportunities which, we will nre-
London and Amfterdam ? ) fume to fay, almoft daily offer.
 ARB A R B

Lifbon

#"*

For the further fpeculation of the ingenious merchant, re- This proves to demonftration that, let the advifed price kr.

mitter, and moneyed man, we will give a few more exam- either above or below the arbitrational price, there is always
ples from the London courfe in the preceding large diagram, an advantage to be made by drawing and remitting.
and upon fuch places where the profit is feldom lefs than what From what has been faid, it very feldom proves that the ad-
follows, viz. vifed price is exactly the fame with the arbitrational one ; and,
Suppofe London on Amfterdam 34 : 10, and On Paris at 31^, the greater the difference is between them, the greater is the
the arbitrational price between Amfterdam and Paris will be advantage.
found to be 55^'. In the foregoing queftion the difference is fuppofed to be no
But fuppofe Amfterdam advifes that the exchange for Paris is more than that between ssil ana 54 I* tne one cafe j
"
m
54*, which is below ihe arbitrational price, the queftion is, and, in the other, that between 55 1| and 56^, which ii.
how much per cent, profit prefents ? very fmall, and yet it yields a pretty profit, when it is con-
Draw 100 1. fterling on Paris at 31I, it will debit you at fidered how many times this may be reiterated in a year,
Paris crowns 752 56 5. And remit to Amfterdam
: : and, as it were, without the advance of one {hilling in
1.98: 12 5 at 34 10, credits you at Amfterdam guilders
: : money. Verbum fapienti.
1030 11 12 bank-money: fo that the profit to be made
: : Again. Let be fuppofed that London exchanges on Am-
it

between thefe places is 1. 1 7 7 per cent. : : fterdam at 34 10, and on Hamburgh at 33

: , rhe arbitra- :

The money received for your draught furnifhes you with the tional price will befound to be 33 i*,- between Amfterdam
money to pay for your remittance ; and your debit at Paris and Hamburgh.
will be paid by your credit at Amfterdam, exchange at $4|: Now let the advifed price be either above or below the arbi-
for, if 54J. grofs will pay 1 French crown, guilders 1030 : trational price, what profit is there to be made ?

11 : 12 bank-money will pay crowns 752: 56 fols, and 5 If the advifed or real price of exchange between Amfterdam
deniers. and Hamburgh is at 32, which is below the arbitrational
But on the other hand, Amfterdam advifes you at London,
if, price, then
that the exchange for Paris is 56^, which is above the arbi- Draw on Hamburgh 1. 100 at 33 : 5, debits you at Ham-
tration price of Exchange, then, burgh marks 1253 : 2, and remit to Amfterdam I.95 118:7,
Draw on Amfterdam 1. 100 fterling at 34 10, which debits : at 34 : 10, credits you at Amfterdam guilders 1002 : 10
you at Amfterdam guilders 1045 bank-money, and remit to bank- money ; fo that the profit which prefents is 1. 4 1 : 5 :

Paris 1. 98 13 10, at 31^, which credits you at Paris

: : per cent, and
crowns 743 6 : 8 ; fo that the profit which prefents is
: The money you receive for your draught furnifhes you with
1- 1 : 6 : 2 per cent. And the money to pay for your remittance, as before ;
The money you receive for your draught furnifhes you with And your debit at Hamburgh will be paid by your credit at
the money to pay for your remittance : your debit at Amfter- Amfterdam, exchange at 32 for, if 1 dollar of Hamburgh
:

dam will be paid by your credit at Paris, exchange at 56- : will pay 32 ftivers at Amfterdam, marks lubs 1253 2, of :

for, if 1 French crown will pay at Amfterdam 56

i grofs, Hamburgh will pay guilders IC02 ic bank-money of Am- :

743 : 6 8 will pay guilders 1045 bank-money.

: fterdam.
Vol. I. A a But
 :

A R B A R B
But if, on the other hand, Amfterdam advifes that the ex- are, in the general, far lefshazardous than dealing in good:,
|
change between Hamburgh and there is at 34^, which is ftiipping, There are, however, meafures
or infurancing.
to be taken to render the hazard in traffic by exchange lefi
above the arbitrational price, then
Draw on Amfterdam I. loofterling, at 34 10, debits you : than moft people, who have not duly confidered this fubject,
to Ham- may be acquainted with. But it is not my bufinefs to Iriftruct
at Amfterdam guilders 1045 bank- money, and remit
burgh 1. 97 : .7 : 10, at 33 5, credits you at Hamburgh
:
my fuperiors ; thefe admonitions are chiefly intended for the
17:6}
fo that the profit which prefents rifing generation of young merchants, whom in particular,
marks lubs 1220
2 : 12 : zper cent, and we fhall always be ambitious to profit. The fanction and
is I.
you receive your draught pays that for your authority, alfo, that a bill of exchange carries with it, ftill
The money for

remittance. Your Amfterdam will be paid by your

debit at leffen the hazard in dealing therein.-This may deferve at-
tention.
for, if 1 dollar of
credit at Hamburgh, exchange at 34 i :

Hamburgh will pay 34^ ftivers at Amfterdam, marks lubs Of all the reafons I have heard given by way of objection to
6 will pay guilders 1045 bank-money at Amfter- the ftudy and practice of this part of exchange, there is one,
1220 7 : :

I think, very weak and contemptible : it is, that, if there are

dam. Thefe examples alfo prove again to demonftration,
be either below any extraordinary advantages to be made by this myftery of
that, let the real or advifed price of exchange
or above the arbitration price made by the fpeculator, there
exchange, the Jews are the chief who have engrofled this
is always advantage to be made
on draughts and remittances, bufinefs to themfelves.

provided the merchant, or remitter, is well fkilled in the ar- Whatever honour this may be to the fagacity and penetration

bitrations of exchanges, and takes all his meafures with due

of the Jew merchants and remitters, it is no great credit to
judgment and fagacity. theChriftian ones, that the Jews fhouid prove their fuperiors
herein. Ah ! but the Jews have a more general correfpon-
dence among one another, and better intelligence, and, there-
Remarks. fore, can carry on this fpecies of commerce with more eafe

are well fkilled in this matter generally agree to

and fecurity. How fo Can't Chriftian merchants obtain as
Thofe who
!

univerfal and beneficial a correfpondence as Jews with Jews,

fupport their correfpondence commiffion-free on all fides ;
if they are equally capable to fupport it ? When a merchant
wherefore, when it is confidered what opportunities the mer-
has, by his fkill and conduct, his integrity and fortune, duly
chant, or remitter, of a general credit and correfpondence has,
eftablifhed a reputation at home and abroad, there is no end
the benefits, by a judicious combination, or comparifon
of
of his correfpondence, with Jews as well as Chriftians and
the exchange throughout Europe, are far more confiderable
Turks, &c. for foreigners, who are complete merchants and
than moft; than 99 out of 100, nay, than 999, perhaps,
exchangers themfelves, rejoice at meeting with a correfpon-
out of 1000, are duly apprifed of.
dent of the like ftamp, by reafon of his greater ability to pro-
Thofe who are thoroughly acquainted with the fubject of
mote their reciprocal interefts.
exchanges, are apt to imagine there is nothing more in it
Thefe objections, and others of the like kind, I muft pre-
than the mere converfion of the monies of one country into
This is taking a very fuperficial view of fume to fay, betray nought but downright ignorance in the
thofe, of another.
fubject of exchanges, if the people mean- as they fpeak ; and
fo nice and important a bufinefs ; yet in this light, and this
demonftrate that fuch perfons are really unacquainted with the
only, it is confidered in all fchools, and, indeed, in moft
very elements of the profitable part of exchange.
counting-houfes : but the complete knowledge of the bufinefs
The only excufe can be made for fome people is, that they"
of exchange is no fueh contemptible matter. It is truly a
are not in earneft when they talk in this manner, but ufe thefe
fcience by itfelf, and has its principles and elements ; whofe
objections, as an artifice to keep others out of the like gainful
proper application to the various occurrences, which naturally
way of traffic. If this be the cafe, I would only obferve,
offer themfelves in the courfe of merchandizing with foreign
that the more knowing merchants and exchangers in general
countries, affords no little benefit and advantage.
whom
I could wifh knew better
are in this branch, as well as all others relating to commerce,
I have heard it faid by fome,
the more will they enrich themfelves, as well as the nation :
for their own fakes, that thefe things are rather points of cu-
and the better able fhall we be to give bread to the poor,
rious fpeeulation than beneficial in practical commerce. This
and make the whole human fpecies happy, by dint of a fair
is certainly a vulgar error, and I am forry it is fo univerfally
and honourable commerce. And this I ferioufly aver is the
prevalent.
moft prevalent motive to dedicate my life to the cultivation
In favour of this miftaken opinion it has been faid, that the
of arts, which have fo defirable a tendency : and, as my en-
exchanges might, and do, frequently vary before orders can
deavours have already ftirred up others to the like applica-
be duly executed. 'Tis true, the exchanges may vary from
the time of orders to that of execution ; fo may the price of
tions, fo I hope the number will daily increafe ; to whom I

all other commodities, as well as that of bills of exchange,

fhall gratefully acknowledge my obligations for any informa-
tion they may pleafe tocommunicate to me, or for their can-
(for at prefent I confider them in the fame light) in which
did rectification of any miftakes which I may be liable to ;
cafe the orders given are not complied with, if they cannot be
defiring them to confider, that, as the fubject I am engaged
executed according to the intention of the principal.
in is fo univerfal, we are liable fometimes to be attended with
But if the merchant who gives the orders is well acquainted
mifinformations.
with the ftate of the trade of thofe places which he has his
Nor is this knowledge in the exchange neceflary only to the
eye upon, with intent to advantage himfelf by his fkill in the
likely that the courfes may vary equally, if pretty conftant dealers in monies and bills ; for, as I have ob-
arbitration, 'tis as
found them, and ferved lately upon another occafion, * Whoever trades as a
not more to his advantage, than he at firft
for prices
* merchant, that is to fay, as an exporter and importer, in
which induced him to give fuch orders at all :

from whence he made his

to thofe
' Europe, muft of neceffity have to do with drawing and re-
equally proportionable
' mitting ; and, if fo, he fhouid by no means be unacquainted
computation, will anfwer the like degree of profit to him.
' with thofe arts of making the beft advantage by fo doing :
If a correfpondent happens to be ignorant of your intentions, 1
but this is not poflible to be done without being tho-
and of thofe fecret calculations, which are the rudder of your 1
roughly fkilled in their arbitration to a demonstrative ex-
conduct, 'tis no great difficulty to give him fuch variety of
attitude.
proportional prices as may direct him to the end aimed at.
* The more general the trade of a merchant is, the more
Yet for the knowing and fkilful merchant to have to do with
difadvantageous to his
' univerfal fhouid his knowledge in this particular be. And
the mere mechanical or the unfkilful, is

where knowledge and fagacity are required, though

4
thofe who may have
views in dealing largely by exchange,
interefts
* will certainly find their account beyond expectation in be-
jt may be otherwife upon other occafions ; for merchants,
.
as
' ing fundamentally grounded in this extraordinary fubject
well as others, fometimes play upon the ignorance of corre-
* for a trader of a good general foreign correfpondence may,
fpondents lefs knowing than themfelves.
' by this means, gain more by dint of credit and fkill, than
Thofe, however, who are fhrewd
exchangers themfelves, ge-
c
others unacquainted herewith can do by dint of hard
nerally make choice, upon thefe negotiations, of correfpon-
' money *.'
dents not lefs fo; and then they are certain of the gain de-
figned, or that their orders (hall remain unexecuted till the
advantageous crifis happens to fall out. See The Merchant's Public Counting- houfe Or, New :

But there is a rifque in all this, fay others, who are as wife Mercantile Inititution, by ivlalachy Foftlethwayt ; printed
as the former. Wherein, I afk, is the greater rifque, in for John and Paul Knapton, pages 18, 19.

trufting a man with a thoufand pounds worth of goods to

fell for your account, or a thoufand pounds in money, by This have demonftrated to thofe who underftand me ; and
I

ordering him to draw that fum on you by exchange ? If the it appear more and more confpicuous throughout the
will
fales and returns of goods are made within the year, or two, whole fcope of this work.
or more, 'tis well ; but, if A orders B to draw a ioool. on It does not always fall out, that the intereft of private traders

him at ufance, or double ufance, he may order to draw C coincides with that of the nation in general ; but, in the
on B by way of reimburfement, or might have been obliged, prefent cafe, it docs for while our merchants of ingenuity
:

from the circumftances of his trade and affairs, to have fuf-
fered C
to have drawn on him, or have been obliged to have
remitted C.
Befides, fuchis the fhortnefs of time which bills of exchange
run, in comparifon to the time before the returns for goods
are made, that dealings in exchange with fkill and precaution
are gaining advantages to themfelves by their fkill in the ex-
changes, they neceffarily contribute to rule and controul the
courfes of exchange in general, more and more in the fa-
vour of our country than otherwife they could be, if thefe
practices are purfued by merchants in foreign countries, and
neglected, through want of fkill, by thofe in our own :
and,

ARC
and, the more the exchanges are, by this means, kept in our
favour, the greater will the general ballancc of trade turn in
the favour of the nation, or the lefs to its difadvantage, in
the ballance of trade with particular nations. For, as I have
obferved in my before-cited treatife, in the cafe of Sir Thomas
Grcfham, * When the exchange is againft a nation,
goods exported from that nation are fold for fo much lefs,
4 and goods imported from the other dearer, as the exchange
* is above the par ; fo that the exchange, being once againft
a nation, contributes to keep itfelf fo. The exchange with
* Holland being generally againft England in time of peace ab
well as war, affects this kingdom of Great- Britain more
* perhaps, than has been fo thoroughly weighed and confidcr-
* ed as could be defired : for, as Amfterdam is made the center
* of commercial correfpondence between the feveral parts of
* Europe, the rate of exchange between us and Holland
* muft proportionally affect that between us and other coun-
* tries with which we have dealings ; more efpecially with
* thofe we negotiate bills with always through the medium
* of Holland*.*
See the Merchant's Public Counting houfe : Or,
cantile Inftitution, p. 61. Or the article
College in this Dictionary.
From what has been faid in regard to the practical bufinefs of
our Britifh merchants, and our foreign money-negotiators in
general, it is apparent, that it is always in the power of thofe
ufeful fubjects of thefe kingdoms not only to fecure the advan-
tages of the exchariges to themfelves, but greatly to contri-
bute to make the London courfe of exchange influence thofe
of all Europe, td the general benefit of the nation, as Am-
fterdam hath done for near half a century, to the unfpeakable
emolument of that ftate.
For more matter on this head, fee the article Exchanges,
and the capital cities of trade and exchange throughout Eu-
rope, under their refpective provinces, principalities, duchies,
counties, &c. according to the general difpofition of this
work.
ARBITRATOR. See ARBITER.
ARCHETYPE, the name given at the mint to the original
weight, or ftandard, which is kept there, and by which
other weights ought to be examined and adjufted.
ARCH1FOU. SeeAtcyiFou.
ARCHIPELAGO, fignifies a clufter of iflarids. The ancients
knew hardly any other archipelago but that of the JEgean
Sea, which is part of the Mediterranean. But the voyages
which the moderns have taken to the Eaft-Indies round the
Cape of Good Hope, and the difcovery of America, have
acquainted us with a great many more archipelagos, as thofe
of St. Lazarus, of the Maldives, of the Philippines, of the
Moluccoes, of the Mariannas, or Ladrones, of Mexico, and
fomc others.
We fpeak proper places of the trade that is carried
in their
en Archipelagos of Afia and America
in all the iflands of the
but, as to the trade of the Archipelago of the ,/Egean Sea,
which it very much concerns the European merchants to be
acquainted with, it being, as it were, in their neighbourhood,
we prefume the reader will not be difpleafcd to meet with a
particular account of it in this place. We
refer, therefore,
the reader to the particular articles of the Ladrones, Mo-
luccoes, Philippines, and other iflands, for an account
of their trade, and we fhall confine ourfelves here to the
y
iflands which compofe the Archipelago of the ^Egean Sea ;
but we (hall fpeak of fuch only as are confiderable enough
to be vifited by the fhips of the European nations, for there
are fome which are inhabited by a few fifhermen only, and
others which fervc but as a fanctuary to fome caloyers, or
Greek monks, more wretched ftill than the fifhermen.
For the reader's conveniency we fhall fet down here thefe
iflands, not according to their geographical fituation, but in
an alphabetical order ; but we fhall obferve firft^ that all thefe
iflands lie between the 35th and 40th degrees of north
tude. Some of them are called Cyclades, becaufe they form
as it were a crown, or circle, round the ifle of Delos ; the
others are called Sporades, becaufe they are difperfed here
and there, and lie without any order between Afia and the
ifle of Candia.
The iflands of the Archipelago in the JEgean Sea, and their
trade.
Amorgos.
Andros.
Antiparos.
Candia, a large ifland in the Mediterranean, fituated at the
entrance of the Archipelago. It was anciently known by
the name of Creta, and is about 1600 miles diftant from Mar-
feilles, 600 from Conftantinople, 400 from Damieta in Egypt,
300 from Cyprus, 100 from Milo, and 40 from Cerigo.
The trade which is carried on in this ifland is confiderable,
and molt of the Chriflian nations who traffic in the ports of
the Levant have confuls here. The towns in this ifland which
have the greateft trade are, Canea, Retirao, Candia, and
; ;
ARC
Girapetra. I 11c French confjl refide:, at Cnea, and
yet
there arc not above 10 or 12 merchants of that nation
fettled
there.
The country about this town, as well as the reft of the ifland,
is covered with olive trees, which in a manner never die,
be-
the caufe it never freezes here. The oil made of the fruit is very
good, and the chief article of the trade of the ifland. When
there is a good crop of can make about 300,000
olives, they
meafures of oil. In the year 1699 the people of Provence
bought 200,000 meafures for their fhare only; and in I700,
after the crop was gathered in, oil was worth
but from 36 to
40 parats per meafure, or, at mod, 44, reckoning the parat
at the rate of 6 liards French money (which at
that time
amounted to about 5 farthings Englifh) and the meafure, at
the rate of 8 ocos and , the oco weighing
3 pounds and a
. It rofe, indeed, afterwards, to 60 and 66 parats,
by the
eagernefs of the French traders, who out-bid each other.
This oil is proper for the foap makers of Marfeillcj;, efpecially
when the oil of Provence happens to fail. The beft in the
ifland is that of Canea and of Retimo that of Girapetra is
;
black and muddy, becaufe the inhabitants of this laft
place
New Mer- are ufed to ftir the oil and the lees together with a ftick,
be-
Merc antill- fore they pour it out of the jars, in order to fell all together.
There is alfo bought in Candia a great deal of wine and
malmfcy. The malmfey of Retimo is reckoned the beft.
The French keep a vice-conful in the laft-mentioned town.
The other commodities of this ifland are gum adraganth,
laudanum, wool, filk, honey, wax, cheefe, cotton, and fe-
famum. One might alfo buy wheat there, which is excel-
lent, particularly about the town of Candia j but the expor-
tation of it is often prohibited.
Chio, or Scio. This ifland, which the Turks, who are at
prefent in poffeflion of it, call Salzizadaki, or Sachezada,
that is to fay, the ifle of maftic, is one of the largeft
and
peopled in the Archipelago.
beft-
It's commerceis very confiderable, but yet much lefs (o than
might be reafonably expected from the great number of its
inhabitants, and the feveral merchandizes which grow, or are
manufactured there.
Wine, butter, filk, cotton, turpentine and maftic, from
whence it took its new name, are the chief productions, which
all make the Europeans go thither, efpecially the Englifh and
French, who have confuls here, as being one of the moft im-
portant ports of the Levant.
It is reckoned that there is above 100 crowns worth of fpun
filk bought here every year, befides a great many fluff's made
in the ifland, and amongft others, damafks, fattins, and taf-
faties, orluftrings, which are carried to Cairo, as well as to
all the other towns on the coafts of Barbary and Anatolia, and
particularly to Conftantinople.
The cotton either in the wool, or fpun ; a great deal of it
is
is manufacturing fuftians and dimities, which are
alfo ufed in
reckoned pretty good, and defigned for the fame places as the
filk-ftuffs.
As for the maftic, wherein confifts the chief trade of this
ifland, it being hardly to be met with any where elfe, the
beft of it is defigned for the Grand Signior, or rather for the
ladies of his feraglio ; fo that what the Europeans buy there
can be nothing but the refufe, which the officer, lent thither
by the Porte to watch the gathering of this precious gum, did
not judge fine enough to be fent to Conftantinople. We
mention in another place the plant which produces the maftic,
its ufe and its trade.
We fhall add to this the account which Mr. Tournefort gives
us of this ifland, in the fecond volume of his voyage into the
Levant, letter 2.
The wine of Chio is pleafant and flomachical. There are
three forts of it the one hasfbmething of that tartnefs which
:
afterwards turns into ftrength the next is lufcious, or fweet
:
and the third has fomething of both.
The grapes of which they make thefe three forts of wine are
cut in Auguft. After they have let them dry 7 or 8 days, they
lati- prefs them, and then let them (land in tubs to work, the cel-
lar being all the while clofe fhut. In order to make the beft
wine, they mix with the blatk grapes a kind of white grapes,
which are of the form of a pcach-ftone bur, in making
:
nectar, which ftiH goes under that name in Chio, they ufe
another fort of grapes, fomewhat ftyptic, which makes it dif-
ficult to fwallow them when one eats them : but that ftyptic
tafte turns afterwards into fweetnefs, when mixed with com-
mon grapes.
They do not gather much above 200 muids, or hogfheads,
of oil at Chio, each muid weighing 400 ocos, at the rate of
3 pounds 2 ounces per oco.
The French export alfo honey and wax from this iiLnd : but
the moft confiderable commodity of the country is filk, of
which they make yearly 60,000 maffes, which, at half a
pound per mafs, amounts to 30,000 pounds French weight
(or to 32,700 pounds avoirdupois, ico pounds in France
making 109 pounds Englifh weight). That filk is almoft
all ufed in the ifland, in the manufacturing of velvets, damafks,
and other fluffs, defigned for Afia, Egypt, and Barbary j
they fometimes mix gold and filver with filk in thefe fluffs.
Each pound of filk pays at the cuftom-houfe a duty of four
tomins, that is to fay, 20 fols French money. It is fold
fometimes
 ARC
fometimes for 35 tomins per pound, befides which the buyer
is obliged to pay the duty.
'I he other commodities of this ifland are wool, cheefe, figs,
and maftic: thefe figs they rear by caprification.
The Turks and the French ( I fuppofe it fhould be Franks, i. e.
Europeans) pay 3 per cent, on all the merchandizes ot the
ifland ;the Jews and Armenians pay 5 per cent.
Metelin. This is the celebrated Lefbos of the ancients. It
produces good wheat, excellent oil, and the beft figs in the
Archipelago. It affords alfo a great deal of wine, which
has loil nothing of its former reputation. Here grow, like-
wife, abundance of fir-trees, of which they make mafts and
boards, for which there is a large demand throughout all the
Levant.
.Milo. Before the king of France had forbidden his fubje&s
to cruife again!: the Turks in thofe feas, the ifle of Milo was
the moft common retreat of thofe honeft corfairs, and, as it
were, a continual fair, where they came and fold their prizes:
and, as this made the ifle abound with all forts of commodi-
ties, it had almoft banifhed all other trade from it.
But, at prelent, they have a pretty confiderable commerce in
wine, oil, fait, fulphur. a'.lum, cotton, fefamum, coloquin- Policandro.
tida, and all forts of pulfe.
Salt is fold there for a trifle.
The fulphur of Milo is extremely fine, and has a greenifh
and fhining caft. It is to be found in large pieces by dig-
ging the ground, and in deep veins in the quarries, whence Samos
mill-ftones are taken.
Cotton is very fine here, and fells well : one may buy it,
however, for afequin per 100 weight, when it is ftill in the
pod, that is to fay, wrapped up within the fruit ; and for 10
or 11 florins, when it is picked, and without the pod.
There is alfo at Milo a kind of chalk, fit to be ufed inftead
of foap. It is as good as the Cimolean earth, that comes
from Argentiere,
They have alfo here a prodigious fale of mill-ftones, and fur-
nifh not only all the other iflands of the Archipelago with them,
but even Constantinople, the kingdom of Cyprus, and a great
part of Egypt. The quarries are fo plentiful, that they af-
ford, one year with another, a revenue of above 50,000
livres to the grand Seignor.
This ifland furnifhes almoft all the fhips that fail in the Me-
diterranean with pilots, none being better acquainted with
that fea than they are.
-Micone, and, in the Franc language, or lingua Franca, Mi-
coni. Its habour is very good, and its foil produces abun-
dance of commodities proper for trade. The feamen of Mi-
cone are reckoned the beft of all thofe of the Archipelago, and
feem to vie with thofe of Milo; and, indeed, the ifland of
Micone alone can furnifh 500 mariners, and above 100 vef-
fels for the trade of thofe iflands, and 40 or 50 large ketches
for that of Turkey and the Morea.
The trade to Turkey confifts in leather, particularly in Mo-
rocco and Cordovan leather, which they go and lade atSiagi,
near Smyrna, and at Scalanova. The trade to Morea con-
fifts chiefly of wine : the people of
Micone make, one year
with another, from 25 to 30,000 barrels, each barrel weigh-
ing 50 ocos, that is to fay, 150 pounds French weight.
Every ketch can carry 7 or 800 barrels.
Befides the French conful, there are alfo in this ifland an
En"lifh and a Dutch conful, though the two laft mentioned
nations fend a few fhips thither, but the Greeks who trade
there, put themfelves under their prote&ion.
The French fhips, defigned for Smyrna and for Conftantino-
ple, always pafs through the canal of Tine and Micone. Be-
fides thefe veffels, which touch at Micone, there come often
hither barques of Provence, that lade corn, filk, cotton, and
other merchandifes of the neighbouring iflands.
Naxia. Though there be hardly any harbour in this ifland,
yet they have a pretty good trade. The chief commodities
bought here are barley, wines, figs, cotton, filk, flax, cheefe,
fait, oxen, fheep, mules, emery and oil.
There is alfo laudanum to be met with here, but it is full of
filth, goat's hair and wool, the inhabitants not taking care to
gather it with whips as they do in Candia, cutting only off the
hair, or wool, of the animals which have rubbed themfelves Santorini.
againft the fhrubs that produce it.
Olive-oil is very cheap in Naxia ; fait is cheaper ftill.
Emery is found in feveral parts of the ifland by the hufband-
men, whence it is carried to the fea-fide to be embarked at
St. John Triangata. TheEnglifh often take it in for ballaft ;
and it cofts them commonly but a crown the 20 quintals, each
quintal weighing 140 pounds.
The marble of Naxia is very much valued. The French keep
a conful in this ifland.
PaROS. This ifland was formerly very famous for its white
marble, which the fculptors, for their bufinefs, preferred be-
fore all other forts of marble ; and fome pretend that moft of
the ancient ftatues which have been preferved till this time
were made of the marble of Paros.
The modern fculptors are not of the fame opinion with the
ancients ; and the moft fkilful agree, that the marble of Sikino.
Italy is preferable to that of Greece, the latter being of too
coarfc a grain, and apt to fplit, or fly, when it it Working ;
6 grofTed
ARC
whereas the former is foft, and feems to yield to the chif-
fel.
It is thought that the quarry of marble in Provence, betwect
Marfeilles and Pennes, is of the fame grain with that Gre-
cian marble.
The trade of Paros confifts in wheat, barley, wine, fefamum,
and cotton cloth. It produced alfo formerly abundance of
oil ; but, during the war of Candia, the Venetian army burnt
almoft all the olive trees in this ifland.
Patino, or Pathmos. This ifland is very fmall ; but if is
become very famous by being the dwelling-place of St. John
the Evangelift, who is commonly thought to have written his
Revelation here.
This ifland produces hardly any thing proper for trade, the.
wheat, barley, and figs which grow there, being hardly fuf-
ficient for the fupport of its inhabitants. But then they
have ketches, and a great many other fmailer vefieis, which
they ufe to fetch corn from the main .'and, and even from the
coaft of the Black Sea, wherewith to lade the French
fhips.
There is in this ifland a vice-conful from France.
This is a fmall, parched, ftony ifland. Its in-
habitants are very poor, and have but little trade, all the corn,
wine, and oil they gather being for ttWif own ufe.
Their only trade, which is any thing confiderable, confifts
in cotton-cloth, fit for napkins, which is extremely cheap.
They drive in this ifland a pretty confiderable trade.
The cuftom-houfe duties, indeed, are farmed out but for
10,000 crowns; but then the aga who demands them <*ets
as much more, which he does not account for.
The mufcadine grapes are the fineft and beft fruit in the
ifland ; but the wine made with them is none of the moft ex-
cellent, which is thought to be owing to the bad method of
making it that which is made for the ufe of the Europeans
:
fettled at Smyrna, is commonly pretty good, becaufe they are
more careful in making it, and mix no water with it, as moft
of the Greeks are ufed to do.
The Greeks, who buy the wine in the ifland pay 4 or c per
cent, duty on exportation according to the cuftom houfe of-
ficer's fancy the French pay but half of that duty.
: Moft
of the wine is carried to Chio, Rhodes, and Napoli de Ro-
mania.
The oil of Samos is pretty good, but the ifland does not pro-
duce plenty of it, the beft crops hardly amounting to 8 or
900 barrels. The Greeks pay 4 per cent, duty of exporta-
tion on this commodity, and the French but two.
The dry figs at Samos, for the ufe of the inhabitants only ;
they are very white, and three or four times bigger than thofe
of Marfeilles, but not fo delicate. They make no ufe of
caprification here, as they do in moft of the other iflands of
the Archipelago.
This ifland can alfo afford yearly 400 quintals of pitch,
which fells for a crown per quintal, and pays 4 per cent duty
of exportation.
Another commodity of this ifland is velami, called velamda,
by the modern Greeks (it is the fhell of a fort of acorn) which
is ufed to tan leather. They lade a great quantity of it for
Venice and Ancona.
Laftly, they export from thence filk, honey, wax, fcammony,
wool, feveral forts of bole, and emery.
The fcammony of Samos is not very good ; it is reddifli,
hard and tough, and confequently not eafily reduced into
powder it is alfo found to purge too violently. This drug
:
is ufed in Anatolia, and not fent into Europe. It pays no
duty.
Amongft the boles, that of the neighbourhood of Bavonda is
reckoned the beft ; it is of a deep red ; very fine, and very
dry. It is a kind of natural faffron of Mars, or crocus
Martis.
Oker is very common here ; it becomes of a pretty fine yel-
low, when flightly expofed to the fire, and of a reddifh brown,
when left longer expofed to it. This kind of earth is infipid,
and gives naturally a fillmot colour.
There is to be found near Carlovafli another bole very black,
and much finer ; they ufe it to dye black with.
This ifland is properly nothing but a large rock,
intirely of pumice-ftone. The French conful refides at Sca-
ro, a fmall town built in the bottom of the harbour. The
inhabitants are extremely laborious, and very fond of trade.
The commodities which they afford their neighbours are
barley, wine, cotton, and lemons.
The wine is the colour of Rhenifh, but very ftrong.
They prune the cotton-bufhes there, as they do the vine.
Thefe bufhes or fhrubs grow pretty much to the fize and lhapc
of our currant bufhes, and yet the cotton they produce is of
the fame kind with that which the botanifts call herb cotton,
and which they diftinguifh from the fhrub-cottorl.
As for the callicoes, the fineft are made by nuns, either of the
Latin or Greek rite. Thofe that are quilted are chiefly va-
lued, great quantities of which are exported to Candia, to
Morea, and throughout the whole Archipelago.
The trade of this ifland confifts chiefly in wheat,
which is reckoned the beft in the Archipelago. The tartanes
of Provence lade large quantities of it, and have almoft en-
 ARC ARC
groffcd tills whole trade, fincc that of Cape Negro on the Salonichi ; and the merchants, to whom the fhips are con-
Coair of Barbarv has been discontinued. The Turks, indeed, figncd, change thofe pieces for current money of the coun
gre not very well pleated to tec their corn carried away, and try, which are folette-piafters. Thefe merchants lend a clerk,
often reckon it amongft the commodities, of which the ex- or any other trufty perfon en board the veflel, to aftifl the
portation is prohibited ; but it is eafy to corrupt their cuflom- captain or fupercargo to get in his ladin?, at fome of thofe
houfe officers. places, of wheat or barley, according as he has oecSfion for
The other commodities of Sikino, are wine, fomc cotton, and cither.

fie;s ; the latter are excellent here, when frefti ; but it is other- The other commodities exported from Salonichi, are tobacco,
wife, when they are dried, becaufe they put them into an oven cither common, or that fort which they call carada, of which
to preterve them from worms. (hips or barques do frequently take their entire lading: cot-
There is a conful of the French nation in Sikino. ton in the wool, more valued than
that of Smyrna; yellow
Siphanto. This ifland is but fix miles diftant from Milo. wax, a great quantity of which brought thither from Turkifh
is

The commodities exported from hence are oil, capers, filk, Walakhia; undrefled fheep's wool, of teveral qualities. Sa-
calicoes, figs, wax, honey, and tefamum. lonicas, otherwite called abats, both broad and fmall: thefe
There are two forts of calicoes; that called efcamite, which are very coarte fluffs of white wool, proper to cloath pca-
is and the other dimitty, which is quilted ; the latter is
plain ;
fants and foldiers ; thefe they tend fometimes into Piedmont,
much the fineft, and there is a large demand for it. and great coats for teamen.
This ifland produces alfo plenty of cotton, but it is all uted The commodities tent thither are indigo, cochineal, ginger,
on the fpot for the manufactory of thefe calicoes, and they pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, brazil wood, logwood,
are even obliged to import a great deal from the neighbour- and Japan wood ; fugars, lead, tin, tinned
iron, double or
ing iflands. fingle Englifh broad cloth, other cloth after the manner of
;

The filk is pretty fine, but there is but little of it. England, narrow and broad ; Dutch coloured cloths, forted,
SkYROS. whole trade confilts in wheat, barley, wine, and
Its trench p^per, almonds, vcrdigreate, and fometimes coffee
wax. The French lade here fome barques with wheat and from the American iflands.
barley; the wine is carried to the neighbouring iflands, and The Sevillane piafieris worth at Salonichi 212 afpers, and the
is fold at Skyros but for a crown per barrel. As for wax, Roufpi tequin 412.
they feldom gather above a hundred quintals per ann. here is The quilot makes about hilf a fac of Leghorn, the ocos three
alfo excellent chcete. pounds and a half of the fame town, and the pic about one
SvRA. The commodities it produces, which are proper for Dutch ell.

trade, are excellent cheete, but in fmall quantities, a great N. B. It may be obferved here, that the French are fo care-

deal of barley and wine, figs, olives, and cotton. ful of their trade, as to keep confuls even at teveral of thefe
Thermia. This is one of the iflands of the Archipelago, fmall iflands, where no other power does.
where the French keep a conful. The chief trade of the in- ARCHITECT, he who draws plans and defi^ns of edifices,
habitants confifls in filk, which is reckoned full as good as directs the works, and commands the mafons, carpenters,
that of Tinos, another ifland of the Archipelago. tilers, and other workmen, who work under him.

The other commodities exported from Thermia, are wine, Though there is a great difference between an architect, and
honey, wax, wool, and cotton, of which they make teveral a mafter builder, the one profeffing a liberal art, and the other
forts of linnens, and particularly a kind of very pretty yellow exercifing a trade ; yet in France they are often taken the one
gawz, of which the women in this ifland make veils. for the other, becaufe they can both be equally admitted amono-
Tinos. This fmall ifland lies pretty near that of Andros. the experienced and fvvorn architects of the king, created by
The chief commerce of Tinos confifls in filk. the edicts of May and December 1690, and by the decla-
This filk is the beft prepared of all that is fold in the Archi- ration of Auguft 1691.
pelago, and, except that not proper for making fluffs, it
it is Thefe architect officers are of two forts. The one are ftiled
may be uted in all other forts of works, as knit ftockings and fworn expert citizens or burghers, and the other fworn expert
gloves, ribbonds, and fewing filk. undertakers. There are thirty of each.
The French buy up almoft all the of this ifland they filk :
The functions, attributed to them by the above-mentioned
who lade it for Venice, pay no duty of exportation : but they edicts and delaration, are, that theyalone, and no others,
muft give fecurity, and their fureties are obliged to pay the fhall,within the city, provoftfliips, and vifcounty of Paris,
duty, if it be found that the filk was carried to any other and in all other towns and places within the kingdom of
place. France, make all vifitations, evaluations, and eftimatcs, both
This ifland belongs to the Venetians, and the French have a amicably, and by order of a court of juftice, in all matters
conful there. relating to partitions, adjudications of building?, either by
Tinos produces wine, figs, olives, wheat, and barley. But, auction or by law, houfes or other buildings, flanding out of
except barley, of which they have a pretty good trade, the the proper row, imminent danger of buildings coming down ;
reft is hardly fufficient for the occafions of the inhabitants. and to works of mafonry, carpenters, joiners, tilers, fmiths,
Zia. Its commodities are wheat, barley, wine, figs, filk, and fculpture, gilding, painting, furveying, and meafuring of land,
a great deal of velani, a fort of acorn. and generally all things in which fkill and experience are re-
The filk of Zia is pretty good ; when the inhabitants would quired.
fpin it, they commonly meet fcveral together, and fit on the ARCHITECTURE, the art of erefting buildings of every
edge of their terraffes, to let the fpindle run down into the kind, confident with the principles of geometry.
ftreet, which they afterwards draw up again by winding the The plan or projection of an edifice is commonly laid down
filk. on three teveral draughts.
Pliny and fome other authors aflert, that the making of filk The firft is a plan, which exhibits the extent, divifion, and
fluffs was invented in this ifland. But M. de Tournefort, in diftribution of the ground into the various apartments and
his Voyage into the Levant, pretends that it can be eafily other conveniences propoted.
proved this invention is owing to the inhabitants of the ifle of The fecond repretents the ftories, their heights, and the exter-
Cos. nal beauties and appearances of the whole building : this is ufii-
T hey make at Zia cloaks or riding-coats of goat's hair, ally termed, by furveyors, thedefign or elevation.
which are very good againft the rain, and can hardly be wet The third is commonly diftinguUhed by the fiction, and fhews
through ; the fluff of which they are made is very thin, the internal parts of the fabric.
and flabby, when it comes from the loom ; but, after it has From thefe three diflindt plans, the furveyor forms a com-
been welted and fulled on the fand and with tea-water, the putation of the charges of the whole erection, and alfo of the
threads become fo clofe and tight, that it is, as it were, time, wherein the fame may be completed.
impenetrable to rain. That
the threads may clofe uniformly, Our work being intended for the practical, rather than the
and that the may
not flirink, they flretch them in the
fluffs mere fpeculative life, it is not confiftent with the tenour of our
fun upon poles, with weights of ftone at the bottom. deiign to enter deeply into the theories of arts, there being
There are two forts of figs at Zia, which are cultivated as in variety of performances* of this.kind already.
moft of the other iflands of the Archipelago, by giving them However, where we cannot fo fatisfadtorily communicate our
that kind of drefling which the ancients did, and the moderns intention, we hope to be excuted from touching upon the
do ftill, call caprification. rational principles, on which fome arts are founded, and re-
Salonichi, anciently Thessalonica, is a tea-port, fitu- ferring only to the beft authors, who have excelled in their
ated in the cod of a gulph of the fame name in the Archipela- peculiar province.This method of conducting our work,
go. This port is pretty much frequented fince the beginning we prefume, may have its utes, more efpecially with novifts,
of this century. There are a French and a Dutch conful here. who would be gladly informed of the beft authors, who have
There come hither a great many fhips of all nations, parti- exprefsly written upon any particular branch of art or fcience,
cularly from Marteilles, Leghorn, Genoa, and even directly that they might neither lote their time in reading what may
from Holland ; but chiefly from the three former places, efpe- be ufelefs and give them a wrong turn, nor fpend their money
ciallywhen corn is fcarce or dear in France or Italy, pro- to no purpote.
vided the Grand Seignior does not prohibit the admiffion of In architectural compofitions, the column, being the princi-
thofe fhips. However, there is a great deal of corn exported pal figure, fhould be perfect in its proportions, as they are
by ftealth, not indeed from Salonichi, but from its neigh- taught by the ancients, who founded the art on natural and
bourhood, as Vollo, &c. It is paid for in Spanifh piafters,in geometrical principles. Accordingly they inftruct us, that
rofo-piaflers, in tequins, or any other coin that is current at the height of the column fhould be meafured by its diameter
Vol. I. B b without
 : ; :

ARC ARC
without any fraction or remainder, according to the different Difpofition, is ihe due ranging and agreeable- union of
proportions of each order. allthe parts, in order to render t.e whole agreeable at all
Of thefe orders there are five, none exceeding ten diameters times.
in height, nor lefs than ("even : thofe of eight and ten are Proportion, is the relation that the whole work has to its con-
efteemed perfect, the reft are inferior. ftiiuent parts and which each part hath tr> the complex idea

Their names and proportions are as follow, including bafe and of the whole: for, among buildings that are perfect of iheir
capital kind, from any particular part, wc may make a good judg-
ment of the goodnefs of the whole for example, the diame- :

The Tufcan is in height J diameters.

ter of a pillar, or the length of a triglyph, gives us a right idea
The Doric 8 diameters. of the whole with which they have connexion. To exprefs the
The Ionic 9 diameters. many things have to one another,
relation that a, to their mag-
The Corinthian 10 diameters. nitude, and the variety of their parts, Vitruvius, the great ar-
The Roman, or Compofite 10 diameters. chitect, indifferently ufes the words proportion, eurythrny, and
fymmetry ; the two laft whereof are pretty fynonymous with
The rules for the proportion of columns being fettled, the the firlf.

entablatures muft bear a proportion to them in each order. Decorum, or decency, confifts in making the whole afpect of
For this Palladio has given a rule, which cannot undergo any the fabric fo correct, that nothing (hail appear but what is
great change, without altering the unalterable proportion of founded upon the principles of geometry, and delicacy of
columns. He makes of the Tufcan and
the entablatures judgment. Thefe have regard to defign, cufiom, and nature.
Doric to be to their columns as one to four, and the Ionic, Defign induces to chufe ither difpofition's for a church than a
Corinthian, and Compofite, as one to five. The proportion of palace. The regard we pay to cuftom, inclines us to decorate
the entablature in each order is explained as followeth : without the entrance of fuch houfes, which are furnptuous and
One diameter and ^, is the height of the entablature of the magnificent within. The regard we have to the nature of
Tufcan order ; which is of feven diameters. diame- Two places, from an inherent tafie, perhaps, natural to mankind,
ters form the height of the entablature of the Doric ; that be- makes us pitch upon different profpects for different parts of
ing i of eight diameters. One diameter and is the height of an edifice; thus we chufe to expofe bed-chambers and libraries
the entablature of the Ionic ; which is | of nine diameters. to the morning fun ; winter apartments to the weft, and
Two diameters make the height of the entablature of the clofets of paintings to the north, they requiring a pretty equal
Corinthian order ; that being { of ten diameters. The enta- light.
blature of the Compofite has the fame proportion with that of Oeconomy, inftrudts the architect, to have regard to the ex-
the Corinthian. pence to be made of his defign, the quality of the materials,
The entablature being a part proportionable to its column, near the places where he builds, and take his whole meafures
and the pedeftal an addition to both, it fhould be confidered judicioufly, for the order and difpofition.
as a part of the column and entablature taken together; Architecture is commonly divided into civil, or military, and
therefore, the height of the column and entablature being di- naval, or marine.
vided into four equal parts, one of them (hall be the height Civil Architecture, is the art of defigning edifices of every
of the pedeftal. This rule is to be obfervtd through all the ^kind, for the ufes of civil life in every capacity, as habitations
five orders, by which the pedeftal will have an agreeable ef- for dwelling, churches, meetings, fynagogues, colleges, halls,
fect with the whole and all its parts. palaces, &c.
The pedeftal may be made lower when nece/fity requires, but Military Architecture, is properly the art of fortification,
not otherwife. or that of raifing of forts and caftles, to fcreen and protedt
Thofe who would be practically informed in the principles of from the hoftilities or invalion of enemies ; and depends, as
this art, may confult the works of the ingenious Mr James the other does, upon the principles of geometry.
Gibbs, in his rules for drawing the feveral parts of architec- The defign hereof is to fhew, how a place may be fortified
ture, in a more exact manner than has been heretofore prac- with ramparts, parapets, moats, and other bulwarks and de-
tifed, by which all fractions, in dividing the principal mem- fenfible contrivances, with an intent that a fmall number of
bers and their parts, are avoided. men, within fuch a place,may be capable to defend themfelves
Therein they will find the general proportions of the feveral againft the affaults of a more numerous army.
orders geometrically delineated. Alfo the feveral pedeftals, en- This part of architecture is either regular or irregular, and ei~
tablatures, cornices, and architraves, &c. ther of a durable or of a temporary nature.
In that ufeful work, the learned author has explained the ar- The regular, is that which is built on a regular polygon, the
cades and intercolumnations of each order, and laid down a fides and angles being equal, and equi-diftant from each,
familiar rule for placing orders above orders. Likewife rules other.
for drawing doors, gates, windows, and chimney-pieces of The irregular, is that where the fides and angles are not all
different kinds, cornices and their profiles, architraves, bafes, uniform, nor equi-diftant, nor equal to each other.
imports, furbafes, frames for pannels or pictures in rooms, The durable, are thofe works which are raifed for conti-
and other of mouldings, and the proportions of ballufters
forts nuance.
as alfo fcrolls, frets, or guiiochis, and pannelling for cielings, The temporary, is that which is erected occafionally on par-
both flat and circular. ticular emergencies : fuch are thofe works, which are raifed
In dividing and adjufling his orders, Palladio has, doubrJefs, for the feizing or maintaining of a port or paffage, circum-
excelled the reft who have wrote upon this fubject ; and vallations, contravallations, redoubts, batteries, trenches,
therefore Mr Gibbs has followed that celebrated architect. &c.
Palladio has divided the diameter of his column, which he Thofe who have excelled in the military architeclure, are
calls his module, into fixty minutes, and fubdivided them into Coehorn, Pagan, Vauban, Scheitcr, Blondel, from whom ail
feconds, thirds, and fourths. who have wrote fince, have chiefly derived what they have
This is fuppofed to be the method of the ancients in compof- communicated to the world. .

ing their defigns ; but it is very difficult to tyroes, and fuch Though of architecture, as well as the others,
this part
who are but meanly fkilled in arithmetic and certainly the : fhould by all means be duly cultivated in thefe kingdoms; yen
parts, confiffing of fo many fraction?, may occafion miftakes the wifeft men have allowed, that the fafety and defence of
in thofe who copy the orders of Palladio; befides the difficulty Great-Britain principally depends upon her
of dividing thefe fmall parts with compaffes, for practical Marine, or Naval Architecture, or the art of fhip-building,
bufinefs. But, according to Mr Gibbs's method of dividing which is not only founded upon the due application of geome-
the orders mechanically into equal parts, fractions are entire- trical principles with great judgment and delicacy, but on
ly avoided ; which will be found to be fo beneficial to work- thofe of hydroftatics, as the honourable Mr Boyle obferves. So
men in drawing any part at large, that, when they are once that to be thoroughly fkilled in this ufeful art requires a perfon
accuftomed to it, they will never follow any other which is : to be well informed in all the curious problems, theorems,
the rcafon for our recommendation of the works of this mo- and paradoxes, with which that great man, and others, have
dern architect. favoured the world upon that fubject.
The rules of architecture require, That, in a fabric judici- In order to complete the art of fhip-building, it has been ob-
oufly and elegantly erected, there fhould be folidity, conveni- ferved by fome ingenious practical artifts in this branch, that
ence, and beauty; to which, according to the tafle of fome of hydroftatical experiments, in regard thereunto, fhould he
our moft refined mafters, are added, order, difpofition, pro- made upon falt-water, and not trefh, as the chief of them
portion, decorum, and ceconomy. And thefe eight are cf- have been.
teemed, by the befl judges, to conftitute the neccflary parts of It has been faid by others alfo, that the fhipwright fhould be
architecture. as good a mariner, as marine architect, and know as well
Solidity, implies the choice of a good foundation, and good how to fail, as build a fhip: the reafon given for this is, thrr.
materials to work with.
Convenience, coniifts in fo difpofing in practical navigation, the ingenious fhipwright, ikiilrd
the various parts of a ftructun:, that they may not crowd and therein, will remark variety of particulars, which will guide
embarrafs each other, or appear difagrccable to the infpeclor. him in his architecture, which the mere fhipwright can form
Beauty, is that engaging form and pleafing appearance, no idea of.
which captivate at one glance, as it were, the fight of the It is not for want of genius in fhipwright' that the practical ,
'

fp ret a tor. part'of (hip-building is not carried to a greater perfection

Order, civc* each part of the building a proportionate extent, but for want, 1 am afiaid, of their not being fo n
adapted toth tudc of the. whole. bred in thefe kingdoms, as could be defired; confidorir
9 our
 :

ARC ARE
our whole commerce and navigation fo greatly depends upon There are fome who are too great encounters of
buildings,
that art: for the qualifications, requifite to rendu a pi they ruining thcmfelves, as we'll as the workmen
they employ,'
complete mafler of tins art, are really fo many, as well in rc- by gratifying that itch beyond the limits of their
fortunes. In
jgard to the theoretic as practical part, th.it it is very rare, in- confequc-rice of this boundlefi profufion, we too
frequ ntly fee,
deed, that fuch qualifications are concentrated in one man. Jt before the expiration of half a century, very
fta-.cly and mag!
has been obferved therefore by fome wiie and great men, that nificent (eats, which have colt immenfe hums,
run to decay
our fuccefles by fea have been more owing to the ftrength of forwant of being inhabited, or, according to a modern
cuf-
natural genius in our mere practical fhipwrights, or rather to tom, levelled to the ground for fale by piece-meal
thus : ftruc-
chance, than to any competent knowledge in thofc parts of tures that have coft fome hundred thoufand pounds fterling,
the mathematics and philofophy, which are indifperifably ne- have not produced one twentieth part of the prime
cofl to ex-
cefiary to excel in that art. ecutors. So that with the money funk in the erection of
From the year 1617 to 1656, fhips of three decks were from thofe fu perb edifices, and the expence which
attends the fup-
38 to 40 feet broad ; the St Michael by Sir John Tippets, but port of them with fplendor equal to their ftatclinefs,
fome
41 feet 8 inches ; the London by Jonas Shifh but 44 feet, and great families have been reduced to great indignity.
J his is a

carried i 00 guns: fince that, feveral fhips, of
have been obliged to be girdled.
The Monk by Sir John Tippets, the Rupert by Sir Anthony
Dearie, the Mary by Mr Pett, the Dreadnought by Sir Henry
Johnfon, all third rate men of war, belonging to the royal
navy of England, and but 36 feet 6 inches broad ; the Cam-
bridge by Mr Shifh but 38 feet, and the Royal Oak no more
than 40, and each of them carrying 70 guns; and, fince them,
two deck fhips of 42 feet broad have milcarried.
The Royal Catharine was contrived by the Royal Society, and
yet was girdled ; the double-keeled experiment was alfo made
by that focicty.
Since mifcarriages in our fhip building are often attended
with very injurious, and may be with very fatal confequcnccs
to the nation, this art cannot be too judicioufly cultivated,
48 feet broad, melancholy confideration to the proprietor, though this
prac-
tice gives employment to workmen, to whom
it fometimes
has proved ruinou?, as well as to the families of fuch who
have had an ungovernable tafle for building.
The French have an academy for the due cultivation of archi-
tecture, eflablifhed by Monf. Colbert.
And, while other nations are afliduous in the improvement of
the art of fortification, it may not be fur the intereft of Eng-
land wholly to neglect it, as we have experienced upon fome
late occafions.
And itbe thought needlefs, by every true friend to the
will
intereft of the trade
and navigation of Great-Britain, to urge
a word jn favour of the fludy and improvement of an art, up-
on which our all feems to depend, both as a free and a trad-
ing people I mean that of marine architecture, or the admi-
:

nor too zealoufly promoted. rable art of Ship-building, more of which fee under that
It has been obferved by fome, that a fhip ought to be confi article.
dered three principal ways. (1.) By trying her body below ARCTIC, in aflronomy, a name given to the north pole.
the deeped draught of water, whether the fhape be truly cir- Arctie circle, (in aflronomy) is a lelTe'r circle of the fphere
cular or not, according to the courfe of the water, and not by drawn on the globe, parallel to the equator and at 23 deg. 30
horizontal parallels, which will enable us to form a true judg- min. diftant from the north pole of the world, from whence
ment, whether ftie will fail fwift, or nor. (2.) By obferving it takes its name. Thi-, and its oppofite the Antarctic, are
the fhape or frame of the ribs, which will inform us, whether called the two polar circles. They may be conceived to be
flic's well contrived to bear the (ail you defign ; which is to defiribed by the motion of the poles of the ecliptic round the
know, according to the phrafe of the fhipwright, whether ftie poles of the equator, or the world.
be ftifT, or tender- fided. (3.) By confidering the due con- AREB, a money of account ufed in the dominions of the
nexion of fuch a machine. Which three obfervations being Grand Mogul, particulaily at Amadabjt. 'Four arebs m.ke
flcilfully made, it is faid, by fome, will form the hull of any a crow. A crow is worth a hundrea lacs, and a lac 100,000
fhip perfect and complete. rupees.
Others have been of opinion, that the refiflance in the water ARECA, or ARECK, a famous fruit of the Eaft-Indies,
is according to that crofs fedlion, which is made by the mit- wherein they drive an incredi.de trade, and make a pro-
fhip, or the largeft part of the fliip, only confidering the angle digious confumption thereof, there being fcarce any perfon,
of incidence ; and that every (hip principally refills the me- even from the richeft to the pooreft, who does not make ufe
dium at her broadeft part; alfo that the mafs of water which of it.

refills a fhip, is not refilled by her until it is palled by her The which bears the areck is tall, ftraight, thin, and
tree
biggeft part; and that, if two fhips were formed ever fo round. of the palm kind, and has no branches
It is but its :

various, the one ever fo acute, and the other as obtufe as leaves are charming to the fight they forip a round tuft at
:

poffible, yet,if their cubic inches under the furface of the the top of the trunk, which is as ftraight as an arrow. It
water, and the power that drove them was equal, the trim in- grows to the height of 25, or 35 feet, and is a great ornament
difierentiy confidered, their velocities would be cqu.il. in gardens. The fhell which contains the fruit is fmooth
For a more minute and fatisfactory account of this art, we without, but rough and hairy within, in which it pretty
refer the reader to Su-herland's Ship-builders AiTiftant, and to much refembles the fliell of the cocoa-nut. Its fize is
Britain's Glory, or Ship-building unveiled, by the fame inge- equal to that of a pretty large walnut. Its kernel is as big
nious artill. as a nutmeg, to which it bears a great refemblance with-
out, and has alfo the fame whitifti veins within, when cut in
Remarks: two.
In regard to civil architecture, it is certain, that thofe nations
In the center of the fruit, when it is foft, is contained a grey-
and magnificent buildings ifh and almoft liquid fubftance, which grows hard in propor-
which have no {lately in general,
are always poor and uncivilized. As land ftructures and edi- tion as it ripens. The fruit, when ripe, is aftringent, but not

fices of every kind give employment to prodigious numbers of

unpalatable, and the fhell is yellowilh.
people, whatever has a tendency to improve in the art of
The chief ufe that is made of areck is to chew it with the
building, fhould be duly encouraged by thofe leaves of betle, mixing with it a chalk in a red pafte, made of
whofe fortunes
and diftindtion will admit of it ; and that not only for the fea-fliells *. In order to chew it they cut the areck into four

fplendor and magnificence of the Mate, but for the promotion quarters, and take one quarter of it, which they wrap up in a

of ufeful arts, as well as the benefit of their landed eflates leaf of betle, over which they lay a little of that chalk af- :

for this art gives birth to the immenfe confumption of timber, terwards they tie it, by twiftmg it round. This bit prepared
bricks, ftone, and mortar, iron-work, crY. all which tend to for chewing, or maftication, is called pinang, which is a

the private advantage of the landed intereft; as does likewife
the well furnifhing of thofe fumptuous edifices, when they are
erected ; which alfo gives daily bread to an infinite number of
other mechanics and artificers. Thefe mechanic
flrength, wealth, and grandeur to a nation, and gradually
train up and fupport a conffant race of practical artilts and
manufacturers, who thereby become the great inftruments of
bringing treafures into the ftate, by the vent of our native
commodities to foreign nations.
Nor is it politic for the great and opulent to contemn mecha-
nics in general, as too many, perhaps, are wont to do.
It is
faid, that, when the great Heraclitus's fcholars found
a mechanic's fhop, into which they were afhamed to enter, he
Malayan word, ufed all over the Eaft-Indies. The pinang
provokes fpitting very much, whether it be made with dried
or frefh areck.: the fpittie is red, which colour the areck gives
arts give
-it. This maftication cools the mouth, and fallens the teeth
and gums. When -fhey have done chewing the pinang,
they fpit out' the grofs fubftance that remains in the mouth.
They are under a miftake who imagine that frefh areck
melts intirely in the mouth. Nor is it lefs a miftake to
think that the teeth always continue cf a red hue. As
foon as they have done chewing the pinang, they wafh
their mouth with frefh water, and then their teeth are white
him in
again. The Europeans who live at Batavia, at Malacca,
and theSunda and Molucca islands, u(e pinang as much as
in

told them that the gods were as converfant in fuch places as the Indians do; and, by wafhing their teeth, they preferve
in others; intimating, that a divine power and wifdom them white.
might be difcerned in fuch common arts, although they mif- * Cornelius le Bruyn afferts that they rub the leaves of betle
takenly overlooked and defpifed them. with a red drug of biam, or with white chalk.
We know how the late Czar Peter elleemed and carefTed ar-
tificers and mechanics of every rank and degree, and behold Some pretend that areck ftrengthens the ftomach, when the
the extraordinary effects of fuch policy in that wife prince
;
juice of it is fwallowed, as moll of the Indians do. Another
who, by ihufe meafures, has converted a generation of lavages property, afcribed to it, is its curing, or carrying oft, all thac
ii.io men. might be unvvholtfom; ur corrupt in the gums.
The
 ; : -

A R I A R I

TheSiamcfe call areck plou in their language. That is, to be read in plain words as 4 is to 8, Co is '4 to
The beft areck of the Indies comes from the ifland of the unknown number: therefore, from the foregoing
p ro
<,-

Ceylon. fuion of Euclid, the product of the two extremes is equal to

The Dutch E*ft-India company fend a great deal of it in the product of the means. Or,
their (hips into the kingdom of Bengal. There grows in
Malabar a fort of red areck, which is very proper for dyeing 4 x a- 8 X 8 ;

in that colour. fame company The fend fome of it from time

to time to Surat and Amadabat, for the ufe of the dyers in That is, number
4, one extreme of the proportionals,
the
the dominions of the Grand Mogul. Under the fpecies of multiplied by the other extreme, is equal to the product of
.v,

areck are comprehended fix different forts, two of which are 8, one mean, multiplied by 8, the other. Or,
the bed for maftication.
ARGYLESHIRE, in Scotland, has the Irifh Sea, and the frith 4x = 64
of Clyde on the fouth, Perthfhire on the eaft, Lochabar on V # = 64 := 16
the north-eaft, and feveral ifles on the north-weft.
'Tis mountainous, and the inhabitants live moftly by hunting
and fifhing ; for its feven great loughs, with other leffer ones,
abound with all forts of fi(h. The coaft is full of high rocks, If then the product of the number multiplied by the fourth firft

and black mountains, covered with heath, which feed great number, or that which
propofed to be found, be equal tois

the product of the fecond and third, it is very obvious that the
numbers of black cattle, deer, and wild beads. Their cattle
generally run wild, but are excellent meat, and their fat boiled
product of the fecond and third, divided by the firft, muft nc-
continues fome days like oil. ceflarily give the fourth, or that which is propoled to be
found becaufe axiomatically obvious that the produce of
i. Cantyre, orKiNTiRE, or the Land's-Head, the mod ; it is

the quotient, multiplied by the divifor, muft give the dividend

fouthern divifion of this fhire, is a peninfula, according to
the quotient fhewing how often the divifor is contained
Pont's map, 37 miles from north to fouth, and 7 in breadth. ia
the dividend.
'Tis a very fruitful, populous tract, inhabited both by low-
landers and highlanders, though for mod part by the former,
Or, the demonflration of this rule may be deduced from the
following felf-evident truth, viz.
brought hither by the Argyle family, who have taken more
than ordinary care to civilize their highlands.
That the fourth number, or that propofed to be found, con-
taineth the third fo often as the fecond does the firft
2. Knapdale is divided on the eaft from Cowol, by Lochfyn;
is bounded with Cantyre on the fouth, Lome on the north,

Braidalbin on the north-eaft, and the weftern iflands on the

V x8
~o"'
tnat IS
> * of 8 s equal to one eighth of x, or

weft. This part is full of lakes, and, in general, is fitter for

pafture than corn ; but that part of it toward Lochew is fruit- \ of 16, which is 2.

both in corn and pafture.

ful From and fimple demonflration, it is further eafy to
this clear
conceive the reafon why, according to another part of the
3. Lorne, is a plain country, the pleafanteft and fruitfuleft part
of Argylefhire, efpecially in barley. common rule, the firft and third numbers fhould be of th
Argyle Proper has a great herring-fifhery. fame denomination ; and confequently, if they are not (o
There is a river called Aw, which falls into the weft fea,
that they fhould be fo reduced till they are.
overagainft the ifle of Mull, and abounds with falmon.
For more matter relating to this fhire, fee Scotland. Of the fingle rule of indirect proportion.

ARISH, a Perfian long meafure, containing 3197 Englifh

feet.
From what has been faid, 'tis apparent by the nature of di-
ARITHMETIC, the art of computation by numbers. number required muft al-
rect proportion, that, as the fourth

We not trouble our reader with a prolix account of its

fhall
ways turn out
greater than the third, as the fecond is greater

origin and progrefs, but endeavour to give him the fundamen- than the firft; fo, on the contrary, in this rule of indirect pro-
tal principles of the whole art, both in theory and practice, in
portion, the greater the third number is, the iefs is the fourth

few words, and a familiar manner. and, the lefs the third is, the greater is the fourth ; for which
The principal rules of arithmetic are addition,
reafon it is very properly diftinguifhed by the name of indi-
fubtraction,
multiplication, and divifion. rect, or reverfe proportion.

Before any progrefs is attempted herein, the reader fhould be- And, whereas in direct proportion the product of the firft
come ready and expert in thefe feveral operations ; which can and fourth, or the extremes, is equal to that of the fecond and
third, or of that of the means ; in this indirect, or reverfe
only be obtained by the repeated practice and exercife of thefe rule
rules. of proportion, the product of the third and fourth is equal
to
Thofe who have been neglected that of the firft and fecond numbers.
youth in this highly in their
neceffary and ufeful part of education, or may have forgot The ftating queftions in this proportion is the fame with di-
what they have once learnt, which is eafy to do for want of a rect ; but, to find the anfwer required, the rule is different.
little continued practice, need only fpend an hour, or half an
Thus
hour, a day, for three weeks, or a month, in the reiterated Multiply the firft and fecond numbers together, and divide the
practice of the fundamental rules ; and they will foon, by product by the third, and the quote is your anfwer.
any good book of arithmetic, grow expert in the application
of thefe rules to the reduction of things, either afcending or A familiar rule to judge whether a queftion which occurs is to
defcending that is to fay, either to reduce pounds into
:
be anfwered either by the direct, or indirect, rule of proportion.
pence by multiplication, or pence into pounds by divifion
and fo of weights and meafures, or the like. State naturally your numbers, according to the direct rule -

From hence they may with great facility advance to the rule then confider, from the plain nature of the queftion, whether
of proportion, or that which is commonly diftinguifhed by the the third number requires more or lefs than the fecond num-
direct rule of three :
ber: if more, the
extreme muft be your divifor; but
lefTer

Which is no more than to difcover, that, as 4 is to 8, how is

if lefs, the greater extreme muft be the divifor.
And fo of-
ten as this leffer and the great extreme happen to be the third

8 to a fourth number, or what proportion will 8 bear to fuch
unknown number. number, or that next the right hand, fo often is the proportion
Now 'tis obvious at firft glance of the eye, that 4 is the half indirect : but, when they are the firft number, the proportion
of 8 ; and, therefore, 8 will be the half of the number re- is direct.

quired, which is 16. A fhort example will make this matter plain, with little at-
The common rule given for this operation is to x the fecond
tention.
and third terms together, and -~ the product thereof by the If a board be 9 inches broad, how much in length will make
firft ;
a foot fqunre ?
Say, if 12 inches broad require 12 inches in length to make a
As4:8::8to8x8= 6-= 16: foot fquare, what length will 9 inches broad require to make
4 a foot fquare ?

That to fay, to read the fame in words at length (which we

is Certain it is to every capacity that it will require more lenoth,
would ufe our readers to avoid for brevity's fake) ; as 4 is to becaufe there is lefs breadth.

8, fo is 8 to 8, multiplied by 8, and that product divided by

in. br. long. in. br.
4, the firft number.
Therefore, as 12 12
The reafon and demonflration of this common rule depend
: :
9
12
on this propofition ; that, if 4 numbers are geometrically
pro-
portional, the rectangle, or product made of the means, will 9^44
be equal to that of the two extremes, according to the ele- 16 inches in length.
ments of Euclid, lib. vi. prop. 16. from whence it will be eafy
From the definition of this rule before given, the product of
to deduce the reafon of the rule given. For grant that
4 is in the firft and fecond numbers is equal to that of the third and
proportion to 8 as 8 is to a number unknown, for which fub-
fourth : from whence the demonflration of the reafon of the
ftitutc x, thtn the propofition will (land thus:
rule will appear. For

4 : 8 : : 8 : x; 12 12
: : 9 : -v

3 Therefore,
 : : :

A R I A R I

Therefore, accorJing to the definition, i_6 2

24, for a new denominator: fo that
12 x 12 =: 9 x a-, or h'' 3*
144 9 x = The reafon of this rule.

is, the rectangle of the two firft numbers, 12 by 12, is

The defign of this rule being to make the denominate
that
fame, and the numerators proportioned thereunto, i1
equal to that of x by 9.
numerator and denominator are multiplied by one an
144
If then 1 44 = 9 x, x = = 16: that is, if 1 44 is equal fame number, the fraction refuhing therefrom will be ex-
actly equal to that fo multiplied, becaufe the fame proportion
to 9 x, it follows that .* is equal to one ninth part of 144 6. 1

fubfifts between the numerator and denominator

as did be-
According to the fame rules, and the fame Ample demonflra-
fore.
tions, the realon of the double rule of proportion may be ex-
plained, fo as to be intelligible to any underftanding.
Vulgar arithmetic in whole
If you would exprefs fractionally by any number of frac-
And thefe rules are the balis of all

numbers : for all the others are natural derivations from them, tions equal to it, it is felf-evident, that, if you x the I by 2, and
they all depending on the application of the plain principles of
proportion.
the 2 by the fame,- of any thing, will be equal to the of
I fhall now, with the like brevity, fhew the reafon and foun- that thing, becaufe 2 bears the fame proportion to
4 as 1
dation of fractions, both vulgar and decimal. to 2.
A fraction is one, or more, parts of an integer, according as In like manner if you x the fame by 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
the fame is divided.
Every fraction confifls of two parts, a numerator and denomi- f are a11 e 3 ual t0 one be-
-
6 ' 8 To' i 4
' 76' ?8' 7
nator ; the latter (hews into how many parts the integer is di-
caufe the numerators of each of thefe fractions bear the fame
vided, the former how many of thofe parts are fignificd by the
proportion to their refpective denominators as 1 to 2.
fraction
Now the rule before given, to reduce any number of fractions
9 5 11 2r of different denominations into one and ihe fame, is founded
Thus 3* 16'
&c '
upon the fame plain axiom, or felf evident truth. For,
4' 5 ' 8 ' 10' i2> 37'
By multiplying all the denominators together, it is clear that
The number above the line is the numerator, that below the
you multiply them all by one and the fame number ; and,
denominator.
by multiplying the numerator of each fraction by all the other
Fractions are diftinguifhed by arithmeticians into
denominators, excepting its own, it is clear that you multiply
1. Proper ; which is, when the numerator is lefs than the de-
every diftinct fraction by one and the fame number; and con-
nominator, and exprefles lefs than an integer, as the examples
fequently, the fractions refulting muff, be equal to thofe lb
before given.
multiplied.
2. Improper j which is when the numerator is greater than
From the fame principles, alfo, it is equally eafy to conceive
21 16176
the denominator, as 115 ,

9
, lz &c
3
, ,
the reafon for reducing of fraitions into their low^ft terms
wherein they can be exprefTed. For,
If you divide both the numerator and denominator by one
3. Simple or compound. Simple is when the fraction is im-
and the fame number, without any remainder, the fraction
mediately that of an integer.
refulting from fuch divifion will be equal to the fraction
fo
4. A compound fraction, is a fraction of a fraction, as of divided ; becaufe the numerator and denominator of the re-
fulting fraction are in the fame proportion to each other as
thofe divided.
o of a pound fterling } of an hundred weight, or the like

1 of of
r 5 * r X Example. Reduce the abovementioned fractions of 2 "*?

-r.'
or

As
7 12
of rr,
219
the addition, fubtradtion, and the other rules of fractions,
&c>
4S789
lr 7c? id.' To' 7s'
*

mt0 t-ieir - owc ^ termSi

4 ' 6

cannot be underftood without a knowledge of their reduction,

it is neceiTary that fhould precede them. 'Tis plain, at firft fight, 2l will divide by 2, and produce i_
'
4 2
which cannot be exprefTed in lower terms.
Reduction of vulgar fractions.

In like manner the -g will divide by 3, and produce , and

I. When a mixt number, or that compounded of integers,
and a fraction annexed thereto to reduce the fame to an im- :
fo the reftby 4, 5, 6, 7, &c.
proper fraction, the From hence you will naturally obferve, that, let your fraction
Rule is, multiply the integers by the denominator of fuch an- be ever fo large, if you can find any numbers that will divide
nexed fraction, and take in, or conjoin therewith, its nume- both the numerator and denominator of them, without a re-
rator, and the product is a numerator to the denominator of mainder, you may oftentimes carry on fuch divifion till you ex-
fuch fraction. prefs very large fractions by two figures.
7695
Example. Reduce 185 -k- into an improper fraction. Example. Reduce into its loweft terms.
15390
8 To do this expertly, you need never confider any divifor above
Jl-Z is the anfwer ; for, if you 12, becaufe that you may eafily carry in your head
1487 8
:

7 Therefore place your fraction thus

divide the numerator 1487 by 8, the product will be 185 -jr,
5 3 3 9_ 12.
the one being fractionally exprefTed, the other not. 7695 1539 *9 1
_5i3 1
ll
Confequently, when it is neceffary that an improper fraction 1539 3078 1026 j
342 33 2
fhould be reduced to a whole, or mixt number, th e rule is, I. I obferve that both numerator and denominator will di-
divide the numerator by the denominator, and the quote gives vide by 5, the refulting fraction by 3, 3, or by 9, and 9, and
the whole number if any thing remains, that is a numerator
: afterwards obferving that the numerator is exactly the half
to the divifor, as is plain from the preceding example. of the denominator, they will both divide by 19, and pro-
When fractions differ in their denominators, in order to be duce one half, which is the loweft terms to which it can be
added or fubtradted, csV. they muff firft be* reduced to the reduced.
like denominator, and the work is eafy. And, from what has been^faid before, you will eafily difecver
The rule for this is, multiply the numerator of every fraction '".'. 1
into the denominators of all the reft; and the product is a new that all thefe fractions are equal to*-, becaufe their refpec-
numerator to fuch fraction ; and, by multiplying all the de-
tive numerators bear one and the fame proportion to their de-

52
nominators of fuch fractions together, the product gives you
nominators.
a new denominator, common to them all.

Example. To reduce compound fractions to their fimples.

Reduce the -rr and the of a pound fterling, or
The Multiply the numerators together for a numera-
rule.

of any thing elfe, into two fractions, whofe denominators fhall tor, and the denominators for a denominator.
be one and the fame.
Example. Reduce of 2
1
into a fimple fraction.
5x3=15, for a new numerator to the fraction -tt, and 8 x 2 r

by 3 = 24, for new denominator to the fame fraction

a : fo
The anfwer is
10'
, or, reduced to
'
its loweft terms,
~~'
5
15
that of a pound, &c. = 5 And, with regard to to ~Q~' the The reafon of the rule.

X the 2 by
J 8 16, for a new numerator, and the 8x3
3

Vol. T. C c A com.
 . 1 .
' .

A R I A R I
A compound fraction is nothing but the fubdivifion of the parts part, and divide the product by the denominator, and the
of an integer. Let the line A B, as above, be fuppofed the inte- quote will anfwer the quetlion; but, if there is any remin-
ger, and divided into 5 equal parts, which reprefents the de- der, reduce that to the next inferior denomination, and divide
nominator of the fractions towards the right-hand in the ex- as before.
preffing thereof; each of thefe 5 parts being again divided in-
7
to two parts, according to the denominator of the fraction Example. What is the of a pound fterling?

towards the left-hand; each of which parts being of

20 s. = 1 pound
7
the whole line, or integer, becomes divided into 10 of thefe 8 )140
parts ; which is the reafon why the denominators are multi-
plied together, as 2 and 5, in order to reduce the fraction of
17
4 i. e. 4 (hillings, which is 48 pence, which, di-
vided by 8, gives 6 pence. Anfwer, 17 s. 6 d.
a fraction into the fraction of an integer, or a compound to a
The reafon of this rule is plain for, fuppofe a line divided in- :
fimple, which is the fame thing.
to 20 parts, as (a x) below, which will reprefent 1 pound, and
And the reafon of multiplying the numerators together is
the 20 parts 20 (hillings : fuppofe alfo that there is a fraction
becaufe that (hews the proportional number of thofe parts
expreffed by the denominator, and fignificd by the compound whofe value is required, as ~7 of a pound fterling. Draw
fraction.
another right line, of equal length with the line (a x), as
So that if an integer be divided into any number of parts,
and thofe fubdivided again and again, the fame general rule (y z)> parallel thereto, which divide into 8 equal parts, rc-
prefenting your denominator, and, right againft 7 of thofe
will hold good.

Example. Reduce of 7
1
-77 of
1
into a fimple fraction.
12
parts, in this line will ftand 17 and ; which fhews that -r-

9
jj^ of a pound fterling are equal to 17 (hillings ?nd fix-pence;
1 x 7 X 11 = 77, and 9 x 8 x 12 = 864, anfwer 864* for as 8, the whole line {a x), or denominator of the fraction
given, is in proportion to 20 s. (the whole line z) : fo is 7 y
How to find the value of fractions, whether of coin, weight, the numerator, or number of parts given in the fraction (as
or meafure.
in the lower line) to 17.
Rule. Multiply the numerator of the fraction by fuch a num- -r, the value of the faid fraction:
ber of the units of the next inferior denomination, which is and, therefore, you multiply and divide according to the rule
equal to an unit of the denomination, whereof the fraction is before given.

a
2, I 3 I 4- i $ \6 9 10 1 11 12 13 UU5 a \6\l7 18 19 20 [

K
6 8

Addition of vulgar fractions.

Cafe 1. When fimple fractions are to be added to fimple
Example. Multiply by . Anfwer, =
fractions.
Rule. If fuch fractions are not of the fame denomination, The reafon of this rule.
to the fame, according to what has
The effea of the multiplication of fractions
you muft reduce them deferves peculiar
attention, it being different from that of
been before (hewn, and add the numerators together for the whole numbers: foc
the produa in the fraaion is always lefs
Ami total to the common denominator. than the multiplicand,
though more in whole numbers : the reafon
is, that of frac-
2
Example.
r
-io 10
Add
10
and = 10
7
, or one integer,

.
and io of
J / c u
all
tions is the multiplying of the parts
divided, which muft needs make the
into which the integer is
parts lefs than Thofe
others of the like denomination. given: whereas the multiplication of
integers, or whole num-
bers, muft neceflarily increafe the
Example. Add 75- -f- number ; for the former
decreafes the parts of an integer to infinite
littlenefs j the lat-
ter augments the number of integers
5 3 ad infinitum.
It is plain that you cannot fay the fum of -77- and makes Now the reafon of the rule is, that, if a fraaion be
multi-
o o plied by a fingle integer, or
1, it can produce no more than
cither -77 or; and, therefore, till they are reduced into the itfelf, (or once itfelf can neither add to, nor diminifh from,
5
denomination, you cannot add them.
like
Proceed thus, therefore, 25, and 8 x 5 5x5 = = 40 v
it; and, therefore, if it be multiplied by f 1,' or of
2 A.
1 y
2?
= 5 If 2..
40
-ft ; and 3 X 8 = 24, and 5 x 8 = 40 40
~~
5
I, or -g of 1, the product can be no more than , or

25,24 49 9
-4. = = ,
- ,

1 integer the anfwer. or -g- of fuch fraction wherefore it

D , : is plain, that the multi-
40 '40 40 40
plication of fraaions muft be confidered
The reafon of this rule being demonftrable from what has in the fame Jiht as
fraaions of fraaions, or compound
bten faid, it is needlefs to enlarge upon it. fraaions : and If fo
the fame rule that holds good for the
Cafe 2. When
compound fractions are to be added to fimple. reduaion of compound
fractions into fimple, will hold good
Rule. Reduce the compound to a fimple, and follow the for that of their multipli-
cation For the reafon thereof, we refer to what has been al-
foregoing rule.
ready (aid upon that head.
Cafe 3. When mixt numbers are to be added.
Cafe 2. When you multiply a whole number
Rule. Work with the fractional parts, according to what by a fraaion
1 Rule. Multiply the integer by the numerator
has been faid, and add the fum of the fractions to that of the of the fraaion
and the produa placed over the denominator
integers, if they amount to an integer, and you have the an- is the anfwer-
which is nothing different from the firft cafe, if '

fwer. you place an

unit under the integral part, putting into a fractional form.
Subtraction of vulgar fractions. it

Cafe 1 . When a fimple fraction is to be fubtracted from a fim- Example. Multiply 1751 by ^or^- by -|. The anfwer
ple fraction.
172 S7 8
Rule. If they are of the fame denomination, it is only fub-

1S "~^~ ori 3 6 i "T* from what has been fhewn

uacting one numerator from the other. ; for if
Cafe 2. If they are of different denominators, reduce them 1 75 1
be multiplied by 1, it can produce no more than itfelf;
to one, and deduct the numerator of the fubtrahend from the
and place the remainder for a numerator to the com- and, confequently, if it be multiplied by -'-
other, cf 1, k can only
mon denominator, and you have the difference. The reafon
of which is evident, from what has been faid in regard to ad- produce 7 - of itfelf, &c.
dition.
Multiplication of vulgar fractions.
Divifion of vulgar fiaaions.
Cafe 1. When you are to multiply a fimple fraction by a
fimple. Cafe 1 ft. When you would divide a fimple fraaion by a
Rule. Multiply the numerators into each other, for the nu- fimple. J

merator of the product, and alfo the denominators for the de- Rule. Multiply the numerator of the dividend into
the de-
nominator of the product. nominator of the divifor, for a new numerator; and
multi-
ply
 1 3 6;

A R I A R I

ply the other numerator and denominator together for a new according to what has been demonftrated in regard to
vulgar
denominator. fractions.
But cyphers prefixed to decimal parts decreafe their value by
Example. Divide by
ii
z
- The anfwer is
55
. : for the quo- removing them further from the comma.
i

55,
5
165 n ,9 = 9 tenths.
xgj *3 =~; J
tient; for, if you by , the produft will be
^ )
,09 := 9 parts of a hundred.
,009 S
9 parts of a thoufand.
180 or the product of the
for as 165 is to ;

extremes is equal to that of the means, from what has been

fo is 1 1 to 12 :
=
S0009 9 parts of ten thoufand, av.
demonftrated from the rule of proportion. Or, by abbrevi- Confequently, the true value of all decimal parts is known by
_L _L their diftancefrom the unit's place; which being rightly un-
l6 5_ ir
~. ,6 5|33
derftood, the reft will be very eafy.
ation, ~~n 1 nusjt 17
' 180 12 '180136 12
The reafon of this rule appears from hence. Reduce the Addition and fubtradtion of decimals.

foregoing fractions into one denomination, they will be In fetting down the propofed numbers to be added, or fub-
55 36 3 tracted, care muft be taken to place every figure directly un-

60 12
and 7- =
1

60 5
Expunge
<
the denominators,' as der thofe of the fame value (as is done in whole numbers)
whether they be mixed, or decimal parts only. To do which
being the fame, and the anfwer will be , or 55 divided by due regard muft be had to the place of the comma, or fepa-
rating points, which muft ftand in a direct line, the one under
36, which is the fame thing, by a different mode of expreflion. the other ; and to their right-hand carefully place the decimal
Cafe. 2. When you divide a whole number by a fraction. parts, according to their refpective values, or diftances from
Rule. Place an unit under the whole number, to put it into unit, f hen,

the fractional form, and proceed as before. Rule. Add, or fubtradt them, as if they
were all whole num-
Cafe 3. When you divide a fimple fradtion by a compound. bers and from fum, or difference, cut off fo many de-
their
;
Rule. Reduce the compound to a fimple, and work as in the cimal parts as are the mod in any of the given numbers.
firfl cafe.

The reduction, addition, fubtradtion, multiplication, and di- Examples in addition.

vifion of vulgar fractions being explained, it is quite needlefs
to fay any thin^ of the rule of three, or the other rules of Suppofe it be required to
find the fum of the following num-
proportion in fractions, fince it is only to be oblcrved, to bers, viz.
78,5 +
96,7 4- 976,9 4- 67,4,8 4- 5,5 + 63,
multiply and divide in the fractional manner, inftead of that which, being properly placed, will ftand thus :
of whole numbers.
7,S
Of decimal fractions. 9 h >7
976,9
When, or by whom, this admirable invention of decimal
6754,8
arithmetic was firfl introduced, is uncertain; but doubtlefs the
5.5
improvements thereto made, and the perfection to which it has
63,0
arrived, are owing to latter times.
A decimal fraction differs only from a vulgar in this: that, The fum required 7975,4
whereas the denominators of vulgar fractions are various, Suppofe alfo the fum total of 29,768 -f 97,527 + 256,09-
thofe of decimals are always either 10, or fome power of io, 4- 125,0007.
as 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, &c. fo that the denominator
need never be expreffed, it being always underftood to increafe
29,768
in a decuple, or tenfold proportion, ad infinitum. 97,527
256,0976
-.5 7 56 769
&c. The fum
125,0007
io' 100' IOOO* ioooo' 1 00000 , required 508,3933

Now thefe denominators being known, need not be fet down, Examples of fubtradtion.
but only the numerators ; and thefc are diftinguifhed, or fepa- Suppofe the difference be required between 97,698 and
rated from Whole numbers, by a point, or a comma. 25,976. That is,

Thus 8,4 is 8
4
, and 0.9
.9
is j 76.07
.7
is 76 ; 985. 009 From
Example 1.
97,698
Example
From 592,5
2.
From
Example 3.
1597,69075
Subtr. 25,976 Subtr. 97,964 Subtr. 919,52
is 985
* J . Rem. 71,722 Rem. 494,536 Rem. 678,17075
1000
Whence it may
be obferved, that, as in whole numbers, every Multiplication of decimals.
degree from the place of unity increafes towards the left-hand
Whether the numbers to be multiplied be pure decimals, or
by a ten-fold proportion fo in decimal parts, every degree is :
mixed, multiply them as if they were all whole numbers, and,
decreafed towards the right-hand, by the fame proportion.
for the true value of their product, obferve the following
Wherefore whole numbers, being divided into decimal parts,
Rule. Cut off, or feparate with a comma, fo many places of
are more homogeneal with whole numbers than vulgar frac-
decimal parts in the product, as there are in both the multi-
tions; for all plain numbers are in effect but decimal parts
plier and the multiplicand taken together.
one to another.
That fuppofe any feries of whole numbers, as 777, &c.
is,
Example r. Example 2:
The 7 towards the left-hand is ten times the value of the
firft
76,906 92,48769
7 in the middle, and the 7 in the middle is ten times the va-
5, g2 4 5,00097
lue of the laft 7 to the right of it, and but the tenth part of
&c. 307624 64741 8 3
that 7 on the left,
153812 83238921
Therefore all, or any of them, may be taken either as whole
615248 46243845000
numbers, or parts thereof: if whole numbers, then they
muft be fet down without any comma, or feparating point be- 38453 462,5281630593
tween them, 777. But if whole numbers, and one a part or 447,900544
fraction, put a comma betwixt them thus, 77,7 ; which fig-
nifies 77 whole numbers, and 7 tenths of an unit: if two
The reafon why fuch-a number of decimal parts muft be fe-

places of fractional parts be required, feparate them with a

parated in the product is plain, it differing nothing from that

comma, thus, 7,77; which fignifies 7 whole numbers, and given in the multiplication of vulgar fractions ; for, by multi-
plying the fums given together, you multiply the numerators
77 hundredth parts of an unit, 65rV,
From hence it will be eafy to conceive, that decimal parts and, by feparating as many .decimal places as both the multi-
plicand and the multiplier contain, you multiply the denomi-
take their denomination from the place of their laft figure.
nators, and divide that of the numerators by the product of

t/ 10 the denominators. Thus to multiply i

by 3 is the fame

That is, <

,98
100
parts of an unit, &c. as ,75 b y >5> and l0 b y lo ;
viz -
75
7o~
by
5
iv
for 5 t,me9

75 1S 375> ana I0 times 100

"
is 1000: fo the product is

,098 = IOOO 3-5

, or ,375 decimally expreffed.

Cyphers annexed to decimal parts do not alter their values.

As ,90 ,900 ,9000 ,90000, csV. are each but 9 tenths of Divifion of decimals

a- 9 1 o 9 Is performed in the 'fame manner as in whole numbers : all

an unit ; for -9S- . \ .2
100 io 1000 10' 10000 io' the difficulty therein is to know what number of decimal
X places
 A R I A R M
places to feparate towards the right-hand of the quotient : for I pafs, is thoroughly underftood, as it may eafily be, wi&h
which obferve what follows. The quotient of a divifion attention, the reader will be duly prepared to comprehend any
{hewing how often the divifor is contained in the dividend, of the books of arithmetic with pleafure ; becaufe he here has
the divifor multiplied by the quotient gives the dividend : now, the rational principles and foundation of numbers in the few-
as you know how many places of decimals the dividend and eft words, and in as familiar a manner as could be well con-
diviforcontain, it is ealy to know how many the quotient veyed.
muft contain, becaufe therein the divifor and quotient muft be Political Arithmetic, is made ufe of by ftatefmen and po-
equal to thofe in the dividend. in order to judge of the ftrength, the wealth, and
liticians,
Therefore when the work is finifhed, feparate as many deci- the power of ftates and empires. which end, nothing To
mal parts in the quotient to the right-hand, as the dividend more naturally and more certainly conduces, than a thorough
exceeds the divifor in but, if fo many places be not in the
: knowledge in the trade and navigation of ftates and empires,
quotient as that difference is, fupply that deficiency, by pre- by reafon that the landed and monied interelts of countries
fixing cyphers towards the left hand. is governed by the ft ate of their trading interelf s ; for, if that
Take the foregoing example in multiplication : flourifhes, the others nccefTarily muft. This Dictionary of
Divide 447,900544 by 5,824 Commerce furnifhing a great variety of materials to enable
us to pafs a goodjudgment of the trade of all nations, it can-
5,824)447,900544(76,906 not but be very ufeful in the ftudy of political arithmetic.
402269,0 Thofe who are efieemed to have wrote the beft upon this
5274- fubject, are Sir William Petty, Dr Davenant, Mr King,
3- Erafrhus Philips, Efq; and the anonymous author of a tract
As the dividend contains 6 decimal places, and the divifor wrote in French, intitled, ElTui politique fur le commerce,
three, the quotient muft contain 3 feparated to the right-hand. i2mo, publifhed in 1736.
All the cafes which can happen in the divifion of decimals, ARI THMET1CIAN, a perfon well fkilled in arithmetic, or
are reducible to the following, viz. whofe profeffion is to teach it others.
Cafe 1. When the decimal parts in the divifor and dividend ARMADA, a Spanifh word, which formerly fignified a num-
are equal, the quotient will be whole numbers. The reafon ber of mips of war, as appears by a law in the book called
is, becaufe, from what has been faid, it can contain no deci- Las Partidos ; but of late years it not only comprehends a
mal parts. navy compofed of {hips of war, but a flota of merchant-men
Cafe 2. When the decimal places in the dividend exceed thofe under their convoy.
in the divifor, feparate the excefs for decimal parts, as before There is a royal armada, or navy, to fecure the navigation
{hewn. of the galleons from Old Spain to the Spanifh Weft-Indies.
Cafe 3. When there are not fo many decimal places in the There ufed to be armadas, or convoys to the fleet, for the
dividend as are in the divifor, annex cyphers to the dividend, Firm-land, which there is not at prefent ; and there was an
to make them equal. Then will the quotient be whole num- armada for Honduras.
bers, as in the firft cafe. In the year 1521, on account of the pirates that infefted the
Cafe 4. If after the divifion is finifhed, there are not fo many coafts of Andalufia and Algarve, lying in wait for the fhips
figures in the quotient, as there ought to be places of decimals homeward bound from the Spanifh Indies, it was refolved that
by the general rule, prefix a competent number of cyphers to an armada, or convoy, confifting of four or five fhips, fhould
fupply the deficiency. be fitted out ; the charge whereof fhould be defrayed out of
the gold, filver, and merchandize, brought to the ports of
Reduction of decimal fractions. Andalufia, from the Indies and Canary-lflands ; whether be-
To reduce a vulgar fraction into a decimal. longing to the king or private perfons, at the rate of a {hil-

As the denominator of the vulgar fraction in pro-

ling per pound, which was accordingly put in execution.
Rule. is
In the year 1522, the feas being ftill infefted with pirates, it
portion to numerator fo is the denominator of the deci-
its :

mal, 100, 1000, iocoo, &c. to the numerator of the deci-

was refolved that another fquadron fhould be fitted out, the
expence whereof was to have been defrayed as that of the for-
mal required, whofe denominator is 100, 1000, 10000, &c.
mer ; and to cruize, not only on the coaft, but as far as the
Therefore, according to the common rule of proportion,
iilands Acores. This was the origin, not only of the arma-
X the fecond and third numbers, and divide by the firft, the
da appointed to fecure the navigation of the Weft-Indies, but
quotient is the decimal required. Or, which is the fame thing,
of the haberia, or duty for convoys, and other things there-
and more concifely expreffed,
Annex cyphers to the numerator of the vulgar fraction, and unto relating the firft impofition towards defraying this charge
:

divide by the denominator, the quotient will be the decimal

was one per cent, but, that not being adequate to the ex-
parts equal to the given fraction ; or at leaft to approximate fo
pence, it came at length to five per cent.

near as is requifite for all bufinefs.

One of the principal duties of the committee of war, which
conftituted of the council of the Indies in Spain,
Note. When the laft figure of the divifor (that is, the deno- is is, to

give the necelTary orders, for fitting out of armadas and flotas ;
minator of the propofed vulgar fraction) happens to be one of
and, as the dangers increafe, fo to make the more effectual
thefe figures, viz. 1, 3, 7, org, then the decimal parts can
provifions againft them.
never be precifely equal to the given fraction ; yet, by con-
tinuing on the divifion, you may approach very near the truth.
The laws of trade in Spain direct, that, provided there be no

As in this example: Suppofe it be required to reduce i. into fpecial order to the contrary, two flotas be fet out; the one
for the Firm-land, the other for New-Spain, and the armada
decimal parts.
to convoy them but this name of armada was meant of the
7)1,000 ;

admiral and vice-admiral only, which were fighting fhips ;

,142857142857142, &c. ad infinitum.
and, at firft, there was one man of war to convoy the reft ;
From hence it may be obferved, that, in thefe imperfect quo- her burden being 300 tons, and carrying eight brafs cannon,
tients, the figures return again, and circulate in the fame or- and four iron guns and till that time, the merchant-men
:

der as before.
carried 100 tons lefs than their burden, and thirty foldiers each, /

Thefe things being underftood, there will be no difficulty to

becaufe they had no convoy of men of war.
find the decimal parts equivalent to any known part, or parts,
The times appointed for thefe flotas to fail, were, for that of
of coin, weights, or meafures, &c. if you firft reduce the New Spain in May, and that of the Firm-land in Auguft,
cjven parts of the coin, &c. into a vulgar fraction, whofe de- both of them being ordered to fail with the firft fpring tides.
nominator is the number of thefe known parts contained in '1 he galleons were appointed to be out in January, that they
the integer, and the given parts its numerator. might coaft along the Firm-land, and arrive about April at
Let it be required to find the decimal of 8 s. 6 d. Porto-bello, where the fair would be over, that they might

There are 102 pence in 8 s. 6d. therefore 102

of a pound is
take aboard the plate, and be at the Havanna about mid
June, where the New Spain fleet would foon join them, and
the vulgar fraction which exprcfles 8s. 6d. which convert in- they might come together fafer to Spain. To which end, the
to a decimal, thus: 240ji'p'/.p'p'p'(.425 8s. 6d. = vice-roy of Peru is to take care, that the plate fhould be at
p'00 Panama by the middle of March, the plate is fifteen days
Xjo in carrying from Potofi to Arica ; eight days generally from

Or thus : To the 6d. add cyphers, and divide by 12, and thence by fea to Callao, and twenty fiom Callao to Panama,
then prefix the 8 s. and divide by 20. taking in, by the way, the plate at Paita and Truxillo.
12)6, coo To |.revcnt the fleet being detained by contrary winds, as
has fometimes been the cafe, it was propofed by the court of
2|0)gT" Spain to fit out the galleons, in the river of Seville, in Auguff.
.425 and September, and then fend them away to Cadiz, where
This is a much more concife method, and will hold good for they might go out with any wind, and need not wait for
weights and meafures, &c. without reducing them into vul- any fpring tides.
gar fractions. The reafons why it was judged abfolutely neceffary, that the
All the various rules of proportion being performed the fimc flota from the Firm-land fhould fail in September, were, be-
decimally as in whole numbers, it it quite needlefs to multi- caufe that was a fafe feafon to fhip off the goods ; for, they
ply examples of them ; nor \s it neceffary to enlarge more on coming to Porto-bello at a healthy feafon of the year, the
arithmetic ; fince, if what has been faid in fo narrow a com- merchandize was conveyed over to Panama at a cheaper rate,
7 and
 ARM A R M
ami with Icf, danger of receiving damage. Moreover, by AT, is the fecond trading town inTurkifh Armenia
this means the merchants had lei (lire to fell their goods; the be confidered as the center of the whole
is to
buyers hnd a fit leafon to travel to Peru with fafety", and the trade of LefTer Afia, there being continually caravans, either
armadas and Carthagcna and the Havanna,
flotas to return to arriving thither, or fetting out from thence. Thofe from
to get clear of the channel Bahama, and to return to
ol Jjiarbekir come here in eighteen days, and thofe from Er-
Spain in the hill month for the fea. in fine, it is found by zerum in fifteen. The caravans which fet out from Tocat for
experience, that the month of September is, all circumftances Sinope, are fix days on their march, and thole
being duly weighed and Confidered, the fitted' for the fleets to twenty days. The caravans which go directly to Srrv
fail and, although feveral accidents retard them till Odober
: without p fling through Angora or Burfa, fpend twenty days
or yet that feafon is fitter than March.
November, in their journey, when they confift of mules only, and
fiity
ARMADILLA, thus they call, in Spanifh America, a fmall when they ufe camels. Laftly, thee are alfo carav-ns, which
fquadron, confifting commonly of 6 or 8 men of war, from go only from Tocat to Angora.
24 to 50 guns, which the king of Spain kecp% for prevent- The greateft trade of 7'ocat confifls in
copper or brafs war**,
ing foreigners from trading with the Spaniards or Indians, fuch coppers, mugs, candlefticks, lanrhorns, kc. which
as
both in time of peace, and in time of war. This fquadron are made very neatly by the workmen of this town. Thefe
has even power and orders to take all the Spanifh trading vef- commodities are fent to Conftantinople and Egypt. The coo-
fels, which it meet;, on the coaft, and which have no licence per they ufe comes from the mines of Gumifcana, three days
from the king of Spain. There is an armadilla both for the journey diflant from Trcbifond, and from thofe of Caftam-
South Sea and for the North Sea. The latter keeps common- boul, ten days journey diftant from Tocat, towards Angora.
ly at Carthagena, and the former at Callao, which is the They dr-efs at Tocat a great deal of yellow leather, v
port of Lima, the capital of Peru. fent to Sartfdn on the Black Sea, and from thence to Cala, a
ARMAGNAC, a province in France, is bounded by Langue- port of Walachia. They alfo fend thither red leather, but
doc on the eaft ; by Agenois and Condomois on the north ; his the merchants of Tocat have from Diarbekir and (.

by Gafcony, properly fo called, on the weft; and by Commin- mania. The yellow leather is dyed with a fort of fumach,
ges on the iouth. Jn this province they make brandy, which and the red with madder.
they fend to Baycnne and iJourdeaux. They trade alfo in The printed calicoes are alfo a great branch of the tra^e of
wool and flax. There is a mine of fait in the town of La- Tocat. They are not indeed fo beautiful as thofe of Perfn,
verdan ; Auch and Mauvefin, they make about four-
and, at but the Mufcovites and the Crim Tartars, for whom they are
fcore or 100 quintals of fait. The country befides is very defigned, like them well enough. Some of thefe calicoes are
fruitful in corn and wine. alfo fent into France, where they go under the name of print-
ARMENIA, a large kingdom in Afia. After feveral revolu- ed linnens of the Levant.
tions, the hiftory of which is foreign to the purpofe of this Laftly, they have at Tocat a confiderable trade in filk ; but
Dictionary, it is fallen partly under the dominion of the Turk, none of that which is gathered in the neighbourhood of this
and partly under that of the king of Perfia. town, is fold to foreigners, it being all employed in the ma-
For the trade of that part of Armenia which belongs to the nufactures of the country ; wherein, befiues their own filk,
latter, fee the article Plrsia. they ufe every year eight or ten loads of Perfian filk ; which
As for that part of the country which under the Grand
is is all it fed in making fewing filk, and buttons.
flight fluffs,
Seignior's dominion, we fhall hcie prefent the reader with ARMENIANS, nation- who inhabit Armenia. But that name
fuch particulars of its trade, as we could collect together, or, is alfo given to thofe who were tranfported into feveral parts
at leaf!, of its two chief cities, which fecm to have engrofl- of Perfia by bhah Abas ; and more particularly to that ce-
ed and divided between themfelves the trade of all the reft of lebrated colony of Armenians who dwell at Zulfa, one of the
the kingdom fuburbs of Ifpahan.
Er7ERUM. the capital of that part of Armenia, which belongs The Armenians are civil and polite, and have a great deal of
to the Grand Seignior. good fenfe and honefly : they apply themfelves very much to
The trade of this city is very confidcrable, ar.d confifts chiefly in trade, which they make their chief bufinefs, or rather, their
brafs and copper ware, furr, gall-nuts, caviary or cavcer, and only occupation. They are not only matters of the whole
madder trade of the Levant, but have alfo a great fhare in that cf
The and copper wares are made by the Jews of Sinope,
hrafs the moft confiderable towns in Europe; for it is very com-
who ufe is brought from the neighbouring
the copper that mon meet with fome Armenians at leghorn, at Venice, in
to
mountains. As mod of them are braziers, and their bufi- England, and in Holland; whilft on the other fide they tra-
nefs is very noify, they arc, as it were, confined to the fub- vel into the dominions of the Grand Mogul, Siam, Java, the
urhs ; for the Turks are too great lovers of reft, to fuffer fuch Philippine iflands, and over all the eaft, except China. And
traders amongft them. 1 hofe wares are carried into Turkey, it is not long fince feveral of them were fettled at Marfeilles.

Perfia, and even into the Great Mogul's dominions. It is not agreed among the learned, under what Abas, king of
The furrs are the fkins of a kind of marten, which are very Perfia, the colony of Zulfa was tranfported to Ifpahan, and
common in that country, where they are called jardava, or fettled where it now is. But it is very certain that Miah Abas
zerdava. The
browneft are reckoned the fineft, efpecially the Great, contemporary with Henry IV, king of France, in
the tails, which are almoft black and, with that part of the : order to fecure the conqueft of Armenia, which he had taken
animal, are made the molt precious funs, which makes them from the Turks, removed into Perfia the firft Armenians,
come very dear, becaufe a great number of tails are required who ever fettled there; and about thirty thoufand families of
to line a veft therewith. them were tranfported into the province of Ghilan only, from
The gall-nuts are brought to Erzerum, from a place diftant whence the fineft Perfian filks come : he alfocaufed all the in-
five or fix days journey from it, where there are a great habitants of Zulfa, a large city of Armenia, to fettle at Ifpa-
many oaks : the baflia gives very ftricl orders to preferve han, whence the new Zulfa of Perfia took its name.
them, that a commodity, fo ufeful for dyeing, may not be loft. This laft Zulfa is now the center of all the commerce of the
Caviary, or caveer, as it is more ordinarily called, is nothing Armenians ; and it is to the fame Shah Abas thefe people owe,
but the pickled hard roes of fturgeon, which are prepared in if we may fay fo, their genius and capacity for trade, which
feveral places, fituated near the Cafpian fea. That which is did but very little appear, till their tranfmigration into Perfia.
fold at Erzerum, is abominable. As Abas the Great had no other view but
to enrich his coun-
Laftly, madder, of which great quantities are fold here, try, and was he could not compafs that defign but by
fenfible
where it is called boya, is brought hither from Perfia the in- : the means of trade, he eaft his eyes upon filks, as the moft
habitants ufe it in dying leather and linnens. precious commodity, and upon the Armenians, as the moft
Befides all thefe merchandizes, moft of which are to be met proper people to difpole of it in a word, the Armenians, :

with in the neighbourhood of Erzerum, there are alfo in who were but hufbandmen, were by him turned into mer-
that town all the commodities which come from the Eaft- chants, and thefe merchants are become very able and fkilful
Indies; as filk, cotten, drugs, and printed calicoes; Erzerum traders in the world.
being, as were, a ftaple town for them ; but they only
it Remarks.
pafs through it;, few of them being fold by retail.
In order to begin that tr^de, this- wife prince trufted the moft
The commodities imported into this province, or exported underftanding men among the inhabitants of Zulfa, with a
out of it, pay three per cent, and fometimes double that fum ;
certain quantity of bales of filk, to tranfport them in cara-
but gold and filver fpecies, efpecially, are fubjeel to heavy duties.
vans into foreign countries, and efpecially into Europe; on
The filk of Perfia, whether it be fine or not, pays a duty of condition that they themfelves" fhould go with them, and that
80 crowns per camel's load, which is from eight hundred to
on their return, they fhould pay for thofe bales fuch a price as
a thoufand pounds weight. judi-
they (hould have been rated at before their departure by
The caravans, which fet out from Erzerum for Teflis and cious perfens, giving up to them all the profits they could
Tocat, do commonly keep themfelves ready during the whole
make upon them above the fettled price.
month of June. anfwered the expectations both of the prince and
The fuccefs
At fuch times when the Arabs are feized of the countries Shah Abas did, in a manner, change the
of the merchants.
about Aleppo (in Syria) and Bagdat, all the caravans of the Arme-
nature of trade throughout the whole earth ; and the
Levant, even thofe which are bound for the Eaft-Indies, pafs the weft
nians by their rich reiurns, after having carried into
through Erzerum. alfo in the
the moft beautiful commodities of the eaft, fhewed
The Englifh drive a confiderable trade in that city, and keep
eaft whatever the weft afforded moft coftly and curious.
a conful there, who is in great ciedk and efteem, if his con- eifaMifbed,
When the trade of the Armenians was fuffiaently
duct is deferving. with it. he citi-
the kings of Perfia did no longer meddle
I

Vol. I.
D d zcn5
 ARM ARM
rzcns of Zulfa alone continued to fupport it, and by the af- urine of camels chr) ftallifed, and reduced to a white mafs by
fiftanceof their brokers or agents, who fame nation
are of the the heat of the fun, and to which the burning fand of Arabia,
with themfelves, they diftribute through the whole world the and of many other dry and defert places in Afia and Africa,
fined and richeft commodities of Afia. where thofe animals live during the long journies of the cara-
Thefe agents undertake, for a very moderate profit, to con- vans, ferved as a matrix to bring that fait to perfection. It
duct the merchandizes to the very places they are defigned is called ammoniac (according to the opinion of the ancients)
for, to take care of them during the march of the caravans, from the temple of Jupiter Ammon, or Hammon, in the road
to difpofe of them to the belt advantage they can, and to give af- to which it was found in abundance.
terwards a faithful account to thofe by whom they are intruded. This fait is white, and taftes pretty much like common fait.
We cannot diffidently exprefs how faithful thofe agents are, One may obferve in it fmall tryftallifed needles, like refined
what care they take to preferve the merchandizes they con- falt-petre; and, when it is the true fort, you may ftill per-
duct, not fearing even to run the danger of perifhing them- ceive among it part of the fand in which it was fublimatcd by
felves, in order to fuccour the camels, and other beafts of bur- the heat of the fun. This falt-armoniac is fo fcarce, that it
den that carry them, at the eroding of rivers, or at the diffi- is no commodity for trade, the curious only having it in their
cult paffes of mountains. cabinets.
Their charity for each other is unfpeakable; and, when thofe The other natural falt-armoniac is not much more common
who .<re fettled in fome town are acquainted with the com- than the true one. It is a kind of fait earth, or fcum, which
ing of a caravan, they do not fcruple to undertake a journey isworked like falt-petre. It is found in fome places of the
of a day or two, in order to go and meet them, and carry Eaft-Indies, particularly in old caverns, and the clefts of rocks,
refreshments to their brethren. between Lahor, Tenaflar, and Trerbint (it fhould be perhaps,
When the caravans make any flay in towns, the Armenians Sirina, inftead of Trerbint).
who attend them join feveral together, that they may l^e Monfieur d'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientale, obferves,
in his
cheaper. In Afia, they fell upon the road hard wares of Ve- that there is a grotto in
little country of Botam in Afia,
the
nice, France, and Germany, in order to get provifions. In where the true falt-armoniac is to be found. There arifes
Europe, they get them for mufk and fome fpice. In a word, continually in that grotto a kind of vapour, which looks like
there is no nation comparable to them with regard to fobri- fmoke in the day-time, and like a flame in the night. Jt
ety, good hufbandry, and honefty. is from this vapour condenfed the falt-armoniac is produced,
It is true, indeed, that, when their affairs prove unprofperous which, in the language of that country, is called nufchader.
in thofe foreign countries where they trade, they feldom re- That vapour is of fo malignant a nature, that, if thofe that
turnhome, not daring, fay they, to appear before creditors, work in it do not ufe the utmoft precautions, and make not
whofe confidence they have abufed. But it muft be owned, all the hafte they can to gather the fait, they are in
danger
that this happens very feldom being extremely uncommon
: it of their lives. For which reafon thofe workmen are drefl'ed
to fee an Armenian become a bankrupt. in a very thick fluff, to prevent the impreffion of the vapour;
There is nothing more extraordinary, and at the fame time but, without the grotto, the condenfed vapour has no longer
more pleafant, than the manner of finking bargains among any malignant quality.
the Armenians. They begin with putting money upon the The two forts of falt-armoniac, and the ne-
fcarcity of thofe
table ; after which, they cavil or difpute as much as they can ceffity there of ufing that drug in feveral operations and
is

about the price, the buyer and the feller prefenting and re- works which cannot be performed without it, have obliged
pulfing alternately the pieces of money, which they add to the chemifls to imitate it; and it is this artificial falt-armoniac
the price offered, or which they abate from the price de- of which fo great a confumption is made.
manded which is always done with fo much noife and ill
; It is extrailed, by means of fublimatory veffels, from all forts

humour, that one would think they are going to devour each of urine, of men and beafts, mixed with common fait and
other: all this, however, is nothing but grimace and affecta- foot. Some pretend that it may alfo be extracted from all
tion and, when the broker, who is always prefent at this
: forts of blood. Whatever it may be made of, it comes com-
comedy, judges that things are pretty near the value, he monly from the Eaft-Indies by Venice, or rather by the fhips
fqueezes the feller's hand with fo much violence, that he of the Dutch Ealt-India company. It is brought in maffes,

makes him cry out, but he does not leave him till he accepts or lumps of divers colours, made in the form of the cover of
the buyer's offer. The farce ends with reciprocal jokes, a pot, and weighing 14 or 15 pounds. It was formerly in
each laughing on his fide, thinking that he has the belt of the fhape of a fugar-loof, and of a quality much fuperior to
" the bargain. what it is at prefent.
RMOISIN, a filk fluff, or kind of taffety, of an indifferent This is, doubtlefs, meant of the falt-armoniac that came
goodnefs. It is made at Lyons, and in feveral places in Italy. from Egypt, the loaves of which weighed 4 or
5 pounds ;
There are half- armoifins (demi-armoifins) made at Avignon, and, whatever Monfieur Savary may fay, Monfieur Geoffroy,
which are of an and lefs price than the others.
inferior quality, in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences for the year
They manufacture alfo armoifins with three threads. Ar- 1723, obferves, that their confiftency is very near the fame,
moifins of all colours are imported from the Eaft-Indies, and which fhews that they are produced by a fublimation almoft,
particularly from Cafembafar, by the way of Bengal. See the equal. A great deal of it is imported from Egypt to Mar-
next article. Some pretend that the word armoifin comes feilles and Leghorn.

from the Italian armefino ; or that thofe filks were thus call- Salt-armoniac muft be chofen white, clear, tranfparent, dry,
ed, becaufe there were coats of arms delineated upon the cloth and without filth, and, when broke, it muft appear as if full
in which they were wrapped up. of needles.
Armoisin of the Indies. It is a taffety manufactured in the The ufe of this fait is very confiderable in medicine : and
Eaft-Indies, but flighter than thofe that are made in Europe, feveral artificers ufe who could hardly finifh their works
it,

and of an inferior quality. Their colours, and particularly without it : fuch are, among others, the dyers, filverfmiths,
the crimfon and red, are commonly falie, and they have but pin-makers, farriers, &c. The latter ufe it, after it is re-
and no brightnefs at all.
little glofs, duced to an impalpable powder, to eat up, or cure, the pearls
There two
forts of them, the arains, which are taffeties,
are or webs that grow in the eyes of horfes ; and, as for the dyers,
either ftriped or checkered ; and the damaras, or flowered they reckon it among their not-colouring drugs, that is to
taffeties. Their length is from 7 French ells to 24, and their fay, fuch as by themfelves produce no colour, but piepare the
breadth from T7s to ^ of an ell. filk, thread, or woollen ftuffs, to receive the colour they de-

The Indian armoifins have fold at Amfterdam from 18 to 20 fign to dye them with.
guilders per piece. When you do not buy them of the com- Its fpirit is fo fharp, that, when mixed with aqua fords or

pany, that is to fay, at fecond hand, you may ftipulate to pay fpirit of nitre, it compleats the diffolu'ion of gold, which

for them either in current or bank-money, or to deduct the thofe two powerful diffolvents could not effect without it. See
difference. Aqua Fortis and Aqjja Regia.
The armoifins of Amfterdam from 7 to 9
Lucca have fold at This fait, fire and filtered, is reduced into
being purified by
fols de grofs per ell. They who fell them again, buy them a very white fait, which is ufed to provoke urine and fweat--
by deducting the intereft of the money for 18 months, they ing, &c. It is alfo reduced into flowers, by means of com-
not being obliged to pay for them but after thofe months are mon fait decrepitated, or calcined, or by fteel-filings.. They
elapfed they alfo deduct 1 per cent, for prompt payment.
: alfo extract feveral fpirits, and a kind uf
from it. Fi- oil,

But, when they fell them to retailers, they deduct but 2 per nally, they fix it with egg-fhells, or live-chalk and fire.
cent, upon the whole for prompt payment ; that is, they are Salt armoniac pays duty of importation in France 10 fols per
allowed fo much difcount for the payment of ready money. IOO weight, according to the tariff of the year 1664: and,
Itmuft be obferved that all the filks of Italy are fold after the by a decree of the council of ftate, of the 15th of Auguft
fame manner. 1685, it pays 20 per 100 of its value, if it be not imported
ARMONIAC, or AMMONIAC, a kind of fait, or fait al- direCtly into France, but was landed any-where in foreign
kali, volatile, urinous, and penetrated with an acid. There countries.
is a great confumption of it in moft countries. Armoniac. There is a gum alfo called by fome Gum Armoniac.
There are two forts of fait armoniac, the natural and the ARMOR, or ARMOUR, commonly of
a defenlive habit,
artificial, which differ very much in figure, though their pro- ironorftccl, which warriors and foldiers ufed formerly, to
perties are pretty much the fame. defend and fecure the body againft the offenfive aims of the
The natural falt-armoniac is asiain fubdivided, as it were, enemies. The complete arnvjr was compofed of a helmet,
into two fpecies. The one, which is the true fort, and was or head- piece, a neck-piece, or gorget, a cuiraffe, tafils, braf-
known to the antiems, was nothing, as they fay, but the fets, gantlets, cuiffes, and covets for the legs and feet, to which
were
 ;

ARM A R O
Wcic alio fattened the fpurs. This was called armor cap-j- CuirafTes, gorgets, tafles, brafiets, gantlets, euiflls, and all
pee ; and thus the horlemen, or knights and men of arms, covers for the legs head-pieces, burganets for horfemen, bur-
;

were (helled. ganets and murrian? for the infantry, both flight, and fhot-
The infantry this armor. The murrian was
wore but part of prool ami all kinds of armour for jufts and tournaments.
;

to them helmet they had alfo a cuirafle and tafies,

inftead of a : The aimourers helmet-makers company in France have St
but all this very light, and fuch as the pikemen in the regi- George for their patron, the fraternity or brotherhood of
ment of uards, and in fome other regiments in France, {till which is eltablifhcd in the parifh of St. James's, where thai
wore towards the end of the feventecnth century. Laftly, faini is reprefentcd at full length, armed cap-a-pee, with an
the horfes themfelveshad their armor, wherewith to cover the armour of polifhed ftetl, and mounted on a horfe caparifoned
head and bread. The curious may fee all thole kinds of ar- after the ancient manner, with its harnefs alfo of fteel.
mor in the tower of London. This company, formerly one of the molt numerous in Paris,
Of all this warlike furniture, fcarce any thing is now ufed wis, towards the end of the fixteenth century, already dwin-
except the cuirafle; the gorget, which the officers ftill wear, dled to 60 freemen only, and, at prcfent, it confifts of 2 fiee-
bi-in^ at preterit nothing but a mark of honour, or diftinchon, nien only, who are brothers, and fons to the famous Drouart,
by which the foldieis know them, but which is of no defence. the Lift jurat of that company, whofe anceftors for above 200
Inftead of a helmet, or murrian, they ufe fomcrimes an iron years, had the reputation of making the belt and richeft ar-
or fteel bonnet, or cap, under the hat and none but the re-
; mour in Furope, not excepting that of Milan, which was al-
giments called cuirafliers Hill ule the fimple cafk, or helmet. ways very much eftecined.
The folly, or, if you like the word better, the gallantry, of 'I he manufacture of cuirafles ufed by the French cavalry is at

going to the battle naked, as it were, that is, without any prelent eftabhfhed at Befancon; fome, however, are imported
defenfive arms, had prevailed to fuch a degree among the from Switzerland.
French nobility, that it was thought proper 10 reftrain it by As to the two freemen of the company of armourers helmet-
ordonnances; and during the wars, which were almoft con- makers who are ftill left at Paris, they continue to ftile them-

tinual under the long reign of Lewis XiV, the general offi- felves theonly armourcrs-helmet-makers to the king, the prin-
cers, and all the officers of the horfe, were commanded to ufe ces, and the great lords ; and they do accordingly furnifh them
the cuirafle again ; which, though flill but indifferently obey- with the cuirafles they want, keeping up with honour their
ed, has kept up in France the manulacture of that part of father's reputation.
amient armor, of which in the next article. Armourer, is alfo faid of a trader who fells armour, though
ARMOURER, he that makes arms. he does not manufacture it. That name is alio given to thofe
The armourer-heaumicrs (or helmet-makers) were formerly a who trade in all forts of arms.
numerous corporation at Paris. They were called armourers Armourers company in London. The arms and crcft of the
from the armour they made, and heaumiers from heaume, or brothers and fitters of the fraternity, or guild, of St George,
helmet, which is the chief and moff honourable piece of the of the myftery of the armourers of the city of London (as they
whole armour. Some vocabularies confound them with the were ftiled in their charter) were anciently borne by the faid
gun-lmiths (in French arqucbulicrs) who are alfo ltiled ar- corporation, but afterwards declared and confirmed to them
mourers, though that name was never given to the gun-lmiths by Thomas rLwlcy, Clarencieux, by patent under the feal ot
in their and belongs only to the helmet- makers,
ftatutes, his arms and 1 ffice, 3 and 4 Philip and Mary, 1556.
who are a body intiicly diltinct from the gun-fmiths, of whom J heir aims are argent on a chevron, gules; a gantlet, be-
an account will be given in their proper article. tween four fwords in falcier, on a chief, fable; a buckler,
The firft flatutes of the armourers-heaumier.s were given them argent, charged with a crofs, gules, between two helmets of
by Charles VI. who, in the year 1409, creeled them into a the firft.

body-corporate. Thele ancient ftatutes being neglected and Their creft is a man demi-armed at all points, furmounting
almoft dem.jlifhcd, new
were made for them in the
ftatutes a torce and a helmet. Their motto, Make all fure. Their
year 1562, which being examined and approved by Marfhal hall is in Coleman-ftreet.
de BrifTac, then governor of Paris, and afterwards by the ARMS, all weapons that ferve to attack an enemy, or defend
lieutenant civil, and by the king's attorney at the court of one's (elf.

the Chatelet, who gave their opinions upon them the 23d Of all contraband merchandifes, there are none the exporta-
of July, they were at laft approved, confirmed, and authorifed tion of which, without licence or paflport, is more ftrictly
by letters- patents of Charles IX, iflued at Houdan that fame prohibited, and more feverely punifhed, than that of arms,
year, in the month of September, and regiftered in the parlia by the ordonnances of the kings of France. The penalty
ment in March following. mentioned ordonnance relating to the five large farms
in the
Thefe laft ftatutes contain, in 22
the whole difci-articles, publifhed February 168;, is, the forfeiting of fuch arms,
in

pline, or form of government, of that corporation.
Four jurats, or wardens, two of whom are chofen yearly,
watch over the preservation of their privileges,
that their ftatutes be obferved.
Every freeman of that company can have but one apprentice
at a time, who muft be bound before a notary-public, and
admitted by the wardens.
The apprenticefhip, without which no be made free man can
of the company, is of 5 years, and even freemen's fons are
not exempted from it ; but they may ferve their time either
with their father, or with others; with this difference, how-
together with all the horfes, carts, carriages, and equipages,
which ferved to carry them ; as alfo of all other merchandifes
and take care which may be found with thofe arms, or were hid under them,
befides a fine of 5CO livres, to be paid by the merchants and
carriers, or carmen ; without prejudice to the corporal pu-
nifhment mentioned in the ordonnances, according to the na-
ture of the offence, and as the cafe fhall require.
Under the general name of arms the tariffs comprehend, be-
and offenfive arms, all forts of ammunition, in-
fides defenfive
ftruments, and other warlike ftores, mentioned in the follow-
ing lift:

ever, that, if they be bound with a ftranger, they are looked

upon as apprentices, and fo prevent the taking any other A lift of the merchandifes, the exportation of which is pro-
but, if a freeman's fons ferve their father, whatever be their hibited throughout the whole extent of the kingdom, terri-
number, he may take another apprentice befide them. tories, and dominions of the king of France, in an alpha-

The matter piece is given by the matters, to whom but 8 betical order.

livres Parifis are due for his right of affiftance but freemen's :
Balls, Granadoes, Petards,
fons are not obliged to make their mafter-piece, nor even to Bandaliers, Gun-powder, Pikes,
undergo a trial. Belts of all forts, Guns, Piftols, and piftol-
Widows, who continue fuch, enjoy the fame privileges their Bomb-fhells, Halberds, cafes,
hufbands had, except that they cannot take a new apprentice, Carcafles, Helmets, Puddings for mines,
but only continue to keep him who was bound to the hufband, Carriages for guns, Javelins, Saddles,
and has not finifhed his time. Cuirafles, Matches for guns, Salt-petre,
The works and merchandifes of foreigners are liable to be Fafcines, Mortars, Swords.
vifited, or examined ; which muft be done by the jurats, as Fufees, Mufquets,
foon as it is required, under a penalty of 20 livres Parifis, to
be paid by them, befldes an indemnification to the merchants Arms, arquebufies, piftols, harneffes, brafiets, mufquets, bar-
for ftaying beyond their time. rels for fire-arms, and other arms of iron, pay duties of im-
The materials proper for the manufacture of armour, that is portation in France, at the rate of 40 fols per ico weight.
to fay, iron, fteel, &c. are alfo to be vifited, and muft be In England arms and ammunition, and all utenfils of war, or
divided into lots among the merchants who have occafion for gun-powder, imported without licence from his majefty, are
them. forfeited, and treble the value, 1 Jac. II. cap. 8. feci
2.
No freeman can keep above one work-fhop. Such licence being obtained, except for the furnifhing of his
Every piece of armour is to be marked with a puncheon, which majefty's public ftores, is void, and the offender incut's a prs-
is delivered by the jurats, and the impreffion of which upon munire, and is difabled to hold any office from the crown,
lead ou^ht to be kept in the chamber of the king's attorney. 1 Jac. II. cap. 8. feci:. 3. .

Journeymen, who have been apprentices at Paris, ought to AROBE, which fome fpell and pronounce ARROBE, in

be preferred before (hangers, provided they be fatisfied with Spanifh arroba, and, in the language of Peru, arroue, a weight
Spanifh
the fame w.iges. ufed in Spain, in Portugal, at Goa, and throughout all
well
The works that can be manufactured by the freemen of the America. The Portugueze ufe it alfo in Brazil, where, as
armourer-helmet-maker's company, according to their fta- as at Goa, it is fometimes called arate. All thefe arobes are
like each other but in name,
being very
tutes, are all forts of armour for men, and efpecially corflets, fcarce any7
other ways
}
different
 . a .

ARR A R S
ht, and in tl lortion to the weights of 2. Qrietan, is frequented by merchants from muft parts of
the eaft.
arobe of Madrid, and almoft over '.l Spain, except Se- 3. DuTiari, has a good harbour and trade on a ftieam, that
iniCfa pounds, which do m.t runs (outh from Arracan.
an .n is weight fo that the com- '
. I ', ! : 4. Chedabe, or Cabueel, is alfo a town of trade, with a
\ is of 4 arobes, makes but 93 pounds
.
good harbour.
\
5. Dianga, another noted town on the coaft, 120 miles
is

ville and Cadiz is alfo of 25 pounds, but thefe north fome place in Bengal, but Father
of Arracan, which
i and at Pans, Amfterdam, Strafburgh, and
' Tofi makes it one of the chief cities of Arracan molt of the :

. where the pound4 arobes make the com- is equal ;

inhabitants are fugitive Portugueze, who have great privi-
tal, that is to fay, 100 pounds; but there mull be leges. Moll places a Dutch factory on the river of Arracan,
b< - to make the quintal of Macho, which amounts to 1 50 60 miles north-eaft of that city; but we have no other ac-
Is Seville and Cadiz weights, which may be reduced to count of it.

iris weight upon the foot of the reduction of the arobe 6. Peroem, or Prom, is another town of great trade, and
<.U es, made above. has a good capacious harbour.
The arotie, or arobe, of Peru, weighs 25 pounds French 7. Rama, is another city of the fame rank. The fea on this
ht. It is c'.iefly ufed to weigh the herb of Paraguay, of part of the coaft is dangerous, being fubjeel to fudden
\ and the Indians, who life it like tea, make
h the Spaniards tempefts.
confumption, that there is wanted for Peru alone
eat a The kingdom extends
fea-coaft of this from Cape Ncrais
abo^ roues yearly. See Paraguay. to Xatigam Bengal, about 400 miles ;
in but is not much in-
The arace, or Portugueze arobe, weighs much more than the habited, becaufe of the vaft numbers of wild elephants, buf-
ill arobe it being 32 pounds of Lifbon, which amounts
;
faloes, and tygers only fome iflands in : the fea are peopled
29 pounds Paris weight.
to near with poor fifherrmn.
AROUL, a weight uied in Spain and fn Spanjfli America. ARRAGON, in Spain, is the next kingdom in dignity to that
A ROB ? of Navarre. bounded on the north by the Pyrenees
It is

AROL GHCAIN, an animal found in Virginia, which intirely which divide it from France ; on the weft it has Navarre
refembles the beaver, except that it feeds and leaps upon and New and Old Caftile ; on the fouth the kingdom of Va-
trees like the fqutrrel. lentia; and, on the eaft:, part of Valentia, and the princi-
The Englifh value its furr pretty much, which makes a branch pality of Catalonia.
oi~ with the Indians who live near their colony.
their trade The country mountainous, but full of delightful vales, and
is

ARPENT, a certain meafure of land, which is greater or extraordinary which produce great plenty of wheat
fertile,

lefler, according to diffeient countrie:. and provinces. But, as wine, oil, fafFron, and fruits of the moft deiicious kind.
to the fiirvevmg, or meafuring, of forefts and coppices fold They breed alfo great quantities of cattle, and abound with
in France, the arpent, muft be the fame throughout the whole all forts of fowl, both wild and tame.
kingdom, according to the king's ordonnanee of Auguft the The mountains are faid to have mines of gold, Giver and
i th, id: 9, which relates to the policy
article 14 of the title other metals, but little is made of any of them, except iron.
and prefervation of forefts, of which here follows an extract: : Here are likewife very confiderable rivers, and plenty of od
No meafure fhall be admitted, nor ufed, in the king's woods fifh; the moft remaikabJe river is the Turio, which fertilizes
and forefts, nor in thofe held in coparcenery, in eyre, in ap- a great part of the country, not by ^n overflow like that of
pennage, mortgage, ufucaption, or held by ecclefiaftical com- the Nile, but byits flow and gentle courfe, which gives
op-
munity, or private perfons, without exception, but that of portunity to the hufbandman and gardener to cut channels
12 lines per inch, 12 inches per foot, 22 feet per perch, and from it to water their lands infomuch that we are told their
;

100 perches per arpent, upon pain of a fine of icoo livres, trees will bear fruit three, and often four, times in a
year -
notwithftanding all cuftoms and pofleffions to the contrary. and not only in great plenty, but in fuch variety, that they
It muft be obferved that the ordonnance, mentioning ico reckon no lefs than 400 forts produced in this kingdom.
perches per arpent, muft be underflood of 100 fquare perches. Their orchards, gardens, and pafture grounds, are likewife
The arpent is commonly divided two ways; the one into an much admired for their continual verdure and fertility.
half, a quarter, and half a quarter ; and the other into a third, 1. Zaragoza, alias Saragossa, is the metropolis of this
half a third, &c. of an arpent. kingdom, and is rich and populous, and carries on a
great
ARQUEBUSE, or HARQUEBUSE, a fire-arm, of the commerce, and a confiderable number of trades and manu-
fame length with a fufee, or mufquet, which is commonly factures both within and without the walls.
cocked with a fpring-lock. This kind of arms was formerly 2. Terrazana, is another city in this kingdom, which car-
very much ufed both in war and for hunting; but, at prefenr, ries on a confiderable trade much in the fame way as
Saraoolla to
it is hardly any otherwife ufed than for the defence of befieged does. _

places but it has given name to a confiderable company cf

; 3. Val de Tena, or Sallent, is a remarkable town in
tradefmen at Paris, called arquebufiers, that is, gun-fmiths. the very heart of the Pyrenees. Here is a large traffic carried
ARQUIFOUX. See Alquifoux. on produce of the country all the fummer, though the
in the
ARRACAN, or ARRACKAN, a fmall kingdom in the Eaft- great quantities of fnow which cover thefe mountains,
make
Indics, has the country of Ava, beft known by the merchants the country impafiable near fix months in the year.
Their
under the name of Pegu, on the eaft, and fouth-eaft ; Tipra trade is occafioncd by two palTes leading into France,'
the one
on the north and the bay and country of Bengal on the weft
; on the weft, over the river Gallego, towards Beam in Gaf- .

and north-weft. There are many cities, towns, and villages cony, and the other on the eaft over a cleft of the mountain
in this kingdom fome whereof are extremely populous, ; Forqueta.
which is afcribed to their polygamy, and to their avoiding, as ARREAR-CHARGE, thus the French ftile intereft upon in-
much as in their power, war and fea .voyages. Their longeft tereft, or compound intereft, according to Furetiere
but that
ts are, when they make war with their fhips againft expreflion is little ufed in trade.
their neighbours of Bengal or Pegu. ARREARS, the remainder of a fum due, or money remaining
The country has woods, and is full of orchards and gardens in the hands of an accountant.
that are verdant all the year, and produce all the ufual fruits It fignifies alfo, more generally, the money, that is due for
of the Indies. It has timber for building, fome lead, tin, rent, unpaid for land or houfes ; as likewife what remains un-
fticklack, and elephants teeth ; with all forts of corn, except paid of penfions, taxes, or any other money payable yearly-,
wheat and rye. Their ordinary money is fhells, or little or at a fixed term. The French call it arrearages.
ftonci, 80 of which they value at about 9d. fterling, and A merchant
is alfo faid to be in arrears, or behind-hand
they have a filvtr coin worth about 2 s. apiece, for which when hedoes not regularly pay his bills of exchange, pro-
1
'
6<9 fhells in exchange ; fo that, when they carry miflbry notes, bonds, or any other debts, when due',
and
fbrt of money to market, it is a porter's load. The leaves them, as it were, behind-hand. Monfieur Savary fets
I > here are the grcatcft traders. Many of their rivers it down as a maxim, in his Complete Merchant, that when a
'ides, which rife from r 2 to 20 feet high, fo that they trader is once in arrears, or behind-hand,
he is almoft irre-
rm great voyages in a little time. The chief towns are, trievably loft, and does feldom recover his credit, unjefs by
,
'
which* Schouten fays, is as large as
capital, a very great chance, and an extraordinary good luck.
m, but much more populous ; and its fuburbs are To leave a payment in arrears (arrierer un "pavement, as the
t. Ofl the ridges of the rocks are many French fay) is not to pay it when due, to delay it and put it
, nil 'I QlOpi where may be had the richeft goods of
; oft.
'all Afia, 1 rrougbt and carried away on the backs of ARSCHIN, a long meafure, ufed in China, to meagre
'{ruffs
tari , that ihey are commonly governed by It is of the fame length with the Dutch ell, which is of
2
On hcil Reel The Dutch have a factory feet 1 t lines, which amounts to of a French elJ. So that *

in thi rhood. Hereari fever*] fpacioua bazars and 7 arfchins of China make 4 ells of France.
'
the Mogul fubjecll trade hither, and The eJI of Amfterdam makes -j of a yard of London, fo that
' ' ooonda, rubies, and four ells of Amfterdam, or four arfchins of China,
make
l be mouth of its three yards of London. So that, to reduce the arfchins. to the
1 deep enough to accommo- on, you muft fay, If four arfchins make three
iri 11 n intp hsrbourj
.1 yard i, fo many arfchins (thirty for inlfanc-) how many yai
will they make? Anfw. 2.?.;. And, in order to reduce the
) arils
 :

ART ART
yards into arfchins, fay, if three yards make four arfchins, artifts of this kind, who ftrike out new inventions, or who
i'omany yards (as 35 for inftance) how many arfchins will improve the old mechanics and manufactures, are feferjiing
they make ? Anf. 46 \. of fome public regard and encouragement more than what
ART, the rule and method of doing a thing well, and as it they acquire to themfelves by dint of their peculiar profefllon
fhould be. only.
Art lignifics alfo a profefllon, or trade. And in this fenfe there Daily experience manifefts the extraordinary effects of thofe
are two forts of arts, the one called liberal arts, fuch as paint- fmall rewards which have been given in Scotland and Ireland,
ing, architecture, &c. the other called mechanic arts, fuch for the improvement of their manufactures nor do the pre- ;

as the tradesof turners, carpenters, &c. miums, perhaps, operate fo powerfully as the motive of emu-
AR I S and TRADES.
In France they thus ftile the com- lation for that credit and reputation which attends a man's
;

panies of tradefmen or artificers, erected into bodies corpo- excelling in his employment, has, fometimes, a far greater
rate, which have wardens, mafters or freemen, apprentices, influence upon the induflrious and ingenious mind, than pe-
and jurats, or examiners. They are diftincl from what they cuniary rewards only.
call the fix bodiesof merchants. Yet thefe are not to be negledled in trading nations
; fuch be-
ARTICLE, a fmall part of an account contained in the jour- ing the cafe, that new inventions, or new improvements,
nal, invoice, &c. Thus it is faid fuch an account contains made by one, for the benefit of trade, arc foon enjoyed equally
fo many articles of debtor, and fo many of creditor. The by all, the inventors very rarely being able to preferve the
memorial, the invoice of the merchandizes I have fent you, benefit of their inventions anytime to themfelves; fcarce
contains fo many articles, which amount much. In my
to fo ever long enough to recompenfe them
for the time and ex-
inventory, the article of the ferges of Aumale amounts to fuch pence they have generally been obliged to beftow upon them.
a fum. How the ingenious Britifh artificer might be rewarded by the
An able book-keeper ought to be very exact in porting into public, we have taken the liberty to fuggefl elfcwhcrc, in our
the ledger, to every one's account, either as debtor or credi- Remarks under the article A^phaltum, which were oc-
tor, every article that has been fet down in the journals and cafioned by the encouragement given by the French king to
cafh-book, &c. the Sieur de la Sabloniere upon that occahon. See alfo the
Article is alfo faid of the claufes, terms, and conditions, agreed article Patents granted in thi> nation for the encourage-
upon in partnerfhips, bargains,and treaties, and alfo of the ment of new inventions and difcoveries.
things adjudged, or determined, by arbitrators. In this fenfe, But, befides the public rewards and encouragement which
th*y fay, it is agreed by fuch an article in our pmnerfhip that might be given to our artifb in the fhape therein humbly pro-
the houle-rent (hall be paid out of the common flock. In pofed, there is another way of promoting our artificers, and
the bargain we have made together there is an article, by thereby the commerce of the kingdom in general ; and which,
which you are bound to fuch a thing. This is according to though it is not attended to, may not prove lefs beneficial to
an article of our treaty. Our arbitrators have determined the community, if it once becomes falhionable amongft us.
fuch an article in my favour. What I am about to intimate, is derived from confidering
Article fignifies, likewife, the fevetal heads contained in the the neceflity under which our nobility and gentry conftantly
ordonnances and regulations, particularly when they arc quot- lie, to ufc fome corporal exercife and recreation for the bene-

ed. This agrees with fuch an article of the ordonnance in fit and prefervation of their healths whence it is that they
:

France, of the year 1673, or with fuch an article of the re-
gulations concerning the dyers, &c.
ARTIFICER, or ARTISAN, or is a perfon MECHANIC,
who carries on any handicraft, or mechanical trade. This
clafs of people is not only very numerous in all great trading
ftates and empires, but is of more real importance to fuch
are obliged to ride, hunt, fhoot, play at tennis, cricket, &c.
But it is to be earncftly wifhed and defired, that, at the fame
time when thefe noble and honourable perfons were exercifing
themfelves for their health's fake, they would fo contrive theii
exercifes as even to render them ferviceable to the public in-
tereft and this, I humb y apprehend, might be eafily done,
:

communities, than, perhaps, is generally confidered by thofe could thefe perfonages be prevailed on to entertain themfelves
in more exalted conditions of life. with the perufal of thofe celebrated works of the inimitable

Remarks.
As things are conftituted at prefent, amongft the trading
countries of the world, thofe which fubfift themftlves upon
their natural productions, or merely by bartering and exchang-
ing thofe productions againft the commodities of other coun-
tries, make no figure themfelves as a trading people.
The Indians in North America, as well as the Negroes in Af-
rica, are plain inftances of the truth hereof.
Were the Chinefe, and the Eaft Indians, in general, to be de-
prived of their ingenious artificers, or, if you pleafe, manu-
facturers (for they mny be as reafonably called the one as the
other, perhaps, though cuftom among us has made ad ittincl ion)
they would, very probably, degenerate into the like favage
difpofitions with the wildeft Africans, or American Indians.
lord Bacon, and that excellent tract by the honourable Mr.
Boyle, on the Ufefulncfs of Experimental Philofophy ; as alfo
that admirable performance written afterwards by the learned
bifbop Spratt, intitled, The Hiftory of the Royal Society of
London, for the improving of natural knowledge.
Was it fafbionable once for perfons of diftindtion to devote
a proportion of their rural retirement to practical or experi-
mental philofophy, it might not only prove a falubrious bo-
dily exercife to individuals, but a great benefit and advantage
to our artificers in general, and, cenfequently, to the general
traffic of the kingdom. For,
As the learned author of the hiftory before- mentioned ob-
ferves, * The mechanic inventions are improveable by others
* befides the common artificers themfelves. This will appear
* undeniable, fays he, if we will be convinced by inftances
;

And this, we may prefume, would prove the cafe alfo among * for it is evident, that divers forts of manufactures have been

the Europeans. For, * given us by men who were not bred up in trades that re-

Thefe are the arts which keep the mafs of the people in ufe- * fembled thofe which they difcovered. I (hall mention three,

ful action, and their minds engaged upon inventions beneficial c

that of printing, powder, and bow-dye. The admirable art
to the whole community and this is the grand prefervative
:
' of compofing letters was lb far from being ftarted by a man

againft that barbarifm and brutality which ever attend an in- * of learning, that it was the device of a foldier and powder, :

dolent and inactive ftupidity. ' to make recompence, was invented by a monk, whofe courfe
The due cultivation, therefore, of practical manual arts in a ' of life was meft avcrfe from handling the materials of war.
nation, has a greater tendency topolifh and humanize man- * The ancient Tyrian purple was brought to light by a fifher;

kind, than the mere fpfculative fcience, however refined and * and, if ever it fhall be recovered, it is likely 10 be do:.e by
fublime it may be and thefe practical arts are not only the
:
* fome fuch accident. The fcarlet of the moderns is a very
moft naturally adapted to the bulk of the people, but, by * beeutiful colour, and it was the production of a chemift,
giving real exiftence to their ideas, bv their practical inven- * .ai'd not of a d\er.
tions, imprpve their minds more fenlibly and feelingly than ' One principal help, feys that great man in another place,
any ideal contemplation could Mo, which may have no other ' that the Englifh nobility and gentry enjoy fir the promotion
being but in the mind of the fpeculator. * of thefe ftudies of peace, is the prefent C:/r.ftitution of our
Moreover, it is obfervable that perfons who excel by their new * government. The chief defign of the ancient Englifh was
inventions and difcoveries in the practical mechanic arts, are * the glory of fpreading their victories on the continent
commonly men of general good underftandings. Whether ' but this was a magnanimous miflake ; for by their very
this may not be attributed to the conftant exercife of the in- ' conquefts, if they had maintained them, this ifland had been
which they see and feel, may
tellectual faculties in matters * ruined, and had only become a piovince to a greater empire.
deferve the confideration of fuch who (hall think of the more * But now it is rightly underftood that the Englifh greatnefs

natural way of improving the underftanding. The delicate * will never be fupported or increafed in this age by any
mechanilm of a watch by thofe great artifts a Graham, or an * other wars but thofe by fea ; and for thefe the fervice of the
Ellicot, demonftrates the utility of fuch artizans to a trading ' multitude is fitter than of gentlemen, this we have beheld
country, when their workmanlhip is admired amongft all the * practifed thefe laft 20 years, wherem our naval ftrength ha 5
civilized world. It is the fame by other artificers, who excel * more than trebled itfelf; for, though fome few gentlemen
in their peculiar branch. This not only brings credit and * have frill mingled themfelves in thefe gallant actions, yet the
honour, but treafures, into a nation, in proportion as they are * grofs of our fleets have confided of common men, and of
ftocked with fuch celebrated mechanics, or artificers. ' mariners, who are bred up in the rude toils of luch a life.
Nothing is more obvious than that the commerce and navi- * As this obfervation may raile us to the greater admiration
gation of this nation principally depends on the daily improve- c
of their valour, that fuch magnanimity fbouid be found'
ments made by our artificers, in that infinite and amazing amongft the meaneft of the people, fo it fhould alfo fug-
irariety in our mechanic and manufactural arts. Wherefore 4
geft to our gentlemen, who by this means are at liberty
Vol. I. E e * from
 ART
from the employments of the greateft danger, that they
ought to undertake thefe, which will give ihem as great,
though a fecurer honour.
Nor will it be a difgrace to them, that the fighting for their
country is caft on men of lower ranks, if, in the mean
time, they ftiall drive to enlighten and adorn, while the
other defend it for the fame is ordained by nature itfelf,
: reading.
jn the order and offices of her works ; the heavenly bodies
appear to move quietly above, to give light, and to cherifh
the world with a gentle influence ; while inftruments of
war and offence are taken out of the bowels of the earth.
For the improvement of thefe arts of peaceable fame, they
have, indeed, another privilege, which can fcarce be equalled
by any kingdom in Europe and that is the convenience
; monly requifite for the ripening of
and benefit of being fcattered country ; and, in truth,
in the
the ufual courfe of life of the Englifh gentlemen is fo well
placed between the troublefome noife of pompous magnifi-
cence and the bafenefs of avaricious fordidnefs, that the true
happinef's of living, according to the rules and pleafures of
uncorrupt nature, is more in their power than any others.
To them, in this way of life, there can nothing offer itfelf
which may not be turned to a philofophical ufe. Their
country- feats, being removed from the tumult of cities, give
them the beft opportunity and freedom of obfeivation. Their
hofpitality, and familiar way of converfing with their neigh-
bourhood, will always fupply them with intelligence. The
Jeifure which thefe retirements afford them is fo great, that
either they muft fpend their thoughts about fuch attempts,
or in more chargeable, or lefs innocent divertifements, &c.
When a general turn for the ufeful inventions, in regard to
trade, has once taken root among our nobility and gentry,
letthem go on to the other kinds, which purpofe the ftrik-
ing out ofnew mechanics. The warmth and vigour which
attend new difcoveries, is feldom wont to confine itfelf to
its own fphere, but is commonly extended
ornament of neighbours. The ordinary method wherein
its
this happens,the introduction of new arts.
is
It is true, indeed, the increafe of tradefmen is an injury to
others, that are bred up in particular trades, where there is
no greater employment than they can mafter but there can
never be an overcharge of trades themfelves. That country
is ftiil tne richeft and moft powerful which entertains moft
artificers and manufacturers.
The hands of men employed are true riches the faving of
the.e hands by inventions of arts, and applying them to
other works, will increafe thofe riches. Where this is
done, there will never a fufficient matter for profit be want-
ing ; for, if there be not vent for their productions at home,
we fhal) have it abroad ; but, where the ways of life are
few, the fountains of profit will be pofiilTed by few ; and
fo all the reft muft live in idlenefs, on which inevitably
enfues beggary : whence it is manifeft, that poverty
caufed by the fewnefs of different trades, and not by the
multitude.
Nor is it enough to overthrow this, to tell us, that, by
this addition [of new artificers and manufacturers] all things
will become dearer, becaufe more muft be maintained for
the high rate of things is an argument of the flourifhing,
and the cheapnefs of the fcarcity of money, and ill-peopling
of all countries. The firft is a fign of many inhabitants,
which are true greatnefs ; the fecond is only a fit fubject for
poets to defcribe, and to compare to their golden age ; for,
where all things are without price or value, they will be
without arts, or empire, or flrength.
I will explain all this by a familiar and domeftic inftance.
It is probable that there are in England a hundred times
more [or different fpecies of J trades, than the Saxons, or
the Danes, found here in their invafions ; and, withal, the
particular trades live more plentifully, and the whole nation
is wonderfully ftronger, than before. This alfo may be
feen in every particular city the greater it is, the more
: they are already too exceffive.
kinds of artificers it contains ; whofe neighbourhood and
number is fo far from being a hindrance to each other's gain,
thatftill the tradefmen of moft populous towns are wealthier
than thofe who profefs the fame crafts in country markets.
In England has of late been a univerfal murmur, that
it
trade decays but the contrary is evident, from the perpetual
; men's labours in all ages, that they have ftill directed them to
advancement of the cuftoms. Whence then arifes the com-
plaint ? From hence, that traders have multiplied
ABOVE THE PROPORTIONABLE INCREASE OF TRADES
BY WHICH MEANS ALL THE OLD WAYS OF GAIN ARE
OVERSTOCKED, WHICH WOULD SOON BE PREVENTED
BY A CONSTANT ADDITION OF NEW.
The want of a right apprehending this has always made
the Englifh averfe from admitting of new inventions, and
fhorter ways of labour, and from naturalizing of new peo-
ple both which are the fatal miftakes that have made the
:
Hollanders exceed us in riches and traffic * they receive
all projects, and all people ; we have kept them out, and
fuppreiled them, for the fake of the poor, whom we thereby
do certainly make the poorer.
It muft be obferved that the bifhop wrote in the reign of
king Charles II.
ART
And indeed thofe perfons, fays the judicious preiate elfe-
where, who are not peculiarly conversant about any orv fort
of arts, may often find out their rarities and curiofities (boner
than thofe who have their minds whoily confined to thomi
if we weigh the reafon why this is probable, it will not be
found fo much a paradox as perhaps it may fecm at the firft
For
The artificers themfelves, having had t'neir hands directed
from their youth in the fame methods of woiking, can-
not, when they pleafe, fo eafiiy alter their cuftom, and
turn themfelves into new roads of practice. Bcftdes
this, they chiefly labour for prefent livelihood, and, there-
fore, cannot defer their expectations i'o long as is com-
a new contrivance.
But efpecialiy having long handled their inftruments ;n
the fame fafhion, and regarded their materials with the
fame thoughts, they are not apt to be furprized much with
them, nor to have any extraordinary uncies or raptures
about them.
Thefe are the ufual defects of tiie artificers themfelves '.
whereas men of freer lives have all the contrary advantages.
They do not approach thefe trades as their dull, and una-
voidable, and perpetual employ meats, but as their diver-
fions. They try thofe operations, in which they are not
very exact, and lb will be more frequently fubject to com-
mit errors in their proceeding ; which very faults and wan-
derings will often guide them into new
light, and new con-
ceptions. And, laftly, there fome privilege to be al-
is aifo
lowed to the generofity of the fpirits of gentlemen, which
have not been fubdued, clogged, and fliackled, by any con-
ftant toil, as the mere artificers.
Invention is an heroic thing, and generally placed above
the reach of a low and vulgar genius. It requires an active,
a bold, a nimble, a reftlefs mind a thouiand difficulties
:
farther, to the muft be contemned, with which a mean heart wou!d hs
broken; many attempts muft be made 'to no purpofe;
much treafure muft fometimes be fquandered, without any
return ; much violence and vigour of thoughts muft attend
it, that would hardly be pardoned by the fevere rules of
: prudence. All which may perfuade us, that a large and art
unbounded mind is likely to be the author of greater pro-
ductions than the calm, obfeure, and the fettered endeavours
of the artificers and mechanics themfelves and that, as in
:
: the generation of children, thofe are ufuaily found to be moft:
fprightly that are the ftolen fruits of an unlawful bed ; lb,
in the generations of the brain, thofe are often the moft
vigorous and witty which men beget on other arts, and not
on their own.
Whence it follows, that the fureft increafe, remaining to be
made in manual arts, is to be performed by the conduct of
experimental philofophy. This appear undeniable,
will
is when it fhall be confidered that all other caufes
of inventions
are defective; and that for this very reafon, becaufe the trials
of art have been fo little united with the plain labours of
men's hands.'
And thiswas the origin of that moft ufeful and glorious in-
: ftitution theRoyal Society of London, from whence all others
of the like kind in Europe have taken their rife, to the won-
derful improvement of the mechanic arts and manufactures,
and, indeed, of univerfal commerce.
It is Ihameful that the greateft part of cur arts and inven-
tions, before thefe noble inftitutions, should have been pro-
duced either by luxury, or chance, or neceffity ; all which
muft be confelled to have been mean and ignoble caufes of
the rational mechanics.
The firft of thefe has been that vanity and intemperance of
life which the delights of peace, and greatnefs of empire,
have always introduced. This has been the original of very
many extravagant inventions of pleafure, to whofe promo-
tion it is not requifite that we fhould give any help, feeing
And, indeed, if we confi-
der the vaft numbers of the arts of luxury, compared to the
found and the fubftantial ones of ufe, we (hall find that the
wit of men has been as much defective in the one 7 as re-
dundant in the other.
It has been, continues the bifhop, the conftant errors of
improve thofe of pleafure, more than thofe of profit. How
many, and how extravagant, have been the ornaments
: about coaches ? And how (cw inventions about new frames
for coaches, or about carts and ploughs r What prodigious
expence has been thrown away about thefafhions of cloaths r
But how littie endeavours have there been to invent new
materials for cloathing, or to perfect thofe we have ? The
furniture and magnificence of houfes is rifen to a wonderful
beauty within our memory, but few or none have thorough-
ly ftudied the well-ordering of timber, the hardening of
: ftone, the improvement of mortar, and the making of
better bricks, &c.
The like may be fhewn in all the reft wherein the folid:
inventions are wont to be overwhelmed by gaudinefs and
fuperfluity ; which vanity has been caufed by this, that the
artifts have chiefly been guided by the fancies of the rich, or
* the
 ART
* the young, or of vain humourifts, and not by the rules and
* judgments of men of knowledge.
4 The fecond occafibn that has given help to the increafe of
4 mechanics, has been chance for in all ages, by fomecafual
: *
* accidents, thole things have been revealed which either men
4 c
did not think of, or elfe fought for in vain. But of this
4 the benevolence is irregular, and molt
uncertain this, in-
* deed, can fcarce be (tiled the work of a man. The hart
4 deferves as much praife
of invention for lighting on the
4 herb that cures
it, as the man who blindly {tumbles on any
* profitable work, without forefight or confideration.
* As to neceflity, that has given rife to many great enter-
* prizes, and, like the cruel ftcp-mothcr of Hercules, has
* driven men upon heroic actions, not out of any tender af
4 ftction, but hard ufage.
Nor has it only been an excellent
4 miftrefs to particular
men, but even to whole ftatesand king-
4 do:ns
; for which reafon fome have preferred a barren foil
4 4
for the feat of an imperial city, before a fruitful, becaufe
4
thereby the inhabitants being compelled to take pains, and
4 to live induftrioufly, will be fecure from the dangerous in-
4 chantments of plenty and eafe, which are fatal
to the be-
* ginnings of all commonwealths. Yet the defects of this
4
fevere author of great works are very many.'
From the fentiments of this zealous promoter of the ufeful am,
for the benefit of commerce, it is manifeft that he makes the
profperity of a trading nation toconfift in the multiplying of
the number of new trades ; that is to fay, in the multiplying
of the different fpecies of mechanics, artificers, and manufac-
turers for want of this it is, that all the old ways of gain be
: mafons, carpenters, tilers, fmiths, glaziers, plumbers, pa-
come overftocked, as has been obferved, and then people com-
plain for want of trade, when the true caufe is owing to the
want of art, or to the want of the invention of a number of
new trades and new arts, in proportion to the increafe of
people among ourftlves, and in proportion as other rival dates
itrike into the like trades and arts which we have been Ion-*
ufed to.
And, whoever has dipped any thing into the philofophical tranf-
adtions of the learned amongft the feveral nations in Europe,
for near a century paft, will find, that the greateft improve-
ments, in manufacture! and mechanical arts, have been more
owing to the real inventions of the learned, or to fuch hints
which they have, from time to time, communicated, than to
the mechanics, manufacturers, and artificers themfelvcs.
But, although the commerce of Great- Britain fo apparently
depends upon the increafe of new ufeful arts and inventions,
yet, as an ingenious French writer obferves, 4 When our
* reafon firft begins to open, we are talked to for fix years
' together about the future in rus, and the lupine in um, with-
* out hearing one word of the perfection and ufefulnefs of
* the arts, or the induftry of people that follow employments,
* by which our lives are fupported.
When our reafon begins to acquire more ftrength, it is put
* under the direction of matters, who, after great preparation,
* demonltrate that we have a body, and that there are other
* bodies round us or fpend whole days in proving, th.it, of
: done.
* two propofitions, contradictorily laid down, concerning a
* poflible future, which may never happen, the one is deter-
minately true, and the other detcrminately falfe. The
* learning to diftinguifh rightly the productions of the globe
* which we inhabit, the tics whereby all the people dwelling
* on it are united, and the various labours that are therein
* employed, are things the moft neglected.
4 Wedaily fee the fails of a wind-mill, and the wheel of a
* water-mill in action we know that thefe machines crir.d
: of the profits of the msnufactory, according to the views and
* corn, and reduce the bark of trees to powder ; but we
* know nothing of the ftructure of them, and can hardly
4 avoid
confounding a carpenter with an hewer of wood.
* all carry watches in our pockets, but do we know the me-
' chanifm of the fuzee, round which the chain is wound ?
* Do we underltand the ufe of the fpiral line, which accom-
4 panies the ballance ? be properly built for the occafion, but adapted to the quantity
* It is the fame with regard to the moft common
* know names of them, and no more. Inftead of endea-
the
* vouring to gain a reafonable knowledge of commerce and
* mechanics, which are the delight and ornament of the fo-
* ciety wherein we are to fpend'our lives, we
4
on attaining all the niceties of quadrille, or bufy ourfelves
* in ufelefs, and too often in enthufiaftic fpeculations.'
The fentiments of this French author bring to my remem-
brance alfo what cur learned countryman, Dr. Spratt, fays
in favour of an experimental education : 4 I will venture to
4
propofe, fays he, to the confideration of wife men, whether
* the way of teaching by practice and experiments would not
* atlead be as beneficial as the other by ur.iverfal rules
* whether it were not as profitable to apply the eyes and the
1
hands of childien, to fee and to touch all the feveral kinds
* of fenfible tilings, as to oblige them to learn and remember
* the difficult docfrines of general arts? In a word, whether
* a mechanical education would not excel the methodical ?
4
This is no new device
certainly, continues his lordfhip,
4
for it was
which Plato intended, when he enjoined his
that
4
fcholars to begin with geometry ; whereby, without quef-
4
tion, he defigned, that his difciples fhould firft handle ma-
4
terial things, and grow familiar to vifible objects, before
ART
* they entered on the refined fpeculations of other more ab-
* ftracted fciences.
* The ought to be improved in Great-
principal thing that
Britain is This, it is true, has of late yeari
their induftry.
* been marveloufly advanced, as may be (hewn by the en-
larging of traffic, the fpreading of many fruits, the planta-
4
tion of trees, and the great improvement of manual arti
:
' But it is evident, that it may (till admit of farther warmth
4
and activity, as we may conclude, by the want of employ-
* ment for younger brothers, and many other conditions of
* men, and by the number of our poor, whom idlcnefs, and
' not infirmities do impoverish.
4
The way to compafs this, is not alone by ats of parliament,
* and good laws, whole force will foon be evaded by prefent
* craft and interpretation, or elfe will be antiquated
by time.
4
This, perhaps, our country has found above all others if :
4
our labourers had been as diligent as our law-givers, we had
proved the moft laborious nation under heaven. But the
4
true method of increafing induftry is by that courfe which
' the Royal Society of London has begun in philofophy, by
* works and endeavours, and notby the prefcriptions of words,
* or paper commands.' This, and this only, is the way to
increafe our inventions and improvements in the manual arts,
and thereby to increafe the number of new trades, new ma-
nufactures, mechanics, and artificers, in an infinitely greater
variety than wc at prefent have.
By the fixtharticleof the firft title of the ordonnance publifhed
in France in the year 1673, it is ordered, that all artifans, as
viours, and others of the like quality, (hall be obliged to de-
mand payment within the year after performing, or deliver-
ing, their work.
In England, artificers in wool, iron, ftcel, brafs, &c. con-
tracting to go out of the kingdom into a foreign country, ihall
be fined, not exceeding icol. and fuffer three months im-
prifonment. And artificers going abroad, not returning on
warning given by our amballadors, &c. fhall be difabled to
hold lands by defcent, or devife, be uncapable of receiving any
legacy, &c. and bedeemed aliens. Stat. 5 Geo. I. c. 27.
ARTILLERY, comprehends all forts of large fire-arms, as
mortars, cannons, bombs, petards, carbines, mufqusts, as
well for the naval as military fervice.
Since the art of war has been improved, by the means of thofe
fatal inventions of gunpowder and artillery, the manufactory
of artillery is become an extcnfive branch of bufinefs, and em-
ploys no (mall number of hands though, where the art has
;
given fuppoit to one, it has, perhaps, taken away life Irom
thoulandg,
The larger pieces of artillery depend upon the bufinefs of
foundery, the other upon fmithery. The former is com-
monly called ordnance, the other (mall arms, &c.
To carry on manufactures of ordnance with fuccefs, there
are various circumftances which are requifite to be well
Weighed and confidered, or the undertakers may be foon un-
1. The fituation of the place for calling of ordnance of iron
fhould be very near ore and fuel, and water, not only for fale
and carriage, but for theconveniency of working of bellows for
their catting part, and forging hammers for the working up
the heads of their cannon, and other fuperfluous caft iron,
which is feparated therefrom.
2. The price of labour, as well as that of fuel, ore, and car-
riage, fhouid alfo be calculated, in order to be able to judge
expectations of vent for the fame.
3. Thefe thirigi confidered, the next is that of hiring, or
We erecting furnaces, forges, and water-mills, and all other con-
veniences necelTary for the purpofe.
If hiring, or building, be the Intention, due regard fhould
be had to the ftructure of furnaces, not only that they may
trades : we of ore defigned to be fmelted at a time ; and that the bellows
be (ohunff as to give the necefiary continued blaft. Thefe
things depend on the care and (kill of able and experienced
workmen, or rather upon the mafter-founder himfelf. who
pique ounelves has the conduct of the whole. [
4. But, let his judgment and experience be ever fo great,
yet if the feveral workmen, the operators in the various clafies,
are not equal to their refpective parts, the undertakers may
foon be ruined ; for there is fuch a delicacy in the calling of
large pieces of ordnance, that I have known 17 pieces out of
30 not (land proof upon trial, though caft at one of the belt
founderies in the kingdom ; which proved a great lofs to the
;
proprietors.
5. There is much in this art that depends upon a careful and
ingenious mould maker; and more on the method of pre-
paring the ore, and fmeiting it with fuch fluxes as will render
the metal conftantly fo tough as is rieceflary to Hand all proof.
When this is fkilfully done, thofe accidents beforementioned
: can very rarely happen ; as no little defect in the moulds
could change the general texture, compadtnefs, and toughnefs
of the metal ; little exuberances in the moulds could never_
have that effect as to prevent fuch metal (landing proof, if
that itfelf was as 20od as it ought to be,
c Thefe
 ART ART
Thefe accidents, to which our iron founderies are liable in the Every proprietor is obliged to pay yearly one hundredth part
cafting of ordnance, ficm to indicate that this art is not yet of the value of his eftate, as it is fet down in thofe rolls, which

brought to its laft perfection. are the fixed and conftant rule of that kind of tax. However,
Under the articles Iron and Foundery, we {hall (hew the when any eftate comes to be lefs valuable, by fome acci lent,
methods of fmehing the various fpecies of ores for ordnance, to which the proprietor has not in the leaft contributed, the
and other matters, which are made of cart iron ; and endea- ftates take it into confideration, and make fome allowance
vour to point out the caufi-s of thofe milcarriages, which for it : but if the diminution of the value of any eftate hap-
may, in fome meafuie, poflibly, contribute to prevent their pens through the negligence, ill conduct, or bad management
frequency. of the proprietor, the ftates pay no regard to it.
And, in regard to the making of brafs ordnance, that will be This tax is increafed according to the neccflity the ftates are
reprefented under the articles Brass and Foundery. under to raife more money ; fo that the fubjects have paid
The art of war, at prefent, depending fo much upon the twice, three times, or even fix times, in a year, the hun-
goodnefs of deftruttive artillery, and other nations pluming dredth penny, or the hundredth part of the value of their
themfelveson the fu perior excellency of theirs, it leems pruden- eftates with this difference, however, that the houfes and
:

tial from the principles of felfdefence only, that we fhould lands which the clergy and nobility occupy, or cultivate with
not be behind them in what fo nearly concerns us. their own hands, pay the hundredth penny but once a year,
That other nations are making all the advances they can in whereas they are obliged to pay every hundredth penny that
this art; we had an account about two years ago from the is laid, for all the lands they farm out to others.

Auftrian camp at Boxtell, that proof was made there of 8 The city of Arras is inhabited by wealthy traders and artifi-
pieces of cannon, made of hammered or forged iron, of a cers, who make fails and tapefiry-hangings, efpecially the lat-
new invention; each piece firing ioo times in 15 minutes, ter, which art was invented here.
without requiring to be cleaned once. Befides the advantages The people of St. Omars
have fome trade, feveral fmall vef-
of quicknefs in firing, the touch holes, it was faid, fuffered fels coming up here from the fea, through Gravelines, by the
not in the lead by the number of difcharges that were made. Aa. river
Within a few months after this, to fhew that the French At Bethune, is made an excellent fort of cheefe, and fold in
would not be behind hand with the Auftrians in that point, all the neighbouring countries. It is a place of fome trade,
we had the following repeated account from Paris in all the and has two annual fairs.
foreign papers. As, fignifies at Amfterdam the divifion of the pound, mark
Wc learn from Paris, that certificates have been produced weight; 32 as's make an engel, 10 engels a loot, and 32
there from the officers of the marine in feveral parts of Nor- loots a pound.
mandy, in relation to the excellence of the new-invented ar- ASBESTOS, or ASBESTUS, thus the Greeks call their in-
tillery, nude of forged iron ; by which it appears that one of combuftible cloth, mentioned by Pliny, whom Monfieur
thefe pieces, carrying a ball of 12 pounds, proved equal in Mahudel criticifes upon, as he does upon Pomet, in his difler-
every relpect to one of brafs, and another of caft iron of dou- tation quoted in the article Amiantus. He obferves, that
ble the weight and that thefe new-invented cannon may be
; it is no longer necefTary to look Japan, for it in the Indies, in
managed by half the number of hands. in China, or in Egypt, whence was got formerly, that mi- it

As the officers of the French marine made this report, we may
prefume this new-invented cannon was chiefly intended for the
royal navy ; and, if the French fhould ever be capable of
doing the fame execution at fea, with one half the weight of
metal, that we are, it does not require the gift of prophecy to
judge of the confequences.
Another account we had from Paris, July 4, 1750.
The Sieur Dedorean, mafter of the iron works in Picardy, has
found the fecret of compleating a fort of cannon, by the help
of which very extraordinary execution may be done, far fupe-
rior to any thing of the like kind. It is compofed of hammered
iron plates, foldered together, which make the piece lighter
than ordinary, without being fubject to burft ; or, if by acci-
dent it fhould fly, it may be immediately repaired on the fpot,
with the help only of the hammer and folder.
Monfieur de la Valiere, lieutenant-general of the artillery,
very much commends this invention, a proof of which is to be
made in the arfenal. The inventor flatters himfelf that he
fhall be able, with the affiftance of one man only, to forge
and compleat 50 of thofe guns in a year.
Were other nations agreed to lay afide thofe inftruments of
violence, fo horridly deftructive of the human fpecies, we
might then, with equal fafety, lay them afide alfo ; but, as
felf defence and prefervation render it necefTary to be upon a
level with enemies, improvements of the like kind fhould not
be neglected on our part.
As artillery comes under the articles of arms and utenfils of
neral being now fo common that it is to be met with in feve-
ral iflands of the Archipelago, and in thofe of Cyprus, Negro-
point, and Corfica. It is likewife found in feveral parts of
Italy, efpecially on the mountains of Volterra, near Seftro, in
Liguria, in Bavaria, in the ifland of Anglefey in Wales, in
Spain, on the Pyrenean mountains, in France in the county of
Foix, and near Montauban. All thefe feveral countries afford
afbeftos, wherein are obferved remarkable differences. Mon-
fieur Mahudel teaches the manner of fpinning it ; but, as the
cloth made of it would be of very little ufe, we fhall only refer
the reader to that learned man's curious differtation.
Naturalifts and philofophers generally reckon the afbeftos
among the ftones, whence its appellation of lapis afbeftos.
But Dr. Plot rather judges it a terra lapidofa, or a middle fub-
ftance between ftone and earth. As to its generation, the
fame author takes it to be a mixture of fome fait, and a pure
earth, without fulphur, coagulated in the winter, ajid harden-
ed by the heats in fummer. The fait, J. Heffus fays, is a li-
quid allum, of a milky fubftance, inclining to yellow, that
iweats out of the earth, and fmells like rotten cheefe.
The lapis afbeftos is really a fort of native fofiile ftone,
which
may be fplit into threads, or filaments, very fine, brittle, yet
fomewhat tractable, filky, of a greyifh filver-colour, not un-
like talcof Venice. It is almoft infipid to the tafte, indiffblu-
ble in water, and, when expofed to the fire, it neither con-
fumes nor calcines. A large burning glafs, indeed, reduces it
into little glafs globules, in proportion as the filaments fepa-
rate ; but common fire only whitens .it.

war, &c. it is proper to obferve, that it cannot be imported The filaments, or threads, are of different lengths, from one
without licence from his majefty ; and, if otherwife, the inch to 10. The ftone is ufually found inclofed within
whole is not only forfeited, but treble the value. 1 Jac. II. other very hard ftones, though fometimes growing to the fur-
chap. 8. fee. 2. face of the earth, and fometimes detached and feparated from
Such being obtained, except for the furnifhing of
licence any.
is void, and the offender incurs
his majefty's public flores, Notwithftanding the common opinion, that fire has no ef-
a praemunire, and is difabled to hold any office from the fect on the afbeftos, yet, in two trials made before the royal
crown. focicty, a piece of incombuftible cloth
made of this ftone, a
ARTOIS, a country in France, bounded by Flanders on the
is foot long, and half a foot broad, weighing about an ounce
north, and partly on the caft, on which fide it borders alfo on and an half, was found to Jofe above a dram of its weight
Hainault and Cambrefis ; and it is bounded by Picardy on the each time.
fouth and on the weft. The chief trade of this country con- The any part of the body, excites an itch-
afbeftos, applied to
fifts in grains, flax, hops, wool, oil of cabbage and turnip- ing and yet we read that it was anciently prefcribed for dif-
;

feed, and linnen cloths made at Bethune, Aire, St. Venant, eafes of the fkin, and particularly for the itch, unlefs it were
LaGorgue, Bapaume, and in their neighbourhood, which is rather the alumen plumofum, or plume allum, that was meant
the only manufacture they have in Artois. thereby even at this day they arc frequently confounded.
; for
The revenue of the ftates of Artois arifes from the taxes, or The induftry of mankind has found a method of working this
duty laid upon cattle, and all forts of liquors, as beer, wine, untoward mineral, and employing it in divers manufactures,
and brandy ; thefe taxes amount to 400,000 livres per ann. particularly in cloth and paper. This manufacture is certainly
The extraordinary funds are levied by a general imposition, or difficult enough. Pliny calls the afbeftos, inventu rarum, textu
tax, laid upon all real eftatcs, and called the hundredth penny; difficillimum, not eafily found, and moft difficult to weave.
which, when it is fully paid, amounts to 215,000 livres a Wormius afferts that the method of making cloth of afbeftos
year. The Spaniards laid this tax in the year 1569. All now intirely loft. And, indeed, one would fcarce think it
is

real eftatcs, of what kind foever, as arable lands, paftures,
woods, houfes, both in cities and the country, were then
valued by (omrnifl'arics appointed for that purpofc, who drew
up rolls of all the eftatcs, with an exact account of their value-
thefe rolls have been fince re-examined, collated, and veri-
fied,with the utmoft accuracy, fo that there is not one fingle
piece of land omitted.
without a mixture of fome other pliant fubftance, as
poftible,
wool, hemp, or flax, the threads of the afbeftos being, as it
feems, too coarfe and brittle to make any work tolerably
fine.
However this be, Bapt. Porta affures us, that, in his time, the
fpinning of afbeftos was a thing commonly known at Venice.
Signior Caftagnatta is faid to have carried that manufacture to
6 fuch

AS E A
fuch a degree of perfection, that his afbeftos was foft and trac-
table, much refembling lamb-fkins d reded wliite. He could
make it thicker or thinner, as he plcalcd, and thus produce
cither a very white (kin, or a very white paper.
Marco Paolo, the Venetian, gives us the method of manufac-
turing the incombuftiblc cloih, or linnen, from the afbeftos
founii in the province of.Chinchintelas in Tartary, from one
Curiicar, a Turk,fuperintendant of the mines in that country,
as follows
:
The lanuginous mineral, being firft dried m the fun, is then
pounded in a brafs mortar, and the earthy part fepatated from
the woolly, which is afterwards well wafhed from filth. Be-
ing thus cleaned, it is (pun into thread, like other wool, and
afterwards wove into cloth, which, if foul or fpotted, they
eleanfe, he fays, by throwing it into the fire for an hour's ASIA, one ot the four parts of the world, is divided from Europe
time, whence it comes out unhurt, and as white as fnow.
This very method, according to the account given us by
Strabo, feems to have been uied in manufacturing the Cretan
amiantus, or afbeflos, with this addition, that, after it war.
pounded, and the woolly part feparatcd from the earthy, the
wool was combed and Agricola fays the fame.
; and the Mediterranean ; on the fouth and eaft by the
Signior Campani defcribes lour lorts of the incombuftiblc
cloth, whereof he had fpecimens in his mufacum ; the firft
fent him from Corfu, the fecond from Seftti di Ponentc, the
third coarfer and darker than the reft, and the fourth from
the Pyrenean hills ; and obfervc, that, though he kept it
three weeks in a giafs-houfe fire, yet he found it unaltered,
though he could not preferve a flick, wrapped in it, from the
fire. He proceeds afterwards to explain the manner of (pin-
ning it, and weaving it into cloth, which is thus: he lull
laid the (tone in water (if warm the better) to (oak for fomc
time ; then he opened and divided it with Lis hands, that the
earthy part* might (all out of it, winch arc whi:ilh, like chalk,
and fcrvc to bind the thready parts together this makes the
; of it exceedingly fo.
water thick and milky. This operation he repeated fix or
feven times, with frefli water, opening and Iquce/in" it
and again, tii'i all the heterogeneous puts were wafhed out,
and then the flax-like parts were collected, and laid in a fieve
to dry.
As to the fpinning, he firft (Lews a method difcovcrcd to him,
which is as follows lay the afbeftos, cleaned as above, be-
: nia, Georgia, ile, as alio in lome part:, of Arabia and Perfia;
tween two cards, fuch as they ufe to card wool with,
let it be gently carded, and then clapped in between the cards,
fo that lome of it may hang out of the fides then lay the
; Kail-India, viz. the trade of the coafts of Arabia and Per-
cards faft on a table, or bench ; take a fmall reel, made with
a little hook at the end, and a patt to turn it by, fo that it
may be caiily turned round. This reel muft be wound over
with white thread ; then having a fmall veiled of oil ready,
with which the fore-finger and thumb are conftantly to be
kept wet, both to preferve the (kin from the corrofive quality
of the ftone, and to render the filaments thereof more foft
and pliant, by continuing to twill about the thread on the
reel, in the afbeftos hanging out of the cards, fome of the
latter will be worked up together in it, and by little and little
the thread may, with care, be woven into a coarfe fort of
cloth ; and, by putting it into the fire, the thread and oil will
be burned away, anJ the incombuftiblc cloth remain.
But, finding this way of uniting the ftone with the thread
very tedious, inftead of the thread, he put fomc flax on a dif-
taff ; and, by taking three or four filaments of the afbeftos,
and mixing them with the flax, he found they might be ea-
fily twifted together, and the thread thus made much more
durable and ftrong. So that there is no need of carding,
which rather breaks the filaments, than does any good only
open and feparate the filaments, after waihing on a table, and
take them up with the flax, which is fufficient.
As to the making of paper he obferves, that, in the wafhing
of the ftone, there will remain fcveral fhort pieces at the bot-
tom of the water, of which paper may be made in Cue com-
mon method.
He concludes with the beft way of preferving the cloth, or
any thing made of the afbeftos, which, bv reafon of its ex-
ceflive drynefs, is very apt to break and twift. It conlifts
in keeping it always well ciled, which is the only preferva-
tive.
When the cloth is put into the fire, the oil burns off, and
the cloth comes out white and- purified.
ASCII, in geography, are chofc inhabitants of the globe, which,
at certain times of the year, have no fhadow. Such are the
inhabitants of the torrid zone, to whom the fun is fometimes
vertical.
ASEM, or AZEM, or ACHEM, or ACHAM, a kingdom in
the Eaft-Indies, has independent Tartary and Boutan on the
north : Tipra on the fouth ; part of China on the eaft, and
of Mogul on the weft, from which it is divided, according to
fome maps, by the river Arracan. This is one of the beft
countries of Alia, producingall the neceffaries for life, beiides
mines of gold and filvtr, fteel, lead, iron, the beft of gum-
lacque, and ftore of coarfe filk, fpun by worms that live
all the year on their trees ; but, though it has a good luftre,
it foon frets. Though it has plenty of provifions, dog's-
flefh is fold in their monthly markets as the greateft daintv.
7"hey have very grod grapes, ct" which when dried, they
in. dee aqua ntae, but no wine. They make good fait of the
\ OL. I.
;
S I
green fcum at the top of (heir (landing waters', after 1
dried and burnt, and the allies boiled in a loth. They i
m
another fort from the afhes of flic leaves of Adam's iig-tree,
which is fd tart, th it they ftir it rw elve .!
iter,
ftrain it through a c!oh, and then boil if.
they make a lee, which renders their filk as white as (now
,
but they have not leaves enou to bl inch half their filk.
'
The king requires no fubfidies of his people; and. though he
is proprietor of all the mine-,, employ:, none tow .!
in them
but flaves, fo that the reft of his Injects live at eafe. They
fuffer no gold to be exported, but make it up in ingots,
which pafsin trade. Their filver is coined into pieces about
2 s. value. They export great quantities of their lac que to
China and Japan, to varnilh cabinets, fjff.
by the Archipelago, the Black Sea, and the Pains Mceotis,
and thence by a line from the river Tanais, or Don, almoft
to the river Oby in Mufcovy; from Africa it is ftp Mated by
the Red Sea ; and from America, by the great South Sei, or
Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the w, ft bv the Black Sea
tabic,
Perfian, Indian, and Chinefe Ocean and on the north by the ;
Frozen Ocean but how far it reaches that way is not know n.
:
Afia is, next to Am rica, the large!! quarter of the (our. it
extends itielf quite from the equator to the polar circle, or
perhaps to the pole it ("elf fo that the climates a:c very va-
:
rious, as well as the peculiar productions of each. Of thefe
we (hall give a particular detail in (peaking of the feveral
parts in their proper places, and obferve only in general, that
it comprehends all the temperate, the bigger half of the
torrid,
and great part of the frigid zone yet if we except fome :
p.nts of Arabia and Tartary, and tome of the more northern
tracts, the whole country is rich and fruitful, and fome parts
Its length from eaft to weft may be
c unpuicd at 4S0.: miles, and its breadth, as far as it is known,
from north to fouth 43C0.
In the general cocfi .'cration of the trade of Afia, we fhall
throw it under two grand divifiens. 1. That which is car-
ried on chiefly under the dominion of the Turk 1, viz. in Aiia
Minor, and its iflands, line,'Diarbcck, Tureoma-
and which, with refpccl to Europe, is called the fin key trade.
2. That which is included under the general term of the
fta, the kingdoms of Mogul, China, Japan, the Indian
CxC. ,
The (oil of that part of Afn which is under the dominion of
the Turks, is natural y the moll fertile, thbtrgn the yranny
of its prefeat p< fleflbrs has rendered it almoft a wKJernefs.
The gieatcr part of the fields are every- where overran with
weeds and brambles, whi'ft the ttw that are cultivated,
though in a molt (harr.eful and flovenly manner, do yet yield
excellent corn and fruits, grapes, olives, citrons, lemons,
oranges, figs, dates, befides coffee, rhubarb, balfam, opium,
galls, and other valuable drugs and gums; and are a fufii-
cient proof ot the richnefs of thole countries, if they were in
the hands of fuch as would improve, rather than injure and
deftroy them.
The Turks have no Iefs averfion to the art? of commerce,
than to thofe of agriculture, being the greateft difco iracers
of trade, by their indolence and haughemefs, defpifing manu-
factures, and utterly neglecting the conveniences which their
happy lnuation might afford them fo that the whole trade :
; of this part of the world is carried en by merchants from
other nations, who are continually pouring in to fettle among
them. Erom the eaftern paits are generally Greeks, Jews,
Armenians, and Georgians from the weftern aie chiefly
;
Venetians, Englrfh, Ftench, and Dutch, with Jews alfo,
moftly Italian.
The principal articles of commerce, in this part of Afia, are,
raw filk, cotton, wool, and yarn, grogram, goats hair, car-
pets, tapeftries, calicuts, cordavans, and fcveral other iicii
manufactures of filk, &c. beiides a valt variety of drugs,
gum-s, dye fluffs, earths, fruits, &C.
All the:e are tranfported to Europe, and conflitute a creat
part of what is calledme Levant trade which, as ol ;
above, is carried on by foreign merchants fettled at the ports
on the coafts of Syria and Afia Minor. Hence they have an
inland communication by means cf caravans over the whole
Afiatic Turkey, into Arabia", Perlia, and even into the Indies
whence they convev many of the rich commodities of thofe
countries to England, Holland, France, and 'taly.
The merchants who carry on this inland traffic, are chiefly
Armenians, a very fkilful and honeft people, and by whom
the products of all thefe parts are fprea'd likewife, ever the
Black Sea and the Cafpian, into the European Turkey and
Mufcovy. So that this part of Afia is the center or a prodi-
gious commerce, though greatly declined, fince the European
ihips have difcovcred the w'iv to the Indies by the Cape of
Good Hope: for, before that time, all the commodities of
the Indies were tranlmittcd to Europe through this channel.
The trade of the other erand divifion of Afia may be com-
prehended under the general term of the Eaft- Indies, in which
are included all the countries and dominions, from thegulph
F f of
 A S I A S I

of Mocha quite to China, and all the iflands from Madagaf- farther eaft, namely, to the
innumerable iflands of thofe fe; iS
car to the Philippines this general term is more reconcile-
:
called the Indian Arohipelague and this reaches not only to
;

able to us, at lealt in England, as the charter of the Eaft- Ternate, Tydore, Celebes, Gillolo, and all the iflands
where
India company takes in the whole under the fame denomina- the Dutch are not too powerful, and will admit
them, but
tion ; and the trade from Europe to all or any of thofe coun- even to the Philippines.
tries, aswell as horn thofe countries to Europe, is called the Thefe are in general the coafts and countries
which the Eu-
Eaft-India trade. ropeans are more particularly acquainted with, the
knowlege
In giving a circumftantial account of the trade of the Indies, of which is chiefly owing to their commerce among
the peo-
when we confine ourfelves to the peculiar products and ple of the feveral nations inhabiting thofe
countnei,. But
growth of the feveral countries, as well in regard to their there are yet other inland branches of commerce
araon-' them
particular branches of home trade with one another, as to and thofe very confiderable, which we cannot come a?
a par-
their exportations to other parts of the world ; thofe feveral ticular defcription of. We
are affured, that the Chinefe
in
countries will be fpoken of ieparately. At prefent, we fhall particular have an irnmenfe inland traffic, by its many
canals
only give a general and promifcuous view of the productions and navigable rivers, and efpecially by that inimitable
canal
of this part of Afia, and juft point out the great channels of near iooo miles in length, which traverfes the whole
Chinefe
its commerce. empire from Canton to Peking.
Nature has been furprifingly bountiful, in ftoring this quarter Having thus given a fummary account of their home
trade
of the world, not only with all thofe ineftimable commodities as it is carried on coaft-wife, we are to confider the trade
be-
which (he has imparted in common to others, but has added tween the Eaft-Indies and the reft of the world, uken in its
abundance bciides, which have been either fparingly commu- largeft extent.
nicated, or utterly denied to the reft of the world. The trade of the Red Sea to Suez, and from the
coaft of
Among the vaft variety of choice productions, are diamonds, India and Malabar, into the gulph of Perfia and
up to Baf-
pearl, coral, gold, Giver, copper, iron, fulphur, red earth, fora, has been already mentioned. It is neceffary to obferve
falt-pet:e, alium, quick-filvir, potter's earth (of which is that the former was anciently the only way
of commerce'
made the porcelain) raw filk, cotton, tea, fago, coffee, nut- whereby the fpiees and rich goods of India were
conveyed to
megs, mace, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, indigo, china-root, Alexandria, and thence into the feveral parts
of Europe ; but
aquila-wood, rhubarb, mufk, vermilion, fticklack, borax, it has been entirely cut off, fince the
Portugueze made the
lapis lazuli, dragon's blood, cubebs, frankincenfe, faffron, pallage by long fea. By the latter, a lar^quantity of the
myrrh, manna, ambergreafe, and many other of the valuable fine calhcoes rich wrought filks, fp:ces,~dr
ug s, diamonds,
drugs and gums. And, as the inhabitants of this part of the and particularly pearl, are ftill conveyed to Aleppo,
and thence
world are furnifhed with the richeft materials for manufac- to England, b ranee, Holland, & c as well as .to Trepizond
tures, fo have they infinitely furpaffed all others in the excel- on the Black Sea, and fo to Conftantinople.
lency of their performances, which their inimitable wrought Another branch of the northern commerce from
India is by
filks, rich calhcoes, muflins, and other fluffs, their admirable land from the upper part of the Mogul empire
to Armenia
works in gold and filver, china, and lacquered ware, do fuf- and Georgia, and thence over the Cafpian Sea.
This courfe
ficiently teftify. of trade is very improveable; and the late
Czar tf Mufcovy
Thefe feveral commodities, produced in the various parts of intended to eftablifh a communication this way,
between his
the Indies, afford an infinite fund, both for their home and own dominions and thofe of the Great Mogul.
And at
their foreign commerce. prefent, the goods of the provinces of Upper
India are to he
The coafting trade carried on partly by the nations of India found in many of the provinces that border upon the
Cafpian
one among another, and partly by the Europeans, Englifh, There is alfo a third intercourfe of tiade by land between
Dutch, French, Portugueze, and Spaniards, with them fe- India and Europe, viz. the paffage by land from
China to
parately and apart, is in itfelf very gieat, and confifts of the Mufcovy. This has not only been performed., but
is ftill
feveral branches following. pradifed, and the tea, wrought filks, and oiher
goods that
The Turks Aden into the gulph to Mo-
carry on trade from are not too bulky, are carried yearly this way
from China to
cha, and along the Red Sea to Suez, from whence their
all Europe, in pretty great quantities.
coffee and other goods are carried to Egypt, to Alexandria, But the grand channel of commerce between Europe
and the
and thence by fea, or land, or both, to Conftantinople, Alep- Indies, is by fea from England, Holland, France,
and Den-
po, Smyrna, and other places. mark, round the Cape of Good Hope, and fo to all
the fe-
The trade of the Arabians and Perfians up the gulph of Or- veral parts of India and China. This is managed by exelu-
mus, now called the gulph of Perfia, to Baffora, by which five companies, and free merchants tolerated
by thofe com-
they fupply the great caravans with Perfian and Indian goods panies, to carry on the coafting trade, no nation admitting
of all forts, to be carried by the Euphrates and Tigris to private adventurers to be otherwife concerned
therein. The
Bagdat, and thence to Trepizond on the Black Sea, one way, feveral fettlements thefe have in the Indies, together with
and over the deferts upon camels to Aleppo, another way. theirpowers and privileges, will come under the heads
of the
The coafting trade of the European merchants and Indians refpechve companies, viz. the Englifti Eaft-India
company,*
promiicuoufly, upon the weft fide of the coaft of India, viz. the Dutch, the French, &c.
that of Guzuratte, India, and Malabar, and the like coaft- Afia is certainly extremely rich and fertile in its
natural pro-
ing trade of the fame European nations, upon the other fide duclions, but it is rendered ftill infinitely richer
by the pro-
of India, viz. the coaft of Coromandel, Golconda, and Ben- digious numbers, and inimitable diligence and
application of
gal. The trade into, and a great way up, the river Ganges, its inhabitants, who are fo happily
circumftanced as toftand
in which there are feveral factories and fettlements of the in need of nothing from the other parts of the
world and
;
European nations, befides the trade of the natives, who bring their induftry and unwearied labour is fo great, that they are able
goods down the ftream of that mighty river from very remote to fill the whole world with their manufactures and produce.
countries. By this means, the ftate of trade between Europe and Afia
The next trade, on this fide of India, is that of Achin,
on the ftands thus, viz.
north point of the ifland of Sumatra, and from thence two Europe calls for a vaft variety
of goods from Afia.
ways fouth. (i.) Along the weft fliore of that great ifland Afia calls for more money than any thing elfe from Europe.
to Bencouli, and to the ftraits of Sunda, which is the fouth Yet there feems to be a kind of peculiarity in this trade,
to
point of the fame ifland. and thence on the weft fliore of the the infinite advantage of the Indian and Chinefe
;
commerce,
ifland of Java, whither the European fhips generally go for and the great difadvantage of moft, if not all, the nations
provifion, efpecially black cattle, and where there is a very in Europe. For the trade of Afia drains the whole weftern
great plenty ; and from thence
fouth to the ftraits of
flill world of their ready money, in return for their mere produces
Bailly, and the iflands of Timor and
the Moluccas. (2.) In and manufactures.
the infide, or eaft fhore of the ifland of Sumatra, and the Whether this is fuch disadvantage to Europe, as fome are
coaft of Malacca, and to the port and city of Malacca, now inclined to think, will be confidered under the article
of the
in the hands of the Dutch, and from thence, through the ftraits East-India Trade. See America.
of Sincapore, to the north fide of the ifland of Borneo. In the interim, we would only obferve, that fome great po-
Here the courfe of trade divides itfelf two ways, and in dircdr. liticians have looked upon gold and filver in no other light
contrary channels, in both very confidcrable ; and a third than as commodities; and ought to be as freely exported and
way alio, though not of fo great extent as the two other. imported, except in our own coin, as any other whatfoever.
The firft is north, to the eaftern coaft of Afia, the utmoft And, if Europe at prefent contained all the gold and filver
extent of the known world on that fide, viz. to the great that Africa and America have ever produced it is to be
gulph of Siam the coaft of Camboyda
: to Cochin China : queftioned, whether fhe might be (aid to be e'er the richer,
and Tonqueen and laftly, to the empire of China, and even
: by reafofl that gold and filver would then be, as was faid of
to Japan. Upon all thefe long extended fhores, there is Solomon's time, as plenty as the ftones in the ftrcets, and
a very great coafting trade carried on by the Chinefe and therefore of little or no value. So that a commerce which
Malayans. takes oft from the Europeans fome proportion of its filver
The fecond courfe of tradv- is fotth from Romeo to the Dutch may be as neceffary as any other, to keep up its value equally
fettlemcnt of Batavia, on the iihnd of Java, as alfo to the with that of gold, the latter always finding its value, accord-
whole coaft of that great ifland ; where the Javans, and other ing to the quantity of the former.
nations, drive a confidcrable trade from port to port, and For a particular and diftinc"r view of the trade of Afia, in all
from ifland to ifland, particularly to the ifland of Borneo. it;, capital branches, we fhall rcprefent
it, under thofe parti-
This trade takes yet another courfe from Borneo, and that is cular and diftinct heads, which will be enumerated in our in-
dex
 A S I A s i

of reference for that purpofe, under the English,

dex faffron, fome minerals, drugs, a fine red bole, emery, oke:,
French, and Dutch East-India Companies, &c. &c. and a black infipid earth, of great ufe for dyeing black, aie the
ASIA MINOR ISLANDS. Thefe iflands, in the ftourifhing chief products of the ifland,and what they commonly vent
times of Greece and Rome, were very confiderable for their abroad to Scio, Smyrna,&c. But the inhabitants are fa mucH
fertility, opulence, and the number of inhabitants, trade, opprefled by the Turks, and fo often infefted by pirates, that
product, and many other advantages, moft of which they they are very thin and poor, and the greater part of that fine
have in a great meafure loft, fince they have unhappily fallen land lies uncultivated. The chief misfortune both of the
into the hands of the Turks. The moft confiderable on the ifland, and its capital Samo, is, that they have two tlraights,
weftern coafls are, i. Tenedos. i Lcfbos. J. Chios. 4. Sa- one on the weft, the other on theeaft, perpetually haunted by
mos, 5Nicaiia. 6. Patmos. 7. Claros. 8. Leria. 9. Coos. corfairs, which, by cruifing on the fhips tha pafs on either
10. Aftypata. 1 1. Carpathus ; befides a great number of way between Conftantinople and Syria, Egypt, &c. have
fmall ones. On the fouth-coalt, 1. Rhodes. 2. Cyprus, quite obftrucfed its antient commerce, whilft the Turks fuf-
and fome fmall ones about them. fer thofe frec-booters to rove
about, without taking fuch pro-
1, Tenedos, is famed for the moft excellent Mufcadine wines per means to fupprefs them, as the Venetians did.
it produces. Vati, once a confiderable and fpacioiia fea-port, is dwindled
2. Lesbos,fince called Mytilene, from its capital town, and into a poor town, though it has (fill the moft commodious
now Metelin, and Metelino, is in many parts of it harbour in the ifland, and is the refidenceof the French vice-
fruitful, producing plenty of corn, wine, fruit, &c. The fea conful.
likewife affords plenty of fiih, efpecially large quantities of 5. Icaria, now Nicaria, for want of harbours for (hipping,
oyfters, which are conveyed hence to Smyrna. The fruits altogether incapable of commerce. Here are the ftneft win-
is

here, efpecially the figs, are the beft in the Archipelago, and can be found in the Levant. The inhabitants
ter grapes that
the wines very rich ; the mountains are covered with trees, by felling of planks of pine and oak, for building and
live
efpecially pines ; and many of them have quarries of jalper, fuel. They are fo poor, that neither pirates think them
and fevcral forts of marble. worth plundering, nor can the Turks make them pay any
The chief trade of the ifland confifls in grain, wine, fruits, confiderable tribute.
butter, cheefe, black- pitch, which is gathered from the pines 6. Patmos, now PaTMosa, or Pa tino, hath many and
j

above named, whilft the boards that are fawed from them,
are made ufe of to build fmall veft'els. The tribute that is
paid to the Grand Seignior, is computed at above 18,000
piafters.
Mytilene, the capital, now Caftro, hath a very good port ; as
likewife Petra. Other harbours for fhips are Caioni, Si-uri,
Jero ; befides feveral other ports and creeks, which are
convenient ports, from which it has formerly drawn great ad-
vantages, by the whole Venetian fleets lying there to winter.
But it has fared much worfe, fince it has fallen under the
Turkifh yoke, and is now as low and poor as any of the reft.
The port of de la Scala is reckoned the beft in the Archipe
lago. But that, with the reft, has been fo infefted with cor-
fairs, that the inhabitants have been forced to retire from it

moftly haunted by pirates. The city of Mytilene made for- to the monaftery of St. John, two miles up a hill, which is a
merly a much more confiderable figure, with refpecl to its kind of a citadel. There are neither Turks nor Latins in this
trade and opulence j but it hath been reduced fo low fince it ifland, but the adminiftration of civil affairs is entrufted to
hath been under the Turkifh yoke, that its inhabitants are one or two Greek officers, whofe chief bufinefs is to fee
moftly poor. However, here is a good magazine for ftores after the capitation, which amounts to 8000 crowns, and the
for the gallies, which arc continually employed in cruifing land-tax at 2000 more per ann.
againft the pirates that infeft thofe feas. 7. Claros, has nothing worth notice.
3. Chios, Chius, now Scio, and by the Turks Sakisacudi, 8. Leria, is well inhabited both by Turks and Greek?, and
is moftly mountainous, ilony, and in great want of wa:er, fumifhes the neighbouring country with aloes.
having but few fprings, and little rain, which is no fmall 9. Coos, or Cos, by the Italians Lango, or Isjla Longa,
check to its fertility ; however, the ground is naturally fo rich and by the Turks and Greeks Stanchio, hath a pleafant and
and good, that it produces plenty of corn, fine wine, oil, fruitful foil, and riles on the eaftpart with grateful mountains,
honey, fruits of all forts, variety of gums, efpecially that of which yield a noble profpedr, as well as good pafture, rich
maftich, out of the lentifk-trce in great abundance, and yields wines, fruit, and other trees, particularly the turpentine and
a vaft profit to the inhabitants. The people arc generally very cyprefs, befides a great variety of medicinal, as well as
lich and numerous, and cany on the filken and fome other other ufeful plants. From thefe mountains flow likewife a
manufactures ; and the Greeks, who fwarm here, have muih number of rivers and fprings, which water the flat grounds,
larger privileges than in any of the Grand Seignior's domini- and make them fertile in corn, wine, olives, and every ne-
ons. The ifland is fo very conveniently fituated for com- ceflary of life. The Turks are here very careful of their cy-
merce, that its fea-port, though none of the beft, is the ren- prefs-trccs, and will not fuffer them to be cut down.
dezvous of all the fhips that fail either to Constantinople, or Cos or Stanchio, the chief town of this ifland, hath a good
go from thence to Syria, Egypt, Sic. convenient haven, fecured by a mole, and well guarded againft
Here is generally kept a fquadron of Turkifh eallics, to fcour pirates by gallies, as well as by a good ftout caftle, which
the coafls from pirates ; notwithftanding which, and the vaft commands both it and the port, and all kept in good repair
rcfort of other fhips, the mole is fufYered to run to decay. by the Turks. The fhips that go to and from Conftauti-
The time for gathering the gum maftich is in Auguft, and nople, to Syria, Egypt, ice. do generally .touch here.
September. The chief cuftom-houfe officer is received at 10. Astypata, now Stampalia, not worth notice.
that feafon, at Scio, the capital, with muuc and feafting, 11. Carpathus, now Scarpanto, yields nothing confi-
and receives all that is gathered for the ufe of the Grand Seig- derable but marble. It is poorly inhabited, being moun-

nior, part of which he fends to Conftantinople, and the reft tainous and barren, and the ifland is fo infefted with pirates,
he fells to the merchants they call it fackes, and fome chew
; that few care to live in it. Scarpanto has a pretty good
it, and others mix it with their bread ; but it is very danger- harbour ; and the town was formerly well fortified, when
ous for any Chriftians here to keep it by them. This ifland under the knights of Rhodes and the Venetians, who both
is faid to pay to the Grand Seignior double what any other in ufed it as a curb on the trade between Conftantinople and
the Archipelago doth. All the Turks in this ifland are com- Egypt, which made the Turks eager to get it into their
puted to amount to about io 000, the Latins to 2000, but
;
hands.
the Greeks are thought to come up to near 100,000. Be- On the fouth coafts of Afia Minor, are, 1. Rhodes. 2. Cy-
fides Scio, thecapital places are, prus.
Callimachia, their principal maftich town, which is large I. Rhodes, formerly an ifland of great fame, made an early
and populous. Romans, and their power and
figure at fea in the times of the
Cardamita, famed for the richnefs of its territory, which pro- government was fo great, that they commanded the neigh-
duces 170 tons good wine, one year with another. bouring feas, and their Jaws ufed to decide maritime caufes
Cambia, ndted for its pines, with which the Turks build and differences,till fucceeded by thofe of Olcron it is now :

their gallies. well inhabited^ and makes as confiderable a figure as the

The neighbourhood of Voliftc produces 5000 weight of filk
every year, with which the people pay their tribute.
Armolia, one of the maftich villages.
Mefta, celebrated for its Arvifiac fields, which produce the
vine that yields nectar.
4,. Samos, is fo naturally rich and fertile, that nothing can be
Turkifh tyranny permits any place to-do, that is fallen under
its yoke. It was no lefs famed for the richnefs and fertility
of its foil, producing the beft wines, and all forts of delici-
ous fruits. The city of Rhodes, though much decayed from
its ancient lulfre, yet continues ftill to be a very handfome
city, and a convenient fea-port. It hath two harbours,

planted in ir, but will grow, and vield a plentiful crop. It was, the fmaller whereof is for the gallies, of which there is al-
during the time that Greece was in its glory, fo well peopled ways a fquadron kept here, to cruize on the fhips of Malra.
and cultivated, that it vied with all its neighbouring iflands in Moft of the inhabitants in this ifland are Greeks, but mifer-
every thing but bignefs. Vines, in particular, feem generally ably opprefled and poor. The Jews who live here, came
more natural o its foil, than to the reft ; and it is famed ef- originally from Spain, and fare fomewhat being al-
better,
pecially for its excellent mufcadine, which is no way inferior lowed to dwell in the city, and even in the caftle, whilft the
to that of Tenedos. This, together with a fine fort of onions Chtiftians are only permitted to live in the fuburbs.
and garlic, and alfo an ordinary kind of earthen ware (which The country in general, efpecially that about the city of
however ufed formerly to be liner and more famed) great Rhodes, abounds with wheat, honey, wax, olives, citrons,
quantities of raw filk. of a ^ood pi ice, oil, fruits, honey, fis, oranges, &c. and the mountains with iron,,
copper, and
ether
 A S p A
father minerals. The
chief manufacture are foap, camblcts, A ry,:l, or rix-dolhir of the empire1 , 82 afpers. In propor-
and tapeftry, for which the town is a common mart, as swell tion to the fequifi, this ought to be bout 130 al :

as for all other merchandizes of the Archipelago; fuch as The Uuuh rix dollar, 70 afper*, ditto io afpers.
com, wine, fruits, railihs, wax, cordevants, cotton, with AsPR |is alfo a money of accdunt, and (he book', are kept at
yarn and (luffs of it, damafk and ether filk fluffs, vcmhlion, Conftantinople, and in all the pons of the Levant, in piaftcrs
&c. See OtERON and Rhodian Laws, or Abouquelb, tried ins, and afpers.
The ifland is governed by a baflia, who hath the revenue of ASPHALTUM, or Bl'J'UMEN of JUDE A, otherwifc Jew's
.

it for his maintenance, and th it of thegaliies. Pitch. This bitumen, or pitch, is taken from the Afphalitc
2 Cyprus, was formerly a rich, fruitful, and flourifhin ifland. lake, or Dead Sea, in Jud
> i

Its foil produced plenty and variety of corn and other grain, That lake, fo famous in the loly Scriptures, and which is flill i

excellent wines, oil, fugar, honey, faffron, cotton, vw-ol, fe- a dreadful monument of the juft puhifhi ol Sodom, Go-
veral metals and minerals, and abundance of other u!eful morrah, and the other cities t at were deftro)'ed by fire from
commodities though its climate is none of the mod tem-
; heaven, does nourifh no kind of f\ih. and, even by theftench
perate, being excerlive hot and fultry in fummer, infomuch of its exhalations, kills the birds that fly over it. But, on the
that it fometimes diies up all the fprings. The country like- furface of its waters, fwims a kind of black ifh greafe, which
wife is much infefted with locufts, which hover in the air the Arabs gather, and ufeto pitch their (hips with, infteadof
like clouds during the hot feafon, and fometimes devour all tar and pitch, which are ufed in Europe.
their corn and fruit but are often driven into the fea. by
; This greafe is the true afphaltum, which the Jews employed
the northerly winds. formerly to embalm their dead bodies, and is ftill pretty much
On thefe accounts, as well as the feverity of the Turkifh ufed in France, and in other countries, either in medicine,
government, the country is thinly peopled, and poorly cul- where it enters into the compoiltion of Venice treacle, or to
tivated in molt parts though, where it is near the cities, it
; make that fine black varnilh which fo well imitates that of
not only produces every thing neceflary and delightful, but China.
feems to enjoy a perpetual fpring. The chiefeft manufac- The afphaltum is of a fhining black, heavy, and of a very

tures are thole of cotton and wool, which are here the belt in ftrong fmell, fo much like the black tar of Sweden, that no-
all the eafl ; they have likewife fome filk, but nothing fo good thing but the bad fmell, and the hardnefs of the afphaltum^
in proportion. They
had formerly great quantities of fugar, can make any difference between them.
till one of all the canes to be burnt up.
their bafhas caufed Jt is fometimes adulterated by a mixture of pitch, and this is
The common people make a good livelihood in catching great called artificial piflafphaltum and it is alfo by the fetid fmell,
;

quantities of a kind of bird, of the fize of our larks, which and the nafty black colour of this drug, that the cheat is dif-
they pickle with vinegar and fait, efpecially in the months of covered.
September 2nd Udtober; and thefethey fend to Venice, where Afphaltum pays duty of importation in France at the rate of
they fetch a good price. They fend fome thoufand barrels 5 livrcs per 100 weight.
of them in a year thither, and are paid ready money for them. Asphaltum, is alfo a kind of (tone, or mineral water, found
Famagufta, a fair city and fea port here, was very rich and in the valley of Lydim
near ancient Babylon a mine
in Afia, ;

flourishing before the Turks took it, and a great check to of which was found, iince the beginning of the eighteenth
their power both by fea and land. century, in the county of Neufchatel in Switzerland.
Nicoiia, now the metropolis of the ifland, when in the hands This mineral afphaltum has feveral properties.
of the Venetians, v/as compared to Florence for beauty and 1. Being prepared with other matters, it makes an excellent

opulence, and is Itill a handlome town, though much re- cement, which neither the air can corrupt, nor water pene-
duced. trate.
Larneza, Lamcca, is a commodious fea-port, and the con- 2. With the oil of it, which is eafy to extract, is made a
courfe to it is great from other parts of the ifland ; infomuch fort of pitch, proper to caulk fhips and vefle's with, both for
that the French and Venetians nave a conful refiding in it. the fea and river?, and which preferves them tetter from
The inhabitants are three parts Chriftians, Europeans, and worms, and more effectually refilts the imprefiions of fait or
Greeks, and the reft Turks ; and it hath a good many En- frefh water than any other caulking commonly ufed. And
glifh, Dutch, and other merchants, that reiide in a neigh- with this it feems of late the French caulk mach of their
bouring village. The chief commodities laden here are cot- flapping, to their great advantage.
ton and cotton-yarn, and coarfe wool for quilts' and mat- 3. Finally, its oil ufed alone, or mixed with fome topical
traffes. Ceremes, is the place where people take (hip to fail remedies, has feveral particular properties, which make it to
to the continent, but afmall half ruinated city. be ufed with fuccefs in feveral medicinal and chirurgical cafes,
ASLANI, which is alfo, but fomewhat improperly, called for the cure of feveral external diftempers, efpecially ulcers,
ASSELANI, is the Dutch dollar or piafter, which is very and all cutaneous difeafes.
current in all the ports of the Levant. The Turks, who call The afphaltum of Switzerland differs from that of Judea, in
a lion aflani, have given that name to this coin, becaufe that it is of a dark colour, like roaded coffee, more mixed
there is the figure of a lion (truck on both fides of it. with earth, and lefs fhining. By its Imell and weight it re-
There are two forts of aflani, that of Holland, and that which fembles very much the piflafphaltum of the ancients, which
is (truck at Infpruck, in the county of Tyrol. The Dutch is a foffile pitch. See Bibliotheque Italique, torn. i. p. 120.
dollar is not only of a leffer degree of finenefs than that of It is very probable, that the bitumen, with which Herodotus,

Infpruck, but, if we may believe Sir John Chardin, fo fa- and all the ancients after him, thought they had made the
mous by his travels, and by the agreeable and accurate ac- cement of the * ones of the celebrated walls of ancient Baby-
count he has given of them, the money or coin, which the lon, which were reckoned among the feven wonders of the
Dutch carry to the Levant, is very much mixed with falfe world, v/as nothing but the afphaltum of Lydim, which was
pieces ; the quarter piafters, chiefly, are either entirely coun- fimply called bitumen, on account of the bituminous and
terfeit, or have at mod but one half of fine filver. The oleaginous quality of the cement which they made with it.
Arabs, who miftake the lion for a dog, call them abukefbi. This AlTatic, or Babylonian afphaltum, is pretty fcarce in Eu-
The aflani is worth from 1 5 to 120 afpers, and fometimes
1 rope, efpecially in France, where that which is imported
but 80 afpers, or 2+ sjains. The leewendaelder, or lion pays the fame duty as the afphaltum of Syria, otherwife bi-
piafter of Holland, is fometimes equal to the current piafter, tumen of Judea, mentioned in the fotegoing aiticle.
and is fometimes worth 33* per cent, more, as it was towards With regard to the afphaltum lately discovered in Switzer-
the end of December 1729, when the agio of the piafters of land, if it really has all the properties exprcfled in the peti-
8 reals was 65 per cent. tion prefented to the King's council in France, by the Sieur
ASPE'E, a meafure of corn in Lyonnois and Mdconois. It is de Sablonniere, for obtaining a privilege to carry on an ex-
la

alfo faid about Lyons of a certain quantity of wine, which clusive trade of that commodity throughout the whole king-
is an afs's load. dom, which properties have been mentioned above, it is very
ASPER, a fmall filver coin, (truck in the dominions of the probable that they will no longer have any occahon in France
Grand Seignior, throughout which it is current. It is worth for foreign afphaltum, to which that of Switzerland may be
fomething more than 6 deniers Tournois of France. When fubftituted, and even with conftderablc advantages.
it is good, they give 1 20 of them for a French crown of 60 In the decree of the council of ftate, iilued February 21,1720,
fols (worth about 32 d. Englifn) but as there are a great upon that requeft of the Sieur de la Sablonniere, it isobferved,
many falfe afpers, which the bafhas and the Jews caufe to that, * his majefty taking into conlideration the advantages
be (truck in the remote provinces, they are feldom received ' that may accrue from that afphaltic mine, feveral experi-
but at the rate of 4 deniers per afper, fo that 160 make a ' merits of which were made before him, gave permiffion to
French crown. The parats, or mcidins, arc worth 3 afpers. ' the faid petitioner to import into the kingdom, during the
' term of 10 years, beginning the ift of May following, up-
An evaluation of the feveral coins that are current in the ' on certificates (igncd by him, fuch quantities as he (hall think
Grand Seignior's dominions, according to the afper, reck- ' proper of the mine of the afphalitic (tone, burnt or unburnt,
oning the afper at the rate of 6 deniers French. ' prepared or unprepared, as alio the oil extracted from that
' flone, without paying any duties at the cufto.n-houfe of-
120 afpers arc worth 60 fols of France. ' frees on the borders, or within the kingdom. His majefty
A Icquin of Venice and Turkey, 414 afpers, or liv. 10. 10 s. ' likewife gives him leave to caufe the faid (tones, cement,
French. 4
pitch and oil of afphaltum, to he fold by fuch nerfons an
The piafters of Peru and Mexico, of 506 grains French ' he fliall think fit, who (hall not be molefted by any me*-
weight, go for 2C 8 to 210 afpers. ' chants, or other perfons, on account of fuch a fale.'
The
 ASP
The place in the county of Neufchatel, from whence this bi-
tumen is taken, is called Val-Travers, and is 4 leagues dif-
tant from the city of Neufchatel. It is a mountain, which is
full of that mineral. Monlieur de la
Sablonniere, who has ftill
the exclufive privilege to import it into France without pay-
ing any duty, gets large quantities of
mine.
They make a great ufe of afphiltum throughout the
foverei^nty of Neufcnatel and Valengia. They make particu-
larly a perfume of it, by throwing fome of this mineral upon
live cojIs. This perfume is excellent for the cure of rheu-
matic pains, and for purifying flails of (tables, from bad air,
occafioned by the diltempers of cattle. Several trials have
been made of this, which faved the lives of marty cattle du-
ring the contagious diftemper that had begun to rage in that
country.
In order to reduce the ftone afphaltum into powiler, it muft
The ftone, being broke into fmall bits, mud
be calcined.
be put into a pan of iron, or fome other metal, and being
placed over the muff be ftirred with a fpatula, till the
fire it
whole be reduced into a kind of earth, which it will be eafy
when
to crind in a mortar, ftill hot.
1 hey make an ointment of it, which
the difeafes of the fkin, chilblains, &C. as alio for all
of all
forts of wounds, burnings, Icaldings, (trains, brmfes, import
hun es, and rheumatic pains. This afphaltum, and all that
is extiacte;) from it, is fold by Mr. James Feverger, a free
citiz.en, at Neufchatel, who giv.s with it printed directions,
in which is explained how it is
making a cement of it, &c.
Remarks.
Thefe encouragements, given in
afpect of promoting any kind of
account for the extraordinary rife and prosperity of the trade
of that great and fluurifhing kingdom. And throughout this
WO'k it will appear, from facts inconteftable, that the mea-
fures which they have taken, and (till continue to take, up-
on the plan of that able ftatefman Colbert, mult inevitably
advance the trade and navigation of that nation to the height
they aim at.
Their policy, in regard to the promotion of trade, when it
comes to be fully riilplayed, will be found worthy the imita-
tion of all other (lutes, which are well circumftanced for ge-
neial traffic.
It is ceitainly a great truth that no perfon, foreigner or na-
tive, who has am abilities truly ufeful for the advancement
of their trade, goes unencouraged, or unrewarded for his in-
genuity .and induftry this naturally draws numbers from
: tion, proper committees might be always chofen from among
other nations in Kuiope, who are able to do that kingdom
grea land important fervice ; and this will appear to have been
one great an principal fource of their power and grandeur.
1 know not from what caufe it happens, but true certainly it
is, that general complaints are made in this nation that there
is not due encouragement given to men of abilities to ferve
their country by the advancing of arts and commerce. On
this accouir, it is to be feared, that numbers of our moft in-
genious artifts and manufacturers, and thofe who are happily
turned for new important inventions and difcoveries for the
intereft of trade, daily withdraw from this nation into France,
and ellewhere, wheie they are care/Ted and encouraged fuit-
ably to their merit.
If this is really matter of fact,
it is certainly very bad policy in
Great-Britain. People, indeed, who meet with difappoint-
rnents, are apt to complain, however juftly they may delerve
them Rumor, res, fine telle, fine judice, maligna, fallax.
: or the inventor, (hould be obliged to reimburfe the fociety
There are, doubtlefs, many idle, roguifh, and enthufiaftical
projectors, who have no other foundation for their preten-
fions than whim and knavery. But, although ignorance and
roguery do too often fhew themfelves under the mafk of wif-
dom and integrity, yet, where the latter are real, the former
having happened {hould by no means prevent due regard and
encouragement from being given to true merit. When this
proves the cafe, the really honeft and modeft inventor of new
arts and difcoveries for the benefit of trade is difcouraged,
and he either declines his purfuits, or withdraws with them
to other countries.
The conftant fupport of trade depends
of new arts, on the improvement of the old manufactures,
and the difcovery of new (as 1 have fully obferved under the
article of artificers) as well as of whatever elfe has a tendency
; ty on fuch occafions ; and other perions of diftinction, who
to leffen the price of labour. Yet fo weak or wicked are ma-
ny, that whoever attempts any thing of this kind, is imme-
diately branded with the name of a projector ; and, inftead
of encouraging him, he is by calumny and maltreatment
forced out of the nation ; his native country lofes the benefit
of his induftry and ingenuity, and rival ftates enjoy the ad-
vantage of them.
It was a faying of the great ftatefman Colbert, that his
friends could difpleafe him in nothing more than by conceal-
ing from him one perfon of true merit, who was able to pro-
mote the trade of his country ; by reafon, in that cafe, he
Vol. I.
A S P
was deprived of the opportunity of rcwaiding him fuitably lo
his deferts.
There is of lamenting, fays the learned
a juft occafion
* l.ifliop Sprat, tne treatment whicii has been moft com-
ill
4
monly given to inventois. Nor do they only meet with
it every yea> from the ' rough ufage from thole that envy their honour; but even
* from the artificers themfelves, for whofe fakes they labour:
whole * while thofe that add fome fmall matters to things begun,
are ufually inriched thereby the difcoverers themfelves have
' ;
* feldom found any other entertainment than contempt and
* impoverishment. The effects of their induftry are wont
' to be decried, while they live the fruits of their ftudics are
:
' frequently alienated from their children ; the little tradef-
* men confpirc againft them, and endeavour to flop the fprings
' from whence they themfelves receive nourifhment. The
* common titles with which they are wont to be defamed arc
* thofe of cheats and projectors.
* I cannot deny but many fuch do mingle themfelves in the
* noble throng of great inquirers 33 of old there were fome
:
* that imitated philofophers only in beard and aufterity fo I :
4
grant at this time there may falfe experimenters and inven-
* tors arife, who
will ftrivc to make themfelves amends by
is excellent for the cure * their loud babbling and boafting, he.
But, though the
* folly of fuch pretenders cannot be avoided, we muft not
4
therefore reject the fober and judicious obfervers. It is bet-
* ter fometimes to endure vanities, than, out of too much
* niccnefs, to lofe any real invention. We ought to do with
* philofophical works as minifters of ftate with intelligence.
to be uled, the method of * is the wifeft courfe to give encouragement to all, left, by
It
' (hewing ourfelves too fcrupulous of being impofed on by
* falfhoods, we chance to be deprived of the knowledge of
* fome important truths.'
It cannot be fuppolcd that men in power fhould facrifice their
France to whatever has the time in liftening to every idle fchemc and invention that they
commerce, will naturally may hear of, or that may be thrown in their way ; but, when
any thing comes to their knowledge which is nationally ufeful,
it Is then their duty to order proper inquiry to be made into its
merits, that nothing eftimable might be tranfported to other
countiies. for want of due regard to our own.
I have often thought, therefoie, that it would be to the eter-
nal glory of any minifter of ftate in this kingdom, who (hould
be inftrumentai in making fuitaMe parliamentary provifion for
all new ufeful inventions and difcoveiies, to be duly inquired
into by thole who are judges of them.
And, with all humble fubmiffion, 1 think no body of gentle-
men fo proper to be appointed for that purpofe as that moft
learned and illuftrious corporation the Royal Society of Lon-
don for, as they are, or ought to be, conftituted of a num-
:
ber of the moft learned experimental philofophers in the na-
them, to examine into the merits of whatever (hould be refer-
red to them by the Lords Commiffioners of Trade, or by any
other authority appointed for that purpofe.
But this examination (hould be effectual, by giving whatever
is offered, that has a reafonable foundation for it, a fair and an
equitable trial. And,
as this would be attended with a con-
ftant expence, that honourable fociety (hould be allowed a
parliamentary fund, to enable them to carry into execution a
defign fo much for the intereft of the commerce and naviga-
tion of thefe kingdoms.
Although this might be attended, for the firft few years, with
an expence to the public, yet the public might foon be exo-
nerated therefrom, by a very natural expedient, which is no
more than this: That, fince thefe new inventions and dif-
coveries would be fairly and effectually tried by the fociety,
at the public expence, if they proved fuccefsful, the propofer,
double the fum which they may have expended upon fuch
trial. Againft this no one, it is apprehended could reafon-
ably object; for as, if the defign proved abortive, the fociety
would be at the expence ; fo, if it fucceeded, the propofer
ought to be at it ; and the reafon why fuch propofer (hould
contribute double the fum expended, is gradually to raife a
fund for the making of fuch trials as fhould milcarry ; which
would free the public from the expence, and fix it upon thofe
who were the private gainers by the inftitution.
Moreover, it is little to be doubted but fuch a defign would
meet with large donations from other quarters. As its foun-
on a conftant fucceffion dation was the improvement of ufeful arts and inventions,
for the emolument of trade and navigation, the ouulent mer-
chants and tradefmen would not be wanting in their liberali-
were zealous friends to trade, would not be backward to give
teftimony of their legard to a defign which would prove an
inexhauftible fund of treafure to Great Britain.
In regard to charitable inftitutions of every kind, there fiems
no want of the fpirit of benevolence amongft us and, as :
this would bea charitable inftitution not only for the benefit of
men of ingenuity and induftry, but fo apparently beneficial
to the community in general, it would the better enable us
to fupport thofe numerous charities, which are fo laudably
feton foot.
And, perhaps, this would be the moft effectual way notoalv
G g t<s

ASS
to keep our inventors at home, but our
facturers of every kind ; would always
becaufe thefe new
furnifh them with full employment, as well as our mer-
chants and tradefmen, in the vending and exporting what
they invented.
ASPIC, a plant which grows in plenty in Languedoc in Pro-
vence, and efpecially on the mountain of St. Baume in France.
It is a kind of lavender, pretty much like that
in our gardens, both with regard to its
blue, and to the figure and green colour of
botaniftscall male lavender, lavendula mas, in Latin. They
it
alfo give it other names, as fpica nardi, pfeudo-nardus, &c.
The oil of afpic, that painters, farriers, and other artificers
ufe, and which is likewife of fome ufe in medicine, being
employed in feveral Galenical compofitions, is extracted from
the flowers and fmall leaves of this plant. That oil is very
inflammable, and, when once on fire, it is almoft impofiible
to extinguish it.
The true oil of afpic is white, and of an aromatic fcent. It
is the only difiblvent of fandarac, by which means it may be
eafily diftioguifhed from that which is counterfeited, and
which nothing but oil of turpentine, mixed with a little
is
oil of petroleum.
Mr. Savary is miftaken in afferting that the oil of afpic is the
only difiblvent of fandarac; that gum is perfectly, and very
eafily, diflblved in fpirits of wine ; and they even make a very
pretty varnifh with 12 ounces of fpirits of wine, 4 ounces of
fandarac, J of an ounce of gum elemi, and the fame quantity
of camphire ; the whole put into a bottle, and only expofed
to the fun, or put over hot afhes.
The author meant, perhaps, that nothing was more proper
than the trueojl of afpic to difiblve karabe, or yellow amber ;
and it is even after that manner that the varnifh of one Mar-
tin, who has a great reputation in Paris, is compofed.
may, in fome cafes, difiblve yellow amber, or karabe, in
fpirits of wine ; but, for that purpofe it muft be tartarifed,
which is performed by rectifying that fpirit with tartar, which
takes all the phlegm that the fpirit of wine may contain, pro-
vided it be done with a very flow fire, and according to the
rules of art there is even an excellent balm againft rheuma-
:
tifms compofed after that manner.
ASS, a domeftic animal, which is flow, lazy, and dull, but pati-
ent, proper to work hard, and to carry or drag heavy weights.
The largeft and ftrongeft of thofe animals are chofen for ftal-
lions, to leap mares, which are defigned in ftuds for the breed-
ing mules and fome of thofe mules are fo highly valued,
:
that they are fold even dearer than the fineft horfes.
ASSA, or ASA-FCETIDA, a gum extracted from a plant call-
ed in Latin laferpitium, whole leaves are like thofe of fmall-
age, and whofe ftalk refembles that of the ferulaceous plant
it bears a broad feed.
This gum, which French apothecaries for fhortnefs fake
the
call only afer, is feldom to be met with pure, and without
adulteration.
Pliny, Theophraftus, and the other ancient; writers, unani-
moufly afiert, that it was in high efteem in their time, and
fold for its weight in filver, and that the emperors themfelves
reckoned it among the moft precious things which they kept
in their clofets. But it does not appear that this defcription,
which Monfieur Furetiere has borrowed from Pliny, chap. iii.
of the xixth book of his Natural Hiffory, and which he has
very much embellifhed, belongs, or can be applied, to the
afia fcetida fold at prefent by our druggifts j or fome of its
virtues at leaft muft be now unknown.
The prefent affa-fcetida is a gum, which, during the greateft
heat of the fummer, runs from a little fhrub, whofe leaves
are like thofe of rue ; it comes from the Eaft-Indies, Perfia,
Media, Affyria, and Arabia. Some authors afiert, that that
which is brought from Perfia runs from a tree, the leaves of
which refemble thofe of radiflies.
This gum is of a whitifh colour, inclining firfl to yellow, then
to red, and finally to purple. Its fmell is fo ftrong and fo
ofFenfive, that the Germans have given it the name of fter-
cus diaboli, or the devil's dung: the French druggifts give
it the fame name, and call it alfo Syriac juice, liquor of Syria,
and juice of Media.
Moft of the affa-fcetida they have in France is fent thither
from London. The Engliih fend it in large barrels with iron
hoops, which diftinguifhes the afla-fcetida that comes from
England from that of Marfeilles, which is in bafkets, made
of palm-tree leaves.
This gum is either in lumps, or in drops but there is little
of the latter fold ; the merchants, being ufed to buy it in
lumps, hardly know it again, when it is in drops.
It has already been obferved that it is eafy to adulterate it;
and there have been people bold enough to fell the gum that
comes from the pine-tree, or common incenfe, inftead of af-
fa-fcetida.
The is known by its colour and
goodnefs of the afia-fcetida
fmell a tolerable fcent and a clear colour are the figns of
:
its good quality ; a black colour and a great flench are
proofs of the contrary. The ftrong fcent of this gum is much
like that of garlic. The Englifh and Dutch import
Surat.
:
ASS
artificers and manu- Afia-fcetida is of ufe in medicine,
it being a fovereign re-
arts medy of hyfteric fits and diforders in women ;
for the cure
but its bad or rather naufeous fmell, is the reafon why it is not
fo often prefcribed as it otherwife would be.
ASSAY, ESSAY, or SAY, in metallurgical operations, is
the proof, or trial, by fmall quantities, of the goodnefs and
value of metals, ores, and metalline fubftances; a matter no
which grows one fhould be unacquainted with who deals in bullion, gold,
flowers, which are and filver, or in foreign coins, or the fmeking and refining of
its leaves. The any of the metals from their native ores.
The fmelting of metals from their native ores being the firft
operation that takes place in obtaining the quantity of metal
therein contained, we fhall firft treat of the methods of mak-
ing allays upon various forts of ores.
Of the manner of allaying gold ore.
In order to which it muft be obferved, that the method
varies according to the nature and difpofition of the mineral
matters along with which the metal happens to be mixed,
whether it be ftony, earthy, fulphureous, arfenical, &c. for
fometimes gold is found in fmall fragments, either fquare or
round, black or fhining, among the fands of fome rivers
;
probably as being wafhed down by the torrents, or courfe of
the river, from fome mine. Sometimes it is found in large
grains, or a mere powdery fubftance, amidft a greafy clay, or
foapy earth ; and, in thofe cafes, it generally contains a vola-
tile part, or a part that will not fufe in the fire, but turn to
an obftinate, dry, powdery calx ; or elfe it is found interfperfed
among other metals, and their ores whence little fparks of
:
it frequently adhere to irony flints, and little blood-ftones or,
laftly, it is found, fometimes more, fometimes lefs, intimate-
:
ly mixed along with other minerals in the mines ; and the
golden ores of fulphur and yellow marcafites, by fome called
We yellow, and by others golden zink, &c. are found to afford
gold by extraction in aqua regia, and this fometimes to profit.
Gold is chiefly found in three different manners, Or forms,
(1.) In pure glebes, or clods, confiding of gold alone; in
which form it is fometimes faid to be met with in Hungary :
accordingly, in the emperor's collection are preferved feveral
lumps of pure gold, fo found in the mines. (2.) It is found
in a powdery form, and then called gold-duft, or fand-gold,
in the fands of fome rivers, brooks, &c. particularly in
Guinea.
(3.) It is alfo found, and that ufually, in whitifh clods, dug
out of mines 150, or 160 fathoms deep, intermixed with other
foflils, as antimony, vitriol, fulphur, earths, ftones and other
metals.
It is rare that gold found otherwife than under
is this laft
form : few places in the habitable globe afford it tolerably
pure, except the coaft of Guinea ; though the greateft part
brought from thence contains fome impure heterogeneous
parts, the Negroes being apt clandeftinely to mix filings of
brafs, or copper therewith.
Laz. Ercker, afiay-mafter to three emperors of Germany,
under whofe directions were all the mines of Germany, Hun-
gary, Tranfilvania, and Bohemia, allures us, That it is rare
* any earth produces pure gold, but one metal or other
ftill
' grows with it; and, even where it appears fineft of all,
it
* has its (hare of filver.' He adds, as an univerfal rule,
* That, where gold appears the pureft, there is filver
mixed
' along with it ; and, where it is the hardeft, there is both
* copper and filver.'
The mountains of Chili fometimes afford pure gold. In the
clefts, or drains, between the ridges, is found a fine, ruddy
earth, beneath which is a lay of blue ftony matter ftreaked
here and there with yellow; and under this there are pure
grains of gold, frequently of a confiderable fize.
To procure the gold, they direct the current of fome rivulet
hither, to carry off the incumbent earth, and lay the bed of
gold bare. This done, they dig up the precious earth, and
carry it to the lavadero's, where, by repeated lotions, the
earthy lighter part is feparated, and the gold left alone.
There is alfo a place in Scotland, where, over a lead mine,
near the furface of the ground, they often find large grains
of native gold, free from fpar.
* I have, fays Mr. Boyle *, ftill a piece of native metal by me,
* which came from the fame place, in weight above ^ogiains,
* wherein gold is the predominant metal.'
* See Boyle's Abridgem. vol. II. pag. 322.
;
* They have worked in the gold mine at Cremnitz, fays Dr.
* Brown, now upwards of goo years. The mine is feveral
' Englifh miles in length, and about 160 fathoms deep. Of
* the ore, fome is white, fome black, red, and yellow. It
' is not rich enough to admit of any proof, or allay, in a
* fmall parcel, to find the proportion of metal it contains :
* but they pound a very large quantity of it, and wafb it in a
* little river running nigh the place. The whole river, being
divided into feveral cuts, runs over the ore continually, and
* fo wafhes the earthy parts from the metalline. The corn-
* mon yellow earth of the country all about, though not ef-
it from * teemed ore, affords fome gold : and in one place I faw the
fide of a hill dug away, which had been caft into the works,
* waflicd,
 :

ASS ASS
* wafhed, and wrought in the fame manner as pounded ore, The firft queftion
is refolved in the affirmative by Fafchius*,
c
with confiderable profit*.' in treating of the fediments of depart-waters where he fays, ;

That if gold, by quartation, be mixed with filver, as before

Philofophical Tranfaflions, No. 58. faid, and again feparated from it by aqua fortis, it will con-
ftantly be found to have increafed it's weight; which increafe
It may be added, that gold is fometimes alfo obtained from he attributes to the filver adhering to the gold but it ftill :

Copper ore, from tin ore, from common marcafites, from a remains for experiment to decide whether this additional
red earth, from fand, from German talcf, and many other weight be truly owin- to the filver, or whether it be an in-
bodies, wherein it may not be fufpected by perfons who have creafe of real gold
f.
no knowledge in matters of this nature.
* Probier Buchlein, pag. 64. ed. 1678.

t Boyle's Abridg. vol. i. p. 59. 157, 158; and vol. ii. p. f Beecher maintains, that the earth t ulphur, > wh ;
ch conftitutes
the tinging principle thereof", with teg.rd to metah, lies con-
3*4> 3 2 S-
cealed, and is to be found in nitre. For, though i' be an old

Remarks. tradition that the red colour, which fpirit of nitre manif lis in
its diltillation, proceeds fr m
the (ulphur of the nitre j yet in
reality, this favours of no more, on one fide, than a bare ver-
My little upon the nature and afpect of
rcafon for dwelling a
bal preemption ; and, on the other, o> a general '.uppofition
the various forts of gold ore, is with a view to put the reader that allcolours a<ilc from fulphur: which taken abiolutely is
on judging what kind of procefs is neceffary to be made ule falfc, fince we have no inllance of any luch actual fepara-
of, in order to prove, or aflay, the true value of thofe ores ;
tion of fulphur from nitre ; though Beecher endeavours to ex-
for, if (uch a procefs be tried as not adapted to throw oft is hibit this fubftance to the eye (a), where he treats of the foul
thofe heterogeneous mixtures, without lofs of the pure metal, of nitre.
7'hii fubftance Beecher further attempts to render profit-
widi which the ore may be clothed by nature, the true value ftill

thereof can never be juftly afcertained. This, therefore, will

able, and demonftiat-' increment
i
r
s me
where he re- ill c :

commends the digerli'Mi Into of a

f filver, mj'ie with f
be thought an eflcntial confideration with thofe who would
1

fpirit of nitte, from whence a fmall portion of the contained

gladly obtain more than a fuperficial knowledge of matters of filver will daily be dt polic a, n the form of a black calx, or (

this kind. almoft golden fubftance (b). But, ;is a particular prepared
The art of making aflays with difpatch upon gold and filver fpirit of nit e is required to< this p^rpoie, and alfo a par-
ores, in fmalJ quantities, depends upon the fcorification, or ticular pur fication tl ereof, it is proper to c n'jlt the feveral
vitrification, or thofe heterogeneous foflile fubftances, which places of tr e author, where thtfe thing] arf ertioned (c) :
may be incorporated therewith. and to them may likewife be added what Fifchiu*, in his
little treatile of Allaying, has under the head of the letlimenti
Lead .and the glafs of lead, and antimony and its glafs, be-
of depart waters.
ing great fcorificators, or vitrifiers, they become the natural
agents upon fuch occafion. (a) Phytic, fubterran. feft. 5. cap. . f>. ng, 119, &c. (b) See
Miner. Arenar pag. 877 (t) See Concord. Cnym. p. 418, 723,
The method of allaying gold and filver ores, therefore, with 716, 736, 737, ,9, 74X.
ftony and fandy mixtures, in fmall quantities, is commonly
thus With regard to the fecond queftion, 'tis to be obferved, that
I. Take an ounce of gold or filver ore, and pulverize it fuch a method of refining gold by aqua regia is not practicable
finely ; and having put 8 ounces of lead, cleared firft of its in the large works, by reafon of he unneceflary ex ence r
filver, into an aflay crucible, unler a muffle, in the tefting which would attend it ; noi
proof cf gold, is fo rigo.ous a
furnace, continue to ufe a gent e heat, till the lead has im- perhaps, at any time required, s not to admit of the leaf!

bibed the powdered ore, and feparated the more ftony, earthy,
or fandy matter, in the form of a glalfy fcoria, at the furface
(2.) Take out the lump of lead, impregnated with the gold,
or filver, of the ore, and place it upon a teft, well nealed for
the purpofe, and work with a proper degree of heat, till all
the lead is either evaporated or vitrified, or imbibed by the
bone-afh tcft ; and what gold or filver the ore contains will
particle of filver. But, in the bufinefs of affaying, it cannot
be admitted, for two reafon^, viz. (1.) Becaufe fo much of
the gold is eafily diffipated by the aqua regia, or fo much of
the fubftance of this menftruum remains fixed to the calx,
even after ignition, as may caufe errors in both cafes. (2.)
Becaufe aqua regia, on account of the great fharpnefs and vio-
lence wherewith it grofsly diflblves the gold, at the fame time

remain upon the teft in a bead, or grain, according to the
yield of the ore ; which being exactly weighed, and compared
with the original weight of the ore, fhews the proportion of
gold or filver contained in the ore, and determines its rich
nefs.
If the metal produced be vifible gold ; and if what Ercker fays
be true, that there is no gold without fome degree of filver
therein ; it may be neceflary to go a flep further, to make
your aflay accurate.
Jn order to feparate the filver as effectually as may be, they
melt, for the aflay, three or four times its own weight of
pure filver with the gold ; then with a fmall hammer and
anvil bring it into a little thin plate, and put it into fuch a
quantity of purified aqua fortis as may ferve to diflolve it.
See the article Aqua Fortis.
Upon this the menftruum takes up only the filver, but lets
the gold fink to tbe bottom, in the form of a black powder
which being edulcorated, and gently ignited in a little veflel,
or 'fay-cup, made for this purpofe, is afterwards weighed
and from the proportion hereof is learnt what quantity of pure
gold, and confequently what quantity of filver, is contained
in the quantity produced by the firft: operation.
The reafon of adding three or four parts of filver is, that all
the gold contained in the firft production may be every-where
mixed, diffufed, and fpread abroad in the little mafs to be
diflblved, left it fhould otherwife, as it were, wrap up fome
particles of the filver, and fo defend them from the action of
the aqua fortis whence the proof would be rendered falla-
: ing now concreted into one mafs, the fand, in a little bafon,
cious, and the weight of the gold powder prove too large up-
tears away more particles of the filver, than the aqua fortis
leaves among the gold. A proper experiment or proof might
however, after this manner, be nude with care, in order to
determine whether the above mentioned increafe of weight
proceeds from the aqua fortis, or not.
The folution of the thiid queftion is principally to be derived
from an examination of the filled antimony, upon its cool-
ing ; becaufe it is ealy for antimony, in its ebullition, to tear
away a few grains of the fubftance of the gold, whilft de-
tained in thin fiiifion, and lodge them in the form of bubbles.
The ultimate refinement of gold is thought to be that pro-
cured by fufing it thin, along with thrice its own weight of
antimony; wherein the antimony tears away and imbibes the
fubftance of all the other metals, but leaves the gold untouch-
ed ; which, therefore, as the heavier body, falls like a regu-
lus to the bottom of the melting-cone.
;
In cafe you have a fmall or fine gold -fand to* aflay, or a very
rich and delicate flud [fee the articles Gold and Silver for
: their fmelting in the large works] both the proof, by a fmall
aflay and the extraction in the la.ge way, are fometimes af-
fected by amalgamation *. Thus a certain parcel of it being
weighed out, 'tis mixed with a determinate proportion of mer-
cury, eight or ten times its quantity, and a quantity either of
fimple or fait water, poured warm to them in a ftone mortar :
let them be ground together for fome time with a wooden
peftle ; then the fand is diluted by the addition of a little more
water, that the mercurial particles may firft fubfide, which be-
is eafily waflied off: then the mercury being fqueezed through

on the ballance for that gold" added to its own, or a greater

: leather, the particles of gold that were collected and imbibed
weight of filver, may keep a large part of it from being touch- by it remain behind, mixed with about one third part of the
ed by aqua fortis, appears from daily experience. mercury, in the form of a foft mafs, or amalgam ; which
Ercker, fromconfidering that Aqua Regia [fee that article] when expofed in a little grazed difh to a gentle fire, the mer-
does not diflolve lilver, is of opinion that gold maybe refined cury is thus evaporated, and leaves the gold in powder, which
to the greateft perfection by being diflblved in this menftruum. may now be weighed, to (hew in what proportion the fandy
What led him to this opinion was doubtlefs the common or fluddy ore contains it.

perfuafion, that all the kinds of aqua fortis, however pre-

* Amalgamation, in chymiftry, is the diflblotion, or mixture, of
pared, did ftill leave fome filver along with the gold ; as anti-
any metal, efpeciaiiy gold, with common mercury, or quick -
mony, on the other hand, when ufed in the refining of gold,
filver. All metals, except iron and copper, eafily unite and
commonly fteals away, as they fuppofe, a fmall quantity there-
incorporate with mercury, but gold with the greateft facility ;
of. As fomething of moment feems to be concealed in this filver the next then lead and tin j copper with fome difficulty j
;

affair,it deferves to be carefully examined.

and iron fcarce at all.
The fundamental queft-onsof the inquiry are thefe, (1.) Does
the aqua fortis in reality leave any filver yet mixed with the The like method of management will ferve for the aflaying of
gold ? (2.) Would it not prove too expenfive thus to refine filver ores.
gold with aqua regia ? 3.) In what fenle can antimony be The method of feparating gold and filver was unknown to the
(
away gold
faid to fteal ? ancients, who therefore feparated filver from gold by calcina-
6 tiao,
 ASS ASS
tion, and fo loft all the filver that was mixed with the
gold. at the bottom of the crucible which will (hew you what quan*
indeed, the before-mentioned method, by adding of fil-
tity of pure lead fuch ore will yield, and consequently will
And,
expenfive enable you to judge of the true value of fuch ore.
ver, which is called the method by quartation, is
Aflays upon tin ore may be made in much the fame manner,
and laborious, fo as not to be very beneficially practifed in
after due calcination, but without the iron filings, and, only
the large way of bufinefs ; but for an affay it may do
very
intermixing with the black flux a quantity of common char-
well. Indeed, when the whole has been divided into fuch a
coal duft, by way of precipitator of the pure metal.
number of hands as to make the feveral parts come cheap, it
Copper ore is aflayed in this manner, viz. firft calcine or roaft
may be prackfed to fome advantage as fome operators being :

it well, then take two ounces thereof, and reduce it to a

wholly employed in the making aqua fortis others in puritying ;

proof; others in laminating the filver, and pretty fine powder, and mix it in a mortar with twice its
it, or bringing it to
quantity of the black flux, intermixed with charcoal-duft ;
dinulving it ; others in feparating and reducing the calx of
and after which, fufe it brfkly in a wind-furnace, that it may
the gold ; others in precipitating the filver with copper ;
flow thin for about half an hour or moie, and the quantity
others again in feparating the copper from the aqua fortis ;
which, at prefent, turns to better account by being fold for of pure copper will be precipitated at the bottom Of the cru-
it, to the painters, or for more delicate pur-
cible.
verd, as they call
pofes, perhaps large quantities thereof being continually ex-
;
The caufe of the effect depends upon a fcparation of the ter-
ported from England to France, for fome ufes not generally
reftrial,fulphureous, or other heterogeneous parts of the ore,
known. Hence the whole operation has been found to anfwer which are either here vitrified, or other wife detained by the flux,
the trouble, fo long as they can recover about a drachm of at the fame time that it does not alter the metal ; whence, by
its fuperior gravity, it finks pure to the bottom of the cruci-
gold from a pound of filver.
There are certain workmen who have, or pretend to have, the ble, as being fet free, by thin fufion, from its terreftrial arid

method of feparating gold from filver to much greater profit, fulphureous parts.
without the ufe of aqua fortis or aqua regia, and barely by a The procefs for the aflaying of iron ore is far more difficult

dexterous application of the fire; at leaft without any coftly and tedious than for any of the other.
addition.
This method is kept as a fecret ; but may be no i. Roaft, burn, or calcine the ore with charcoal in the open
air, in order to diflipate, by that means, as much of the ful-
other, perhaps, than that of Homberg*; which confifts in
fluxing the mixed mafs of gold and filver with equal parts of phureous and arfenic quality as you can, and to render the
rough nitre and decrepitated fait, placed at the bottom of the ftony and terreftrial matters, incorporated therewith, the more
meking-pot; the gold tnus falling to the bottom, and leaving eafily vitrifiable. When grown cold, pulverize it pretty fine,
Another way and roaft it a fecond time in contact with charcoal fuel, but
the filver fufpcnded, or detained, in the falts.
of effecting this may depend upon a dexterous ufe of fulphur, in a much ftronger fire than you did the fitft time, till it no
which has the power of making filver melt away from a me- longer emits any fulphureous fmell.
talline mixture, almoft as eafy as lead. 2. Compofe a flux of three parts of the black flux, with one
part of fufible pulverized glafs, or of the like fterile unfulphu-
See the French Memoirs.
reous fcorias; and add glafs-gal! and coal-duft, of each one
Although the refining of gold by melting, and tefting it with half-part. Add to this flux three times the quantity of your
antimony, or the glafs of antimony, as before obferved, is ge- calcined ore, and mix the whole well together. Then chufe
nerally by the metallurgical chymifts thought a perfect way; a very good crucible, well luted within with winds or loam
yet M. Homberg f has (hewn, that even this criterion, as finely prepared for adhefion, to prevent the melting of the
alfo quartation, cupelling with lead, fluxing with borax, &c.
crucible ;
your ore mixed with the flux
put into it cover it ;

may fail, in cafe the gold be mixed with emery, or poflibly over with common fait, and fhut it clofe with a tile that will
ftand the fire, and with good luting applied to the joints.
fome other things.
3. Elevate your pot upon a proper ftand, four or five inches
See the French Memoirs.
-f
above the bars of your wind furnace, to prevent a cold bot-
When the gold is eager, as the workmen call it, that is, brit- tom. Surround the whole with ftrong charcoal, not very large,
tle, they hold it with mercury fublimate.
a fecret to melt it
and light them at top. Bring up your fire gradually, keeping
it well fupplied with fuel, that the veflel may never be naked
But, after all, no gold, perhaps, can be proved to be per-
fectly pure, till it has gone through all the trials hitherto at top. Having thus continued your fire to its full ftrcngth *,
known, or even fome of a more curious nature, particularly for about three quarters of an hour, or an hour, then take out

melting with crude antimony and afterwards cupelling the re- your veflel and ftrike feveral times the pavement, upon which,
it is fet, that the fmall grains of iron which happen to be dif-
gulus with lead ; and, at laft, fufing it with borax: which
procefs is recommended to thofe who require gold in abfolute peifed, may be collected into a regulus, which you will find,

purity for any ftandard, or curious operations. after having broken the veflel.

The methods of obtaining filver in purity are various, and

* Your wind-furnace muft be well built, have an high chim-
differ according to the metal wherewith the filver is mixed,
ney, and a large cave, to increafe the blall of air to fuch a
or allayed. If copper be the allay, the beft and cheapeft way
degree, if needful, that the rlame fhall come out of the top
to purify the filver is, to calcine it with half its weight of
of a chimney three liories high. The beft form of a wind-
common fulphur ; then melt the whole together, and throw furnace, for this purpofr, is that refembling the form of a
into the pot, at feveral times, a due quantity of clean iron j^r, to cover with a tile.
filings, which will immediately make the fulphur quit the
filver, and form a fcoria a-top, leaving the filver free from 4. When the regulus is weighed, try
degree of malleability}
its
copper, iron, or fulphur, at the bottom. to which end make it when
fo, ftrike it with a
red-hor, and,
hammer ; if it bears the ftrokes of the hammer, both when
The method of allaying the ores of the inferior metals, as
cold and when red-hot, and extends a little, you may pro-
lead, tin, copper, and iron.
nounce your iron very good but if, when either cold or hot,
:

Accurate aflays upon thefe ores require proper furnaces, the on in both ftates, it proves brittle ; you nay judge it not to be
due application of lire, and fuitable fluxes, adapted to the re- quite pure, but ftill in a femi-mineral condition. The worfe
fpective ores ; and, indeed, ores of the fame kind frequently the characteriftics of your iron are, the greater the furrows
require different methods of aflaying, as well as fmelting, in will be found in it, when broken, which is called by the
the large works. workmen, coarfe-graincd, or coarfe-fibred. By this procefs,
The moft general flux made ufe of upon thofe occafions is however, you may judge nearly of the quantity and quality
what the metallurgifts call the black flux, which is thus pre- of the iron, which fuch ore will produce.
pared, viz. 5. To reftore malleability to iron, the bodies which render
Take one and two parts of common tartar, and
part of nitre, it brittle mud
be feparated, and the particles more juxtapo-
reduce each to powder, and then mix them well together, fited, that all heterogeneous matter concealed, in its interftices,
and deflagrate the whole in a crucible, by lighting the mix- may be expelled. This may be conveniently done on a hearth,
ture a top, which will turn to a kind of alkaline coal : pul- like that of a fmith's forge, having a bed made with charcoal
verize the fame, and keep it in a clofe glafs, to prevent its duft ; put into this bed the coals and the iron to be melt-
difiolving, as it would do in a moift air. ed, heaped up in good quantity in ftrata ; then with the bel-
This flux is of general ufe; and, to have
it ready at hand, lows blow the fire pretty ftrongly, and the iron may be brought
fhoitens the bufinefs of making aflays, and renders the ope- to a fufion and, if it does not melt loon of itfelf, and emit
:

ration more exact than when crude tartar and nitre are em- fcoria, it is necefiary to help on the melting with fufible fco-
ployed, becaufe the deflagration might thus carry off fome rias. During this operation, a great many fiery fparkles will
part of the ore, and defraud the account. For that reafon the be thrown out from the iron, which diminifn, as the iron
mixture is here directed to be fired at the top ; otherwife a approximates more and more to purity. Then let the burning
confiderable part might be loft in the deflagration, which coals be removed, and the fcorias be conveyed out of the
would provi. much more tumultuous and violent, if the mat- fire, through a channel made for thatpurpofe; but, when

ter was throw.i into a red-hot crucible. the iron grows folid, let it be taken red-hot out of the fire,
In allaying of lead ore, take four ounces, and reduce it to and tried, by ftriking it with a hammer, fuitable to its bulk :

powder, and mix the fame with one ounce of the clean filings if it pioves crude (till, let the operation be repeated and, :

of pure iron, and half an ounce of the faid black flux melt : when at laft fufflcicntly purified, let it be hammered, and ex-
them altogether in a clean cruciule, fet in a proper wind-fur- tended feveral ways, by making it red-hot feveral times over :

nace} and you will find the lead clearly feparated, in a lump, this done, it will no longer be brittle, even when cold.
Of

ASS
Of aflaying mercurial ores.
Mercury, or quickfilver, is either found under an actual
running form in the mines, and thence called virgin mer-
cury ; or elle 'tis forced out from mineral bodies, by means
of diftillat'on.
1 he greateft part of thefe mineral bodies are of the nature of
cinnabar, though mixed along with a deal of grofs earthy
matter others again are merely (tony.
:
When the former, 'tis ufual to mix ludi fubftances as will
imbibe lulphur, viz. quick-lime, filings or fcales of iron, and
fometimes fait of tartar ; and throw the mixture into an iron
cucurbit, the mouth whereof is covered with an iron plate,
lrruck full of little holes ; and thus inverted into the mouth
of another (trong one, made either of earth, or iron, that is
above half full of common water, and lies buried in the
ground. Then the fire being gradually applied, the fulphur
that hitherto tied up the mercury, and therewith formed a
concrete like that of cinnabar, finks into the lime, or iron-
filings, and forfakes the quick-filver ; which therefore by the
fiieacting above, is now forced down through the reft of the
mats, and collected in the water below.
But the ftony mineral is firft reduced to powder, then wafhed
and feparated from its (uperfluous earthy flud ; and laftly,
wiih a more fparing addition of lime, diftilled in the fame
manner as that above-mentioned.
This diftillation of the mercury may likewife be performed
with an oblique fituation of the veiTels, or even in a retort
but in larger quantities, the perpendicular defcent is the molt
facile and commodious.
Of aflaying mundics.
If of a fulphureous nature, they may be generally fluxed with
about half their weight of clean iron filings, which will pre-
cipitate the quantity of metallic matter ; if of a ftony nature
they fhould be treated as ores, to difcover (heir value. For,
perhaps, all the pyrites, brafs lumps, marcafites, and mundics
are but cruder kinds of ore ; and if they could be brought to
full maturity, they would prove real ores.
Of aflaying marcafucs.
Thefe being a fpecics of metallic minerals, that may fome-
times be worth allaying in order to know whether they arc
valuable, either for their metal or otherwife.
Many have been impofed upon, by the fpe-
fkilful metallifts
cious external appearance of thefe maicafites for they ufually ;
have a great fpecific gravity, and fomeofthem a greater than
real ores whence they may poffibly contain the matter of
;
metals, though in a crude, imperfect, and unfixed ftate. But,
wnether they contain any valuable metal, the preceding ex-
periment given in regard to mundics, will generally deter-
mine. They fhould, however, be treated in all refpects as
ores; for fmall proportions of filver have been frequently
obtained, as a ell from marcafites as mundics after flux-
ing them with iron-filings, and thereby bringing them to
a regulus, and after dealing properly therewith by cupcl-
lation.
But, they fhould be of no real value, in regard to metal,
if
they p< fhb v may be fo, in regard to other ufes. For 'tis ob-
fervable, that thefe marcafites, upon lying in open air, at-
tract the humidity thereof and hence grow hot, and go into
;
a kind of fermentation, and in fome meafure ditfolve, and by
degrees turn into a vitriol, of the fame kind with the metal
they contain. Thus, if that metal were iron, the vitriol be-
comes green ormaitial ; if copper, blue, orcupereous. And
on this is founded the artificial method of making vitriol, now
practifed in teveral pa'ts of England.
In regard to the methods of extraction of metals of every
Jcind from the ir refpe&ive ore, in the great works, to the belt
advantage, we fhall refer to the names of thefe feveral me-
tals ; as to the articles Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin,
Lead, &c. &c.
Remarks.
The ufefulnefs of the knowledge of aflaying to the landed
gentleman.
The bowels' of the earth often affording as great treafurcs as
the furface, it is for the intereft'of thofe who have eftares in
land, not only to cultivate the ftuJv of Natural Hiftory, in re-
gard to the mineral kingdom, and, indeed, the knowledge of
foflils in general, but alio the arts of philosophical chymittry.
For the one will enable them to pais a good judgment, at
firft fight, on whatever their eftates may produce in
terranean parts and the other will qualify them to judge, at
: melting-pot: in confequence whereof, all thefingle metallic
an inconfiderable expence, of the value of any mineral pro-
duction.
For want of a little tafte this way, it is not to be doubted but
many a good eftate under-ground has been loft, by not being
difcovered by the pofleflbr. Whence we may judge, both of
the private and public utility of thofe ftudies, which tend to
the improvement of our knowledge in natural things, and in
thofe arts which enable us to make a right judgment of their
qualities and worth.
Vol. I.
;
ASS
Although the art of aflaying is generally reftrained to mine-
rals and metals, and thefe methods of trying their value with
fluxes, and fpirits of falls, &c. yet there are other foflil fub-
ftances which may be eftimable on perfon*3 eftates, and
which may require quite different methods of treatment, in
order to difcover their ufe a and values. And thefe methods
may, with no lefs propriety, be deemed a part of the art of
aflaying. Such are alluminous bodies, boles, mineral waters
for bathing or di inking, minerals for dying,ftones of various
kinds, bituminous matters for the melioration of mortars, &c.
fands for glafs-making, clays and loams for pottery, marles
for the improvement of land, talcs and fparrs for the ftucco,
and other works, and vitriolic fubftances, &c. Thefe things
may fometimes turn to as good account as mines. But thefe
fubjecls require methods different from thofe of o es, and r
other minerals, in order to difcover their qualities and worth.
We have only hinted things here, but fhall fpeak more to
them under their refpeclive heads.
Remarks.
The ufe of aflaying metals with accuracy, to merchants aa
well as to refiners, plate workers, goldfmiths, &c.
Though this art more
particularly concerns thofe tradefmen
and artificers, who
purchafe thofe metals for fale, and refine
them to the proper ftandard, for their wot king up into uten-
,
fils ; yet as our filver and gold is imported by merchants from
foreign countries, it is rce)uilite that they fhould know fome-
thing of the nature of aflaying ; for in their dealings in bul-
lion gold or filver, or in foreign coins, they may not always
have juftice done them, unlefs they deal with our refiner^ in
Foftcr-lane, whom, 1 will prefume to fay, are gentlemen be-
hind none in the kingdom, for diftinguiihcd honour and in-
tegrity in their way of bulinefs.
Nor is this matter of aflayingany way trouble fome, expenfive,
or myfterious a fmall apparatus will perform the whole ; and
:
for its curiofity, might prove an agreeable amufement, was
thcie no private advantage likely to attend it.
Though 1 have not only perufed moft of the beft books in
eftecm upon this fubject, and feen the whole bufinc's of allay-
ing often performed by fome of the moft dextrous artilts in
their way, I cannot think that the art is yet brought to its
laft perfection, any more than thofe of fmelting and refining
in the great way.
The my
opinion are grounded on the follow-
reafons for this
ing obfervation, which I have made upon the fentiments
of thofe, who have been reckoned the moft fkilful experi-
menters in the art of metallurgy; which may not De dif-
agreeable to fuch, who are interefted in a fubject of this
nature.
In refpect to the methods of affaying gold and filver ores.
There are two one or other of them, al-
difficulties, at leaft
ways found in this affair. For (i.) Howfoever fluxible the
mineral earths and fulphurs may be, which are conjoined with,
the ores of gold and filver, yet it fcarce comes up to the fufi-
bility of the puremetal itfelf ; butrather flows thick and flug-
very intenfe indeed but plain,
gifh, unlefs the fire be : it is
that, if this fubftance remains vifcous, the molecular of the
metal cannot fink through it, in order to precipitate the me-
talline mafs at the bottom. (2.) Sometimes only a very fmall
quantity of pure metal lies concealed in a vaft body of
its adhering earth, or wrapped up with the matters of other
metals ; whence one of the;e two inconveniencies mult an re,
viz cither that the fmall quantity of metal cannot well,
under fo great a load of recrement, come into a little mafs
or elfe, if it could, it muft of necelTity be fo violently agi-
tated about by the firong fire required to keep fo large a bulk
of flag in fufion, as in the ebullition to be again involved, as
it were, in the little drops or bubbles, among the pappy mais
of the fcoria.
Thefe twoinconveniencies, indeed, have their tolerable reme-
dies, (i ) The firft is to add fuch fubftances as promote
vitrification, and at the fame time, caufe a thin flux of the
vitrified body. Such fuoftances for the aflay are glafs of lead,
a. little borax, or any compound flux fait ; the baiis whereof
are Commonly tartar atTd nitre.. (2.) The
fecond is to add
metal itfelf: arid this way feems greatly improveable. In
this cafe, as a larger quantity of metal cannot, by the fame
fire, be agitated fo much as a lefs, or, if it could be fo, yet
all its particles would cohere more firmly in a large than a
fmall quantity ; hence, by fuch an addition of metal, the
little
mafs that otherwife would be with difficulty collected, is arti-
its fub- ficially enlarged, fo as to cover the whole bottom of the
particles that fall afterwards, are eafily catched and detained
below, by the large metalline mafs, which there lies ready to
receive them.
The metal, ufually employed to increafe the mafs in this man-
ner, is but Becher, with great probability of much
lead :
greater fuccefs, recommends the ufe of filver in its ftead,
where the perfect metals are expected. For filver, in this cate,
does not only remain unaltered by the fire and flux ; but alto,
by a fpecific efficacy, collects together and fixes the fcattered
H h potent al
 ;

ASS A S S
potential atoms of the metal, and actually reduces them to It is however true, that if the fame method of operation
Si
perfect metal. not made ufe of in the large way of fmelting ores, as is prac-
Upon which property of filver it is, that Becher has built his tifed in making of the fmall allay, the yield of the ore in the

minera fand-mine, or inexhauftible method of ex-

areriaria, large way may not come up in quantity in the proportion to
tracting the perfect metals out of fand ; where, by ufing fil- what the affay indicated : this is a known maxim to thofe who
ver inftead of lead, he undertakes to produce a ten times have been concerned in large works. But, if the fame me-
greater increafe which : is fo rational and philofophical, as thod of working is practifed in the large way as is done in ths
to merit attention. affay, the produce of metal in the one will be equal to
But, as this latter method can principally be ufed to profit in that in the other. Nay, where there is a great body of ore
the feparation of gold from its ore by fufion, folead remains as a ton (melted together, rather unreafonable to think, it is

a very convenient addition for the reception of filver, as per- from what has been intimated before, that a greater quantity
forming a double ufe in the operation, viz. by imbibing the of metal, efpecially of gold or filver, wiii be produced in the;
metal pure, and at the fame lime promoting the vitrification larger way, than in proportion to the fmall allay for, if the :

of the earth mixed along with the gold. identicalmethod of operation is practifed in the one way as in
Copper, being of itfelf of difficult fufion, requires fuch a fire the other; that is to fay, if the fame degree of ftrength in the
as is able to melt its glafl'y fcoria fufficiently thin, at the fame application of fuel be duly adminiftered, in proportion to the
time that it is melted itfelf; and this it does, unlefs the flints quantity of matter, &c. the fame fluxes ufed, and the fame
fhould prove very obftinate indeed. Hence, bare fufion fome- art exerted in all refpeds in the great way as in the affay,
iimet, without any other affiftance, will bring out this metal the yield of metal in the large way cannot be lefs than what
from its ore, and precipitate it in a mafs the fcoria here ; the affay, made in the fame way, exhibited.
flowing fo thin, as ready to fuffer the metalline particles to To judge otherwife, feems to fubvert one of the fundamental
fink through it. But, when the ore is more ftubborn, its fe- and immutable principles of nature for that isfayino-, that :

paration may be promoted by metalline, or other additions, the fame caufe will not externally produce the fame effect.
as above-mentioned. It is rare, indeed, that the fame way of working is practifed
In fhort, the difficulty of thus feparating the metal from its in the great way as is done in the affay, it being too expenfive;
proper earth is principally found in theores of filver, gold, and and, therefore, from the effect being different, fome are led
copper ; but lead and tin, being very fufible bodies, are much into an egregious miftake, in regard to thofe operations. It is
eafier melted from their adhering mineral matter. - an advantage to the fellers of ore to difpofe of them according
In order to the due feparation of metals from metals, or of a to the moft accurate affay that can be made, but it is there-
confufed mixture of metals, fuch as are commonly called elec- verfe to the purchafer, if he buys them by fuch affays, and
trums, or fuch as the Corinthian brafs of old was fuppofed to works them in great works by a different procefs, which will
be; we muft obferve, that experience has taught us a certain not yield him near the like quantity of metal.
effect of lead, which could not be well conceived a priori*: When gold and filver are in their full purity, they are rather
viz. that by fufion upon the cupel, it refol ves all the imperfect too foft and flexible either to be wrought into utenfils or coin,
metals, without exception, into their fmalleft atoms, and part- without being hardened witji an alloy of fome bafer metal.
ly throws them up to its furface in the form of a half vitrified To prevent the abufes which fome might commit in the
powdery fubftance, in part finks along with them into the making of fuch alloys, tWe government, in moft countries*
cupel, and in part converts them into glafs, fo as to leave have ordained that there fliall be no more than a certain pro-
nothing behind but pure gold and filver. portion of bafer metal added to a certain quantity of pure
gold or pure filver, to make them of the finenefs of what is
* This is more effe&ually and fooner done by a proper glafs
called their refpective ftandards.
of antimony. In England a pound weight of ftandard filver is ounces 2 u
penny- weights of fine filver, and 18 penny-weights of fine
Great care muft be taken, both in the fmaller and larger copper, which together make 12 ounces, or one pound trov
work, with refpect to the affay by cupellation. It is incum- weight.
bent on the afTay-mafter lolicitoufly to prevent the leaft diffi-
pation or lofs of his powdered ore upon the teft and cupel Of the troy weights.
needfully to procure a total incodtion thereof into the lead,
14 ounces 8 penny-weights =6 1 lb. avoirdupoize weigh^
and a fufficient degree of fluidity to the fcoria.
The greater accuracy is required in all thefe refpecls, becaufe,
12 ounces - = - - - 1 lb.troy weight,
20 dwts, or penny-weights 1 ounce,
in the fmelting of ores, the matter is examined by the pro-
portion it bears to affay-weights, which being exceeding
24 grains - = - - - 1 penny-weight,
20 mites - - - = - 1 grain,
l
fmall, the greateft caution fhould be ufed to prevent a lofs
24 droits - = - - - 1 mite,
upon the affay in the produce of the pure metal
proprietors, efpecially in the cafe of gold,
; for thus the
might come to be
20 periots - - = - - 1 droit,
24 blanks - - - - == 1 periot.
greatly injured in the large weight, if the fmelter, mifguid-
ed by the report of the affay-mafter, either neglects to pro-
cure the full yield of the ore, or fecretes the overplus. And Of the gold ftandard.

thus likewife the dealers in filver ore might come to be great One pound, or one ounce of gold, muft contain 22 carats of
fufferers. fine gold, one carat of fine filver, and one carat of fine cop-
The methods employed for the purpofes of affaying are now per, which together make 24 carats, or one pound, or one
all over Europe pretty much the fame
but fhould never be
;
ounce of troy weight.
trufted, unlefs, at leaft, two or three experiments, made at the The carat is a term ufed by refiners, whereby they certify a
fame time, by the fame, or different perfons, agree in the certain compofition of weights ufed in affayinsi and computing
fame report. of ftandard gold ; and this carat contains either the twenty-
And, perhaps, and me-
in all natural philofophy, chymiftry, fourth part of a pound, or the twenty- fourth part of an ounce,
tallurgy, there not an experiment which requires greater
is troy.
/kill and accuracy than thefe experiments, in the art of affay- A pound carat is thus divided :

ings, fo as to be depended upon : nor, indeed, can fuch preci-

fion as is here required, be well expected, but from thofe who
12 ounces - - - = 24 carats,
grains - - . =s I carat,
are acquainted with the rapacious nature of many volatile mi- 4
neral fumes ; and the methods of fo retaining them, to pre- 4 quarters - - - == 1 grain,

vent their carrying off the nobler metals upon the teft.
10 dwts troy - = 1 carat,

To affay in perfection requires alfo a knowledge of the re- 2 dwts I2grains troy = 1 grain,

lations and differences of all the metals with regard to each 15 grains troy - - = I quarter-grain.

other, and particularly to lead and antimony. As this art

therefore requires fo much judgment and delicacy, in order An ounce carat is thus divided :

to practife it with fuccefs ; hence doubtlefs proceeds the diffi- 1 ounce troy - ==24 car?":,
culty we find, in procuring a true affay to be made upon 4 grains - - = 1 carat,
any uncommon ore, or mineral fubftance for the art of af- :
4 quarters - - = 1 grain,
faying is extremely backward in admitting of improvements, 20 grains troy - 1 carat,
as if it were to defcend unaltered from one generation to
5 grains troy
- = 1 carat grain.
another.
Was the due ufe and importance of this art more generally And, according laws of England, all forts of wrought
to the
attended to, the proprietors of all kinds of mines and mine- plate in general ought to be made to the faid ftandards of
ral matters, and all who are any way concerned in metals, gold and filver and the current price of fuch ftandard gold
:

would afluredly reap their advantage by it. For this is cer- and filver Is the common rule whereby to value bullion,
tain ; that if, by the repeated affay, the ore promifcuoufly whether it be in mafs, bars, duft, or in foreign coin : but
taken yields fuch a quantity of metal, the fame quantity in the true value of bullion gold, or filver, cannot be known
proportion may be got out of the fame ore, in the large way without being affayed ; for the ufe of an affay is co difcover
of working fo that the accurate allay is a criterion to the
: how much alloy there is in any bullion, more or lefs than
private gentleman, to know whether his workmen are fkil- there is in ihe ftandard. If there be lefs alloy in it than there
ful in their operation, or whether they defraud him in the is in the ftandard, fo much as there is lefs, makes the bullion
produce of his metal. fo much finer, better, and more valuable ths n ftandard. If,
on
 ASS Ass
on the other hand, there be more alloy in the bullion than more to the advantage of the Englifh, was to commence the
there is in the ftandard, fuch bullion will be coarfer, or worfe, I ft of May, and to continue
17 1 3, for 30 years ; fo that it
and, confequently, will be fo much lcfs valuable than was to end the ift of May, 174.3.
ftandard. 1 he South-Sea company, which was cftabliflied in England
7'he method of getting bullion affayed is thus You take a : in the beginning of the above mentioned war, but had miFh
flip of paper, about 5 or 6 inches long, and about
4 or 5 difficulty to keep their head above water, undertook to fun.uli
inches broad, and put into it a few grains (rhe ufual quantity) Spanifh America with negroes. The company was obliged
cut off the bullion which is to be affayed, and fold it up, to import 4,800 negroes a year, for which they were to pay
turning in the fides and corners, to prevent its dropping out, per head at the rate fettled with the French company but was ;

and underneath you write down the owner's name. obliged to pay only half that duty, during the 25 firft years,
This paper is carried to his majefty's affay-office in the for ev"ery negro they fhould import above the number 4,800
Tower*, or to the company's office in Goldfmiths-hall, or ftipulated by the treaty.
to fome noted experienced allay- matter. After the fame is The 42d article of that treaty, which is the laft, and, per-
affayed, if you afk for it in the ownei's name, it will be re- haps, the molt confiderable of all, was not in the treaty made
turned to you again, with the gold or filver in it ; for which with the French. By that article leave is given to the Eng-
you pay the cuftomary fee. lifh affientifts, or contractors, to fend yearly into Spanifh
America, during the whole time the treaty was to continue, a
* Though I am not acquainted either with the perfon or the fhip of 500 tons, laden with the fame forts of merchandizes
name of the aiTay-rriaiter at the Tower, yet I have been well
which the Spaniards ufed to carry thither, with liberty to fell
informed, by thofe who are judges, that there is not a more
and difpofe of them, with the concurrence of the Spaniards,
capable gentleman in all Europe for his bufinefs ; which is a
at the fairs of Porto Bello and Vera- Cruz.
great advantage to our dealersin bullion gold and filver, &c.
One may fafely affert, that neither the furnifhing the Spa-
niards with negroes, which is the main fubjet of that treaty,
When you come to open the paper, you will find the affay-
mafter's name and report, wrote by him, much after the nor the feveral other articles, by which many privileges were
granted to the South- Sea company, did not altogether prove
following form, viz.
fo profitable to it, as that liberty alone granted to the Englifh,
againft the ancient policy, and the ufual jealoufy, of the Spa-
-B-
niards, with regard to their American trade. See Regis-
Silver for an affay, January 5th, 1751,
W. 12 dwts. ob.
ter-Ship.
There have been five more articles added fince to that treaty
A- -B- of affiento with the Englifh, in order to explain fome of the
Gold for an affay, March 10th, 1 751, old ones.
B. 2 gra. |i By the firft it is agreed that the treaty fhall be reckoned to
commence but in the year 1714. By the fecond, that the
The affay-mafter always makes his reports of filver in ounces, Englifh fhould be fuffered to fend their merchant-fhip, though
penny-weights, and halfpenny-weights and of gold in ca- ;
the Spanifh fleet, or galleons, fhould not fail to Am-rica. By
rats, carat-grains, and the fractions of a carat-grain ; and the third, that, during the firlt 10 years, that fhip might be
they commonly write down the quantities, with the numeri- of 650 tons. Finally, by the two laft articles it is agreed,
cal letters of the fecretary hand-writing. It muft be obferved, that the merchandizes which fhould remain, after the fale of
- alfo, that the negroes, fhould be fent back into Europe, after the ne-
B ftands for better than ftandard, groes had been landed at Buenos- Ayres ; and that, if the ne-
W for worfe, groes weredefigned forPorto-Bello, Vera-Cruz, Carthagena,
Ob, for half penny-weights, or fome other part of Spanifh America, they fhould be carried
Sta. for ftandard. into fome of the Antilles iflands belonging to the Englifh, and
that it fhould not be lawful to fend any into the South-Sea.
When the report of the affay-mafter is made, and the price The method of rating and paying the affiento-duty for every
of ftandard gold and filver is known, it will be eafy to judge negro, when the fhip arrives in the American dominions of
of the price of that which is better or worfe than ftandard, and the king of Spain, is the fame with regard to the Englifh, as
to caft up any quantity accordingly. See the articles Gold was praclifed with the French ; that is to fay, that, when the
and Silver, where I (hall give the concife practical methods negroes 2re landed, the Spanifh officers, in concert with the
of doing this. company's factor, feparate them into four claffes as follow :
ASSELANI. The true name by which the Turks call the In the firft place, they put together all thofe negroes, of both
Dutch dollar is Aslani. See that word. fexes, who are in perfect health, and from 15 to 30 years
ASSIENTO, a Spanifh word, which properly fignifies a farm. old. Afterwards they feparate the old men, the old women,
In France, where that word was firft introduced in the be- and the fick, and make a fecond lot of them. Next follow
ginning of the war about the fucceffion to the crown of Spain, the children of both fexes, from 10 to 15 years old : and
they underftood by the word affiento, a trading company, finally, thofe from 5 to 10.
eftablifhed for importing negroes into the dominions of the The feparation being thus made, they proceed to the valua-
king of Spain in America, and in particular to Buenos- Ayres. tion of the negroes that is to lay, they reckon every negro
;

It was the old French Guinea company, which, after having of the firft clafs, being in perfect health, as a head, for which
made a treaty with the Spanifh minifters for that importation the full duty of 33 pialters and \ muft be paid. The old and
of negroes, took the name of the company of the affientifts, fick, who make up the fecond clafs, are rated at f of a head,
becaufe of the duty they bound themfelves to pay to the king and the duty muft be paid accordingly. The children of the
of Spain's farms, for every negro between 15 and 25, or 30 third clafs are reckoned at 3 for 2 heads, and thofe of the fourth
years old, found, well-fhaped, and without any blemifh, they at 2 for one head ; and, according to that eftimation, the
fhould import into Spanifh America. king's duty is paid.
That treaty of the French company, which contained 34 ar- So that of a cargo of 610 heads of negroes, among whom
ticles, was figned the firft of September 1702, to continue in there are 250 in health, and of the proper age, 60 fick or old,
force 10 years, and determine the 1 ft of September, 1712; 150 children from 10 to 15 years old, and 150 from 5 to 10,
granting, however, to the company, two years longer to im- the king receives duty but for 470.
port the remainder of the negroes they had left, if they were
not all imported at the expiration of the treaty. 250 healthy ones pay duty for as many heads, viz. 250 heads.
The two chief articles among thefe 34 related, the orte to 60 old or fick, at \ a head, pay duty for 45

the number of negroes, the company was to furnifh the Spa- 150 children, from 10 to 15 years, at f, pay duty for 100
niards with yearly, and the other to the duty that was to be 150- from 5 to 10 years, at i, pay duty for 75
paid for them to the king of Spain, during the time of the
farm or affiento. 610 470
As number of negroes, it was fixed at 38,000, as long
to the The affiento adjufted between their Britannic and Catholic
as the war, which was begun the year before, fhould conti- majefties, for the Englifh company's obliging itTelf to fup-
tinue ; and at 48,000 in cafe a peace was concluded. And, ply the Spanifh Weft-Indies with black flaves, for the term
with regard to the duty that was to be paid to the king of of thirty years, to commence on the firft day of May, 1 7 1 3,
Spain, it was fettled at 33 piafters and l for every negro be- and to end the fame day in the year 1 743.
tween 15 and 25, or 30 years old ; the greateft part of which
duty the company paid before-hand. I. Her Britifh majefty does offer and undertake, for the
The peace of Utrecht, by which Philip V. was acknowledged perfons whom name and appoint, that they fhall
fhe fhall
king of Spain by queen Anne, and by her allies, except oblige and charge themfelves with the bringing' into the
the emperor, having put an end to the war, and one of the Weft- Indies of America, belonging to his Catholic majefty,
articles of the treaty between England and France being, that in the fpace of the laid 30 years, to commence on the ift day
the latter fhould give up the affiento, or farm of negroes, in of May, 3, and determines on the like day, which will be
17 1
favour of the former, the Spaniards entered into a treaty with in the year 1743, viz. 144,000 negroes, pieza de India, of
the Englifh, for the importation of negroes into Spanifh both fexes, and of all ages, at the rate of 4,800 negroes,
America. piezas de India, in each of the faid 30 years ; with this con-
This treaty, which, in feveral articles, is like that which was dition, that the perfon who fhall go to the Weft-Indies to
made with the French company, but, in many others, much take care of the concerns of the affiento, fhall avoid giving
any

ASS
any offence ; for, in fuch cafe, they fhall be profecuted and
punilhed in the fame manner as they would have been in Spain,
if the like mifdemeanors had been committed there.
II. That for each negro, piezas de India, of the regular ftan-
dard of feven quarters, not being old or defective, according
to what has been pia&ifed and eft..blifhed hitherto in the In-
dies, the affientifts (hall pay 33 pieces of eight (efcudos) and
one third of a pieceof eight; in which fum fhall be accounted,
and fhall be comprehended, all and all manner of duties of
alcavala, fiza, amin de armes, boqueron, or any other duty
whatfoever, of importation or regalia, that now are, or here-
after fhall be impofed, belonging to his Catholic majefty, (0
that nothing more fhall be demanded and, if any fhould be
: things as rel'ate to the faid land and a!J other matters that
taken by the governors, royal officers, or other minifters,
they lhall be made good to the affientifts, on account of the
duties which they are to pay his Catholic majefty of 334 pieces
of eight, as aforefaid, the fame being made appear by an
authentic certificate, which fhall not be denied by any public
notary, thereunto required on the part of the affientifts : for
which purpofe a general order (cedula) fhall be ifTued, in the
mofl ample form.
III. That the (aid affientifts fha'l advance to his Catholic ma-
jefty, to fupply the urgent occaiibns of the crown, 200,000
pieces of eight (efcudos) in two even payments of 100,000
pieces of eight each ; the firft to be made two months after
his majefty lhall have approved and fignetf this affiento, and
the fecond at the end of two other months next after the firft
payment which fum, fo advanced, is not to be reimburfed
: Panama, as well in fruits of the country, as in money, bars
before the firft end of the 20 years of this affiento, and then
it may be deducted, by equal portions, in the 10 laft remain-
ing years, after the rate of 20,000 pieces of eight yearly, out
of the produce of the duty upon negroes which they are to
pay in thofe years.
IV. That the affientifts fhall be obliged to pay the aforefaid
advance of 200,000 pieces of eight in this court; as alfo, from
fix months to fix months, the half of the amount of the duties
payable for the piezas of flaves, which they have agreed to
import yearly.
V. That the affientifts fhall not be obliged to pay the duties
for yearly, and not
more than 40CO negroes (piezas de India)
for the remaining 8co, in cenfideration of the rifques an in-
tereft that ought to be made good to the affientifts^ for the
money advanced, and payment in this court of the duties for
the faid 400b piezas.
VI. That the faid affientifts, after they fhall have imported
the 4,800 negroes yearly, according to their contract, if they
find 5t neceftary for his Catholic majefty's fervice, and that of
his fubjects, to import a greater number, they fhall have li-
berty to do it, during the firft 25 years of this contract, (as in
the five laft years they fhall import no more than the 4,800
agreed upon ;) with condition, that they fhall pay no more
than j6 pieces of eight, and two thirds of a piece of eight,
for all dutieson each negro (pieza de India) which they fhall
impo; t over and above the faid 4,800 ; and this payment alfo
{hall be made in this court.
VII. That the faid affientifts fhall be at liberty to employ
this commerce, for the carrying of their cargoes, her majefty
of Great- Britain's own (hips, or thofe of her fubjects, or any
belonging to his Catholic majefty's fubjects (paying them their
freight, and with the confent of their owners) navigated with
Englifh or Spanifh mar iners, at their choice ; care being taken
that neither the commanders of thofe fhips employed by the
affientifts, nor the mariners, do give any offence, or caufe
any fcanda! to the exercife of the Roman catholic religion,
under the penalties, and purfuant to the regulations, efta-
hlifhed by the firft article of this affiento. And alfo it fhall
be lawful for the faid affientifts, and they fhall have power to
introduce their black flaves contracted for into all the ports
of the North Sea, and of Buenos-Ayres, in any of the afore-
mentioned fhips, in like manner as has been granted to any
former affientifts.
VIII. And it is provided, at the fame time, that the negroes
which are carried to the prjrts of the windward coafts, Sancta
Martha, Currsana, and Maracaybo, fhall not be fold by the
faid affientifts for more than after the rate of 300 pieces of
eight each ; but as to the other ports of New Spain, its iflands,
and Terra Firma, it fhall be lawful for the faid affientifts to
fell them at the beft prices they fhall be able to get.
IX. That the faid affientifts being allowed, for the reafons
mentioned in the foregoing article, to import their negroes
into all the ports of the North Sea, it is alfo agreed that they
fhall have power to do it in the river of Plata, his Catholic
majefty allowing them out of the 4,800 negroes, which, pur-
fu int to this affiento, they are to import yearly, to bring in-
to the faid river of Plata or Buenos- Ayrcs, in each of the faid
o,o years of this affiento, to the number of 1200 of thefe piezas
de India of both fcxes, to fell them there at fuch prices as
they fhall be ablcj (hipping the fame in four vefiels, large
enough to carry them ; 800 of them to be difpofed of at
Buenos-Ayres, and the remaining 400 may be carried into,
and ferve for the provinces above, and kingdom of Chili
felling th< m to the inhabitants, if they will come to buy them,
in the faid port of Buenos- Ayrcs. It being hereby declared,
that her Britannic majefty, and the affientifts, in her name,
;
ASS
may hold in the faid river of Plata fome parcels of land, which
his Catholic majefty fhall appoint, or affign, purfuant. to what
is ftipulated in the preliminaries of peace, from the time of
the commencing of this affiento, fufficient to plant, to culti-
vate, and breed cattle therein, for the fublillence of the per-
fons belonging to the affiento. and their negroes ; and they
fhall be allowed to build houfes there of timber, and not of
any other materials ; and they fhall not throw up the earth,
nor make any the leaft (or fhghteft) fortification. And his
Catholic majefty fhall alfo appoint an officer to his fatisfaction,
one of his own fuhjects, who fhall rcfide upon the afore-
mentioned lands, under whofe command are to be all fuch
:
concern the affiento, fhall be under th^.t of the governor and
royal officers of Buenos-Ayres and the affientifts fhall not,
:
on account of the faid lands, be obliged to pay any duties
during the time of the faid affientti.
X. In order to the carrying and introducing of black flaves
into the provinces of the South-Sea, liberty is to be granted,
as it is hereby granted, to the affientifts, to freight cither at
Panama, or in any other dock or port of the South- Sea, fhips,
or frigates of about 400 tons, little more or lef's, on board
which they may fhip them at Panama, and carry them all to
the other ports of Peru, and no others on that fide ; an<3 to
man thole fhips with fuch feamen, and appoint fuch officers,
both military and for fea, as they fhall think fit ; and may
bring back the produce of the fale thereof to the faid port of
of filver, or ingots, of gold, and fo as they may not.be obliged
to pay any duties for the filver or gold which they fhall brin^,
either upon importation or exportation, it being ftamped,
and without fraud, and appearing to be the produce of the
negroes. And likewife leave is granted to the faid affientifts
to fend from Europe to Porto-Bello, and from Porto-Bello to
Panama, by the river Chagre, or by land-carriage, cables,
fails, iron, timber, and likewife all other ftores and provisions,
neceftary for the faid (hip?, frigates, or barcolongos; and for
the maintaining the fame ; provided that they fhall not be
allowed to fell or trade in the faid ftores, in the whole rtor in
part, under any pretence whatfoever ; unlefs it fhall appear
v
that they had obtained leave for the fale thereof from His Ca-.
tholic majefty. And it is farther provided, that, when the
term of this affiento is ended, the faid affientifts fhall not be
allowed to make ufe of the faid fhips, frigates, or barks, to
carry them to Europe, becaufe f the inconveniencies that
might enfue.
XI. The faid affientifts may make ufe of Englifh orSpah'ards,
at their choice, for the management and direction of this af-
fiento, as well in the ports of America as in the inland places
;
declaring and commanding, that the Englifh, during the
whole time of this affiento, fhall be regarded and treated as
if they were fubjedts of the crown of Spain with this re-
:
ftriction, that there fhall not refide in any one of the faid
ports of the Indies more than 4 or bEnglifbmen ; out of which
number may chufe fuch as they fhall think fit
the faid affientifts
in and have occafion to lend up into the country, where
fhall
negroes are allowed to be carried, for the management and
recovery of their effects; which they fhall perform in the mofl
convenient manner, and that which they fhall think beft,
under the regulation mentioned in the firft article, without
any hindrance from any minifters, civil or military, under
any pretence, unlefs they can be charged with acting con-
trary to the eftabliftud laws, or to the contents of this
affiento.
XII. That, for the better management of this affiento, his
Catholic majefty will be pleafed to grant, that, as foon as the
peace is proclaimed, her Britannic majefty may fend two fhips
of war with the faid factors, officers, and others, who are to
be employed in this fervice, giving firft a lift of the names
both of the one and the others, that are to go afhore in all
the ports, where they fhall be allowed to fettle and regulate
their factories, as well that they may go with the oreater con-
veniency and fecurity, as that they may provide all things
neceftary for the receiving the velfels that fhall go with ne-
groes ; which being obliged to go to take the blacks in upon
the coaft of Africa, and thence tranfport them to the port of
the Spanifh America, it would be very incommodious, as well
as unprofitable, for the factors and others employed, to <*o
on board the fhips made ufe of in thofe voyages ; and yet it
is indifpenfibly neceflary that houfes be prepared before-hand
for them todwell in, and all other provifions made which they
fhallwant ; and for the tranfporting of the factors, and others,
belonging to the company, to Buenos-Ayres, a veflel of a
middling burden fhall be allowed. And it is hereby declared,
that as well this veflel, as the two fhips of war, are to be vifited
and fearched in the feveral ports by the royal officers, who
may feize their merchandize, if they carry any. And farther,
the faid fhips fhall be furnifhed with neceftary provifions for
their return, at a reafonable rate.
XI II. The faid afiientifts may nominate, in all the ports and
chief places of America, judges confervators of this affiento,
whom they may remove and difplace, and appoint others at
pjcafure, in the manner allowed to the Pertugueze in the
eighth article of their affiento.
5 XIV. It

A S S
XIV. It {hall not be lawful for the viceroys, &c. or other
tribunal or muiifter whatever, of his Catholic majefty, to lay
an embargo on, or detain the fliips belonging to this afiiento,
nor to hinder them in their voyages, under any pretence what-
ever but, on the contrary, they (hall be obliged to afford
; be, or any of the provifions brought for their fihfiftence,
them all the favour, affiftance, and fuccour, that the faid
affientifts, or their fadtors, (hall ddire,
for the more fpeedy
fitting out, difpatching, and lading of their /aid (hips ; and
likewife the victuals, and all other things they (hall ftand in
need of for f rwarding their voyages, at the current prices ;
with tins warning and under this penalty, that thofe who do
othei wife (ha 1 b% obliged, at their own proper cofts, to
good and damages and lofies which the affien-
fatisfy all the
tifts may lultain by uch impediment or detention.
XV. Nerher (hall tne viceroys, &c. or any other tribunal or
office whatfoevei, take, feize, detain, or lay an embargo by
violence, or in any other manner, under any pretence, or for
any caufe or motive whatloever, on any of the ftock, goods,
and eftedfs, that are the produce of this afiiento, or
to the affientifts: nor (hall the (aid miniffers (earch the
or warehoufes of the factors, or others belonging to this af-
fien'o; unlefs in ca(e it mall have been proved that there has
be n Imiif Irauduleut and prohibited importation.
XVI. That the (aid affientifts, their fadtors, &c, may em-
ploy in their (ervice fuch mariners, carriers, and workmen,
as they (hall haveocrafion for, to load and unload their fliips
and vtlH s, upon a voluntary agreement made with them,
and paying them fuch falaries and (iipends as they (hall have
agreed for.
XVII. That the fai J affientifls fliall have liberty to load, at
their choice, the effects they may have in the Indies, upon
the fliips of theor the galleons, to bring them into Ku
flora
rope, agreeing for the height with the capta ns and owners of
the faid fliips, or upon the veflels belonging 10 the affiento
which, if they think it convenient, may come under convoy
with the fain flotas and galleons, or other (hips of war belong-
ing to his Catholic majefty and that the effects which fliall
; which they had brought to ,ht port, they lhall be allowed
come in them, and lhall appear, by an authentic writing, to
belong to the affientifis, fliall be free ofall duties whatfoever,
on their importation in Spain, but they are not to bring on
board them any Spanifti palllnger, or any effedts of any
jedt of his Catholic majelty.
XVIII. That from day of May of this prefent year
the fiift
1 713, till they fliall have taken polTeffion of this affiento, nor
after their taking fuch polleffion it lhall not be lawful tor the
French Guinea company, or any other petfon whatfoever, to
introduce any negro (lave into India; it is agreed, that when
the faid affientifls fliall have notice that any fhip with negroes
(not belonging to them) is come upon the coaft, or entered
into any port, they may fit nut, arm, and (end out immedi-
ately fuch veflels as they fliall have of their own, or any
others belonging to his Catholic majefty, or his fubjedts, with
whom they fliall agree, to take, feize, and confifcate fuch
fliips and their negroes, of whatever nation they be, or to
whomfoever the lame fliall belong; firft having leave from
the governors, to whom they fliall communicate what oc-
curs, and deftre them to interpofe their authority.
XIX. That the faid affientifts, their factors and agents, fliall
have power to navigate and import their negro flaves, ac-
cording to their contract, to all the fouthern ports of his Ca-
tholic majefty's Wefl-lndies, including the river of Plata,
with prohibition to all others, whether fubjedts of the crown
or flrangers, to carry and introduce thither any negroes, un-
der the penalties eftablifhed by the laws that relate to this
contract of trade.
XX. That in cafe the faid affientifts be molefted in the exe-
cution and performance of this affiento, and that their pro-
ceedings and rights be difturbed by way of fuits at law, or in
any other manner whatfoever, his Catholic majefty declares,
that he will referve to himfelf alone the cognizance thereof,
and of all caufes that may be moved thereupon, with an in-
hibition to all judges and juftices, to take to themfelves the
examination and cognizance of the faid caufes, or of the fuits,
omiffions, or defects, that may happen in the performance
of this affiento.
XXI. That, whenever the fliips of the faid affientifts fliall
arrive in the ports of the Indies with their cargoes of negroes,
the captains thereof fliall be obliged to certify, that there is
not any contagious diftemper among them, that the go-
vernor and royal officers may permit them to enter into the
faid ports ; without which certificates they fliall not be ad-
mitted.
XXII. When the faid fliips fliall have entered into any of
the ports, they are to be vifited by the governor and royal
officers, and ftarched to the bottom, even to the ballaft ; and,
having landed their negroes in whole or in part, they may at
the fame time land the provifions, which they fliall bring for
their fubfiftencc, laying tiiem up in particular houfes or ma-
gazines. But they fliall not land., import, or vend any goods
or merchandize, under any pretence or motive whatfoever
and, if there fliould be any on board the fliips, they fliall be
feized, as they were found on ihore ; excepting only ihe
if
faid negro and the m.igazines of provifions for their
flavis,
fubfiftence, under the penalty, that thofe who are guilty
Vol. I.
:
ASS
fliall be feverely punifhed, and their merchandize and effecl9
confifcated or burned, and they fliall be declared forever in-
capable of having any employment in the faid affiento. And
it is declared, that the fliips on board which the negroes
(hall
fliall not be liable to the faid forfeiture and confirmation,
they
being declared to remain free, as not being in fault and the ;
perfon and perfons, who have charge of them, may goon with
their traffic; and, if the merchandize or goods feized do not
exceed the value of 100 pieces of eight (efcudos) they fliall be
burned without any rcmiffion (being firft appraifed) and the
make captain fliall be condemned to pay the fun at which they
wereappraifed, as a punifhment for his negledt and omiflion;
and, if he does not pay down the value of what (hall have
been fo feized, he fhall be fufpended and imprifoned till pay-
ment made: but,
if it be proved that he was not an accom-
plice, he be obliged to deliver up the perfon guilty, and
fhall
in that cafe he fliall be free.
belonging XXIJ1. That the vidtuals and other provifions which fliall
houfes be put on fliore for the fubfiftence of the negroes, fliall not
pay any duties of imporia: on or exportation: but, if the
affientifts buy or export them from the ports, then fliall they
be obliged to pay the duties eftablifhed, in me fame manner
as his Catholic majefty's fubjedts ou >ht to do.
XXIV. That upon the negroes imported are to
the duties
be due from the day of their landing in any of the ports of
the Indies, after the fcarch made, and all matters regulated
by the royal officers ; that, if any of the (aid negroes die
within the fpace of fifteen days, from the time of their being
put on fliore, the affientifts fliall not be obliged to pay any
duiies, in regard they were not landed for fale ; whi. h being
expired, if they fhall be yet alive, then they fliail become
indebted for the duties for them, putftunt to what is aoreed
. in the fifth article.
XXV. That after the affientifts, or their fadtors, fliall
have
fettled the duties, and (old part of their loading of blacks,
to carry the remainder to any other port, carrying certificates
from the royal officers, of having there accounted for the
duties, that fo the fame may not be demanded of them a^ain
(u j in any other port; and they may recei.e, in pament for
thofe they fliall fell, money, bars of filver, and ingots of
gold, which fhall have paid the king's quinto without fraud,
a< alfo the produce of the country; which they may carry
away, and embark freely, as being the produce of the fale of
the laid negroes, without being oMi^ed to pay any duties,
except only thufe that fliall be eftablifhed in the places from
whence thofe fruits and effects are brought.
XXVI. That the fliips which fhall be employed by this affi-
ento, may
fail from the ports of Great-Britain or Spain, at
the choice of the affientifts, who fli. 11 give an account to his
Catholic majefty of what lhips they fhall difpatch yearly for
the negro trade, and the ports for which they are defigned,
and may return to either, with the money, &c. being the
pro-'uee of the fale of the negroes ; and they fhall be under
this obligation, that, if the returns come into the ports of
Spain, the captains and commanders flia'l give to ht< Catho-
lic majefty's minifters an authentic remitter, by which it may
appear what they have on board and, if th y come back to
;
Great-Britain, they fliall fend over an exact account of their
lading, that his majefty may be fully informed hereof.
XXVII. If it fhould happen that the fliips of this affiento
fliould be fitted out as fliips of war, i-nd fliould take any
prizes from enemies of either crown, or from the pirates thac
ufually cruize and plunder in the fe.s of America, they may
bring them into any port belonging to his Catholic mjjefty,
where they are to be admitted ; and, the faid prizes being de-
clared pood and lawful, the captors fliall not be obliged to
pay greater duties upon the entry of their prizes, than what
are eftablifhed and payable by the natural fubjedts of his ma-
jefty ; deducting a fourth part of the pr duce of the fale
thereof, which is to belong to his Catholic majefty.
And, for the preventing all manner of doubt and cavil, his
majefty declares, that the fhips, ketches, and other veflels
(thus made prize of ) of whatever f rt they be, with their
arms, guns, ammunition, and all the furniture and tackle on
board them, fliall belong-to the captors.
XXVIII. It is agreed, that both their majefties fhall be con-
cerned for one half of this trade, each of them a quarter part,
which is to belong to them, purfuant to this agreement.
And whereas it is neceffary that his Catholic majefty (in order
to have and enjoy the benefit and gain that may be obtained
by this trade) fhould advance to the faid affientifts i,ooo,oco
of pieces of eight (efcudos) or a quarter of the fum, which
they fliall judge neceflary for the putting of this commerce
into a good order and method, it is agreed, that, if his Catho-
lic majefty fhall not think it convenient to advance the faid
fum, the aforementioned affientifts do offer to do it out of
their own money, upon condition, that his Catholic majefty
fliall make good the intereft out of what they fhall be ac-
countable for to him, after the rate of eight per cent yearly.
And his Catholic majefty is to name two directors or factors,
who are co rcfieie at London, two more in the Indies, and one
at Cadiz, that they may be concerned on his part (together
I i with
 ;;

ASS ASS
'with thofc of her Britannic majefty and thofe that fhall be who fhall be obliged 'to pay to his catholic m ijefly the regular
interefted) in all the directions, purchafes, and accounts of duties of 33 pieces of eight, and one third of a piece of eight,
this afliento, to whom his Catholic majefty is to give proper for each negro, at the time that the induho is laid.

inftruclions by which to govern themlelves. XXXVIII. That for the more expeditious difpatch of this
XXIX. That the faid aflientifts are to give an account of affair hismajefty will eftabliih a junta of th.ee minifters, fuch
their profits and gain at the end of the firft five years of this as he fhall think molt proper, who with the aftifiance of the
afliento; which accounts, as well of the charge as the pro- fifcaland fecretarv of the council of the Indies, fhall hear and
duce, are firft to be examined and fettled by her Britannic take cognizance (exclulive of ail others) of all matters and
majefty 's minifters employed in this fervice, in regard to the caufes relating thereunto, and that the faid junta (hall lay be-
fhare (he is to have in this afliento, and then to be examined fore his majefty what fhall occur to them, in the fame man-
in like manner in this court and his Catholic majefty's fhare
: ner as was pracfiled for the French company.
of the profits may be adjufted and recovered from theaflien- XXXIX. That all the conceflions in former aflientos, to Don
tifts, who are to be obliged to pay the fame moft regularly Domingo Grillo, the confuiado of Seville, Don Nicolas Por-
and punctually, in purfuance of this article, which is to be of cio, Don Bernardo Marin y Gufman, the companies of Por-
the fame force and vigour, as if it were a public inftrument, tugal and France, not being contrary to the contract, fhall be
and under the regulation mentioned in the twenty-eighth ar- underftood and declared to be in its favour, as if they were
ticle, concerning the factors whom his Catholic majefty is to here literally inferted ; and that all the orders that have, ac
appoint. any time, been difpatched in favour cf thole forc-mentioncd
XXX. That if amount of the gain made, during the firft
the aflientifts fhall be granted to thefe, whenever they fhall afk
five years, does exceed the fum which the aflientifts are to them, without any doubt or difficulty.
advance, and fhall advance, for his Catholic majefty, together XL. That, in cafe of a declaration of war (which God for-
with the intereft of eight per cent, which is to be included bid) of the crown of Great-Britain againft that of Spain, or
and made good in the manner above-mentioned, the aflien- of Spain againft Great Britain, this afliento
is to be fufpehded ;

tifts are to reimburfe themlelves in the firft place what they however, the be fuffered to remove with all
aflientifts are ro

fhall have advanced, with all the intereft, and then to pay to
his Catholic majefty the remainder of the profit that fhall
come to his fhare, together with the duties upon negroes an-
nually imported without any delay or impediment ; which
practice is likewife to be obferved and continued every five
fecurity (during the fpace of one year and an half, from the
time of the declaration of fuch rupture) all their cffe&s, and
to bring them home freely, in fuch of their fhips as fhall then
happen to be in the ports of the Indies, or in thofe belonging
to Spaniards with this condition, that if they fhould
;

years fucceflively, during the term of this afliento. bring them to the ports of Spain, they may freely carry them
XXXI. That whereas the faid aflientifts have offered, by the away again, as if the afliento was yet in force ; it being firft
third article of this contract, to advance 200, coo pieces of made to appear, that they are the produce of the negro trade.
eight in the manner therein exprelied, they fhall not be re- And it is farther declared, that if it fhould happen that the

imburfed the fame, till the end of the firft 20 years of this crowns of Spain and England, or cither of them, jointly or
afliento, as is mentioned in the faid third article. fcparately, fhall enter upon a war with other nations, in fuch
XXXII. That from and determination and fulfilling
after the cafe the fhips employed in this afliento are to have paffes, ar.d
of Catholic majefty does grant to the aflien-
this afliento, his carry flags with different arms from what are ufually borne by
tifts the fpace of three years to adjuft their accounts, and ga- the Englifh or Spaniards, fuch as his Catholic majefty fhall
ther in all their effects in the Indies, and make up a balance pleafe to make choice of; in order to the fecuring of which,
of the whole ; during which term of three years, the faid af- her Britannic majefty will take upon her to folicit and
fientift.% their factors, agents, and others employed by them, obtain, that in the enfuing general treaty of peace an expref's
fhall enjoy the fame privileges and immunities, as are granted article may be inferted, that all the princes may take notice
to them for the term of this contract. of it.

XXXIII. That all the debtors to the aflientifts fhall be com- XLI. That all the contents of this prefent contract fhall be

pelled and forced to pay their debts, by taking them and fully, and fincerely, and punctually executed, for the term of
their goods in execution, thefe debts being confidered upon 30 years, duiing which this afliento is to continue, and the
the fame foot as thofe due to his Catholic majefty himfelf three years farther, which are allowed to the aflientifts for the
who declares them as fuch, that they may be the more effec- getting in their effects, and balancing their accounts, as has
tually recovered. been already mentioned.
XXXIV. That it being requifite for the fupport and fubfift- XLII. And finally, his majefty grants to the faid aflientifts,
ence of the negroe flaves, who fhall be fet on fhore in the their agents, factors, minifters, officers civil
and military,
portsof the Weft-Indies, as likewifeof all the perfons employ- as well at fea as at land,
the favours, freedoms, privi-
all

ed in this commerce, to keep conftantly magazines filled with leges, and exemptions, that have ever been granted to any
cloathing, medicines, provifions, and other neceffaries, in all former aflientifts, without any reflection or limitation, fo
the factories that fhall be eftablifhed, for the more eafy and far as they are not contrary to what is agreed and cxprelfed i;i
better management of this afliento; as alfo with all naval the foregoing articles
; which the aflientifts do likewife oblige
ffores, for the repairing of, and furnifhing the fhips and vef- themfelves to accomplifh, and execute entirely and punc-
fels employed in its fervice; his catholic majefty will pleafe tually.
to allow them, from time to time, to bring from Europe, or Beudes the foregoing articles, ftipulated on behalf of the
her Britannic majefty 's colonies in North America, directly Englifh company, his Catholic majefty conlidering the lofies
to the ports and coafts of the northern fea of the Spanifh which former aflientifts have fuftained, and upon this exprefs
Weft-Indies, where there fhall be royal officers, or their de- condition, that the faid company fhall not carry on nor at-
puties, and likewife to the river of Plata or Buenos-Ayres, tempt any unlawful trade, directly nor indirectly, under any
cloathing, medicines, provifions, and naval ftores, for the ufe pretence whatfoever; and to manifeft toherBritannie majefty
only of the aflientifts, their negroes, factors, fervants, mari- how much he defires to pleafe her, and to confirm more and
ners, and fhips ; and that they may import the fame in imall more a ftrict and good correfpondence, he has been pleafed, by
velfels, of about 150 tons. his royal decree of the 1 2th of March, in this prefent year, to
XXXV. For the rcfrefhing and preferving in health the negro allow, to the company of this afliento,a fhip of 5C0 tons
flaves, fhall import into the Weft-Indies, after fo
which they yearly, during the 30 years of" itscontinuance, to trade there-
long and painful a voyage, and to prevent any contagious with to the Indies; in which his Catholic majefty is to par-
illnefs or diftemper among them, the factors of this afliento take fourth part of the gain, as in the afliento; befides which
a

fhall be allowed to hire fuch parcels of land as they fhall fourth, his catholic majefty is to receive
5 per cent, out of tho
think fit, in the neighbourhood of the places where the facto- neat gain of the other three parts which belong to England :
ries fhould be eftablifhed, in order to cultivate the faid lands upon this exprefs condition, that they may net fell the goods
and make plantations, in which they may raife frefh pro- and merchandizes, which each of thefe fhips fhall carry, but
vifions for their relief and fubfiftence ; which cultivating and only at the time of the fair. And, if any of thefe fhips fhall
improvement is to be performed by the inhabitants of the arrive in the Indies before the flotas and galleons, the favors
country and the negro flaves,and not by any others ; nor of the afliento fnall be obliged to land the goods and merchan-
may any minifters of his catholic majefty hinder them, pro- dize (with which they fhall be laden) and put them into ware-
vided they keep to this rule. houfes that fhall be locked with two keys ; one of which to
XXXVI. That leave fhall be granted to the aflientifts to fend remain with the royal officers, and the other with t&e faftors
a fhip of 300 tons to the Canary iflands, and to carry from of the company ; to the end the faid goods and merchandize
thence fuch fruits as are cuftomarily taken on board there for may be fold, during the continuance of the faid fair only; and
America, purfuant to what was allowed to Don Bernardo they arc to be free of all duties in the indies.
Francifco Marin, by the 26th article of this afliento, and by
the 21 ft article of the afliento of the Guinea company of Given at Madrid, the 26th of March, 1 7 r ?.
Portugal, for one time only, during the continuance of this The
I, King.
afliento.
XXXVII. That orders fhall be difpatched for the publication,
R E M A R K S.
in the ports of America, of an indulto for the negroes un-
all

duly imported, from the day that this afliento is to take place We having promifed to incorporate throughout this work our
with free liberty to the factors to lay an indulto on them, at treaties of commerce, we judged that it might be expected
what time and price they fhall think fit and that the produce
; this of the afliento fhould not be omitted, tiotwithfl inding its
of this indulto fhall be applied to the benefit of the aflientifts, ceflation with Spain, according to the tcnour of the treaty

9 of
 ASS
of Aix-la Chapellc. For, as
contract has fhiftcd hands
this
from time to time, it may one day
be brought about in the
like manner again; and, therefore, the treaty, and the nature
of it, fhouk! be recorded, we apprehend, in a work of this
kind, in order to have recourfe to upon any future occafion.
A fhort hiftory of the affiento, with remarks on its
and tendency.
Although I have already declared my difapprobation of the
Have trade in general, yet from the nature of this work, I
am under the neceffity of defcribing the ftatcof this trade, as
well as of others, and to fhow what was, as well as what is,
its prefent fttuation and circumftances, in regard both to the
Spaniards and ourfclvcs.
The Spaniards having in a manner deftroyed the natural in-
habitantsof Spanifh America, they have been many years, and
Hill are, obliged to perform the work of their mines, and
other laborious bufinefs, by negroes, of which ihey could
fcarce ever obtain the number they have wanted ; and it is
Certain, if they were fully fupplied, they would get yearly
above twice the filvcr, perhaps, they now do, or have done,
for many years pad.
It mult be confefled they have ufed variety of meafures to ob-
tain them. The (Jenoefe undertook to fupply them at a con-
certed pi ice between them; for which end they formed a
company called the affiento, who had their factors at Jamaica,
Curafoa, and Brazil.
By carrying on the negro trade in this manner with Spain, it
was a prodigious tour before the negroes got to the Spanifli
mines; as fir ft from Guinea to Jamaica ; fro n thence t<>
Porto-Bello, and then to Panama, where they were re- {hipped
on boaru the fleet, when returning to Callao; which was a
voyage of four months at leafl, for they have the wind in
their teeth every league of tins vbyage. After flaying fome
little time at this lalt- mentioned port, the negroes were put
on fhip-board again, and lent to Arica, which is a voyage of
about a month more; and, when landed there, they could
not have lels than 150 miles to the mines fo that there was
: ties.
not ab >ve one negro in three that arrived at Pocozi, or the
adjacent mine-, of thofe that were originally bought by the
Genoefe factors for that end. Whereas the negroes that might
be lent from Bue' os-Ayres, would be liable to none of the
inconveniences that thtl'e poor uret lies fufTered ; as palling
through fo many different unhealthy climates and fo many
tedious \ cages by fea, enough to wear out bodies of lteel,
efpecially confidcring how the milerab'e creatures are
modated all the time, both with lodging and di^t.
natural way to carry on this trade wrh the Spaniards, to the
moft advantage of the affientifts, is certainly diredtly from the
coaft of Guinea to Buenos-Ayres, from whence they fail four
parts in five before the wind ; and, when the negroes are
landed, pafs through one of the moll plentiful and healthieft
countries in the world, even in a manner to the mlne^ mouth
fo that one may venture to affirm, that, with careful manage-
ment, they would not lofe one in 10 *.
* Although, according to the foregoing afliento, the
had the liberty to fend 1,20a oegroes annually to Buenos-
Ayres, omjof the 4,800 wherewith they were allowed to fup-
ply the Spaniards: yet, if they hid been tolerated to have
fold double or treble that number there, it might have
proved not only more to the benefit of the negro, but of the
other parts of the contract.
The Genoefe, by their ill method of management, made
nothing of this contract nor did their fucceflbrs the Portu-
; fet, and on their return ; from which the reader may obferve,
gueze. After them, it fell into the hands of the French, who
made fo much of it, that they were enabled, by a computa-
tion made from the regilters in Spain, to import into the
French dominions no lefs than 204,000,000 of pieces of eight.
Yet they at length ovtrglutted the market, and became fuf-
ferers, towards the conclufion thereof.
Upon the affiento's falling into Englifh hands, we have not
been able to make any great advantage by it, on account of
the unfettled affairs of Europe for many years pad, and our
mifunderftanding with the court of Spain, during the long
Walpolian adminiffration. See the article South-Sea Com-
pany, in regard to the affiento, Sec.
Buenos-Ayres is fituated upon the river of Plata, the mouth
of which lies in 35 fouth latitude ; and the town of
Buenos-Ayres is fituated on the fouth fide of the river, up-
on an angle of land, formed by a fmall rivulet called Rio
Chuelco.
The of this country exceeds belief, fays Monfieur
fertility
Acaretedu Bifcay, for their plains, which are the largeft in
the world, as being 50, and fome 80 leagues in circumfe-
rence, are fo covered with all forts of cattle, that 'tis credible
to none but thofe who fee them. To give an idea of this
matter, I mention a device the Spaniards have there
will only
to hinder the landing of an enemy; which is, to d ive fo
prodigious a number of bulls, cows, and horfes, to the
fhore-fide, that they fuppofe it would be an impoffible mat
ter to force a way through them. This Monfieur Acatcte
ASS
du Bifcay affirms the inhabitants told him when he was
there.
The affords all that France and Italy can boaft of, as
foil
to
fruit or garden-ware and for grains, wheat, barley, millet,
;
&c. thrives no where better. Partridges, the lame author lays,
area penny a- piece ; and beef, veal, mutton, venifon, hares,
nature rabbets, pullets, wild-fowl, &c. proportionally and for :
health, which crowns all the other bleffings, 'tis exceeded by
no place upon the face of the earth, and for that region was
called Buenos-Ayres, or good air.
That this is the beft way for Great-Britain to carry on
the
negro and any other trade to the Spanifh Weft- Indies, may
be made appear by the plaineft obfervations. For
There runs a noble highway from Buenos-Ayres to the pro-
vince of Los Charcos, in which Potozi and the mo!t conhder-
able mines are found; and, as this province is the fouthermoft
of the whole kingdom of Peru, fo confequently all South
America may be fupplied with goods or mechandizes of all
kind they want this w^y, infinitely cheaper than any other
now in ule.
Further Remarks.
Some have thought that the affiento for negroes being carried
on by an exclufive company, either by aconfiderahle corpora-
tion, or by any united company of merchants, who fhould
obtain that piivilcge from the court of Spain, is injurious to
the other trading paits of the kingdom. But tins file m 8 to be
a miftaken opinion ; and, therefore, it may be ufeful to fet
people right upon this occafion.
All nations have a natural right to regulate the tra.lc and na-
vigation of their diftant colonies, by enadting fuch laws with-
in themfelves, and by making fuch treaties with foreign na-
tions, as they flialljudge the molt conducive to the general
interefl of their mother-countries.
From this principle
it is that Great Britain does not admic
either of its own,
or the fubjedls of any foreign nation, to
carry on trade with the Britifh colonies, but under the pecu-
and limitation of Britifh laws, and national trea-
liar reftrictiuii
The Spaniards,
alfo, having an equal right to regulate
the trade of their colonics in America, the lubjects of no na-
ti n whatever can carry on a trade with thofe colonies, but
under the peculiar reltridlion and limitation of Spanifh laws,
and national treaties. To do othcrwile is violating thoie laws,
or treaties ; carrying on contraband commerce, and breaking
friendfhip with that kingdom.
The Spaniards, as before obferved, Handing in need of a con-
accom- usant lupply of negroes to work their gold and filvcr mines
But the in Peru and Mexico, and for other fervile and laborious pur-
pofes, have been under the neceiTuy of contracting with
fuch nations who were circumffanced to fupply their wants ;
they having no fettlements of their own upon the coaft of
Africa.
The Englifh having forts and fettlements in Africa, Which
: give them a right to carry on that trade, the South-Sea com-
pany, at the peace of Utrecht, obtained of the court of Spain
an exclufive privilege to lupply the Spanifh colonics in Ame-
rica with negroes.
aflicntifis But, according to that contract, not only all the other fubjedls
of Great-Britain were excluded from that trade, but the fub-
jedls of all other nations no other traders being admitted
;
cither to carry negroes, or any other fpecies of merchandize,
to Spanifh America, except in a way confiftent with treaties
which lubfift between Spain and other powers for that pur-
pofe :and thofe other treaties oblige all, except the affientifts
for negroes, to carry their merchandize by the way of Old
Spain to New, and there pay considerable duties on their out-
by the affiento treaty, that the affientfts were exempted.
From this ftate of the cafe, we cannot be at a lofs to make a
right judgment of the nature of the late Britifh affiento, or of
any future one that Spain may grant to the fubjedls of any
particular nation, who are able to fupply them; it being a
peculiar contract made between Spain and fuch affientifts, to
furnifh them with mgroes, under certain terms and conditions:
and, at the fame time, to exclude all others vvhatfoever, as
well all other the fubjedls of the fame nation, who may ob-
tain that contract, as the fubjedls of any other nation.
It is extraordinary that any one fhouid treat fuch contract ift
the light of a monopoly, and injurious to the other traders of
that nation who have no (hare therein for a monopoly im-
:
plies nothing lefs than that the general interefts of trade are
thereby facrificed to the particular interelt of a few. But this
was neither the cafe of the late, nor is it that of the prefent,
Britifh affientifts; becaufethetradingintereitof Great Britain
in general never did, nor ever will, iegally enjoy the privilege -
of 'upplyingtheSpaniih Weft-Indies with negroes. For, in the
grant of fuch a contract, Spain will never allow it but to cer-
tain particulars, exclufive of all other the lubjeets of that, or
any other, nation by reafon that would prove the means of
;
depriving the court of Spain of its royal revenues, which arik
from the duties paid by other nations in carrying on their
trade to the Spanilh indies, according to thofe treaties, which
are different in their nature from that of the affiento.
Since then, from the nature and circumftances cf this con-
tradt,
 : :

ASS A S S
trat, none but the particular contractors can enjoy it, and no cbandizes, from immediately following the lo.'.ding thereof
nation in general ever did, or will ; it is weak, and abiurd to aboard the laid fhip at St. Peterfbufgh *.
confider it as monopolizing from others of the fame nation
what they have no right to it is, indeed, taking fuch a pro-
: and fo fhall
portion of fade out of the fcale of France, who poflefll-d it continue and endure, until the faid ftiip, with the faid goods
before us, and throwing it into our own. That the affiento and merchandizes whatfoever, fhall be arrived at London,
is a monopo in this fenfe it is true
1

but fuch a one that ex- :

f
clude "breign nations from trade, can never be judged detri- and the
mental to Bri :fh fubjecls in general. fame there fafely landed. And
be lawful fcr the faid it fhall
The Dutch enjoy a very lucrative monopoly of the fpice trade fhip, in this voyage, to ftop and flay at any ports or places
of the Eaft-Indf s ; a monopoly that excludes
other nations, all whatfoever
as well as Dutchmen in general, from that valuable branch of
trade. Let it be fuppofed this trade was to change hands, without prejudice to this infuranre. The faid goods
and to fall into thole of the Lnglifh, on condition of being and merchandizes by agreement are, and fhall be valued at
united to the trade of our Eaft-India company, with their ex-
clufive pri\ ileges and immunities: was this the cafe, I would without further account to be given
afk, Whether
fuch Britifh monopoly would be detrimental to by the afturers for the fame. Touching the adventures and
the Britifh trading intereft in general, by reafon that a par- perils which we the afturers are contented to hear, and do take
ticular Britifh company only pofleffed that trade ? Would not upon us in this voyage they are of the feas, men of war,
:

this be a new kingdom, by taking

acquifition of trade to the fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieve?, jettifons f, letters of
fuch a proportion out of the hands of the Dutch, and throw- mart and counter-mart, furprifals, taking at fta, arrefts, re-
ing it into our own ? Could the trading intereft of Great- ftraints and detainments of all kings, princes," and people of
Britain in general complain of the India company, as being what nation, condition, or quality foever, barratry of the
any way prejudicial to their common intereft, in depriving mafter and mariners, and of all other perils, loftes, and mif-
them of what they never before enjoyed ? And, if the ex- fortunes that have, or {hall, come to the hurt, detriment, or
clufive right in the fpice trade was in the power of the Mogul, da-mage of the faid goods and merchandizes, &c. or any part
or any other prince, to grant to our India company, and it thereof. And, in cafe of any lol's or misfortune, it fb.aH be
could not, confiftent with his intereft, be granted to the lawful to the afturers, their fadors, fervants, and affigns, to
fubjects of Great-Britain in general, there could be no reafon fue, labour, and travel for, in and .about the defence, fafe-
to complain that particulars fhould poflefs it, exclufiveof the guard, and recovery of the faid goods and merchandizes, Sic.
whole. or any part thereof, without prejudice to this infurartce; to
To make this point more unexceptionably apparent. Our the charges whereof we the afturers will contribute each one
American plantations, at prefent, depend upon the labour of according to the rate and quantity of his fum herein aftured.
negroes for their various productions. If ever Great-Britain, And it is agreed by us the infurers, that this writing, or
policy,
by the wiles and machinations of her rivals, be rendered in- of afturance, fhall be of as much force and effect as the fureft
capableof fupplying her own plantations with negroes; fhould writing or policy of afturance, heretofore made in Lombard-
we not be under the neceffity of contracting with, fome other ftreet, or elfewhere, in London. And fo we the afturers are
nation, who could fupply them ? Suppofe a contract for this contented, and do hereby promife and bind ourfelves, each
purpofe was made either with the French or the Dutch, who, one for his own part, our heirs, executors, and goods, for the
having fettlements in Africa, might be capable of it ; would true performance of the premiftes, confefiing ourfelves paid
not this be throwing fuch an additional proportion of trade the confideration due unto us for this afturance, by A. B. of
into the fcale of the Dutch or the French, and taking the fame London, at and after the rate of per cent.
out of our own, we having hitherto fupplied ourfelves with
negroes ? If our neceffity for negroes was ever fo great, and our In cafe of lofs, to abate per cent, [and, in time of
whole dependance for them was upon another nation fhould : War, they add, warranted to depart with convoy.]
we not avoid, if poflible, the granting fuch contrail to the In witnefs whereof we the afturers have fubferibed our
fubjedts in general of fuch nation, left, while they were exer- names and fums. Aftured in London the
cifing that contract, they fhould ruin the whole trade of
1. 1 oo I G. H, for one hundred pounds per me
England to her own plantations ?
received.
Was this the cafe, can we fuppofe that fuch nation would
1. 200 E. K, for two hundred pounds,
not be thoroughly fenfible of this new acquifition of commerce ditto.

to their country, and that it was leflening that of Great-Britain

To which is added to the polices for merchandize at prefent
the following
in the like proportion ? Can we fuppofe that the trading fub-
N. B. Corn and fifh are warranted free from all average, unlefs
jedls in general of fuch nation would befounwifeastogrudge,
general, or the fhip be ftranded. Sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax
or endeavour to deprive their country of, fo valuable an ad-
hides, and fkins, are warranted free from all average under five
dition of trade, becaufe fuch were the peculiar circumftances
pounds per cent, all other goods, the fhip and freight free
thereof, that they could not in general reap the benefit of it?
from all average under three pounds per cent, unlefs General
England's giving fuch a power to any other nation would be
or the fhip be ftranded.
as ruinous and deftructive of her trade, navigation, and re-
venues arifing from her plantations, as it would be to the Spa- * If the infurance be made on a fhip. the words in the policy
niards, was that nation to leave the negro contract free and are Upon the body, tackle, apparel, ordnance, munition,
open to the fubjed'ts in general of any nation who fupplied it. artillery, boat, and other furniture in the good fhip or vef-
ASSIENTIST: thus the French call a perfon who is con- fel, called, &c. And N
added The (hip and B. is
freight are warranted free from average under three pounds
cerned, or has ftock, in an afliento company. See the fore-
per cent, unlefs general, or the ihip be ftranded.
going article.
f Jettifon, jetfon, or jetfan (from the French jetter, i. e.
ASSURANCE, or INSURANCE,
a term in commerce,
ejicer, to caft away) a term fignifying any thing thrown
particularly foreign. It fignifies a fecurity, or afturance,
out of a fhip, being in danger of a wreck, and by the waves
given, in confideration of a fum of money paid, in hand, of drove on fhore.
fo muchper cent, to an infurer, or aflurer, to indemnify the Barratry, or barretry, in a marine fenfe, is when the mafler
infured from fuch Ioftes as fhall be fpecified in the policy of of a fhip defrauds the owners or infurers, whether by car-
afturance, fubferibed by the infurer, or infurers, for that rying the fhip a different courfe to their orders, or by fink-
purpofe. ing her, deferting her, or embezzling the car^o. The
The rate given for fuch infurance is called the premio, or fame applicable to the mariners alfo, when they breed
is

diffenfions,and are guilty of any thing injurious to the fhip

premium.
or cargo, &c. Some derive it from the Latin baratro, a
The policy is commonly printed, and muft be upon ftamped rogue, a gallows others from the Italian barrataria, cor-
:
paper.
ruption, or bribery ; and others from the old French word
The form thereof is generally as follows barat, a trick.

In the name of God, Amen, A. B. of London, This is the form when the afturance is made by a number
of
as well in his own name, as for and in the name and names private or unincorporated underwriters, who rcfort to private
of all and every other perfon or perfons, to whom the fame offices for that purpofe and thefe policies are duly entered, or
;

doth, may, or (hall appertain, in part or in all, doth make regiflered, in thefe offices, as remaining teftimonies and vouch-
afturance, and caufeth himfelf, and them, and every of them, ers of fuch tranfaction.
to be infured, loft or not loft, from St. Peterfburg in Ruftia, There are, befides thefe private offices, two corporations efta-
to London, blifhed by act of parliament in thecity of London, forthis pur-
pofe.
The one called the Royal Exchange Aflurance, and
upon any kind of goods and merchandizes whatfoever, the other the London Afturance; the nature and caufe of
loaden, or to be loaden, aboard the good fhip called the whofe inftitution I fhall give an account of prefently.
William and Mary burden In the 43d of Elizabeth it was lawful for the lord chancellor
tons, or thereabouts, whereof is maftcr, under God, for this to award under the great feal one ftanding commiffion, to be
prefent voyage, CD,
or whoever elfe fhall go for mafter in renewed yearly at leaft, for the decifion of differences arifing
the faid (hip, or by whatfoever other name, or names, the upon policies of aflurance in London ; which commiffion Was
fame fhip, or the mafler thereof is, or (hall be, named, or directed to the judge of the admiralty, the recorder of Lon-
railed ; beginning the adventure upon the faid goods and mcr- don, two doilors of the civil law, two common lawyers, and
eight

ASS
eight merchants which commiffioners were to meet weekly,
; ftock, and fhall be admitted
and have power to fumnioh and examine witneffts, and
to
hear and determine all caufes in a luminary way, fubjedt to
appeal to the lord Chancellor, &c. And, in the 13th and
14th of Charles II. feveral additional privileges were granted
to this court, which was a court of equity as well as of law ;
but, at prefent, there is no fuch court in being, and caufes of
this nature are tried in the ordinary courts of law.
The Origin of the London and the Royal Exchange
Aflurance Companies, for Shipping and Merchandizes.
In the year 1720, the two companies of aflurance, that of
the Royal Aflurance, headed by the Lord Onflow, and that
of the London Aflurance by the Lord Chetwyn J, iirft had
their eftablifhment.
Thofe who projedtcd them, had been very induftrious to be-
fpeak the countenance of the Houfc of Commons, for which
they had caufed two letters to be pr.nted and given to the
members. But, thefe and all other folicitations having
ineffectual, the managers for the
proved
recourfe to other expedients ; and, underftanding that the
civil lift was confiderably in arrears (for which no provision
had been, or could conveniently be made by the parliament,
becaufe the grand committee of fupply had been inadvertently
difmiffed) they offered to the miniftry 600, OOO I. towards
the diicharge of that debt, in cafe they might obtain the
king's charter, with the parliamentary fanction for the efta-
blifhment of their refpective companies.
The miniftry, being at a lofs for means to pay the civil lift
debt, readily embraccJ the offer, and Mr. Craggs having
the day before prepared the leading members of the Houfe of
May
Commons, Mr. Aiflabie prefented,
houfe, the following meflage :
His majefty having received feveral petitions fiom great
* numbers of the molt eminent merchants of the city of
London, humbly praying that he would be gracioufly
pleafed to grant them letters patent, for erecYmg corpoia-
tions to afi'ure (hips and merchandize ; and the laid mer-
* chants having offered to advance and pay a confiderable
lum of money for his majefly's ufc, in cafe they may ob-
" tain letters patents accordingly his majefty being of opi-
:
nion, that eredting two fuch corporations, exclufive only
of all other corporations and focieties for alluring cf fhips
and merchandizes, urnler proper reftricfions and rcgula-
tions, may be of great advantage and fecurity to the trade
* and commerce of the kingdom, is willing and defirous to
be ftrengthened by the advice and affiftance of this houfe,
in matters of this nature and importance. He therefore
hopes for their ready concurrence, to fecure and confirm
* the privileges his majefty (hall grant to fuch corporations,
* and to enable him to diicharge the debts of his civil go-
vernment, without burdening his people with any new aid
or fupply.'
Purfuant to the meffage, a bill was brought in to enable his
majefty to grant letters of incorporation to the two compa-
nies, which paffed both houfes, and received the royal afient.
The Origin of the two Assurance Companies
ESTABLISHED IN THE ClTY OF LoNDuN.
By 6 Geo. I. c. 18. His majefty was impowercd to grant two
charters for aflurance of fhips and merchandize, &c. and to
incorporate the adventurers, in confideration of the before-
mentioned fum of money, by them to be advanced.
ftatute runs :
Seh 1. It fhall be lawful for his majefty, by two charters, to
grant fuch perfons, who fhall be named therein, and ad-
mitted as members into the faid corporations, fhall be each a
feparate body politic and corporate, for the aflurance of fhips
and merchandizes at fea, or going to fea, or for lending mo-
ney upon bottomry. And the faid corporation fhall have
power to chule their governors,, directors, and other officers;
and the governors and directors fhall continue in their office
for three years and, in cafe of death or removal, be fupplied
;
as fhall be prefcribed in the charters; and each of the fad
corporations fhall be capable by law to purchafe lands, not
exceeding locol. per ann.
Sect. 4. Each of the two corporations fhall be obliged to
caufe fuch ftock of ready money to be provided, as fhall be
iufficient to anfwer all jull demands for loffes,
ali fuch demands ; and, in cafe of refufal or neglect, the par-
ties a flu red may bring adiion of debt, Sec. in anv of his
majefty's courts of record at Weftminfter, in which the
may" declare," that the fame corporation iVindebted
"piaintiffs
to them in the monies demanded, and have not paid the fame
according to this ad.
Sea. 6. The corporations, in general courts,
capital ftocks, either by taking fubferiptions of particular
perfons, or by calls of money from their members, or by
fuch other ways, as to fuch general courts fhall feem expe
dient; and all fubtcribers fhall have a fhare in the capital
Vol. I.
:
ASS
members, but no perfon fhatt
be intitled to any greater fhare in the ftock, than the moaef
which thev fhall have paid.
Sedt. 7. The corporation fhall have power, in their general
courts, to call in from their members any farther (urns as
fhall be adjudged neceffary ; and in cafe any member fhall
icfufe to pay his (hare at the times appointed,
by notice in
the Gazette, and upon the Royal Exchange, the corpora-
tion may not only flop the dividends payable to fuch
member,
but alio Hop the transfers of the fhares of fuch defaulter, and
charge him with intereft at 8 per cent, per ann. and, if the
principal and intereft fhall be unpaid three Months, the cor-
porations, or their courts of diiedtors, may authorize
per-
fons to fell fo much of the ftock of fuch defaulter, as
will fa-
tisfy the fame; and the money fo called in
fhall be deemed
capital ftock. Neverthelefs, the corporations in a general
court may caufe any fums called in to be divided amongffc
the then members, and the fhares in the capital fhall
be pro-
portionabiy abated.
Sedt. 8.For enabling the corporation to lend money on par-
two companies had liamentary (canities, they fhall have power to borrow mo-
ney upon bonds, under their common feal, at fuch intereft,
for any time not lefs than fix months, as they fhall think
fit,
fo as the principal fhallnot exceed the principal monies then
owing to them on fuch parliamentaiy
fecurities ; and fuch
bonds fhaJl not be chargeable with (lamp duties.
Sect. 9. The fhares in the capital ftock fhall be transferrabic
and devifable ; and their bonds fhall be affignable and reco-
verable, as his majefty by the charters fhall prefcribe; and the
capital ftock fh.ill be adjudged a perfonal, and not a real
eftate, and go to the executors, and not to the heir.
fhall
Seel. 10. The
ftock fhall be exempted from taxes, and no
governor, dircaor, or other Officer of the corporation, fhall
the 4th, to the
for that caufe be difabled from being a member of parlia-
ment, nor refped of fuch (hare be liable to be a bankrupt
;
and no ftock in the corporation (hall be fubject to foreign
attachment by the cuftom of London, or otherwife.
Sect. 1 1 His majefty, by the faid charters, may grant to each
.
of the corporations power to make by laws, and fuch far-
ther powers relating to the aflurance of fhips, &c. or lending
money upon bottomry, as to him fhall fcem meet.
Sect. 12. All other corporations, and all partnerfhips for af-
furing fhips or merchandizes at fea, or for lending money
upon bottomry, fhall b? rcftrained from underwriting any
policies, or making any contracts for aflurance of fhips or
merchandizes at fea, or going to fea, and from lending mo-
ney by way of bottomry ; and if any corporation, or perfons
adting in Inch partnerfhip (other than one of the two corpo-
rations to be eftablifhed) (hall underwrite any fuch policy,
or make fuch contract for aflurance of fhips, &c. or aree to
take any premium for fuch policies, every fuch policy fhall
be void, and every fum fo underwritten fhall be forfeited,
and may be recovered ; one moiety to the ufe of the crown,
the other to the perfon who (hail fue for the fame in any court
of record at Weftminfter. And if any corporation, or per-
fons adting in fuch partnerfliip, agree to lend money by way
of bottomry contrary to this act, the fecurity fhall be void,
and fuch agreement fhall be adjudged an ufurious contract
neverthelefs, any particular perfon fhall be at liberty to under-
write policies, or may lend money by way of bottomry, fo as
the fame be not on the account or rifque of a corporation,
or of perfons adting in partnerfhip.
Sect. 13. If any perfon fhall forge the common feal of either
of the corporations, or counterfeit or alter any policy orobli-
gation under the common feal, or (hall offer to difpofe of, or
The
pay away, any fuch counterfeited or altered policy, &c.
knowing the fame to be fuch, or fhall demand the money
therein contained of either of the corporations, knowing fuch
policy, &c. to be counterfeited, Sic. with intent to defraud
the corporation, or any other perfon, fuch offender being
convicted, fhall be guilty of felony without benefit of clergy.
Sedt. 14. No perfon fhall be capable of being elected <*over-
nor, fub-governor, deputy-governor, or director, of either
of the laid corporations, during the time he fhall be gover-
nor, &c. of the other corporation ; and, if any governor,
&c. or member of either of the faid corporations, having
any fhare in the capital ftock of that corporation, fhall in his
own name, or in the name of any other, purchafe any fhare
in the ftock of the other corporation, the fhare fo purchafed
fhall be forfeited ; one moiety to the ufe of his majefty, the
other to the profecutor, to be recovered as before-mentioned,
and fhall fatisfy
Seft. 15. Upon three years notice to be printed in the Ga-
zette, and affixed upon the Royal Exchange, by authority of
parliament, at any time within 31 years, to be reckoned
fro the d;Ues the two charte rs, and upon payment by
I
f
parliament t0 the cor Prat.ons of the fums of 300,000!.
which the corporations were to pay to his majefty without
intereft, the corporations fhall ceafe ; and any vote of the'
may raife fuch
Houfe of Commons, fignified by the Speaker in writing, to
be infeited in the Gazette, and affixed on the Royal Ex-
change, fhall be deemed fufficient notice.
Sea. 16. If, after the expiration of 31 years, his majefty
fhall judge the farther continuance of the faid corporations
Kk to
 ASS ASS
jtbbe hurtful to the public, it be lawful, by letters pa-
(hall ranfom muft be paid, he may advance a premium accordingly
tents under the great feal, to make
void the fame corpora-
1

upon a policy of affurance; and, if there be a caption, the

tions ; that the fame (hall become void accordingly without affurer muft anfwer the ranfom, that is fecured to be paid on
any inquifition, Icire facias, &c. the policy.
Seel 17. In cafe the corporations (hall be redeemed within Remarks.
31 years, or be revoked by letters patents after 31 years, the Here follow fome obfervations in regard to affurances on
fame corporations, or any corporation with like powers, &c. fhippingand merchandizes, and fome of the principal cafes
fhall not be grantable again.
relating thereto, as they have been adjudged in our courts
Seel. 26. be lawful for the South-Sea company, and
It (hall
of law.
for the Eaft-India company, to lend on the bottom of any
fhip, and on the goods on board any fhip, in the fervice of
If the perfon whofe name is ufed in the affurance, be in time
the faid companies refpecYively, to any captains, or other
of war taken to be no friend to the (Tate, there is danger to
perfons employed in the fervice of the companies, any mo- pay the affurance, if after the fubfeription of the affurer, the
ney by way of bottomry, this al notwithstanding. goods fhould be arrefted and made forfeited, to anfwer the
Seel. 29. If any governor, or member of either of the cor-
fame to the prince, as it often happens *. Lex Mercat. by
porations, (hall, on account of the faid corporations, lend to
Malines, and Molloy de jure marit.
his majefty money by way of loan, or anticipation on any
p rtof tue revenues, other than fuch funds on which a credit * If this be law, how does it confift with the infurance of
of"loan (hill be granted by parliament, the faid governor, the (hipping and merchandize of enemies in times of war?
&c. or other member confenting to fuch loan, being con-
victed thereof, {hall forfeit treble the value of the fums fo If goods are ftolen or embezzled on fhipboard, the mafter,
lent ; one fifth part to the informer, to be recovered in any not the aflurer, is refponfible. So if the goods be loft in de-
court of record at Weftminfter, by aclion of debt, &c. and fault of the pilot f. Lex Mercat. Malines.
the refidue to be difpofed of to public uies, as fhall be direct-
f
Here we fee, that an indemnification from theft, in the
ed by parliament.
policy, is liable to exception,
S au 7 Geo. I. cap. 27. fef. 26. The corporation, called
the London Affurance, having paid into the Exchequer
Thofe affurances are moil dangerous, when there are thefe
111,2501. in part of 300000I. and having covenanted to words inferted, or not loft ; which is commonly done,
loft
pay 38,7 = 01 the farther part thereof in three months, and
when a fhip hath been long miffing, and no tidings can be
th corporation, called the Royal Exchange Afiurance, hav-
had ; the premio (efpecially in time of war) will run very
ing done the like, the refidue of the faid fums, amounting
high, fometimes 30 or 40 per cent, and though it happens,
together to 300,0001. fhall be releafed.
at the time that the fubfeription is made, the fhip is call
By flat. 8 Geo. I. cap. 15. feci. 25. Where the Royal Ex- away, yet the affurers muft anfwer.
change Affurance and the London AfTurances are fubjecled to
But, if the party that caufed the affurance to be made, faw
pay double damages befides cofts, the plaintiffs fhall recover
the fhip wrecked, or had certain intelligence thereof, fuch
againft them only fingle damages and cofts.
(ubfeription will not oblige, the fame being accounted a
By ftat. 1 Geo. I. cap. 30. fed. 43. On all aclions of debt
1
mere fraud J. Locinius, lib. 2. cap. 5. 9, 10.
againft either of the corporations, called the Royal Exchange
Affurance and the London Affurance, upon any policies under J This (hews, that infurers ought to cad about for the beft
the common feal, for the affuring of any fhip or merchan- intelligence.
dizes at fea, or going to fea, it fhall be lawful for the faid
corporations to plead generally, that they owe nothing to So likewife if the affured, having a rotten-veffel, fhall affure
the plaintiff; and in all aclions of covenant againft either of upon the fame more than (he is worth, and afterwards give
the faid corporations upon any policy under the common order that, going out of the port, fhe fhould be funk or
feal, for the affuring any fhip or merchandizes at fea, or going wrecked, this will be fraudulent, and not oblige the affurers
to fea, itfhall be lawful for each of the corporations to plead
to anfwer. Arthur Stockden's cafe. Mich. 26 Car. II. in
generally, that they have not broke the covenant in fuch po- B. R. Afterwards convicted by information for the fraud.
licy contained ; and, if thereupon iffue be joined, it fhall be One having a doubtful account of his (hip that was at fea,
lawful for the jury to give fuch part only of the fum demand- viz. that a fhip, defcribed like his, was taken, infired her^
ed, if it be an aclion of debt, or {o much in damage, if it be without giving any information to the infurers of what he had
an aclion of covenant, as it fhall appear upon the evidence, heard, either as to the hazard, or circumftances, which might
that the plaintiff ought in juftice to have. induce him to believe that his fhip was in great danger, if
Seel. 44.. When any veffel or merchandizes fhall be infured, not aclually loft.
a policy duly ftamped fhall be iffued or made out, within three The infurers bring a bill for an injuncYion, and to be re-
lieved againft the infurance as fraudulent.
days ; and the infurer, neglecling to make out fuch
at fartheft
policy, fhall forfeit 100 1. to be recovered and divided as Lord chancellor declared, That the infured had not dealt
other penalties may be, by the laws relating to the (lamp fairly with the infurers in this cafe ; he ought to have dif-

duties ; and all promiffory notes for affurances of fhips or clofed to them what intelligence he had of the (hip's being

merchandizes at fea, or going to fea, are declared void. in danger,and which might induce him, at leaft, to fear
The policies of affurance are now a-days fo general, that al- that it though he had no certain account of it, for,
was loft,

moft all thofe curious queftions that former ages, and the ci- if this had been difcovered, iris impoffibleto think, that the

vilians according to the marine law, and the common lawyers infurers would have infured the fhip at (0 final a premium, 1

too, have controverted, are now out of debate fcarce any fo that the concealing of this intelligence is a fraud.
;

misfortune that can happen, or provifion to be made, but the
fame is taken care for in the policies that are ufed at prefent;
for they infure againft heaven and earth, ftorms, enemies,
pirates, rovers, &c. or whatfoever detriment fhall happen, or
come to the thing infured, is provided for.
Affurances are of various forts, fome being to places certain,
Wherefore decreed the policy be delivered up with cofts, but
the premium to be paid back, and allowed out of the cofts.
This was in the cafe of Da Cofta verfus Scanderet. The
fame point was determined by Lord Macclesfield in the fol-
lowing term, in the cafe of Weaver verfus Fowler. 2 P. Wil-
liams, 170.

others general : thofe that are made to places certain, are In the year 1678, one Newnham, Perkins, and Stoakes were
commonly upon goods laden, or to be laden abroad out- owners of a called the May-flower-ketch, the veilel
veffel

ward, and until the fame adventure fhall be laid afhote at
fuch a port.
Or upon goods laden, or to be laden, homeward, in fuch a
fhip, till the adventure fhall likewife be landed.
Or elfe upon goods out and in, with liberty to touch at all
coming laden with wines, on the account of Ficrbraffe and
Stone, to the Ifle of Wight ; Perkins, being then in the fame
place, contrives with one Ivy, the mafter, to fell the freight-
ers goods privately ; and, that being efTecled, to go out to
fea fome fmall diftance from the ifle, and there privately finlc

ports as are mentioned in the policy. the veffel, and pretend fhe (Truck, and then foundered by the
So likewife on fhips that go trading voyages, as round to extremity of weather. The plot being laid, Perkinshaftens
Cadiz, and that it fhall be lawful, after the (hip's delivery of up to London, and makes a policy of affurance on the vel-
the goods there, to take in at the fame port another cargo, fel ; which being done, he remits his orders to Ivy, to put in

and with that proceed to the Weft-Indies, or other ports, and execution his contrivance, who accordingly did and, the ;

back again to Cadiz, and from thence to London; this po- goods, or the beft of them, being difpofed of, (lands out to
licy, being general and dangerous, feldom procures fub- fea, and then with his own hands, by the force of an iron

fcriptions, or at lcaft very chargeable ones. crow, makes a hole in the hold, and then in his long boat,
As goods and merchandizes are commonly infured, fo like- (the crew perceiving the veffel to be finking) conveys himfe'f
wife are the fhips, their tackle and furniture but, in regard :
and mariners ; Ivy remits up advice of the lofs, and
aftiore

there feldom happens a voyage but fomewhat is miffing or Perkins, (as he had never known any thing of the matter)
if

loft, the premium commonly runs higher than for mer- demands the monies affured, and thereupon biings an aclion
chandize. for the fame; but, before the caufe came to a trial, Fier-

Affurances may be made on goods fent by land, fo likewife braffe and Stone brin<i trover againft Perkins, and thereupon
on hoys and the like, and may be made on the heads of the whole praclice came our, and a verdicl was had againft
men ; as if a man is going for the Streights, and perhaps is the defendant, with this further, That, if Perkins would
in fome fear that he may be taken by the Moors or Turkifh proceed on his aclion on the affurance, he muft expecl thac
pirates, and made a (lave, (or the redemption of whom a this praclice and fraud of his would tota'ly poifon his af-
fo
furance j
 ASS ASS
furance; and thereupon, being well advifed, never proceed- fern,and you may infure at 6 or 7 per cent, for the voyage :
Hill. 32 Car. Ii. B. R. fo, this practice might be allowed, a man might be fure to
if
ed.
gain 30, or more, per cent. Per cur. Decree the policy of
Thomas Knight, Efq; againft Richard Cambridge. infurance, to be delivered up, to be cancelled.
Note, that, in this cafe, notice was taken in the policy, that

Cambridge, an infurer, brought a writ of error upon a judg- it was to infure money on bottomry.

ment given ag unit him in the Common Pleas, in an action Note alfo, that, in this cafe, the fhip furvived the time limited
brought by rh plaintiff upon a policy of infurance of the in the bottomry bond, and was loft within the time limited

{hip Riga Merchant, at and from Port Mahon to London. in the policy. So, if infurance good, the defendant might
And ferjeanc Brandthwaite for the plaintiff in error infilled, be intitted to the money on the bond, and alfo on the policy.
that the judgment was erroneous, becaufe the breach whs ill 2 Vein. 269, 270.
afligii' d becaufe the policy was, that the defendant Cam-
.

bri'V c Ihouhl infure th - faid fhip, amongother things, againft The cafe of Le Pypre againft Farr, on a policy of infurance

the barretry of the mafter, and all other dangers, damages, on goods by agreement valued at 600 1. and the infured
and misfortunes which fti >uld happen to the prejudice and not to be obliged to prove any intereft.
damage of the (aid fhip ; and the breach affigned was, th it
the (hip in the faid voyage, per fraudem et negligentiani ma- Lord chancellor ordered the defendant to difcover what goods
giftri navis prsedidae depreffa et (ubmerla fuit, et totaliter per-
he put on board for, although the defendant offered to re-
;

dita et amiffa fuit, et nullius valoris devenit.

nounce all intereft to the insurers, yet he referred it to a
This he infifted was not within the word, the meaning of the mafter to examine the value of the goods faved, and to de-
word barretry but the breach fhould have been expreffed, duct it out of the value, or fum, of 600 1. at which the goods
;

that the (hip was loft by the barretry of the mafter. Befides, were valued by the agiecincnt. 2 Vern. 7 16.

the owner of the goods has a remedy againft the owners of

the fhip, for any prejudice he receives by the fraud, or neglect
Harman againft Vanhatton.

of the mafter; and therefore there is the lefs reafon the in-
The defendant lent the plaintiff 250 1. on a bottomry bond,
fu-er fhould be liable, Befides, if the word barretry fhould
and afterwards infured on the fame lhip but the infurance
;
import fraud, yet does not import neglect ; and the fact
it
was larger, as to the voyage, there being liberty t<> go to
here alledgcd is, that the (hip was loft by the fraud and ne-
other ports and places, than what were contained in the con-
glect of the mafter. But the court was unanimoully of opi-
dition of the bottomry bond. The fhip being loft, the de-
nion, that there was no occafion to aver the fact in the very
fendant recovered the money on the policy of infurance, and
Words of the policy, but, if the fart alledgcd came within the
alfo put the bottomry bond in iuit the fhip, though loft
meaning of the words in the policy, it is fuflkient. Now bar- :

had deviated from the voyage mentioned in the bond, in

ren y imports fraud, Du Frefne Gloffar. verbo baratria fraus,
going to Virgin Gardo to buy fait.
dolus. And he that commits afiaud, may properly be faid to
The plaintiff brought his bill, pretending the defendant ought
be guilty of a neglect, viz.. of his duty. Barretry of a mafter
not to have a double fatisfaction to recover both on the infu-
is not to be confined to the mailer's running away with the
rance, and alfo on the bond, he having infured only in refpect
fhip and the general woids in the policy ought to be con-
of the money he had lent on bottomrv, and had no other in-
;

ftrued to extend to loffes ot the like nature as thofe mention-

tereft in the (hip or cargo; and therefore the plaintiff would
ed before now lodes ariling Irom the fraud of the mafter are
:
have had the benefit of the affurance, paying the premium,
of the fame nature, as if he had run away with the (hip,
Sed non allocatur. So that, if one lends money on a bot-
fuppofinu barretry, was to be confined to that, which it is
tomrv bond, and afterwards infures on the fame fhip, and the
not, becaufe ii import', any fraud. And judgment was af-
fhip is loft, he fhall have both the benefit of the infurance,
firmed, A, ril 77, 1724. ord Raymond 1349.
' So that, if
and the money due on the bond too.
the affurance is againft the barretry of the mafter, and the
The defendant having paid the premium, was intitled to the
breach afligned is, that the fhip was loft bv the fraud and
benefit of the policy, and run the rifquc, whether the fhip was,
neglect of the mnfter, this is proper ; is the meaning of the
i'.

loft or not; and the infurers might as well pretend to have aid
words of the policy, and it is not neccfiary to ufe the very
of the bottomry bond, and to difcount the money recovered
words. See the article Barretry.
thereon, as the plaintiff to have the money recovered on the
policy, to eafe the bottomry bond. So that paying the pre-
Green verfus Young.
mium intitles the party to the benefit of the infurance.

In evidence upon the trial in an action upon a policy of in- The plaintiff" alio charged, that the defendant haJ promifed

furance, the cafe appeared to be, That the infurers agreed and agreed to deliver up the bond, on the pl.iintiff s making
to in. ure the fhip from her arrival at in Jamaica, up the money recovered on the policy, as much as he lent on
during her voyage to London ; and an embargo was laid upon the bond, with interelts and cofts, and proved fuch offer and
the fhip by the government ; and afterwards they feized the promife. Sed non allocatur. It was but nudum pactum, a

(hip, and converted it into a fire fhip, and offered to pay the voluntary offer, and on condition that the money was then
owner?. And the queftion was, if this would excufe the in- paid, and it was not complied with. So that an offer to de-
furers ? and Holt, chief jufiice, feemed to incline, that it liver up a bond upon terms not complied with is not binding,

would riot, and that it was within the word>, detention of and, if made without confideration, is nudum pactum.
prince;, &c. but he gave no abfolute opinion, becaufe the 2 Vern. 717, 718.
caufe was refeirtd to three foremen of the jury. In the fame If a merchant infures fuch a fhip generally, and in the policy
cafe he faid, that if a policy of affurance be made to begin it is expreffed of fuch a burthen, the fhip happens then to be

from the departuie of the fhip from England, until, &c. and laden, and after mifcarries, the infurer fhall not anfwer for
after the departure damage happens, &c. and then the fhip the goods, but only for the fhip. Locinius, lib. ii. cap. 5.
I

deviates; though the policy is dilcharged fiom the time of 7, 9, 10.

the dtviation, yet, for the damages fuftained before the de- It matters not in the policy, whether the particular wares
viation, the infurers fhall make fatisfaction to the infured. and goods are named, but generally the principal wares, and
Lord Raymond 840. So that, if the government lay an em- all other commodities laden or to be laden, for the infured,

bargo upon a fhip, and afterwards feize her, and convert her or for his account, or for any other.
into a fire fhip, the infurers are liable. If a fhip be infured from the port of London to Cadiz, and,
A policy againft reftraint of princes will not extend to prac- before the fhip breaks ground, takes fire, and is burned, the
tices againft ihe laws of countries, to a feizure for not pay- affurers in fuch cafe fhall not anfwer, for the adventure begins

ing cuftom, and the like. 2 Vern. 176. not till the fhip is gone from the port of London ; but, if
the words had been, At, and from the port of London, there
Goddard verfus Garrett. they would upon fuch a misfortune have been made liable.

The defendant had lent money on a bottomry bond, but had Mol. de Jure Marit. ~
If fuch an affurance had been from London to Cadiz, and the
no intereft in the fhip or cargo ; the money lent was 300 1.
fhip had broke ground, and afterwards been driven by ftorm
and he infured 450 I. on the fhip ; the plaintiff's bill was to
to the port * of London, and there had took fire, the infurers
have the policy deliveied up, by reafon the defendant was not
concerned in point of intereft, as to the fhip or cargo. Cur. muft have anfwered ; for the very breaking of ground front
Take it that the law is fettled, that, if a man has no intereft, the port of London was an exception of the voyage. Mol.
and infures, the infurance is void, although it be expreffed de Jure Marit.
in the policy, interefted or not interefted ; and the reafon the * The port of London extends from the North Foreland iri the
law goes upon is, that thefe infurances are made for the en- ifleof Thanet, over in a line to the Nafe in Effex, and from
couragement of trade, and not that perfons unconcerned in thence to London Bridge.
trade, nor interefted in the fhip, fhould profit by it ; and,
where one would have benefit of the infurance, he muft re- On the other hand, if a man at Cadiz infures a fhip from
nounce all intereft in the fhip. And the reafon why the law thence to London, if a lofs happens, the affurer, if he comes
allows that a man, having fome intereft in the fhip or cargo, into England, fhall anfwer by the common law ; for though
may infure more, or five times as much, is, that a merchant the place where the fubfeription was made, and the premium
cannot tell how much, or how little, his factor may have in given, was in a foreign country, yet that is not material ; tor
readinefs to lade on board his fhip. And it was faid, that the the action that is brought, isgrounded on thepiomife, which
ufual intereft allowed on bottomry was 3 1, per cent, per men- is tranfuory, and not local j and fo it was adjudged, where
o the
 ASS
the defendant, in confideration of 10 1. had infured, that, if
the plaintiff's {hip and goods did not come fafe to London, he
would pay ioo 1. afterwards the (hip was robbed on the fea ;
and in an action brought for the ioo 1. the plaintiff" had judg-
ment, notwithstanding the robbery, or lofs, was on the main
fea, and the fubfcription out of the realm. Mol.
If, after a policy of affurance, a damage happens, and after-
wards in the fame voyage a deviation, yet the infured fhall
recover for what happened before the deviation, for the policy
is difcharged from the time of the deviation only. Salic. 444.
Straache cited in Shower, 325.
If goods are infured in fuch a fhip, and afterwards in the voy-
age it happens (he becomes leaky and crazy, and the fuper-
cargo and mafter, by confent, become freighters of another
veffel for the fafe delivery of the goods ; and then, after her
relading, the fecond veffel mifcarries* ; the affurers are dif-
charged : but, if there be thefe words, The goods laden to be
tranlported and delivered at fuch a place by the faid fhip, or
by any other fhip, or veficl, until they be fafely landed, then
the infurers muft anfwer the misfortune.
* This has been much doubted, and opinions of the court have
generally inclined againit the infurers. Leg. ult. ad Rhod. ,
Digeft. Paulus, Jib. xiv. tit. 2. 10.
If a man infures 5000I. worth of goods, and hehath but 2000I.
remitted ; now, he having infured a real adventure, by the law
marine all the afTurers muft anfwer pro rata, if a lofs. But, by
the opinion of fome only, thofe firftfubfcribers,who underwrit
fomuch as the real adventure amounted to, are to be made
liable, and the reft remitting their premium (10s. percent,
deducted out of the fame for their fubfcriptions) are to be dif-
charged f. Vide Grot. Introd. Jur. Ho'.l. 212, 213.
more
f This is the cuilom of merchants than law.
Debts upon obligation with condition to pay fo much money,
if a (hip returned within fix months from Oftend in Flan-
ders to London, (which was more by a third part than the
legal intereft of the money) and, if fhe does not return, then
the obligation to be void. The defendant pleaded that there
was a corrupt agreement between him and the plaintiff, and
that, at the time of making the obligation, that he fhould
have no more for intereft than the law permits, in cafe the
fhip fhould ever return and avers that the bond was entered
;
into by covin, to avpid the ftatute of ufury. Per Hale,
Clearly this bond is not within the ftatute, for this is the
common way of affurance; and, if this were void by the
ftatute of ufury, trade would be deftroyed, for it is a cafualty
whether ever fuch a fhip (hall return or not ; but he agreed
the averment was well taken, becaufe it difclofed the manner
of the agreement. Hardres, 418. Joy againft Kent.
Action upon the cafe, upon the policy of affurance of goods
from London to Naples ; the adventure was to begin in time
of the lading at London (dangers of the fea only excepted)
with this claufe, Warranted to depart with convoy ; the fhip
departed with convoy, but was feparated from the convoy by
ftrefs of weather, and put into Toibay, and was there detained
by co.itrary winds ; afterwards the mafter of the fhip, ex-
pecting to meet with convoy, departed out of the harbour,
but could not meet the convoy, being hindered by ftrefs of
weather, and was taken by the French. 1 Show. 320.
4
Mod. 58. 3 Lev. 320. Salk. 443. Judgment pro Quer.
Cafe upon a policy, which was to infure the William galley,
in a voyage from Bremen to the port of London, warranted to
depart with convoy. The galley fet fail from Bremen, under
convoy of a Dutch man of war, to the Fib, where they were
joined by two other Dutch men of war, and feveral Dutch
and Englifh merchant- fhips, whence they failed to theTexel,
where they found a fquadron of Englifh men of war, and an
admiral. After a ftay of nine weeks, they fet out from the
Texel, and the galley was feparated in a ftorm,and taken by
a French privateer, taken again by a Dutch privateer, and paid
80I. falvage. And it was ruled by Holt, chief juftice, that the
voyage ought to be according to ufage, and that their going
to the Elb, though in fact out of the way, was no devia-
tion ; for, till after the year 1703, there was no convoy for
flvps directly from Bremen to London. And the plaintiff
had a verdidt. Bond verf. Gonfale, February 14, 1704, coram
Holt, chief juftice, at nifl prius at Guildhall. Salk. 445.
Warranted to depart with convoy, has been refolved to im-
port, by the ufage of merchants, a continuance with that con-
voy as long as may be. Lucas's Reports, 287.
A merchant infures his goods from London to Sallee, and
there to be landed. 1 he factor, after arrival, having oppor-
tunity, fells the cargo aboard the fame fhip, without ever un-
lading her ; and the buyer agrees for the freight of thofe goods
to the port of Venice. Before fhe breaks ground, the fhip
takes fire the affured and buyer are abfolutely without re-
: age, and likewife to touch at Porto Rico, and there to lade
medy ; for the property of the goods becoming changed,
and freight being contracted de novo, the fame was as much
as if the goods had been landed. Locin. 1. ii. c. 5. 9.
* By the laws of Antwerp there is a time allotted, after the (hip
arrive.-, at her port, how long the adventure is to be borne by
the infurers, which is about 15 days. Art. 13.
ASS
And fo it is if the factor, after her arrival, had contracted for
freight to another port, and the fhip had happened to take
fire, the affurers are hereby abfolutely difchar ->cd lor ever.
If a fhip be infured from London to and blank
being left by the lader, to prevent her furprize by the enemy,
in her voyage fhe happens to be caft away though there b^ ;
private inftructions for her port, yet the infured lit down by
the lofs, by reafon of the uncertainty. So if a blank is left in
the policy for the value of the fhip, or lading, if a lofs, and
there be not words that may fupply, the infured may indn-
ger the policy.
The taking of a {hip, that is infured, by pirates, is to be un-
derftood the perils of the fea. Stiles, 132. 2 Roll's Abr. 2^8.
Where goods are redeemed from a pirate, contribution muft
be paid by all, becaufe the redemption is made for the fafety
of all ; but, if the pirate be once mafter of ail, and yet take but
fome fpecial goods, whether from fhip or merchant, and not
as a confideration for (paring the reft, in this cafe, becaufe
the
remainder is not affured thereby, but freely fpared, no
contri-
bution is to be made for the taken goods to charge any
affurer
with any part thereof. So contiibution fhall be made for goods
fpoiled by wet, or other accident: or, if it be needful to lighten
a fhip for her eafier entry into harbour or channel, two parts
of the lofs fall upon the goods, and the third upon the fhip:
unlefs the fhip is more worth than the lading, and the charge
of the goods be not the caufe of her inability to enter, but
fome bad quality proceeding from the fhip itfe'f ; or that
otherwife it be provided in the charter-party. Lex Mencat.
by Malines, p. 109. See the article Average.
* Indebitat. affumpfit pro prtemio; upon a policy of affurance
upon fuch a fhip, the defendant demurred fpecially, becaufe
he did net fhew the confideration certainly what the prae-
miumwas, or how ir became due, fed non allocat', for it is
as good as indebitat. pro quodam falario, which hath beeri
adjudged good. 2 Levinz, 153. Fowlk v. Pinfacho.
* Indebitatus aUumpfit is ufedin declarations and law
proceed-
ings, where one is indebted unto another in any certain Aim
;
and the law creates it : it is alfo an aclion thereupon.
Policy of affurance to warrant a fhip for 12 months; the fhip
did notperifh within the time of 12 months, being accounted
according to the months of January, February, Sec. but with-
in 12 months, reckoning 28 days to the month ; refolved that
the policy was not forfeited. Cited in Sir Woollafton Dixey's
cafe, 1 Leon. 96.
After notice of lofs, the infured, if he thinks fit, for that he
hath infured the moft of his adventure, or that he would have
the affiftance of the infurers, when there is hope of recovery
of the adventure, he may then make a renunciation of the
lading to the infurers, and come in himfelf, in the nature of
an infurer, for fomuch as fhall appear he hath borne of the ad-
venture beyond the value infured. Locinius, 1. 2. c. 5. ^ 8.
But, if the merchant fhall not renounce, yet there is a power
given in the policy for him to travel, purfue, and endeavour
a recovery, if poffible, of the adventure, after a misfortune,
to which the affurers are to contribute ; the fame bein- but
a trouble to give eafe to the affurers.
If prohibited goods are laden aboard, and the merchant infures
upon the general policy, which always contains thefe words :
Of the feas, men of war, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieves,
jettifons, letters of mart and countermart, arrefts, reftrain-
ments, and detainments of kings and princes, and all other
perfons, barretry of the mafter and mariners, and of all other
perils, loffes, and misfortunes whatfoever they be, and how-
foever they fliall happen to come, to the hurt and detriment
of the goods and merchandize, or a,ny part or parcel thereof}
whether, if fuch goods be lawfully feized as prohibited goods,
the infurers ought to anfwer? It is conceived they ou^ht not,
and the difference hath been taken, where the goods are law-
ful, at the time of lading, to be imported into that country
for which they were configned ; but by matter ex poft facto,
after the lading, they become unlawful, and after arrival are
feized, there the affurers muft anfwer, by virtue of the claufe,
And all other perils, &c. But if the goods were, at the time
of lading, unlawful, and the lader knew of the fame, fuch
affurance will not oblige the affurers to anfwer the lofs for ;
the fame is not fuch an aflurance as the law fupports, but is
a fraudulent one. Molloy de Jure Maritim.
A policywas made from Cadiz to Vera Cruz in New Spain,
upon monies lent upon bottomry, and upon any kind of goods
and merchandize whatfoever, laden aboard the good fnip
called the Noftra Signora del Carmen and Mary JVfao-dalen,
the adventure beginning immediately from the ladin^ before
a day to come, and the monies from the time they were to be
lent, and fo to continue from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, and after
delivery, with provifo to ftay at any port or place in her voy-
and unlade, without any prejudice to the affurance, the cargo
being valued at 1 700 1. ftcrling, without account, &c. againlt
feas, men of war,
fires, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieves, jet-
tifons, of mart and countermart, furprifals at fea,
letters
arrefts, rcftraints, and detainments of all kings, princes, and
people, of what nature, condition, orquality whatfoever. The
fhip,
 . 1

ASS ASS
fliip, being laden at Cadiz, did depart toward Vera-Cruz ;

; encoj
by fome, tbaf they ought not ; fo
and, touching at Port i-Rii >, the good-,
bef'ure arrival there, d. livcred the mafter tanquam in credifum,
th ir fait to
and
were there fejzed and arretted. Jn an action brought upon not to expect the redelivery of the fame fpecjfical fait.
the policy, the defendant came in and pleaded, Tint the fliip, B,ut,byor,hei en conceived tbey ought to contribute
at her arrival in her voyage to the port of Rico, wai laden with prorai f neceflity, fome m ved in
goods and merchandizes prohibited, and the fame, and alfo thehold,and that fuch goods feldom efcape the peril of the fea;
the fliip, did there become forfeited, by default of the pro- fo the reft mi Ifity contribute 10 that misfortune^nd
prietors,and m as here feized and taken. The queftion was,
l
fo make no diftin<5tioni See the article Averages.
if the owners fhould in fine, and then order prohibited Thebi ufeful to fettle the differences be-
to be laden, whether that an arreil upon the fame fhould in- fl'urer and the allured, of which there are three
title them to a recovery ? The ferond objection was, If (as ;.
one fertt over fea, the other left with the mafter, and
the defendant had pleaded his plea) the fame was good ? As the lad ig with the latter. See the article Bills of
to the fir ft, the court did all incline, That the infurance ought Lading.
to be bona f:dc, the rcftraint ought to be of fuch goods
i. e.

as by law were not reltrainablc ; but furely that cannot be, R M A R K s. r.

for the intention of policies are to warrant the perils of all For a more comprehenfive view of this fubject, the nature of
manner of goods, in all manner of cafes ; fo that, if there be o her points, which have affinity therewith, muft alfo I

a lading bona fide, be prohibited, or not, the fame, in cafe

it undeiftood fuch as barratries, bottomries, averages, bills of
:

of lofs, ought to be anfwered, unlefs it were a fraudulent con- lading, charter-parties, &c. and, indeed, the fenfe of the
trivance : but to the fecond it was refolved, that the plea was marine law, as well as the eftabl idled cuftoms and ufac
inefficient admitting the fame fhould not oblige the in-
for, traders, as they concern owners, freighters, matters
;
of fhips,
furer, yet, becaule the defendant did not fhew that the goods and mariners, &c. Kor there being frequently fo neccfiary a
were laden either by the infured, or by their factor, or order, dependency and connection between thele points, and fuch an
othcrwife the fame fhould not conclude them ; for, perhaps, involution of circtimltanccs, that the evidence, in regard to
the mafter, or his manner?, or a ftranger, might load them cafes of infurancing, cannot be come at, nor a right judgment
on board, without order ; fo that, upon the mere infufli ,
without taking marry, and fometimes, perhaps,"all of
of the manner of pleading, and not of the matter, the court thefe things into due confederation.
gave judgment for the plaintiff. Houbl.md veil. H i infurai commerce,
Hill. 31, 32 Car. 11. 1>. R. judg. in Pafch. let). 11 fakes th
I
..duals,
ment was given againft Lethieuliier adverf. Houb rs it upon nun. hers : yet thefe numbers are, upon the
32 Car. I:, in B, R. Rot. 168, in the fecond i v, hoh-, gainers by dndett !
;
.i-ig the hazard, although aliccurs.-
But if a merchant will freight out wool, leather *, ai om & d imoum dependant a mera forte & fortuna,
like, or fend out goods in a foreign bottom , and tin n | as Roccus fays, do afTecurationibus.
a policy, the fhip happens afterwards to be taken, hy realon In cafe of a lofs, 'tis cuftomary for the infur *o81.
of which there becomes a forfeiture of (hip ig, the for every tool, infured, or to have 2 percent, abated, when he
infurers are not made fubjedt to anfwer the damage for the ; fettles with the infured, according to agreement in the policy.
very foundation was illegal and fraudulent, and the iaw fup- As the infurer has a ri premium,
ports only thofe allurances that are made bona fide for, if
ment is made, that premium whatever it i
, part of
othc-wife, and men could be infured againft fuch actions, they the money paid, in tale of lots therefore, :

would deftroy trade, which is diredtly to thwait the inltitution

At 10 percent, premium, the infured receives but 881.
and true intent of all policies.
'5 83
* 20
1 2 Car. II. cap. 32. 14 Car. II. cap. 7.
25
f 12 Car. II. cap. 18.
3 68
40 53
But, if goods fhould happen to be lawfully infured, and after- And fo in proportion in the cafe of any other premium.
wards the vcfl'el becomes difabled, by reafon of which they In order to fhew the fum necefTary to be infured, if the adven-
relade, by confent of the fupercargo, or merchant, into ano- turer would cover, or make good his ouifct, or firft adventure,
ther vefTel, and that vefl'el after arrival, proves the fliip of 10 per cent, be the fuppofed
in cafe of a lofs, let premium on
an enemy, by reafon of which the fhip becomes fiibjccT; to an col. adventure.
1 Then,
feizurc; yet, in this cafe, infurers fhall anfwer, for that this As 881. is to iool. fo is iool. to 1. j 13 12 : : 8, the fum
is fuch an accident as is within the intention of the policy.
neceffary to be infured to make good iool.
Ritterfhuf. ad Leg. Contract:. 23. deReg. Jur. cap. 18. p. 236, As 831. is to icol. fo is 10!. to 1. 1 1 : 7 :
3, the amount
237. Stypman diclo loco num. 335. of infurance.
Several men lade aboard fait, without diftinelion, not putting
them in faclcs, and the like. The fhip arrives, the mafter
All which is proved by the following example, viz.
delivers in their principals according to their bills of lading, The fum to be infured .
1. 113 : 12 : 8
as they come one by one.
out that fome of the fait It falls
Deduct: 2 per cent, or reckon 9SI for iool. 2 :
5:5
is wafhed, or loft, by reafon of the dampnefs of the fhip, and The infurer pays, in cafe of a lofs,
that the two laft men cannot receive their proportion. There Deduct infnranccon 1. 1 13 : 1 2 : 8, at 10 percent 11: 7:3
are in this cafe thefe things to be confidered : Remains the fit ft coft of the adventure, 1. too: 0:0
1 Whether the mafter is bound to deliver the exact quantity ?
2. Whether thole that have received this lofs can charge the
And fo as to the rc!t of the articles, or any ot'n.-r adventure) or
premium, on a fnv,!e vow
r.ffurers ? .

According to this example, the fi:; articles of premium before-

3. Whether the niTurcrs can bring in the firft men for a con-
mentioned, will be flirvvu by the fctiawing tabi
tribution, they having their fait delivered to them completely?
Certainly the mafter is not bound to deliver the ex .t quan-
* In thefe tables there is no rc^.i' '

: tc coiaoiifi
tity, or is he obliged to redeliver the very fpecificaj fair, but
charges, interelt of money, cr rill.ee of ir.furers, as tbey
only as men are to repay money,, or cor:>, by diiiindtion, in
often, vary according to circumitnnces for : fi

a bag, or facie, and out of them ; but, if the fault was in infure themfelves, and pay no tShrrniflron c ;

not pumping, keeping dry his deck, and the like, then e con- their factors, and pay them i percent, on the fcrri infured,
tra though, perhaps, there may be a Ipecial agreement. Hill.
: and 1 or 2 per cent, en recovering iofTes.
1 1Jac. in C. B. Lafthow and Tomlinfon's cafe, Hobart, ceives 4s. bd. for the policy, and per cent, frcm the in-
fol. 88. fured upon fettling lolfes ; interelt is feldom ch
Befides, thisis a peril of the fea, which the mafter could not
* . in the cafe of long voyages. Whatever thefe c
happen to be, they may be deducted, upon any
prevent, and of neceility he mail deliver to one firft before
1

tations, together -With the 2 per cent, abated b;

another.
The office-keeper keeps an account with the
As to the fecond, it is no quefiio.fi but the aflurers fhall anfwer; infurer, and, with the confer.: of the infurer, ret;
but whether they fhall bring in the firft men for contribution hands s. in the pound, or 5 per cent, on fueh
i pr
may be fome doubt. as he receives from the infured.

[Sums to be infured] Dedudt the infu-

to make good . v ; :
rance, or pre-
Premiums. P Abate percent,
2 r Remains. Remain;
ico 1. ona rhn- mium, on
,
the
gle voyage. rutn infured.

At 10I. per cent 1. 113:12:8 1. 2 : 5 :

5 1. ; 1 1 : 7 : 1. -11 7 :
3 1. it
3 ;

'5 ! t20 : 9 :
7] 5:8:2 118: 1 : c 18 : 1:5
20 1
128 : 4 : l| 2:11: 3 125 : 12 : IX a : 1 - : ic 10 !

25 36 : iq :
8| 2:14: 9 134: 4: I 1 34: 4:11 1 C

-.0 1 - 1:2 2:18:10 144 : ?. : :

44 :
"2 : -!
ICO
40 1 7 ' : ^ :
3 1 . 3:9:0 1 68 : ro: 3
08 : .9 : 3 100

Vol. I. L I Th.
 1
1 4

ASS ASS
The foregoing computation {hews the amount of infurance So the infurance 40 per cent, as above, )
at

on one Tingle voyage ; in the next place will be (hewn how it to make good, 2,000,000 out > *
or cover,
will ftand with a voyage out and home, or a double voyage, &c. and home, amounts to ----- 1.
3,709,700

The voyage out is coniidered as one fingle voyage, which And, at 30 per cent, to
)
------ 2,153,900
is already explained in the article of io per cent, premium :

and, as to the voyage home, deduct the premium from 98, Difference on 2,000,000 only, out and home 1. 1,555,800
as aforefaid then fay, As the remainder is to the premium,
:
* Infurance at
3
per cent, out, and 5
per cent, home, amounts
fo is the amount of the firft infurance together with tool, to to 1. 8 : 14 to cover iool. oat and home, and
the infurance on the voyage home. This infurance home to cover
1 :

2,000,000 1. out and home.

to 174,0781.

added to the infurance out, makes up the total infurance.

As for inftance; The premium of 10 per cent, on 100 1. And, in like manner, the difference of any other premiums,
outlet, makes the infurance out 1. 11 :7:3s that added to or any other outfet, on a double voyage, may be computed ;
100 1. makes 1.
home
7 3
10 per cent, premium, fay,
m
Then, to find the infurance
: : and, if the computation is made on the greater part of our
at trade, and that ot our enemies, at various premiums, it will
As 881. is to 10, fo is 1. 111 7 3 to 1. 12 13 1. Then : : : : amount to an immenfe fum and thofe nations that pay the ;

add the 12 : 13 1infurance home, to the 1. 1 1 : 7 3 in-

: 1 :
loweft premiums of infurance, can afford their merchandize
furance out, it makes 1. 24 4* total infurance, to make : : cheapen: at foreign markets, which will naturally extend their
good ico 1. out and home; and the fum neceffary to be infured trade, by giving a larger vent.
home will, according to the foregoing example, amount to From hence it plainly appears of what prodigious confequenrc
1. 126 : 10 : u. the proper or improper direction of our naval force is in the

*
article of infurance only, not to mention the national gain
See the following table. by captures, the property, lives, and liberties of multitudes of
his majefty's fubjects thatmay be thereby faved, as well as a
The premium of 40 per cent, which is the higheft premium great (hare of the revenues, befides putting our enemies at the
mentioned, make the infurance out 1.68 19: 3 on icol. :
lame time to the greateft diftrefs.
outfet, and the like premium of 40 per cent, home, makes the Here follows the difference between convoys and no convoys,
infurance home 1. 1 16 10 6, and is demonftrable from the : :
in an inftance of a treble voyage, the rotation being from Eng-

fame principles for, :

land to Africa, from thence to America, and then home.
As 58 1. is to 40 1. fo is 168 19 3 to 1. 1 16 10 6. : : : :
Infurance from England to Afiica may be done, in time of
Then add the infurance out and home, it will make war, at about 7 per cent, with good convoy, and not under
1. 185 9 9f tota l infurance, to make good 100I. in cafe
: : 15 per cent, without convoy j and the voyage may be per-
of a lofs, which is proved from the following example. formed in 40 or 50 days. Infurance from Africa to America
will be about 6 per cent, with fuch convoy, and 18 per cent,
without convoy; and this voyage may be performed in 40 or
f See the following table.
50 days. The
infurance from America to Great-Britain,
with good convoy, will be at about 10 per cent, and, without
As 58 1. is to 100I. fo is 1. 168 : 19
3 to ? :

convoy, at about 25 per cent, and this voyage may be per-

the fum neceffary to be infured home 291 : 6:4
make good 100 1. firft outfet formed in 40 or 60 days.
Deduct 2 per cent, abatement - - - 5 : 16 :
To fhew the amount of infurance at the abovementioned rates,
7
to make good iool. outfet throughout the whole rotation,
The infurer pays in cafe of a lofs,
deduct the feveral premiums from 98, as aforefaid then add
- - 285 :
9 :
9
;

Deduct infurance home on 6 the premium, or premiums, on the firft and fecend voyages,
291
at 40 per cent. -
1.

- -
:

-
:

J
116: 10 : 6 to iool. Then,
For the firft voyage, fay,
168 : 19 3 As 91 1. is to 7I. fo is iool. to 1. 7 : 13 : 10
Deduct alfo infurance out - - 68 : 19 3 83 1. is to 15I. fo is iool. to 1. 18 : 1 : 5

Remains the coft of the firft outfet 100 : :

-
For the fecond voyage.
As 92 1. is 61. fo is 1. 107
to 13 : : 10 to 1. 7 : 0:6
And fo as to any other adventure, or premium, on a double 80 1. is to 18 1. fo is 1. 118 1 : : 5 to 1. 26 : 11 :
4
voyage, as may be feen from the following table, viz.
For the third voyage.

The amount of infurance to make good iool. out and home.

As 88 1. is to 10 1. fo is 1. 114 : 14 : 4 to 1. 13 : 0:8
73 1. is to 25 1. fo is 1. 144 : 12:9 to I.49 : 10 : 8

The amount of the whole, and the difference between good

Premiums out convoys and no convoys, will appear from the following
and the fame Out. Home. Total.
table, viz.
home.
At 10 per cent. 1. 11 : 7 :
3 I.12: 13 : 1 1. 24 :
4 The amount The amount
15 18: 1 5 : 21:6: 9 39: 8: 2 of infurance of infurance Differencein
20 25 12 JO : : 32: 4 :
4 57: 17: 2 with good without con- the infurance
25 34 : 4 = 1
45 19 : :
5 80: 4 =
4 convoy per voy per cent. per cent.
3 44: 2: 4 63 1 1 : : 107: 13 : 1 cent.
7
40 68: 19: 3 116 : 10 : 6 185: 9: 9
From Englandto Af-
13:1c I.18:
rica > 1. 7 : 1:5 Lie: 7: 7

FromAfrica toAme-
By between high and low infurance
this table, the difference nca
7

J
> 7 : : c 26 : 11 : 19 : 10 : 10
will plainly appear, and confequently the advantage the Britifti From America
nation may reap from the fuperiority of her naval force, in Great-Britain
to
-r- j
J
' 3 : :

b 49 : jo : 8 %6 : io :

time of war, by a prudent regulation of convoys and cruizers,
in order to protect our own trade in the firft place, and then Total 1, 27
M : 94 : -i <i
66: 8: s

to annoy the trade of the enemy ; as the one will lower the
infurance on our trade, in proportion to the care that (hall be To find the fum neceffary to be infured to make good, or cover
taken of it ; and the other will raife the infurance on our ene- iool. outfet, on a treble voyage, in the cafe of 25 per cent.
my's trade, in proportion to the force that fliall be properly premium, from America to Great- Britain, and the other pu-
flationed to annoy it. miums without convoy, abovementioned, fay, as
As premiums fhould fall from 20 to
for inftance, fuppofe our As 25I. is to iool. fo is 49 10 8 to 1. 198 2 8 Or^ 1. : : : :
10 per cent, out, and the fame home, by means of regular As 73 1. is to 1 col. fo is
1. 144 12 9 to 1. 198 2 8. : : : ;

and fufficient convoys and cruizers on our part, the difference The fum neceffary to be infured without convoy ; and, by the
in our favour would be 1. 33 16 10 percent, out and home, : : fame rule, 1. 1 30 7 2 will be fufficient with convoy.
: :

which isadiffcrenceof nolefsthan 1,015,2001.0113,000,0001. This will appear from the following example :

only out and home. The fum to be infuied - - - - - - 1. 198 2:8 :

On the other hand, fuppofe fuch premiums fhould advance Deduct 2 per cent, abatement - - - - 3 19 3 : :

upon the enemy from 10 to 15 per cent on a voyage out, and

the fame home, the difference would be 1. 15 7 10 per : : The infured receives, in cafe of a lofs - - 194 : 3:5
cent, out and home and, fuppofe fuch premiums fhould
: Deduct infurance on 1. 198 : 2 : 8, at 25 percent. 49 : 10 : 8
advance from 30 to 40 per cent, the difference would be
77 15
: 10 to make good 100 1. thus infured out and
:
144 : 12 :
9
home. Deduct infurance on the outfet 1. 18 : 1:5
As the infurance paid to make good iool. outfet, at 40 per on the fecond voyage 26 : 1 1 : 4 44 * 12 :
9
cent, picmium out, and 40 per cent, home, is 1. 185 9 9 j : :

and, at 30 per cent. 1. 107 13 1 1. : : Remains the coft of the firft outfet 1. 100 '

And
 ASS ASS
And fo as to any other adventure) or premiums, or any other * ever fo fairly proved, boggle in their payments, and force
4
treble voyage. the infured to be content with Icis than their agreements^
Suppolc the outfet to Africa from Great-Britain to be 320,000!. ' for fear of engaging themfelves in long and chargeable
per aim. to go this treble voyage, or that it may be (b much ' fuits.

upon proper encouragement being given to that trade, the 4

Now, if the parliament would pleafe to take thefe things
abovementioncd difference of infurance of 1. 66 8 5 per
: :
1 into confederation, they may reduce infurance to it's

cent, on that fum amou nts to upwards of 1. 21 2,500 per annum, ' by obliging the infured to bear fuch a pro-
firR intention,
which may be faved by proper convoys in this lingle article of * portionable part of his adventure (the premium included)
infurance on this particular branch of trade, befides what may 4
as to them fhall feem fit and alio the inlurers, when a lols
;

be thereby faved in other branches. * is fully made out, to pay iheir fubferiptiona without abate-

The fecurity of our trade, and, in confequencc thereof, lef- * ment, which wi'l prevent both and, if any differences;

fening our own infurancing, and railing that of our enemies,
are of fucH important concernment to the nation, that it may
not be unacceptable to obferve how, in time of war with
France, a few fhips of war may be employed to anfwer thofe
purpofes.
Suppofe a convoy fhould go from England every four or fix
months, for Africa, America,and then home toGreat-Britain,
bcfidcs the convoys that fhould go at proper times directly to
America.
Such convoy may fee all the trade that are ready to fail to the
fouth weft at a proper diftance, and particularly the trade to
Portugal, as far as their refpectivc ports ; the Sticights trade-
as far as Gibraltar, or Cape St. Vincent ; and then 10 proceed
to Africa, relieve fuch fhips of war as fhall be before Ra-
and
which relieved (hips may proceed with the trade
tioned there ;
from Atnca to America, and relieve fuch fhips of war as fhall
* fhould arife, to direct eafy ways for adjuRirrg them, with-
4
out attending long iflues at law, or being bound up to fuch
' nice rules in their proof, as the affairs of foielgn trade will
4
not admit.
* J know, that by a claufe in a Ratute, made primo Annre,
* the wilful cafting away, burning, vi othetwife deftroying
* a (hip, by any captain, mailer, mariner, or other officer
* belonging to it, is made felony, without benefit of clergy ;
* but that ftatute is fo qualified, that it is difficult to convict
4
the offender, bacaufe the fact muR be done, to the prcju-
* dice of the owner, or owners, or of any merchant or mer-
' chants, that fh.ill load goods thereon, el e he doth not come
* within its penalty ; fo it doth not leach the evil 1 here
' mention, viz. the abominable contrivance of the owners
4
to have their own fliips dcitioyed, in order to make an ad-
4
vantage of their infurances a crime fo black in itfelf, that
;

be beloie Rationed there ; which relieved fhips may convoy 4

it cannot be mentioned without horror.

the trade that fhall be ready to fail from their refpective co- 4
Thefe men, when they frame their dark defigns, will take
lonies for Europe and North America, as far as their refpec- 4
care, for the fecurity of thofe they employ, that none, be-
tive tracts, or latitudes. ' fide themfelves, fhall load eoods on the fhips they intend
The war that may be thus appointed convoys, will
{hips of 4
ihall be thus deflroyed and it cannot be fuppofed that
;

fuch tracts, as will give them frequent opportunities to

fail in * they receive prejudice thereby themfelves, fo the profecu-
annoy the enemy, and gain great advantages to themfelves, as * tion on that ftatute is evaded but, if the infured wcie
:

they may be from four to fix months cruifing on the coalt of * bound to make out their interefls, and to bear a propor-
'

Africa, and as long, or longer, in America.

4
tionable part of the lols themfelves, this would, as it were,
The fhips bound from Africa to our weftcrn ports may ren- 4
naturally prevent fuch fcandalous practices.' Thefe are
dezvous at Plymouth, Falmouth, Cork, or Kingfale. the fenriment. of Air. Cary, who was efleemed a very judi-
The advantage of fuch a rotation ol convoys will be very great, cious and worthy merchant.
with regard to eafing freights and infurances, two fenlible
articles in trade in time of war ; and the markets on all liJcs
Further Remarks.
will be more regularly fupplied. In France, the infured are always obliged to run the rifk of
Freights, by means of frequent and certain convoys, and one tenth part of the value of the effects infured, unlefs there
quick voyages, will be lower at leaft one quarter, as there will is an expiefs ffipulation in the policy, that he means to inlurc

be great favings in feamen's wages, victualling, di muriate,
and the prefei vation of the (hips, by means of quick difpatch.
Since this rotation may, by means of thus exchanging Rations,
be performed in five or fix months, it is apprehended a few
fhips of war over-and-above what are ncctflary to be Ra-
tioned in Africa and America, will anfwer all thefe advan-
tages and, moreover, this will, in a great mcafure, prevent
: of the marine in France, of 1681 *.
the decay of his majefty's fhips, by keeping them too long in
Africa and America.
The practice in queen Anne's war was to let the
the trade to America go out one year, and return home the
next, after being relieved by other convoys, whereby they
ufually remained in America about 14 months; but, of late
years, moft of our fhips of war have remained in America,
and particularly in the Weft-Indies, about three or four years :
wherefore it is fubmitted, whether the firft method, above-
the whole. And, when the infured goes in the vefi'el, or is
the owner thereof, he is obliged to run the rifk of one tenth
part, notwithRanding he has infured the whole. Neither
owners of fhips, nor captains, can infure the freight to be
made by their veflcls ; nor can merchants infure the profit
they expect to make by their merchandizing. Ordonnance
Quere, Whether thefe regulations are not more for the fecurity
ot the infurer, and more to the advantage of a trading nation
convoys to in general, both in time of peace and war, than the cultom
which has been of infuring intereft or r.o intereft.
Nor in Holland do they infure intereft or no intereft.
In 1 741, a bill was brought into parliament, to prevent fome
inconveniencies arifing from infurances of fhips, which was
as follows :

mentioned, is not to be preferred to the laft ? fince his ma- 4

Whereas it has been found by experience, that the making
jefty's fhips will then crofs the weftern ocean oftener, which aflurances, intereft or no intereft, hath been productive of
will afford much Rronger, and more frequent, certain, and many pernicious practices, whereby great numbers of fliips,
regular convoys, and our trade would be much better pro- with their cargoes, have been fraudulently loft and deftroyed;
tected, than it was in the late war with France, and that with and a great encouragement to the exportation of wool, and
the fame number of fhips as was then employed in that the carrying many other prohibited and clandeftine trade-,
fervice, and the fhips would be fitted for the fea with which are thereby fecreted, and the iarties concerned fe- :

more expedition, and at lefs expence, after their arrival in
England.
* The of infurance, fays the ingenious Mr.
firR defign
* Cary f, was encourage the merchants to export more
to
* of our produce and manufactures, when they knew how
* to eafe themfelves in their adventures, and to bear only
' fuch a proportion thereof as they were willing and able to
1
do : but, by the irregular practices of fome men, this firR
* intention has been wholly defeated, who, without any in-
* tereR, have put in early policies, and gotten large fubferip-
* tions oh fhips, only to make advantage by felling them
cured from lofs, as well to the diminution of the public
revenue, as to the great detriment and lofs of the fair trader ;
and by introducing an illegal and mifchievous kind of gaming
or wageiing, under the pretence of alluring the rifk on
{hipping and fair trade, the inftitution and laudable defiga
of making aflurances hath been perverted ; and that which
was intended for the encouragement of trade and navigation,
become hurtful of, and deflructive to, the fame.
For remedy whereof, and for effectually putting a flop to,
-and lor preventing the like unwarrantable practices for the
future Be it enacted*, &c. That all policies, inflrumenty,
:

* toothers; and, therefore, have induftriouily promoted falfe
' reports, and fpread rumours, to the prejudice of the fliips
* and matters, filling mens's minds with doubts, whereby the
4
fair trading merchant, when becomes to infure his intereft,
* either can get no one to underwrite, or at fuch rates, that
* he finds it better to buy the other policies at advance; by
* which means thefe flock-jobbers of afiurance havefrequent-
contracts, or'promifes of aflurance, made from and after
intereflor.no intereR, and policies
valued at the fum aflured, or without further proof of inte-
reft, than the policy, or in any other words or manner, to
that or the fame effect ; or upon fhips, or other veflels or
goods, loaden or to be leaden thereon, not made bona fide
upon intereft ; fhall be, and are hereby declared (void)

* ly, as it were, turned it into a wager, to the great prejudice
* of trade.
f Vide ADifcourfe on Trade, by John Cary, Efq; merchant
ofBriftol.
'
Likewife many ill defigning men, their policies being over-
* valued, have (to the abhorrence of honcR traders, and to
4
the fcandal of trade itfelf ) contrived the lofs of their own
* fhips. On the other fide, the underwriters, when a lofs is
any law, ftatute. cr cuftom to the contrary, in any
wife, notvvithftanding.
Provided always, that nothing in this act contained fhall
extend, or be conftrued to extend, to vacate, or avoid any
aflurances made without fraud upon intereft of the whole,
or any part, of the fum for which the aflured fliall appear to
be concerned in the veflel, or goods, fo. aflured.
Provided always, that nothing in this act contained fliall
vacate or make void any aflurance made upon account of
8 money


ASS ASS
money lent upon respondentia, or bottomry bonds, in which furers be a doubtful point, there is a certain a'vant:
the benefit of falvage allowed the lender; nor any alLr-
is 'ion, by the money paid for commiflions, brokei

ance made bona fide, to re-affu:e any Cum before allured, or ftamp, and the credit of tire premium depohted here.
any (hips or veffels, or their cargoes ; provided the lame be the port, office revenue is thereby inerealed. hat the lo I

mentioned in the policy to be re affararce, or on money (o theie profit?, and the gain of infuring, muff enfue upon the

lent on refpondentia, or bottomry bonds. palling of this bill nor will this lofs be counterbalai ced by
;

And whereas, by fevered ads of parliament, the fubjedts of any advantage, that will be obtained over our rivals or our
this kingdom irrgenera! are reflrained from trading to the enemies.
Eaft-Indies, ami the fole right to trading thertto is by law With regard to the practice of infuring, intcrcfr or no intc-
verted in the united company of merchants of England trad- reft, when an imaginary value is put on a {hip or cargo, of-

ing to the Eaft-lndics; notwithftanding which, affurances ten much above its real worth, it gives opportunities for
are often made in Great- Britain, upon fhips and effects be- wicked practices.
There will always be cireumft&nces, in
longing to the fubjects of foreign nations or powers traoing which there can be no fecurity againft frauds, but com-!, on
to the Eaft- Indies; Be it further enacted, by the authority faith nor is theie poffibility to fecure the infurcrs againft
;

aforefaid, That all affurances, made after the being defrauded, nor can the value of a cargo be cftimated,
day of upon any (hips or effects belonging to which is to be collected in a long voyage, at different ports,
any foreign kingdom, nation, or power, or to the fubjects and where the fuccefs of the adventurers often depends upon
thereof, trading to and fiom the haft-Indies, or from any lucky accidents, which are always hoped for, though they
part thereof to another, (hall be deemed and taken to be feldorn happen. An imaginary vaiue thereof muff, always
(void) to all intents, conftrudtions, and purpofes whatfoever. be fixed upon, when the ihip leaves the port, the fuccefs of
And whereas affurances on the fhips or effects of perlons, the voyage not being foreknown and [He contract,:-: p rties ;

alien enemies to this kingdom, are greatly prejudicial to the
true intereft thereof, and, upon trie capture of fuch ftiips or
effects, the real lofs fuftained often falls upon the iubjecis of
Great-Britain, who have made fuch affurances Be it further
enacled by the authority aforefaid, that no affenance
to be made directly or indirectly, or any the fhips
or effects of the fubjecls of any prince or ftate, not in amity
with the crown of Great- Britain, at the time fuch affurance
is made, fhall be of any force or validity in law, but mail be
(void) to all intents, conrtructions, and purpofes whatfoever.
Provided always, that if his majefty fhall at any time, during
the prefent war, think fit, in purfuance of a provifo con-
tained in an act made in the laft feffion
titled, An act for prohibiting commerce with Spain,
the prohibitions and reftrictions of commerce, or any part
thereof; then, and in fuch cafe, it fhall and may be lawful to
make affurance on fuch commerce, or any part thereof, any
thing herein contained to the contrary notwithftanding.'
may be fafely trufted to let that value, k j di-
rect or reftrain them.
If the merchants are oppicffed by any
peculiar inconveniencies, and can find means to redrefs them
: witnout injury to the public commerce, any propofal for that
purpofe ought to be favourably received ; but, as the bill pro-
pofes general reftraints, and propofes to remove grievances,
which are not felr, by remedies, which thofe upon whom
they are to operate do not approve, the bill ought to be
rejected.
In anfwer to this it was faid, That the grievance the bill
propofed to remedy is fo generally known, and lb univerfally
lamented, that there is not any thing more worthy of the at-
of parliament, in- tention of the legiflature, than an inquiry into the cauij of
to take off it, and the proper method of redreiTmg it. In cur enquiry
into the caufes of this obftruction of trade, I am of opinion,
that the practice of infuring, intereft or no intereft, will ap-
pear to be the foundation of this general uneafmefs ; it will
'
be found a practice of fo natural a tendency to fraud, and fo
eafily fufceptible of difhoneft artificc-s, that, I believe, every

As the fentiments of men of bufmefs, well acquainted with friend to the trading intereft will defire its fuppreffion. To
the nature and confequence of this important point, may confirm my affertions, and illuftrate the queftion
contribute to give the reader ftill a more comprehenfive view us, I (ball mention fome particular inftances of fraud,
thereof, we judge that the fubftance of their arguments pro to which this cuilom has given occafion, of fraud fo evi-
and con upon this bill, as near as we could collect them from dent and fo detertable, that it cannot be relied without
converfation, will be acceptable. This I was induced to at indignation.
that time, as having a work of this kind then in view. The Royal George was a large fhip belonging to the Soulh-
It was urged by thofe who oppofed funda-this bill, that the Sea company, which, having been a voyage to Vera Cruz, put
mental error of its patrons feemed to be an opinion, that in atJamaica in her return ; and, being there refitted to pro-
the practice of infuring is not known to other nations, nor ceed on her voyage homewards, fet fail, and came within a
can be carried on in any other places ; and from this prin- week's failing of the port, when, upon a fudden, the officers
ciple they deduce confequences, which, if they were inevi- entered into a confutation, and determined to go back a
tably certain, might eafily influence us to an immediate ap- month's voyage to Antigua, for what reafon may be eafily
probation of the bill, as neceffary to fecure our commerce, gueffed ; when it was told, that the fhip was infured upon a
and diftrefs our enemies.
That few merchants would hazard fuppofed value of fixty thoufand pounds. This refolution was
their fortunes in long voyages, or expofe themfelves to the no fooner formed, than orders were given to change the
dangers of war, without the fecurity which infurance affords courfe, and fteer to Antigua, in oppofition to all the remon-
them, and perfuading themfelves that fuch fecurity is to be ftrances of the carpenter, who is the proper judge of the con-
obtained from no other nation, they imagine that we might, dition of a veffel, and who declared with honeity and refo-
by prohibiting it, confine all the foreign veffels in their ports, lution againft their whole procedure. But they purfued their
and deftrcy by one refolution the trade both of our rivals, and new fcheme, without any regard to his murmurs or affertions ;
our enemies. and, when they arrived at Antigua, found fome method of
That Eaft-lndia company may defire the paffing of this
oi;r influencing the officers of that ifland, to declare the fhip
bill, becaufe they mght receive fome temporary advan-
is, unfit for the profecution of the voyage. Their defign was
tage, by the fhort inconvenience which thofe whom they con- now happily compleatcd. To confirm the determination
fider as the enemies of their commerce, would feel from it, which had been pronounced in their favour, they ftranded
That, if the experiment failed, it cannot injure them ; if it the fhip upon a bank of find, forced out the irons that grap-
fuccccdcd, it may produce great advantages to them. Several ples the timbers together, and having firft taken away the
other nations can plead a claim to the Eaft-lndia trade, of mafts and rigging, and whatever elfe could be ufed or fold,
equal validity with our own.
That the Danes have their threw the ballaft to each end, and fo broke the veffd in the
fettlements there, and the Portugueze difcovered the way to middle.
thefe regions of wealth, from wbich fome, perhaps, are in- By this well contrived fhipwreck, having, as they imagined,
clined to exclude them.
That nothing is more vain than to raifed their fortunes, they came home triumphantly from their
attempt this, by refufing to infure their fhips, the opinion profperous voyage, and claimed the money for which the fhip
that they can be infured by no other nation being groundlefs. was infured. The infurers, ffartled at a demand (o unex-
That there are, at this time, offices of infurance along the pected, enquired into the affair with ail the induffrv which
whole coalt of the Mediterranean fea, among the Dutch, and its importance naturally excited and, after Ionic conful:

- even among the French.

That nothing can debar any nation determined to try whether the f: Dt be refitted r.n.J
from the trade of infurance, but the want of money ; that brought to England, In purfuarvceof this .they
money is not wanted by foreigners for this purpofe, is mani- fent workmen and materials, and without much expenca, or
feit, fiom the millions they have in our funds. That this any difficulty, brought her hif.'^cr.
trade is now earned on chiefly by Great-Britain, and that This relation is fufheient al rove the pi

we ought not to obftrudr. our own gain, by making a law to explain the nature oi the frauds (to which I of in-
:ve ourfelves of that advantage, of whi h either acci- furance gives ocralion bur, as the ;

dent,, or our own fagarity, have put u< in poflfeflion. That fuch, that many inftances may be
debarring us from infuring the fhips. even of thofe with another fliort narrative ol
whom we are at war, would not contribute to the wealth of longed to the Eaft-lndia coi
the public, but only oblige them to traklsfei toother nations, was run aft at he

\

the profr -c from them hit the trade of I imagined inn- but 1
i-d therefore
infurance is really advantageous to the na ion, it beii though it oft 5000 1. fold irehafer, 1:0
1

, fol rs experience, that a law was I- ', expert tbdn .

i ,
,

r.ever neccflary to prohibit tli pi.rfuit t a bufinel bv \\hi< b

...

,

noth;i be Ruined That, could the g.::. ol the in

 ASS ASS
This kind of fraud is the more formidable, as it may be ptac- their own country, defpife the gain of foreign commerce
f>
lifcd without a poflibility of detection. Had the captain, in- ,
and depend wholly on their American fettlem t$; for all the
ftead of {banding, deftroyed his vefTel, how could his wick- conveniences of Jife. This is the particular circumftance,
ednefs ever have been difcovercd, or how could the South Sea that makes a war with Kngland fo much to he dreaded by
company's fhip have been brought home, had it been funk, in them. A nation fuperior to them by fea holds them belie.- d,
fome diitant comer of the world ? This practice, and the like a garriloii lurrounded by an army
; precludes them from
frauds which it has occafioned *, and the fufpicions which fupplies, intercepts their fuccours, and, if it cannot force
the eafy practice of frauds always creates, have produced fo their walls by attack, can at leaft by a blockade ftarve them
many trials, and filled the courts of juftice wiih fuch intricate to a capitulation.
contentions, that the judges, who knew perhaps nothing of
this practice, but from it's effects, have often declared it to J-
The cafe with the Spaniards feems now to be altered ; they
be fo pregnane with contefts and cheats, that it ought not to being not only follicitous toeliabhlh new manufactures in >.;ld
be fuffered, and that a Uw for fupprefling it would much con- Spain, but having began to export their own product in their
own /hipping for we have an inftance io the foreign papers
tribute to the eftablifhment of peace, and the fecurity of pro- ;

of a Spanifn (hip being arrived even at Copenhagen, with the

perty. The aflertion of the impoflibilny of eftimating the product of Spain.
real value of a fhip, or of foreknowing the fuccefs of a voy-
age, is neon tellable but, perhaps, it will follow from thence,
i :
Thu?, by a naval war with an enemy of fuperior ftrength,
not that an imaginary value ought to be admitted, but that
they muft at length be fubdued,and fubdued, perhaps, with-
no infurance ought to be allowed, where there is no rational
out a battle, and without the poflibility of refirta'nee ; againft
method of ascertaining it ; or, at lealf, that all fuch infu-
fuch an enemy, their courage or their difcipline is of no ufe
rance ought to be rather below the probable value, than above ;
they may form armies indeed, but which can only ftand upon
it.
the fhore, to defend what their enemies have no intention of
* invading, and fee thofe fhips fazed in which their pay is trea-
That apparent from
this practice occafioned great frauds, is

thofe cafes before enumerated, which have been detected in fured, or their provifions are ft >rcd. Such is our natural fu-
our courts of judicature. pcriority over the Spaniards, a fpeciesof luperiouty that muft
inevitably prevail, if it be not defeated by our own folly ; and
That great frauds are the natural confequence of eftimating furely a more effectual method of defeating it the Spaniards
fhips at an imaginary value in the offices of infurain e, is to the thernfelves could not have difcovered, than that of infuring
hi^heft degree evident. For, when a {hip is eftimated above their (hips among our merchants. When a fhip thus infured
it's real value, how will the commander fuffcr by a wreck, is taken, we examine the cargo,
extrcamly valuable, find it

or what (hall reltrain him from deftroying his vefl'el, when and triumph in our fuccefs we not only count the gain to
;

it may be done with fecurity to himfelf, except that inte-
grity, which ought to be generally diftufed, but which is
not always to be found, and to which few men care to truit
upon occafions of far lefs importance. That i do not mng-
nily the poflibility of fraud into reality, or propofe laws
againft wickednefs that has not yet exified, it may be proper
to mention fome, in which I have been informed by my cor-
fefpondent at Leghorn, of the ftatc of the (hips which have
arrived there, fhips fo weakly manned, and fo pcnurioully
and negligently ftored ; fo much decayed in the bottoms, and
fo ill fitted with rigging; that he declares his aftonifhment
ourfelves, but the lofs to our enemies, and determine that a
fmall number of fuch captures will reduce them to offer us
peace upon our own terms.
Such are theconclufions which are made, and made with rea-
fon, by men unacquainted with the fecret practices amongft
ourfelves, and who do not fufpeft us to be ftupid enough to
fecure our enemies a ainft ourfelves ; but it is often found,
upon a more clofe examination, that our fhips of war have
only plundered our own merchants, and that our privateers
may indeed have enriched thernfelves, but impoverifhed their
country it is difcovercd, that the lofs of the Spaniards is to
:

at their arrival. be repaid, and perhaps femetimes with intereft, by our Britifh
It may deferve confideration, whether the fuccefs of the Spa- in Hirers.
11 it be urged, chat we ought not to enact any laws

nifh privateers may not be in great part attributed to this which may obftruct the gain of our fcllow-fubjecls, may it
pernicious practice ; whether captains, when their vcflels are not be afked, why all trade with Spain in time of war with
infursd for more than their value, do not rafhly venture into them is prohibited ? May not the trade be equally gainful
known danger ? Whether t'hey do not wilfully mifs the fecu- with the iniurance, and may not the gain be more generally
rity of convoys ? Whether they do not direct their courfes, diftributed, and therefore be more properly national ? But the
where privateers may moft fecurely cruize to intercept them ? trade with Spain at fuch times is prohibited, becaufe it was
Whether they do not furrendcr with lefs lefiltance than in- more necefiary to our enemies than to ourfelves ; becaufe the
tereftwould excite ? And whether they do not raife clamours laws of war require, that a lefs evil fhould be fuffered to in-
againft the government for their ill fuccefs, to avoid the fuf- flict a greater: it is upon this principle that every battle is

picion of negligence or fraud. fought, and that we fiie our own fhips to confume the navies
That other kinds of frauds are committed in the practice of of our enemy. For this reafon it appears to be evident be-
infuring, is well known it is a common practice to take
: yond contradiction, that the infurance of Spanifh fhips ought
money upon bottomry, by way of pledge for the captain's to be prohibited in time of war with that nation we (hall ,

fidelity, and to deftroy by infuring above the real

this fecurity
value, fo that the captain may gain by neglecting the care
of his veflel, or at leaft fecurc himfelf from lofs, and indulge
his eafe or his pleasure, without apprehenfion of diminifhing
his fortune. The whole practice of infurance, in it's prefen:
ftate, is fo perplexed with frauds, and of fuch manifeft ten-
dency to the obftruction of fair commerce, that it abfolutely
requires fome legal regulations.
To what was faid in favour of the bill it was replied, That,
with regard to fingle acts of fraud, committed by particular
men, it is not to be fuppofed but that they have been detected
in this, as in all other branches of traffic, nor do I conceive
indeed lofe the profit of the infurance, but we fhali be reim-
burfed by the captures, which is an argument that cannot be
produced for the prohibition of commerce.
It is urged, that our enemies may infure their fhips in other
countries *, an aflertion of which, whether it be true or not,
1 am not able to decide ; but this would lay them under the
neceflity of eftablifhing a new c<>rrefpondence, and this would
prove at leaft a temporary obftruclion of their trade, which,
though of fhort continuance, may lay them at our mercy.
But let us reflect upon the weaknefsof this argument ' They
muft be allowed to infure here, becaufe they may infure in
* other places.' Will it not be equally juft to urge, that they

that any argument can be drawn from them againft the prac- muft trade with us, becaufe they may trade with other na-
tice; for, if every part of commerce is to be prohibited, which tions ? And may it not be anfwered, that, though we cannot
has furnifhed villains with opportunities of deceit, we fhall wholly fufpend their commerce, it is yet our intereft to ob-
contract trade into a narrow compafs. With regard to the ftruct it, as far as we are able
not be farther affirmed,
? May it

inftance of the Royal George, though the proceedings of the that,'by infuring in other nations, they may injure their allies
officers are not wholly to be vindicated, yet part of their con- bv falling into our haads, but do not the lefs benefit us ?
duct is lefs exceptionable than it has been reprefented. Their That, if they do net grow weaker, we at leaft are ftrength-

return to Antigua, when they were bound for England, and ened ; but that, by infuring among us, whatever fteps are
were with'n a week's failing of their port, is eaiily to be de- taken to put a fpeedy end to the war, the equilibrium of it
fended, if the wind was contrary to their intended courfe ;
is ftill preferved the fame ?

for it is not difficult to conceive, that they might reach a dif-

tant port with a favourable wind, much fooner than one much * This was never made to appear fatisfadtorily ; and 'tis much
nearer, with the wind againft them. to be doub:ed, whether it will ever be experienced, not-

To this it was anfwered That, in the difcuffion of this withftanding it wa= roundly afferted, and taken for granted,
throughout this debate.
queftion, it was to be confidered, that we are engaged in a
war againft a nation, from which infults, depredations, op-
preffions, and cruelties, have been long complained of, and It is afferted, that we infure at a lower * rate than other na-

againft which we'are therefore to act with a refolution pro- tionsdo and it will therefore follow, that the Spaniards,
;

portioned to the injuries which we have fuffered, and to our whenever their fhips fhall elcape us, will fuffer more by hav-
defire of vengeance.
We are to praclife every method of ing infured amongft foreigners, than if they had contracted
diftrefling them, and to promote the fuccefs of our arms, at
* Quere, Ts this matter of fail in time of war ? Where the in-
theexpence of prefent gain, and the intereft of private men.
tereftof money is lower, it feems more natural to believe,
'Tis well known, that the Spaniards are a people who live in
the price of infurance alfo may be fo in the general.
careleffnefs and indolence, neglect the natural advantages of
Vol. I. M with
 ASS
Thus appears, that there are ftrongcr
with our merchants. it
than
reafons for prohibiting the infurance of Spanifh (hips,
our commerce with them and that,
for putting a ftop to ;
whether their fhips are taken by us, or efcape us, it is the
by
general intereft of the nation, that they fhall be infured
foreign merchants, and not by our own.
With refpect to the Eaft-India company it was faid, that, as
Indies,
they have the grant of an exclusive trade to the Eaft-
per-
to i.nfure the fhips that are fent thither, without their
miffion, is to invade their rights, and to infringe their charter
the validity of their charter be admitted,
and that practice, if
is illegal, and ought to be difcountenanced.
no intereft, or of affign-
The practice of infuring, intereft or
ing to fhips an imaginary value, is nothing more than a par-
ticular game, a more folemn fpecies of hazard, and ought
therefore to be prohibited, for every reafon that can be urged
againft games at chance.
In reply hereunto it was faid, That there is no abfurdity by
enriching ourfelves at the expence of other nations, whether
enemies or allies. If our infurers gain by fecuring the fhips
of our enemies, the nation is benefited ; for all national gain
muft circulate through the hands of individuals. No man
will afTert, that we ought toaffiftour enemies; nor will any
man imagine* that we aflift them by impoverifhing them ;
and, if our infurers gain by their practice, the Spaniards muft
undoubtedly be lofers.
The practice of infuring an imaginary value may give oppor-
tunity for greater frauds than can be practifed in common
dealings ; but fuch frauds do not require the interpofition of
the legiflature. If they are practifed only by thofe of our
own nation, the public does not fuffer ; for property is only
transferred from one fubject to another ; the fraud ought to
be feverely puhifhed in the courts of criminal juftice, but the
cuftom which gave the opportunity of practifing it, ought not
to be reftrained, any more than any other profeflion not cri-
minal in itfelf, but liable to accidental abufes.
If our infurers are defrauded by foreigners, the nation is then,
indeed, more nearly affected ; but, even in that cafe, it is to
be remembered, that the private intereft of the infurers, who
muft be immediately ruined *, is a fufficient fecurity for the
For it cannot be conceived, that any man will ob-
public.
ftinately carry on a bufinefs, by which he becomes every day
poorer ; or that, when he defifts, he will be fucceeded by
another, who cannot but know that he engages in that traffic
to his certain ruin.
* A'thoughourinfurersmay begainersupon the whole, by the
credit fide of their premiums exceeding the debit fide of their
loffes; yet thequeftion is, out of whofe pockets do fuch pre-
miums arife, in time of war ? If they wholly arofe from our
enemies who infured, then our enemies would pay more for
the price of infurance than they loft; which cannot be the
cafe. From whom then does this furplufage of premiums
arife, which makes our infurers gainers, but from our own
Britifh merchants ? And, if fo, when an enemy's (hip is ta-
ken that has been infured by our infurers, the lofs does not
fall either upon the infurers (if they are gainerson the whole)
or upon the enemy, but it falls upon our own Britifti mer-
chants, whofe premiums muft pay it.
Befides, as our enemies do not feel the lofs, are they not
enabled the better to fit out more fhips of war and privateers
to annoy our own merchants? Does not this neceflarily
tend to raife the price of infurance ftill higher and higher
upon them and does not this ftill the better enable our
;
infurers to infure the fhips of our enemies, and to be inftru-
mental to the prolongation of the war ? Does not thefe high
inlurances clog our whole trade at fuch times, leflen the pub-
He revenue, and add to the evil of war ? I cannot but think,
therefore, this pradliceofin faring the ftiipping and merchan-
dize of our enemies was highly deftruftive to the nation,
and ought never to have been fuffered in thefe kingdoms.
The fta'e of this affair is, that frauds are, indeed, often com-
mitted, and are for that reafon always fufpected ; and that
the infurers, when they infure the fhip and cargo againft ac-
cidents, reckon, among other chances, the probability of be-
ing cheated, and proportion their demands not only to the
lengih and danger of the voyage, but to the character like-
wile of the man with whom they contract.
This is always the practice of thofe whom experience hath
made acquainted with the danger of implicit confidence, and
unfufp ting credulity; nor do any but the young and unfkil-
i a nation whofe authority on commercial queftions will not be
ful fuller themfelves to be fo expofed to frauds, as that their
fortunes fhould be injured, or the general gain of their bufinefs
Overballanced, by a few deceits. Thus it appears, that, not-
withftanding the eafe and fafety with which the prefent me-
thods of infurance admit fraud to be practifed, the infurers,
by a proportionate degree of caution, fecurc themfelves from
being injured, and by confequence the nation.
We infure, as has been obferved, at lower rates than other
nations, becaufe we have more bufinefs of this kind, and the
fmallnefs of our profit is compenfated by the frequency ; the
cheapnefs of infurances, and eagernefs of foreigners to infure
here, reciprocally contribute to each other; we are often
applied to, becaufe we infure at an eafy rate ; and we can in-
fure ac an eafy rate, becaufe we are often applied to.
ASS
Nor is the cheapnefs of infurance in England the only motive
to the preference which it preferves among foreigners, who
are induced to apply to this nation, by the reputation which
our merchants have defervedly gained, for probity and punc-
tuality, fuperior to that of any other traders. Our merchants
bargain without artifice, pay without iiibterfuges, and aie
ready, on all occafions, to preferve their character at the ha-
zard of their profit. If foreigners are once difappointed in
their applications to us, our bufinefs will in a great part ceafe ;
ahd, as we (hall not then be able to infure t lower rates than
-,
other nations, we fhall never recover that branch of our trade.
-: And, as the character of the Englifh merchants exempts
them from any fufpicion of practices pernicious to the public,
why fhould they be reftrained ? Why
fhould they appear to
be fufpected by their own country, whom foreigners truft
without hefitatton ?
It has been objected to them, that they affift the enemies of
their country, that they prolong the war, and defeat thofe
advantages which our fituation and commerce have given us.
Imputations fufficiently atrocious, if they were founded upon
truth. Let us examine the arguments by which this accufa-
tion is fupported. It is urged, that we have already prohi-
bited commerce with the Spaniards, and that therefore we
ought likewife to prohibit the infurance of their fhips. In
oppofition to which it may be Urged, that this kind of com-
merce is of a peculiar nature, that it fubfifts upon opinion,
and is preferved by the reputation of our infurers. Other
commodities are the peculiar product of different countries,
and that there is no danger of lofing our trade by fufpending
it, becaufe it depends upon the excellenceof our manufactures ;
but infurance may be the commodity of any country, where
money and common honefty are to be found. This argu-
ment may be the more effectually invalidated, by denying the
expediency of that prohibition, which is produced as a pre-
cedent for another reftraint. Nor indeed does it appear, why
we fhould preclude ourfelves from a gainful trade, becaufe the
money is drawn by it out of the hands of our enemies ; or
why the product of our lands fhould lie unconfumed, or our
manufacturers ftand unemployed, rather than we fhould fell
to our enemies what they will purchafe at another place, or
by the intervention of a neutral power.
To fell to an enemy that which may enable him to injure us,
that which he muft neceffarily obtain, and which he could
buy from no other, would indeed be, to the laft degree, abfurd ;
but that may furely be fold them without any breach of mo-
rality or policy, which they can want with lei's inconvenience
than we can keep. If we were befieging a town, I fhould
not advife our foldiers to fell to the inhabitants ammunition
or provifions, but cannot difcover the folly of admitting them.
to purchafe ornaments for their houfes, or brocades for their
ladies.
Iam never willing to load trade with reftraints it is ; in it's
own nature fo fugitive and variable, that no conftant courfe
can be prefcribed to it ; and thofe regulations which were
proper when they were made, may, in a few months, become
difficulties and obftructions. We
well know, that many of
the meafures which our anceftors purfued for the encourage-
ment of commerce, have been found of pernicious confe-
quence ; and even in this age, which experience, perhaps,
more than wifdom, has enlightened, I have known few at-
tempts of that kind which have not defeated the end for which
they were made. It is more prudent to leave the merchants
at liberty to purfue thofe meafures which experience fhall dic-
tate upon every occafion, and fuffer them to fnatch the pre-
fent opportunity of honeft gain, whenever it fhall happen.
They will never injure their own intereft by the ufe of this
liberty, and, by preferving themfelves, they will preferve the
nation from detriment.
To this it was anfwered That the intereft of our country
very evidently requires that we fhould give no affiftance what-
ever to our enemies that our merchants fhould zealoufly
co-operate with our navies, and that we fhould endeavour to
with-hold every thing that may make the war lefs burden-
fome to them, and confequently of longer continuance.
It has been faid, through the courfe of this debate, that in-
furance was practifed by many nations ; but the gentleman
did not inform us whether they allowed the method of infur-
ing, intereft or no intereft, and rating fhips at an imaginary
value. This is, I know, abfolutely prohibited by the Dutch,
difputed, nor do they allow their Eaft-lndia fhips to be in-
fured at all.
The any cargo has been
difficulty of eftimating the value of
urged in defence of this practice ; nor is the defence wholly
without weight, becaufe the cargo in many voyages cannot be
afcertained. Yet it is necefiary that (ome of our exported car-
goes fhould be exactly fpecified. I have been informed, that
fix fhips laden with Britifh wool have entered at one time into
a port of France ; nor do I know how this practice which is
juftly complained of as pernicious to our trade, and threatening
the ruin of our country, can be prevented, but by a conftant
and regular particularization of every cargo carried to France.
I admit, that fome cargoes which are imported cannot be par-
ticularly regiftered ; fuch is the gold with which we are daily
fupplied
 ;

ASS
lupplicd by our commerce with the Portuguese, in oppofition
to their laws, and which our merchants arc therefore under
the neceflity of concealing.
The interest of the merchants ought always to be duly con-
fidered in this nation ; hut then it ought to be regarded only
in fubordination to that of the whole community, a fubordi-
nation which feems to have been quite forgotten throughout
this argument.
Thus have we given a fuccinct detail of this controvcrfy ;
Which being compared with the nature of aflurances, as they
ASS
may bring into court any fums of money ; and if the plaintiff'
fhall refufe fuchfum of money, with cofts to be taxed, in full
difcharge of fuch action, and fhall afterwards proceed to trial,
and the jury fhall not affefs damage to fuch plaintiff, exceed-
ing the fum fo brought intb court, fuch plaintiff fhall pay to
fuch defendant cofts to be taxed.
This act fhall not extend to, or be in force againft, any per-
fons refiding in any parts in Europe out of his majefty's do-
minions, for whofe account aflurance fhall be made before the
29th of September 1 746' nor againft perfons refiding in any
;

have been moll infamoufly pradtifed, as appears by thofe vari-
ous cafes which have come before our courts of judicature,
any man that reads wiih attention, may cafily difcover the
rcafonablcnefs and neceflity of the following act of parliament
(and, perhaps, of fome more effectual meafures rcquifite to be-
taken in future) made in 19 Geo. II. which is entitled, An
act to regulate the infurance on fhips belonging to Great-
Britain, and on meichandizes or effects laden thereort.
The preamble to which obferves,That the making aflurances,
intereft of no interefl, or without further proof of interelt than
the policy, hath been productive of many pernicious practices,
whereby great numbers of fhips, with their cargoes, luveeithcr
been fraudulently loft and deftroyed, or taken by tin- enemy,
in time of war ; and fuch aflurances have encouraged the ex-
portation of wool, and the carrying on many other prohibited
parts of Turky, Afia, Africa, or America, from whom aflu-
rances fhall be made before the 29th of March 1747.
By the 21 Geo. If. infurance on fhips or goods appertaining
to the crown and fubjeffs of France, or lending them money
on bottomry, is prohibited, though, as the duration of this
act was reftrained to the time of the late War, it is now be-
come void.
Further Remarks.
Since the paffing of this act of parliament, there have been
various peculiar cafes adjudged in our courts of judicature ;
which as yet have not been formally reported. However, we
have endeavoured to obtain divers of thofe cafes, together with
the pleadings thereon, which may contribute to render this

and clandeftine trades, which, by means of fuch aflurances, work ftill the more complete.
have been concealed, and the parties concerned fecured from
lofs, as well to the diminution of the public revenue, as to the
Lcwen verfus Swaflb. Hil. 16 Geo. II. 1 742.
great detriment of fair traders ; and, by introducing amifchie-
vous kind of gaming or wagering, under the pretence of af-
The plaintiff, being fued at law upon a policy of infurance of
a fhip, and againft the barrctry of the mafter, which was af-
furing the rifquc on fhipping and fair trade, the inftitution
and laudable defign of making infurances hath been perverted ;
figned in the declaration, brought his Chancery to be
bill in
relieved, and for an injunction charging that one Matthews
and that which was intended for the encouragement of trade ;

the mafler, and alfo owner of the fhip, had, before the voyage,
and navigation has, in many inftances, become hurtful of, and
entered into a bottomry bond to the defendant for 200 1. and
deftructive to, the fame for remedy whereof, it is enacted,
:

that after, by bill of fale, he affigned over his intereft in

That, from and after the firft day of Auguft 1746, no aflu-
the fhip to the defendant, as a fecurity for this 200 1. and
rance or aflurances (hall be made, by any perfon or perfons,
infifted that Matthews was, neverthelefs, in equity to be con-
bodies corporate or politic, on any (hip or fhips belonging to
fidered as owner of the fhip, though, in law, the ownerfhip
his majefty, or any of his fubjects, or on any goods, merchan-
and property would be looked upon to be in the defendant ;
dizes, or effects, laden or to be laden, on board of any fuch
and infifted, that the owner of a fhip could not, either in law
fhip or fhips, intereft or no intereft, or without further proof
or equity, be guilty of a barretry concerning the fhip, and
of intereft than the policy, or by way of gaming or wagering
therefore prayed an injunction, and that the policy might be
or without benefit of ialvage to the aflurer ; and that every
delivered up.
fuch aflurance fhall be null and void to all intents and purpofes.
Aflurances on private fhips of war, fitted out by any of his
The voyage infured was from London to Marfeilles, and front
majefty's fubjects, folely to cruize againft his majefty's ene-
thence to fome port in Holland. The cafe was, that the maf-
ter failed with the fhip to Marfeilles, and then, inftead of pur-
mies, may be made by or for the owners thereof, intereft or
fuing the voyage, failed to the Weft-Indies, and there fold
110 intereft, free of average, and without benefit of falvagc
the fhip, and died infolvent. Thefe matters being confeffed
to the aflurer.
Merchandizes or effects from any ports or places in Europe by the anfwer, an injunction was moved for on the principle,
that a mortgagor is to be confidered in equity as owner of
or America, in the pofleflion of the crown of Spain, or Por-
the thing mortgaged, and that Matthews the mafter, being
tugal, may be afTured in fuch way and manner, as if this act
owner, could not be guilty of a barretry. To fhew which
had not been made.
a cafe was cited of Stamma and Brown, where it was deter-
It fhall not be lawful to make re-aflurance, unlefs the aflurer
mined the preceding term in King's-Bench.
fhall be infolvent, become a bankrupt, or die ; in either of
Lord Hardwickc chancellor. Barretry is an act of wrong done
which cafes, fuch aflurer, his executors, adminiftrators, or
by the mafter againft the fhip and goods ; and) this being ift
afligns, may make re-aflurance, to the amount of the fum
the cafe of a fhip, the queftion will be, who is to be confidered
before affured, provided it fhall be exprelfed in the policy to
as the owner ? There are feveral cafes that might be put, where
be a re-aflurance.
barretry may be affigned as the breach of an aflurance, and
After the faid firft day of Auguft, all and every fum and fums
barretry, or not, is a queftion properly determinable at law ;
of money to be lent on bottomry, or at refpondentia, upon any
but here it is not fo, for the courts of law will not confider
(hip or fhips belonging to any of his majefty's fubjects, bound
a mortgagor as having any right or intereft in the thing mort-
to or from the Eaft-Indies, fhall be lent only on the fhip, or
gaged and there are many cafes where a man may come into
;
on the merchandize or effects laden, or to be laden on board
a court of equity for relief, in refpect of a part only of his
of fuch fhip, and fhall be fo expreffed in the condition of the
cafe. It might indeed be confidered at law, whether what
bond ; and the benefit of falvage fhall be allowed to the lend-
the mafter hath done, fuppofing owner or not, was not a
er, his agents, or afligns, who alone fhall have a right to make
breach of the contract, as mafter of the fhip, and fo a barre*
aflurance on the money fo lent ; and no borrower of money
try, and this may be confidered likewife in this court. But,
on bottomry, or at refpondentia, as aforefaid, fhall recover
at law, a defendant cannot read part of the plaintiff's anfwer
more on any aflurance than the value of his intereft on his
to a bill brought againft him here ; the whole anfwer mult be
fhip, or in the merchandizes or effects laden on board of fuch
read, which hath been often a reafon for this court interpofing
fhip, exclufive of the money fo borrowed and in cafe it fhall
;
by injunction upon a plaint at law; and, confidering themixt
appear that the value of his fhare in the fhip, or in the mer-
nature of this cafe, I think an injunction ought to be granted.
chandizes or effects laden on board, doth not amount to the
Ordered accordingly.
full fum or fums he hath borrowed, as aforefaid, fuch borrow-
er fhall be refponfible to the lender for fo much of the money
Curling verfus. Brand, at NifiPrius at Guildhall, in B. R.
borrowed, as he hath not laid out on the fhip or merchandi-
before Lee chief juftlce.
zes laden thereon, with lawful" intereft for the fame, together
with the aflurance, and all other charges thereon, to the
In an action upon a policy of infurance by feveral perfons,
proportion the money not laid out fhall bear to the whole
as part owners of the fhip infured, it was held, that the
money lent, notwithftanding the fhip and merchandize be
plaintiffs are obliged to prove their refpective interefts in the
totally loft.
fhip, and that a proof of intereft in fome of the plaintiffs is
In all actions or fuits brought orcommenced after the faid not fufficient as a ground to recover upon, though the inte-
of Auguft by the allured, upon any policy of aflurance,
firft
reft proved be more in value than the amount of the infur-
the plaintiff in fuch action or fuit, or his attorney, &c. fhall,
within fifteen days after he or they fhall be required fo to do
ance And a nonfuit recorded. But it feemed agreed in this
cafe, that the plaintiffs are not to be put upon the producing
in writing by the defendant, or his attorney, &c. declare in
of their lefpective bills of fale of their feveral interefts in
writing the fums he hath affured in the whole, and what fums
the fhip, for that fuch fale may be by parole : but it was
he hath borrowed at refpondentia, or bottomry, for the voy-
held, that they muft produce fome evidence of property, as
age, or any part of the voyage in queftion, in fuch fuit or
acts of ownerfhip, which the plaintiffs could not make out
action.
and it was held that the reputation of being the owners, with-
After the faid firft of Auguft, any perfon, &c. fued in any
out fhewing their title_, or proving acts of ownerfhip, is not
action of debt or covenant, &c. on any policy of aflurance,
fufficient.
Sadlers

ASS
Sadlers company verfus Badcock. In Chancery, Eaficr,j
16 Geo. II.
One Mary Stroad, having an intereft in Tome houfes in Lon-
don, for the remainder of a term of which about five years
was to come, infured the fame from fire, by a policy of in-
furance entered into by the Hand- in Hand company for in-
furance of houfes from fire ; which infurance was made for
a term of feven years, and a premium paid accordingly. It
happened, that after the end of the five years, and before
the end of the leven years, the houfes were burnt down.
After which, Mary Stroad affigned the policy to the Sadlers
company, who were entitled to the houfes after the deter-
mination of the term of Mary Stroad. This bill was brought
by the plaintiffs againft the infurance company, to have this
infurance made good, infifting thereon, by reafon that a pre-
mium was paid to the company for the whole feven years,
within which fpace of time this accident hath happened.
And, as this infurance is exprefsly to Mary Stroad, her exe-
cutors, adminiftrators, and affigns, that the plaintiffs, as her
affigns, are well entitled to have the policy made good.
It was urged, that this infurance company being an amicable
fociety, who infure each other with a joint ftock, and the
plaintiffs, being as affignees of Mary Stroad, members of the
fociety, was the reafen for feeking relief by bill in equity,
and not purfuing a remedy at law, in regard that no act ion
would lie; for tnat the plaintiffs, by Handing in the place of
Mary Stroad, might be faid to be part of the fociety, and
therefore could not profecute an action againft themfelves.
For the defendant it was infifted, that the intent of thefe po-
licies only to infure fome certain intereft in the party in-
is
fured from lofs or damages, and that, when fuch intereft
ceafes, the infurance is at an end. It was alfo infifted to
be an ancient rule of the fociety, that no perfon fhould be
permitted to infure for a lefs term than feven years and that,
iubfequent to the plaintiffs infurance, an order of the com-
pany was made, reciting, that whereas all infurances, by the
rules of the company, were to ceafe with the intereft of the
allured, yet that the aifurers might affign their policies this
order was infifted upon as evidence, to {hew that, by the
rules of the company, they are anfwerable for no lofs or da-
mage happening by fire to the houfes infured, after the inte-
reft of the alfured is determined.
In this company, as in all other infurance companies, there
is a rule, that the policy fhould be of no effect, if affigned,
unlefs brought to be allowed by the company, within fuch a
time ; but it was admitted, that the plaintiffs had tendered
the aflignment to the company, within the time for fuch al-
lowance, but they had refufed it.
In regard to the order made, that all affurances were to ceafe
with the intereft of the affured, lord chancellor Hardwicke
faid, The affured were to be confidered in a double capacity,
as members of the company, and as perfons contract ing with
them ; and that, if the cafe depended upon this order, he
fhoul not think the company, in their general capacity,
, affureds, was and fhould be valued, at intereft or no intereft,
could vary or alter any contraft. made by them to their in-
dividual members; but that he was of opinion, from the
nature of all infurances, that the infurance muft ceafe with
the inteteft of the affured, for it is only to fave from da-
mage in the thing infured ; and, where it is to infure dama-
ges from fire, how can the infurers enter upon the premiffes
to rebuild or repair, when the eftate of the affured is deter-
mined ? An infurance implies an intereft; in the allured,
in the thing infured if it were otherwife, many ill confe-
: lity foever, barretry of the matter and mariners, and of a!l
quences might follow ; men might infure houfes of ftran-
gers, and, in hopes of getting the money infured, fet the
houfes on fire.
And though, commerce, policies of infurance
in cafes of
are allowed to be made, intereft or no intereft ; yet it was
long before this could prevail, and was allowed only in re-
fpect that goods might be infured, in a commerce which is
prohibited in a foreign country, and to prevent, (in regard to
the advantage of the trade to this kingdom) a difcovery of
the nature of the goods, and thereby laying open the owners,
in fuch foreign country, to the penalty for trading in fuch
good -. 1
That, although fuch policies are now allowed, yet
he remembers them much queftioned, and called fraudulent.
But no fuch reafon holds in the cafes of infurances of houfes
from fire ; and in which infurances all fuppofe an intereft in
the allured.
In the cafe of Lynch and Dalzel, which was before the houfe
of lords, in March 1729, one Ireland, being entitled to the
remainder of a long term of years in a houfe at Gravefend,
caufed the fame to be infured from fire in the Sun-fire-office,
and the infurance was to him, his heirs, executors, admini-
ftrators, and affigns. Ireland dying, his fon and executor
agreed with the appellant to fell, and affign to him, this houfe,
together with the benefit of the policy for the infurance of
the houfe. The leafe of the houfe was accordingly affigned,
but, there being no affignment of the policy prepared, that
was only delivered up, and, in fact, not affigned, but Ireland
promifed to execute an affignment of it to the appellant at
any time after.
ASS
But, before the policy was affigned, the houfe was burnt
down, and a bill was brought in this court by the appellant
to compel the company to pay the money infured by the po-
licy, and the bill was difmilled by lord chancellor King, and
his order affirmed by the lords. Lord chancellor faid, that
he was counfel in the caufe, and that the reafons, upon which
lord chancellor King difmifted the bill, appear in the reafons
mentioned in the refpondent's cafe. That thefe policies are
not infurances of the things themfelves mentioned to be in-
fured, for no body can warrant againft accidents. Nor do
fuch infurances attach on the thing, or in any manner go with
it as incident thereto, by any conveyance or affignment of the
thing infured. But the infurances are only fpecial agree-
ments with the perfons infuring againft fuch lofs and damage
as they (hall fuftain, and the party infuring muft have a
property at the time of the lofs, or he can fuftain no lofs,
and confequently be entitled to no fatisfaftion. Lord chan-
cellor oblerved, that this cafe was rather ftronger than the
prefent, but difmificd the bill only without cofts.
Rooke verfus Thurmond. At the fittings at Guildhall, for
B. R. r.6 December 1743.
This was an action upon the cafe brought upon a policy of
infurance, in which the plaintiff declared as follows :
London, Giles Rooke complains of John Thurmond, being
in the cuftody of the marfhal of the Marfhalfea of our lord
the king, before the king himfelf, for that, whereas the faid
Giles Rooke, on the 5th day of Oftober, in the year of our
lord 1741, at London aforefaid, to wit, in thv panfhef Sr.
Mary le Bow, &c. according to the cuftom of merchants,
from time immemorial, ufed and approved of, caufed to be
made a certain writing or policy of affurance, purporting
thereby, and containing therein, that one Caleb Smith, as
; well in his own name, as for and in the name and names of
all, and every other perfon and perfons, to whom the fame
did, might, or fhould appertain in part or in all, did make
affurance, and caufed himfelf and them, and every of them,
: to be infured, loft or not loft, at and from South Carolina to
Cowes, upon the body, tackle, apparel, ordnance, munition,
artillery, boat, and other furniture of and in the good Ship
or velfel called the Polly, whereof was mafter under God,
for that then prefent voyage, Capt. William Henry, or who-
foever elfe fhould go for matter in the faid fhip, or by what-
foever other name or names the fame fhip, or the mafter
thereof, was or fhould be named or called, beginning the ad-
venture upon the faid fhip, &c. from and immediately follow-
ing her firft arrival there, and fo fhould continue and endure
until the faid fhip, with the faid tackle, apparel, &c. fhould
be arrived at Cowes, and there had moored at anchor 24.
hours in good fafety; and it fhould be lawful for the faid
fhip in the voyage to proceed and fail to, and touch and flay
at, any port or places whatfoever, without prejudice to that
infurance.
The faid fhip, Sic. for fo much as concerned the
free from average, and without benefit of falvage, without
further account to be given for the affureds for the fame,
touching the adventures and perils which the affurers were
contented to bear, and did take upon them in that voyage,
were of the feas, men of war, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers,
thieves, jettezons, letters of mart and countermart, furpri-
zals, takings at fea, arrefts, reftraints and detainments of all
kings, princes and peopie, of what nation, condition, or qua-
other perils, lolfes, and misfortunes, that had, or fhould
come to the hurt, detriment, or" damage of the faid fhip,
&c. or any part thereof; and in cafe of lofs or misfortune,
it fhould be lawful to the affureds, their ferv?nts, fa ft ors,
and affigns, to fue, labour, and travel for, in and about ^the
defence, fafeguard, and recovery of the faid fhip, &c. or
any part thereof, without prejudice to that infurance, to the
charges whereof they the affurers would contribute each one,
according to the rate and quantity of his fum therein af-
fured, And it was a-reed by them the
affujrers, that the
faid writing, or policy of affurance, fhould be of as much
force and effeft, as the fureft writing or policy of affurance
heretofore made in Lombaid-ftreet, or on the Royal Ex-
change, or elfewhere in London. And fo they the affurers
were contented, and did thereby promife and bind themfelves
each for his own parr, their heirs, executois, and goods to
the affured, their executors, adminiftrators, and affigns, for
the true performance of the premiffes, confuting themfelves
paid the confideration due unto them for that affurance by
the affured, at and after the rate of 5 I. 15 s. per cent, and
in cafe of lofs, which God forbid, the allured to abate 2I.
per cent. And the faid Giles aver?, that the faid policy
of affurance was fo made as aforefaid, in the name of the
faid Caleb Smith, on the account and rifque of the faid Giles,
and that the faid Giles, at the time of making thereof, was
folely interefted therein. Of all which premiffes, the faid
John afterwards, on the day and year aforefaid, at
to wit,
London, &c. had notice, and thereupon af.crwards, to wit,
on the day and year afoiefaid, at London aforefaid, and in
the


ASS ASS
th4 pariCb and ward aforcfaid, in confederation that the (aid made, intercft or no intereft, it is generally in fuch cafes of
Giles, at the fpecial inftance and requcft of the faid John, rc-iniurances.
hid, then and there, paid to the faid John the fum of 5 1.
15s, as a premium and reward (or the infurance of 100I. Prendle verfus Hartley. Mich. 18 Geo. II.
of aVid upon the premifies in the faid poliey mentioned, and
hsd undertaken and faithfully prom i fed to perform and fulfil A bill in chancery was brought for relief againft a verdict and
every thing in the laid pol icy of adurancc contained, on the judgment given in the court of Common Pleas, upon a policy
part and behalf of the afl'urcd, to be performed and fulfilled, of infurance, and to have an injunction to ftay exemption
he the faid John undertook, and, then and there, faithfully upon the judgment. The cafe appeared to be, that the fhip
promifed the faid Giles, that he w>uld become an uffurcr to infured was taken by a Spanifh privateer; and that, after it
the faid Giles, for the faid tool, o( and upon the premifies had been carried infra hoftium praTidia, it was retaken by
in the faid policy mentioned. And that he would perform an Knghfh privateer.
It was argued for the now plaintiff",

and fulfil every thing in the faid policy contained on his part
and behalf, as fuch aflurcr, as to the faid tool, to be per-
formed and fulfilled, f>nd then and there fubferibed to the faid
policy as fuch ailurer for the faid tool. And the faid Giles
who was the defendant at law, that although, by the law of
nations, the firft capture of the fhip, and its being infra hof-
tium praefidia, had ablolutely diverted the right of the origi-
nal proprietors yet that now by the (latute made in the year
;

in fact faith, that, belore the making of the faid policy, to 1740 it is otherwife, being thereby provided, That if the
wit, on day of May, in the year of our Lord 1741,
trie full fhips of our Englifh merchants fhould be taken by the ene-

the faid fhipor with all her apparel and other furniture,
vefl'el, my, and afterwards re-taken by any of his majefty's fubjedts,
firft arrived at South Carpi) n a aforcfaid, and afterward*, to that the right of the original proprietors in fuch fhips fhould
wit, on the 12th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1 741 be relerved, on their paying one moiety of the value of fuch
aforefald, the faid fhipor vend, with all her apparel, and other fhips to the re-captors for re-falvage. Upon this it was
furniture, departed and failed from South Carolina aforefaid, argued, that the verdict and judgment are unjuft, in regard
towards Cowcs aforcfaid, and proceeded on her (aid voyage that the whole infurance money is given in damages, when

to the port of Cowes aforefaid, and afterwards, to wit, on it appears, that the plaintiff" at law, upon payment of one
the 1 8th day of July, in the year laft aforefaid, the faid fliip hall of the value of the fhip, might recocer it back, and there-

or vefl'el, with all her tackle, boat, and other furniture, fo fore that one half of the infurance money ouihtonly to have

proceeding in her (aid voyage, towards the port of Cowcs been given in damages ; upon which tne injunction prayed
aforefaid, before her arrival at the port of Cowes aforefaid, by the bill was moved for.

on the hih feas was, with force and arms, in an hoftile man- On the other lidc was
ii lifted,
it that this was a right veidict,
ner, attacked, conquered, and taken as a prize by certain and that the inluted were- n jt to be put to the delay, expence,
enemies of our lord the king, and his crown of England, to and trouble of afceruining the value of the flip, in order to
wit, by certain Spaniards, and fubjectsof the king of Spain. recover it back, upon payment of one moiety of the value
And the (aid lliip or vefiel, with all her tackle, and other to the captors. That for recovery thereof, the infurers
her furniture, were thereby, then and there, wholly loft, and might ftand in the pi .ce of the inlured, and make ufe of their
never did arrive at the port of Cowes aforefaid. Of all names which had been offered. That hey did not pre-
which faid premifies, the faid John afterwards, to wit, on tend tooppofe fo much of the bill as s, out infilled,
I

the day of December, in the year of our Lord 1741

firft that this could be ruo ground for granting l.^c injunction
aforefaid, at London aforefaid, in the parifh and ward afore- prayed. That this p .iiu ha I been debated before lord
faid, had notice, and was, then and there, requefted by the chief juftice Willes, upon trial of the iffue at NifiPiius, who
faid Giles to pay himcjSI. parcel of the faid iool. 2I. rcfi- had declared his opinion, that this right of falvage ought not
due of the faid tool, being to be abated to the faid John, to preclude the inlured fiom their recovery upon the infu-
on account of the lofs aforefaid ; which 98 I. the faid John rance, till the falvage fhould be fettled. That the de-
ought to have paid to the faid Giles, according to the faid fendants, the infurers, would be entitled to ftand in the plaefc
promife and undertaking. Yet the faid John, not regarding of the inlured, to make what advantage they could of the
his faid promife and undertaking, but contriving, and frau- falvage.
dulently intending, craftily and fubtily to deceive and defraud Lord Hardwicke chancellor, being of the fame opinion, re-
the faid Giles in this particular, hath not yet paid the laid fufed to grant the injunction; and laid, that the damage, m
fum of monev, or any part thereof, to the faid Giles (al- recovering the falvage, is as much a part of the infurance as
though fo to do the faid John by the faid Giles was requefted the (hip itfelf.
afterwards, on the day and )ear laft aforcfaid, at London
aforefaid, in the parifh and ward aforefaid) but he to pay the Sparrow verfus Caruthers, at Guildhall, iq July, at the fit-

fame to him hath hitherto wholly refufed, and ftill rcfufes.
There was another count forsl. 15s. for money had and
received by the defendant, for the ufe of the plaintiff". Da-
mages laid iool.
The defendant pleaded the general iffue, non afiumpfit, and
iffuewas thereon joined.
Upon this cafe, it was clearly taken at the trial before Lee,
chief juftice, without any objection or queftion made upon
it, that the plaintiff was well entitled to maintain this ac-
tion, upon the policy of infurance made in the name of Ca-
leb Smith, who was the policy broker employed to procure
the infurance, he having, by endorfement upon the policy,
acknowledged and declared, that the policy was made in his
name upon the account and for the fole rifque and benefit of
the plaintiff; and Smith was allowed, without any objection,
to prove the underwriting by the defendant, and his own en-
dorfement.
In this cafe, the defence, infiftedon for the defendant under-
writing this policy, had been informed by a letter wrote from
Carolina, by a (hip called the Collet, toone Mr. Crokatt, that
the Polly, the (hip infured, had failed ten days or a fortnight
from Carolina, before the fliip Collet, and that the fhip Col-
let had arrived in England about feven days before the ir.iurance
made, and that the plaintiff had not informed the defendant
of this, which was on -to be a fraud in the plaintiff,
infilled
fufficicnt to difcharge the defendant of this infurance it be-
imj, as was infilled, a fettled and eftablifhed tule, that, on
making an infurance, all material circumftances, relating to
the adventure, ought to be dilclofed to the infurer, for him
to judge upon and the chief juftice allowed this rule, and
; found with a view to determine, whether there wa c any change
declared his opinion, that the concealment infifted on was a
fufiicient circumftance to difcharge the defendant from the
tings for B. R. before Lee chief jultice.
Action on a policy of infurance of goods, on board a fhip
called the Three brothers, at and from Peterfburg in Ruflia to
London, and ril the goods fhould be fafely landed. *It ap-
peared, in evidence, that the flvp arrived fafe at London,
and came as nigh to the wharf as fhe could, and then the
merchant infured fent a lighter for the goods, and they were
funk in the lighter.
The court held the infurer not liable.
Verdict for the plaintiff for 40 s. for return of the fhip with
convoy, fuch deduction being agreed to by the policy, and
the 40 s. not being returned or brought into court. This
verdict was on a count for the 40s. as money had and re-
ceived to the plaintiff's ufe.
Pond verfus King. Hil. 21 Geo, II.
Upon a fpecia] verdict in an action brought on a policy of in-
furance, ^nd the general iffue of non ailumpfit pleaded, it
appeared, tnat the defendant had underw-ote the policy in
question, as an infurer upon a fhip called the Salamander,
being a privateer fhip for a coaftlng voyage tor three months.
It appeared that this ftup was taken by a French man of war,
but was afterwards re-taken ; and v upon payment of the pro-
per falvage, Was reftored to the owners The breach a(-
; figned in the declaration was on the' capture withn trie tnree
months, and the general queftion appealed to be, wne;her
the plaintiff could be entitled to judgment upon fuch a cafe ?
Lee, chief juftice, faid, that though this fpecial verdict was
or alteration in the property of the fhip$ yet the court were
all of opinion, that they ought not to determine the merits

policy ; he faid, that thefe contracts are made upon a

for of this cafe by that queftion, but upon the policy itfelr, a?
mutual and ciedit; and that to conceal fuch circum-
faith the contract of the parties, and upon the mt^nrir- -1 the 1

ftances which may make any difference in the adventure is parties appearing therein. For thouch, bv the civil law,
fraudulent; for the infurer ought to have the advantage, of there mult be a lofs of property, to entitle a perfon infured
judgment upon them, and that, where there is fuch conceal- to recover againft the infurer; yet, that it is not fo in oir
ment, the infurance ought not to bind. But, the defendant law, which judges upon the contract itfelf, and the inten-
not being able to make out this fact to the fatisfactdon of the tion of the parties appealing therein. He cited a cafe of
jury, the plaintiff had a verdict. DePaiba and Ludlow, Comyns 3&0. as one in point, bi.
N. B. In this cafe, the infurance was a re-infurance, and it faid, he had a manufcript note of t.ie cafe, and th? ju Igmcrt
was faid by fevsral oolicy-brokers, that where policies are of the court, by which it appears., that thatcaie is but im-
Vol. I. N n p-rfedlly
 ASS ASS
perfectly reported in Comyns :
That the court were all dents, upon making the infurance. And the refponderitij
6f opinion, the plaintiff had affigned a breach, upon which though they are debtors to the appellants in 5000 1. and in-
he is entitled to recover. For though the lofs in this cafe tereft, will, inftead of paying fuch debt, go away with bcol.

is fuch as does not entirely deprive the infured of the fhip, of the appellants money.
yet he has fuftained a lofs by the capture and detention of On behalf of the refpondents it was infilled, that the order
the fhip which is within that part of the policy, which
;
for allowing this demurrer was agreeable to equity.

infures a^aind all captures and detentions. And, to fhew Jirft, That the appellants demand is plainly a demand at
that it is not neceffary there fhould be an intire lofs to intitle law, they having nothing to prove, but their intereft and
the plaintiff to recover, he cited the cafe of Bond and Gou- the lofs of the fhip, which are facls proper to be tried by a
fates. 2 Salic. 445. and another cafe in Salk. 444. Judg- J
ur y-
ment for the plaintiff. Secondly, That there is no equity fuggefted ia the bill, but
N. B. The infurancewas intereftor no intereft, but no weight a pretended difficulty to produce witnefles, and that their
was laid upon this, in giving the judgment of the court. truftee refufed them to bring an aclion in his name. The
Though the following cafe is prior in time to the preceding; former of which may, with equal reafon, be fuggefted, in
yet, as it has occurred, while drawing up this matter, we almoft every cafe of a policy of infurance; and the latter
judged it better to be placed here than omitted, feeing it gives appears manifeftly to be thrown into the bill, merely to
great light into this ufeful fubjedl. change the jurifdiclion, and is in a great meafure falfihed,
by their truftee's anfwer. For he does not lay he ever re-
In Domo Procerum. February 1, 1730. fufed, but that (at the time of fweanng his anfwer) he did
not care to let his name be made ufe of.
De Ghettoff & al. vcrfus London Affurance compahy. Thirdly, That, if bills of this kind are encouraged, it will
be very eafy to bring all kinds of property to be tried in a
This cafe came before the houfe of lords upon an appeal court of equity.
from an order made by lord chancellor King. The cafe ap- The lords were pleafed to affirm the order.
peared to be, that the appellant Ghettoff and others, having This being a point of very great importance to our trading
fitted out a fhip for a voyage from Oftend to China, fent a interefts, is the reafoh of dwelling fo long upon it; for which
commiffion to one Deconick, their agent in London, to pro- we hope rather to have the approbation than cenfure of our
cure an infurance made by the refpondents, the London Af- readers.
furance company, upon the faid fhip, for the voyage afore- We have alfo various offices of affurance from fire, fome for
faid, for 5000 1. which infurance was accordingly made and houfes, others for goods, and fome for both, which are very
entered into by the refpondents in the common form. The ufeful inflitutionsj but the nature of them, in that refpedt, is
fhip being loft in her voyage, the appellants brought their bill fo generally underltood, that it will be thought needle/s to
in the court of Chancery againft the refpondents, and alfo dwell thereon.
againft the faid Deconick, fetting out the infurance, and We have likewife affurances for life, in virtue whereof, when
fuggefting, that the fhip was loft; which lofs amounted in the perfon aflured dies, a fum of money becomes payable to
value to the whole of the faid 500c I. and that the plaintiffs the perfon in whofe behalf the policy of affurance was granted.
were, in (hares, entiled to recover the fame. And having
fet forth, that the faid Deconick was only their truftee, they Life Policy. By the Governor and Company of the London
further charged, that he refufed to let them make ufe of his Affurance of Houfes and Goods from Fire.
name at law, and that they lived abroad in feveral diftant
and remote places, whereby, and by reafon of the great dif- In the name of God, Amen.
ficulty of producing witnefles viva voce, they were difabled Do make affurance, and caufe
from bringing an action at law, and therefore prayed a de- to be aflured upon natural life
cree for the 5000
according to their feveral proportions
1.

1 he refpondents put in an anfwer to fo much of the Bill as aged for and du-
related to a difcovery; but as to the demand of the 5000 1. ring the term and fpace of calendar months^
or any lefs money, they demurred. For caufe of which de- to commence this day of in the
murrer fhewed, that, if the policy Was forfeited, a proper year of our Lord one thoufand feven hundred and
aclion at law lay to recover the money fo loft, and that the and fully to be complete and ended. And it is declared, that
appellants, if they had any juft demand, might have their this affurance is made to and for the ufe, benefit, and fecurity
complete and adequate remedy, by fuch aclion at law, where of the faid executors, ari-
matters of this nature are properly cognizable, and where miniftrators, and afligns, in cafe of the death
of the faid
the appellants ought to prove their intereft, and lofs, and within the time aforefaid,
not in a court of equity. which the above governor and company do allow to be a
This demurrer was argued before lord chancellor King, upon good and ground and inducement for the making
fufficient
the f5th of June 1728, and the appellants counfel infilling this affurance, and do agree that the life of h the faid
very much on the allegation in the bill, of Deconick the truf- is and fhall be rated and valued at the

tee's refufing to permit his name to be made ufe of in an ac- fum affured, without any farther account to be given to them
tion at law, his lordfhip was pleafed to refpite the confidera- for the fame the faid governor and company therefore, for
:

tion of the demurrer, tillthe coming in of the defendant and in confideration of per cent, to ihem
Deconick's anfwer But, if the appellants did not pro- paid, do allure, affume, and promife, that h the faid
cure his anfwer within two months, it was ordered, that the fhall, by the permiflion of almighty God,
demurrer fhould be allowed. live, and continue in this natural life, for and during the faid
Deconick put in his anfwer within the two months, and term and fpace of calendar months, to commence as
thereby admitted, thathemadethe affurance in his own name, aforefaid ; or in default thereof, that is to fay, in cale h
in truft, and for the benefit of the appellants 5 but faid, he the faid fhall, in or during

did not caie to permit the appellants to bring any aclion the faid time, and before the end and expiration thereof,
full

againft the faid policy in his name, he

company, on the
being advifed, that he did, and they failed therein, he
if
fhould be perfonally liable to pay the cofts.
Upon which, on the 21ft of November 1729, the demurrer
came on to be further argued, when it was ordered, that it
fhould fiand, and be allowed. From which order an ap-
peal was preferred to the houfe of lords, upon the two fol-
lowing reafons : their fucceffors to the affured, h
Firft, For that the appellants cannot maintain an aclion at
law upon the faid policy in their own names, and it is in the
power of their truftee, whether he will permit his name to
be made ufe of or not. And that, in cafe the appellants
were able to bring an acl ion in their own names, it would
be to no purpofe, in regard that all their witneffes, who can
prove the lofs of the fhip, and the refpcclive intereft of the
appellants therein, live at diftant places beyond the feas, and
are not in the power of the appellants nor can theappellants
compel them to come over here to be examined on any trial
at law.
Secondly, For that the appellants can have no manner of re-
medy againft the refpondents upon the faid policy, but in a
court of equity, where th?y may have an opportunity, by
virtue of a commifTion, to examine their witneffes beyond the
fcas, and thereby be enabled to prove the lofs of the faid
fhip. And that, in cafe the appellants are deprived of this
remedy, they will not only lofe the faid 5000 1. but alfo the
lum of 600 1, which they paid, as a premium to the refpon-
7
happen to die or deceafe out of this world by any ways or
means whatfoever, That then the abovefaid governor and
company will well and truly fatisfy, content, and pay unto
the faid h executors,
adminiftrators, or affigns, the fum or fums of money by
them affured, and here underwritten, abating two pounds
per cent. Hereby promifing and binding themfelves and
executors, adminiftra-
tors, and afligns, for the true performance of the premiffes,
confeffing themfelves paid the confideration due unto them
for this affurance by the affured.
Provided always, And it is hereby declared to be the true in-
tent and meaning of this affurance, and this policy is ac-
cepted by the faid upon
condition that th fame fhall be utterly void and of noeffecl,
in cafe the faid fhall exceed
; the age of or fhall voluntarily go to
fea, or into the wars, by fea or land, without licence in
writing firft had or obtained for h fo doing, any thing in
thefe prefents, to the contrary hereof in any wife notwith-
standing. In witnefs whereof, the faid governor and com-
pany have caufed their common feal to be hereunto affixed,
and the fum or fums by them affured to be here under-written,
at their office in London, this day of
in the year of the reign of our fovereign lord
by the grace of God, of Great- Britain,
France, and Ireiand, king, defender of the faith, cV\ and in
the

I
 : 1 e;

ASS AST
thl yeat of our Lord one thoufand fevcn hundred and To married perfons, where a jointure, penfion, or annuity,
depends on both or either of their Jives, by infuring the life
The (aid governor and compariy are content with this of the perfons intitled to fuch annuity, penfion, or jointure.
aflurancc tor 'i'o dependents upon any other perfon, and thereby intitled
to falary or benefaction during the of fuch pcrlon, wld
life

There is likewife an office for the infurance of lives at Ser- life being infured in this fociety, either by themfelves or by
jeants-Inn, in Fleet- ftreet, London, the nature of which is their dependents refpedtively ; in either cafe, fuch dependents
as follows may become entitled to a claim, or claims, upon the death
of the peifons on wh< m they are dependent, in proportion
Terms, methods, and advantages of infuring lives, in the to the numbers infured.
office of the Amicable Society for a perpetual Allurance, To perfons wanting to borrow money, who, by infuring
kept in Serjeants- Inn, Fleet-ftrcet, London. their lives, are enabled to give a fecurity for the money bor-
rowed.
On the 2.5th of July, (706, the then lord bifhop of Oxford, To creditors intitled to demands larger than their debtors are
Sir Thomas Aleyn, Bt. and others, obtained from the late able todifcharge; fuch debtors may, by a like infurance, fe-
queen Anne a charter for incorporating them and their fuc- cute to their creditors the principal fums at their deaths.
tcllbrs, by the name of The Amicable Society for a perpetual The abovementioned advantages are offered chiefly with re-
Affurancc-Office, whereby they might provide for their wives, fpedt to infurances for life ; but temporary infurers may find
children, and other relations, after an ealy, certain, and ad- no lefs advantage from this fociety, as may plainly appear
vantageous manner; with power to purchafe lands, fue and from the following inftances, viz. A. B. has agreed for the
be fued, and to have a common feal, &c. The number of purChafe of an office or employment, but wants 300 1. to
perfons to be incorporated not to exceed 2000, but may be niake up the purchafe-money he is willing to affign a fhare
:

lefs ; each pcrfon to receive a policy, under the feal of the
corporation, intitling his nominee to a dividend, on his or her
deceafe, in the manner mentioned in the charter. After pay-
ing the charges of the policy, and 10 s. entrance money,
each perfon was to pay 61. 4s. per anil, which payments have
of the profits, or income, of his office, as a fecurity or pledge,
for the repayment of the principal, with intereft ; but cannot
obtain a loan of that fum without infuring his life, till the
whole be cleared ; which he is enabled to do, by the help of
this fociety e. g. hepurchalcs three blank (or vacant) num-
:

fince, by the raifing a joint -ftock, been reduced to 5I. pay- bers on each of which he infurcs his life, and thereby his
able quarterly. From thefe payments the dividends to claim- afligns become intitled to three fevcral claims at his death
;

ants are to arife for which reafon, if the fame fhall be at

: which claims, by the abovementioned provifion, will not
any time a year and a quarter in arrear, fuch defaulters are probably be lefs than tool, each, and may amount to more.
excluded from all benefit of their policies. The affairs of the He affigns and depofits his policies with the lender he pays :

corporation arc managed by a court of directors, according to the fociety, for the yearly contributions on the three num-
to the powers granted by the charter, and the directions of bers, no more than 15 1. which is 5 1, percent, under which,
the by-laws. The directors are 12, chofen yearly, within rate no other office will infure, and that for one year only
;

40 days after every 25th day of March. The majority of at the end of which, fuch offices are at liberty to refufe any

members, aflembled at a general court (which is never to further infurance whereas in this fociety the infurance con-
:

confift of lefs than 20) are impowered to make by-laws and tinues till exclufion for non-payment of the quarterly contri-
ordinances, for the good government of the corporation. butions. And as to the money laid out in the purchafc of
The charter diredts one of the members of the fociety to be the blank (or vacant numbers) the inlurer may, at the end
cledted their regifter, who is alfo their receiver and accompt- of his infurance, difppfe of them at a market-price.
ant, and therefore the by-laws requite him to give good fe- To ASSURE, or INSUR::, is to give a premium of fo
curity, in the fum of 2000 1. at lead. All perfons to be ad- much per cent, to an underwriter, or infurer, to indemnify
mitted are to be between the ages of 12 and 45, and ap- fuch who infure from loffes by fea or by fire, &c.
pealing in agood Hate of health. Perfons living in the coun- ASSURER, or INSURER, one who infures, or underwrites
try may be admitted by certificates and affidavits, forms of policies of aflurance. See Assurance.
which may be had at the office. Every claimant is impowered ASTRABAD, or ESTARAHAD,
in Perfia, together with
to put in a new life in the room of the deceafed, within 12 Khoemus, or Coumas,
are feated in the north-weft part of
kalendar months next after the end of the current year, for Perfia, having Corafan on the eaft ; part of Tartary on the
which his or her claim fhall be allowed, as often as the fame north ; the Cafpian Sea on the weft, and alfo a little on the
(ball happen, upon payment of ios. entrance; any perfon is north; Tabriftan on the weft and a branch of mount Tau-
;

allowed to have two or three levcral infurances (or numbers) rus, with the defertof Segeftan, on the fouth. It is a moun-

on one and the fame life, whereby fuch pcrfon will be inti-
tled to a claim on each number fo infured. Five members
of the fociety are annually eledted auditors, who are by their
office to infpedt every tranfadtion of the fociety, to examine
all vouchers for receipts and payments; and upon oath to
lay before the quarterly and annual general courts the quar-
terly and annual accounts of the fociety and, on the day
before the holding each court of directors, to ftate and
enter, in the directors' misute-book, a balance of the cafh
tainous country j and, except near the banks of the two ri-
vers, Margab and Arias, which run through it, the foil is
fandy and barren ; but, in that part, it is champaign land,
pleafant and fruitful, producing grapes of wonderful bignefs.
The inhabitants are a mixture of Perfians and Tartars. The
chief city here is that which gives name to the province
: namely,
Astrabad. Here they make a great many brown druggets,
and other light fluffs, which is the chief of their trade within

of the fociety. That the good end intended by the charter themfelves.
has been purlued, and the fociety found to be a common be- ASTRACAM, a kingdom in the empire of Mufcovy, is
nefit to mankind, will evidently appear from a ftate of their bounded on the north by Bulgaria and Baikiria ; on the fouth
yearly dividends, from Lady-Day 1710, to Lady-Day 1749 by the Cafpian Sea ; on the weft by the Wolga, which parts
(the preceding years having been particularly provided for by it from the Nagayan Tartars and Don Coffacks ; and, on the

the charter) being 39 dividends fucceffively, amountingto the eaft, by a chain of hills, which divide it from Great Tartary.
turn of 277,1041. and upwaids, on 2,967 claims, fothat upon On a vaft heath, on the weft fide of the Wolga, are produced
an average, the amount of each claim has not been lefs than immenle quantities of fine tranfparent fait, which the fun
93 1. 3 s. 7d. But they have been confiderably more
for thefe bakes, and incruftates about an inch thick, and looks like fine
15 years a general court having, in 1734, appro-
laft paft, rock-cryftal on the furface of the water. 1 hofe pits efpecially
priated a part of their yearly income for augmenting the called Cainkowa, Gwoftolffki, and Mozanofschi, which are
claims, whenever they fhall happen to be under 100 1, the at 30, 25, and 10 miles from Aftracan, yield fuch quanti-
quantum of fuch claims being as follows, viz. ties of ]t, that, for the value of a half-penny for every pood,
1. s. d. 1. s. d. or 40 pound weight, any body may carry off as much as he
Anno 1734 IOO Anno 1742 94 16 4 pleafes. hath a fine pejfume, like that of a violet ; and
It

1735 121 11 8; J
7+3 88 15 4 the Ruffians, whomake a confide'rable traffick of it, have
.

1736 101 13 4 174+ 126 6 8 it carried and laid in great heaps on the banks of the Wol-

1737 100 *74S 97 13 1 ga, where it lies ready to be fhipped off.

1738 no 1746 128 6 8 Along the banks of the Wolga grow great quantities of li-
1739 101 10 2 *747 100 quorice.
1740 100 1748 125 The city of Astracan is fo conveniently fituated for com-
1741 98 9 10 merce, that it is greatly reforted to by Perfians, Armenians,
which, one year with another, makes the amount of each and other merchants, infomuch that the cuftoms for the im-
claim 106I. 5s. 7d. ports and exports of it, though they are reckoned very low
The advantages propofed from becoming members of this fo- and moderate, were computed to bring in to the late Czar,
ciety are principally as follow : Peter the Great, 250,000 crowns per ann. befides the con-
To clergymen, phyficians, furgeons, lawyers, tradefmen, and venience of vending all the native commodities of Ruiiia, and
particularly perfons poiTeiled of places or employments for receiving in exchange the filks, cotton, and other valuable
life ; to matters of families, and others whofe income is fub- merchandizes of Perfia, India, &c. Here grows the animal
jedt to be determined, or leffened, at their refpedtive deaths, plant called bonnaretz, in great quantities, and is fold to very
who, by infuring their lives, may, in all probability, leave great advantage. Here is likewife a fifh called biloege,
to their families a claim not lefs than 100 1. for every 5 1. an- which is caught in the Wolga, nearer the Cafpian Sea, in
nually paid in. great abundance ; of the roes of which they make what we
 :

ATT ATT
call career, in which the Ruffians drive a very advantageous and does not deny it, then his debt fhall be attached in his
traffic. hands.
ASTRINGENT, term of medicine and dyeing. The phy-
a But debts upon record, ftatutc, or recognizance ; debit re-
ficians give the name of
aftringent drugs, and the dyers that covered, or which is in fuit in the King's-Bcnch or Common
of aftringent materials, or ingredients, to the bark of alder, Pleas, after iffue joined, imparlance to the action, or writ

of the pomegranate, crab, and walnut-tree, when the fap purchafed returnable in banco ; and if money be in the fhe-
rifes, as alfo to the faw-duftof oaks, walnut-fhellsand roots, riff's hands by execution, &c. thefe are not attachable in
gall-nuts, and fumach. See Dyeing. London; nor fhall attachment he for rent. 1 Roll. Abi. 552.
ASTURIAS, a principality in Spain, lies on the north fide, A legacy may not be attached in the hands of an executor,
along the bay of Bifcay, borders on the weft on Galicia ; on for it is uncertain whether the executor (hall have effects to
the louth it is divided by Caftile and Leon, by a ridge of pay debts ; but, for the debt of an inteftate, if a debt be due
mountains, which is namelefs. On the coaft it reaches to only upon fimple contract, a foreign attachment may be
the port Llanes, now Santillana, where it joins a narrow flip made; for the executor, or adminiltrator, is chargeable for
of land belonging to old Caftile, which runs into the fea a debt due by the teftator, or inteftate, upon a fimple con-
between Afturias and Bifcay. tract as well as upon a fpecialty. If a fuit be commenced
Places of molt note in this principality are, Oviedo, San- againft the executor of any perfon, any debt which was due
tillana, Gijon, and the little province of Liebana. to the teftator, at the time of his death, may be attached by
I. Oviedo is about 20 miles diftant from the bay of Bifcay. the executor but not where the executor himlelf takes bond
;

The country about it is very mountainous, abounds in cattle, for a debt due to the teftator ; and, if he fells the goods, the
Indian wheat, chefnuts, corn, and all forts of grain. The money for which they were
fold, &c. cannot be attached.
mountains, efpecially thofe which divide this principality A debt due may
be attached by the adminiftrator, an admini-
from Leon and Caftile, befides their natural fertility, were ftrator being within the cuftom. 1 Ventr. in.

formerly rich in mines of all forts of metals and minerals.
2 Liebana, is about 27 miles long, and 12 broad. It is
one of the moft craggy and mountainous parts of Spain, ex-
ceffive high, and almoft inacceffible. Thefe mountains are
called Europae, and in full front of the fea; and produce
plenty of corn, wine, fruit, cattle, and game.
ATCHE, the fmalleft coin that is ftruck and current in the
Grand Seignior's dominions. It is of filver, and worth about
4 deniers French, or f of a farthing Englifh money. As
Debt may be attached in the hands of an attorney of the
King's-Bench, and he fhall not be piivileged ; becaufe, if
fuch privilege were allowed, the defendant might put his eftate
into his attorney's hands, and the creditor will be barred of
his remedy. If a man be indebted to another by bills, note,
or verbal agreement, in any fum payable at a time to come,
an attachment may be made for the money before the time
agreed for payment thereof, even immediately, and judg-
ment fhall be prefently had
but the execution fhall not ba
;

there is no copper coin in the whole Ottoman empire, ex- awarded for this money,
it becomes due according to
until
cept in the province of Babylon, where there are liards, or the time mentioned in the agreement. Goods or money at
farthings of Lyons and Dombes, the poor are well pleafed any time coming to the garnifher's hands (viz. the third per-
when one gives them an atche for alms, which is the fmall- fon) after the attachment, though it be fix months after, fhall
eft piece you can give them. The atches, or fmall afpers, as be liable to the attachment. 1 Roll. Abr. 553. Sid. 362.

fome call them, are pretty much like thofe fpangles of tinfel
with which they ufed formerly to fet off gold and filver em-
broidery, except that they are fomething ftronger and longer.
They are marked, like the para, with Arabian characters
you give commonly three or four atches for one para.
ATJBAR. Thus the inhabitants of the kingdom of Gago in
Africa call gold-duft; and from that word the Europeans, and
efpecially the French, have compofed the word Tibir, which
alfo fignifies gold-duft among thofe who
modity.
Part of a debt may be attached, by the cuftom of London.
Money due upon account, after promife to pay it, and the
day of payment paft, may be attached ; but no action may
be afterwards maintained for the breach of promife. Where
an account is made upon debts by fimple contract, or where
executors give time for payment of a bond due to the teftator,
thefe fhall be ftill attached. If a man dies inteftate, an at-
tachment may be made of money or goods, in a third per-
trade in that com- fon's hands, before adminiftration, &c. being entered againft:
the biftiop of London but, when there is a will proved, or
:

ATLAS, a filk-fattin, manufactured in the Eaft-Indies. There
are fome plain, fome ftriped, fome flowered, the flowers of
which are either gold, or only filk. There are Atlafles of
all colours, but moft of them falfe, efpecially the red and
the crimfon.
It muft be owned that the manufacture of them is wonderful
and Angular ; and that, efpecially in the flowered atlafles, the
gold and worked together after fuch a manner as no
filk are
workmen Europe can imitate; but yet they are very far
in
from having that fine glofs and luftre which the French know
how to give to their filk fluffs *.
* In theChinefe manufactures of this fort, they gild paper on
one fidewith leaf-gold, then cut it in long flips, and weave
it into their filks, which makes them, with very little coft,
look very rich and fine. The fame long flips are twilled or
turned about filk-threads, fo artificially, as to look finer
than gold thread, though it be of no great value.
letters of adminiftration granted, the attachment dies, and
muft be again made by the executor, or adminiftrator, againft
the party, unlefs it be condemned fully in the mean time. If
a third perfon be condemned on attachment, and judgment is
given ; if no execution be fued againft him, the plaintiff in
the action may have judgment and execution againft his prin-
cipal debtor ; and fuch debtor may fue the third perfon for his
debts, notwithstanding the judgment. 1 Roll. 551. Dv.8224
Merchants fhould be well advifed, before they make attach-
ments, becaufe both the civil law and cuftoms of merchants
do impofe great damages upon the party, if he bath made his
attachment without juft caufe, to the overthrow of the other
party's credit.
There fhould be great caution not to admit any attachment to
be made in London, or any other city or town corporate, ac-
cording to the cuftom of London, unlefs it be upon fpecial in-
ftances, and alfo with putting in good fureties for the cofts.

This may afford a good hint to our Britifh weavers, for For it is a very dangerous thing for merchants living beyond
the like kind of improvements. the feas, or in remote places of the kingdom, to be habis
to have their goods fecretly attached by their own faclors,
Among the feveral forts of atlafles, the moft confiderable upon pretence of debt, and fo have judgment pafled thereon,
are, the cotonis, the caucanias, the cotonis-bouilles, and the before they can be prefent to remove the attachment ; which
bouilles chafmay, or charmay. The atlafles cotonis are fraud has been often practifed.
thus called, becaufe the ground of them is cotton, and the ATTORNEY at law, is an employment worthy of a fcho-
reft filk. The caucanias are ftriped fattins, and thofe of them lar and gentleman, their time being wholly taken up in of-
a

which feem moft filky are ftiled quenkas. The calquiers are ficiating in that learned and laudable profefficn to difeharge ;

fattins made after the Turkifh manner, or like Hungary the duty of which with reputation requires knowledge and
point. Thebouilles-cottonis and bouilles-charmay are thick experience, obtained through a good deal of practice^ inte-
iilks, made at Tours in France.
like thofe ftrong tafteties grity, and the hand of a ready writer.
There are atlafles from 4 French ells and | in length, by * Their bufinefs, in general, confifts not only in drawing', in-
in breadth, to 14 ells in length, by T"<; in breadth. Thofe groffing, feeing executed, and regiftered, when required, all
that come near to half the ufual length are called half- pieces. inftruments, or deeds, in writing, of what kind foever, re-
ATTACHMENT, a cuftom in fome places, particularly in lating to the fecurity of private property ; but a'fo prcparino-
the city of London, whereby a creditor may attach the goods allproceedings in law and equity, and attending them through
of his debtor, in any hands where he findeth them, privi- the feveral offices, while before the different matters, protho-
leged perfons and places only excepted. For example: if A notaries, &c. when in the refpective courts, or before the
owes B 100I. and C owes A 100 1. B may attach the fum chancellor, judges, or mailer of the Rolls and, laftly, the ;

in the hands of C. By the cuftom of London, one may happy conclulion, and, fometimes, reconciliation of the par-
attach money or goods of the defendant, either in the plain- ties that have been in fuit.
tiff's own hands, or in the cuftody of a third perfon, and Thofe who chiefly attend affairs in chancery are commonly
that either in the mayor's court or fheriff's court. called follicitors in Chancery, and others arc diftinguifhed ac-
And the cuftom is, that if any plaint be affirmed in Lon- cording to the courts they are fwom into and of courfe arc ;

don, in thofe courts, againft any man, and he is returned admitted attornies of the court of King's-Bench, Common*.
nihil if the plaintiff will furmifc any other man within the
;
Pleas or Exchequer and, if any one t ran facts matters in
;

city who is debtor to the defendant in any fum, he ftiall have
his garnifhment againft him to come and anfwer, if he be in-
debted in the form the other hath alledged; and, if he comes
8
a different court from his own, be nuift do it in the name of
an attorney in that coutt, each court taking particular cog-
nizance of the conduct of it's own aitornic, Some ptihei-
patfy
 ATT A T T
cipally follow conveyancing, a very advantageous, as well as In witnefs whereof, I have hereunto fet my hand and feat*

moft branch of the law, but requires much reading,

ufeful, this d.y of in the 25th year of the reign
practice, and judgment. of our f'ovcrcign lord George If, of Great-Britain,
There are two other denominations that feem to belong to France, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c.
this profcflion, a fcrivener and a notary-public but of thefe in :

Sealed and delivered (being firft duly

their proper place.
ftamped) in the prefence of A B.

Remarks. An attorney at law being a perfon who is inverted with the

care of people's property, the law has made good provifion
The gentlemen of this profeflion are very numerous, and they
to prevent their impofing on their clients; which) being a
employ a great number of hands; yet there is room enough
matter of confequence to the man of bufinefs, it may be ne-
ftill for fome thorough proficients, both in the courts and at
ceflary for him to be briefly informed of in his Commercial
thedefk.
Dictionary.
Therefore a youth defigned for a clerkfliip (for fo it is termed,
An attorney, follicitor, or fervant to any,
fliall not be al-
and is articled but for five years) in this profeflion, ought not
lowed any given to counfel, or for copies, unlefs he have
fees
to be too young, 16 at leaft; fhould understand Latin, and
tickets thereof, figned by the hands of them that receive fuch
fome French; efpecially the old ; write a good hand, and be and he
fees; fhall alfo give unto his client true bills of all
a thorough-paced accountant, in order to adjuft, unravel,
the charges of fuit under his own hand, before he can charge
and liquidate fuch accounts as may come before him.
his client with the payment thereof: and, if he delay his cli-
He fliould alfo know fo much of the old court hands as to be demand by
ent's fuit for gain, or his bill allowance for money
able to read them ; and, with this, the old law French, and
which he hath not difburled,
the client fhall recover againft
law Latin abbreviations ; if he is diligent, with thefe he may
him his cofts and treble damages, and he fhall be forever af-
make himfelf familiar during his clerkfliip. And thefe im-
ter difabled from being an attorney or follicitor. Stat. 3. Jac. I.
provements, though the prefent ufe of them feems to be laid
cap. 7. Seel. 1.
afide, the young clerks will find of great fcrvice to them, in
By feet. 2. or the fame flatutc, none fhall be admitted attor-
cafe they fliould have occafion to fearch court-rolls, or examine
nies in courts of record, but fuch as have been brought up in
ancient deeds, &c.
the fame courts, or othervvife well practifed in folhciting of
I have heard it remarked by fome very ingenious gentlemen
caufes, and found fkiliul, and of honeft difpofition ; and none
of this profeflion, that, if a young man officiated for three
but fuch fhall be hereafter fuffered to follicit caufes in the
or four years as clerk, after the expiration of the ufual time,
courts aforcfaid. And an attorney fhall not admit any other
of his clerkfliip, he would not only find himfelf better quali-
to follow a fuit in his name, on pain that each of them fhall
fied in bufinefs for his own
account, but would more effeclu-
forfeit 20 1. to be divided between the king and party grieved,
ally recommend himfelf to the world, people being diffident
and the attorney fhall be excluded.
of trufting the care of their properties in unexperienced, ju-
If any perfon convicted of forgery, or of wilful and corrupt
venile hands. As the trader, from the multiplicity and va-
perjury, fhall pradtife as an attorney, follicitor, or agent, in
riety of his tranfactions, is more liable than any other perfon
any fuit or aclion, in any court of law or equ ty within Eng- :

to be drawn into broils and law-fuits; fo nothing is more

land, the judges of the courts, where fuch fuit or aclion is
advifeable, when that is unavoidable, than to make choice
brought, fhall, on complaint, or information thereof, ex-
of an able and experienced, as well as an honeft, attorney ;
amine the matter in a fummary way, in open court; and, if
ignorance in his profeflion proving no lefs injurious than
it fhall appear to their fatisfaction that the perfon complained
knavery; and integrity, without fuitable abilities, may be
of hath offended contrary to this act, the judges fhall caufe fuch
equally detrimental to a client.
offender to be tranlported for feven years. Stat. 12 Geo. I.
Let the trader's caufe, however, be ever fo good, and the
cap. 29. feci. 4.
Ikill as well as the juftice of his attorney unexceptionable, yet,
if he does not keep the ftate of his accounts in a regular and
No perfon fhall be permitted to acl as an attorney, or to fue
out procefs, &c. in the name of any other perfon, unlefs
methodical manner, and preferve all his vouchers, to verify
he fhall have taken the following oath, and fhall have been
the truth of his books, the beft lawyer can be of little fcr-
duly admitted and inrolled, in fuch of the faid courts where
vice to him ; fo that it may be truly faid, it depends in a
he fliall acl as an attorney. Stat. 2. Geo. II. cap. 23.
great meafure upon every trader to be his own lawyer, by
fed!. 1.
being capable, at all times, to furnifli his attorney or follici-
tor with proper evidence, in juftificationof his conduct.
An Attorney, alfo, is any private perfon legally authorized The oath is as followeth :

by another to pay or receive monies, fue, or tranfaclany other

kind of bufinefs, in the name of fuch perfon who fhall appoint
I AB do fwear, that I will truly and honeftlv demean myfelf
him or her their lawful attorney. in the praclice of an attorney, according to the beft of my
knowledge and ability.
This power or authority is transferred to another by virtue
pf what is called a letter of attorney which muft always be
So help me God.
;

drawn up in a legal manner, fuitable to the peculiar nature

and circumftances of the cafe. It is neceflary, therefore,
The fame oath alfo muft be taken by a follicitor.
1
Before any perfon is admitted to take the faid oath, the made.
that a fkilful perfon fliould be made choice of, efpecially in
of the Rolls, two of the matters in Chancery, the barons of
cafes of confequence, to draw up fuch like inftruments with
the Exchequer, the chancellor of the duchy, and the judges
judgment and legality ; for, by trufting to common general
of the other courts of equity, fhall examine touching his ca-
forms, which any blockhead may collect, when fuitable va-
pacity. Sect. 4. of the faid flat.
riations therefrom are required, is too often the caufe of in-

volving traders in great perplexities and expenfive law-fuits.

No attorney or follicitor fhall commence an aclion for fees>
till the expiration of one month after be fhall have delivered
In regard to merchants conftituting or appointing other per-
to the party a bill of fuch fees, &c. written in plain Englifh
fons to tranfacl bufinefs in foreign countries, by the way of
(except law-terms and names of writs) and, upon applica-
attorney or procurator, fuch inftruments of authority fliould
tion of the party, chargeable by fuch bill, to the chancellor
always be drawn up by notary- publics, and not by thole of
or the matter of the Rolls, or to any of the courts wherein the
as little knowledge as credit, but by Exchange notaries, who
bufinefs contained in the faid bill, or the greateft part thereof
are prefumed to be perfons of judgment, as well as reputa-
in value, fhall haVe been tranfacled ; and, upon fubmiflion
tion in their profeflion, and whofe names and fignatures are
of the faid party to pay the fum that, upon taxation, fliall ap-
well known in foreign nations.
pear to be due, it fhall be lawful for the lord chancellor, &c.
to refer the faid bill to be taxed by the proper officer, with-
The form of a general letter of attorney from AB to C D. out any money being brought into court
and, if the attorney ;

or follicitor, or client, neglecl to attend fuch taxation, the of-

Know all men by thefe prefents, that f, A B, of London, ficer may proceed to tax the biM ; which fum fo taxed, being

merchant, have named and conftifuted, and by thefe prefents paid, fliall beadifcharge of the biD ; and, in default of non-

do name, appoint, and make my trufty friend C D, of Liver- payment, the party fhall be liable to an attachment, or pro-
pool, merchant, my true and lawful attorney, for me, and in cefs of contempt, or fuch other proceeding, at the eleclion

my name, and to my ufe, to demand, fue for, recover, and of the attorney or follicitor, as fuch party was liable to ; and
receive of J. W,
of Liverpool, merchant, the fum of if, on fuch it fhall be found that the attorney or fol-
taxation,

to me due and owing, by and from the faid J. ;

W licitor fhall have been overpaid, he fhall refund to the party
or to any perfon by him authorized, if prefent at
giving and hereby granting unto my faid attorney my full intitled,

power and authority to ufe and exercife all fuch arts, things,
and devices in the law, as fhall be neceflary for recovering of
the faid debt ; and acquittances, or other difcharges, in my
name to make and give ; and generally to do and execute
in the premifles as fully as I myfelf might, or could do, be-
ing perfonally prefent ; rectifying, confirming, and allowing
all, and whatever my faid attorney (hall
lawfully do, or caufe
to be done therein, by thefe prefents.
Vol. I.
the fettling thereof, or otherwife as the court fliall direct, all
the money that the officer fliall certify to have been overpaid ;
and, in default thereof, the attorney or follicitor fhall in like
manner be liable to an attachment, or procefs of contempt,
or fuch other proceeding, at the election of the party; and the
courts are required to award the cofts of fuch taxation, to be
paid by the parties according to the event of the taxation,
viz. if the bill taxed be lefs by a fixth part than
the bill
O o delivered
 :

A V A AVE
delivered, then the attorney or follicitor is to pay the cods ; his gold and filk into China; from whence he has filver in
but, if it be not lef's, then the court, in their difcretion, {hall return, which he coins into pieces of 20 d. and 22 d. value,
charge the attorney, or client, in regard to the reafonablenefs, as he does gold into afpers of two forts, four of the one, and

or unreafonablenefs, of fuch a bill. 12 of the other, amounting to a crown.

AVA. The empire of Ava, including the kingdom of Pegu, Boutan, or Lassa, is a kingdom in this peninfula, which
lies between independent Tartary on the north ; the Indian fome think rather belongs to Tartary. It has Tartary on the
Sea on the fouth ; Siam on the fouth-eaft ; part of Bengal and north, China on the eaft, Afem on the fouth ; and Great
it's gulph, on the weft; and part of China, Tonquin, and Tibet, and part of the Mogul's dominions, on the weft. The
the kingdom of Laos, on the eaft. The moft fouthern coun- country abounds with rice, corn, pulfe, and wine; and it's
try, that ufed to be called the kingdom of Pegu, is very other commodities are coral, the beft rhubarb, mufk, furs,
corn, fruits, roots, and excellent pulfe of feveral
fruitful in and martens. It is not doubted but there are filver mines

forts, and produces timber for building, elephants-teeth, here, becaufe there are pieces of money coined here by the
bees-wax, ltick-lack, iron, faid to be of fo hard a quality king's order, to the value of half a crown, which have eight
that it is almoft a natural fteel ; tin, oil of earth, wood-oil, angles, with certain characters, but they are neither Indian
the beft rubies in the world, fmall diamonds, fapphires, ame- nor Chinefe. As for what little gold they have, 'tis brought
thyfts, and other precious ftones. They have abundance of hither by merchants from the Eaft.
falt-petre, death to export it; and plenty of lead,
but 'tis AUDITOR of Accounts, is an officer of the king, or"
which paffes About 20 fail of (hips find
here for money. fome other great perfon, who examines yearly the accounts
their account in trade for the limited commodities, but the of all under officers, and makes up a general book, which
Ai^menians have got the monopoly of the rubies, which turns fhews the difference between their receipts and charge, and
to a good account in their trade. their feveral allowances, commonly called allocations as the :

The people wear none of our European manufactures but hats Auditors of the Exchequer take the accounts of thofe re-
and ribbands; fo that the gentry will give extravagant prices ceivers who collect the revenues, 4 Inft. 106. receivers gene-
for fine beaver hats, and rich ribbands, flowered with filver ral of fee- farms rents, &c. are alfo termed Auditors, and hold
and gold. Cotton-cloths from Bengal and Coromandel, with their audits for adjufting the accounts of the faid rents at
fome ftriped filks, are beft for their market; and filver of any certain times and places appointed. And there are audi-
fort is welcome to them. It pays the king 8 i per cent, cuf- tors affigned by the court, to audit and fettle accounts in

tom but, in lieu thereof, he indulges the merchants to melt

;
actions of accounts, and other cafes, who are proper jud-
it down, and put what alloy they pleafe in it, and then to ges of the caufe, and pleas are made before them, Sic. Brownl.
pafs it off in payment as high as they can. Rupee filver, with- 24.
out alloy, will bear 20 per cent, of copper alloy, and keeps Auditors of the Exchequer, are officers appointed in Eng-
the Pegu touch, which they call flowered filver; and, if it land, under the crown, to take the accounts from other pub-
flowers, it paffes current. They make flowered filver thus lic officers, who collect the national revenue.
when the filver and copper are mixed and melted together, Auditors of the impreft, are fuch officers under the crown,
they put it, while liqu d, into a fhallow mould, and blow on in the Exchequer, who receive and make up the great ac-

it through a fmall wooden pipe, which makes the part blown counts of Ireland, Berwick, the mint, wardrobe, firft-fruits,
up appear with the figures of flowers, or ftars ; but, if there and of all monies impreffed to any perfon for the king's fer-
istoo great a mixture of alloy, no figures will appear. The vice.
king generally adds 10 per cent, on all filver that comes into Auditor of the receipts, officer of the Exchequer, who
is an
his treafury, befides what was put on at firft ; and, though files the tellers bills, andduly enters them, and gives the
be not flowered, it muft go off in all his payments; but,
it lords of the treafury a certificate of the money received from
from any body elfe, it may be refufed, if it is not flowered. the feveral branches of the revenue the week before; and who
The chief towns are, gives in the ftate of thofe accounts from year to year to the
1. Svriam, which is the only port now open for trade in all parliament. He alfo makes out debentures to the refpective
the Pegu dominions, and is capable of receiving a fhip of tellersof the Exchequer, before they receive any money, and
6co tons. The Portugueze, who had this port given them takes their accounts, and fees the tellers money locked up in
by the king of Arracan, to reward their fervices to him in the royal treafury.
his wars, held it many years ; but, through their pride and AVERAGE, orAVERIDGE, a term of commerce by fea,
infolence, were obliged, in 1614, to quit it, and the trade which and misfortunes which happen to
fignifies the accidents

was reftored to the Moors. It drives a good trade with Ar- fhips and their cargoes, from the time of their loading and
menians, Portugueze, Moors, Gentaws, and fome Englifh. failing to their return and unloading.
Their import is feveral forts of Indian goods, as betellas, mul- There are three forts of averages, the fimple, or particular,
muls, tanjebs, and European hats, and filver ; and the cuf- averages, the large, or common, and the fmall ones.
toms here, which are about 8 { per cent, amount, with other The fimple averages confift in the extraordinary expences
charges, to about 12 in the hundred. As foon as foreign incurred for the fhip alone, or for the merchandizes alone ;
number of people
ihips arrive here, the on board, with their in which cafe, the damages that happen to them in particular,
age and fex, is him, that fo ma-
fent to the king, to acquaint ought to be borne and paid by the thing which fuffered the
ny of his flaves are arrived, to partake of the glory and hap- damage, or occafioned the expence.
pinefs of his reign and favour. Among the fimple averages is reckoned the lofs of cables, an-
2. Pegu, according to Moll, is divided by the river of the fame chors, fails, mafts, and rigging, occafioned by (forms or fome
name into two towns, the old and the new. The latter was other accidents, common at fea ; as alfo the damages which
the feat of it's kings ; the former is ft ill the refidence of it's happen to the merchandizes, either by the mafter or the crew's
merchants and artificers, and it lies 20 miles up the river; fault, or through negledl in fhutting the hatches clofe, or in
according to others, it lies 80 miles up the river. well anchoring the fhip, or for want of good cordage, for
3. The city of Ava is faid to be a place of trade for jewels and hoifling up the merchandizes, &c. All thefe averages muft
mufk. be borne by the mafter, the fhip, and the freight.
The country of Ava Proper abounds with mines of filver, The damages which happen to merchandizes, through fome
copper, and lead, and has ftore of elephants and horfes. defects them, or by ftorm, prize, or fhipwreck, or run-
in

The places of chief note on the coaft, which, from Syriam ning a-ground ; the expences incurred for the faving of them,
to Cape Negrais, is in the Pegu dominions, are, and the duties, taxes, and cuftoms, ought to be placed to
1. Dola, or Dela, which Moll reprefents to be an ifland. the account of the proprietors. By fome defect in the mer-
Tytch fays it has a good harbour, from whence fhips trade chandizes muft be underftcod their decay, or growing worfe,
to Malacca, the Red Sea, Sic. rotting, being wet, running, Sic.
2. Cosmin, or Cosmi, whofe neighbourhood produces great The provifions and hire of the feamen, when the fhip happens
figs, oranges, cocoas, and other fruit. The inhabitants go to be flopped in her voyage, by the order of fome fovereign,
from hence to Pegu .in their boats, wherein they live all the are alfo reckoned among the fimple averages, and muft be
year with their families. borne by the fhip alone, provided file was hired for the whole
3. Meden, is another pretty town, where there is abundance voyage, and not by the month.
of boats, in which they keep their markets upon the water, The large or common averages are thofe expences incurred,
and fhade their commodities from the fun by large umbrel- and damages fuftained, for the common good and fecurity
las. both of the merchandizes and the veflels. Of that number
4. Negrais, is a cape and town on the coaft, which has a are,
good harbour, but there is a bar,which makes it's entrance The things or money given to pirates for the ranfom of the
difficult. fhip and cargo ; things thrown overboard, cables and mafts,
The next kingdom in the empire of Ava is Tipra, or Ti- broke or cut anchors, and other things left behind, in order
I'oura, in the mod northern part of it, between the rivers to fave theveffel and merchandizes.
Cofmin and Caypoumo, having Independent Tartary on the The damage fuftained by the merchandizes left in the fhip,
north part of Ch'na and Ava on the eaft and fouth ; the
; when the others were thrown overboard ; the dreffing the
Mogul's country on the weft; and Arracan on the fouth-weft. wounds, and maintaining of fuch failors as were wounded in
Here they have coarfe gold and filk,
belongs to the which all defending the fhip, and the expences of unlading for entering
king, who requires nothing elfe of his fubjects, but that all, into fome harbour, or into a river, or for putting the veffel
who are not of the prime nobility, fhould give him one a-float again.
week's work in a year in his mines, or iilk-works. He fends The provifions and hire of the failors of a fhip flopped in her
voyage
 AVE A V E
tflya v* by tne or ^ cr '" a foreign, when the fhip was hired plead the fpecial matter, and the fame fhall bar the plaintiff.
by the month, and not for the voyage. 12 Coke 2 Bulftr. 280.
6$. Bird verf. Aftoot.
All thefe large and common averages ought to be borne by the But, if the (hip's gear, or apparel, be loft by ftorm, the fame
fhip and cargo, and to be regulated, upon the whole, in is not within the average, but is accounted like unto a work-

France, at the ute of a fol per livre, or 5 per cent.
The fmall averages are the loadmanages, towing, and pilot-
ing of fhips, for entering into, or coming out of, harbours or
rivers; one third of thefe expences rauft be borne by the fhip,
and two thirds by the cargo.
They do not reckon among averages in France, the fees paid
for the liberty of departing, vifiting the fliip,
buoys, orfea-marks, and anchorage. All thefe muft be borne
and paid by the mafter of the fhip.
The damages, fuftained by fhips falling foul of one another,
man breaking or fpoiling his tools ; except in the avoiding of
a danger, as the flinging the maft overboard, or the flipping
the tOw- anchor or boat.
Goods brought fecretly into the fhip, againft the mafter's or
purfer's knowledge, if ejected, no contribution is to be had.
As the common law looks upon the goods and cargo as a pawn,
reports, tuns, or pledge, for the freight ; fo the marine law looks upon them,
likewife, as a fecurity for the anfwering the average and con-
tribution, and that the mafter ought not to deliver the goods
till the contribution is fettled, the fame being tacitly obliged

ought to be borne and paid in equal proportions by the matters for the one as well as the other.
of both fhips, this not being reckoned any part of the other If, through the rifling of the fhip, or the calling or unlightening

averages. Jiut yet, if the falling foul of one fhip upon ano- the (hip, any of the remaining goods are fpoiled, either with
ther is occafioned through the fault of one of the matters, the wet, or otherwife, the fame mult come into the contribution
damage muft be made good by him alone. for fo much
as they are made werfe.
All thofe averages may be feen in the ordonnancc of the If it out that a (hip, entering into a port or channel, can-
falls

marine in France, ifiucd in Augufl 1681, title 7, of the third not make way, and there be a lightening or difburdening
book. of the (hip, then the contribution falls two parts to the la-
Average, fignifies alfo a duty paid for the maintaining of a ding, and one third part to the (hip, except the fhip furpaffes
harbour, by every fhip that enters in it. in value the lading, or that there is fome bad quality in the
Average, according to the merchant's law in England, is ufed fhip itfdf.
or taken for a certain contribution that merchants, and other But, to prevent that ambiguous queftion, if the party cove-
traders do proportionably make towards their lodes, who have nants that the goods (hall be delivered at the port covenanted
their goods caft into the fea for the fafeguard of the fhip, or of and appointed, then condition makes law.
the goods and livesof them in the fliip, in the time of a tempeft; So for the pilot's fee, and riling of the (hip oft" ground, when
and this contributionfeems to be fo called, becaufe it is propor- there is no fault in the mafter.
tioned after the rate of every man's average, or goods carried. If two fhips happen to encounter and croG each other, and
Ships being freighted, and at fea, are often fubject to ftorms, and the crew fwear their innocency, contribution muft be made
other accidents, in which, by the ancient laws and cuftoms of by a juft equality ; but, if one perifhes, as there can be no
the fea, in extreme mceffity, the goods, wares, gun?, or what- proportion of the lofs, fo no contribution. The reafon given
foever elfe fhall be thought fit, may, in fuch extremity, be flung is, for that, otherwife, a fkipper might, on purpofe, fet an

overboard ; but then the mafter ought to confult with his ma- old weak fhip againft a ftrong (hip, ami, by that means, hedge
riners, who, if they confent not, and yet the ftorm and dan- himielf into a contribution and recompence. However, this
ger continues, the mafter may command, notwithstanding, the bars not the owners from bringing their action againft the
carting overboard what he fhall judge moft fitting for the com- negligent mafter, by which means he may recoop himfelf
mon fafety of the reft. So likewife goods coming from in- in damage; if it happens at fea, the action, by the civil
fected towns, or places, may be caft overboard j and, if an ac- law is called legis aquilie. Goodwin verf. Tompkins. Noy.
tion be brought at common law, the defendant may juftify the Rep. 148.
fame, by pleading thefpecial matter. If fuch a misfortune happens in the night at fea, the party, if

If there be a fupercargo, a requeft ought to be made to him to
begin firft; but, if he refufes, the mariners may proceed.
If the fhip Co fortunes as to out-weather the ftorm, and arrives
in fafety at her port of difcharge, the mafter, and moft of the
crew, muft fwear that the goods were caft over for no other
C3ufe but purely for the fafety of the fhip and lading. The
cuftom of clearing that point varies according to the feveral
countries or places they arrive at.
Where goods are laden above the overlope, or forbidden goods
be tranfportcd; if fuch goods happen to be the caufe of any
danger or damage, the matter (hall bear the lofs; alfo he may
be profecutcd criminally.
King William the Conqueror, and Henry I. made and ratified
this law concerning goods caft overboard by mariners in a
ftorm, in imitation of the Rhodian law, de jact.
The fhip arriving in fafety, the remainder muft come into the
average, not only thofe goods which pay freight, but all thofe
that have obtained fafety and prefervation by fuch ejection,
even money, jewels, and clothes, and fuch like are not ex-
empted.
But thofe things which are borne upon a man's body, victuals,
and the like, put on fhip-board to be fpent, are totally exclu-
ded from the contribution.
The mafter ought to be careful, that only thofe things of the
leaft value, and greateft weight, be flung overboard.
In the rating of goods by way of contribution, this order is
obferved if they chance to be caft overboard, before half the
:
voyage be performed, then they are to be efteemed at the
price they coft ; if after, then at the price as the reft, or the
like, fhall be fold at the place of difcharge.
The perfon, whofe goods have been caft, is to be careful to
have the fame eftimated before the fhip do difcharge, wherein
the mafter ought to be afiiftant.
Goods are (hipped in England, and a tempeft arifeth, the paf-
fengers, for faving their lives, caft them overboard, and ano-
ther Englifh fhip takes them ; the owners bring trover,
becaufe delivered upon the land. 2. Rolle's Rep. 498.
v. Tooker.
It is lawful for paffengers to caft goods overboard out of a
ferry-boat, in cafe of a tempeft, for prefervation of their lives
fo, if the ferryman furcharge the boat with goods, the owners
of the goods fhall have their remedy againft the ferryman in
this cafe of a furcharge, but not in the other cafe. 12 Coke 63.
2 Bulftr. 280.
As this law doth take care that this common calamity fhould
be borne by all the parties interefted, by a general contribu-
tion ; fo the common law takes notice of the misfortune, and
makes provifion to indemnify the mafter ; and, therefore, if
the party owner of fuch ejected goods fhall bring an action
againft the mafter, or owners of the vefiel, the defendant may
he completely arm himfelf for his recovery, ought to prove
will
that he made out light, or fire, or otherwife gave notice, by
crying or calling out.
If it falls out in the (hip, or vefTel, by the indifcreet (lowing
or lading thereof above the birth-mark, that fuch ejection
happened, in that cafe it has been ufed by the marine laws that
no contribution be made, but fatisfaction is to be anfwered by
the (hip, mafter, or owners.
If fait, or corn, be laid loofe, or in an heap, by divers per-
fons in one (hip, without diftinclion, and the mafter delivers
to any of them their due (hare, or quantity; but, before the
reft receive their (bare, or mcafure, the remaining fait, or
corn, wafhes, or lofes; thofe that had the good fortune to
have their fhares, fhall enjoy it, without any contribution to
the other partners.
If, toavoid the danger of a ftorm, the mafter cuts down the
marts and fails, and they, falling into the fea, are loft, this
damage is to be made good by the fhip and lading, pro
rata: otherwife, if the cafe happens by ftorm, or other ca-
fualties.
No contribution is to be paid, in cafe one fhip ftrike againft
another, whereby damage happens ; but full fatisfaction is to
be anfwered the merchant, in cafe of fault, or mifcarriage, in
either, or an equal divifion of the damage, in cafe it happens
by a cafualty, as above.
If a lighter, or fkifF, or the (hip's boat, into which part of
the cargo is unladen, for the lightening of the fhip, perifh, and
the (hip be preferved, in that cafe contribution is to be made ;
but, if the (hip be caft away, and the lighter, boat, or fkifF
be preferved, then no contribution, or average, is to be had,
it beinf a rule, No contribution but where the fhip arrives in
fafety*.
If a (hip happens to be taken, and the mafter, to redeem the
(hip and lading out of the enemies or pirates hands, promifes
them a certain fum of money, for performance whereof him-
it lies, felf becomes a pledge, or captive, in the cuftody of the captor ;
Cafes in this cafe he is to be redeemed at the cofts and charges of the
fhip and lading, and money, if there be any in her, to be con-
tributed, according to each man's intereft, for his ran:om.
:
So, where a pirate takes part of the goods to fpare the reft, con-
tribution muft be paid.
But, if a pirate takes by violence part of the goods, the reft are
not fubject to average, unlefs the merchant hath made an ex-
prefs agreement to pay it after the fliip is robbed.
But, if part of the goods are taken by an enemy, or by
letters
of mart and reprifal, e contra.
So likewife in ftorm, if the fame is done for prefervation ot
the remainder.
own redemption.
The mafter may hypothecate the fhip for his
Lord Raym. Rep. 22. .

3
 :

A V I A U S
A fhip was taken by a French privateer, and the matter of her an aflringent and bitter tafte, it's colour green, inclining to-
ranfomed her for 1,800 I. (the mafter having a fhare in the wards a yellow. It is much ufed by dyers and painters.
fliip, the mate was carried into France as a hoftage for this AUNIS, the fmalleft province in France, is bounded on the
money. Lord chancellor faid the ranfom-money muft be raifed weft by the ocean; on the north by Poictou, from which
out of the firft profits, notwithstanding any former mortgage of it is feparated by the river Sevre ; and, on the eaft and fouth,

the fhip ; for, if there was a precedent mortgage, what would
have become of the fecurity, if the fliip had not been redeem-
ed ? After the (hip was redeemed, fhe performed her intended
voyage, and the freight-money, earned after her redemption,
was the firft profits arifing, and out of thefe the ranfom-money
is to be fatisfied. This was upon motion. The lord chan-
cellor faid, the infurers always paid part of the ranfom-money.
Hil. 7 Annas, in Chancery, Lopes and Winter. In ejectment
the mafter, or purfer of the fhip, fhall contribute for the pre-
servation of the fliip, and alfo the paffengers, for fuch wares
as they have in the fhip, be it pearls, precious ftones, and
fuch like ; and paflengers that have no wares or goods in the
fliip, yet in regard they are a burden to the fhip, eftimate is
to be made of his and their apparel, rings, and jewels, to-
by Saintonge. This province is very fruitful, and well
peopled.
La Rochelle, has been always a very confidcrable port and
trading town. Without the leave of the governor of the
Tower of the Chain, no veffel can enter into the harbour.
They drive here a confiderable trade into theiflands of Ameri-
ca ; and the Englifh, the Dutch, the Swedes, and the Danes,
fend here yearly a vaft number of fhips, to load wine, brandy,
fait,paper, and linnen cloths. The merchants here fend all
the neceffaries of life into America, and bring back from it
the product of thofe countries. Their chief manufacture
here is the refining of fugar ; they have alfo fet up of late a ma-
nufacture of earthen-ware, which fuccceds very well. Here
is a fovereign court for the falt-marfhes in the weft, and a court

wards a contribution of the lofs; and generally all things in of the mint.
the fliip, except the victualling and provifions of the fliip, and Marans, is a very rich town, and the inhabitants
carry on
the bodies of men (unlefs fervants) muft bear a proportionable a great trade in corn. They keep
here a market once
fhare in the contribution. every week, and furnifh the whole province with wheat and
The eftimate being made of the goods loft and faved, the price meal.
is to be fet down, not for how much they were bought, but At Surgeres, they keep feveral markets, and drive a confider-
how much they might be fold for, at the time when the eject- able trade in horfes.
ment was made ; and, if any thing be flung into the fea, and AVOIRDUPOIS- WEIGHT, a kind of weight ufed in Eng-
endamaged, and afterwards is recovered again, yet contribu- land, the pound of which made up of
6 ounces.
is 1

tion is to be made only for the damage. This is the weight for the larger and coarfer commodities,
Contribution is to be paid for the pilot's fee that hath brought viz. groceries, cheefe, wool, lead, hops, &c. Bakers who
a fhip into a port, or haven, for her fafeguard, it not being live not in corporation towns are to make their bread by
the place fhe was defigned for, fo to raife her off the ground, avoirdupois-weight ; thofe in corporations by troy-weight.
when there is no fault in the mafter. Apothecaries buy their drugs by avoirdupois-weight, but felL
lets out his fliip to freight, and then re-
If a mafter of a fhip by troy.
ceives his complement, and afterwards takes in goods, with- AURICHALCHUM, among the modern writers, fignifies a
out leave of the freighters, and a ftorm arifes at fea, and part factitious metal, commonly called brafs. It is a mixture of
of the freighters goods are caft overboard, the remaining goods copper and calamine-ftone, melted together by a very fierce
are not fubject to the average, but the mafter muft make good fire.

the lofs out of his own purfe. AURIPIGMENTUM, or ORPIMENT,

is a fcaly mineral

The goods which are loft are to be valued, and the goods faved fubftance, or glebe. extremely flaky, like talc, though
It is
are to be eftimated ; which being known, a proportionable it's little fcales eafily feparate from each other. With regard
value is to be contributed by the goods faved, towards repara- to colour it is of three kinds, viz. (i.) Gold-coloured, or yel-
tion of the goods ejected. low. (2.) Red, or cinnabarine, mixed with yellow; and,
In which, regard is always had, not to what might be got by (3.) Greenifh, or yellowifh, mixed with a large proportion
the goods loft, but what the intrinfic damage is by the lofs of of earth, and, therefore, the coarfeft. All the fpecies are
the fame ; the which are not fo much to be eftimated what found in the mines of gold, filver, and copper. But the au-
they might have been fold for, as what they might coft, or ripigmentum we commonly meet with is the yellow fort. It's

were bought for. tafte very little, if at all, acrimonious; it diflblves in oil j it
is

But now the cuftom is general, that goods faved and loft are
eftimated according as the goods faved were fold for, freight
and other neceflary charges being firft deducted *.
* The cuftom of places varies this modus of eftimating; the
which is done by merchants and mariners, indifferently no-
minated by the court.
If there were plate, jewels, or the like, in a trunk, cheft, pack,
or bale, at the time of their ejection, if there be a fupercargo,
he ought to give notice, by difcovering of the fame to the maf-
ter or mariners, otherwife he fhall be anfwered in the contri-
flames in the fire, and then yields a garlic odour. By fubli-
mation it yields flowers like thofe of fulphur, having a hard
red mafs, or kind of regulus, at the bottom of the fubliming
veflel ; but, if urged with a ftrong fire, this mafs alfo feems
to rife, and concretes, on the upper part of the veflel, into a
beautiful, red, tranfparent fubflance, like a ruby, leaving only
a fmall proportion of a metalline earth behind. It's fumes
in burning, being received by copper, render the metal white
and brittle, which may give fufpicion of an arfenical quality ;
and, perhaps, it is of a mixed nature, between common ful-
phur and antimony, or between fulphur and the milder ar-
fenical fubftances but it's real nature is not hitherto fuffi-
:

bution no more than the bare extrinfic value appeared to be
but the affurers will hardly fare fo well.
If contribution fhall be fettled, and the merchant will not
agree, the mafter may detain the lading, for the fame is as
tacitly obliged to anfwer that, as the freight ; and if, at the
common law, the merchant fhould bring an action, the de-
fendant fhall bar him, by pleading the fpecial matter.
If goods are caft overboard, and afterwards are recovered,
contribution ceafes, faving for fo much as they are damnified,
and made worfe, by reafon of fuch ejectment.
Note, Goods caft overboard, to lighten the fliip, make no
derelict.
And, though neceffity feems to fubjec-1 the lading to ejectment,
to prevent the ruin and deftruction of the perfons, yet fome
lading feems expected; and, therefore, cannon, and other in-
ftruments or provifions, configned to relieve a city, ought not
to be flung overboard ; for, in fuch cafe, the law impofeth on
every fubject, that he prefer the urgent fervice of his prince,
ciently determined ; though Dr Hoffman has beftowed fome
pains in examining it, and produces arguments to prove it in-
nocent, not only from chemical experiments, but alfo trials
made upon dogs ; but both thefe kinds of trials we know may
deceive, or fometimes be fatally transferred from one fubject
to another. Under this uncertainty it cannot be advifeable
to give it internally; though it is fufpected to be frequently
given by certain people, fometimes with good, but often with
bad, effects.
It is commonly by painters for a gold colour, and as a
ufed
depilator, with quick-lime, at the bagnio's; it is alfo an in-
gredient in the making of fhot, and in the fympathetic inks,
which, by their fumes, render certain invifible inks confpicu-
ous. We
have feen it in ftallcs of a moft vivid, beautiful red,
green, and yellow tranfparent colours, brought from abroad,
in hopes of obtaining gold from it; but the experiment did
not anfwer *.
It has been called, both by the ancients and
moderns, realger, red arfenic, and fandaraca which confu- :

before the fafety of his life.

fion of names has given occafion to feveral errors.
The French ftile thofe effects or merchandizes Averaged (ava-
rices)which have been damaged, during the voyage, by a ftorm, * See Hoffman's Obfervat. Phyf. Chym. p. 259, 267.
fliipwreck, running a-ground, or otherwife. Thus they fay,
du caffc avarice, de la cochinelle avarice, that is, damaged cof- AURUM FULMINANS, or CROCUS of GOLD, is gold
fee, or cochineal. in file-duft, diflblvcd aqua regia, and precipitated into a
in
AUGUST, the eighth month in the year, reckoning from Janu- brown powder, by oil of tartar per dcliquium, poured upon
ary. That month eftcemed one of the richeft in the whole
is
the diffolution. This powder, dried, has much more force,
year, becaufe of the harveft of wheat, and feveral other forts and takes fire fooner than gun-powder. This preparation of
of corn, which is produced in that feafon ; which gave rife to gold is eftcemed, by the ableft chymifts, as a fudorific, very
this French proverb, A man has made his Auguft ; which pro- proper in the fmall-pox, given from two grains to fix. It is
verb is very much ufed among merchants, to fignify that a man likewife good to flop vomiting, and fupprefs the too vigorous
has been fuccefsful in trade, and got an eftate. operation of mercurial medicines.
AVIGNON BERRY, the fruit of a fhrub, produced in great AUSTRIA, an archduchy in Germany, has Hungary on the
plenty near Avignon in France, fomewhat lcfs than a pea, of caft, Bavaiia on the weft, Bohemia on the north, and Sryria
on
 ;

A U S A U S
on the fouth. It is a plentiful country, and produces a great over to Venice ; though the
Charier. VI, who had
late emperor
quantity of corn and pafture, and of better faftron than what no other fea-port in dominions before the
all his hereditary

comes from the Indies, befidcs all other necefl'aries. Though treaty of peace at Rafladt, which threw Italy, Sicily, and the

here is wine enough both for confumption and export, yet 'tis Spanifh Netherlands into his hands, made this a free port,
fupplied with other rich wines both from Hungary and Italy ; and gave great encouragement to the fhips and merchants of
fo that at Vicuna there are no lefs
than thirty feveral forts. all nations to come to it, defigning to make it the center of
They, not having plenty of black cattle, are fupplied with the Auftrian commerce in thefe parts of the world.
But, the
great part of their beef from Hungary. merchants of Triefte not having a flock, the Venetians them-
felves came among them, and carried on that very trade for
'Tis commonly diftinguifhed by geographers into Upper and
Lower Auftria, and indeed is naturally lb divided by the ri- them, by which they were fo fanguinc a*, one time, as to
ver Ens, which falls into the Danube. think of fupplanting even Venice itfclf for from this port the :

Lintz, is the capital city of Upper Auftria, has an excellent Venetian merchants ftruck into a new commerce, by the river
manufacture of gun-barrels, a good trade in linnen cloth, Save to Belgrade, and thence to Sinope in the Black Sea,
and two fairs at Eafter and Bartholomew-tide, much frequented and likewife to Conftantinople and the mod that it appears
:

by foreigners. From this place to Munich, are many plan- the Germans have yet done here is, to fend fume fhips among

tations of hops.
the ArchipeLgo iflands, from whence they bring back wines,

Gemund, is a town at the mouth of the Draun, where it falls cotton-yarn, fruit?, and Come filk, grogram-yarn, camel's
has a confiderable trade in fait, hair, and fuch goods. But the great misfortune which the
into the Gemunder-lalce. Ic

which is made at Halftadt in the neighbourhood, brought hi- Aufhians laboured under for carrying on the great trade
ther by the lake, and exported as far as Vienna, which is propofed from this port was, that they had no fun of goods r

for exportation, either of their produce or manufacture

1 18 miles from thence. the ;

Stf.yer, is a town 20 miles fouth of Lintz, chiefly inhabited chief they could export, of any value, being the wrought

by fmiths, cutlers, and other manufacturers in iron ; who, iron made in Carinthia, Styria, and the adjacent countries

by the Danube, fend their wares in great quantities to the which indeed is of great fervice to the Venetians, becaufe
neighbouring parts. they have no iron works near them.
Freystat, is town 25 miles north of Lintz, famous for a
a The Venetians alfo have a navigation through Styria, by the
palatable beer, which is carried to the neighbouring country ; river Mur, to the Danube, and fo to Vienna ; and they have

and for a fortnight's annual fair, beginning on St Paul's day, the like in Carniola, by the great river Save, which runs into
which is much frequented. Croatia and Hungary. By thefe countries the Venetians re-
Krembs, a city 40 miles weft of Vienna, has a great trade, ceive a great quantity of large black cattle, which are bought

efpecially at it's two yearly fairs, which begin on St James's lean, or not above half fed, from Croatia, and then brought

and St Simon and hold each a fortnight, and

St Jude's days, down to the fait marines of Venice, and fed there till they are
are frequented by merchants and tradefmen from all parts of fat. Some alfo are bought at the feveral fairs on the frontiers
Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, and Poland. of Styria and Carinthia; and they are the left beef, when fed
Baden, is a place of great refort, becaufe of it's natural baths. in the rich lands of Lombardy, that is to be found in thofe parts

Haimburc, was one of the grcateft mart-towns in thefe parts, of the world. Upon the whole therefore, the trade of this new
till when Leopold VI, duke of Auftria, tranf-
the year 1200, free port is not likely to anfwer the end propofed ; yet the

ferred and commerce to Vienna.

it's ftaple merchants here keep up their expectations of trade, and lately
The duchy of Styria, lying between Auftria and the Save, talked of creeling fomc manufactures of wool and filk, that
abounds with wine, fruit, mines of iron, fait, and fuch plenty they might have fomething more to export befiJe. iron.
of corn, that they want vent for it. But the Upper Styria The houfe of Auftria have a noble revenue from the rich
has no wine, (o that they barter wool, butter, cheefe, &c. wine made and fold at Profeg, which is about 7 m:!e3 north-
for it, with Lower Styria. weft of Triefte.
Judenburg, on the river Mur, 50 miles weft of Gratz, and Wipack, ftand'mg on the river of the fame name, is alfo fa-
90 fouth of Vienna, has two great yearly fairs, for cattle and mbus ftrong wine and horfe-fairs, which yield the
for
it's

other merchandizes, on Afcenfion and St Urfula's days. houfe of Auftria great profit. The wine goes by horfe car-
Bruck, on the river Mur, is noted for a great cattle lair. riage over the mountains to Carniola, and is from thence
Eisenartz, 40 miles north-weft of Gratz, is famous for it's conveyed into the empire.
mines and forges of iron, from whence it has it's name. The The Bifhoprick of Brixtn, though lying among the Alps,
mines were dil'covered anno 712, and have been worked ever abounds with excellent wine. The city of Brixen is the fta-
fincc, without any fenfible decay. They employ 19 mills on tion of fome merchants between Germany and Italy. Here
two fmall rivers in the neighbourhood, with a vaft number of their beft fhops are kept in vaults, which run from one fide
labourers, who live here, and fupply the neighbouring parts of the ftreet to the other.

with this metal, and all Germany with fteel. Here is a yearly Tirol, has Swabia and Bavaria on the north, the Grifons and
fair, where hemp, leather, tallow, and all necefl'aries, are Trent on the fouth, Carinthia on the caft, and Switzerland
bartered for their iron and fteel. Their works were formerly on the weft. Here are mines of filver, iron, and copper,
managed bv 10 officers; but the emperor Ferdinand II. incor- but the latter much fhort of what they were formerly, when
porated thefe mines of Styria and thofe of Auftria, under a they conftantly employed 30,000 people, but now not 2000.
lieutenant. From thefe mines of metal, and others of fait, the emperor
Gratz, lying on the river Mur, has two fairs a year, one in has a confiderable revenue; and they fill the country with
the Midlent, the other the firit of September, which hold greater numbers of people than it would be able to bear,
each a fortnight. without the importation of corn from foreign parts.
At Rakei.sburg, on the river Mur, the burghers have the At Wahtringen, all their fubftance and trade is in cattle.
fole privilege of purchafing all thenew wines, from Michael- They have no corn but what comes from Bavaria.
mas to Catharine- tide. Cuftoms are here paid for goods that Schwatz, three leagues from Infpruck, is noted for mines of
come from, and are fent to Hungaiy. filver.

The duchy of Carinthia, is fupplied with wine from its Halle, the fecond city of Tirol, is famous for it's fait works,
neighbours. where feveral hundred men are conftantly employed, either
At FuitsACH were formerly mines of gold, that have been in the works, or cutting fuel for them. The
chief of them
exhaufted. are in the mountains, four miles from the town but the wa-
;

La as, near the famous lake of Kirknitz, is noted for a breed ter 'tis made having flood a
of, after month in the trenches
of well-fliaped horfes. there, is brought to the town by troughs, to be boiled ia
Upper Laubach. on the river Boick, is confiderable, by be- great pans or cifterns, each 48 feet long, 3+ broad, and three
ing a mart for Italian goods, which are brought hither in deep.*- Three of them are continually boiling, and one
great quantities over the mountains from Goritz, and fent to of *them refts a week alternately. Mr. Addifon, who was
all parts of Germany. here above 40 years ago," fays, they then made after the rate
The province of Winbiscmark, though a mountainous bar- of 800 loaves a week, each loaf 4^0 weight ; and that the
ren countrv, efpecially towards the fouthward, produces corn emperor, after having defrayed all the -charges of working it,
and excellent white wine. cleared but 200,oco crowns a-year.
Ri.'uoi.i'SwoRTH, on the river GuTck, is famous for the beft Thefe falt-works, and a mint eftablifhed here, have rendered
wine in thefe parts, and at four miles alliance are hot baths, this town, though fo near to Infpruck, almoft as populous as
much frequented by foreigners. that capital. Here they coin a great quantity of fpecie from
The province of remarkable for a breed of good
Karstia, is the filver and copper taken out of the mines of Tirol, in
horfes, which are bought up by moft of the Italian nobility. which, 'tis faid, 7000 men, women, and children are con-
. ftantly employed, and the water isbrought to it by wooden
Remarks. pipes. They drive alfo a great trade in copper and tin, as
well as fait ; the vent whereof is much promoted by the ri-
At Tiuestf, on the Adriatic fea, a fca-port belonging to the ver Inn, which here becomes navigable.
impenn! hereditary dominions, are made great quantities of At Infpruck, the capital of Tirol, was formerly made great
fait, and exported ; and the neighbouring country produces ftore of fait, but for fome years paft the pits have been dry,
good wine, that the Germans call reinfal, which the Vene- which is reckoned a lofs to the city, of no lefs than 2co,oco
tians huy cheap, and fell for exportation. Here is a large florins a year.
harbour, but 'tis only frequented by fmall veiTels juft to crofs Meran, 30 miles fouth of Inf-iruck, is a place of good trade.
Vol. I. f> p BOL ANO,

A U S A U
Bolzano, as it is called by the Italians, orPozEN by
mans, 1 2 German miles from Infpruck, is a place of good trade,
efpecially at it's four yearly fairs, which hold each a fortnight,
and to which great numbers of merchants refort from Ger-
many, Switzerland, and Italy, for wh fe fake great privileges
have been granted to the city. During thefe fairs, merchants
are allowed magiftrates and judges of their own, diftinct
from thofe of the town; and none are permitted to trade,
without being entered in the judge's books, and a certificate
of the entry under the feal of the corporation.
AtRovEREDO, on the eaft fide of Adige, miles fouth of
Trent, and 29 north of Verona, the mod remarkable thing,
and what they call the great wonder at Roveredo, is it's fpin-
ning houfe for the manufacture of fijk, in which they have
a great trade here a fabric being erected to carry it on upon
; manufactures as they were able ; as particularly that of coarfe-
the banks of a little brook, which turns a lar^e wheel that
communicates motion to a machine within the houfe, that
fpins raw -l'ilk without any body's touching it, farther than to
fet it a-going and it is remarkable, that it throws or winds
: of fome coarfe drugget-fluffs made at Ypres, and other parts j
off, a leaft 600 pounds weight of filk at once, fo that it makes
a prodigious quantity in a day. When this filk is dyed, it is
manufactured into fattins, damafks, velvets, and other fluffs,
which are fold at the fairs of Bolzano, and from thence tranf-
porred to Germany.
The AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS.
They contain the following ten provinces, viz.
The earldom of Artois.
The earldom of Cambrefis.
The duchy of Luxemburg.
The duchy of Limburg.
The earldom of Namur.
The earldom of Hainault.
The earldom of Flanders.
The marquifate of the Holy Empire.
The lordihipof Mechlin.
The duchy of Brabant.
To which may be added the biihoprick and
Liege.
As the provinces of Artois and Cambrefis belong entirely to
France, we fhall only touch them here occafionally, in the
following account of the Auftrian Netherlands, and refer to
the particular provinces which belong to France, under their
fiames.
The Auflrian Netherlands are bounded by the United Pro-
vinces on the north, by Germany on the eaft, by French
Flanders, and by Lorrain, Champaign, and Picardy on the
fouth, and by another part of Picardy and the Englifh fea on
the weft.
This fpot was once the center of the woollen manufactures,
which we have now the fatisfaclion to call the Englifh ma-
nufactures, originally derived from the Flemings ; whofe
country was thereby immenfely populous and enriched.
The materials for thefe manufactures, particularly the wool
and the fuller's earth, they had from England. As the wool
of the Englifh by this means brought them in confiderable
wealth, they did not fee their error till about the year 1450,
when they began to think, that thefe manufactures might
as well be made in England as in Flanders, or the Low-
Countries ; and their own people be employed in this prodi-
gious fcene of traffic, to the enriching of themfelves rather than
their neighbours.
On thefe motives, they wifely put a flop to the exportation
of wool the clothing was gradually encouraged in England,
; than can eafily be reprefented.
'
by the means of manufacturers obtained from the Nether-
lands, to inftrut our people in making
duly managing of the wool for that purpofe.
Though the people of England made a great progrefs in the
manufacture, yet 'twas many years before they were able ab-
folutely to fupply their own confumption. The Flemings
had flill the whole woollen trade to all the reft of the world ;
and thefe manufactures made at Ghent, Bruges, Bruffels,
Lifle, and all the great cities of Flanders, Hainault, Artois, and
other provinces on that fide, were vented in France and Spain ;
and thofe made in Brabant, Utrecht, Holland, Gueldre, and
all the provinces on that fide, were fent
rain,Switzerland, &c. by the navigation of the Rhine and
the Elbe.
By the advantageous war England had with Spain, under the
reign of Queen who exerted the utmoft pitch of
Elizabeth,
policy for the encouragement of commerce, they not only
fupplied their own country amply with the woollen manu-
factures, but began to fupply others ; great quantities of fine
cloths being exported in her reign, to Turky and Perfia,- Ve-
nice and Naples
To complete the ruin of the Flemings,
nufacture, the exportation of our wool was ablolutcly pro-
hibited, and the principal artifts came to England, and fet
up their manufactures here. And the Spaniards, at that cri-
tical time, being fcized with a religious frenzy, perfecuted
this people,who fled to England by thoufands, as an afylum ;
and, from that period, we may date the effectual cllablifh-
ment of this glorious manufacture in England, and it's de-
ftruclion to cur predeceffors.
; .
S
the Ger- As thefe refugeeFlemings Were prorefhnts, and generally ma-
nufacturers ;order to carry on their trade here, accord-
fo, in
ing to the great encouragement given them by the queen, they
fettled in feveral parts of the kingdom, as were the moft con-
venient for their purpofe, and eirablifhed fuch manufactures
in thefe places, as they were bred to in their own country ; as
the fluff-makers, at Norwich ; the coarfe cloth and kerfy-
raakers, at Leeds, Hallifox, and Wakefield ; the fer^e-
makers at Exeter ; the baize-makers at Colchefter and ;
there were Dutch churches eftablifhed in all thofe places, by
n Queen Elizabeth's patents for their encouragement.
But, as this antient manufacture could not be fuddenly ex-
tirpated absolutely from among the Flemings in their own
country, thofe ingenious and induftrious people kept on fuch
tapeftry,made at the city of Arras, in Artois, as alfo at
Doway, Omers, and the parts adjacent; of which they
St
continue to make pretty large quantities to this day, as alfo
fome whereof are ufed in England for beds, hangings of
rooms, &c. Thus they ftruggled as long as they could.
But, thefe being deprived of their fund of wool, the people
were gradually obliged to turn their hands to other things
which brought them to the making of lace and linnen, to
filk weaving, and to other buiinefs of various kinds. For
the Flemings and Walloons are fo induftrious a people, that,
notwithftanding the lofs of this great trade, which was the
lifeof their whole country, yet they have retained many va-
luable manufactures.
The manufadfures, carried on in thefe provinces at prefent,
are as follow ;
1. Lace, known by the name of bone-lace, of which the
fineft and beft of the kind, in Europe, is faid to be made at
Bruffels. The variety hereof is very great and they tell us
:
of lace made in that part of the country, from 30 to 50 I.
fterling per yard by which extraordinary improvement they
:
principality of have fo far out-done the French and Italians, and even the
Venetians themfelves, that thefe laft have very little trade for
their lace, though they were once juftly famed for the fineft
in the world.
The principal places" for this manufacture are, Mechlin, or
Malines, Bruffels, Louvain, Valenciennes,, Antwerp, and
all the adjacent towns ; and it employs a great number of peo-
ple, efpecially women and children.
2. Fine thread, is another of their manufactures; the great
quantity of fine lace requiring a great quantity of fine thread,
as their linnens require a proportionable quantity of linnen-
yarn ; and both thefe together conftitute another manufacture
of no little concern to thefe people,
3. Their manufacture of linnen is very confiderable. Their lin-
nen confifts of two forts chiefly, viz. Cambricks and lawns.
Their cambricks have been made fo fine, as to have been fold
from 20 to 30 s. per yard in London. They were formerly
made only in the provinces of Artois * and Cambrefis f, from
which lafl they had their name of cambricks; but, the demand
for them being fo great of late years, the whole country has
been little enough to carry on this manufacture, efpecially that
part of it bordering on France, together with the great cities of
Doway , Lifle ||, Mons J, Ypres 4., Ghent **, and Bruges ||||.
Befides thefe cambricks, there is a great manufacture of lin-
len at Ghent and Bruges, and all the cities upon the Lower
Schelde ; which manufacture alfo is of a magnitude gr ater
the cloth, as well as
* Artois is a principality of the 'French Netherlands, fituate be-
tween Flanders and Picardy.
Cambrefis alfo is in the French Netherlands, fituate on the ri-
-J-
ver Schelde, near it's fource, near Valenciennes and Doway.
Doway, a city of the French Netherlands, in the principality
of Flanders, fituate on the river Scharpe, about 14 miles fouth
of Lifle.
||
Lifle, in the French Netherlands, is fituate on the river Dente,
about 25 miles north of Arras, and 12 miles weft of Tournay ;
a large populous city, which has not only large manufactures
to Germany, Lor- of fine cambricks and linnens, but of filk, in great perfection,
and their camblets alfo are much admired.
the Auftrian Netherlands, capital of the prin-
J Mons, a city of
cipality of Hainault, fituate 26 miles fouth-weft of Bruffels,
and 22 miles fouthcaft of Tournay.
4 Ipres, or Ypres, a city of the Auftrian Netherlands. It has
manu-
a pretty good trade, chiefly in the filk and woollen
factures.
** Ghent, a of the Auftrian Netherlands, capital of the
city
principality Not only the linnen, but the filk
of Flanders.
and svoollen manufactures fiourifh here at prefent. They
in this important ma- have alfo a great trade for corn, and ii. is exceedingly well
fituated for a foreign commerce, by the numerous rivers and
canals.
Bruges, a city and port town in Auftrian Flanders, fituate 11
j|||
miles caftof Oftend, and 24 north-weft of Ghent. This was
formerly the great ftaple for Englifh wool, and has ftill tlie bell
foreign trade of any town in Flanders.
Where fo great manufactures are carried on, the yarn and
thread which muft be fpun, bleached, twifted, and otherwife
9 manufactured
 ;

A U S J\ U o
manufactured of thefe goods, mull: employ a
for every fort . alfo more fhips being yearly fitted out,
it appeared that lira

vaft multitude of hands; and thofe hands, being thus in full trade fo increafed, gave the other Eaft India cajmpai
as
both in England and Holland, no little uneafinefs.
employ, muft confume a prodigious quantity of provilions,
At length the Dutch made
ftrong remonftrances, as well at
and that of courfe muft afford a great trade. Bruflels as at Vienna, order
to obtain from the emperor a
in
4. The fourth manufacture the Flemings arc employed in, is revocation of this charter, as did likewife the king of Great-
that of the woollen, which includes the tapeftry m;.de at Ar- Britain, by his ambaflador at Vienna, but all to no purp fe ;
ras,Dourlens, Doway, and the adjacent country: alfofome and was eafy to find by the anfwers at Vienna, that nothing
it

druggets, and fine ftufts made at Lille, and in the country wa> be expected there, the emperor refenting the making
to
near it moft of which arc however confirmed among them-
: fuch an application ; and infilling, that he had as much right
felves, though fome go into France, to imponer his fubjecls to trade to the Eaft-lndies, as the

5. Another manufacture, wherein the Flemings have of late ftatcs of Ho land, or the king of England, had theirs : tak-

is that of filk ; for they not only

ing it ill, that any power or prince fhould pretend to qoeftioft
years very much improved,
his and particularly menacing the Dutch, if they
right,
make, (umcient for their own ufe, but for expor-
at prefent,
mould offer any interruption to the commerce of his fubjects.
tation. Thefe they make now chiefly at Lifle, Bruflels, and During thofe applications, the new alliance between the
Antwerp and this manufacture was greatly encouraged by
:
emperor and the king of Spain, diftinguifhed by the name
the public, infomuch that the Flemings, in the year 1725, of the remarkable Vienna treaty, took place, which o- a ve fo
began to diicct the New Eaft-India company, then attempted much difturbance in Europe the confequence whereof wa ;

to be eftablifhed at Oftend, to bring no more filks into the the forming a counter-alliance between Great-Britain, France,
country, left it fliould prove the means to fupplant and de- and Pruffia, concluded at Hanover, and called the Hanover
ftroy their own manufacture of filk, which employed fo many treaty.
Thefe new alliances proved very unhappy to this new com-
thoufands of their people.
pany for the Dutch, acceding after fome time to the Han-
:

Remarks, over treaty, made the diflblution of this new company one
of the eflential points, without which, they abfolutely re-
fufed fo much as to treat of any accommodation with the
It was about the year 1717, when fome pcrfons who had been
emperor.
in the fervice of the Eaft India company of England, having
Tiie company, however, having received three fhips very
had a mifunderlLnding with the company, in relation to pri-
rich, and whofe cargoes, public and private, fold for more
vate trade, and relenting the treatment they received upon
than three millions of guilders, difpatched feven more to
that occafion, made vigorous attempts to eltablifh an hall-
India, where they had five before ; fo that they then had
India company in Flanders, under the protection of the im-
twelve fhips actually abroad.
perial government there, and fo to trade as interlopers, but in
Nor did this new company aim only at fecuring to the Flem-
the form of an eiliWifhcd company.
ings a fliare in the commerce of the Eaft Indies ; they pufhed
After having conferred with fome eminent merchants in London,
at various other branches of trade to which end, they under* :

it was refolvcd to try the practicability of this undertaking ;

took the making of fait by fome new application. 'Twas
and accordingly two capains, and fome merchants, were
faid alio, that they refolved to erect a fifhery, as well the great
appointed to (40 over to Flanders ; and, in conjunction with
as the fmall fifhery, as the Dutch diftinguifh them that is to
fome other merchants there, to fee what could be done in the ;

fay, the whale filhing at Greenland, and the herring-fifhery at

affair.
Shetland.
The marquis du Prie was then governor of the Auftrian
But the Hanover allies, particularly the Englifh and tha
Netherlands for the emperor; and the merchants who went
Dutch, continuing inflexible with regard to the diffolving
over, foon found means to acquaint him with the delign : it
of this new company, the emperor was, at length, under
feems the full propolals were very fpecious, promifing a great
the neceflity of complying which put an end to the erec-
;
advantage to the country, and a great revenue to the em-
tion of another new Eaft-lndia company in Europe, which
peror himfelf, on condition of obtaining a charter from his
would certainly have proved highly detrimental to all the
imperial majeily for an exdufive trade, as in England and
others.
Holland.
By this application, they obtained of the marquis a licence
for one fhip to go to the Indies, carrying the emperor's co-
Further Remarks,
lours, and with privilege to call themfelves the emperor's
fubjects. As thefe manufactures are fo confiderable in Flanders, snd
Having gained and got fome confiderable
their point thus far, employ fuch numbers of people, efpecially in the
infinite
merchants in Flanders to join with them, a lubfeription of fpinning and weaving part (for the making of fine bone-lace
2CO,ooo I. was raifed among them, .to be enlarged as they is a kind of weaving, and is called fo by the makers) fo it has
fliould find encouragement, and to ferve for the outfet of one two particular confequences attending it.
fhip firtl, refolving to fend away another foon after, and then 1. Jt keeps the people together in a body; fo that the great
to enlarge the trade, as they law fit. multitude of people, which the woollen manufacture firft
Having made this advance, the merchants and captains re-
brought together in thefe provinces, are not feparated or
turned to England, bought a new fhip upon the llocks, which
leflened, but the country continues ftill populous to a pro-
was almoft ready u launch, and fitted her out in the river
at one time it was pretended that fhe was to go to Cadiz, and
digy ; nor do you fee any idle, or out of bufinefs, and none
thence to America, with the Spanifh galleons, and that fhe very poor, or at leaft very few. Thefe are the happy effects
was fitting for the account of fome merchants in Spain : of induftry and commerce.
at other times it was given out that fhe was to go to the Mif- 2. This domeftic trade necefiarily creates a great foreign trade,
iiffippi, for account of the French then, that fhe was bought
; where the fituation will admit of it, which is the cafe here ;
for the French Earl-India company, and was to go immediately for, although the country is exceeding fruitful, as well in corn
over to Dunkirk, and there cake in goods, or at :t Malo's and
as cattle, yet they receive great quantities of provifions from
the like.
other countries thus, by the river Schelde, they receive fup-
:

But, whatever the pretences were, the thing was carried fo

plies of corn from Holland, as by the Maefe they alfo do
privately, that the lhip, taking in her provifions and ftores
of all kinds, and being victualled for a long voyage, failed from France, from Germany, and from Lorrain.
for Oftend; the captain and moft of. the men being Englifh. By the fea likewife they receive fupplies of flefh, butter, lea-
She made no nay at Oftend, but to take in the reft of her ther, tallow, and other provifions, and that in fuch quanti-
Cargo, and a quantity of money, with orders to touch at ties, that they have not lefs frequently than 200 fhips a year
Cadiz, and take in the reft there which was accordingly
; laden with butter, chiefly from Ireland ; and fometimes a far
done. greater number, including other provifions. They have alfo
The fecond fhip was bought, and manned, in
fitted, ftored,
no inconfiderable importation of brandy, and of wine, prunes,
the fame manner, in the river Thames, and failed fome
oranges, and lemons, and other fruits ; the firft from France,
months after; no umbrage being as yet taken in England
the other from Portugal and Spain.
at the defign, at leaft not fo as to obfiruct it : though it was
not poffible to keep it fo fecret, but that it was known to It is by means of their exports, that they are enabled to pay

our Eaft-India. company, who obtained a prohibition againit for thefe imports.
them, in common with others, who pretended to build or For thefe they have a cohfiderabler trade to France, to Ger-
buy fhips in England, for the fervice of the French Eaft-India many, and to Holland, for their lace ; for, although in all
company. thofe countries there are greater quantities of lace made, yet,
Thefe two fhips returned in the ufual time, richly laden, and the Flemings fo greatly exceeding them in finenefs and beauty
made profperous voyages and the goods, being publickly
of workmanfhip, the French court itfelf and all the princi-
:

fold, found a very good market, being molt of them bought

pal nobility and gentry, are from thence fupplied, and no-
by the merchants of England and Holland fo that the new :

adventurers were enabled to fit out more fhips, and make thing is to be feen butBrulTels lace; and the like at all the
handfome prefents to their government ; and even fuch as courts in Germany, that of Vienna not excepted.
encouraged the emperor, upon farther application, to grant As moft of thefe countries make fine linnens themfelves, and
them a charter in form, under his fign manual firft, ana af- efpecially France, the chief vent for the fine lawns and cam-
terwards under the great fealof the Auftrian government, with bricks made in thofe provinces, is into Great-Britain and
all the accuftomed privileges of a trading company. and the Dutch too, fince the
Ireland, Spain and Portugal ;

But, before this was obtained, they fitted out three fnips more,
mode of wearing cambricks inftead of muflins has to fhame-
having alfo enlarged their capital to fix millions of guilders,
ftilly prevailed in England, begin to run into the fame folly,
though not all paid in. Thefe fhips alfo came home
fafe, and richly laden: and now it begsn to be pub!iihed in
and buy their fine lawns from the Flemings,
the world, as well what confiderable advantages they had So confiderable are the exports of thefe manufactures, that
made, as alfo what powers and privileges they had obtained very good judges have eftimated them at no lefs, in fine fifter
from his imperial majefty and even their ftock began to fell,
;
thread, bone-lace, and linnen, including their lawns and
and be transferred as the ftock of other companies in England : cambricks, than to <he value of two millions fterling a year,
from
 A U S A U
from thofe provinces we now call the Auftnan Netherlands,
including part of the conquered provinces, as that which we
call Walloon Flanders, and the province of Artois.
Nor in this account is there included their export of tapeftry,
or woollen fluffs, nor of cotton or fillc ; of all which they
export large quantities into France and Germany.
They carry on no inconfiderable trade with England, for
leather, malt-fpirits, hats, cutlery, and all manner of wrought
iron and brafs, the manufactures of Sheffield and
They import, alfo, a good deal of cotton, cotton-yarn, grog-
ram, and goat's hair, and goods of the Turky and Venetian
merchants, imported from the Levant ; by means of which
they have large manufactures in cloths of cotton, fomething
like our fuftians and dimitties of Manchefter.
The fituacion of this country, interfperfed throughout with
navigable rivers, and thefe rivers paffing through innumerable
cities and populous towns, implies that there mud be a great
inland traffic ; and this, indeed, in proportion to the extent
of territory, is a prodigious bufinefs.
They have, 'tis true, but one port of confequence, and that
is Oftend as for Newport, it has little trade belonging to it,
;
except that of fifhing, which, in the feafon, is very confider-
able of it's kind. But this port of Oftend is the principal
harbour of Flanders for the Schelde is fo intirely blocked
; yet takes off* a great quantity of the fine manufactures of Flan-
up at Liilo, that the city of Antwerp hardly merits the name
of a port, though otherwife one of the fined: rivers and har-
bours in the world.
From Oftend is a large canal to the city of Bruges,
able to carry veflels of 200 tons up to the city
pafs directly to Bruges, without flopping at Oftend, only paf-
fing through it as a port : whence it follows, that there are
abundance of merchants at Bruges, as well as at Oftend, and
fome tell us more.
F rom hence the imported merchandizes are difperfed over the
whole country, and into others alfo; for fmaller canals pafs
from Biuges to the Schelde, at the city of Ghent; and from
thence canals lie again to feveral other cities; and the river
Schelde, the Scarpe, and the Lys tranfport their merchandizes
up to Tournay, to Menin, Lifle, and Doway, and again by
the north to Antwerp, Louvain, Mechlin, and BrulTels.
From Oflend they have canals likewife within land, and pa-
rallel w'th the fea, to Newport ; thence to Ypres one way,
and to France and Dunkirk another, and I need not fay
whither afterwards, Dunkirk having an eafy communication,
by water, or by land, with all French Flanders, Artois, and
even into France itfelf.
In ftating of the commerce of the Netherlands, we ought
not to regard what has been done in matters of war and go-
vernment ; what has been yielded to one prince, what to
another; 'tis the trade of the place, not the government, or
pofleffion thereof which we are fo ftricHy to regard ; and,
therefore, Dunkirk ought to be looked on as a part of the
Netherlands and it's trade, confidered as a free port, is in-
; Of the coarfer flax, they make a kind of fail-cloth, for the
deed the trade of Flandeis; that is, as we take Flanders to
be a common name, by which we underftand the whole Ne-
therlands, whether French/ Flcmifh, or Walloon.
Nor is this improper, feeing that, as Dunkirk is a free port,
whets goods from all parts may be entered and landed duty-
free, the entrance of goods into the Flemifh or the Auftrian
divifion of Flanders, by the canal of Furnes, or by any other
conveyance, from Dunkirk, is all one as an entrance from
the fea fo that, whenever fhips unload at Dunkirk any goods
: no inconfiderable manufactures for woollen fluffs. At Ghent,
to be fent into the Auftrian Flanders, it is to the Flemifh
trade all one as if imported at Oftend ; and the cuftoms to
the emperor are payable in the place where the goods firft
enter his dominions.
It is the fame with the trade between the provinces of the
States-General and the Auftrian Netherlands, the Dutch, by
the navigation of the Schelde, carrying on a great commerce
with the Auftrian Netherlands. 'I hefe rivers, which empty
themfelves into the Schelde, are blocked up, as the Schelde is
alfo, by the Dutch, who have forts at the entrance of all
paflages, and, in particular, command the grand channel of
the Schelde, which goes up to Antwerp, by the ftrong fort of
Lillo, as they do the canal up to Ghent, by the
Sas van Ghent, as alfo the canal to Bruges, by the
Sluyce.
But, as thefe out the Flemings from a free com-
forts fhut
ii, cite that way bywhich, if they did not, Antwerp would
fea,
again rival the city of Amftcrdam ; yet thefe forts do not
hinder the Flemings from having a great trade with the Dutch,
by thefe rivers, and the Dutch with them ; and it is by this
method that the Dutch carry on a trade between Great-Britain
: nd Iran* in time of war.
, this ftnglc
'i litis the Schelde is an open port to Flanders, for it's trade
to Holland, and with the Dutch, becaufe they can bring no-
thing in that way but what comes through the hands of the
Dim h ; but at Dunkirk it is otherwife ; for a fhip entering at
Dunkirk, fuppofc from Spain or Italy, whofe loading belongs
to a Flemifh merchant at Ypres or Bruges, the cargo is put
on board the bylanders, and carried directly to tht-fe towns, in
the fame manner as, and paying no other cuftoms or duties
than, if they had been unloaden at Oftend and, therefore,
Dunkirk is ftill as much a port to Flanders, in effect, as Oftend
is, and ou^ht,in our account of trade, to betaken in that light.
S'
Hence it appears, that thofe are greatly miftaken who think,
as moft that fpeak of this part of the world do, that the Flem-
ings have but a trifling foreign trade, and but one fea-porr,
that of Oftend. It is evident they have, in effect, many
ports, but efpecially Oftend and Dunkirk are, as to all the ufes
and purpofes of trade, equally their ports.
It is true, Dunkirk, fince the ruin of it's harbour and piers,
is not fo good a port for the bringing great fhips into as it was,
Birmingham. and as Oftend is, and is likely to be : and this proves what has
been often faid, that the demolifhing the harbour of Dun*
kirk was a greater blow to the Flemifh commerce than to the
French.
However, the merchants, though with fome difficulty, do find
means to unload the large fhips at Dunkirk ftill, by fendino-
hoys and bylanders out into the road to them ; fo that the
Flemings have yet a confiderable trade by that port, and brin
in many goods, efpecially by their coafting trade, as wines,
brandies, and other goods frpm France, by that channel.
Here alfo they carry on a confiderable trade with Spain and
Italy, and alfo with Ireland, and fome with England too which :
commerce, efpecially that with Ireland, is very advantageous
to them ; as Ireland, notwithftanding all the encourage-
ment given to the linnen manufacture there from England,
ders, fuch as lace, lawns, and cambricks ; alfo tapeftry, and
fine carpets and carpet work ; in return for which, they receive
butter, hides, leather, tallow, beef, and fifh ; and, which is
which is very much to our lofs, wool, and worfted-yarn, fpun in Ire-
; fo that fhips land ; which is to be feared is at prefent carried to this country
in large quantities nor can the truth of this be much ques-
:
tioned, confidering how
gainful a trade it is to the Irifh to ex-
port, as well as the Flemings 10 import.
Befides what has been faid at firft, it muff, be obferved, that
the Flemings have a very confiderable product of fine flax, the
growth of their own foil, improved from the induftry of their
own people, and of the fineft kind that is to be found any
where ; fo that, although it is a prodigious quantity that the"
ufe in their manufactures, yet they do not fend to Riga and
Dantzick, as the Dutch do, much lefs do they buy their fine
linnen-yarn from Silefia, as the Dutch do, for the woof, or
fhoot, of all their fine hollands, and which, therefore, they
fay is the caufe that the Dutch hollands are not fo ferviceable
and lafting as thofe made in Flanders.
This product of flax employs abundance of their land, as well
as a great many hands in gathering, curing, dreffing, and
managing it, before it comes to the hands of the fine fpinners,
who are fo curious in the fpinning, as to make thofe threads
from which the fine lawns and fine bone-lace are
wrought.
Nor can the quantity of flax but be exceeding great, becaufe
there muft be a vaft deal of coarfeand ordinary fluff in a man-
ner thrown away, in order to drefs the reft to fuch a degree
of finenefs as is neceflary.
ufe of their bylanders, hoys, and other vefTels and boats, upon,
their inland waters, of which they have
number.
a prodigious
Befides all thefe manufactures, they have been
fome years
fince creeping into the woollen manufacture, by the means
of Irifh wool, and what other they certainly procure from
England. At Vianden in the dutchy of Luxemburg, they
have a confiderable trade in woollen cloth, with which they
furnifh the whole duchy. At Limburg and Mons they have
in Auftrian Flanders, they have large manufactures of cloths
and fluffs ; of which it is faid there is fo great a quantity
made here, together with filks, that, among the 50 com-
panies of tradelmen, thefe relating to commodities of this
nature make one third. Nor are Bruges and Courtray, and
Diert and Boldne in Brabant, without a great trade in wool-
len cloths.
Thefe are the effects of fuffering our neighbours to come at
our wool at any rate ; and, if what has been faid be true, that
they have for fome years paft found a way to bring wool and
yarn from England and Ireland, the Flemings, who are a jnoft
induftrious and ingenious people, and the moft addicted to
fort called the the woollen manufactures of any nation in the whole worldj
town of may do us fome injury, as well as other nations, in our ftaple
manufactures: but, if we deprive them of materials, we may
effectually prevent it.
There are two things which employ many hands in thefe pro-
vinces, and which, though not very confiderable in them-
felves, are defetving of fome notice.
The one is painting.
It is what a number of people are employed in
fcarce credible
and, as the fpinning and making bone-
article:
lace is chiefly the employment of the women, fo this, and the
weaving, Is a great part of the employment of the men.
The principal places for this are Antwerp, Mechlin, and Lou-
vain, though fome is done at Brufiels. The Flemings, in-
deed, ^havc a particular genius for painting; and they have
now, as well as they had formerly, lome ot the bell mafters.
They are remarkable for excelling at defigning, and that
there is more humour and fancy in fome of their drawings,
: than is to be met with either among the French or the
Dutch ; nay, that fome of them come up to the Italians
themfelves.
5
Where
 A U S A W A
\v l,i re they difpofe of them need not be faid, all Qhriftcndorn large wdo&i In Brabant, Hainault, and the countries Up
fending to Antwerp for pictures ; and Come of thefineft altar- the Mack:, but not equal to the multitudes of
families whi
pieces in Spain, where they are extremely curious in their muff be fupplied for their ordinary fuel, if they burned
wood,
church-paintings, are performed by Flemifh mafters, and ge- This abundantly made up by the turf, which is chiefly
is
made
nerally bought at Antwerp. in the Lower Flanders, and the countries bordering
upon the
The Flemings are not only good painters, but the people are frontiers, and is brought by water to Bruges, Ghent,
and all
Univcrfally lovers of pictures, and, confequentiy, their houfes the great cities upon the Schelde and the Scarpe,
the Dendei,
are filled with curious pieces ; nay, 'tis ordinary to fee good the Rypel, the Lys, and even to Lifle and Douay.
paintings in the meaneft cottages; even the boors will have This article h an exceeding great branch of bufin
them, and tell you fuch a piece is done by fuch a hand, and employs not only a great number of people in digging and
fuch a mafter, and pride tliemfelves in their knowledge in curing the turf, but alfo abundance of vefl'ds, boats, barges,
that art, and it's profeflbrs. and bylanders, in the carriage of it from one town to another.
And, if the poorer houfes are thus fet off", how may we pre- AUVERGNE, a province in France, is bounded on the north
fume are the houfes of the rich burghers and merchants adorn- by Bourbonnois ; on the eaft by Forcz ; on the fouth by Ro-
ed ? and ftill more thofc of the gentry and nobility? It is vergne and the Cevennes; and, on the weft, by Upper Li-
not to be defcribed, or the value of their paintings to be mofin, Qyercy, and la Marche. 'Lower Auvergne, which
eftimated. ,
is alio called Limagne, is one of the moft fruitful countries
The other article is that of fhipwrights not that the Flem- in the world. Upper Auvergne is not fo
:
fruitful ; however,
ings* who have but two ports, can be fuppofed to build a- there are here good pafturcs, where they
prodigious feed a
bundance of fhips; nor, indeed, can they do it, having no quantity of black cattle, which enrich this country,
becaufe
place proper for it, or materials for the work ; but, by fhips the fend their oxen and cows, when fattened, to
Lyons
and
here, is meant only galliots, hoys, lighters, bylanders, and Paris; they afo a great many of them to the people of
fell

fuch like veflels, all which they call fchips. Nivernois, Berry, and Guienne, who make ufe of them
to
Of have fuch great numbers, that there muff be
thefe they till the ground. Befides this, they make in Upper Auvergne
abundance of hands employed in building them, and efpeci- a great deal of cheefe, which they fell at Paris, in Britanny,
ally in the conftant repairing and refitting, which they are Guienne, and Languedoc, and even abroad. And, as they
always' wanting. have a great many iron mines in this country, to it abounds
It would be very difficult to make a probable guefs, or to cal- with forget, where they make all forts of the iron manufacture.
culate the number, of thefe veflels. In time of war it is Lower Auvergne produces corn, wine, and other fruits.
frequent to have 7 or 800 of them brought together, for the At St Flour is kept a fair, where they fell a great number of

carrying of provifions, military ftores, ammunition, and the mules, which are feni into Languedoe, Spain, and other
like and 'tis likely they have not lefs than 20,000 of thefe
;
countries. This is alfo a confider ble mart for rye, the coun-
fort of veflels in all the provinces. try about it abounding with that fort ot corn.
And thefe ae all built within themfelves ; and it is no little At Aurjllac is a confideraite trade of thread-laces.
trade that they are obliged to carry on for the fupply of deals, Molt of the inhabitants of Murat are brafiers they make ; al-
timber, planks, mafts, yards, anchors, iron-works, and other fo here a great many thread laces.
materials for this work, befides pitch, tar, oil, hemp, &c. At Mauriac they have a pretty good trade, and they keep
For this purpofe, indeed, they do not carry on any confider- feveral fairs, in which they fell all forts of cattle, and efpe-
able trade to Norway, Sweden, or the Baltic, but are gene- cially horfes, which are reckoned the belt in
F ranee.
Dutch, or by fhips directly from Norway
rally fupplied by the The city of Clermont is rich and well peopled.
and Sweden, the Flemings having very few fhips proper for At RiEi\i an office for the finances, and a court of the mint.
is

thefe trades. 1 hiers one of the moft populous cities of Auvergne, and
is

When thefe things are confidered, we need not wonder how moft confidtrable for it's trade, which confifts chiefly in iron
multitude of people, who inhabit thefe provin-
1I this great and fteel wares paper, cards, pafte-boards, and thread, which
ces, are employed and maintained. The carrying on fuch they fend all ovtr Europe, and even into the Indies. There
valuable manufactures mult employ innumerable hands ; and is here a conlulfhip for the merchants.
the quantity of goods they export muft bring great returns Ambert is confiderable by it's trade, and efpecially by it's
home, as well in goods as money ; by which the Flemings manufactory of paper.
re far from being poor. On the contrary, they are generally The harbour of Viale, being but a quarter of a league diftant
well-circumftanced, there being very few hands among them from the city of Maringue, makes it have a pretty good trade,
but can get their bread ; the very children, even from five the merchants of the neighbouring country keeping their ware-
years old, are ordinarily employed, and earn their main houfes here.
tainance. As Pont-du-Chastel is nearer Clermont than Maringue is,

In regard to induftry, they are an example to the whole world ; and confequentiy more convenient for the trade that is carried
there is nothing can live where they ftarve nothing is idle : on by water from Auvergne to Pari-, it becomes daily more
among them that can fuftain any degree of labour; the wo confiderable than Maringue.
men plow and fow, reap and bind ; the men threfh, and not Issoire is noted for a good breed of horfes, and is a town of
only the horfes carry, but the very dogs do the fame, for they good trade in corn and wine.
are harnefled, and draw their carrs like our horfes, and that Ardes, being fituate on the borders of Upper and Lower Au-
not in jeft, or for trifles, but draw, in proportion to their vergne, in a very fruitful country, is in a manner the ftaple
ftrength, very heavy loads ; particularly the dogs draw little town for the trade that is carried on between thefe two parts
carts with fowls, fifh, provifions, and efpecially all forts of of the province.
greens and roots, and garden-fluff, to the markets. This AWARD, is the decifioh given by arbitrators, or by an um-

brings me to fpeak of their provifions, which are in exceeding pire, chofeh by them, in cafes referred to be determined by
great plenty* and extremely cheap. This makes labour cheap, arbitrators. See Arbiter, or Arbitrator.
and the manufacturers work low ; by which means, confider- 1. The ought to give their award within the time
arbitrators
ing the finenefs of the goods they make, no nation can under- limited by the compromife, and it will be null, if it were
work them. given after the faid time is expired ; for their power is then at
The univerfal navigation of the rivers, and the multitude of an end, and they are no longer arbitrators.
canals in this country, is a mighty advantage to their trade, 2. The pai ties may give power to the arbitrators to prolong
and does not a little contribute to render every thing cheap the time ; and, in this cafe, their power lafls during the time
among them travelling from place to place, and carriage of
: of their prorogation.
goods to the feveral markets, cofts fo little, that it is fcarce 3. If the compromife regulates a certain time for inftructing
worth naming. the caufe which the arbitrators are to decide, they cannot
The plenty of provifions being fo great, is a token of the give their award, till the faid time is expired.
general fertility of the foil ; and this is not only exerted in 4. The arbitrators having once given their award, they can-
the product of corn and flax, but the pafturage is alfo very not retract it, nor change any thing in it for the compromife :

rich, and they feed abundance of very good cattle, efpecially was only to give them power to give an inward, and, when
horfes, very large and ufeful, as well for country fervice as that is done, their power is at an end ; but their power is not
for the mounting their cavalry, only with two exceptions, at an end by an interlocutory fentence *, or an incident in the
1. That they are rather too large, and, confequentiy, heavy ; caufe, and they may give different interlocutory fentences
otherwife, they are very ftrong, and of good fpirit. on fuch incidents, as often as occafion requires.
2. That they are generally grey, as being more eafily difcerned * An interlocutory fentence is not that which decides the caufe,
by an enemy and other occafions, in the dark.
in fieges, but only fettles fame intervening or preliminary master, re-
The largeft of this breed are ufed as coach hor'es, and have lating to the matter in difpute.
been much efteemed by perfons of the firft rank, as well for
their beauty as for their extraordinary fize ; in both which we 5. If there are 'feveral arbitrators named by the compromife,
fee no country excel them. They are not of late fo much they cannot give their 2w^rd, unlefs they all fee the procefs,
valued as formerly, the fafhions and fancies of courts varying. and give judgment of it together; and, although the greater
Another product of their land, efpeciallv of the lower and part had given the award in the abfence of one who was named
marfhy grounds, is turf for fuel ; for, as the climate is cold, with the others, yet the award would be null, becaufe the ab-
and fometimes feverely fo, and having no coals but what fentperfon ought to have been one of the judges ; and, had he
comes from England, fo the country is notable to fupply wood been prefent, he might have been able, by his reafoning, to
fufficient for fuch multitudes of people. They have, indeed, bring the other arbitrators over to his opinion.
Vol. I. .
.
Q_q 6. The
 A Z O A Z Q
6, The arbitrators can judge of nothing eife befides that which AZORES ISLANDS. Thefe ifiands, v/hieh are feven In
is fubmittcd to their judgment by the compromife, and they number, befides the two fmall ones of l lores and Corvo, 1

niuft obferve the conditions which are there prefcribed ; and, he in a kind of clutter, on the weftcm or Atlantic Ocean,
if they judge otherwife, their award is null. between 37 and 40 degrees of latitude, and 21 and 26 of lon-
Where there appears a manifeft error in the body of an gitude, weft from London. Thefe ifiands are all allowed to
award, in fome cafes there may be relief againft it in equity : be very fertile in corn, wine, variety of fruits, and to breed
but where the error does not appear without unravelling of great quantities of cattle.
it, and examining into matters of account, not
relievable. I. St. Michael's Island, or, as the Portugueze ftile it,
i Vern. 158.
San Miguel, hath feveral good towns, and large villages,
If A and B of the one part, and C of the other part, fub- well filled with inhabitants, who drive a confiderable com-
mit to arbitration, the arbitrators may make an award, not merce, but hath neither harbours nor rivers, nor any good
only of matters in difference between A and B jointly, or A The chief town of this ifland is called Pun-
fhelterfor fhips.
and B feparately, and C, but alfo of matters between A and ta del Gado,
Gada, and is confiderable for it's trade.
or
B only.1 Vern. 259. II. St. Mary's Island, is well fupplied with all kinds of ne-
An award made, purfuant to an order of court, muft be con- ceflaries, well cultivated and inhabited. The chief manu-
firmed, as in the cafe of a mafter's report ; and either fide factory here is a kind of earthen ware, in which they traffic
has a liberty to except to it, and, when To confirmed, the with the other ifiands.

caufe may be fet down for hearing upon the award. Vern. 470. III. Tercera Island, hath in it no port or haven, where
An award fet afide, it appearing the arbitrators were inte- fhips can fafcly come
but that of Angra, which is the ca-
in,
refted in the cargo, touching which the award was made. pital of the ifland, and hath a convenient harbour. The
2 Vern. 251. ifland is very fertile, pleafant, and healthy ; the very rocks,
Arbitrators promife to hear witnefles, but make their award which elfewhere are generally dry and barren, produce here
without doing fo. Award fet afide. lb. a good fort of wine, though not comparable to that of Ma-
Arbitrators, if they could not agree, were to chufe an um- deira or the Canaries. The land yields plenty of good wheat,
pire. They make no award, and, not agreeing about the and other corn ; oranges, lemon?, and other forts of fruits;
perfon to be umpire, they throw crofs and pile who fliould and their pafture-grounds fuch numbers of large oxen, fheep,
chufe him. The umpire made his award, and it was fet and other cattle, that here is no want of any neceflaries of
afide, by reafon of his being chofen in that manner. 2 Vern. life, except oil and fait. They have an extraordinary root,
which grows here as big as a man's two fifts, covered with
Suppofe the fubmiffion is to three, or any two of them. Af- long and fmall fibres, of a go d colour, not unlike filk in foft-
ter all the arbitrators had had feveral meetings, and heard nefs and finenefs, and which they only ufe to fluff their bed- ;
the parties, two of them make an award privately, without but by an ingenious hand 'tis thought might be woven into
notice to the other arbitrator. Award fet afide. 2 Vern. 514. good fluffs. The country produces fome excellent timber,
If a fubmiflion is to three, or any two of them, and two by particularly cedar, which is here in fuch plenty, that they
fraud or force exclude the other ; that alone, is fufficient to make their carts and waggons of it. The number of inha-
vitiate the award. lb. 515. bitants in the whole ifland is computed to be 20,000 fouls.
Private meetings of the arbitrators with one of the parties, Angra, a city, which is the metropolis of the Azores, is well
and admitting him to be heard to induce an alteration in the built and peopled. It is the only itation for fhips in all the
intended award is partiality. lb. 515. feven iflands fo that it is chiefly for the fake of this port that
:

If arbitrators go upon a plain miftake, either as to law or
fact, equity will relieve againft the award. lb. 705.
A party fubmitting to an award, defired the arbitrator to de-
fer making his award, until he mould fatisfy him as to fome
things which the arbitrator took to be againft him ; though
this was within two or three days before the time for making
the award was out, yet, the requeft not being complied with,
the award was held ill. 3 Peer Will. 361. See Arbiter
and Arbitration.
AWME, or AUME,
a Dutch liquid meafure, containing eight
20 verges, or verteels
fteckans, or equal to the tierce in
: &c. The Englifh, Dutch, and French nations have like-
England, or ^of a ton of France.
AZIMUTH COMPASS, an inftrument made in a large box,
with jambols, and a broad limb, having 90 deg. diagonally
divided with an index and thread, to take the fun's amplitude
or azimuth, in order to find the difference between the mag-
netical meridian, and the fun's meridian, which fhews the va-
riation of the compafs.
AZOGA SHIPS, are thofe Spanifh (hips, commonly called
the quickfilver (hips, from their carrying quickfilver or mer-
cury from them to the Spanifh Weft-Indies, in order to ex-
trait the filver out of the mines in Peru and Mexico. But it
is a great miftake to imagine, that thefe (hips are abfolutely
laden with quickfilver only, that being too ponderous a
the Portugueze have been fo careful of thefe iflands, and are
fo Ihy of letting ftrangers approach it ; it's fituation being fo
exceedingly convenient to refrefli the fhips that fail to, and
from Brazil, and other long voyages. In this city are kept
the royal magazines for anchors, fails, cables, and other na-
val ftores in general, for the men of war. The maritime
affairs are under the infpeclion of a proper judge, called de-
fembargador, who hath other officers under him, and enter-
tains a number of pilots, fome to conduct the fhips into the
harbour, and others to direct them to fprings of frefh water,
wife a conful refiding in this city, though their commerce
with this, or any other of thefe iflands, be but inconfiderable.
The chief commerce of the inhabitants is that of wood, which
grows in great plenty in moft of thefe iflands, and corn, and
other refrefhments, which merchant- fhips come to take in at
this port.
Pray a is a pretty confiderable town ; and, though ft deferves
not the name of a fea-port, is yet a kind of road for fhips,
and the only one in the ifland next to Angra where they can
come to anchor.. It is befides a place of trade, and well
peopled.
IV. Graciosa, though not above five or fix leagues in circuit,
is ftored with kinds of grain, fruits, pafture, cattle, &c.
all

body. with which it fupplies the ifland of Tercera. It is well peopled,

They are not, ftrictly fpeaking, to carry any goods, unlefs
for the king of Spain's account; but they are generally full
laden, notwithftanding this regulation ; by reafon that the
merchants procure fpecial licences of the king to load, upon
paying a confideration for fuch licences.
but hath no town of any note or bignefs.
V. St George's Island, is chiefly famed for it's ltateiy ce-
dars, which grow in great plenty in it.
VI. Pico, or II Pico, breeds a great quantity of cattle. It's
wine is the beft of all the Azores and, befides cedar and;

Befides quickfilver, thefe fhips carry alfo fruit and fpice for other timber, they have here a kind of wood, which they call
the king's account, and fometimes military ftores for the teixo, which is reckoned as hard as iron, and, when polifhed,
forces inNew Spain i as alfo iron, which is called the king's is veined like a tabby, and is red as fcarlet; and with this
merchandize. additional quality, that it grows finer by age : upon all thefe
Of the ufe and application of mercury in working of the fil- accounts it is fo highly efteemed, that no one is allowed to
ver mines in Spanifh America, we (hall give an ample ac- fell it, unlefs for the king, or with particular leave from his
count under the province of Charcas, in the fouth part of minifters.
Peru in South America, wherein is a filver mine at the VII. Fayal Island, produces great plenty of wood, and is
bottom of the mountain of Potofi, which is efteemed the frequented by the Englifh on that account. It alfo breeds
richeft mine that ever was difcovered ; and from whence great numbers of large cattle, and abounds with variety of
the Spaniards have extracted many hundred (hip- loads of good fifh.
trcafurc. Flores and Corvo have nothing worth notice.

Of
Of the Practical Business of the Custom -House, which is

placed at the end of every Letter in this Work, in order the better
to conform the whole to the portable Book of Rates ; That being
alphabetically ranged and methodized, the more familiarly to turn
to the various fpecies of merchandize imported and exported.

Of the Orioin of the Custom-House Duties. in the particular proportions, prefcribed in the refpeclive books
of rates.
England the mod ancient and principal tribute, or duties, After the reftoration of king Charles II, the aforefaid fubfi-
INthat were paid to our kings, feem to have been thofe upon the dies, which had underwent feveral different regulations, were
the ocean. eftablifhcd upon the foundation whereon they now ftand, and
exportation and importation of merchandizes crofting
and
Thefc were of two kinds, and diftinguifhed by cuitoms granted to his majefty during his life, for the defraying of his
prizes, or prizage.
neceffary expences in guarding and defending the feas againft

Cuftoms were the duty payable for native commodities ex- perfons intending the disturbance of his fubjedls in the inter-
after certain courfe of trade, and the invading of his realm ; by an acl paffed
ported, particularly wool, wool-fells, and leather,
at the pleafure of the in the 12th year of his reign, intitled, A fubfidy granted to the
rates, the which were raifed or lowered
king, or as occafion required and, having been payable pro-
: king of tonnage and poundage, and other fums of money, pay-
bably from the origin of the Britiih monarchy, has
been dif able upon merchandize exported and imported, refcrrii g to,

tinguifhed by the great and ancient cuftoms. But, accord- and enforcing, a book of rates of merchandize, &c. accord-
ing to the pn fent acceptation of the word cuftoms, it
fignifies ing to which the fdid duties were to be levied and collecled.
the feveral duties which are payable on the importation,
as well And upon the model of, and with reference to, this fubfidy
as exportation, of all goods and merchandizes
whatfoever. of tonnage and poundage granted to king Charles II, there have
Prizes or prizage, was the old duty payable on the
impor- been granted by fubfequent acls of parliament, for the defraying
tation of foreign goods, not limited to any certain
fum of mo- the public expences ordinary and extraordinary, feveral addi-
the kings fubfidies, impofitions, and new duties; which being to
ney, but by taking fuch a part thereof in fpecie as tional

thought fufficient for their ufe; paying for the fame fuch a price be levied and collecled after the manner of the aforefaid fubfidy,
as they thought reafonable, which was called the
king's price. upon the importation and exportation of feveral forts of goods
For wines it it was cuftomary to take one ton in ten, upon pay- and merchandizes, are ufually comprehended under the general
enough
ing twenty (hillings per ton; and we may reafonably title of cuftoms: and, indeed, thofe duties of cuftoms are now

fuppofe the price for the prizage of other goods was in pro- really become a perfeel fcience, there having been no lefs than

portion. about forty additional branches, or particular duties, impofed

But king Edward I. by the charter called charta mercatoria, fince the reftoration of Charles II: and the laws prefcribing the

remitted this duty of prizage to all merchant-. rangers ; who,
in lieu thereof, granted him a duty of three-pence in
the pound,
called petty cuftom, upon all native commodities, exported, be-
fides the great cuftom paid before, and
dizes imported, except wines ; and upon all wines imported,
two (hillings for every ton, being the duty that has been fincc
I manner of levying and colledling of thefc duties have fo incteafed
the number, that the body of cuftom laws is now (welled to an
enormous fi7.c. As they are fo numerous, and many of them
alfo upon all merchan- made with an eye only to fome temporary puipofes, without re-
gard to the circumftances and regulations prefcribed in prior
acl , it too often happens that they frequently clalh and inter-

called butleragc. And, befides the aforefaid duties, there were, fere, fo that, in many cafes, it is difficult to fix a particular

in the reigns of king Edward II, Edward III, queen

Edward I, point :and, as the repeals, expirations, and revivals of feve-
Mary, queen Elizabeth, king James I, and king Charles I, col- ral acls, are fo frequent, that it is often difficult to know whe-

lected by virtue of their prerogatives only, feveral occafional or ther a law is in force or not; it is no wonder that they are no

temporary impofitions, after different rates;, upon wines, and fe- better underftood by too many, whofe bufinefs it is to execute
veral other goods, imported ; wool, cloths, and feveral other them ; and much lefs by merchants, whofe bufinefs it is to
goods, exported ; which they caufed to be levied by only fend- know the privileges to which they are legally intitled, and the
*. penalties to which they are fubjeel, that they might reap the be-
ing their writs to the collectors of the cuftoms in every port
But thefe impofitions were fometimes remitted, upon petition of nefit of the one, and avoid the injury of the other,

their fubjedls in parliament, efpecially when they would grant Thefe confiderations evince the neceffity of reducing the laws

other aids or fubfidies of greater value ; yet when thofe aids, relating to the cuftoms. narrow a compafs as peflible,
into as

granted in recompence of the occafional impofitions, were fpent, and as plain and can be.
intelligible asThis alfo would not
they have been oftentimes again renewed, or others of the like only prevent thole tedious computations which the duties often
nature impofed. requite, but might prove inftrumental in putting a flop to that
* This (hews the difference of times, in regard to the liberties frequency of cuftom-houfe oaths, which are at prefent required
of the people of England, before and fince the revolution ; be- in every ftep that is taken ; a praclice which feme very wife and

fore, we find the prince had the command of their purfes with- good men have lamented. See what I have faid on that head
out controul, as it were but fince, the parliament has con-
; under the article Affidavit.
trouled the purfe of our princes. Befides, this multiplicity of laws renders the complete know-
ledge of the revenue fo difficult and myfterious, that few, per-
In procefs of time, this unlimited prerogative of the crown, haps, of our very reprefentatives themfelves take the trouble
of impofing thofe duties, came to be reftrained, and, in fome neceffary to become mafters thereof, and, confequently, muft
meafure, yielded up by the crown to the parliament for, upon : be at a lofs to know what meafures to fall in with, when any
the frequent petitions of the fubjedls for the remiffion thereof, alteration in this branch of the revenue may be neceffary.
and their free offers of fufficient fupplies by parliament for all Indeed, the feveral duties of cuftoms are appropriated as a
neceffary occafions, Edward III, and the feveral fucceeding fecurity to the national creditors which, it has been faid by
;

kings and queens, by his example, were contented to fufpend fome, makes the continuance of thefe identical laws and forms
their hereditary duties, and, in lieu thereof, to accept of fuch ef appropriation in the king's books neceffary But this does
temporary aids of parliament as (hould be judged fufficient for not feem to be an objeclion of any real weight. The national
jthe fupport of the honour and dignity of the crown, the defence debts themfelves have undergone various changes, in point of
of the realm, and the fafeguard of the feas, during their re- denomination ; and, if the revenues appropriated for their in-
fpedlive lives and thefe parliamentary aids were compofed of
: tereft a*nd redemption underwent a change alfo, by uniting va-
two feveral and diftinct parts, viz. a tonnage and a poundage. rious" duties into one, for tjie eafe of the merchant, as well as
Tonnage was payable on all wines imported, after the parti- the officer, this, we humbly conceive, would be no violation
cular rates, and according to the particular methods, prefcribed of the public faith and credit of the nation. For, although cer-
by the feveral laws which granted this duty to the refpedlive kings tain duties were impofed as a fecurity to the public creditors ;
and queens being at firft no more than two (hillings per ton,
; yet, if the authority of the parliament
is pleafed to grant that

though, in fucceeding reigns, it was very much increafed. in one total, which is now
granted in various particular fums,
Poundage was payable on all other merchandizes imported and the diftribution or appropriation of the net produce of thofe re-
exported, according to the particular rates and values prefcribed venues may eafily be duly appropriated to the payment of in-
by the feveral laws which granted this duty to the refpedlive tereft to the national creditors.
kings and queens ; being at firft no more than fix-pence in the However, that our defign may prove confiftent with things a3
pound of the particular rates or values, though, in fucceeding they at prefent ftand, and be of immediate ufe, we (hall enter
reigns, it was advanced to twelve-pence in the pound. And upon an explanation of the manner of computing the duties of
to this fubfidy of tonnage and poundage there was, alfo, in the cuftoms, purfuant to the laws enadled for that purpofe; and,
later reigns, annexed according to our prefent plan, fhall fix upon feveral of the chief
A fubfidy of woolen cloth, or old drapery, which was payable cafes that arife in their alphabetical order in the portable Book
upon all woollen cloths exported, after the particular rates, and of rates, under the latter A, for the port of London ; the moft.
judicious

I
 :

Continuation of the Business of the Custom -House.

judiciousand accurate of that kind, being that wrote by Mr. and drawbacks aforefaid) as are mentioned and cxpreficd in
Saxby of the cuftom houfe, 1757. the act made in the
year of the reign of Jac. 11. entitled,
firft

But fince the publication of Mr. Saxby's Book of Rates,
there has been a new Subsidy aft of parliament in 1759,
of 5 per cent, laid on certain merchandize, which has rendered
the Totals of fuch Tabular Duties ufelefs to the impor-
ter and exporter in that refpeft. Which
to take notice of this fubfequent aft in this
Dictionary, and to explain therefrom how Mr Saxby's Portable
Book of Rates may, notwithftanding, be ufeful to the mer-
chant;
Alfo in the year 1762, another act took place, for granting
An aft for granting his majefty an impofition upon ail wines
and vinegar imported, Sic.
Damaged and unmerchantable wines exempted from thofe ad-
ditional duties.
hath made it neceflary And whereas, by the eighth rule annexed to the Book of
new edition of the Rates, referred to in the aft of tonnage and poundage pafled
the 12th of Charles the Second, every merchant bringing in any
fort of wines into this kingdom by way of merchandize, and
making due entries thereof, is allowed 12 per cent, for Leak-
age and whereas it is of late years become a practice for fe-
:

feveral additional duties upon Wines imported into this king- veral merchants to lodge Spanifh, Portugal, and other wines,
dom, &c. which has likewife rendered the Totals of the faid at the iflands of Guernfey and Jerfey, and after they have filled
tabular duties ufelefs to merchants, with relation to the impor- up the cafks there, to import fuch wines into this kingdom,
tation of Wines in general. It has, therefore, become necef- and demand the before-mentioned allowance for leakage, not-
fary to apprize the reader of thefe material alterations in the withftanding the cafks are quite full, to the leffening of his ma-
duties of cuftoms, fince Mr
Saxby's book was publifhed. And jefty's revenue, and the prejudice of other merchants who im-
as the requifite brevity of a Portable Book of Rates wdl not ad- port wines direftly from the place of their growth for remedy :

mit of the faid new afls being given therein at large, we fhall whereof, and in order to put all merchants upon a more equal
here give an ample abftraft of the faid two acts, and then ex- footing; be it enafted, that no merchant fhall, in refpeft to
plain Mr Saxby's Portable Book of Rates fo intelligibly, that it the duties impofed by this aft, be allowed 12 percent, or have
may be applied to other cafes. any allowance for leakage, upon any wine imported into this
The firft. of thefe ails laying the fubfidy of 5 per cent, on kingdom, wine be imported direftly from the coun-
unlefs fuch
certain merchandize contains as follows. " That from and af- try or place of the growth of the faid wine, or the ufual port
ter the 5th day of April, 1759, there fhall be railed, levied, col- or place of it's firft fhipping, except Madeira wines imported
lected, and paid unto and for the ufe of his majefty, his heirs, &c. into this kingdom from any of his majefty's plantations in
for and Tobacco, foreign Linnens, Sugar,
upon all America ; any thing in the faid recited rule to the contrary
and other Grocery, as the fame is charged in the Books notwithftanding.
of Rates, except Currants ; Eaft India except
goods, And from and after the 5th of July, 1763, there fhall be
Coffee and rawfilks; foreign Brandy and Spirits, ex- raifedan additional rate or new duty of excife upon cyder and
cept Rum, of the produce of the British Sugar Plan- perry as follows
tations; and Paper, which fhall be imported or brought For every ton of cyder or perry imported into Great-Britain from
into the kingdom of Great Britain ; a further Subsidy beyond fea, and fo proportionably for a greater or lefler quan-
of Poundage of Twelve Pence in the Pound, accord- tity, to be paid by the importer before landing, over and above
ing to the Value or Rate refpeclively fet upon each of the all other duties payable for the fame, two pounds.
faid Commodities by the feveral Books of Rates, or any Theother part of this aft being relative to an inland or ex-
aft or afts of parliament relating thereunto ; which Subsidy cife duty laid on the makers of cyder, we refer to the article
fhall be paid by the importer of fuch goods and merchandizes, cyder, fince the aft in that refpeft too has undergone alterations
before the landing thereof, over and above all other duties, fince the fame took place, by the aft here quoted.
charged or chargeable thereupon."
Then the faid act declares, that the faid fubfidy fhall be levied Op the Computation of the Duties of Customs,
form and manner, and with fuch allowances,
fend collected in like according to the present book of rates.
difcounts, drawbacks, &c. as are prefcribed for raifing, and
collecting the fubfidy of 5 pounds per centum, granted in the Underftanding there will foon be publifhed a Portable Boole
2ift year of the reign of Geo. II. intitled, " An aft for grant- of Rates by Mr. Saxby, wherein the alterations before made
ing to his majefty a fubfidy of poundage upon all goods and in the duties of cuftom by the faid afts of parliament will
merchandizes to be imported into this kingdom, &c. &c." be duly noticed; we judge it will only be neceflary for us
Prize goods charged only with the duties payable by aft 30th to explain the methods of computation therein made ufe of,
Geo. II. unlefs taken out of the warehoufes for home confump- in fuch a manner as may be underftood and applied by mer-
tion. Allowance to be made to the importer of tobacco, chants, provided any fubfequent alterations refpefting thefe
on paying down the Duty as ufual ; if the duty fhall not be duties fhould take place. This, we apprehend, will be more
paid down, the importer fhall give bond for payment thereof, acceptable to traders than the fwelling this work with a new
and the importer to be intitled to the ufual allowances and dif- fett of tables, ready computed, which they will foon have in a

counts. Drawback of faid duty allowed upon exportation Portable Book for that purpofej and it is to be hoped com-
of goods within three Years. Except for fuch goods, or plete. For it is certainly of more utility and fatisfaftion to
by any former aft or afts, it is declared no Drawback fhall traders, to be duly informed in the manner of calculation, than
be paid or allowed on Exportation. to depend on that of others : yet fuch calculations have their
Drawback of the duty allowed on Paper ufed in print- ufe; fince, if thofe made by the trader agree therewith, it is a
ing books in the learned languages in both univerfities, as is fatisfaftion ; if not, the trader will be entitled to point out any
prefcribed by aft 10 of queen Anne. The like drawback al- miftakes that may be made by the officers of the cuftoms to
lowed on paper ufed in printing books in the learned languages his difadvantage. This is the more neceflary, as the total du-
in the univerfities of Scotland. ties in fuch books are fo liable to vary every few years.
Drawback of 3 millings per hundred weight allowed on And, indeed, what renders this the more neceflary, is, that
fugar refined in Great- Britain, and exported, &c. a Portable Book
of Rates will hardly admit of fuch an expla-
An additional inland Duty to be paid of 1 Shil- nation of the methods of computing thofe duties as could be de-
Iing per pound on coffee, and Nine-pence per pound on fired, by reafon of it's requifite brevity; though the method
Chocolate. Said duties on Coffee and Chocolate to taken therein, is perhaps, as good as any other that might be
be paid as the former inland Duties paid thereon into the devifed, in relation to it's concifenefs. Yet certain it is, that
Office of Excise. great complaints have been made by traders, with refpeft to it's

Penalty of counterfeiting the ftamps provided on the oc- abftrufenefs and unintelligibility : but I am rather inclined to
cafion, or being guilty of any fraud therein, 500 1. and one afcribe thatto want of due attention and application in the
year's imprifonment. Penalty of vending chocolate with- reader. However, we fhall endeavour to-put this matter in the
out being duly ftampt 20 (hillings per pound, and forfeiture of beft light we can, for the fatisfaftion of our reader, and thereby
the chocolate. enable him to underftand all future Books of Rates.
The other aft that has made an alteration in the duties of Previous to which, we defire it may be obferved, that con-
cuftoms, in the Portable Book of Rates, is that made in the year fiftent with the plan of this work, the bufinefs of the cuftoms
1762, entitled, An aft for granting to his majefty feveral addi- will be treated of at theend of every letter, in the fame alpha-
tional duties upon Wines imported into this kingdom, and betical order as the Portable Book of Rates is obliged to be ran-
certain duties on cyder and perry, &c. which declares, that from ged, for the fpeedy reference to every fpecies of goods therein
and after the 3 1 ft day of March, 1 763, over and above all other contained.
fubfidies, additional duties, and impofitions, whatfoever pay- 2. That we fhall feleft various examples of the duties, where-
able for wines and vinegar imported into Great-Britain, by by to illuftrate the manner of their calculation.
any aft or afts now in force, there fhall be raifed and levied,
(before landing thereof) the additional impofitions, rates and Of the Tabular Method of ranging the Duties
duties following, without any difcount or deduftion inwards, in the Portable Book of Rates.
or drawback on re-exportation afterwards; that is to fay,
For every ton of French w:ne and French vinegar, imported, The reader is defired to obferve, that the firft column in
the fum of 8 1, ; and fo after that rate, for any greater or lef- the Portable Book of Rates,
towards the right-hand of the
fcr quantity. goods or merchandize, reprefent the Rates, in pounds, fhil-
Alfo for every ton of all other wines and vinegar imported, lings, and pence, and parts thereof, to which fuch goods or
the fum of 4 1. ; and fo after that rate for any greater or lefler merchandize are fubjeft inwards, or on their importation, pur-
quantity. The fame to be raifed in fuch manner and form, fuant to the adls of Parliament of the 12th of Car. II. cap. 4.
and under fuch penalties and forfeitures (except as to difcounts &c. and that alfo of the 1 ith of Geo. I. cap. 7. which are the
ground-
 Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
ground-work of the fubfequent ats that have been fince made, That the part of the faid Portable Book of Rates con-
flrft

for fettling of the duties of cultoms: over which columns is account of the several Branches of Cus-
tains a concife
the word Kates. toms, Subsidies, Impositions, and Duties payable in
a. The next column, following to the right-hand of thofe Goods and Merchandizes imported into, brought
of the Ra iks. ihews, or fhould ihew, the total net duties COASTWISE AND EXPORTED OUT OF GREAT Br ITAlN, f om
toaid ort filch gooda or merchandizes by Britiih person's j the the1 2th Car. II. cap. 4.
3. 7. to trie time
when Mr. Saxby's
next column to the right-hind fliews, or fhould fliew, what Book of Rates was publifhed, which commences from the begin-
duties are to be paid on the fame goods by ftrangers ; and the ning of his book, and ends at page 7 2.
next right-Viarid column fhews, or fhould fhew, how much is To render Saxby's Book of Rates the more intelligible
to be repaid, or drawn back, on the re-exportation of fuch mer- to our reader, we fhall, in the following paae, prefent him
chandize by any perfoii') if done ill time, according to acl of with the Table and List, therein made ufe of; and after-
parliament. wards give an explanation of them both ; thefe two confl-
5. In the laft column in Mr. Saxby's Portable Hook of Rates, dered connedtively, being the mafkr-key, to unlock the whole
which is maiked with the great letters A, D 25, A d 1, C 3, myftcry of every portable Book of Rates, ever fince the time
C i, tvc. as in the firfr page of the tables of duties, and me- of Mr. Edgar, who judicioufly firfl invented, in the Year 17
14,
thodized as before represented, is contained the references to the r id Table and List of branches, and printed the fame
1

the tables, &c. p. 74., 5, 6, as is placed at the top of the faid in his Vectigalium Systema ; and ever fince that time

lair column. the fame Table and List have been made ufe of by thofe
6. In order for the reader to nnderftand the ufc of the Ciid officers of the cuftoms, who have wrote upon the computation,

Reference Letters and Ficjurks annvxed thereto, it is of the duties of cuftoms ; as the late Mr. Crouch and the pie-
neceffary to obferve, fent Mr. Saxby.

Vol. h Z A TABLE


A TABLE, whereby the referring letters, which are affixed on the right-hand mar-
gin of the Rates and Duties, exprefs the particular Branches to which any article of
aoods is liable, by correfpondent numbers refpe&ively diftingtiifhing the feveral
Branches as they (land in the following List, in the Portable Book of Rates.

Referring Referring
Correfpondent numbers, diftin- Correfpondent numbers, dirtin-
marginal marginal
guifhing the feveral branches. guifning the feveral branches.
letters. letters.

la 26 ,

lb 16
I c 42
Y 2 3 4 5 9 14 "~
K a - i 2 3 4 9, 10 14
Kb I 11 2 3
5
4 9
4
\\
Kc i 2 3 4 5 13 .8
r_ I 2 3 4 10 '4
33 La i 11 2 3
S

4 S

Lb I II 2 3 9

10 Lc I 2 3 4
5
5 9 .8
Ld kl 2 3 4 <i 9 18
M fl
c Ma i 2 3 4 S 9 2S
Cd Mb . 111 2 3 1 8 _
D- N . I 2 3 4 5 9 IO 26 2 7
Da N a i
7 34

Db Nb 7

Dc 2? o I 2 3 4 5 10 26 V
E- Oa I 2 3 4
Ea Ob I I

Eb p I 2

F _ Pa 40
F a Pb 2 3 4
Fb r>
v<' 14
r Ff Q.a I 2 4 10 28 29
Fg Q.b 1 2
3
3 4
_
S
5 28 29
F h p I HI 3 5 9 3'
Fi Ra I III 2 3 4 S 9 10
Fo Rb 27
Fp g SO
Sa I 2 3 4 S 10 27
F r S b 9 10
Fs
Ft
Fu
T
Ta
Tb
19
2
1
3

2
4
3
5
4

-

-
( '7 29 __

Fw v 3'
Fx Va 8
Fy *5 16 54 Vb 2
4
Fz W 1 2 3 :

4 s
1 <8 29
G- Wa 36
Ga 21 Z J 2 3 4 9 CO 3'
Gb Za 1 2 4
5
IC 32
H- Zb 1 iL
3
2 3 4
s

7 6 <4

Ha Zc 1 111 IV 2 7 16 34
H b Zd 2 3 4 7
3
34

4

[ - 5 & Ze 35

See Saxby, page (74.)

The following List of the feveral Branche s of the Revenue of Customs, as the fame
are contained in Saxby's Portable Book, from Page 3 to Page 71.
N*. N.
34. Wine, 1745. 39- Prifage and butlerage.
The List. 35- Glafs. 40. Salt.
36. Linnen-yarn. 41. Excife on liquors.
N. N. 37- Gum-Senega. 42. Inland duties on tea, &c.
1. Old fubfidy. 17- Coinage on fpirits. 38. Unrated goods imported,
II. Petty cuftom. 18. Pepper, &c.
raifins, undervalued. See Saxby, page (75.)
III. Additional duty. 19. Subfidy, and one per cent,
IV. One per cent, inwards. outwards, &c. To which muft be added the laft fubfidy branch of 1759
2. New fubfidy. 20. Candles. and alfo the late duties on wines, and cyder and perry, before
3. One-third fubfidy. 21. Additional candles. fet forth by the adt of parliament in the year
1762.
4. Two-thirds fubfidy. 22. Coals imported, and coals, Notwithftanding, that in every one of the foregoing
5. Subfidy, 1747. &c. brought coaftwife. Branches, it is fully explained in the faid Book of Rates,
6. Subfidies on Spirits. 23. Additional coals imported, what fpecies of goods and merchandize are their immediate
7. Import on wines and vine- &c. objects; neverthelefs, as the Branches are become very nu-
gar. 24. Coals and culm for chur- merous, and as the feveral fpecies are varioufly fubjed to more
8. Import on tobacco. ches. Branches, it feems hardly poffible by memory,
or Ufa of thefe
9. Import, 1690. 25. Hops. without daily practice, to be expert in an exad application of
10. Import, 1692. 26. Hides, fkins, &c. the proper Branches to the feveral articles of goods and mer-
11. Whale-fins. 27. Additional hides, fkins, chandize under their various circumftances of importation, &c
12. Fifteen per cent, on muf- &c. neither was book of a portable fize, or much
it poffible, in a
lins. 28. Soap, paper, &c. larger, to have provided columns fufficient to arrange all the re-
13. Spice and pfftures, &c. 29. Additional foap, paper, fpeclive Branches againft each article, as was done in the for-
14. Additional fpice and pic- &c. mer edition of my Dictionary. Therefore the following me-
tures. 30. Coals exported. thod is made ufe of in the Portable Book of Rates, whereby
15. Second 25 per cent, on 31. Sailcloth. the Branches due on every article purfuant to the Rates are
French goods. 32. Wrought plate. exprefTed byLetters and Figures affixed in the right-hand
16. Coinage on wine and beer, 33. Apples. margin of the columns of Rates and Duties.
&c. Before
 i ;

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

Beforeenter into the explanation of the foregoing List
we That the faid goods arc to be fought for amongft the rate:
and the Table, it is to be noted.
of branches, of Merchandizes inwards, in the book of rates, unor
That all goods liable to the old Subsidy of poundage on a their proper initial letters, or the general head wherein fuch goods
Rate or Value, when impoitcd by Strangers; and all are comprehended, or Drugs, Grocek y, Linnen, &c.
^oods enumerated in branch II. of the foregoing List, when That it the goods are not found to be any where rated, the
imported in Ships not bf.loncinc to Great-Britain Values thereof (except goods from India and China) muft be
or Ire and, or foreign built, are liable to the ("aid List, afcerrained, as is directed under fuch refpective branch.
t

branch II. That after the amount of the goods at their refpective rates,
Goods imported from, or exportfd to the medi- or according to their values upon oath, is thus difcovered,
terranean Sea, in Ships unqualified, are liable to you may then proceed to the computation of the feveral branches
btanchlV. of the duties to which fuch goods arc liable, by the affiftance of
Goods of the Manufacture of India Or China, the referring Letters, which ftand in the right hand mar-
ualels exprefsly charged higher in the branch N. 9. arc liable gin againft each fpecies of goods, in the portable book of rates,
to art. 30 of branch 9. as explained in the following example :

Goods of the Product of France, or any French Suppofe, as before obfeTved, you would know the duties on
D( >m in ions, u nlefs ex prefsly charged higher in branches N. 9. or Alpisti, or Canary-seed the ufe of the reference letter A ,

|0 or particularly exempted, are liable to arr. 36. of branch 1 0. in the table has
been already explained, and by cafting ?.n era
Goods of the Product of France, unlels particularly upon that article, in the table of Merchandize in the book of
ejij.'mpted, are liable to branch 15. rates, you find written, The hundred weight, containing 1 alb. 1

and in the next right hand column immediately following, that

Abi Explanation of the preceding Table and List I.3: 15, under the act of Car. II. cap. 4, &c. which denotes,
in Saxby. that the Rate fettled by that act upon Alpisti is I. 3 15 per :

12 lb. and the reference letter A, in the furtheft right hand

1 ;

The Marginal Letter or letters affixed to any fpecies of column, (hews that Alpisti is liable to the foregoing branches
gO ods, (without regarding the figure of any) muft be fought tor of duties, as exhibited in the preceding table, by the laid letter A,
in the firft column of the table. viz. Old Subsidy, New Subsidy, \ Suesidy, 1 Subsidy,
The being found in the table, oppofite thereto in co-
letter and SunsiDY 1747.
lli mns following Hand certain numbers, thefe numbers denote The branch of the Old Subsidy being on this article, 5 per
til eir relpective branches in the lift which immediately follows. cent, of the Rate, with a difcount of <; per cent, for prompt
payment, the net Old Subsidy is firft found, and all the reft
As for Ex a MPl e. will be eafy, as before fhewn : as for the fubfidy of 1747, that
is per cent, more, without any difcount, as has been the
1. Suppofe the particular branches chargeable on alpifti, or 5
practice at the cuftom-houfe.
C anary feed, were delired to be known.
Upon recourfe to alpifti in the rates, it will be found, that Now 5 per cent, upon 1. 3 : 15, is 3s. 9d. the Gross Old
tl e marginal referring letter affixed thereto, is A. Subsidy: and 5 per cent, difcount upon that, is 2d. \. This
being deducted from the Gross Old Subsidy, leaves. for
rnmbers
Opi-'Oiite to which letter, in the aforegoing table, are the
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
remainder the Net Old Subsidy, which is 3s. 6d. ^
And by the/ N. 1. denotes the old fubfidy, The New
SubsidV being the fame, and the and \ Subsi- '

LitsTof thefe- 2. new ditto, dies equal thereto, the Net Old Subsidy, multiplied by
vrral branches 3. one-third ditto, three, gives ios.8d.'t To this muft be added the Subsidy
.

J
it\vill be - - - two-thirds ditto, of 1747, which being 5 per cent, on the rate, gives the Gross
I 4.
fodnd, that *- 5. fubfidy 1747 Old Subsidy, and this added to the foregoing branches of
duties, makes 14s. 5d. --, or xV<s of a penny, to be paid by
JrVut as the import 1690, and 1692, contain each a great va-
riety of merchandize, it might from thence be difficult to difco-
British, as appears according to Saxby. If thefe computa-
tions are rightly undcrftood, and the proper ufe of the foregoing
ver, under what particular head therein fpecified, many fonsof Table, and branches of duties relative to the Refer ence Let-
goods are chargeable that difficulty is therefore obviated by a
:
ters in Saxby, no one can be at a lofs to compute any sub-
Jiruri" or figures annexed to the marginal letters of any goods sequent Duties in any future ats of parliament j and for the
liable to either of thofe branches, which figures ilittinguifh the realons before given, it is needlefs to give frtfh ready computed
particular articles, in that order in which they ftand in the re-
tables of total duties, every time there may be any additional
spective branch. cuftom-duties laid on our imports, if the computation of thofe
2. Suppofe the feveral branches chargeable on brimftone were to 1747 are well underftood.
defired to be known. The next ftcp to be taken, is to find the Net Duty to be
Upon recourfe to brimftone, it will be found, that the mar- paid on importation by Strangers. To which end, there
ginal letter and figure are B 5. muft be added to the Duties paid by British, one quarter
Oppofite to the letter B (without regarding the figure 5) in of the Gross Old Subsidy. This being ud.^, gives
the aloregoing table are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9. for anfwer 1 ; s. 4d. \%, or T L_, and agrees with Saxby's pre- 5

Which, by the List of the feveral branches, as before directed fent Book of Rates.
for alpifti, will point out the particular branches to which brim- And to know what is drawn back on Re-exportation, if
ftone is liable ; and by the addition of the figure 5 to the letter, within three years from the importation, accounting from
it will appear, by confulting the branch N. 9, that brimftone
the time of the matter's reporting the (hip, it muft be obferveJ,
is chargeable with the 5th article of impoft 169O. that the Drawback is in the general ail that has
And where there are two numbeis annexed to the letter or been paid on importation, except a moiety of the
letters, the tuft has refpect to the impoft 1690, and the latter Net Old Subsidy.
to the impoft 1692, as in the cafe of wrought filks, Sec. Net Old Su dsidy is 3s. 6d. \
In the example before us, the
The method of computing the cuftom-houfe duties will ap- one moiety whereof is is. od. Jz , or TV and of a penny ;
pear from the following examples more intelligibly. which being deducted from the net duty of 14 s. 5d. ,s6 , or TVs,
The firft thing therein to be confidered is, what proportion paid by the Britifh, the remainder is 12 s 7 d. -'J *, that is to
the rate bears to the duty. be drawn back on re-exportation. This alio a/rees with
The old fubfidy is generally 5 per cent, of the rate, with a dif- Saxby.
count of 5 per cent, for prompt payment there are, however, ;

exceptions to this general rule ; but, with refpect to all thofe

Another Example. Suppofe it is required to know the du-
fpecies of merchandize which fall under the letter A in the table
the old fubfidy
ties upon the importation oRhe article Andirons, the Pair.
in the book of rates, 5 per cent, of the rate,
is
By turning to that fpecies of goods in Saxby, 'tis found, by his
with a difcount of 5 per cent. ; fo that wherever you find, by the
tables to the right hand, that they are rated at lc s. per Pair,
Reference Column, any fort of goods fubjec~f. to the old fub-
and that by confulting the Reference Letter column, we
fidy, compute 5 per cent, upon the rate, and you have the grofs
find A, which, by the Table and List, they pay the fame du-
old fubfidy; from which deduct 5 per cent, for the difcount there-
ties as Alpisti ; and befides that they pay for every hundred
on, and you have the net old fubfidy. When you have found
weight of iron, by the affixed Reference Letter D 25 in
this, it the new fubfidy, one third fubfidy, and two-thirds fub-
Saxby, according to the foregoing Table and List, the im-
fidy follow, thofe will be ealily found for, the new fubfidy is :

post Duty of 1690; which Gross Duty is 5 s per 112 lb.

the fame as the net old fubfidy the one-third fubfidy is the one-
;

or hundred weight of iron, an allowance of 6 i being made to

third of that and the two-thirds is the two-thirds of the fame.
;
prompt payment, which is 3d.. I-c^tVs this
The duties on foreign goods imported confuting of a Pound- the importer for
:

deducted from the 5 s. leaves the Net Duty of the

age and a Tonnage, which are under different regulations, being
is treat of their
neceflny to
Impost 1690 to be 4s. 8 d. ^r= T\s
computations feparately.
.
it
After knowing the various duties, according to the Refe-
Poundage underftood to comprehend the cuftoms and
is

other duties payable on all goods imported (except thofe free of

rence Letter, compared with the Table. and List, and
the condition of payment, to which thefe goods are liable, you
duty, or liable to Tonnage) being, in moft cafes, levied and
begin their computation thus :
collected at fo much in the pound, or per cent, on the refpec-
Five per cent, on the rate 10 s. is 6 d. Gross Old Subsidy.
tive Rates or Values, as is fully explained under the feveral
branches in the book, of rates. 5

per cent, difcount thereon is 5% of a penny ; which being
deducted therefrom, leaves Net Old Subsidy 5 d. 'J this ; X
In order to difcover the feveral branches to which any fort
by 3 for the } and \ Subsidies 1 s. 5 d. 3^ with -f- 5 per =
6 cent.
 -

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

cent,
gross Subsidy of 1747 5 per cent, on the rate, being fiances of entry and importation) mud be fought for between
6d. gross old Subsidy, which added r= 1 s.
in the d. -/o, page 267 and page 275, Saxby and oppofite thereto will be
1 1 j

the total net Duty paid by British. To which add found a referring Letter, rcprefenting the particular bran-
part of gross old
Subsidy, i d. f 2s. od. l z the to- ches, as is explained in the following example. ,

tal net Duty paid bv Strangers. And by deducting One ton of Spanifh wine, unfilled, for (ale, imported into
t the net old Subsidy, as in the preceding example, there the port of London, by Britifh, in Britifh fhips legally qualified,
will remain to be drawn back, in the time limited, as before all duties paid down.
obferved, by any perfon, is. 8d. 5*,, as you will find, by the Upon recourfe had to page 269 of Saxby, in the laft column
inflection of Saxby's tables of total Duties, againft Andi- thereof, oppofite to the fort of Wine above defcribed, will be
rons found the reference Letters Z b, which letters being found
Another example iri letter A of the total Duties. What in the Table with the List aforefaid, page 74, Saxby, they
are the duties on Andiron~s or Creepers of Latten, the refer to the Branches of Duties contained in the List
pound ? N 1. III. 2. 3. 4. 7. 16. 34, each %f which Branches of
By infpeftion bf Saxby's total Duty Tables on the Duties muft be confulted, that the refpeclive fums due there-
right hand of the merchandize, the Rate appears to be 1 s. on may be exactly charged which for the above example will ;

per pound, and according to the Reference Letter Co- be found to ftand thus,
lumn, C 13 compared with Table and LisTj this article
pays the four Subsidies, as before, and that of 1747 and N I. Old fubfidy 10 s

1
:
3 = :
"i<5
alfo the impoft (1692-3) which is is. on every 20 s. of the N III. Additional duty 2 17 1 8
Rate, with a difcount of 6 i per cent, for prompt payment. N 2. New fubfidy .
3 : 10 2 8
Five per cent, on is. =z {I of a penny gross old Sub- N 3. One-third fubfidy 1 :
3 4 16
sidy and 5 per cent, thereon of -'c of a penny which N 4. Two-thirds fubfidy
'
6
2 9 12
I ; :

deducted leaves the net old Subsidy, || of a penny; and N 7. Impoft on wine
,, of si; X by 3 =: d. i* 5% to which add the net impoft N 16. Coinage on wine
1

The gross impoft being N 34. Duty on wine, 1745.

<

8
10
7

1

-
(1692-3) which is found thus. 4
for every 20 s. of the Rate i s. proceed as follows. Firft,

find the net Impost on the Rate difcount being 6 i on Total duty to be paid before the laft act }
is. =H ,of a penny this deducted, leaves for the NET of parliament of J
25 18
3 *3
Impost (1692-3) 11 d. 5 g. Then, as 20 s. Rate is to 11 d. 1763, on wine and cyder -
4
-5? net Impost (1692-3): fo is is. the Rate to \i of
a penny 55 of 55 which added to the net Duties above,
; 29 : 18 :
3 11
viz. 1 d. kt 2
*
A- = 2d.
Laftly, add the 5 per cent, on And fo for any additional duties.
*l
the Rate for the Gross Subsidy (1747), this is is. l =
of a penny ; which added to 2 d. -ig-Vi as above = 2 d. ^ &, But for the greater eafe and difpatch in computing the du-
the total net Duties paid by British. ties on Wine, it is the practice to work by Tables, wherein
Then to know what is paid by Strangers, add thereto each Branch is computed net, according to all the respec-
3
of the gross old Subsidy, which is * o of a penny, and you tive circumftanccs of importation, difcount, Sec. from a gallon
9
have the anfwer, being 3d. 5 And, . to a ton.
To find what is drawn back, deduct \ of the net old Sub- After what has been faid, there is no one but may eafiiy nn-
sidy. The net old Subsidy being [h *o as before, thereof derftand the ufe of the Table and List in Saxby, by means
5
is 5 o io i which deducted from 2d. kl i'o-> as above, the re- of the reference Letters and Figures thereto annex-ed,
mainder will be 2d. ^lii=. J, the anfwer, according to Saxby. and thereby can never be at a lofs, to compute any of the duties,
N. B. It is hardly neceflary to obferve, that when the TO- according to any fort of alterations that have occurred, or may
TAL net Duties are computed for one pound weight, or hereafter, by having recourfe to fuch als of parliament as may
one hundred weight, &c. there is no difficulty to compute them enact the fame. fhall fay no more on this fubjecr, at pre- We
for any given quantity, &c. &c. fent, but reprefent fome other parts of the cuftom-houfe bufinefs,
Example 4. Let the net Duties on Wood or Soap Ashes by way of familiar initiation thereinto.
be required.
By infpection of Saxby's Dutt Tables to the right hand
Of the Methods of entering Goods at the Custom-House
bf the merchandizes, the Rate is found to be 6 1. per laft, con-
on Importation, with the various Forms of writing re-
taining 12 By the Reference Letter column C 5,
barrels.
quifue en thofe occafions, particularly at the out-ports.
Jind Table and List this article pays the four Subsidies,
and Impost 1692-3, with a difcount of 6 ~, and Subsidy
When foreign goods are imported, the mafter of the vefiel,
(1747) by Saxby. upon muft go to the cuflom-houfe, and muft report
his arrival,
Five per cent, on 61. is 6s. gross old Subsidy, 5 per
his cargo upon oath *. The merchant may enter and land his
cent, difcount thereon is 3d. H. -Therefore the net old
Subsidy is 5 s. 8 d. A ; this X 3 = 17 s. id. & gross goods any time within 20 days, from the day of the matter's
report :to do which in the moft advantageous manner, he muft
Impost (1692-3). id. 3%== 1. 2 s. 8 d. ;
This -f- 17 s. 1

write and fign five bills of entry ; one whereof muft be in words
this-f- 5 per cent. Subsidy (1747) on the Rate 6s. makes = at length, and is called the warrant j the other four may be irt
the net Duty, by Saxby, per British 1 1. 8 s. 8 d. \%,
figures f.
Tofind what is paid by Strangers, add a of the gross
bLD Subsidy, viz. ( = 1 s. 6A ) to what is paid by British, * The form of a Report Inwards is thus:
and the fum will be what is paid by Strangers, viz. 1 1. 10 s.
id. {i y which agrees with Saxby. And, [Fee, 1 s. for the deputies, whether the report be made by
To find what is drawn back, deduct { the net old Sub- Englifh or foreigners ; hothihg more due to the collector^
sidy therefrom, viz. 2 s. lod. >B , which leaves 1 1. 5 s. 10 d. or any other officer.]
Inwards,
VS for the remainder, as per Saxby.
Port of ) In the fhip of
Thefe examples containing the principal cafes of computation jj

j built, property all about tons, with

that relate to thefe fpecies of goods and merchandize which fall
men, of which ||
men and
in their a'phabetical order in Saxby's book of rates, under the befides a man mafter
||

letter A, it is not neceffary to multiply more, to explain the for this prefent voyage, from in
Use of the conftant portable book of rates at the cuftom- 1 do fwear that the entry above-written, now tendered and
houfe. For if thefe are duly underftood and attended to, the fubferibed by me, is ajuft report of the name of my fhip, it's
computation of any alterations that have been made fince, or burden, built, property, number and country of mariners,
that ever fhall be made hereafter, may be eafily computed from the prefent mailer and voyage; and that it doth further con-
the als of parliament made for that purpofe. tain a true account of my lading, with the particular marks,

Thofe who are not well grounded in thefe computations will numbers, quantity, quality andconiignmentof all the goods
and merchandizes in my faid fhip, to the beft of my know-
be little the better for tables of the total duties ready computed
lege and that have not broken bulk, or delivered any
: I

to their hands ; nay, they may, as I fhall fhew they have done,
goods out of my faid fhip, fince her lading in.
prove more detrimental. 60 help me God;
Sworn before us the 7 Collector.
Of the Duties of Tonnage. day of J Comptroller.

Tonnage comprehends the Duties payable on wines im- f An Inward Entry.

ported (aild the old fubfidy on perry, rape of grapes, cyder,
cyder-eager, and vinegar, the impofts on vinegar, and the coin- Fee, 8 d. [For writing thefe entries there is charged at forhe
age duties) being by a fum certain on the ton mcafure. of the out-ports, for the collector, fometimes 6d. fometimes
All the fevcral duties on wines are fully explained under 2 s. which the merchant faves, if he writes them himfclf.J
each refpedrive branch in chap. I. Saxby, wherein are fhewn
March 6, 1751.

the grofs duties, the difcountJ thereon, and the net duties to be In the Dolphin, B. B. John Carr, mafter, from Rotterdam,
paid orfecurcd (for one ton or one gallon) according to the fe- James Hill, liritilh.
vcral circumftanccs of entry and importation therefore when ; 8000 pantilles.
the branches, to which any fort of wines arc liable, are de- to matts, containing 30 C. wt. of rough flax.
fired to be known, that fort (obferving the particular circum- Thefe
 .: -
.-

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

Thefe five bills the merchant delivers to the collector, or his Of GOODS rated by NUMBER, or TALE.
clerk, who will compute the duties, which muft be paid, before
the goods are landed. The duties being paid, the warrant is Art. I. The Allowances upon Delivery.
duly perfected, figned, and delivered to the land-waiters, ap- When ftockfifh are imported, they are ali ptfled as titling;
pointed to attend the delivery, together with blue books, where- which ii the leaft fort of that fifh, and liable to the leaft duty :
in an account of the delivery is to be entered. The goods arc this is in lieu of allowance for damaged or defective fifh.
then landed, examined, and the quantities taken; the manner When paper is imported in reams of 20 quires, each quire
of doing which will be explained prefently. If the merchant is containing 24 fheets, 6 fheets per ream are allowed for outfides.
found to have entered fhort, he muft pafs poft-entries, and pay If paper be imported in quires of 25 fheets, as printing paper
the duties for the quantities fhort entered, in the fame manner is, 12 fheets per ream to be allowed for outfides.
as was obferved in palling the prime entries but if, upon de-
: No other allowances on delivery of goods by tale.
livery, an over-entry appears, the merchant may apply to the Art. II. Particular Usages and Regulations.
collector, to have his entries altered, and the overplus duly re- Of oranges and lemons, 500 are to be reckoned to the cheff,
paid ; which may be done, if he applies, before the collector and and 250 to the half cheft or
box, though the chefts and boxes
comptroller have polled the entry in the king's books, upon his may hold more
; and they are to be pafled and entered accord-
making fatisfactory proof that no fraud was committed but,
: if ingly, becaufe no allowance is made for
damage : but, if the
the entry be polled, before he applies, then the duty muft be merchant refufes to comply with this
practice, "the found ones
repaid by certificate of over-entry, in the manner hereafter ex- aic iu be
are to ue 101a, and to pay by
told, ana oy tne thoufand.
the the
plained. f Titling, 118 inches long.
It fometimes happens that goods are fent by merchants to Ml Stockfifh -l Cropling, 18 to
24 inches.
by commiffion, and arrive before the invoice. In this, and C Lubfifh, ., above 24 inches.
a
fuch like cafes, when the merchant cannot make any tolerable But all pafTed as titling. [Sec allowances above.]
conjecture at the quantities, and perhaps knows not the fpe-
cies, or proper denomination of the goods, the law permits the
Dagftones \ l
I
r ' fro m
u
g
3 to four feet.
hick, above 6, under 12 inches.
goods to be landed by bills of fight or view *. The merchant { Over, "? 3 and not exceeding
makes a depolit, in the hands of the collector, of as much mo- large \ S^; 4 feet.
1
fe

Quernftones I Thick, not exceeding 6 inches.

ney as the duties are imagined to amount to, or rather more :
C 111 Over, under 3 feet.
then the bill of fight is made out, and given to the proper offi- { I Thick, not exceeding 6 inches.
cers ; who muft examine and take the quantity of the goods,
Millffones J Over above 4 feet.
and make their report to the collector the next day, or render
I 1 hick, 12, 14, or 15 inches.
themfelves liable to the penalty of 100 1. in cafe of failure. Ac- For other defcriptions of goods delivered
by talc, fee the artialc
cording to the report the entries are pafled, and the duties paid, Tale.
in the lame manner as they would have been, had there been no
Art. III. Mercantile Terms for Quantities.
occafion for a bill of fight. If the officers cannot go through the
examination in one day, they muft report their day's work to A neft J
Of
^
pill-boxes, contains 4 boxes.
neft-boxes, contains 8 box<-s.
I
the collector, as being in part of the fight ; for which the mer-
f Great, is 12 times 12 doz. or 1728.
chant muft pafs entries, and pay duty, and fo proceed till the A groce
-j Small, is 12 doz. or
whole bill of fight is completed. 144.
C Of bracelets, is 10 doz. or 120.
A fhock is 60.
* A Bill of light. A dicker is 10.
A timber,mi, of furs, is 40.
[One Hulling or two (hillings.]
March 6, 1 75 1
Of ftones, is 3 pair.
In the Nereid. B. B. James Wood, from Bremen. Of Stockfi/h, is 1000.
Alaft
CRed, is 20 cades, eacf
each cade 500.
i Of herrings
b
Richard Fonnereau, Britifh. f",
White, is 12 barrels.

Two bales of merchandize, quantity and quality unknown. Of GOODS rated byWEIGHT.
Richard Fonnereau maketh oath, that he hath received no invoice,
or other account, whereby to afcertain the quantity and qua- Art. I. The allowances proper to this head are two, draught
lity of the above merchandize. and tare. Draught is to be deducted, and then the tare, where
R. F.
there is any.
Sworn before collector,
The manner
of making the allowance for draught, is, for the
weigher to call out the full and true grofs weight in the fcale
Forty pounds being depofited in our hands for the duties of the ;

above merchandize, you may permit the bales to be landed to which is to be entered in the land-waiter's book, and an al-
your view and examination, endorfing| the contents thereon, lowance made for each weigh or fcale, according to the follow-
and returning this warrant in due time to us. ing table.

Grofs weight.
To the furveyor and land-waiters.
Comp^ol'ler. Under t C. wt. Allowance
for draught.
lb.
From 1 to 2 C. 2 1

lb.
Goods not rated in the book of rates are often imported ; in 2to 3 C. 3 lb.
tvhich cafe, the duties are to be charged according to the value 3 to 10 C. Jb.
of the goods upon oath, by which value is to be underftood the 10 to 18 C. 4 7 Jb.
value at the port of importation at that time, exclufive of the 18 to 30 C. or upwards 9 lb.
duty. The merchant is to obferve, that, if he undervalues his
goods, the law impowers the officers to take them and fell them; Tare, is the weight, or an allowance for the weight of cafks -

and, after repaying him the duties, according to the value he fet bags, or other packages. For the accommodation of trade,
upon them, together with the faid value, and alfo 10 per cent, there are in many cafes tares fettled and eftablifhed by cuftom
thereof, the furplus, if any, is to be applied to the finking fund and experience, as you will fee in the following table how- :

fo that merchants are to govern themfelves accordingly, to avoid ever, thefe tares are not to bind the merchant, or officer; if ei-
the confequences of an undervaluation. ther of them be dilTatisfied therewith, they may infill: on the
Having thus explained the manner of proceeding within doors, goods being fhipped and weighed net : and, indeed, in all cafes
the bufinefs without doors comes next under confideration : let where it can be conveniently done, it is by much the beft way.
us therefore take a view of what paiTes on board the fhip and at
the keys, in delivering the goods. The tidefmen on board the A TABLE of TARES.
fhip keep a tally account of the delivery, in blue books ; the
land-waiters upon the keys, under theinfpectionof theland-fur-
veyors, enter in their blue books not only the number and qua- Allum, in cafks 12 lb. per C. wt.
lity, but alfo the quantity, of the goods delivered. .
Argol, in cafks .
14 lb. per C.
The defign of the delivery is to afcertain the quality and
quantity of the goods, which is chiefly incumbent upon the land-
Afhes, potj or pearl, in calks 10 lb. per C.

waiters: who are to take care, that the quantities and qualities
B
of the goods delivered agree with the quantities and qualities ^
Battery, in fats 8 per cent.
entered. The qualities of goods are always known to the mer-
covered with rags 3 per cent.
chants ; the officers, in determining them, muft rely upon ex- Beads
perience, and the defcriptions in the books of rates.
of coral J
I uncovered
2 per cent.
Brimftone, in calks 8 per cent.
The quantities are to be determined, either by number, weight, Briftles, in fats
or meafure, according as the goods are rated in the book of
17 per cent.
Bugle, great, for firings and rags 3 per cent*
rates.
To enable either merchants or officers to do this, they fhould
be well (killed in arithmetic, gauging, and menfuration ; qua-
Capers, in cafks i 3d part
lifications fo indifpenfably neceflary, that none fhould be ad-
Copperas, ditto 10 per cent.
mitted, either into a counting-houfe, or cuftom-houfe, with-
Cork, in bundles 1 lb. the bundle
out them.
Vol. I. S f
 , :

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

d fin long bales, with cotton wool, from ? ..

3 1 qr. to
3 qrs. C. wt. $
3* '!>.
DRUGS. f
1 with cotton wool, about ?
- 4* lb.
.

\. f t
I 21-halfC. J
! in fangots,
6 > ,
r,
Aloes hepatice, from Britifh plantations, goads i-5th part
in f about 3 qrs. or 2 L.
1 20 lb.
Antimony, in cafks 6 per cent. J about 1 qr. to 1 i-half
1 18 lb.
Green ginger, of ioo
in jars lb. 28 lb. per jar Ardas filk, in fhort bales with cot-
Ifinglafs, in fais of 4 C.
wt. 84 lb, per fat ton wool, from 3 1 qr. to 2
3 qrs. 30 lb.
Prunelloes, in boxes about 141b. 3 lb. per box C. wt.
Ab
f About 3 C. wt. and upwards 16 lb.
Of Smyrna
F ,
and Cyprus,
,a
5Frc
1V S '>tUn
rom3t.02C.wt. 141b.
4 per cent. L t Under
der 2 C. wt. 12 lb.
Feathers, in bags
Smalts, or powder blue, in cafks 10 per cent.
G f
double ferns, about 3 C. wt.
in 30 lb.
Soap Caftile, < in fingle ferns, about 3 C. wt. 16 lb.
C in bags 4 lb. per bag
oal,s '
I in fingle bags 4 lb. per bag (_ in chefts, about 2 1 half, or 3 C. 40 lb.

GROCERY. Tallow, in cafks .

12 percent.
fin cafks lb. per cafk C black and brown, or bridges 6 per cent,
Almonds, '
in bags lb. per bag Threads, < Outnal, for want of
in bags about 200 lb. lb per bag __ Whited brown weight.
in gunny, about 1 C. wt. lb. Sifters f in uncertain papers, 12-per cent for papers.

Cinnamon, in fkins, about 1 C. wt. lb. thread, \ in certain papers, no allowance.

in (kins and bags lb. Tobacco, is ftripped and
weighed net, but the merchants have
in bats and caroteels per cent. an allowance of 2 lb. per hogfhead for famples.
Currants, in quarter roll per cent. Turpentine, in cafks __. 13 d. tare
in bags, about 4 C. wt. lb. per bag

Figs, in barrels 14 lb. per cent. Y

Pepper, in bags, about 3 C. wt. - 4 lb. per bag Cable-yarn, in winch, from Ruflia
Prunes, in uncertain cafks 20 per cent. Linnen-yarn, in fats
28 !b.

6
in frails lb. per frail
12 per cent.

Lipra about C. wt
in barrels, I lb.
4
l
Art. II. Particular Regulations proper to this head.
Raifins, Solis, in cafks 1 2 per cent.
oak f in cafks per cent. Oil in cafks pays duty by meafure, but is delivered by weight*
c
Smyrna, _ 14
j in fir 12 ca(ks per cent. the net weight is reduced to gallons, by allowing
7 1 half lb!
under
fmall cafks C. wt. 8 per cent. to a gallon.
all 14
cafks from 12 C.
8 to icoC. wt. To diftinguifh packthread from twine, take notice, that
Sugar, 12 C. no
to 15 twine twice, packthread thrice, twifted.
is

1510170. 120 Twelve pounds of honey make a gallon,

lons a barrel.
and forty-two gal-
17 and upwards I30
incanvas 4 per cent. Two hundred pounds are generally reckoned a barrel in
Goats-hair,' J
I in hair-cloth per 7 cent. weight j but that weight of fteel is only efteemed half a barrel.
When almonds are imported in fhells, 23ds to be allowed
H for fhells.

When unpolifbed coral is imported, 1.3d is reckoned frag-

Hops, in bags 4 per cent.
ments, and the remaining 2~3ds whole coral ; there being a
difference, in the duty, between whole and fragments.
I
Briftles, though diftinguifhed, in the book of rates, intodreft
C wrought in papers 2 per cent. and undreft, are all paffed as undreft, becaufe none are im-
Incle, S u.
u {under 2 C. 61b. ported perfectly dreft.
^unwrought in bales
1

J above 2 C< 8 lb . Sixty-three bundles of bulrufhes are reckoned to a load.

Backs for chimnies weighing above 1 half C. are large j ditto
weighing 1 half C. and under, are fmall.
Latten, in fats 8 per cent. Iron chefts, in the book of rates, are diftinguifhed into large,
middle, and fmall.
M Large, are 1 1 qr. yard long.

Madder,1 J j"
J-,
or bags - - 281b. Middle, 1 yard long.
Small, 3 qrs. yard long.
I in fats 10 per cent.
- 8 per cent.
Old bufhel broken iron, is fuch as cannot be ufed without
Metal prepared, in fats
new forging ; if there be any new fpikes, &c. intermixed, they
muft be feparated, and pay duty, as manufactured iron.
O
Weights lefs than 2 lb. are not to be ufed in weighing to-
uncertain cafks 18 percent. bacco, fugar, and other graff-goods.
Oi
t .n candy barrels 29 lb. per bar.
Merchants are to be at no charge in opening and weighing
Train-oil of Britifh plantations, in barrels 50 lb. per bar.
goods duly entered.

Art. III. Mercantile Terms, denoting the quantities

C in bales, about 6 C. wt. 84 lb. per bale
by which goods proper to this head are rated.
Saffiore,
/ in bags, from 2 to 3 C. 16 lb. per bag
Wey
Mount
of fait, is 40 bufhels, each bufhel 84 lb.
of plaifler of Paris, is 3000 lb. wt.
cafks, 12 percent.
Salt-petre,
Jin gunny, about 1 1 qr, c. 16 lb. A mart of amber, is 2 I half lb.
Little barrel of anchovies, is to weigh 16 lb. of fifh.
in bags about 3 1 halfC. 10 lb.
Shumac,
2 to
7 C.
3 C.
8 1b.
Hlb. GOODS rated by MEASURE.
Short with ~l
bales Meafures may be diftinguifhed intomeafures of length, mea-
Of Bologna 1 and > 14 percent.
fear-cloth fures of capacity, fuperficial meafure, and folid meafure ; of
and cotton-wool, 3 which in their order. And, firft, of goods rated by meafure of
Piedmont, Long bales, about 1 ,. length.
olb -
i 2 c. with do. h Art. I. If linnens are contented in Flemifh or Dutch ells,
in bales with fear- 7 two ells in 120 are to be allowed for fhonnefs of meafure.
100 lb.
cloth, But, if linnens are contented in Englifh ells, no allowance.
Of Naples, in fangots with Of French lockrams, two ells in every 120 to be allowed.
Silk thrown,
fear-cloth, 1- 14
a-
^14 lb. The following arc the fettled allowances for wrappers
oi orgaz ic, 1 bout 1 half C. On Hamburgh -

in double
bales,0le-| 1
and / in packs and bales, 1 ell in 40, but not to ex-
canvas throwr Bremen linnen, > cced 120 ells on any one pack, let the pack
10
and raw, aboi >utf and alfo 1 be ever fo large.
2 C. wt. Heflens canvas, -J
Of Meflina, { in bales with fear-"] Dantzick linnens, 4 ells in every 120.
cloth and cotton / ,, Flanders linnens, 3 ells in every 100.
wool, about 2 f Hollands duck, 4 ells in every 100 ; but if brought loofe, no
I C. wt. J allowance.
2 Art.
 ; ,

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House,

The number of archeens of Ruffia linnen in every
bale'
Art. II. Particular Usages and Regulations. wrappers included, is to be inferted in the warrant
by the im-
porter, who is to make oath of the truth thereof:
after ex-
I.innensare either contented or not contented ; contented is amination of the bales, to prevent concealment, the
archeens
that fort of linen, the particular length of each piece whereof are to be reduced to Englifh ells, by multiplying them
by 57:
is inferted in the merchant's invoice, and alfo marked upon the and cutting off the two laft figures in the product. On
f>f-
pieceitfelf, or upon a label or ticket affixed to the piece lin- ; picion of fraud, the officers are to meafure.
nen not contented, is that fort of the particular length of each The contents of the wrappers of all forts of linnen are to be
piece whereof the merchants have no account, nor is the length charged to account in the land waiter's books ; and duty is
to
of each piece marked upon, or affixed to it. be paid for them, becaufe proper allowances are made
in an-
When linnens are contented, the merchant is to infert the other manner as before-mentioned.
true and exaff. contents, or number of ells, in each bale, or If any linnens are ufed as wrappers, which pay a hieher
duty
other package, in the bill of entry. When they are not con- than the linnens wrapped, and are not particularly difUnguifhed
tented, the merchant is to infert in the bill of entry the number in the warrant, they are to be feized.

of pieces in each bale, or other package ; and likewife the total The pieces of buckrams, not to exceed 1 5 yards.
quantity for which duty is paid. The pieces of bermilions, not to exceed 40 yaids.
Contented linens fhort entered, ordifferent in fort or fpecies The half piece of ditto, not to exceed 15 yards.
from the entry, are to be feized ; and, if the number of pieces The piece or knot of bandftring twill, is 32 yards,
of not contented linnens, in any bale or other package, exceeds rof caddas, -.
^b yards,
,

the number inferted in the warrant, the fupernumerary pieces of check, I0 yards.
j
are to be feized if the difference between the total quantity
:
The pieced of Silcfia lawn, \\s> from 4 to 8 yards.
of not contented linnens delivered, and the total quantity en- / of cambiick and other ) \ /

tered, be above one ell for every piece, the excefs is to be Hop- I lawns, \) I ' 3 yards.
ped and fent to the king's warehoufe for the board's directions Of Flemifh, or about 2 yards wide, 6 yards are a tick.
~)

but, if the faid difference be under one ell in every piece, then Dutch ticks, 3 I yard wide, 12 are a tick.
a poft-erntry may be admitted.
No poft-entry is to pafs for contented lumens, or linnens
The land-waiters are to open and examine every parcel of
rated by the piece, without fp;-cial order from the board.
Flemifh and Holland linnens, and Silcfia lawns andcambricks ; When Englifh and Dutch ells are both inferted in the mer-
and at leaft one third part of the number of bales, or packs, of chant's invoice, the Englifh only are to be regarded.
all other linnens. The duties on fevcral forts of linnens differ according to the
If the contents of any package differ from the contents in
breadth ; the following limitations of bteauth are, .herefore
to
the warrant, all the other packages are to be opened and care-
be particularly noted, both by the officer and merchant.
fully examined.
Germany andeaft ( narrow, is not above 7-Hths nf a yard,
In examining contented linnens, care is to betaken to mea-
country linen, t broad, above 7~8ths of a yard.
fure fome pieces in every package opened, to fee that the mea-
fure agrees with the number of ells marked on the piece, or on
the label.
Ruffia linen,

J*'
" ot * b
$ broad, above
ha f an
half an Englifh ell.
ell. '

,
W^
Three or four pieces, at leaft, in every bale, or other pack- not exceeding i and i-8ch.
Thebreadths of Fle-
Englifh ells.
age, of not contented linnens, are to be meafured ; one or two mifh and Dutch
above 1 and i-8th, and under 2 Eng-
to be chofen by the officer, and the like number by the mer- linnens are thus S
lifh ells.
chant, by which the contents of the whole bale are to be com- limited for thedif-
puted. In cafe of difptnc, as many more as are neccflary to 2 ells, and under 3 Englifh ells.
fercnt duties,
decide it, and meafured by the
are to be chofen officer and mer- 3 Englifh ells, and upwards.
chant, in the manner above-mentioned. Looking-glafles in the bc-k of rates are diftinguilhed by
cer-
No wrappers are to be allowed upon linnens in chefts, cafks, tain numbers, which fignify the number of inches in the breadth
or fats, nor upon Ruffia linens. of each glafs.

The following Table may be of fome ufe to diftinguifh linnens.

Contented linnens. Not contented linnens.

Ufual lengths, and in what I ral

meafure contented. lengths.
Names. Names of pieces.

Englifh ells. Dutch ells. Englifh ells.

Ifingham - - - whole piece - 38 to 40 23

Gentifh - - - Do. - - - 42 to Dutch barras - 22
47
fBag - Do. - - - 50 to 53 HefTens canvas - 28
Hollands, < Gulix -

Borelaps - -
Do.
C Alcumore Do.
- Do
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28 to 30
34 t0 38
40
40
to
to
65
120
Drillings

Dowlafs,

/- ,
-

\
.
^
d
(.3 qrs. wide -
'j-i]e
"
-
-
-
*7
26
52
26
Garlix, i
f
'

40 ( | and upwarr.; 19
Ofnaburgs, diftinguifhedbyacathe- Lubcck duck - - - 28
}
rine wheel, and the word Ofna- ( 30 to 120 Blue paper Silefia's - -
7
burg ftamped round it - - - J Holland's duck, a bolt >
always pafTed at - 28
70 J
Hartfords, the word Hartford ftamp- 7 30 to IOO Ruffia failcloth - 28
ed thereon with ink - - - and upwards. Bolts ulualiycomputed at 28-
\

Art. III. Mercantile Terms proper to this head,

none.

Of G OODS rated by MEASURES of capacity, liquid,

or dry.
The out- ports want more
Art.T. Allowances upon Delivery. than 1 ^ of being full.
Olives improper in large cafks are to be gauged, and i-3d of
the contents allowed for liquor.

E yer y \ ^ wme > which {hall be run out, and not

HoKihead (
above 9 inches left therein, fhall be accounted outs, and no I 59 J
fubfidy paid for the fame.
The merchant lofes by entering them unfilled. In general, if
Art. II. Particular Usages and Regulations. any cafks of wine, imported into the out-ports, want much
If amerchant enters his wines filled, he pays duty only for more than 1 -tenth of being full,
'tis for the merchant's advan-
the net wine contained in the cafk. and has no allowance out of
tage to enter them filled otherwife ; unfilled.
the duties for leakage when wines are entered unfilled, duty is
:
Five flafks, or 7 and i-half betties of Florence wine, are to
to be paid for the full contents of the cafk,
though it may want be efteemed a gallon. Five bottles of other wines, imported in
confiderably of being fall ; but then the merchant is
allowed 12 bottles, to be reckoned to a gallon, unlefs the officers or mer-
per cent, out of the duties for leakage.
chants think proper to meafure.
{Rhenifh > Jars of oil, ufually pafled at 22, 24, or 26 gallons.

d
rencK
f j l
wi " CS im P rted Acheft of oil, ufually pafTed at 8 gallons.
Port, or Madeira f into Barrels of mum, pafled at 48 gallons.
all other J Kegs of fpruce beer, at 4 gallons.
 Cf the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
In cnfe of leakage- and kegs of fpruce beer may
mum barrels It fometimes happens that goods upon delivery are found to

be filled made.
up, before computation is have received damage. In this cafe the furveyor and land-
Tar barrels are to contain 31 and i-half gallons, and are to waiters are to make their report on the back of the warrant, and
be filled up before computation is made for the duties. return it to the collector and principal officers, who are then to
Awms of Rhenifh wines are generally paffed at 38 and chufe two indifferent and experienced merchants, to view the
1 -half gallons. goods, and upon oath to determine the quantum of the damage.
Note. To meafure all forts of cafks,fee the article Gauging. Then the furveyor and land-waiters certify that the goods viewed
Mercantile Terms for quantities. by the merchants are the fame for which duty was paid : where-
Art.
A ton
III.
-------
------- 252 gallons. upon a certificate of the whole proceeding * is made out, and
a proportional abatement of duty is made, and repaid to the
A pipe 126 gallons.
An hogfhead ----- 63 gallons. merchant, upon his figning the receipt.
An awm ------ 42 gallons.
* The form of a Certificate of Damage.
A barrel of fpruce C for cuftoms, 42 wine gallons.
beer and mum, t for excife, 32 wine gallons. Port ofFl We hereby certify, that, on the day of
\
Of apples, tarras, onions, &c. 3 bufhels.
i '75 A B did enter and pay all his majefty's fubfidies,
Note. There is no contradiction in faying here, that an awm cuftoms, and duties, inwards, for tons of
is 42 gallons, and obferving before that awms of Rhenifh are in the of] C D mafter, from and
paffed at 38 and i-half gallons: for the exact awm is 42 the proper officers, appointed to attend the delivery, having
gallons, or i-fixth of a ton ; but the awms imported generally reported the fame to be much damaged by fait water, wc there-

contain 38 and 1 -half gallons, and muft be reduced to awms

upon chole E F and G
H, two indifferent merchants, to view
the faid and afcertain the damage they have
of 42 gallons for the duties. Thus, the exact butt or pipe is
received. And the faid E F and G
H, having this Jay made
126 gallons ; but the butts and pipes imported contain fome- oath before us, that the faid by reafon of
times confiderably more, and fometimes a good deal lefs, than the faid damage, are diminifhed in value one third part ; which
that quantity. Obferve the fame diftinction with refpect to being alio verified by thecertificate of the delivering officers,
barrels of mum. we have, therefore, this day repaid to the faid B one third A
part of the duties by him firft paid. Dated at the Cuftom-
Of GOODS rated by fuperficial and folid meafure. houfe, this
Colleaor.
Art. I. Allowances, none. Comptroller.
Art. II. Particular Usages
and Regulations. E F, G H, merchants and dealers in jointly
above 8 inches fquare, they are to be accounted
If balks are make have viewed and carefully examined
oath, that they
timber, and meafured. imported by
Five gally-tiles, of 5 inches fquare, are efteemed a foot. A B, and found them to be fo much damaged by fait- water,
that, to the bed of their fkill and judgment, the value of the
Four gally-tiles, of 6 inches fquare, make a foot.
faid goods appeared to be diminifhed one third part.
In computing the contents of round cylindrical timber, one-
EF.
fourth of the girt is taken for the fide of a fquare, and then
GH.
you proceed as if it was fquare timber. Sworn before 1 Collector,
Round conical timber, as mails, &c. is reduced to fquare J Comptroller.
timber by adding the girt, at the large end, and the girt at the
lefTer end together, and taking one-eighth of the fum for the fide If, upon delivery of foreign goods, it appears that the mer-
of a fquare. chant, through inadvertency or miftake, hath entered and paid
Unequal-fided timber is reduced to fquare timber, by taking duty for a greater quantity than is really imported and delivered,
one-fourth of the girt in the middle for the fide of a fquare. the furveyor and land-waiters muft certify the cafe on the war-
In meafuring pyramidical timber, where ends are parallelo- rant, and return it to the collector and principal officers ; who
grams, the practice is, to take half the fum of the breadths of thereupon call on the merchant, or his known agent, to make
the two ends for the mean breadth, and half the fum of the oath to the quantity received, and alfo of the reafon of the over-
thicknefles, for the mean thicknefs ; and then to multiply the entry ; the truth whereof being confirmed by the certificate of
product of the mean breadth and mean thicknefs by the length. the delivering officers, the duty for the quantity over-entered is
Thefe cuftomary methods of meafuring timber deviate from repaid, and the merchant gives a receipt for it f. But, if due
the true; but our bufinefs is to give an account of practice. proof be made before the entry is polled into the king's books,
Yet we fhall not be wanting to give the complete theory of the duty may be repaid without all this trouble, as hath been
menfuration, under it's proper article. before obferved.
Bafket rods pay duty by the bundle, which is to be three feet
about the band ; if the band, or circumference of the bundle, f The form of a Certificate of Over-Entry.
exceeds three feet, duty muft be paid according to the propor-
tion which the area of a circle, where the circumference is Port of 7 We do hereby on the
certify, that, day of
three feet, bears to the area of a circle of any other circum- J 175 1, GH did here enter and pay his majefty's
duties, inwards, for in the
ference ; and circles are in proportion to one another as the
fquare of their circumferences, or, which is the fame thing,
CD mafter, from and it appearing to us,
as well by the of the proper officers who attended
certificate
as the fquares of their diameters.
the delivery, as by the affidavit of the faid H, that no more G
The inches of wainfcot boards are computed, in proportion than was imported in and delivered out of
to their lengths and thicknefles, according to the following table. the faid ve/Tel ; and that, confequently, the faid hath GH
over entered
We have, therefore, this day repaid the duties for the faid
1 qr.ot an inch Half an inch. 3 qrs.of an in. 1 inch.
quantity over-entered. Dated at the Cuftom-Houfe.

\ boards make
2 to an inch. 4 to 3 inches. i to an inch. Collector.
an inch.
Comptroller.

16 to 9 inches.
c 9 16 to 3 inches. 8 to 3 inches. 4 to 3 inches.
GH maketh oath, that no more than
was imported in the veflel above-mentioned, and that the rea-
6 8 to an inch. 4 to an inch. 8 to 3 inches. 2 to an inch. fon of the over-entry was
GH.
Sworn before us ? Collector,
Square feet of Plank are reduced to folid feet, or loads, by
the following table. J Comptroller.

J K. land-furveyor, and J H, J W, land-waiters, do hereby

certify,that no more than
Thicknefs of plank Square feet in a Square feet in a
appears to us to have been delivered out of the faid veflel; and
in inches. folid foot. load.
that we have no reafon to fufpett any fraud.

J K, Land-furveyor.
4 3 150
> Land-waiters.
3 4 200 J yy'
2l 4,8 24O
2 6 300 Cuftom-Houfe, the day of
ll 8 4OO Received of the collector of his majefty's cuftoms, at this port
the fum of in full of this over-entry.
I 12 600
1
16 800

Art. III. Mercantile Terms for quantities.

Branches repaid.
A load of timber, or plank, is 50 folid or cubic feet.
A
ton of ditto is 40 cubic feet.
an inch of wainfeot-board is meant a wainfeoat-board 12
By
feet long and one inch thick.
Every thing material being thus collected in a narrow com- If the goods imported be entitled to a premium after entrv
pafs, with refpect to the afcertaining the fpecics and quantity of and delivery, the officers will examine them carefully, and fee
foreign goods imported, we fhall proceed to other things, not that they be cleaofed and garbled from all dirt, drofs, &c. and
lefs necelTary to the merchant. 8 are
 Of the Practical Business of
are in good merchantable condition, and have all the other
qualifications required by law. Then the true quantities, qua-
lities, circumftanccs of importation, &c. are certified at large,
by the proper officers %. This certificate is delivered to the im-
porter j who, upon producing the fame to the commiffioncrs,
or officers appointed by law to pay the premium, will have it
put in due coUrfe of payment accordingly.
% The Form.
Cultom-Houfe.
Thefe are to certify whom it may concern, that
dcrmentioncd were imported in the (hip
the Custom-House.
tiesinwards, from the collector and comptroller f, and proof is to
be made, that the goods to be exported arc the very fame goods
mentioned in the certificate, by the oaths of the exporter, and
the merchants through whofe hands they have patted. The ex-
porter then enters the goods outwards, as in the common way
of exportation ; which fee under the article Exportation,
where whatever is eflential to the practical bufinefs of a mer-
chant will be found. The cockct granted upon this occafion is
called a certificate cocket *, and differs a little in form from com-
mon ovcrfea cockets. Notice of the time of (hipping is to be
'
75 K given to the fearcher, who attends the (hipping, examines and
the goods un- afcertains the quantity, and returns the cocket cndoi fed, to the
/here- officers who granted
it all other proceedings atclearing the vef-
:

of is mailer, from cvn- fel arc the

fame as have been before explained.
figned to, and entered by the
day of viz.
f The form of a Certificate of Payment of Duty In-
wards.

which goods are of the growth and produce of

Cuftom Houfe, the day of
as appears to us by a certificate under the hands and feals of In the of mafter,
dated for

and the affidavit of the faid mafter, A H, merchant.

dated
Fifteen hundred weight of German
the old fubfidy, new
fteel ;

and fublidy ( 1 747)

fubfidy, one-third and two-third fubfidies,
Thefe are purfuance of an aft of parlia-
to certify, that, in
and import 1690, whereof were paid here, inwards, per fe,
ment parted of his prefent majefty, intituled,
in the fecond year
in the
An Aft for the better prefervation of his majefty 's woods in mafter, from
America, and for the encouragement of the importation of na- on the day of 1751
val ftoreS from thence, &c. We have viewed Collector.
AH maketh oath, that the contents 7
of the above certificate are true, J
and we find the faid goods duly qualified, and intitled to the
reward and premium appointed by the above-faid ad. AH.
Portage is an allowance, or premium, paid to matters of
Note, it fometimes happens, that, before the goods are ex-
(hips, for making a true report of their cargoes. To obtain it,
ported, they pafs throughtwo orthree hands foriullance, fup- ;

as foon as the cargo is delivered, and the duties all paid,

the
pofe A H
the importer, had fold the above goods to C D, who
mafter muft apply to the land-furveyor, who will give him a lold them again to W
K, who reported them in this cafe, the ;

certificate that he has made a true report, and is duly intitled to oaths at the foot of the certificate would ftand thus:
portage ; wherein will be alfo exprcfled the amount of the
branches of duty for the whole cargo, out of which portage is AH maketh oath, that the 15 C. wt. of German fteel, im-
This certificate the mafter carries to the collector and ported by him in the and for which
payable.
he paid duty on the as is abovemeiuioned,
comptroller, who examine it, and compute the amount of the
was by him fold and delivered to C D, on the
portage: then a portage bill * is made out and figned, and the
AH.
money js paid, according to the following rates, viz.
CD maketh oath, that he delivered to WK, on the
* A Portage Bill. the 15 C wt. of German which he
fteel,

Port of CD,
mafter of the from Genoa, bought of A H, on the
who_ reported the day of CD.
hath made a true report, as appears upon comparing the ac-
counts of the delivery with his report, and is duly intitled to W K maketh oath, that the 15 C. wt. of German fteel, men-
portage. The total amount of the tioned in the above certificate, is the very fame fteel, and no
upon his cargo, being the branches out of other, which he bought of C D, on the
which portage is due, is pounds WK.
(hillings pence
Land furveyor. The form of a Certificate'Cocket.
The old fubfidy, Sec.
upon the cargo above-mentioned, amounts to [Three fhillings and fix-pence.]
and the portage for the
Port of 7 Know ye that Robert Dewick hath regularlv
fame, after the rate of per cent, is
Sunderland. J entered, in the Falcon of this place, himfelf maf-
ter forAmfterdam, 1500 pipe-ftaves, imported December 1,
Comptroller.
1748, and all duties inwards then paid per fe, in the fame
fhip from Dantzick, as by certificate appears.
Cuftom-Houfe, the day of
Received, of the colledor of his majelty's cultoms at this port, Dated at the Cuftom-Houfe,
the fum of in full of the
March 7, 1749.
above
Portage Bill. C D.
Some time after the departure of the veffel, the merchant ex-
who may apply to the collector and comptroller for the draw-
porter
Rates of Portage, allowed to fuch maftets of (hips
back, who will thereupon make out a debenture f, upon an
make a true report of their cargoes, without fraud orreferve.
eighteen- penny ftamp, containing a clear and diftincl narrative
f On the amount of the old fubfidy, i per of the whole proceeding, with the merchant's oath, that the goods
Wines 6 s. 8 d.
are really and truly exported to parts beyond the feas, and not
< cent, additional duty, and impofts on all
per cent. relanded, nor intended to be relanded, or brought on (hore
t the wine imported in the veflel.
Currants, 6 s. 8d. ( On the old fubfidy, i per cent, and petty againVand alfo the fearcher's certificate of the quality and quan-
per cent. I cultom. tity of the goods, and the time of (hipping, underwrote. The
Norway goods,2l. debenture being thus duly made out, and (worn to, the branches
per cent.
< On the old fubfidy and petty cuftom. of duty to be repaid are endorfed, the merchant's receipt taken
Othergoods, ios. C On the old fubfidy, i per cent, additional du- below, and the money due paid.
per cent. \ ty, and petty cuftom on the whole cargo,
Note, that no portage bill is to be paid, unlefs it amounts to f The form of a Debenture for Foreign Goods.
ten (hillintrs,
7 Tl
Thefe are to certify that A H did enter with
Port of
i us, on the day of '75 ' 10
Of Re-Exportation. the mafter, for
hundred weight of German Reel the old
fifteen ;

If foreign goods and merchandizes be exported within three

fubfidy. new and two thirds fubii-
fubfidy, one third fubfidy,
years from the importation, reckoning from the time of the
dies, fubfidy 1 747, and import 169c, were paid here, in-
matter's report,, the greateft part of the duties firft paid are drawn wards, per fe, in the mafter,
back. from on the day of
The general rule for the drawback, as has been (hewn by 175 1, by certificate of the collector inwards and,
as appears :

the examples of computation, is all but the moiety of the old for further manifeitationof his juft dealing herein, the faid
fubfidy j but there are feveral exceptions to this, which (hall AH hath this day made oath of the fame before us. Dated
be fully explained under the article Drawbacks. at the Cuftom-Houfe.
Collector.
The manner of proceeding at the cuftom -houfe in this cafe Comptroller.
is, that a certificate muft be obtained of the payment of the du-

Voi. I. Tt Of
 Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
Of Exportation. rant [fee the form below f] is made out, and delivered to the
furveyor, who
places a tidefman on board, to take an account
When you intend to export goods to foreign parts, write of the chalders fhipped. The intended number of chalders
tour of entry, in the form below .
bills Go to the cuftom- being fhipped, the tidefman returns the warrant to the fur-
houfe, and deliver them to the colleaor, or his clerk.
The veyor, who examines, certifies, and returns it to the officers
duties, if any due, will be computed, and demanded; upon who grant it, with whom it remains till the mafter comes to
payment, a cocket [fee the form J certifying the payment of clear ; and then the entries, cocket, and report are made out,
||

duty, or the regular entry of the goods, if not liable to duty, in the fame form and manner as is before explained.
(hip the
will be delivered to you, which keep till you intend to
ooods. Before {hipping, deliver the cocket to the fearcher, and The form of a Warrant of Sufferance for fhipping -f-
oive him notice of the time when you intend to fhipthem ; for Coals intended for Exportation.
no woods are to be landed or fhipped but in the prefence of a
proper officer. The fearcher will attend and examine, and [Fee included in the report outwards.]
count, weigh or meafure the goods ; which done, they are
certifies the quantity fhipped March 7* 17;!.
put on board, and the fearcher
In the Mermaid, B. B. Robert Say, mafter, for Amfterdam,
on the back of the cocket, which then returned to the prin- is
the mafter co chalders of coals,
cipal officers with whom it remains till the mafter comes to (duties depofited) to be fhipped, but not exported till further
clear. When the mafter comes, the cockets for all the goods order.
on board are collected, and entered in what is called a report
outwards [fee the form below *] upon the mailer's declaring To the furveyor.
Comptroller.
the faid cockets to contain a true account of his whole cargo. Colleaor.
To this report the mafter makes oath before the collector and
comptroller, pays his clearing charge, his cockets are deli- Mafters who clear over-fea with coals, fometimes find them-
vered, and he is at liberty to proceed on his voyage. obliged to deliver their cargoes in England ; in which
felves
cafe they port the coal-duty at the port of delivery; the over-
fea duty, therefore, is to be repaid ; and, to obtain an order
X The form of an Outward Entry.
for repayment, they muft firft apply to the collector and comp-
[Sometimes 6 d. charged for the colleaor, for
fometimes i s. is trollerof the landing-port for a certificate of the payment of the
writing thefe entries, which the merchant faves by writing over-fea duty. [See the form below %.] Then, before the
them himfelf. J collector, comptroller, or other perfon properly authorized,
they muft make an affidavit according to the form *. This affi-
March 10, 1751.
davit, together with the return or certificate of delivery upon
the coaft, and alfo the certificate of the payment of the over-
In the Swift B. B. Thomas Hall mailer, for Dort,
fea duty are to be put into the hands of any perfon who has a
correfpondent at London, in order to be laid before the board
IL John Long.
80 Chalders of coals. of cuftoms; who, if the proof appears to be clear and fatif-
No 1, to 3.
400 Pieces, containing 380 C. wt. of lead. factory, will fend orders to the collector and comptroller of the
3 Bales, containing 50 pieces of baiz. port where the over-fea duty was paid, to permit the like quan-
tity of coals to be exported duty free ; upon the receipt of which
orders, and the application of the proper perfon, they generally
)|
The form of an Over-sea Cocket*
repay the duty.
[Three fhillings and fix-pence.]
+ The form of a Certificate of payment of the Over-Sea
Port of Know
ye, that John Long, Br. hath here paid
7 Duty, necefTary to obtain repayment, when coals have been
Sunderland.J his majefty's over-fea duty for 80 chalders of delivered coaft-wife.
coals, and 400 pieces, containing 380 C. wt. of lead; and
hath alfo entered free three bales, containing 50 pieces of baiz, [One fhilling was ufually taken for the colleaor, who may
give the certificate gratis.]
in the Swift of Stockton, Thomas Hall, mafter, for Dort.

Dated at the Cuftom-Houfe Colleaor. Port of 7 We hereby certify, that Richard Gray did, on
Comptroller. Sunderland, j the 8th of March, 1751, pay his majefty's over-
this 1 oth of March, 1751.
feaduty at this port, for 60 chalders of coals, Newcaftle mea-
fure, in the Sea-Horfe of this place, himfelf mafter, for Sche-
The form of a Report Outwards. dam.
Colleaor,
Dated at the Cuftom Houfe,
fDeputies fees 2 6d. for a Britifh man, and 3 s. 4d. for a
s. Comptroller.
foreigner ; nothing more due to the colleaor, or any other Goods exported, 900 1.
officer.] Coals exported, 900 1.

Outwards. 1800I.
Port of In the fhip Of
built, property all about tons Affidavit of the identity of the Coals entered over-fea,
W jth nien of which ||
men but delivered in England.
an d befides a man mafter for this
prefent voyage to in [This bufinefs is not reftrained to officers ; mafters may apply
to fuch perfons, properly authorized, as they find to work
I do fwear, that the entry above written, now
tendered and the cheapeft.]
fubferibed by me, is a jult report of the name of my (hip, it's
burden, built, property, number and country of mariners, the Richard Gray maketh oath, That the 60 Chalders of coals,
prefent mafter, and voyage: and that it further contains a true Newcaftle meafure, delivered at Lynn, out of the Sea-Horfe
account of my lading, with the particular marks, numbers, of Sunderland, himfelf mafter, and which made out thefe 130
quantity, quality, and property of all the goods and merchan- Chalders Winchefter meafure, are the very ame coals fer
dizes in my faid fhip, to the belt of my knowledge or belief: which he paid his majefty's over-fea duties at Sunderland,
and that I will not luffer to be relanded, in any part of Great- the 8th day of March, 1751, in the fame fhip, himfelf mafter,
Britain, any certificate goods which I have on board, nor take for Schedam, as appears by certificate of the proper officer,
in any more goods for this prefent voyage,
without duly en- annexed; and that no part thereof was, direaly or indireaiy,
tering and adding the fame to this report. landed or difcharged in foreign parts. And this deponent
So help me God. further maketh oath, that he is a natural-born fubjea of
Sworn before us the 7 Colleaor. Great-Britain ; that he never yet received any allowance
day of i Comptroller. for the duties of the above coals ; and that he hath no
bonds, become forfeited to the crown, Handing out undif-
charged.
"the articles of goods exported, which arc liable to duty, or
bounty, are but few and the quantities are deter- Sworn before, &c. R. G.
intitled to ;

mined either by number, weight, or dry meafure as there- :

fore, the manner of afcertaining the quantities muft

be very When goods intitled to bounty are exported, the merchant
plain and evident, it is needlefs to fay any thing on that fub- (after entering them, and taking out a cocket as before directed)
jcct ; only let it be noted, that, when merchants make juft en- is to give bond for the exportation ; and the officers ought to
tries of their goods, they are to be at no
charge, in the open- be more than ordinarily careful and exact in taking the quan-
ing, examining, weighing, mcafuring, or repacking the goods ; tities, and examining whether the goods have all the legal re-
all which arc to be done at
the officers charge. quifites to entitle them to bounty. When the fhip is failed,
What has been faid contains the regular method of entering and clear of the coaft, the exporter may apply to the collector
ooods outwards, as prefenbed by law ; but the practice at Sun- and comptroller for the debenture which being duly figned, ;

derland, with refptet to coals is fomewhat different. the bounty will be paid him immediately at the port, if there
Before any coals are fhipped, you muft go to the cuftom- be money on the proper branches : but if there be not, the de-
houfe and make a depofit in the collector's hands of the duty benture will be delivered to him, and he muft apply for pay-
oi fo many chalders as you intend to
fhip whereupon a war- ment at London [fee forms of debentures both for bounties and
:

4 draw-
 Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
drawbacks *.] The tenour of all debentures is much the fame; When wln-at and rye mixed are exported, bounty is to be paid
(o that, though there be feveral articles of goods intitled to as if the whole quantity was rye.
bounties and drawbacks, the fpecimens given may fufficc, both Flour exported is to be weighed, and not meafured
; 448 lb.
to give merchants a general notion of the manner of proceed- is to be allowed to a quarter. Jt may be weighed and fhipped,
ing, and to enable officers to make out proper debentures in all as it comes from the mill ; or the bran may be feparated, and
other cafes. the fine flour only weighed and fhipped, as the- merchant chufes.
* A Corn Debenture. Weighing porters are to aflift in fhipping flour, without charge
to the met chants.
[No fee ]
No bounty is to be allowed
on corn exported for the ufe of
Port of 7 Thefe are to certify, that I his majefly's garrifons,
nor on corn fhipped on board fhips for
J (hipped for in the a Newfoundland, or any other place, for brewing beer,
baking
Britifh (hip, whereof the mailer, and bread, for the voyage.
two-thirds of the mariners, are his majefly's fubjefls, Ships trading to the Mediterranean muft be provided with
Wincheller meafure, and that Mediterranean pafles from the admiralty. The (teps neceflary
the price of of the meafure aforefaid,
to be taken for obtaining them are thefe : the furveyor
in the pore Of the laft market-day, did not of the
port where the fhip lies muft go on board, and examine and
exceed fur-
vey her, and mufter the feamen ; then he is obliged to certify,
Witnefs my hand the un-
der his hand in writing, to the colledor of the port, the burdeii
maketh oath, that the corn herein men- and built of the veflel, the number of men, diflinguifhing na-
tioned not relanded, or intended to be rclanded, in Great-
is tives and foreigners, the number of guns, what fort of veflel
Britain or the iflands of Guernfey or Jerfey. fhe is, &c. The collector, having received this, propofes an
affidavit, to be figned and fwoin to by the mafter, which
con-
maketh oath, the contents of the certificate tains all the foregoing particulars, and likewife the name
of
abovementioned are true. the veflel, mafler, and port bound to, the time when, ariJ
place where, (he was built ; to which is added, that lhe is of
Bond is taken in penalty of that the
Britifh property that her laft pafs was delivered up; and that
corn abovementioned (the danger of the feas excepted) (hallbe :

exported into parts beyond the feas, and not be again landed the mafter has delivered up all the paflls he ever had before.
in the kingdom of Great- Britain, or the idands of Guernfey This affidavit is tranfmitted to the fecretary of the admiralty,
or Jerfey. who thereupon fends down a pafs, and a bond for delivering it
up, after the voyage is performed. The bond, being duly exe-
The corn abovementioned, viz. cuted, is returned to the admiralty, and the pafs is delivered to
was (hipped in the faid (hip, the the mafter.
day of
Ships are not permitted to trade to the Britifh plantations, or
Landwaiter,
Searcher.
colonies, until proof be made upon oath, by one or more of the
owners, that the fhip is Britifh built, and Britifh property, and
The veflel abovementioned is

mailer, and two-thirds of the mariners his majelly's fubje&s. the mafter, and at leaft three-fourths of the mariners, Britifh;
and that no foreigner, directly or indirectly, hath any intereft
The money to be paid for the corn within"!
therein.
mentioned, purfuant to an adt of par- (
liament for encouraging the exportation After which the fhip is to be regiftered,
and a certificate there-
of corn, amounts to - .... j

J
of delivered to the mafter. Bondbe given, with one
is alfo to
Colleaor, fufficient fecurity, in the penalty of 1000 1, if the veflel be under
Comptroller. 100 tons, or in 2000 1. if the veflel be above that burden ; that,
if any of the goods of the produce of the faid plantations, enu-
When there is not money at the port, the collector certifies
merated in feveral acts of parliament, betaken onboard, they
accordingly, and then delivers the debenture to the exporter,
fhall be brought by the faid fhip to Great-Britain, and there
who applies to thecommiflioners of the cuftoms for payment,
landed.
and their fecretary thereupon endorfes an order to the receiver-
general to pay it in a limited time.
This bond may be given either in Great- Britain, or in the
plantations, and a certificate of the delivery muft be produced in

As on corn exported are very confiderable, that

the bounties 18 months from the date of the bond.
article hasbeen thought worthy of fome particular regulations, Rice and ftigar may be carried directly from the plantations to
with refpect to the fhipping it; which it will not be amifs to any foreign ports fouthward of Cape Finifterre, upon obtain-
note. ing proper licences, and under certain regulations: for the
When a merchant fignifies his intention to fhip corn, in- knowledge whereof there is no great occafion in the out-ports :
titled to bounty, entries are not pofted immediately, and a and, therefore, we fhall refer that matter to the bufinefs of the
cocket granted, as is ufually done for other goods; but the col- port Of London, which we fhall treat of under the article
lector and comptroller grant a fufferance to fhip the intended Custom-House.
quantity, directed to the patent- fearcher, furvcyor and land- According to this order of proceeding, we fhall, in regard
waiter, who are to attend the meafuring and fhipping thereof to the out- ports, give the forms, precedents, and inftructions for
A round ftrike is to be made ufe of in meafuring the corn, the the execution of every branch of the bufinefs of that revenue;
middle whereof is to be entered upon the edge of the bufhel or and fully fhew the method of granting, making out, entering,
meafure, and it is to be pafled over the top of the bufhel with a and executing the proper difpatches, and other inftruments ; alfo
fwift circular motion and, for expedition's fake, a tub, con-
:
of keeping and making out the feveral books of accounts relating
taining four Winchefter bufhels, may alfo be ufed in the ad- to this branch of his majefly's revenue and the manner how
;

meafurement. When the corn is meafured and (hipped, the every other part of each branch is to be performed by the refpec-
quantity and quality are to be indorfed on the fufferance, which tive officers. In a word, the whole upon this part of our defigrt
is to be returned to the collector. The exporter is then to cer- will fully explain and illuftrate the nature of the office of a col-

tify the quantity and quality of the corn fhipped, in writing, un- lector, cuftomer, comptroller, fearcher, furveyor, land-waiter,

der his hand ; which certificate is to be verified by the oath of coaft-v.aiter, tide- furveyor, tide-waiter, &c. directing how each
one or more creditable perfons ; whereupon bond is to be given of them are, in their refpective ftations, to execute the feveral
for exporting the corn, and for bringing a certificate of the laws of the cuftoms, and neither to fuffer the crown to be in-
landing thereof beyond feas then entries are to be pafled, and
: jured, nor the trading fubject to be oppreffed.
a cocket in due form delivered to the merchant, who is to en- Thefe points will appear, at the conclufion of every letter*
dorfe the quantity of corn fhipped thereon, before the fhip is after the duties; and
under the general heads of cuftoms,
alfo

cleared. importation, exportation, drawbacks, bounties, fubfidies, and all

The regulations for malt are fomewhat different. Malt may fuch articles as are a proper analyfis of this branch of the public
be entered at once, without a previous fufferance, and bond revenue ; which articles will be duly referred to from time to
may be given at the time of entry. It is then to be meafured time.
and fhipped, as it comes to hand. If the quantity to be fhipped What we have hitherto faid, in regard to the methods of trans-
be greater than the quantity entered, the merchant muff make acting bufinefs at the Cuftom-Houfe, relates, asobferved, chief-
a frefh entry, and give a frefh bond j if lefs, the quantity fhort- ly to the out-ports, though there ought to be no variation from
fhipped is to be endorfed by the merchant in the bond, a proper that of London. And, to the end that the whole bufinefs of thefe
exception being made in the condition of fuch bonds for that ports, together with that of the coafting part, may be thoroughly
purpofe. entered into, we fhall, at the end of every letter, where we re-
The barley to be made into malt for exportation is entered prefent the duties, continue to give a connected fyftem of the
with the excife officers, and their certificates of the quantity practice of the cuftoms, as well in refpect to what regards the
are to be annexed to the debenture. The bounty is to be al- port of London as the other ports.
lowed for half as much more barley as was fteeped ; or, which Wherefore, at prefent, we fhall only further obferveupon this
is the fame thing, the bounty is 3 s. gd. per quarter upon the fubject, that, although the laws direct what duties fhall be paid,

barley fteeped. what penalties inflicted, and fome particular requifites that muft
No fees are to be taken for debentures, difpatches, or any be performed yet they are almoft entirely filent as to the man-
;

other matters relating to the exportation of corn. ner and method of levying and accounting for the duties, and
When the price of wheat is from 46 s. to 50 s. a quarter, no of performing and executing of all other requifites and regula-
bounty is to be allowed. tions which are neceflary to be obferved, for the greater fecurity
of
 '

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

of the merchant, and the better to afcertain and fecure his ma- with intent to be carried beyond the feas, out of the kingdom
jefty's revenue. of Great-Britain, than only in Britifh fhipping, upon pain of
An i as form and method areeffential to the due execution of confifcation.
all bufinefs in general uniformity is abfolutely neceffary in
; fo VI.
that of the cultoms, becaufe it is to be performed at different Every merchant, as well Britifh, as ftranger, which fhall fhip
- places, and by d'fferent perfons ; who being only fo many tranf- or export any currants, which formerly were duly entered, and
actors of the fame kind of bufinefs, ought not only to execute paid the fubfidy and cuftom inwards, fhall have allowed or re-
it, but rentier an account of all their proceedings, in the fame paid unto them refpeclively, all the cuftom and fubfidies paid
manner and form j and therefore we fhall, through the courfe inwards for the fame (except eighteen pence for every hundred
of thisdcfign, interfperfe fuch inftruHons and examples, as, it weight to the ftranger) upon due proof of the due entry and
is humbly apprehended, will fully (hew the method of executing payment of the cuftom and fubfidy thereof inwards, and of the
the bufinefs of each refpetfive officer with uniformity through- fhipping thereof to be exported, to be made in manner as in
out the whole which, together with all the other matter we fhall the fecond article is declared.
:

incorporate, will make a complete fyftem of the whole bufinefs Vlh

of the Britifh cuftoms, and that in a method more familiar and If any merchant, having duly paid all duties inwards for fo-
intelligible to officers, merchants, and gentlemen, who are de- reign goods, in regard of bad fales, fhall be enforced to keep
iirous to become matters of this great branch of the revenue, the fame, or any part thereof, in his hands, after the fpace of
than was ever done before. three years (as by 7 Geo. I. cap. 21. 10.) fhall be elapfed
;
in this cafe, he, or any other perlon, is to be permitted to
Certain Rules Orders, Directions, and Allowances, fhip the fame out for the parts beyond the feas (if they think
for the advancement of trade, and encouragement of the mer- fit), without payment of any fubfidy for the fame outwards,
chant as alfo for the regulating as well of the merchants in upon due proof that the fame was duly entered, and fubfidy paid
;

making of due entries and juft payments of their cuftoms, as inwards.

of the officers in all the ports of this kingdom, in the faithful V11I.
difchargeof theirduty annexed to the Book of Rates referred
: Every merchant bringing in any fort of wines into this king-
to in ihe act of tonnage and poundage, paffed anno 12 Car. dom, by way of merchandize, who fhall make due entries of
II. cap. 4. the fame in the Cuftom-Houfe, fhall be allowed 12 per cent,
I. for leakage.
Every merchant fhall have free liberty to break bulk in any IX.
port allowed by the law, and to pay cuftom and fubfidy for no Every hogfhead of wine which fhall be run out, and not full
more than he fhall enter and land ; provided that the mailer or (even inches or above, left therein ; and every butt, or pipe, not
purfer of every fuch fhip fhall fir ft make declaration upon oath, above nine inches ; fhall be accounted for outs, and the mer-
before any two principal officers of the port, of the true contents chant to pay no fubfidy for the fame.
of his fhip's lading: and fhall likewil'e after declare, upon his X.
oath, before the cuftomer, colle&or, comptroller, or furveyor, If any wines fhould prove corrupt and unmerchantable, and
or two of thern, t the next port of this kingdom, where his fhip fit for nothing but to diftil into hot-waters, or to make vinegar,
fhall arrive, the quantity and quality of the goods landed at the then every owner of fuch wines fhall be abated in the fubfidy,
other port, where bulk was firft broken, and to whom they did according to fuch his damage in thefe wines, by the difcretion of
belong. the collectors of the cuftoms, and one of the principal officers
5 :

II. but by 6 Geo. I. cap. 12. 1. repealed.

All foreign goods and merchandizes (except wines, currants, XI.
and wrought filks) firft imported, fhall be again exported by any If any tobacco, or other goods or merchandize, brought into
merchant, within three years (as by the 7th Geo. I, cap. 21. this kingdom, fhall receive any damage by falt-water, or other-
10.) and fuch merchant or merchants as fhall export any fuch wife, fo that the owner thereof fhall be prejudiced in the faJe of
foreign goods or merchandizes (except as before excepted) fuch goods, the principal officers of the Cuftom-Houfe, or any
/hall have allowance, and be repaid by the officer which re- two of them, whereof the collector for the time being to be one,
ceived the fame, the one moiety of the fubfidy which was paid fhall have power to chufe two indifferent merchants, experienced
at the firft importation of fuch foreign goods and merchandizes, in the value of fuch goods, who, upon vifiting the faid goods,
or any part thereof, fo as due proof be firft made, by certificate fhall certify and declare, upon their corporal oaths firft admini-
from the officers, of the due encry and payment of the cuflom ftred by the faid officers, what damage fuch goods have received,
and fubfnly of all fuch foreign goods and merchandizes inwards, and are leffened in their true value, and, according to fuch da-
together with theoathof the merchant's importing and exporting mage in relation to the rates fet on them in this book, the faid
the fame, affirming the truth thereof, and the name of his ma- officers are to make a proportionable abatement unto the mer-
jefty's fearcher, or under- fearcher, in the port of London, and chant, or owner, of the fubfidy due for the fame. But, by
of the fearcher of any other the out-ports, teflifying the fhipping 12 Ann. cap. 8. 8, 10. and 9 Geo. I. cap. 21. 4. repealed as
thereof to be exported. After all which duly performed, in man- to tobacco.
ner before exprefTed, the moiety of the fubfidy, firft paid inwards, XII.
fhall, without any delay or reward, be repaid unto fuch mer- The merchant-ftrangers, who, according to the rates and
chant or merchants who do export fuch goods and merchandizes, values in the Book of Rates contained, do pay double fubfidy
within one month after demand thereof: as alfo the whole ad- for lead, tin, and woollen cloths, fhall alfo pay double cuftom
ditional duty of filks, linnen, and tobacco, in manner as before for native manufactures of wool, or part wool ; and the faid
is directed. ftrangers are to pay for all other goods, as well * inwards as
The like regulations for repayment of the new fubfidy, 9 and outwards, rated to pay the fubfidy of poundage, three-pence in
10 Will. III. cap. 27. 17. the pound, or any other duty payable by charta mercatoria, be-
III. fides the fubfidy.
And, if there be any agreement now in force, which was * This is the duty called petty cuftoms.
formerly made by the late commiffioners of the cuftoms and fub-
fidies, with the merchant- ftrangers, or their factors, or fhall But, by 25 Car. cap. 6. 1, 2, 3. and 9 Ann. cap. 6.
II.
hereafter be ma le by any commiffioners or farmers of the cuf- 3, 5. repealed as togoods imported.
toms and fubfidies, or any other power (except by confent of Note, Charta mercatoria, which was firft granted by 31 Edw. I.
parliament) with any merchant or merchant-ftrangers, or their was confirmed by 27 Edw. III. cap. 26 and the duty of three-
factors, for any foreign goods or merchandizes to be brought pence per pound thereby granted, directed to be computed by the
into the port of London, or any other port or haven of this king- contents of the goods, according to the oath of the importer, or
dom of Great Britain, and to be exported again by way of letters of credence, without unfealmg, or opening; upon penalty
compofition ; all other merchants, being his majefty's fubjecls, of imprifonment by the officers, and quadruple damages to the
fhall be admitted into the fame compofition, and not to be ex- party grieved, and as much to the king.
cluded from any other privilege vvhatfoever, granted to the ftran- XIII.
ger by any private agreement, or compofition under the fame That London have free
the merchants trading in the pert of
conditions, and with the fame reftriction, as fhall be made with and unlade their goods at any the lawful keys and
liberty to lade
the merchant-ftrangcr. places of fhipping and lading of goods, between the Tower of
IV. London and London-Bridge, and between fun-rifing and (un-
Every merchant, as well Britifh as ftranger, that fhall fhip letting, from the 10th day of September to the 10th day of March
j
and export any kind of wines, which formerly have paid all the and between the hours of fix of the clock in the morning, and fix
duties of tonnage inwards, fhall haverepaid, or allowed tmto them, of the clock in the evening, from the 10th day of March to the
all the duties of tonnage paid inwards except to the Britifh man 10th day of September, giving notice thereof to the refpeftive
:

20 s. the ton, and except to thcftranp;er 25 s. the ton, upon clue officers appointed to attend the lading and unlading goods: and
pto A of the due entry and payment of the tonnage inwards, and fuch officer as fhall refufe, upon due calling, to be prefent, he
of the fhipping thereof to be exported, to be made in manner as fhall forfeit for every default five pounds, one moiety to the king,
in the fecond article is mentioned and exprefTed. and the other moiety to the party grieved, and fuing for the fame.
V. For the lawful keys, fee the article Keys.
If any merchant, denizen or ftrangT, fhall export any XIV.
Spanifh or foreign wools, he fhall have liberty fotodo, with this The merchants of Yoik, KingftonuponHull, Newcaftleupon
further condition, that fuch Spanifh, or other foreign wools what- Tync, and the members thereof fhall be allowed, free of cuftom
foever, be not exported in any other fhip or veficl whatfocver, and fubfidy, two of the northern cloths and kerfies in ten, to
6 be
 Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
be {hipped in thefe ports in the names of double wrappers, as all of five inches fquare, or under, fhall pay according to the
formerly hath been there allowed them. But, by the nth and rate of fmall balks.
12th Will. III. cap. 20. all woollen manufactures are free. XXIV.
XV. For avoiding of all opprLilion by any of the officers of the
The merchants of Exeter, and other weftern ports, (hall be cuftoms, in any port of this kingdom, in exacting unreafonable
allowed, free of fubfidy, one perpetuana in ten for a wrapper, fees from the merchant, by reafon of any entries, or otheiwife
and three Devon dozens in twenty for wrappers, the fame to be touching the (hipping and unihipping of any goods, wares, and
(hipped out of the ports of Exeter, Plymouth, Dartmouth, merchandize it is ordered, that no officer,
: clerk, or othei be-
Barnftaplc, Lyme Regis, or the members thereof. But, by longing to any cuftom-houfe vvhatfoever, fhall exact, require,
the J 1 and 12 Will. III. cap. 20. all woollen manufactures 01 uve any other, or a greater fee, of any merchant, or other
1

are free. whatfoever, than fuel) as are, or fhall be, ettablifhed by the com-
XVI. mons in parliament allembled if nny officer, or other, (lull
:

All merchants tranfporting any forts of woollen, whether new
or old drapery, as alio baiz and cottons, ihall be allowed one in
ten for a wrapper, free of cuftom and fubfidy. But, by 1 1 and
12 Will. III. cap. 20. all woollen manufactures are free.
XVII.
Every merchant fhall be allowed upon all goods and mer-
chandizes appointed to pay to any the fubfidics of poundage, ac-
cording to the rule of the Book of Rates, to be imported, five in
the hundred of all the faid fubfidics of poundage fo appointed to
be paid.
XVIII.
offend contrary to this order, he (hall forfeit his office and
place, and be for ever after uncapable of any office in the cuftom-
houfe.
XXV.
All fees appointed to be paid unto the cuffomer, comptroller,
furveyor, or furveyor-general in the port of London, for any
cocket or certificate outwards, fhall be paid all together in one
Aim to that officer from whom the merchant is to have the
cocket or certificate above, in the cuftom-houfe ; and after the
merchant hath duly paid his cufiom and fubfidy, and other du-
ties above, in the cuffom-houfe, as is appointed oy the faid Book

The officers who fit abovein the Cuftom-Houfe of the port of ot Rates, he is to be matter of, and keep his own cocket or cer-
London, fhall attend the fervice of their feveral places from nine tificate, until he fhall fliip out his goods fo entered ; when he

to twelve of the clock in the forenoon ; and one officer, or one is to deliver the lame to the h^ad-fearcher, or his majefty's un-

able clerk, fhall attend with the book in the afternoon, during dcr-fcarcher in the port of London, or other ports, together
fuch time as the officers are appointed to wait at the water-fide, with the mark and number of his goods.
for the better deciding of all controvcrfies that may happen con- XXV J.
cernin"" merchants warrants : all other the officers of the out- The of the cufiom- houfe for the time being fhall allow
officers

ports Ihall attend every day in the cuftom-houfe of every refpec- and makegood unto all perfons all fuch m ncs ;isaie. or fhall be,
tive port, fordifpatch of merchants and fhippers, between the due unto them fi>r the h.ilf fubfidy ; and :dfo the Abier duty of
hours of nine of the clock and twelve in the morning, and two foreign goods formerly exported, now due and unpaid.
and four of the clock in the afternoon. XXVJI.
XIX. The duties and fums of money appointed to be paid by the acl
Every merchant making an entry of goods, cither inwards or of fubfidy 01 tonnage and poundage palTed thii parliament, and
outwards, fhall be difpatched in fuch order as he cometh ; and by the Book of Rates therein mentioned, and no other, (hall be
if any officer, or his clerk, fhall, either by favour or rewards, put paid to his majefty's officers, during the continuance of the faid
any merchant,or his fervant duly attending, by his turn, or other- acTt upon good- imported or exported, any law, itatute, or ufage
wife delay any perfon fo duly attending, and making his entries to the contrary notwithftanding. Nevertheless it is declared,
aforefaid, to draw any other rewards or gratuity from him, than that prizage of wines, the duty called butkra^e, and the duty
is limited in the adt of tonnage and poundage [fee Tonnac. b of twelve-pence upon every chalder of lea-coal exported from
and Poundage] and the Book of Rates, palled anno 12 Car. II. Newcaftlc upon Tync to any other port or ports of this realm,
cap. 4. if the matter- officer be found faulty herein, he Ihall, upon ihall be continued.
complaint to the chief officer of the cuAom-houfe, be ftrictly ad- Harbottle Grimstone, Baronet,
monifhed of his duty ; but, if the clcnt be found faulty therein, Speaker of the Houfe of Commons.
he Ihall, upon complaint to the faid officers, be prefently dis-
charged of his fervice, and not be permitted to fit aiiy more in Rules, Orders, and Regulations, annexed to the ad-
the Cuftom-Houfe. ditional Book of Rau's, referred to in an act patted anno
XX. 11 Gcorgii primi, cap. 7.
The lord mayor, commonalty, and citizens of the city of
London, and touching the offices
their officers, or deputies for, I.

of package, fcavage, baleage, or portage of any goods or mer- Any of the rates aforefaid, or any thing contained in this ad-
chandize of aliens, or their fons born within this kingdom, or ditional Book of Rates, is not to extend to alter the methods pre-
unfreemen, imported or exported into or out of the city of Lon- ferred by law for ascertaining the values upon fuch unrated
don, or the liberties or ports thereof, untom from the parts goods, wares, and merchandizes imported, as are of the growth,
beyond the feas, for, or concerning, the receiving or taking of producl, or manufacture of the Eaft-Indies, China, or others
any fees or rates heretofore ufually taken for, or in refpedt of the the parts within the limits of the charters granted to the united
faid offices, or any of them, might and may receive and take company of merchants of England trading to the Eaft-Indies.
the fame, any thing in the act of tonnage and poundage, or the II.
aforefaid Book of Rates, or any former act, to the contrary, To the charging any duty upon fuch forts of wood, plank, or
notwithftanding. timber, wrought, or un wrought, or any of the goods called
XXI. lumber, which are to be imported duty free, by virtue of the
All antient duties heretofore lawfully taken by any city, or act made in the eighth year of his prefent majefty's reign, on
!

town corporate, their farmers, deputies, or officers, under the the conditions therein mentioned, during the continuance of
!

narneof town-cuftom,orthelike,forthemaintenanceofbridges, the faid acl.

keys, harbours, wharfs, or the like, (hall and may be received III.
and enjoyed as formerly, any thing in the laid acl, or any other To charge any duty upon fuch drugs or other goods ufed in
at or book, to the contrary, notwithftanding. dyeing, which are to be impoi ted duty free, by virtue of another
XXII. made in the eighth year of his prefent majefty's. reign, on the
The under-fearcher, or other officers of Gravefend, having conditions therein mentioned.
powertovifitandfearchany fhipoutward-bound, fhail not, with- IV.
out juft and reafonable caute, detain any fuch fhip, under colour And
whereas it may happen that feveral goods and merchan-
of fearching the goods therein laden, above three tides after her dizes may be imported which are omitted to be rated in the Book
arrival at Gravefend, under pain of lofs of their office, and ren- of Rates, made in the twelfth year of the reign of king Charles II.
dering damage to the merchant or owner of the (hip. A nd the or in the additional Book of Rates, or in fome particular ats of
fearcher, or other officer of the cuftom-houfe in any of the out- parliament, in fuch cafe^the value and price of fuch goods and
ports, having power to fearch and vifit any fhipoutward-bound, merchandizes for. the old fubfidy (other than of thofe of India,
(hall not, without juft and reafonable caule, detain any fuch fhip Perfia, or China) fhall be afcertained by the oath or affirmation
under colour of fearching the goods therein laden, above one of merchants, in the prefence of the cuflomer, collector, comp-
tide after the faid fhip is fully laden and ready to fet fail, undertroller, and furveyor, or any two of them ; and the better to pre-
pain of lofs of the office of fuch offender, and rendering damage vent frauds, and that all merchants may be upon an equal toot
to the merchant and owner of the fhip. in trade, the colledtor and comptroller, or other proper officers
XXIII: of the cuftoms, may open, view, and examine fuch goods and
Note, The tall timber in balks, which fhall be of eight inches merchandizes, paying duty ad valorem, and compare the fame
fquare, or upwards, that fhall be imported, or brought from with the value and price thereof fo fvvorn to or affirmed ; and if,
any part beyond the feas into the realm of Great-Britain, fhall upon fuch view and examination, it fhall appear that fuch goods
be rated according to the meafure of timber, the foot fquare or merchandizes are not valued by fuch oath or affirmation
three-pence lor the value thereof, and according to that rule according to the true value and price thereof, according to the
fhall pay for fubfidy twelve- pence in the pound according to true intent and meaning thereof; that then, and in fuch cafe,
all poundage ; and all under eight inches fquare, and above the importer and proprietor fhall, on demand made in writing
five inches fquare, fhall pay for fubfidy according to the rates by the cuftomer or collector and comptroller of the port where
n.c ntioned in the Book of Rates aforefaid for middle balks, and fuch goods or merchandizes are entered, deliver, or caufe to
Vol. I. U u 3 A be
 Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.
be delivered, all fuch goods and merchandizes into his majefty's
" tions, penalties, and forfeitures, were particularly repeated,
warehoufe at the port of importation, for the ufe and benefit of
" and again enacted in the body of this prcfent act."
the crown; and, upon fuch delivery, thecuftomer and collector The obfervations that I would crave leave to make upon
of fuch ports, with the privity of the comptroller, fhall, out of this levying claufe, as well as that preceding the fame, are as
any money in the hands of fuch cuftomer or collector, arifing by follow, viz.
cuftorns, or other duties belonging to the crown, pay to
men I. That the act of parliament made in the 12th year of king

importer or proprietor the value of fuch goods and merchandizes Charles II. and alfo in the i nh year of king George I. are made
fofworn to, or afHrmed, for the faid old fubfidy, as aforefaid, the clear and exprefs bafts and foundation of this latter fubfidy*
together with an addition of the cuftom and other duties, paid act of the year 1747 and that as the merchant -importers are
:

liable to all the penalties and forfeituies therein contained, for

for fuch goods, and of ten pounds per centum to fuch value,
taking a receipt for the fame from fuch importer or proprietor,
" the raifing, levying, fecuring, collecting, and anfwerina; and
in full fatisfadtionforthe faid goods, as if they had been regularly " paying the faid fubfidy of 1747 :" fo likewife are they intitled
fold ; and the refpective commiflioners of the cuftorns (hall caufe to every advantage, privilege, and allowance granted by the
the faid goods to be fairly and publicly fold for the beft advan- prior acts,
" as fully, and effectually (according to the words of
tage, and, out of the produce thereof, the money fo paid, or
" the act of 1747), to all intents and purpofes, as if all and
advanced as aforefaid, fhall be repaid to fuch cuftomer or col- " every the faid claufes, powers, and Directions were parci-
lector, with the privity of the comptroller, to be replaced to
" cularly repeated, and again enacted in the body of this prefent
fuch funds from whence the fame was borrowed, and the over-
" act granting the fubfidy of 1 747." In a word there being ;

plus (if any) fhall be paid into his majefty's Exchequer, towards no exception in this latter act to any of the rights and privileges
the finking fund, by the title of unrated goods, imported, and granted for the benefit of trade, and the advantage of our mer-
undervalued* chants, in the two former acts the mercantile intereft fhould
;

Spencer Compton, feem be intitled to the very lame under the latter, as under
to

Speaker of the Houfe of Commo.'.j. the two former acts.

II. The next point of enquiry is into thofe claufes, powers,
and directions, which relate to the carrying the faid act of 1747

REMARKS. into execution, as well in regard to the rights and privileges of

our merchants, as to the penalties and forfeitures to which they
are liable, with refpect to the faid acts of Cliarles II. and
A mort Enquiry, whether the Merchants of George I. as before obferved.

Great-Britain are not intitled to a Discount of III. Now,

5 per cent, upon the payment of the fubfidy of
5 per cent, at the Cuilom-houfe, given to the king,
by act of parliament made in the year 1747
according to the act of Charles II. aforefaid, the
fixth fection of chapter the 4th of the faid at, according to the
Statutes at large, explains what are thofe exprefs and particular
claufes, powers, and directions, which relate to the carrying the
: faid act into execution, as well for the government of mer-

which Discount the merchants have never re- chants therein, as of the officers of the cuftorns.
The fixth fection of the aforefaid act, which explains this
ceived from the year 1747 t0 t ^ie P re fent tmie ;
matter, runs in the following wcrds : c And becaufe no rates can
and whether alfo the merchants are not intitled ' be impofed upon merchandize, imported or exported by fub-
to difcount in confequence of the laft fubfidy in ' jedts or aliens, but by common confent in parliament, Be it
* further enacted and declared by the authority aforefaid,
1759. Likewife, fome obfervations on other That
' the rates intended by this prefent act, fhall be the rates men-
interefling matters relative to the duties of cuf- ' tionedand expreffed in one Book of Rates, intituled, " The
tom s. " rates of merchandize :" That is to fay, The fubfidy of ton-
' nage, the fubfidy of poundage, and the fubfidy of woollen
The Subfidy act of 1747 is intitled,
' cloths, or old draperies, as they are rated and agreed on by the
* commons houfe of parliament, fet down and expreffed in this
" AN act for granting to his majefty a fubfidy of poundage ' book, to be paid according to the tenor of the act of tonnage
and poundage, from the 24th day of June inclufively, in the
*'
jlV- u P on all goods and merchandizes to be imported into
'

<c this kingdom; and for raifing a certain fum of money by an- ' 12th year of his majefty's reign, during his majefty's life, and
<c nuities and a lottery, to be charged on the fubferibed with the hand of Sir Harbottle Grimftone, baronet,
faid fubfidy, &c." '

The claufe in the faid act that grants this additional fubfidy of ' fpeaker of the houfe of commons which faid Book of Rates,
:

twelve-pence in the pound, or 5 per cent, runs as follows, viz,
* And be it enacted, &c. That, over and above all fubfidies of
* tonnage and poundage, and over and above all additional du-
* ties, impofitions, and other duties whatfoever, by any other
* act or acts of parliament, or otherwife howfoever already due
' and payable, or which ought to be paid to his majefty, his heirs
* or fuccefTors, for or upon any goods or merchandizes, which
from and after the firft day of March, which fhall be in the
' compofed and agreed on by your majefty's faid commons, and
' alfo every article, rule, and claufe therein contained, fhall be
' and remain, during your majefty's life, as effectual to all in-
' tents and purpofes, as if the fame were included particularly in
' the body of this prefent act.' This act was continued
afterwards from time to time, until the 6th of queen Anne, and
by that act, cap. 2. feet. 2. continued for ninety-fix years, and
afterwards is continued for ever by 1 George I. cap. 12.

year of ourLord 1747, fhall be imported or brought into the
' kingdomof Great- Britain, one further fubfidy of poundage, of
' twelve-pence in the pound, fhall be paid to his majefty, his
* heirs, or fucceffors, upon all manner of goods or merchandizes
' to be imported, or brought into this realm, or any of his ma-
jefty's dominions to the fame belonging, at any time or times
' after the faid firft day of March
1747, by the importer of fuch
* goods or merchandize as the fame are now particularly and
' refpcctively rated and valued, in the refpeftive Books of Rates
' referred to by the acts of the 12th year of the reign of king
1
Charles II. and the nth year of his late majefty, or by any
* other act or acts of parliament, and fo after that rate or value,
' or which do now pay any duty ad valorem.'
Then follows the claufe in the faid act, fignifying how, and
The rules to direct the merchants and the officers of the cuf-
torns, in relation to the faid act of Charles II. cap. 4. feet. 6. and
which rules are figned by the faid Sir Harbottle Grimftone, Bart,
fpeaker of the houfe of commons, are entitled in the faid Book
of Rates, as follow, viz. " Certain rules, orders, directions, and
" Allowances, for the advancement of trade and encourage-
" ment of the merchant, as alio for the regulating as well of the
" merchants in making of due entries and juff. payments of their
" all the ports of this kingdom, in
cuftorns, as of the officers in
the faithful difcharge of their duty." And as the act of
Charles II. has continued in force, and is made to do fo for ever,
as before obfived, the aforefaid certain rales, &c. figned by
Sir Harbottle Grimftone, baronet, and before given at laroc,
continue in full force alfo.

in what manner, the aforefaid duty of 5 per cent, is to be le- But thefe certain rules are well known to every merchant a?
vied. being contained, orought to be contained in every Book of Rates
* And be it enacted by the authority aforefaid, That the fub- that has been cv^r fince printed by his majefty's printer, or by
* fidy of poundage hereby granted, fhall be raifed, levied, and others, as was the cafe, 1. of the Old Book of Rates, and of

* collected by the refpective officers of his majefty's cufioms in every book of reputation printed fince : as, 2. that printed in
* this kingdom, under the management and direction of the re- 1702, Mr. Carcafe in 1725, and Crouch's feveral editions ever
* fpcclive commiflioners of the cufioms for the time being; and fince, and Mr. Saxby's Rook of Rates.
' fhall be brought and paid, or anfwered into the receipt of his By the feventeenth article of the rules aforefaid, figned by Sfr
* majefty's exchequer, for the purpofes in this act mentioned Harbottle Grimftone, it is declared, ' That every merchant
* (fuch additional chargeas fhall beneceffary for the management ' fhall be allowed upon all other goods and merchandizes ap-
* of this revenue only excepted) and that all and every the ' pointed to pay to any the fubfidy of poundage, acco<ding to
" claufes, powers, Directions, penalties, forfeitures, mat- ' the rule of this book, to be imported, five in the hundred of
' tcrs, and things whatfoever, contained in the faid act of the {
all the faid fubfidies of poundage fo appointed to be paid.'
" 12th year of the reign of king Charles II. or any other laws And as the faid act of 1747 hath made no exception whatever
' or ftatutes whatfoever now in force for raifing, levying, col- to the feventeenth article of the ("aid rules of the Book of Rates ;
ledling, anfwering, and paying, the fubfidy of tonnage and but that act is grounded abfolutely upon the fame rules, orders,
li
poundage thereby granted, fhall be practised, and put in directions, and allowances in this refpect as that of Charles IT.
" execution, for the raifing, levying, fecurinjr, collecting, an- aforefaid is, it feems to be plain, that the merchant importers
*' fweringand paying the fubfidy of poundage by this" act grant- are no lefs intitled to 5 per cent, difcount upon the fubfidy of
" cd, as FULLY AND EFFECTUALLY, to all intents and pur- 1747, tnan u P on nc 'd fubfidy of Charles II. and the other
'

' pofes, as if all and every the faid claufes, powers, Direc- fubfequent fubfidy acts.
But
 ;

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-House.

But the faitl fuhfidy adt of the year 1747. is grounded alfb due entry and payment of the cuftom anJ fubfidy of all fuch
*

upon that of the [th of George I.1 And that aft of the 1 1 th foreign goods and merchandizes inwards, &c. ' After all
of George I. being grounded upon that of Charles II. with re- * which duly performed, " the moiety of the fubfidy firft paid
fpedt to the feventeenth article of the rules aforefaid (there be- " inwards, fhall, without any delay or reward, be repaid unto
ing no exception thereto, in the words of the act ;) this is a " fuch merchant or merchants, who do export fuch goods and
further confirmation, that the laft fubfidy- adt intitles the mer- "merchandizes within one month, after demand thereof:"
chant-importer to the fd id difcount of 5 per cent, as well as ' as alfo the whole additional duty of filks, linens, and to-
that adt of the 11 th of George I. does. ' bacco, in manner as before is directed.'
The claufe in the act of the 1 ith of George I. that grounds Now,
fuch having been the practice of the Cuftom houfe ever
the fame upon the laid act of Charles II. is as follows, viz. fince the (ubfidy of 1 747 was granted, as to allow the drawback
* And be it cnacled by the authority aforefaid, that in lieu of of no more than one moiety of the neat duty, after deducting
* the faid former rates and duties ad valorem, repeated by this the difcount of 5 per cent, on the faid fubfidy of 5 per cent, and
* act ; there fhall from and after the faid 25th day March, 1725, not one moiety of the grofs fubfidy, which the merchant actually
* be payable, and paid for the faid old-fublidy, the feveral rates paid ; this confirms, that it is a miftake at the Cuftom-houfe,
* and duties mentioned and expreffed in one Book of Rates, in- not to allow the difcount, fince they deduct it by the drawback,
4
titled, an Additional Book of Rates of goods and merchan- as if it had been allowed.
* dizes ufually imported, and not particularly rated in the There feems likewife to be another great miftake made in the
* Book of Rates referred to in the act of tonnage and poun- execution of this act to the diladvaniasje of the merchant
* dagc, made in the 12th year of the reign of king Charles II. which is, that the adt exprefsly declares, That the whole duty
' with rules, orders, and regulations, figned by the right ho- of 5 per cent, fhall be drawn back upon exportation of the
* nourablc Spencer Compton,
cfqj fyeaker of the honourable goods within three years which is an exception to the fecond
;

' Houfe of Commons. The faid rates and duties to be paid article of the rules before quoted.
* upon importation of the faid goods and merchandizes refpec- On this point the words of the act run as follow, viz.
1 1
tively, inio any port or place within this kingdom, and Coin Provided always, and it is hereby enacted and declared by
' proportion for any greater or lefTer quantity
; which (aid lair ' the authority aforefaid, That in all cafes where any goods or
1
mentioned Book of Rates, compofed and agreed on by your ' merchandizes, that have paid the fubfidy hereby granted, fhall
* Majelly's faid Commons, and every " article, rule and claufe ' at any time or times be again exported, by any merchant or
' merchants,
' therein contained, (hall be and remain, during the con tin u- within three years from the importation thereof,
*' ance of the faid firft recited act of tonnage and poundage, of ' the fubfidy by this act granted, and which fhali
have been ac-
' full force, and (hall be put in execution, as fully and eflec- * tually paid for fuch goods, ware-, or merchandizes, fhall,
1
*' tually, to all intents and purpofeS) as if the fame was particu- without any delay or reward, be repaid into fuch merchant
" larly inferted in the body of this prefent act." * or merchants, who fhall export the fame, or the fecuriiy va-
Thefe words of the act of the 1 ith of Goorge I. fhow,
lair, ' cated ; except for fuch goods or merchandizes, as by any for-
' mer act or acts
That the act of Charles was the foundation thereof, as well with of parliament it is declared no drawback fhall
' be paid or allowed upon exportation,
lefpect to all the privileges, and advantages made to the merchant- and except, as is herein
' after excepted,
importers, as every thing elfc therein contained that is not ex- in relation to prize goods.'
prefsly excepted and that particular advantage of the 5 per cent,
: Hence it appears obvious, it is apprehended, that the whole,
difcount not being excepted in the faid a^t of George I. the and not a moiety only of the fubfidy paid, is to be drawn back ;
merchants have enjoyed the fame ever fince with regard to the and this being an exception from the fecond article of thegeneral
Additional Book of Rates. And confequently, as the fub- rules for the government of merchants and the officers of the
fidy-actof 1747 declares, that the faid two acts of Charles Jl. cuftoms; we find it is cxprcfty mentioned and if the merchants
:

and George I. are the foundation of that laft act ; and there is had not been intitled to the drawback of the whole fubfidy paid,
no exception whatever made to the difcount of 5 per cent, al- that matter would have been left to the direction of the fecond
lowed ; the merchant fhould feem to be as legally entitled to general rule aforefaid and if likewife the merchants had not
:

the fame under the one as under the other.
And what appears further to confirm the fame is, that the
fubfidy, commonly called the New Subfidy, granted the olh
and 10th of William and Mary; and alio the one-third fub-
fidy-act, granted the 2d and 3d of queen Anne and the two-
been intitled to the difcount of 5 per cent, this wou'd certainly
have been alfo mentioned exprefsly in the act, that the feven-
teenth article of the general rules, which allows the difcount,
might not have remained in full force.
If thefe fuggeflions are right, the merchants will take the pro-
;

thirds fublidy-act, granted the 3d and 4th of queen Anne, being per meafures to right themfclves if not, the Writer will be ;

all of them grounded on the adt of the 12th of king Charles II. obliged to thofe, who will explain the matter, becaufe it not

and no exception therein made, to the feventeenth article of only nearly concerns the intereft of the merchants of the king-
the General Rule aforefaid, that grants the merchant-im- dom in general, in thefe particular cafes, but in many others,
porter the difcount of 5 per cent, they have accordingly unin- that moie confiderably affect the intereft of this refpectable body
terruptedly enjoyed the fame, under all thefe Subsidy-Acts of the community and therefore, if it is an overfight, it ought :

from Charles lid's time, to the year 1747 an d why they are at lead to be rectified ?.s fi,on as may be, for reafons that fhall be
'

not intitled to the fame legal allowance, docs not appear from communicated, when it appears to be fo And if it is not, the :

this fubfidy-act of 1747.
With refpedt to unrated Eaft-India goods, there is a claufe
in the act of 1747, which declare?, " That the 5 per cent, paid
'* on the grofs price, as fold at the candle, fhall be without
*' any allowance or deduction whaifoever." But with re-
fpect to the general payment of the 5 per cent, upon all other
goods, there is no exception in the act, that the fame fhall be
paid without any allowance or deduction ; but the adt exprefsly
declares, * That all and every the claufes, powers, directions,
' penalties, forfeitures, matters, and things whatfoever con-
* tained in the faid act of the 12th of Charles II. fhall be ap-
* plied, practifed, and put in execurion for the collecting the
miftake of the obfervcr hereof will be excufed, fince it proceeds
from a regard to juftice, that the merchants may have their le-
gal due, according to act of parliament, as they are fubject to
its penalties, whenever they violate the fame.
If what has been reprefented fhould prove true, the evil to
the mercantile intereft will not terminate in the fubfidy of 1747
only ; but like a fault in the firft concoction, will run thro' every
fubfequent fubfidy-act ; foi it affects every futurefubfidy that fhall
be enacted upon the foundation of that of 1747. As the fubfidy
adt of 1 747 is grounded upon that of the 12th of Charles II. and
that of the 1 ith ofGeorge I. fo likewife is the later fubfidy-act of
1 759, grounded upon thatof 17+7
and therefore as the miftakeS
:

* faid duty, as if all and every the faid claufes, powers, direc-
* tions, Sic. were particularly repeated, and again enacted in
the
* body of this prefent act.' And if a point fo materially inte-
refting to the merchant-importers as the allowance of 5 per cent,
difcount upon payment of this fubfidy of 1747, before the land-
ing of the goods, was to have been excepted
have been exprefsly fo.
What ftill further corroborates this is, that, in the allowance
of the drawback, upon goods exported by certificate, the officers
of the cuftoms have allowed the merchants no more than' one-
half-part of that neat fubfidy, as if they had been actually al-
lowed the difcount of 5 per cent, upon the fubfidy of 1747
whereas the iecond article in the rules, orders, and directions,
and allowances made to the merchants
committed at the Cuftom-houle, in carrying the faid adt of 1747
into execution, have not been rectified, the fame is continued
in the adt of 1759. This being the cafe, the like miftakes will
probably be perpetuated in all future fubfidy acts that fhall be
grounded upon thatof 1759, unlets the merchants fhould take
; it certainly would the proper- meafures to conteft the point before the barons of
the Exchequer. For the laft additional fubfidy of 5 per cent,
for the year 1759, granted upon certain goods and merchan-
dize imported, fpecified in the adt, is to be levied and paid into
the Exchequer, in the fame manner as the fubfidy of 5 per cent,
granted by the 2 ift of George II. in the year 1747.
: The words of the fubfidy acTof 1759 are, ' That the faid
' fubfidy of poundage, by this adt impoled, fhall be raifed, le-
in the Book of Rates, ' vied, collected, and paid into his majefty's exchequer, for the

declares, ' That all foreign goods and merchandizes (except * purpofes in this act exprefl'ed, In such like Form and
' wines, currants, and wrought fiiks) firft imported, fhall be ' Manner, and with such Allowances, Discounts,
* again exported by any merchant within three years (as by the ' Drawbacks, and Exemptions, and under such
7th of George I. cap. 21.
10.) and fuch merchant or mer
c Penalties and Forfeitures, and according to
* chants as fhall export any fuch foreign goods or merchandizes ' such Rules, Methods, and Direction, as are pre-
* (except as before excepted) " fhall have allowance and be re- ' fcribed or appointed for railing, levving, collecting, and pay-
" paid by the officer that received the fame, the one moiety of ' ing the fubfidy of 5 pounds per centum, granted by an adt
" the fubfidy which was paid at the firft importation of fuch ' made in the 21ft year of the reign of his prefent majefty, or
" foreign goods and merchandizes, or any part thereof, fo as ' the fubfidy- adt of 1747, &c. And all and every the Powers,
* due proof be firft made by certificate from the officers of the ' Authorities, Rules, Directions, Penalties, For-
o, feitukes, '
 i

Of the Practical Business of the Custom-Hou

feitures, Clauses, Matters and Things now in Book of Rates legally cnt ;,.lc them. For if the merchant
4
Force, contained in the faid acl, made in the year 1747, or of Great-Britain are thus deprived of fo material an Aj
' any other ad or acts of parliament, in the laid act refer- ance upon all dry Goods Cent. Discount on the
as 5 per
* red unto, or any of hem, for 'i the railing, levying, Rates, by the aft of 1747, may
they not, by the fame Cus-
c
collecting, and paying the Subsidies thereby granted, fhall tom-House Authority, be alfo deprived of every other
be in full Force, and be duly obferved and pracYifed, Discount and Privilege to which they have a legal right,
' and put in execution, throughout this kingdom, for raifmg, and which is granted them by virtue of the General Rules
c
levying, collefting, and paying the Subsidy of 5 per cent and Allowances, contained in the Book of Rates, and au-
' by this aft granted, as fully and effcftually to all intents and thorized by parliament, as well as any thing elfe therein expief-
purpofes, as if the fame or the like powers and authorities, fed ? May not merchant-importers be deprived, (1.) Of their

'Rules, Directions, Penalties, and Forfeitures, 5 per Cent. Discount allowed them upon the Old Sub-
Clauses, Matters, and Things, were particularly re- sidy Rates ? (2.) Of their 5 per Cent. Discount allowed
* peated, and re-enacted in the body of this prefent aft.' them upon the New Subsidy: (3.) Of their 5 per Cent.
Then the exceptions that are made in this aft of 1759 exprefsly Discount allowed them upon the-.OriE-THiRD Subsidy:
follow. and (4 ) Of their 5 per Cent. Discount allowed them upon
As fuch is the nature of thofe fubfidy- afts for the payment of the Two- thirds Subsidy may not the merchant- importer?,
:

duties upon foreign goods and merchandizes imported into this I fay, with as much reafon, be deprived of the four pre-
kingdom, that the one aft depends on the other, with regard ceding Discount Allowances on the rates, made to them
to the general Rules and Directions, or the payment by parliamentary authority, as be deprived of their Rights
thereof at the Custom-House, and referred to in the former and Discounts on the Subsidy of 1747, and that alfo 011
parts of this enquiry; and when exceptions are made to thofe the Subsidy of 1759? Nay, may not our merchant importers
general Custom-House Rules and Directions, they alfo be deprived of their Discounts allowed them by parlia-
are, or ought to be always exprefsly mentioned in diflmft mentary authority upon the feveral Imports of 1690, and 1692 ?

Clauses of the Aft; it became requifite to quote the origi- And would not this, in effeft, be abrogating all thofe claufes
nal Subsidy Act of the 12th of Charles II. and that of given in favour of our merchants by Parliamentary Au-
George I. whereon all subsequent Subsidy Acts have been thority, by that of the Cuftom houfe, in direft oppofition
founded, to the end that they may be borne in mind, on this thereto And if what has been reprefented, with refpeft to the
?

occafioi. For otherwife the fubjeft can never know the Rights Drawbacks allowed to our merchants on the re-exportation
and Privileges to which he is legally intitled, or guard of certificate goods, fhall appear to be true likewife; the loffes
againfc thofe penalties to which he is liable. our merchants have already fuftained, will amount to a very
Let it bt "ippofed, that in carrying the fubfidy aft of 1759 confiderable fum j and if thefe practices are perpetuated, the
into executic, the officers of the cuftoms fhould exaft the evil will daily increafe.

goods imported, as was done by the 'Till thefe matters are rectified,all Books of Rates ufed
same Duties upon all

aft of 1 747, this would certainly prove an egregious impofition at the Cuftom-houfe, and calculated without due regard had to
upon all the Merchant-Importers of Great-Britain, afts of parliament, are wrong, and are a great injury to our
additional fubfidy of 1759 to
becaufe the aft reftrains the merchants in general; and therefore, I have judged it more
Tobacco, foreign LinneN, Sugar, and other Gro- equitable to deiift from giving any computed Tables of Du-
cery, as the fame is u> derstood in the Book of Rates, ties, according to the practice of the Cuftom houfe, left the
exceptCuRRANTS East-India Goods, except Coffee and fame fhould be a fanftion to what the Author, for the reafons-
;

raw Silks ; foreign Brandies and Spirits, except Rum before given, thinks is not right. Of this, the Author declared
of the produce of the British Sugar Plantations; and his opinion fome years ago, when this matter ought to have
Paper, which be imported, and brought into the king
fhall been duly enquired into, and he publickly fuggefted his doubts
dom of Great-Britain, &c. If, I fay, the officers of upon this point foon after the year 1747 ; and repeated them
his majefty's cuftoms fhould exaft Duties upon all other goods again after the year 1759. And if proper notice has not been
that are plainly underftood to be excepted, and not liable to taken of what has been urged by thofe whofe immediate inte-
the faid fubfidy of 1759, it would certainly be a violation of reft it is fo to do, he has the fatisfaftion to have done right in
the aft, and an impofition upon the fubjeft and moft certainly his own eyes, and is very indifferent about what others may
:

it is a violation of the Subsidy Acts of

Parliament of think of it ; unlefs it be (hewn to be groundless ; and that not
merchant-importers of having been done in fo many years, there feems but too much
1747, and of that 1759, to deprive the
any of their Privileges and Allowances upon importa- reafon to prefume that his observations are not unjuftifiable.
tion of merchandize, to which the General Rules of the See our article Subsidy.

B.
 BAD BAH
A T, the language of the Siamefc, and Tical in BAETAS
BA that of the Chinele,
The
in

baat weighs about half an ounce.

is a weight in thofe kingdoms. of woollen
is
thus the Spaniards and Portugu'efe call that fort
;

ftufK, which is not eroded, and which in France

called baguette, or bagette.
BACALIAU, or See BACCALAO. Barcallao. BAFFETAS; or BAF
AS, a cloth made entirely of coaifc
1

BACHELOR, in French BACHELIER, a name, which, white cotton- thread, which comes from the Eaft- Indies.
in fomc of the fix corporations of traders at Paris, is given Thofe of Surat are the belt. Thev are from 13 French ells
to the elders of them, and to thofe who have fcrved the fe- and J to 14 long, and broad. There aie alio fome which ;-

veral oificcs, and have a right to be called by the mafters mcafure but | of an ell, or even but of an ell in breadth.
and wardens, to affift them in the affahs of the corpora- Thefe narrow baffetas are called Orgagis, Gaudivi*, Ne-
tion, particularly in what relates to the mailer- piece of rindes, and Daboui's, according to the names of the places
workmanfhip of luch who are candidates for the frced&m of where they are manufactured.
the company. There are alfo narrow white baffetas, which mcafure 13
In the company of the merchant-fellmongers and furriers, ells and a half in length, by half an ell is breadth.

the matter- piece muft be performed in the prefencc of four id-white baffetas, 14 ell* by .

wardens, who are obliged to call to their affiftancc four ba- Broad-brown and narrow- brown taffetas. 7 hefe two laft
chelors of that corporation, namely, two bachelors mer- are made of raw tlvead, that is, which was never
I

chant-fcllmongcrs and furriers, and two bachelors of the wetted or blanched. The former arc 14 ells long, by ~ an
mafter-piece, as they are called. ell broad ; the latter are of the fame and in
J
In the cap and glove-makers companies, the mailer-
hofiers, idth
piece of workmanfhip muft be perionned in the prcler.ee of BAGS, are ufed mod: countries, to put feveral forts of
in
four wardens and bachelors of the corporation. coin in, either of gold, filver, brafs, or cipper. 'J .

The word bachelor is ufed aifo in the fame fenfe in mo ft of m.,ke in France ba^s of pillules, of louis-d'ors, bags of a
the other companies of arts and trades, in the city and fub thoufand livres, or crowns, bags of fmall p eccs of filver
urbs of Paris. &c.
BACK-MAKER, is one who makes liquor backs, under- Bankers and others, who deal much in current cafli, fhould
backs, coolers, mafh-tuns, working- tuns, &c. lor the be very tx at in labelling their bags of money that is to ;

brewers. The workmanfhip is partly caipentry, in a parti- fay, hi r t cr note at the mouth of the b*g, fig-
cular manner, for it mult be tight enough to hold liquor ; nifying the coin thereinc m total, it's weight,
and partly cooperage, viz. the main-tun, or vat, which ft and of whom h waa r-c :ived. illowed for the [ .

hooped. 1 he French al 5 fbls per bag of oco liv:es. .

There are not many of this trade, and it requires chiefly s of filver coin in given and re- 1

ftrength, with a little art. A final i flock of ltufY, betid et ceived, without counting their ca ;eierring
tools, will fet a man up tolerably well but, with 2CO ; 01 cou.monly to their weight but, if there Lhould be found :

300 1. he will make a good figure in bufin any d< ficiency in the bags, he who received them, has a
BADEN, a county in Switzerland, fituate between the nor- right to return them, within pa;, ment 1 ,

thern extremities of the cantons of Bern and Zurich, and was made, accr rding to an antient cuftom eitablifhed among
extends on one fide whc;e the Aar falls into the Rhine, and the traders in money, provided the name of the perfon who
on the other fide to fome villages beyond the Rhine. For gave the bag in payment be fet down upon the ticket, and
extent, it is as large as fome of the final] cantors, and has the weight be anfwerable to that which was wrote upon it,
a more fruitful foil. ' Fis watered with three navigable ri- by the perfon who paid it.
vers, the Limmat, Ruf's, and Aar ; bears corn and other Bag is alio ufed, to figni.'y different quantities of certain com-
fruits, and produces wine in many places along the Li n modities. A
bag of almond-, for inftance, is about three
mat. In the mountains fiom Cappelelhof to Endcngen are hundred weight, of anifeed from 3 to 4 hundred, of pepper
mines of iron. from 1 | to 3 hundred, of goat's- hair from 2 to 4 hundred,
Baden, it's chief town, called Upper Baden, is famous for of cotton yarn, from 2 J to 4 [, Sic.
it's baths, for which it was celebrated fo long fince as our BAGAUZ. Thus they call, in the Antilles iflands, the
Saviour's time, according to Tacitus. The waters are hot fiigar-carres, after thev have palled through the mill ; they
in a third degree, being impregnated with much fulphur, keep them under cover in fmall hu\, in order to ufe them,
with a mixture of allum and nitre. They are good for when dry, for boiling the fugar. Fhe.'e huts are calJeJ the
drinking, as well as bathing, in fevers, phthifics, vertigoes, bagauz huts.
and particularly for difoiders peculiar to the fair (ex, and As foon as thefe bagauz are taken from bet ween the firft. and
even lterilitv. Their baths bring
concourfe of people, a third roller,two or three negro women bind then u;> La
which is the chief livelihood and bufinefs of the town. bundles, which they pile up under the covers. In cafe the
Zi'RZACH, about nine miles north of Baden, is a fine, an- bagauz be not long enough to be made up into bundles, ?s
tient, fpacious burrough, on the hanks of the Rhine, being too much broken, they carry them in large bafkets to
which is remaikable principally for its fairs^ on the Mon- a corner cf the mill, where the hcrl'es, oxen, and hogs, come
day after Trinity-Sunday, and on the firft cf September, and eat them.
where very confiderabie quantities of goods are fold by the Sometimes when they are ftraitned for fuel, they only dry
merchants of Germany, France, and Italy, in a very fhbrt them in the fun for three or four hours, which is fufHcient
time. to make them In fome places, where they
fit for burning.
BADGER, a wild four-footed beaft, a little bigger than a have plenty of wo u, they fci ve only to burn under the firit
fox, to which it bears fome reftmblauce ; it has aifo fome- boilers ; but, where wood is fcarce, they keep them for the
thing of the hog aid the dog. two laft, and under the full they burn ftraw, and the dry
The badger, dwells in burrows, and lives upon infecls, leaves of the ca
carrion, and ftuit. It iiinks very much, and grows fat by BAHAMA, or LUCAYA*TSLANDS. Thefe iflands lie
deeping, like the dormoule. It's age is known, by the moft eafterlv of all'the Antilles m America, and to the north
number of holes it has under it's tail, there appearing a new of the ille of Cuba, and e;.ft and fouth'-oaft from the Spaniih
hole every year. Florida, ftretching from north eaft to fouth-weft, between
Though this animal feems not to be of much ufe in trade, the 21ft and 28th degrees of noTth latitude, and between 72
yet it affords three forts of merchandize. It's iftin isof the and 81 of weftern longitude; fo that they Uc !'o much outof
common peltry, called wild. It's fat is fold bv the drug- the courfe of (hips bound for the American continent, that
gifts, and is reckoned good for pains in the loins, and for they were not taken notice cf by our Englifh '
til

the fciatica, or hip-gout and it's hair ferves to make pen-

: l:6 7 .

cils or brushes for iimncrs and gilders. The ifland of Bahama, from which the reft take their ge
BADJANE, or BADIAN. It fs the feed which the anife- name, is lituated in latitude 26, 45, north, and at the dif~.
tree bears, that grows in China. The tree is thus called, tance of between 1 5 and 20 leagues 1

becaufe it's wood fmells like anife feed. The Chinefe fome- of Florida, and about 8 or 10 weft from the ifland of Lvj-
times give their tea an aromatic cafte with jhat le d. Some caya, or Luceyonequa, from which it is d a chan-
of the Dutch do the fame in the IiM'ies, in invitation of them. nel, nctwithftanding its breadth, is very dangerous, and
In the year 1722, it was fold at Peking :r<-.m (4. to 15 fun full of rocks r.nd Unas.
per gin, which was reckoned extremely dear, aeeorxfim* ro The computed, by fome, about 13 leagues long
ifland is

the journal of Monf. Large, v. ho refided at 1 and 8 broad by others 50 miles in length and about 10
;

China. in breadth, and in feveral places not haft" that width. It is

Vol. L A efteemed
?
 BAH
efteemed extremely pleafant and fruitful, tlie air fererte and
temperate, and the foil remarkably rich, being watered with
a multitude of fprings and brooks. Formerly it produced
plenty of guatacum, fafiafras, farlaparilla, and red-wood,
which were all deftroyed bv the Spaniards ; fo that it's chief
production at prelent is Indian wheat, fowl, and a particu-
lar fort of rabbet ; the reft of their provifions, and other ne-
ceflaries, they are obliged to have from Carolina, whence
they arc enabled, both here and in the iiland of Providence,
to affift the fhipping that are driven upon their coafts by
the tempeftuous weather, and the impetuoftty of currents,
wiih what they want, which is the greateft branch of their
trade.
On the north of Bahama and Lucayonequa, lies the great
Bahama bank of fand, which extends
northward up to
itfelf
the 27th degree 30 minutes, and is furrounded with rocks.
That which is called the great fand-bank of Bahama lies
on the north of the ifle of Cuba, and is terminated by the
Long-Ifland; on the north- eaft by the ftreight of Exuma
and the ifland of Cigateo ; on the north by that of Provi
deuce, or Abacoa, and that of Andros is quite furrounded
with it.
It is bounded on the weft by the iiles of Mimbres and Bi-
mini, the former of which is rather a prodigious rock, much
dreaded by failors ;'and therewith fome other rocks, equally
dangerous, bound it in a line parallel to the north-weft
coaft of Cuba, from which it is feparated by the old canal
of Bahama, or arm of the fea, between the laft named
ifland and the bank of Bahama.
Befides this old canal, there is another called the Streight of
Bahama, lying between the coaft of Florida and the Lu-
cayonequa ifland. This hath one of the moft impetuous
currents northwards of any in thefe feas. It's waves run
with fuch violent rapidity, that neither wind nor oars can
ftera it fo that though the wind be fair, and the (hip in full
;
fail, yet they cannot enter it till a certain feafon and, if : The Bahama
it be contrary, they are carried away by the current. By
reafon of which the Spanifh fhips are compelled to wait
their opportunity to pafs this lireight from the Havannah
homewards, which is computed 16 leagues in breadth, and
it's length, from the Cape of Florida northwards, 45 ;
which lhews of what extraordinary importance the Bahama
lflands might be rendered to England by the advantage
which might be made of them by us againft the Spaniards,
provided they were put in a due offenfive and defenfive
condition, to anfwer fo good a purpofe, when occafion
requires.
The next of extent, and in all other refpe&s the moft
ifland
confiderable, that of Abacoa, now Providence, which
is
is the refidence of the governor, and lies in the center of
fome hundreds of others. Several authors reckon them be-
tween 4 and 5CC, fome of which are very large, even 160
miles in length, and others no bigger than knolls or rocks,
rifing above water ; which fhews how dangerous and dread-
ful it is to be forced amongft them by tempeftuous weather.
This ifland lies in latitude 24, 30, north, and is about 28
miles long, and 1 1 broad, where it is wideft. (Harris's Col-
lections.) Some, however, make it J 8 leagues in length,
and about 7 in breadth. (De L'Ifle.) It hath the fmall
one of Lucayonequa on the north ; that of Alebaftres on
the eaft ; the northern point of that of Andros on the weft;
and the great bank of Bahama on the fouth. It's chief
commerce, like that of Bahama, arofe from the misfortunes
of thofe (hips that were driven on it's coafts, or in a winter
voyage for the continent of America were forced to put in
for provifion :. They likewife made fome advantage by the
1
wrecks which were thrown upon their coaft. The provi-
fions, wherewith they fupply fhipping, they have from Ca-
rolina ; they are a great relief to di-
fo that, at prefent,
ftreffed mariners. The ifland produces little elfe but fait
and Brafiletto wood, which they carry to Carolina in about
eight days, but are ten at leaft in returning from thence,
by reafon of the ftrong current in the gulph of Florida
they fow peafe and Indian wheat, the former of which is
fit to gather in fix weeks, the other in twelve. This ifland
abounds with variety of fith, fowl, tr^cs, and vegetables,
before unknown to us; and our Philosophical Tranfactions
(Vol. II.) add, that whales have been found dead on the
fhore, ineompafi'ed with fperm, and that one of thefe whales
is worth fome hundreds of pounds.
This, and the other Bahama, on account of their ufeful
fituation, were judged to be fo necefTary for the fecurity of
our trade in the Weft-Indies, that the parliament of Eng-
land have not thought it unworthy of their care, as well to
have it cleared or pirates, as to defend it againft both the
Spaniards and the French, who know it's fituation ex-
tremely convenient either to annoy or affift their commerce.
In queen Anne's war, both the Spaniards and French over-
ran and plundered the Bahama iflands twice; whereupon,
in March 17 14. when the adminil'cration of England had as
little the intereft of commerce at heart as any thing elfe but
their own,
the houfe of lords addreffed her majefly that the
Providence might be put into a pofture of defence.
ifland of
Their lord/hips obferving, It would be of fatal confequence,
B A II
if Bahama Mauris fhould fall into the hands or an ene-
the
my : humbly prayed her majefty to take thofe
they therefore
iflands into her own hands, and give (itch orders ior their
fecurity as in her royal wifdom fhe fhould think fit. But
nothing was done and for the future regard of fuch who
:
may have it in their power to promoie the welfare of our
Britifh plantations in America, it is not improper to re-
member, that their lordfhips, four years after, took notice of
that neglect:, in an addrefs to his late majefty king George :
There were not any the leaft means ufed in compliance
with that advice for fecuring the Bahama IflanJs ; and that
then the pirates had a lodgment, with a battery, on Harbour
Ifland, and that the ufual retreat and general receptacle for
the Pirates are at Providence. Hereupon his majefty was
pleafed to give directions for diflodging thofe pirates, and
making fettlements and a fortification for it's fecurity and
defence.
The other iflands, though very many in number, are hardly
worth defcribing we Ihall only name the moft confiderable
:
of them. Befides thofe of Bahama, Providence, Eleuthera,
and Harbour Ifland, are thofe of Lucayonequa, Andros, and
Cigateo, which may be termed of the fecond magnitude.
Thofe of the third are Guanahani, Yumeta, Samana, May-
agnana, Yuma or Exuma, Ynagua, Caicos, and Trian-
gulo. The reft are rarher barren rocks than iflands. But,
of thofe of the fecond and third ranks, Herrera affirms,
that fome of them are ftill inhabited and Baudrand affirms, ;
that they are ftill poilefled by their ancient inhabitants. Be
that how whenever occafion offers, our poffeffion
it will,
of them will eaiily put it in the power of England to lay
hold on the reft; and they certainly deferve our attention.
For,
REMARKS.
Iflands lying near to Hifpaniola, and to that
port of fo great importance to the Spaniards, the Havannah
in the ifland of Cuba, where the Spanifh galleons and flota
always rendezvous, with all their treafure, before they re-
turn to Europe, having the gulph of Florida to the weft,
and the Windward-Paffage to the eaft, of them ; their fitua-
tion, in time of peace, is capable of great improvement in
trade, and has always been a good retreat for difabled fhips,
blown from various parts of the continent of America.
But in time of war with any power in thefe parts, efpecially
with Spain, the Bahama Iflands are of the higheft concern-
ment to this kingdom, cruizers and privateers from thence
being more capable to obftrucl and annoy the Spanifh trade
homeward-bound, than all that are ftatjoned at the reft of
the Britifh colonies in America; and indeed fince the De-
finitive Treaty of 1763 has annexed Florida to the
crown of Great Britain, and this nation is become mafters
of the port of St. Auguftine, in the gulph of Florida,
thefe iflands will prove of more utility to us than before ;
for thefe, together with our other new acquifitions of Pen-
sacola, Mobile, and our right of navigation in the
Mississippi, will moft certainly, in cafe of any future
rupture with Spain, render the whole trade and navigation
of the Spaniards far more precarious than ever the fame was
before in the great gulphs of Mexico as well as Florida,
and thereby proportionally diminifh the importance of the
Havannah itfelf to Spain. The Spanifh navigation in this
part of the world feems furrounded now in fuch a manner,
as to render all our Britifh poffeffions that are any thing
contiguous to each other near thefe gulphs mutually aiding
and aflifting to each other in cafe 6f need.
As the Bahama iflands are very proper for the reception of
fmall cruizers, not exceeding 40 guns ; fo, if the public
fervice fhouid require larger velTels to be employed in thofe
parts, the harbour of Port-Royal in South-Carolina, on
the other fide of the gulph of Florida, would be capable of
receiving fhips of any fize or number ; and, in concert
: with thofe cruizers from the Bahama's, would prove of
greater advantage to this nation than has ever yet been ex-
perienced.
Port-Royal, being the fouthermoft frontier of our poffef-
fions on the continent, is likewife fo advamageoufly iitu-
ated, that fhips ftationed there, at St. Auguftine and at the
Bahama's, would lie very conveniently, not only to guard
our northern colonies, but to aflcmble a force, if occafion
fhould be, to attack any power in thofe parts. From hence,
alfo, our fugar iflands may be more conveniently relieved,
and in a much fhorter time, than they could by any naval
force ftationed at Jamaica. And, if the American colonies
were put on a proper footing to affift and fupport each
other, a fquadron, at this South-Carolina Port-Royal, will
always be a check to our neighbouring rivals, and give us
the fupcriority in this part of the world.
The galleons for the Havannah, in their paffage through
the gulph of Florida, may
be intercepted by a
very, eafily
fquadron ftationed at the faid port and St. Auguftine, af-
fifted by fuch private advices as the fame velTels belonging
to Providence may conftantly be able to furnifh them with ;
but there is no inftancc that the king's fhips, ftationed at
6 Jamaica,
 ;

B A K 15 A K
Jamaica, have ever intercepted the galleon? or flota in their of flour and faggots: fo that 2 or 300!. will ferve very
return home; for they have either had notice from Jamaica well to begin with
before our fquadron appeared, or, when they have leen our Their employment even mentioned by Mofes (Gen. xi.
is

ihips cruizing for them, they have lain fafe and quiet at the 2.), therefore, probability, had its firft rife in the
in all

Havannah till the tnglifh have been tired out, and retreated eaft and they were a brotherhood in England before the
:

through ficknefs, or for want of provifions, or elfe curried year 11 55, in the reign of king Henry II, though the white
with the (tream through the gulph, and then the Spanifh bakers were not incorporated till 1307, by Icing Edward
fleets have loon followed, and cfcaped us. the lid, and the brown bakers not till 1621, in king James
The Bahama iflands were for many years a neft of pirates, the ift's time. Their hall is in Harp-lane, Thames-ftreet
and were never in any condition of defence till captain Ro- and their court-day on the firft Monday of the month.
gers was fcut thither in 1718, with the late king's com- Arms. Gules, a balance between three garbs, Or ; on a
miflion, as governor, with a fmall force, at the crown's chief barry wavy of fix, argent and. azure, the hand of
expence before which they had been plundered above 30
; jufticc glorified, and ifluing out of clouds proper (holding
times by the Spaniards, who well knowing that there is the faid balance) between two anchors of the fecond.
no place can give them fo much dillurbance in their trade, Motto. Praife God for all.
is the true reafon why the Catholic king demanded them King Henry IV. granted, by charter, to the mayor and
in 17/8. But Capt. Rogers had the good fortune to re- commonalty of London, the aflize of bread, beer, ale, &c.
cover the iflands from the pirates who had fettled there, victuals, and things faleable in the faid city; which is like-
and alfo to defeat the Spaniards, who, after three feveral wife granted by feveral other charters of our kins.
preparations, at more than 100,000 1. expence, attacked 'I in ft at. 51 Hen. III. was made for regulating the affize of
him with 2000 men which force he rcpulfed, and burned
; bread, and bakers, not obferving the ailize, were to be fet
two of their fhips of war in their retieat, though he had in the pillory.

no fupport from any other colony but what he engaged on By a late Itatutc, the affize of bread
is limited, in propor-

hisown perfonal credit. tion to the price of wheat, and mayois, 6ce. nay, in the
From what has been faid it appears, that the Bahama Iflands day time, enter any houfe, (hop, or b..ke-houfe, of any
are of far greater conlequence to nation than ever
this baker or feller of bread, to fearch for, view, weigh, and
they were before the Definitive Treaty ; and, fhould try, all or any of the bread, there found ; and, if the bread

they ever become a prey to any other power, they would be wanting in the goodnefs, deficient in baking, under
prove a dangerous annoyance to our trade, and an irrepa- weight, or fliall confilt of any fort than what is allowed, the
rable lofs to the Britifh plantations, as our affairs are at pre- fame bread fhall be feized and given to the" poor alfo a pe- :

fent circumftanced in America. nalty of 40s. is inflicted for want of weight, &c. Stat.
BAHAR, BAHAIRE, or BARRE, weights iifed' in Ter- 8 Ann. c. 18.
natc, Malaca, Achem, and in feveral other places of the But by Geo.
I. c. 25. bakers are to pay 5 s. for every ounce
1

Eaft-Indics. deficient in weight, and 2s. 6d. if under an ounce. Ba-

There are two of thefe weights ; the one called the great, kers felling bread in peck, half-peck, or quartern loaves, at
.and the other the little bahar. With the great bahar they a higher price than let by the lord mayor of London, &c.
weigh pepper, nutmegs, ginger, cinnamon, and
cloves, fliall forfeit 10s. Stat. 3 Geo. II. c. 29.
other fpice. It contains 100 catis ; the catis 20 tads, or There is at Paris a corporation of bakers who ftile them-
38 ounces and an half, Portugal weight; each tael being felvcs mafter-bakers.
reckoned an ounce and a half of that weight. So that the This corporation, one of the moft ancient, which was
is

great bahar is reckoned to weigh 550 pounds of Portugal, eftablifhed in that city, with the right of having fworn war-
which amount to 481 pounds and 4 ounces of Paris, Straf- dens and tTwifters, and long enjoyed the privilege of having
burg, Amfterdam, Befanfon, &c. or 524 pounds, 9 ounces, a jurifdiction peculiar before which, all affairs relating to
;

Averdupois weight. its government, and the execution of its ftatutes, or by-
With the little bahar they weigh quickfilvcr, vermillion, laws, were brought, which was before the chatelet, and the
ivory, filk, mufk, and other valuable merchandizes. This lieutenant of the police, who have the cognizance of the
bahar contains alfo 200 catis, but each catis is but of 22 affairs of all the other corporations.
taels, or 32^ ounces Portugal weight; fo that the bahar That court, of which the great pantler of France was the
amounts only to 458 pounds 13 ounces of Portugal ; which head, confiftcd of a lieutenant-general, a king's attorney,
make 4017 ounces of Paris weight, or about 437 pounds, a recorder, and feveral ulhcrs. It was in the name of that

q ounces averdupois weight. high officer of the crown, that all their ftatutes and regula-
The bahar of China is of 300 catis, which make only 200 tions were apprentices and mafters, or freemen, ad-
iflued,
of Malaca, each catis of China containing but 16 taels. mitted, and oaths adminiftred.
all To him alfo belonged
The tael weighing a riac and an half of eight, is of 10 all the fines paid by thofe who are admitted into the corpo-

mas, or mafes, and each mas of 10 condorins. ration which rendered the office of the high pantler as
:

The bahar of Mocha, a city of Arabia, weighs 420 pounds. profitable as it was honourable, it being one of the moft
Fifteen traflels make a bahar. By that weight coffee is fold. ancient offices of the monarchy.
BAILE. Thus they ftile, at Constantinople, the ambaflador The jurifdiclion of the high pantler being fuppreffed under
of the republic of Venice, who refides at the Porte. the reign of Lewis XIV, by an edict ifiued in Auguff 1711,
Befides the political frate of affairs with which the Venetian the corporation of the bakers in the city and fuburbs of Pa-
minifter is charged, he acts the part of a conful for that re- ris was reduced to the fame ftate with the other bodies cor-

public at Conttantinople, and they who are denominated porate, and, like them, it is fubject to the jurifdicfion of
confuls, eftablifhed in the ports of the Levant, are propyl) the provoft of Paris, and of the lieutenant-general of the
fpeaking under him, and act as vice confuls. police.
BAILLOQUE, or BA YOQUE. Thus the French call thofe The mafter-bakers of Paris boaft, that they had their fta-
oftrichfeathers, which are naturally of a dark brown co- tutes under the reign of queen Blanche, mother of St. Lewis,
lour, mixed with white. Thefe kind of feathers are feldem Hugh d'Athies being then high pantler and yet the ftatutes :

dyed, but are generally ufed by the feather- dealers juft as they followed, when the employments of lieutenant-general
they are plucked from the bird ; they only wafh them with and other officers of the king's pantry were fupprefled,
foap, to give them fome glofs, and make them brighter. were not more antient than the year 1560, the firft of king
Thefe bailloque feathers are the leaft valued. Charles IX, though indeed it appears, that they had fta-
BAIOCO, a copper coin current at Rome, and throughout tutes as early as the rci^n of Charles VI.
the whole (late of the church. Ten baiocos make a Julio, The new ftatutes, which were promifed to them in the
and a hundred a Roman crown. edict of Auguft 17 1 1, for uniting the mailer-bakers of the
BAKERS. This is a very ancient as well as ufeful trade; fuburbs "with thofe of the city into one corporation, meet-
and the moft general and extenfive branch of it is that of ing with oppofttion from time to time, bo.h from the duke
making, as well as baking, houfhold or family bread; of Brifac, high pantler, with regard to the indemnification
though there are feveral others, as", that was granted him, and from feveral particular mafters,
Bifcuits-baking, which is chiefly to prepare in a particular and other perfons concerned in th::t' re-union, and not
manner for long-keeping what is commonly called fea-bif- being yet (in 17 19) quite completed ; that corporation of
cuit, or bread. united mafters continued to be governed, partly according
Of French bread, fo called for it's peculiar delicacy ; who to its antient ufage, and partly according to its new let-
alfo make various forts of the nicer fweet, as well as infipid, ters patents.
bifcuits, Sic. That regulation which is but interlocutory, as it were, re-
Of ginger bread, or fwect-fpiced bread, and cakes of feveral lates chiefly to the number of jurats, the years of nppren-
kinds. ticefliip and journeym2nfhip, ard the fines, regulated by
Of thefe three laft there are but few of each, there not being the lait letters patents, for the admiffion of apprentices and
fuch a general call for their produce, as for the common mafters, and for the vifitations.
bread ; the bakers of which, indeed, are many in number, There are fixjurats, three of whom are chofen every year,
yet not fo numerous, but that moft of them get a decent which was not done 18 and 1719, the lieu-
in the years 17
maintenance, if careful, and fome acquire handfome eftates. tenant-general of the police having ordered, that there
The principal expence they are at, when they let up, is that ftiould be no new election, t:ll the conteft was deter-
of building their oven-, one of which will coft 20 1. and mined.
upwards, according to the fize ; next to this, is their ftock
The
 B A B A L
The apprentices are bound to fervc five years folio i
there are places fit for the purpofe in all parts of thi
and, after their lime is out, they are obliged to live fo .r city,
years more with the matters as journeymen, bcfoi 1 he feveral forts of bread, which the bakers a' P;

can be admitted to make their mailer piece of workmati- allowed to nuke and fell, arc light and fpu h< u- .

fhip, from which however, the matters, or freemens fons fliold and white bread, and what they call chapter bread,

are exempted. which is a delicate fort, chiefly defigned for the canons.
The .indent mailer-piece of the French biker was a kind r the title- of light or fpungy are reek lied all thofe
of !m.:l! loaf, which they called chapter-bread it was : nice loaves and rolls made with milk, better, cream, yea!!,
made of the fineft flour, not only well kneaded, but alfo &c. to which the French give feveral odd or hu nourous
benten for fome time with two flicks, whence it was alfo names, which cannot be well rendered in Englifh,
Called beaten bread, pain broye. Their new mailer- piece out long circumlocutions.
is light or fpungy bread, and white bread. It has, however, happened, now and then, efpecially in
As for the fines, which have been greatly increafed, becaufe times of dearth, that the parliament, or the officers of the
this new united company of mailer- bakers was obliged to police, have reduced the bakers bread to two forts only.
have all the officers appointed for the companies of arts and We meet with instances of it in the years 1436 and 1
437 ;
trades, firfce the year 1691, to the year 17C9,which could hot and fince again, in the remarkable year 1705, upon the
be entirely elected til! the year 171 1, ori account of the ob- petition of the attorney general, the court of parliament
jections and reprcfentutions of the lord high pander ; thole revived that .egulation, for which, by good providence,
fines, I lay, are not to continue upon the lame foot they the city of Paris had had no occafion during near three cen-
are at prefent, but till the fums borrowed for the payment turies. The arret, or deciee, by which bread was redeced
of th'ofe offices be entirely reimburfed. to two forts only, bears date the 7th of June of that fame
The union of the matter- bakers of the city of Paris, with year 1700. It is thereby ordered, that the bakers of the
thofe of the fuburbs into one corporation, was attempted city and fuburbs. as well as of other places within the pro-
in the year 167 8, by virtue or an edict of Lewis XIV, voitihip, vifcounty, and prefidial of the chatelet of Paris,
ifi'ued in December that fame ear, for uniting the feveral
\ fhali not bake nor expofe to fale in their (hops, or in the
companies of the fuburbs with thole of the city, profeffing markets, but two forts cf bread only ; namely, white and
the lame arts and trades; but the union of the mailer- houfhold bread. That the white bread fhould be made of
bakers could not yet be effected, as has bei 1 the fineft fir ur of wheat-meal, of half of white meal after
above. , toe flour, and half of fine oatmeal and that the houfhold:
j

The edict for that union is to this effect. 1 ly That : bread fhould be made one half of white meal after the
all the bakers fettled 111 the fuburbs of Paris, except that cf flour," and half of coarfe meal ; that is to fay, part of that

St. Anthony, and other privileged places, mould be united
with thofe of the city, fo as >o make up, for the future,
but one and the fame corporation, under the jurisdiction of
the lieutenant-general of the police, according to the fta-
tutes to bemade for that purpofe, if needful.
That, conference of this union, the bakers fettled
in
which is got after the firft bolting, and part of that which
comes from the laft bolting; the whole under the penalty
of having the bread feized, of a fine of 1000 Iivres, and
being deprived of freedom and profeflion, and even of a
greater purirflimerrY, if the nature of the crime required,
in it.

the fuburbs of St, Germain, St. Michael, St. James,
Marcellus, St. Victor, &c. who could prove their freedom in
the fuburbs, fhould pay 220 iivres ; that the journeymen
and apprentices, who could alio prove their indentures, and
the time of their ferving, either with mailers in the city,
or with thofe in the fuburbs, fhould pay 330 Iivres ; and
that thofe who would take up their freedom, without a
proper qualification, fhould pay 440 Iivres ; without being
exempted from the fines, which by the edicts of 1691,
1694, 1702, 1704, 1706, and 17C9, were to be paid to
the offices of jurats, auditors of accounts, treafurers, comp-
trollers of weights .nd meafures, recorders of enrollments,
comptrollers of the Signatures of the regifters, and keepers
of the records. Thcle are the offices, which we obferved
2bove to have been fince incorporated with the united com-
pany of bakers.
The fame edict fuppreffes and abolifhes the offices of lieute-
nant-general, king's attorney, recorder, and ufhers of the
pantry, giving leave to the ufhers, who were actually in
office, to continue to act for the remainder of their lives ;
and ordering, that for the future, all
in the city or in the fuburbs, fhould be admitted by the
king's attorney of the chatelet, as is p'radtifed wiih regard
to ad million of mailers or freemen or all the other com-
panies.
Finally, in the fame edict, there is
demnify the duke of Brifac, high pander of France, who
by the fuppreffion of his jurildiction loft the fines, which
time out of mind belonged to him, for the admiffion of
St. By the icth article of the 6th chapter of the ordonnance of
the city of Paris, made in the year 1672, concerning the
fale of corn, all bakers of large and fmall loaves are for-
bidden to take every day from the keys above two muids
(or 10 quarters) of wheat, and one muid (or five quar-
ters) of meal. And, by the French king's declaration of
the lil of September 1699, they are alio forbidden to buy
either corn or meal, within the diflance of eight leagues
from Pari?, except on the keys, and in the markets of that
capital city; with liberty, however, to buy both beyond.
,
the limits of eight leagues ; but then they are obliged to
produce certificates of the meafures cftablifhed iri thofe
places, where they bought them, containing an account
of the quantity of corn and meal they bought ; under the
penalty of forfeiting both, and paying a fine of 300 Iivres.
The bakers are by their fta'futes obliged to mark upon each
loaf the number of pounds it weighs, and the weight ruuft
anfwer that number, upon pain of forfeiture and fine,
BALASTRI. Thus they call, at Smyrna, the fine.
cloths that arc manufactured at Venice, and which the Ve-
mailer-bakers, either netians carrv into the ports of the Levant.
BALAUSTiNtS (in French BALAUSTES) are the flowers
and blcfibms of the wild pomegranate tree. There are
two forts of them, the fine and the common. The latter
have but little viitue, and are therefore unufed :.: medicine
a provificn made to in- where the former are of trie, being reckoned aftringent.
Both forts are brought from the er.il, and are properly one
and the fame drug. But the fine balauftines are adorned
with their bloffoms whereas the' common fort have only
;

mailers and apprentices. their pr.cou, pod or bed, in the form of a pretty thjck rinC,
It is this indemnification granted to the high pantler, that which contains the blofibm, before it grows, or fupports it,
amounts to above. 100,000 Iivres, whereof the company has -when operii d.
already paid above two thirds, which long delayed the re- The balauflines muft be chofen fine, frefh, broad, of a fine
gistering and execution of the letters patents granted tq velvety red, and, if poifible, without pecou, and without
the two united companies. dull.
By the antient and new Matures of the mailer-bakers of BALAZEES, or SAUVAGAZEES
of Surat, are white
the cay and fuburbs of Paris, they alone have a right to cotton cloths, manufactured in that city of the Grand Mo-
frttle there, to keep (hop, and to fell bread, either light, gul's empire, and in its neighbourhood. They are 13'-
white, houfhold, &c. and that no other fhall attempt to French tils in length, by ~ in breadth.
do the fame, upon pain of having all his bread feized, and BALE. It is of merchandizes wrapped up, or packed
faid
paying a fine of 600 Iivres without prejudice, however,
; up in cloth, and corded round very tight, alter they have
to the liberty granted at <d) times, to the country bakers; been well garnifhed with flraw or hay, to keep them from
fuch as thofe of Gorefle, Corbeil, Charenton, &c. to breaking, or to prefer ve them from the weather.
biing bread, either by land or by water, for the provifion Moil of the merchandizes capable of this kind of package,
of the city, on market days, and to cxpofe it to fale in that arc fent to fairs, or defigned to be exported into .,
I c places. countries, ought! to be in bates, and' too much care i

The days, tailed market-days at Paris, arc Wcdnefdays and be taken in packing them up, to prevent their being fpoilsd,
Saturdays: and, as for thole pljccs where country-b:ikcrs or any way damaged.
are at liberty to fell bread, there were, till the year 1709, The bales are always marked and numbered, that the mer-
but feven or of them, and thefc the moil celebrated
ei.^ht chants to whom they belong, may cafily know them.
markets at Paris. But in that year, more remarkable for When they fay, to fell merchandizes in bales corded, it
city of wheat and other grain, than the kingdom of them in the grofs, upon
fignifies to fell a fliew or fample,
France ever experienced, the officers of the police thought without unpacking them, or taking offthe cord .

11 feveral other places for the fale of country 'Ihe French give the name of bale goods to certain hard
fo that there are now at Paris almoil as many
.
j
wares, and other forts of merchandize, which come to
places, where country bread is fold on market-days, as Paris from divers countries, and particularly from Forez. a
province
 B A L
province of France, and are commonly made by bad work-
men, and of indifferent materials. They give them that
name, to dittinguifh them from thofe that are befpoke, and
made by good workmen. Whereas, in Englifh, we call
bale goods, all fuch as are imported or exported in bales.
The French alfo give the name of bale-carriers to thofe
hawkers and pedlars, who travel up and down the country,
felling wares, which they carry in fmall bales or packs, upon
their backs.
A bale of Paper is faid of feveral reams together, in a kind
of fmall bale. The number of reams is not equal in all. The
bales defigned for Conftantinople, do not contain commonly
above twelve reams. There is hardly any other paper that
is fold in bales, but that with three crelcents, which is ma-
nufactured at Marfeilles, and fent to Conftantinople. That
with a crown, and that with a fmall crofs or croflct, which
are alfo fent into the Levant, are fold by what the French
call ballon.
A bale of dice, with the French, bundle or par-
is a fmall
cel, made of paper, and containing one or more dozens of
dice.
A French ballot) is a parcel of merchandizes,
fmall bale (in
though the French do alfo fomctimes give the name of ballot
to large bales.
The ballots, or fmall bales of fome
of goods, confift
forts
commonly of a certain number of parcels, fkains, or pieces.
The bale of yam, in Fiance, contains from 15 to 18 parcels,
each parcel weighing three or four pounds.
The woid ballot, or bale, is alio ufed in the trade of buc-
cancd flefh, which trade is carried on by the buccaneers of
St. Domingo. Each parcel of that fk-fh, or meat, moft com-
monly is of 60 pounds neat meat, exclufive of the package.
BALLANCE, or BALANCK, is one of the fimple powers
in mechanics, which difcover the equality or difference of
weights in heavy bodies.
Ballanck of a watch, or clock, is that part of it which re-
gulates the beats. The circular part of it is called the rim,
it'sfpindle the verge, to which belong the two pallets, or
lever, which play in the teeth of the crown-wheel in pock<-t-
watches ; that ftrong ftuJ in which the lower pivot of the
verge plays, and in the middle of which one pivot of the bal-
lance-wheel plays, is called the pottance vulgarly, I fuppofe
for potence (it being ftrong) or portancc, as Dr. Hook calls it
in his Hc'.iofcope. The bottom of this is called the <bot ; the
middle part, in which the pivot of the ballance-wheel turns,
is called the ife ; the upper part, the fhoulder of the portance.
; every year.
The piece which covers the ballance, and in which the upper
pivot of theb llance plays, is the cock. The lhell fpring, in
the new pocket-watches, under the ballance, is the regula-
tor, or pendulum pring.
Ballance [in the accounts of merchants]
and creditor fides of account are equal.
:>ny diftinct When
that is the cafe, fuch account is faid to be balanced.
Ballance of a merchant's or trader's b oks. This is a branch
of the art of accountantfhip. In the method of keeping the
books of traders, according to that admirable art of charge
and difcharge, by double entry, fuch bocks, if kept as they
ought to be, will be always fit for a general ballance. For
fuch is the excellency of that method, that the books of
tbemfelves muft be neceffarily upon a ballance on the whole,
though not in every diftinct account, throughout the ledger.
But the nature hereof will be fhevvn under the article of
Mercantile Accountantship.
Ballance of trade. That which is commonly meant
the ballance of trade, is the equal importing of foreign
commodities, with the exporting of the native. And it is
reckoned that nation has the advantage in the ballance of
trade, that exports more of the native commodities, and im-
ports lefs of the foreign. '1 he reafon of this, is, that, if the
native commodities be of a greater value that are exported,
the ballance of that account muft be made up in bullion or
money ; and the nation grows fo much richer, as the ballance
of that account amounts to,
Remarks.
It how the ballance of our foreign
hath been a great debate,
trade fhall be computed, and what methods we fliould take
whereby to know it. It has been thought by fome, that the
moft proper way to make a true judgment therein is, by
taking an account from the cuftom houfe books of our ex-
ports and imports is a very uncertain way of reckon-
; but this
ing : goods that are imported, paying a con-
for all foreign
fiderably greater duty than the native goods exported, there
can be no computation of the ballance of trade from the dif-
ference of the fum of money that is paid, at the cuftom-houfe,
for the foreign goods imported, and the native exported.
But, fuppofe there fhould be an allowance made, in cafting
up the account, for the greatnefs of the duties that the fo-
reign goods pay more than the native ; yet that can be no ad-
vantage in discovering the ballance of trade; becaufe they
cannot difcover by the cuftom-houfe books, what the native
goods that are exported are fold for in foreign countries for
the ballance of trade muft arife from the value of the goods
that are fold, and not from the quantity that are exported or
Vol. I.
A L
imported. And known only to the merchant that fejis
that is
the goods, and*it not for his intereft to acquaint others
is
with it, and thereby difcover the profits of his trr.de.
Befides, as to our imports, the bullion, and fuch things of va-
lue, are not entered at the cuftom-houfe ; and, with refpectto
our exports, as many cf them go out cuftom free, the entries
there made of them cannot be depended on bur, if by that:
means a more exact account of our exports and imports could
be had, yet, fince fo great a part of the trade of this king-
dom is driven by exchange, and fuch vaft quantities of com-
modities are imported from cur plantations for account of the
inhabitants there, the prcduce whereof they leave ,>ere as a
ftock at home, and
that they are fupplied hence with fo many
things for their own conlumption, I cannot fee how any
computation can be this way made of our general trade,
much lefs of that we drive with any particular nation, the
commodities, which we receive at one place, being often
carried to another and, as to the profits we make by the
:
freight ofour fljips, that does not at all appear from the
cuitom-houfc books.
Befides, it is well known, that merchants to fave themfelves
the tiouMe and fee of taking out another cocket, frequently
enter much larger quantities of goods than they actually ex-
port and other fictitious entries are often made of certain
;
commodities, in order to raife the value of them, from the
appearance of the great quantities exported, and the kfs re-
maining to be fold.
Thefe fictitious entries are often increafed by the practice of
owners and matters of thips, to encourage the merchants to
load goods on a fhip, put up on a general freight, with the
hopes that the will be vety foon difpatched ; and, I believe, it
is not unufual for merchants themfelves to put this in
practice
fomctimes, to fupport their declining credit; or to give them
the reputation of being greater dealers th in they really are :
fo that the largeft entries may be, when the feweft goods are
exported.
To uncertainties of making any judgment of the quan-
tiiefe
titiesof goods fo exported^ from the ent'ie-, we mult add
the impoffibility of miking any re .ion ble eftimate of the
value of the goods fo exported, becaufe of the variety of
different kin.:
s ar.d pieces of them. For inftance, no man
can make an eftimate of the value of perpets, fluff's, li ng and
{hurt cloths, from the quantities only, when they differ in
their price more or lefs, as one is to four, or five ; fo that
he may be very eafily miltaken fome hundred thoufand pounds
In oider, therefore, to know whether a nation gai:;s or lofes
by it's trade, the courfe of exchange has been judged the
furcft criterion. We
having had occafion to treat fome-
thing of this matter, under the article of the arbitration of
is, when the debtor the foreign exchanges, 'tis neceffary that the reader ftiould be
referred thither, the principles, upon which that notion is
founded, being there reprelcnted. In addition to which, the
following animadverfions may be further ufeful.
If the ladies of quality of Paris, for inftance, are fond of
Bruffels lace, and confume of it yearly to the value of ioo,COO
oz. of filver, about 150 pounds weight of flax, which n'ew
upon a quarter of an acre of land, will anfwer this value :
this will require the yearly labour of 2COO women, for the
feveral paits of the work. The undertaker, or principal lace-
manufacturer at Bruffels, will let thefe women to work, and
pay them their daily wages. They will buy of the butcher,
baker, brewer, &c. their neceffaries, and thefe will pay the
by value to the farmer, and he will pay his rent to the land pro-
prietor in Brabant, whofe land is applied to produce the ne-
ceffary maintenance for thefe women and, if they confume
:
in their maintenance the produce of three acres per head,
here will be 6oco acres in Brabant, employed for the ufe and
maintenance of the lace-women.
The families at Paris, where the lace is worn, muft pay
their money at Brufiels, to anfwer this expence ; and alfo
enough to anfwer the lace-merchant's maintenance, with his
family and fervants, and the intereft and rifque of the ad-
vance of his money ; *i\ which will be found in the price
they give for the lace: and this money muft be fent in fpe-
cie from Paris to Bruffels, if France fends no commodity to
Brabant to anfwer and compenfate this debt.
But if, on the other hand, ihe land-proprietors and nobility
in Brabant, and others, are fond of Champagne wine, and
confume thereof annually the value of 100,000 ounces of
filver if the muid of Champagne wine, being tranfported to
;
Bruffels, cofts there 60 oz. of filver ; if an acre of vine-
land produces in Champagne four muids, this quantity of
wines, which fells for 100,000 oz. will require 4166I acres
for it's production ; befides, about 1000 carriage horfes for
the tranfportation to Bruffels ; which, at two acres of land
for the maintenance of each horfe, makes 2000 acres more.
And fo there will be 6j.66-J acres of land. in Champagne, ap-
plied to the production of thefe wines, and the tranfport
horfes; and confequently, fo much taken from the main-
: tenance of the French inhabitants.
Thefe wines will pay and compenfate the value of the. lace,
by bills of exchange between the wine-merchants in Cham-
3 B pagnej
 -

B A L B A L
pagne, and the lace-merchants at Brufiels, or between the fpondent at Paris, which he will endorfe to the treafurer of the
bankers, who are the brokeis and mediators of payments of cufloms, who will receive the fum of livres on the faid bills.
this kind. The fame method may be praCtifed between the wine-mer-
ThoSc wines which are drank in Brabant, will Save the pro- chants at Chalons and the (rewards of the Paris land-pro-
duce of about 4000 acres of land in Brabant, which other- prietors, who have eftates near Chalons ; and, if the returns be
wife would have been employed to produce beer, &c. and fo considerable, bankers will up
Chalons, to
fet at Paris and at
France not only lofes the produce of 0166^ acres of land, make the remittances, and fupply the necelTary bills of ex-
in this commerce or exchange, but Saves to Brabant 4000 change between thofe two cities: and as, on this fuppofition,
acres; and, upon the whole, the lofs is no h-fs to France the fame fum of livres at Chalons is exchanged by the like fum
than ic,\tbj acres; for which it receives the produce of at Paris, the exchange of money will be faid to be at par.
no more than ore quarter of an acre. But, the quantity of wines, and other commodities fent
if

If the circulation of money in Braliant be equal to that in
Frame, the land and labour emp'oyed about the lace will be
equal to the land and labour employed ab ut the wine ; and
the produce of the land given in payment to the undertaker,
or lace-merchant in BrufTels, and to the lace women, &c.
fr.im Chalons to Paris, and fold there, exceed in their value
the king's revenue at Chalons, and the commodities fent from
Paiis to Chalons, which are confumed and fold there, by the
fum of 5000 ounces of filver, the Paris bankers will fend this
fum to Chalons in fpecie and the expence of the carriage of
;

will be equal to the land given in payment to the wine-mer- this money will fall upon the wine merchants, and others,
at
chants in Champagne, to the labourers employed in he pro- Chalons, who have this fum in cafh in the hands of their cor-
duction of the wine, to the carriers, cc. and to the land respondents at Paris, and want to have it at Chalons they, :

that goes to the production of the wines, the maintenance therefore, will order their correfpondents to remit it to
of horfes, &c. them ; but the banker at Paris, who has no money at Cha-
But, if the quantity of money circulating in Brabant be lons, will refufe to give his bills on his correfpondent banker
treble to that circulating in France, as the exchange is made there at par, and demand 02
on Chalons for
1 livres for his bill
by the evaluation in money, one third part of the land and 100 livres if they will give him that price, he will draw for
:

labour in Brabant will anfwer, and corn (pond in value to the it upon his correfpondent, and fend him the money
in fpe-
whole L.nd and labour in France, and the product of one cie, to anfwer the payment ; and as he muft pav a livre
for
acre in Brabant will exchange for that of three acres in the carriage of every 100 livres, or 1 per cent. 'he will ftill
France of equal goodnefs. Befides this diladvant3ge in the have per cent, for his own and his corresponding banker's
1

prefent example, the T part of the land in Brabant will be ap-
pliedto the maintenance of the inhabitants of that coun-
try whereas the 41665 acres, which produced the wine in
;
comniffion: ;md, in this cafe, the exchange at Paris for
Chalons will be 2 per cent, above par, as the exchange of
Chalons for Paris will be 2 per cent, under par and, if Cha- :

Champagne, are alio applied to the maintenance of the French lons be indebted to Paris, the exchange will be the re-
inhabitants. xerk. i

By this example we fee a branch of luxury carried on in
France, which indeed fupports a commerce, maintains vint-
ners, wine-merehants, horfes for carriages, wheelwrights,
&c. circulates the farmer's rent in Champagne, with that of
the proprietor in Paris: and yet, upon the whole, this trade
is difadvantageous to France, diminifhes it's inhabitants to
the number of at leaft 1500 fouls, and is of no ufe or emo-
lument to that kingdom But, on the other hand, it turns
to very gocd account to Brabant, where the land is by this
means applied to the maintenance of its own inhabitants ;
and where they have the produce of 4000 acres of ground
in France, brought to them without any charge or difad-
vantage.
From the method of enquiry fallowed in this example, we
may examine the advantages or disadvantages of every par-
trom example, which may be applied to any two cities
this
in the Same State, it appears that the variation of exchanges
between two places, where the fame coin is ufed, is known
by fo much per cent, over, or under par; that the place
where the exchange is above par has the ballance of trade
againft it, and that the place where the exchange is under
par has the ballance in its favour, or due to it. In this
there is no myftery.
If the city of Bourdeaux owes 100,000 ounces of filver at
Paris, and fends wines and brandies to Holland for 100,000 :
and, if Holland fends fpecie to Paris for 100,000 ounces,
the bankers at Bourdeaux fend their bills on Holland to Paris
for ico,ooo ounces due to Bourdeaux; and with thefe the
fpecie merchants at Paris remit and pay the 100,000 ounces
they owe to Holland in thefe cafes, the exchange between
:

ticular branch of trade with any foreign country, when the Boureeaux and Paris, Bourdeaux and Holland, and Paris and
ballance appears equal, Holland, will be all at par ; there will be no variation but
When coniefh arife concerning the national advantage or what proceeds from the commifiion of the negociators con-
difadvantage of any branch of foreign trade, it would be eafy cerned in the returns.
to put the truth in a clear light by examining the Series of But, in regard that the coin in France is reckoned by livres,
fats, according to the method herem fuggefted. fols, and deniers, and in Holland by florins, Stivers, andgroots;

It will always appear by fuch enquiries, that the exportation
of minerals and manufactures, &c. are advantageous fince
the land and labour which produce them are applied to the
fupport of the inhabitants at home but that the exports of ; a French exchange crown ; which, at firft view, does not
the fruits and products of the earth are difadvantageous for
the contrary reafons, except where a good year has pro-
duced a great furplufage of them, beyond the yearly con-
fumption of the inhabitants and, when the returns for
: the Sale of French crowns and Dutch groots.
mines and manufactures exporte', c< nfift in other mines and
manufactures imported, by examining which maintain more
inhabitants, or more ufeful ones to the (late, there will be no
difficulty in determining on which fide the advantage lies.
In general, whenever there arifes a doubt or difficulty about
trade, the method to decide the controverfy effectually,
be to compute the land and labour, as in the preceding ex-
ample, inftead of being hurried away with general maxims
and received notions of trade.
To know when lie nation really proSpersby its general com
t for Chalons.
merce, being a matter of great concernment to the commu-
nity, it may be uleful to puriue this point a Step further.
Various characteristics hereof may be aingned ; but there are
but two, perhaps, which can be depended on and thofe are
the courfes of exchange and the price of bullion.
To the end that our meaning may be conveyed with per-
fpicuity, let it be fuppofed that the city of Chylous fur Marne
in Champagne pays yearly, to the kind's receiver there, JO,oco
ounces of filvcr; and that the Chalons win<--merchants (oil at
Paris, by their correspondents, wines to the value of 10,000
ounces of filver, fuppofing the ounces of filver of the fame
value in livres at Lhalons as at Paris.
that the coin in ufe in Holland differs in the ftandard, bulk, and
; mark, from that ufed in France, the computation of the ex-
change is made by the exchanging fo many Dutch groots for
feem to denote that the exchange is fo much per cent, over
or under par, but in reality it is fo ; and the banker concerned
in the Dutch exchange knows how to evaluate this par
in
So that the exchange between Paris and Amfterdam is, in
effect, carried on juft as it is between Paris and Chalons;
only with this difference, that the accounts are kept in ano-
ther gibberifh, and that the charge and rifque of fending
money from Paris to Amfterdam, is greater than that of fend-
will ing money from Paris to Chalons. When the ballance of
trade with Amfterdam is againft Paris, the exchange at Paris
will befrom 5 to 6 per cent, above par by bills on Amfter-
dam; wheieas it will feldom exceed 2 per cent, above par
Whether France pays livres, fols, and deniers, for rials of
plate and marvadees, new or old, of Spain; for crufadoes or
millrees of Portugal ; for guilders, rixdollars, or mark-lubs,
; in the north; for pounds, Shillings, and pence Sterling; for
maiks, piafters, and ducats of Italy ; the par of the exchange
is always ounce for ounce of filver, or rather of gold,
that
being of ealier carriage, and moft commonly tranfported in
the payment of the ballance of trade ; and the computations
and evaluations of the exchange will fquare every where
with our fiift example.
If France owes a ballance in trade to Flanders of 100,000
ounces Flanders to Holland of 100,000 ounces ; Holland to
;

The livres at Paris are to be Sent in fpecie to Chalons, and England of 100,000 ounces ; England to Spain of 100,000
the iivres at Chains are to be fent to i'aris ; but the trouble ounces; Spain to Italy of ioc o ounces Italy to Germany
; :

may be Saved on both fides, by exchange. The wine-mer- of 100 000 ounces ; Germany to France of ico,OOo ounces
;
chants correfpondents will carry their livres to the cuftom- the exchange may be carried on at par between all thofe
houfe, and take there in exchange a refcripti on, order, bill, countries, without any transportation of gold or filver.
or bills of exchange, upon the receiver at Chalons which ; But, as the ballance of trade grows due gradually fiom one
bills tin. .1 en lorfe to the wine-merchants, and they will
, !
country to another, by an importation of commodities, the
receive upon them the lik- quantity of livres. variation of exchanges follows the Same proportion.
( , the receiver of Chalons v pay ins livres to the wine
1 1 1 For example if Holland Sends into England in January, the
:

merchants, and take uieir bill* of exchange, on their corre value of 100,000 ounces in merchandize, and receives f.om
England,
 B A L B A L
England, in that month, but the value of 50,000 ounces, London gave the pound fterling to Amfterdam for 34 s. nd,
the merchants of London, who owe this fum at Amfterdam, the par is 36 s. 59 decim.
will offer the negociator money for his bills on Amfterdam ;
Lofs to England about 4^ per cent.
and he having no money due to him theie, and retuling to London gave the pound fterling to Hamburgh for 33 s. ti d.

draw, the merchant will offer him 1, 2, to 3 percent, above the par is 45 s. 17 decim.
par, in the language of exchange then the negociator will : Lofs to England about 3J p^r cent.
draw on his correfpondents on thofe terms, and lend over (he Fiom hence it appears, that, according to the courfes of ex-

money to him to anfwer the payment, and get the 3 per cenr. change between England and other countries, the national
for the charge of (ending the money, the rifque, and for his lolsor gam may be determined as clearly as a matter of this
commiflion and when this ballance is paid, by fending the
: delicacy will admit. To which end, fee the artie'e Stan
money, the exchange will fall again to par. dard of foreign coins, or their intrinfic values an ', if to :

From thefe examples and reflections it is plain, that the courfe theie obfervations we aJd that of the price of bullion, a t>ood
of exchange indicates where the ballance of trade lies, fince judgment may be made how the general ballance of trade may
their variation is proportionable to the ballance with any coun- Hand from time to time.
try diftint!y. But, as the Spanifh exchange may be in fa- Air Man, the merchant, on trale, fays, the exchange being
vour of Fiance, and the Dutch exchange at the fame time againft a nation of advantage to that nation ; and fuppofes,
is

againft France, the courfe of exchange will not fhe-v whe- if IOO 1. at London
is wort no mare than 90 1, of the fame
i

ther France receives more money from Spain than it fends to money at A nfterd.im, the Ditch to end 500 o )0 I. of goods to
Holland and, confequently, it will be but conjecture to
, England, and the Englifh 403,000 of goods to Holland, it
judge, from the courfe of exchange, whether France gains follows, that the money due to the Englilh at Amfterdam will
or lofes in the general ballance of trade. ballance 440,000 I. due to the Du;ch at London fo 6o,oool. :

But, as France keeps up the current fpecie at a higher price fterling pays the ballance.

in the mint than bullion, if the negociatorsof money are force) Mr. Mu.i did not confider, that the Dutch goods worth
to fend out the current fpecie in payments to foreigners, this 5O0,oool. when exchange was at the par, are worth at
will fhew molt of the bullion is already gone, and that the London 555,555!. when 90 I. at Amfterdam is wor'h 100).
general ballance is againft France and in England, if bullion,
: at London and the 4:0,0001. of Englifh goods in Holland
;

which is allowed to be exported, griws dearer than ttand-
ard, it is alfo a plain fign that the general ballance
England. So that the only rule, whereby we can make a
judgment of the ballance of general trade, feems to be from
the courfe of exchange and the price of bullion.
Though the courfesof exchange commonly follow the propor-
tion of goods exported and imported, which form tne ballance
of trade ; yet, if particular people fend their money from one
are only wo ch 360,000!. that fun being equal by exchange
is againft to 400,000 1. in England. S J, in pi :ce of Englana's having
an advantage of 40,000 I. as he alledges, by the exchange
being againft her, {'n pays 95,555 I. more than if exchange
had been at the par.
VVhen exchange is above the par, it is not only paid for the
fum due 0:1 ballance, but affeits the whole exchange to the
place where the ballance is due. If the ballance is 20000 I.

country to another to lay out at intereff, it will have the and the fum exchanged by merchants who have monev abroad,
fame effeff. in exchange as a ballance of trade; with this with others who
owing, or have occafion for money there,
are
difference only, that it brings horn. an annual intereft,and the
7
'
be 6o,000 1. the 60,000 I. are fold at, or near, the
the bills for

principal may be called back whereas the money acquired

: lame price with the 20,ool. for ballance. It likewife af-
in the ballance of trade is clear gain to the nation. The fums fects the exchange to countries where no ballance is due. (Ex.)
alfo fent for the payment of armies and alliances, and for the If the exchange between Scotland and Holland is 3 per cent,
maintenance of foreign ambaffadors and travellers, have al- above the par againft Scotland, between England and Hol-
fo the fame effect upon exchanges as a ballance of trade ; but land at the par, though no ballance is due by Scotland to
the natural and conftant courfe of the valuation of exchanges England, yet the exchange with England will rife; for 100L
is the ballance of trade. Exchange, at fome times, may- in England, remitted to Scotland by Holland, will yield
rife and fall every week, and, at particular times of the 103 I. fo between Scotland and England it may be fuppofed
year, run high againft a nation, and at other times, run as to be had at 2 per cent, being lefs trouble than to remit by
high on the contrary: as againft a vintage, a great mart, or Holland.
public fale ; the exchange may run higher to Bourdeaux, Goods are fold to foreigners according to the firft coft. (Ex.)
Franckfort, or Holland, upon an Eaft-lndia fale; at other Ifgoods woith 100 1. in Scotland, are worth 130 1. in Eng-
times, the exchange may have run to the fame places as much land, thofe goods will be exported, 30 per cent, being fup-
on the contrary and no exchange can run high conftantly
: poled enough for the charges and profit. 1 f the price of thefe

againft a nation ; for then merchants who trade to that goods lower in Scotland from 100L to8ol. the price in
country muft always be lofers ; and it cannot be fuppofed England will not continue at 130 it will lower proportion- ;

that perfons will always trade to a country where they muft ably, for either Scots merchants will underfell one another, or
always lofe. Englifh merchants will export thefe goods themfelves. So if
That the price of exchange is a criterion of the ballance of they rile in Scotland from lool. to 120 1. they will rife pro-
trade, I have fhewed to be the feniiments of thofe eminent portionably in England, unlefs the Englifh can be ferved
merchants of London who had a (hare in writing of the Britilh with thofe goods cheaper from other places, or can fupply
Mercnant. againft the treaty of commerce made with France at the ufe of them with goods of another kind. This being
Utrecht; [fee the article Arbitrations of Exchange] fuppofed, it follows that,
and lately the fame has been cited to the like purpofe in a By lo much exchange is above the psr, fo much all goods
as
trad faid to be wrote by the late Sir Matthew Decker* ; which exported are fold cheaper, and all goods imported are fold
we mention to (hew, that the opinion of thofe, who have dearer, than before. (Ex.) If a merchant fends goods yearly
been efteemed good judges of trade, coincides with what to England firft coft, charges, and profit 6000I. money in
has been fuggefted upon this head. England of the fame ftandard with money in Scotland, and
no ballance due ; but a ballance due to Holland, raifing the
* An EfTay on the Caufesof the Decline of the foreign Trade, exchange 3 per cent, above the par to H Hand, and affecting
confequently of the Value of the Lands or Britain, &c. the exchange to England 2 per cent. 5882 1. 7 s. in England
pays for the goods, that fum, by exchange, being equal to
By Caftaing's Paper of February 3, 1740. 6000 1. in Scotland: fo that a ballance due to Holland, by
d. raifing the exchange to other countries, occafions a lofs to
London gave to Genoa, for a dollar - - 54- Scotland of 117 1. 13 s. on the value of 6000 1. of goods fent
to Venice, for the ducat banco 5i to England.
to Leghorn, for the dollar - 5 Englifh goods are fold fo much dearer. (Ex.) If an Englifh
merchant fends goods yearly to Scotland, firft coft, charges
By Sir Ifaac Newton's Tables. and profit, 6000I. -I3i20 1. muft be paid for thefe goods in
Scotland, that being only equal to 6oco 1. in England. If the
Genoa, the par is 54 d. exchange had been at par, the Scots goods fent to England
Lofs to England, about per cent. 1
would have fold for 117 1. 13 s. more, and the Englifh goods
Venice, the par is 49 d. 492 decim. fent to Scotland for 1 20 h lefs.

Thus to all places with is above the par,

which exchange
Lofs to England, about 31 per cent.
Leghorn, the par is 51 d. 69 decim. goods fent out are fold for fo much lefs, and goods brought
Gain to England, about 2 per cent. from thence are fold fo much dearer, as the exchange is
To Genoa and Venice the ballance is againft us, and favour- above the par, whether fent out, or brought in, by Scots or
able only a fmall matter to Leghorn. foreign merchants.
The merchant who deals in Englifh goods gains no more than
February 3, 1740. when exchange was at the par, though he fells dearer ; nor
the merchant who deals in Scots goods lefs, though he fells
London gave to Lifbon for the millree 63d. cheaper ; they have both the fame profit as when exchange
The par is 67 d. 166 decim. Gain to England about 3-J
was at the par. Scotland pays 2 per cent more for Englifh,
per cent. goods, and England 2 percent, lefs for Scots goods; all,
London gave the pound fterling to Antwerp for 35 s. 10 d. or a great part of the lofs, falls at laft on the landed-man
the par is35s. 17 decim. in Scotland, and it is the landed-man in England,
has all,
Gain to England about 2 per cent. or a great part of the benefit.
Nation^
 :

B A L B A L
Nations, finding the export of money, or bullion, to pay the were fold for, before the money was raifed, or not to rife in
ballance due by trade, a lofs of fo much riches, and very de- the fame proportion with the money for, when exchange
;

trimental to commerce, fhould difcourage the import of

fuch was at par, tool, of Scots goods were foid abroad for 130I.
goods as the people could beft want, by prohibition of their Englifh money; but 114I. Englifh money, being now equal
confumption ; induftry fhould be encouraged, and all mea- by exchange to 130 1. in Scotland, the Scots merchant can af-
fures ufed to lower the price of labour, and, in proportion, ford to the fame quantity of goods for 1 14 1. that he fold
fell

the necefiaries of life, whereby the native product and

ma- before at 30 1. and have the fame profit: fo foreign goods
1

nufactures will be improved and increafed, and the overplus worth abroad 100 1. and fold in Scotland for 130 1. when ex-
exported will be greater.
Thefe methods will make trade change was at the par, cannot be fold now for lefs than 150I.
and exchange equal, and turn the ballance in favour of a na- in Scotland, that fum being equ 1] only to 130 E,.gluh mo- 1

tion. But, inftead of thefe means, lurne nations prohibit ney, and the merchant's profit is no greater than when he
bullion and money to be exported, which can have no other fold ihe fame quantity of goods for 130 1.

effect, than to raile the exchange equal to the

hazard fuch It may not be improper to confider what confequences would

laws occafton, which added to tne export of money or bul- attend the lowering tne money to the Englifh ftandard, and
lion, may be fuppofed at 3 per cent, more and as thefe : allowing it to be exported.
laws by the effect are hurtful, making all goods exported fell The former ftate of trade is fuppofed to be carried on one
yet 3 per cent, cheaper, and all goods imported 3 per cent, half by Scots merchants, the other half by Englifh and Dutch ;

dearer :the finder they are executed, the higher will the but, as moil of the trade is carried on by Scots merchants, let
exchange ftill rife, and prove the more nationally
injurious. this flate of trade be conlidered accordingly the one or the :

The ballance muft nevertheless be fent out in money or bul- other will clear the main queftion.
lion, by the rneuhants who owe it. The ftate of trade and exchange fuppofed at 15 per cent, to
Suppofe the money of England Scotland, and Holland, of the
. England, and 30 to Holland ; the whole export of Scotland
fame weight and'finenefs; Scotland to trade with no other to be 300.000 1. of which 50,000 1. carried out by Scors mer-
places ; the exchange at the par the yearly export from Scot-
:

land fir ft coft 300,000 I. charges and profit 30 per cent, goods
imported 280,000 1. charges and profit 30 per cent, one
In Englifh money ------
chants, fold at 30 per cent, profit and charges 325,000 1.
1. 282,608

Exported by foreigners for 50,000 in Englifh money 43,478

half of the trade to be carried on by Scots merchants, the
other half by Englifh and Dutch. The whole export 326.086
Due to Scotland for one half of 1
the exports carried out by their > 1. 195,000 Goods imported - - - 306,086
own merchants 3 Spent abroad - 4'., 000
Due for the other half carried out 1
J
1.345,000
by the Enjilifh and Dutch - j
i J
Due for ballance by Scotland 20,000
Due by Scotland to England and )
Holland, for goods imported by V 1. 182,000 Money being lowered to the Englifh ftandard, and allowed
Englifh and Dutch - - - ) by law to be exported, will bring
tli< Xviiange with England
Due for goods imported by Scots J ^ 140jO00 I 1 322> ooo to 2 or 3 per cent, and with Holland to 17 or 18, notwith-
merchants j
J ftanding the ballance due; for as 100 1. in Edinburgh would
The expence of Scotfmen abroad, ~t then be equal to 100 1. at London, and, being allowed to be
more than of foreigners inl. 40,000 exported, none would give above 102 1 or 103!. for tool,
Scotland - - J at London, becaufe the trouble and charges of fending it to

If this is fuppofed the yearly ftate of the trade and

expence of London would be valued no higher: the export, import,
Scotland, there will be a ballance due of 17,000 I. and, un- and expence abroad fuppofed to continue the fame, a bal-
lefs the Scots etrench the confumption of foreign
goods, fo lance would then be due to Scotland.
as to import lefs, or retrench the confumption of their
own
goods, fo as to export more, or increafe and improve their The ftate of trade, exchange at 3 per cent, to England, and
product, fo as the export be greater or more valuable; or fo proportionably to other places.

retrench in their expences abroa ; fince that ballance muft Due in Englifh money, 325,000 1. firft coft, 1

-----
I

be paid, it will go out in money or bullion, and occalion the charges, and profit of goods, fent out by Scots >1. 315,534
exchange to rife 3 per cent, the prohibition on the export of merchants 3
money 3 more, if Scotfmen export it ; the nation faves the Due in Englifti money for 50,000 of goods
1020 i. exchange on the 17,0001. of ballance due, which is exported by foreigners ------ 1. }

J
48,544

if Englifh merchants export it ; but the lofs fuch a

rife
loft,
in exchange occafions on the goods, is more confiderable. The whole exports 364.078
The 195,0001. due abroad for goods fent out of Scotland by
Scots merchants, will be paid with 183,9621. Englifh or Of this deduct the value of goods imported 306,0^6
Dutch money, that fum being equal by exchange at 6 per And the expence abroad - - 40,000
cent, to 195 000 1. in Saxland. The 150,000 due for 1

firft coft of goods carried out by E nglifh or

Dutch merchants There will be a ballance due to Scotland of i
7 992
will be paidwith 141,510!. Englifh or Dutch money, that
fum being equal to 150,0001. in Scotland. The 182,000 I. As this ballance due to Scotland would bring exchange to
due by Scotland goods irnponed by Englifh and Dutch
for the par, and 3 per cent, on the Scots fide, 3 more, becaufe
merchants, will come to 10,2,900 1. in Scotland; and the money in England, fuppofed to be prohibited exportation,
140,000!. firft coft of goods brought home by Scots mer- 100 1. in Scotland would be worth 106 1. in England, and
chant , will come to 148,4001. in Scotland. So the ac- proportionably in other places: fo the ftate of trade would
count will run thus then be thus :

Due in Englifh money for 325,0001. firft coft,-)

Due to Scotland for goods exported
Brought from abroad, firft coft ----- - 1.183,962
140,000
charges and profit of Scots goods, fent out

-------
by Scots merchants, and 50,000 1. exported f
I .

' 397'5
- 40 000 by foreigners -J
Ballance of expence abroad - -

Of this fpent abroad ---------

-------- 40,000
Due to Scotland abroad 3,962 Imported from abroad 306,086

Duet
Dutch
a nd ------
bv Scotland for goods imported by Englifh

goods
- -
}

J
^
Ballance then due to Scotland

If the yearly export be as great as fuppofed, and the ballance

51,414

Englifh and Dutch take back in - - 150,000

only 20,000 I. the lowering the money to the Englifh ftan-
Due to Englifh and Dutch in Scotland 42,920 dard will make a ballance due of 51,4141. though the money
is not allowed to be exported.

3,962!. due abroad to Scotland in Scots money <h'99 From hence it will be cafy to conceive how highly detrimen-

Remains due by Scotland ------ 1.38,721

tal to our trading intcrcft the exchange being againft us muft
inevitably prove and, when once it is fo, it is eafy to con-
;

ceive that it contributes to keep itfelf fo.

So the the exchange of 3 per cent, by the ballance due
rife in The exchange with Holland being generally againft England
of 17,000 and 3 more by the prohibition on the export of
1. in time of peace, and more fo in time of war, affects this
money, occafions a lofs to Scotland of 21,721 1. and makes kingdom more difadvantageoufly, perhaps, than has been
the next year's ballance ^8,721 I. though the tiade be the fame thoroughly wighed and confidered for as Amfterdam is:

as before of which 21,721 I. loft by exchange, one half would

: made the center of negotiations by bills between Great-Bri-
be faved, if money were allowed to be exported. tain and many other parts of Europe, with which we carry
Since the exchange being 6 per cent, above the par, occafions on a large commerce (viz. with Rulfia, Sweeden, Denmark,
the lofs of 2i,72ll. then raifing the money 8 and percent, \
and molt parts of Germany) the rate of exchange between
having raifed the exchange with England to 14 per cent, and us and Holland being to our diladvantage, muft virtually
with Holland to 30, makes the lofs prop irtionably greater. in the like proportion, affect thofe money-ncgociations be-

Scots goods being fuppofed to continue at the fame prices they tween us and thofe countries; and how really prejudicial
that
 B A L
that proves not eafy to fay : for if the Dutch exchange
is
beinti a^amd tendency to influence thofe exchanges
us has a
between Holland and Ruflia, Sweden, Denmark, and many
parts of Germany, to our disfavour alfo (we having no
direct exchange to thofe places ourfelves) : if this is
ftate orthe cafe, and in confequence thereof, as has been
{hewed, we receive lefs for our exports to thofe places, and
pay the dearer tor what we import from thence, the injury
mult be confldcrable. Befides, if the Dutch exchange has
theft injurious effects on our trade to thofe countries, what-
ever other bufinefs we negociate by exchange, by the way
of Holland,' mult prove to our far greater disadvantage than
if that exchange was in our favour, as has been (hewn.
As we allow bullion and foreign gold and ftlver to be openly
exported in England, the courfe of exchange between Lon-
don and Holland, or Hamburgh, cannot rife, perhaps, above
c or 6 per cent, as long as we have any bullion, or foreign
gold and filver to export; for the courfe of exchange be-
tween two countries can fcarce ever rife much above the va-
lue of 'he rifque and charges of fending gold and filver from
the place where the bill is drawn to that where it is to be
paid.
But, as at firft view many may not difcern the certainty of
this obfervation, fhould be confidered that, if the remit-
it
ter be a pcrfon who thoroughly underftands trade, he will
not allow, for any bill, an exchange much above the value
of the rifque and charges of fending his money over in bul-
lion or foreign gold and filver ; becaufe, if he finds he muft
bay an exchange above this value, he will, in common pru-
dence, chufe to remit in fpecie, rather than by bills of cx-
chaiiie. But as iome remitters may not care to deal in
the exportation of gold and filver, and are therefore willing
to allow a profit over and above the value of the rifque and
charges, to tnole who do, whcucv. r this profit riles
:
as to e Sufficient to anfwer the merchant's trouble in draw-
ing, nnd their rifque aud charges in letting their money he
in foieign correfpondent-. h nds, tiil tliey find an opportu-
nity to draw for it; we may depend on it, that thole
deal this w,ty, will expmt gold and filver in fpecie, in order
to get a profit by drawing and felling bills of exchange.
Now the value of (he rifque and charges of exporting bul-
lion, or foreign gold and fi'ver, from Biitain and Holland,
Hamburgh, or Nanders, may, I reckon, b about two or
three per cent, ana the profit of it fuffiee for anfwering the
merchant's trouble in drawing ; and his rifque and charges
in letting his money lie in a f reign correfpondent's hand,
tillhe find an opportunity to draw for it, may, I believe,
be about 2 or 3 per cent, more ; therefore the exchange be-
tween London and either of thefe countries can fcarce ever
be above 5 or 6 per cent. This is confirmed by experience ;
for we find the exchange between London and either of thefe
places feldom riles above 5 or 6 per cent.
With refpect to France, indeed, the value of the rifque and
charges of fending gold or filver to Paris, which is the chief
ilaple of France for bills of exchange, is much greater, be-
caufe of the land carriage from any of the ports of that king-
dom to Paris, and becaufe of the uncertainty of fending it
when there is the greatefl occafton for it. Thefe are the true
reafons for the courfe of exchange between London and P.iris
being frequently about 10 per cent, to our disadvantage ; but
fince a weekly cortefpondence by (hipping or (loops has been
opened between London and Dunkirk, Calais, or Boulogne,
we find Several quantities of gold and filver have been entered
for exportation to France, which may lower the courfe of
exchange in our favour, or at leaft prevent it from riling fo
much to our difadvantage, without diminifhing in the lead
our Iofs upon the ballance of our trade with France.
From thefe considerations it feems evident, that the courfe
of exchange can rarely rife much above the value of the
rifque and charges of fending gold or filver to the place
where the bill is to be paid wherefore, if the courfe of ex-
: being in a capacity to difcharge the old debts. Under theSe
change between this country and any other be againft us, it
may be allowed to be almoft a certain indication that the
ballance of trade is againft us ; but it cannot be allowed to be
a certain indication of the quantum of that ballance, becaufe,
as have (hewn, whenever the courfe of exchange rifes much
I the exchanges, and wjiere the ballance between country and
above the value of the rifque and charges of exporting gold
and filver, fuch quantities of -thefe two metals will be ex-
ported as muft foon bring the exchange back to its natural
courfe. To determine the exact quantum of this ballance is,
I believe, impoftible, unlefs our accounts of import and ex-
port were much more truly and regularly kept at every one
Of our ports than they can be bv the laws now in being.
The obvious caufes which confpire to keep the Dutch ex-
change in our disfavour are, (1.) The inteteft-money we
pay them for the millions they have in our funds, exclufive of
our com million for transacting their bufinefs therein, as pub-
lic creditors. (2.) By reafon of the commiflion we pay them
for negociating the money transactions between us and thofe
countries before intimated. (3.) By their havingthe exchange
in their favour, and, in confequence thereof, paying lefs for
the merchandize they take of us, and we more for thofe
which we take from them, and from thofe countries with
which we tranfact bufinefs by the means of the Hollanders
Vol. I.
B A L
and, while thefe caufes fuhfift, the effect muft be the farrJe.
Ftom fuch view of the matter it appears, that one of the
grcatcft evils to the trade of this nation is that of being in-
debted to foreigners ; and the greateft advantage to their
the trade is to be our national creditors. Although this evil can-
not be removed till thofe debts in particular are difcharged,
yet 'tis time for us to think of faving the commiffion we pay
them tor being our brokers.
To which end, I would humbly fubmit it to the confidera-
tion of our moft fkilful and experienced merchants, whether
it is not practicable, to eftablifh more direct courfes of ex-
change than we have, efpecially to thofe places we now do
bufinefs with through the medium of the Dutch exchange.
For, if this fhould be practicable, our traders will not only
fave the commiflion which they pay, but they and their
correfpondents will do the like alfo for tranfacting their
bufinefs.
And thefe favings on our fide may be attended with the fol-
lowing confequences ( 1.) They will enable us to afford our
:
native commodities cheaper at foreign markets, thereby in-
creafe their vent, and contribute to prevent rivals from fup-
planting us. (2.) The faving alfo on the fide of our fo-
reign correfpondents, will enable them to afford their mer-
chandizes cheaper to us. (3.) This parfimony on both fides
will prevent the Dutch exchange being the medium of dis-
advantage to both.
Of what benefit it may prove to the Britifh merchant to
fpeculate wntre the ballance of trade
lies, as well between
one foreign nation and another as between his own and
others, has been (hewed, under the head of the Arbitra-
tion of the foreign exchange ; to which we refer. But
this will be further exemplified and illultrated throughout
the courfe of the defign.
Remarks.
Farther
How advantageous knowledge in the b Hance of trade
this
and exchange between nations may piove to the (late in
who general, is nnnifeft from the dilcernment and Sagacity bir
J homas Grefham, an eminent merchant and citizen of Lon-
don. This gentleman lived in the time of King Edward
VI. who was confiderably indebted to the merchant of Ant-
werp, for money borrowed at intereft, to fupply the exigen-
cies of the ftate. Payment o." inrereff, at that time, being
an incumbrance to the nat'on it could but very ill luftain,
various expedients had been confulted by the king and his
council to difcharge thofe debts ; which, being due to fo-
reigners, brought great contempt upon the crown, and the
public credit of England. The meafures winch had been
Suggefted for payment were, cither to tranfport fo much
treafure out of the realm, or to remit the fame by way of
exchange.
The kingdom being already greatly cxhaufted of it's gold and
filver, the former was impracticable, without being ruinous
to trade, by depriving the nation of a due quantity of money
necefiary for circulation; and, the exchange between England
and Antwerp being at no more than 16 Schillings per pound
of our currency, negociating the debt by foreign bills would
have funk the exchange ftill more to our difadvantage : in
confequence whereof the exportation of our gold and filver
in general, in the way of trade, would have been equally
augmented as if we had exported the fame in that (hape at
firft ; yet, for the nation to continue in debt, was ftill in-
creafing the evil ; more efpecially fo, as the creditors were
foreigners, and the intereft therefore fentoutofthe kingdom.
Befides, the creditors infilled on their money, or a compli-
ance with fuch ulurious meaiures, for a prolongation of the
time of payment, as would have biought fo high indignity
upon the nation, as to have difabled them from borrowing
more money but upon the moft fcandalous terms.
And yet more money the government wanted, inftead of
circumftances the nation was greatly perplexed, and no mea-
fures could be thought of whereby to extricate the kingdom
from thofe embarraftments, till Sir Thomas undertook the
affair; by whofe great knowledge in the trade of nations, in
country lay, he exonerated this kingdom from it's weighty
incumbrances, without fending any money out of it.
And, although the exchange was then at frxteen Schilling?,
he So wifely conducted this negociation, that he paid off the
king's debts as they fell due, at an exchange of twenty and
twenty-two Schillings per pound ; whereby the king faved
no leSs than an hundred thouSand marks clear, by this great
merchant's knowledge in the ballance oS trade between na-
tion and nation.
By thus raifing the exchange fo much iri favour of England,
of all foreign commo-
at that critical conjuncture, the price
proportionably, which experimentally confirmed
dities fell
what had been faid before. Thefe meafures faved the king-
dom in general, and that in very little time no lefs than
between three and four hundred thoufand pounds fterling
more ; a round Sum at this time oS day, but would now be
near four times the amount, in proportion to the different
: values of money.
3C Nor
 ;

B A L B A L
and that the ballance of trade muft be in favour of fome, and
Nor did the advantages to the nation, from the (kill
Englifh merchant, terminate here only. confequently to the difadvantage of others 'tis the bufinefs,
abilities of this great
:

therefore, of the merchant of^ood creditand correfpondence

For, as when the exchange was fo greatly to the difadvantage
of the to fpeculate on his advices, how the exchanges may ftand with
of England, gold and filver were dady exported out
regard to the ballance of trade, between certain nations
kingdom in great plenty fo by wifely raifing it, in the
;

wherewith he may hold correfpondence. And the reafon

courie of his money negotiations for the fei vice of the
ftate,
hereof is grounded on the lame principle as fpeculations on
he caufed the fame to be brought back again, to the great
commodities ; for it being one of the great articles of foreign
emolument of the whole trading intereft.
commerce to purchafe, at proper feafons, the produce and
Nor did the wifdom of Sir Thomas's counfels, from his pro-
manufactures of foreign countries, when they are cheap, to
found knowledge in commercial affairs, prove only of the
fupply other countries, when and where the fame will fell
hioheft honour and advantage to king Edward's reign, but
dear ; in like manner the dealer in exchange takes his occa-
tothofe cf his fuccefiors, queen Mary and queen Eliza-

beth, both of thofe princeffes having made choice of him for fion to purchafe bills, when ami where they are cheapeft, and
the management of their affairs of trade and money. With difpofe of them, where deareft for, exchange being the re-
:

presentative of money, fuch tranfaclions are no more, in ef-

queen Elizabeth he was in fo high efteem, that Hie not only
fect, than dealing in money, or gold and filver, or other com-
knighted him, a matter of very high dignity in thofe days,
modities ; and where bills, their fubftitutes, can be b u^hc
but honoured him in every refpecf, and came in perfon to
cheapeft, and fold deareft, it is the fame thing as buyino-
the Exchange of London, which he had erecled lor the con-
gold or filver, or other commodities, cheap, and felling them
venience of "the merchants, and honour of that fplendid me-
tropolis, and caufed the fame to be proclaimed by heralds
fo clear as to yield a fumciently inducing to trade in
profit

and a trumpet, The Royal Exchange and Sir Thomas

:
them. There are two
wherein this matter may be
lights
as, (i.) The intrinfic values of foreign monies,
was afterwards honoured with the character of The Royal confidered :

Merchant. when compared with each other, and with the courfes of
with a view exchange. (2.) By comparing the intrinfic values together,
The reason for taking notice of this matter is,

to obferve, that the practical arts of trade have not only been
according to the currency of the exchange. Of the former
attended with as great eftates as were ever acquired by any
we have juft given inftances, by comparing the par of foreign
monies with the courfes of exchanges. To the other we
other means, but that the ftudies of commerce, and the
have fpoken under the article of the Arbitration of Ex-
money-affairs of the nation, in a political light, have been
attended frequently with as gieat honour ard glory as any
changes, to which we refer for the further explanation of
other j which might be (hewn in a multitude of inffynces.
what we would intend to communicate, in regard to prac-
tical commerce, by merchants or foreign bankers. See alfo
And, indeed, the ftudies of the liberal arts, and all other
the articles Exchange, Coin, and fuch other heads as we
branches of literature, ;;re of little benefit to the ftate, un-
lefs they tend to promote honeft induftry, and fuch arts as
fhall from thence refer to.

are ufeful to commerce in fome fbape or other. 'Tis th.-it

alone which can make every individual Briton happy, and
the kingdom refpetable throughout the world for the bal-
lance of trade will ever enable Great Britain to hold the bal-
lance of power. And how the one may be always preferved
Of the ufe of this knowledge to the national commerce.
:
The national ufe to.be made of ftudying where the ballance
of trade lies, with regard to our own nation, is to know with
what countries the ballance is to our difadvantage that is,
;

to what countries we pay more for their commodities which

in our favour, in order to maintain the other, is the great
end and defign of this Britifh Dictionary of Commerce, and
we import, than we receive of them for our native com-
modities which we export the end of this enquiry, with re-
the earneft ciefire of the author.
:

(pecl to the public intereft, is to Ieffen our imports, andin-

And now it may not be altogether ufelefs to conclude this
creafe our exports ; or to fell to fuch country at leaft as much
point with theobfervations of the ingenious author of a trea-
tife, intitled Britannia Languens, which fays, ' That the
as we buy of them, and fo ir.creafe our fales, if practicable.
* paflages to other preferments are made fo open and eafy,
The meafures proper to be taken for this purpofe muft be
upon different according to the different circumftances of nations ;
' at prefent, I mean all thofe that depend literature,
and the nature and confequences of the trade carried on with,
* in which our youth are led from ftep to ftep, by all man-
firft, by the multitude of our
them, confidered in every view that it will admit of. Thefe
' ner of encouragements ;

mealures muft be particular, and well-timed.

* late endowed free-fchools, where every ordinary man's fon
There are, alfo, general principles, which are certain to
* is taught Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, for a fmall matter,
prevent the ballance being fo much in our disfavour as it is
* and then is above manufacture; then we have two mighty-
with fome countries, and which may have a tendency to
* endowed univerfities, where there will, at leaft, be hope of
turn that to our advantage which is at prefent againft us.
* preferment, let the throng be never fo thick, and thence
* they have farther and more comfortable profpedts ; and, By what meafure this end may be anfwered, will appear
throughout the courfe of this work.
in the mean time, live eafy, and at little or no charge, as
* fervitors, or on fmall ftipends, till they become fcholars
BALLAST, a quantity of ftones, gravel, or fand, laid in a
Others of thefe free-fchool boys grow fhip's hold, to make her fink to a certain depth into the
' of houfes, &c.
water, and fail upright, by making her to be of a proper
4
pen-men of all forts ; and all thefe are a fort of gentleman-
* like ways of living, which ir.titles them to be called mafters,
weight. The ballaft is fometimes one quarter, one third,
or one half, according to the difference of the cargo, and the
* which gives a main temptation both to parents and chil-
* dren, who, on the other hand, fee the contemptible, and
bulk of the {hip.
* too often miferable condition of cur poor cloth-workers,
Theordonance of the marine (in France) made in Auguft
c and other ordinary artificers, who at the beft, are called 168 1, art. 1 and 6, of the 4th title of book 4,.orders all cap-
tains or mafters of fhips, as foon as they get into harbour, to
* mechanic fellows and, what is yet further mifchievous is,
:

* that our youth thus educated, never reading any thing of

make their declaration to the admiralty of the quantity of
ballaft they have on boardthey being forbidden to caft it
* manufacture, exportation, or importation, in Homer and ;

out in ports, canals, bafons, or roads ; nor can it be carried

* Virgil, or their college notes, and being from thence car-
by the unballafters, but to fuch places as are appointed for
c
ried to other ftudies, which have no cognation with trade,
that purpofe.
* can ordinarily have no fenfation of the advantage of it;
* like bowls which have a rub at hand, the farther they go
BALLIAGE, a duty payable to the city of London, for all
goods and merchandizes of aliens or denizens, born within
c the more they are divided from the mark whence it hath
:

the allegiance of the Britifh crown, being the fons of aliens,

c
unfortunately enfued, that our men of learning are either
born under foreign allegiance, granted, together with the
* generally filent in this matter, or elfe, being inclined to
duties of fcavage, package, and portage, to the mayor and
* think it the fole concern of the dirty and fervile part of the
* people, fpeak of it with contempt, and fome with reflec-
commonalty, and citizens, by their charter, dated the 5th
day of September, in the 1 6th year of the reign of king
* tion ;by whom moft others being influenced, we are (till
* pretending to be more accurate in logic and metaphyseal Charles II. confirmed by the 20th rule of the book of rates,
4 philofophy (which, howfoeverotherwife ufeful, do not add and by 2 W. and M. c. 8.
* two-pence a year to the riches of the nation), wc continue s. d.
4 to fqueeze all the faplcfs papers and fragments of antiquity Beer, the ton o 4
* we grow mighty well acquainted with the old heathen Canvas, the 100 ells, containing fix fcore
* gods, towns, and people wc prize ourfelvcs in fruitlcfs
;
Cloths, vide Drapery.
4 curiofitics ; wc turn our lice and fleas into bulls and pigs, Coals, the chaldron

* by our magnifying glaflcs ; we are fcaiching for the world Cochineal, vide Dyeing commodities
4
in the moon with our tclcfcopcs ; we fend to weigh the Broad cloth, the piece o 11
* air on the top of Tencrifte ; we invent pacing (addles, and
Drapery
of wool-
Kerfeys, of all forts, the piece o 01 7.

gimcracks of all forts ; all which are voted ingenuities, Pcrpetuanoes, the piece o C iJL
len or
* whilft the notions of trade are turned into ridicule, or Stuffs, woollen or worfted, the fmgle piece o OJ
worfted.
4 much out of fafnion.' Stuffs, woollen or worfted, the double piece o I
Cochineal, the hundred, containing five J
application of th s knowledge to the ufc of the mer-
o
Of the :

Dyeing fcore pound }

chant, and the foreign banker or remitter by exchange. commo- Indico, the hundred, containing five fcore o 4
From the nature of the trade and circumftanccs of particu- dities. Wood of all forts, for dyes, the hundred ?
1
lar nations, comparatively confidered, 'tis obvious enough weight, containing H2lb.
4 Furrs,
 -

B A L B A L
6; ballon of coloured glafs is only of 1 2 bundles and .'., and of
Purrs, viJe Skin?. 3 plates to a bundle.
Fuftions, Rritifii making, each fifteen yards o 0) Bali. on, is alfo a term ufed in the paper trade.
Flax or hemp, thehundr. weight, containing 112 lb. o 1 The piper of Marfeillcs, called paper with the little crofs (it
Cloves, mace, nutmegs, or cinnamon, ] la croizettc) of which large quantities are fent to Ccnftanti-
2
the hundred, containing five (core 3 nople, is fold by the ballon, Containing 24 reams. The bal-
Raifins, the piece or frail o 0* lon of paper with the crown, which is manufactured in fome
Grocery, i
Raifinsfolis, the hundred weight, con
t^con- 1 places of Provence, and is alfo very proper for the Levant
I
taining 112 lb. trade, where it is fold (or Venice pacer, contains but
14 reams.
Hemp, vide Flax. BALM, or BALSAM, a ki d of gum, of great repute
Dyeing commodities. in phyfic and furgery, which is liquefied, or difiblved,
Indico, vide by
The
tc n unwrought means of fpirit of wine, or with oil. It is reckoned a fo-
" on Wrought, the hundred wt. cont. 1 12 lb. vcreign remedy for the cure of wounds, and of feveral dif-
I
Lamperns, the thoufand tempers. The ladies alfo make a very great account of it,
Lead, the fother becaufe, by mixing it with the yolk of an egg and fpirit of
Linnen, vide Canvas. wine, they make an excellent paint.
Pewter, vide Tin. There arc many forts of balm, if we will reckon in thatclafs
pound all the remedies and drugs to which empirics or
Saffron, the quacks, or
Salt, the wey even phyficians and Curgeons, pretend to give that name.
Saltpetre, the hundred weight, containing 112 lb. o 1 Such are the apoplectic balm, the ftomachic, the bezoardic,
Silk raw, or thrown fillc, the pound cont. 16 ounces o ol the hyfteric, the vulnerary, the magiftrac, and many more :
r Beaver- (kins, the ico containing live (core I 6 but, the natural balms for excellency are properly but two
Badgcr-fkins, the 100 containing five fcore o forts; namely the balm of the Levant, and the balm of
Coney-fkins, black, the 100 cont. fix fcore o Peru though under the general name of balm are rec-
;

Cat- (kins, the 100 containing five fcore o koned gums.

feveral other

Skins Cilve-fkins, the 100 containing five fcore o The Balm of the Levant, which is accounted therrtift excel-
and { Vox (kins, the 100 containing five fcore o lent, though that of Peru be not, perhaps, lefs efficacious,

Furrs. Fitches, the timber o ifTues from an incifion made in a tree that bears the fame

Merkins, the 100 containing fix fcore
Ottcr-fkins, the 100 containing five (core
Sheep, orlamb-ikins, the 100 cont.
ISquirrel-fkins, the icoo
Stuffs, videDrapery.
o name, and grows in Egypt and in Judaea. It is fo precious
o as to be part of the particular property belonging to the
fix fcore o Grand Seignior himfelf.
o That tree, which is as tall as the pomegranate- tree, fnoots
forth a great many branches. It's leaves are like thofe of

Tin or pewter, the hundred weight cont. 112 lb. rue, but always green it's llofi'oms are white, formed like
:

"Wax, the hundred weight, containing 1 12 lb. o ftars,and produce fmall pointed berries, each of which con-
Wood for dyers, vide Dyeing commodities. tains a fmall almond, or kernel.
Wool of all forts, the hundr. weight cont. 112 lb. o 2 The incfion, from which this admirable gum ifTues, is made
in the dog-days. The juice, which at firft is liquid, thickens
Other mercha< d'zes, liquid or dry, that are not particularly afterwards, and becomes fuch as it is feen in Europe. Few
rated in this tujle, (hall pay balliagc duties outwards, by their perfons can boaft to have it pure ; for, on account of the
bulii, as followeth, viz. high price it bears, it is adulterated almoft as foon as it comes
from the tree.
A great pacquct, or fardle, containing between 15 1 , The figns of its being unmixed and excellent are pretended
or 20 cloths, or other goods to that proportion J to be as follow ; viz. that fcent be ftrong and penetrat-
it's

An ordinary pack, trufs, or fardle, containing in ing ; that the gum be frefh it be not four; that it be
; that
'

biguefs about 10 or 12 cloths, 12 or 14 eafily difiblved ; aftringent and fharp to the tafte, and that
to -he like proportion in frizes, cottons, it leave not the leaft fpot on woollen cloth. It's true colour
goods is yellow, inclining to gold, and it's fcent has fomethino- of
A bale containing three or four cloths four or five?
n
the citron.
baiz, or the like proportion in other goods 5 Balfamum, is the Latin name of the tree whence the balm
For a frieat maund, or great bafket o ifTues ; opo-balfamum is the juice which diftils from the tree,

Forafmail maund, or bafket, three hundred weight 1 that is to fay, the balm carpo-balfamum is the fruit, and
;

or under $ xylo-balfamum the wood. All thefe words, though of a fo-

For a hamper, or coffer, weighing 2 hundred weight ? reign language, have been introduced into the French tongue,
or under 3 and the merchant druggifts ufe them in the trade of thofe
For a butt, or pipe o commodities.
For a hogfhead, or puncheon o The carpo-balfamum is ufed in the compofition of Venice
For a barrel .
o treacle, but is of no other ufe in phyfic. It muft be chofen

1

For a firkin o frefh, of an aromatic tafte, and a pleafant fcent.

For a dry- fat o The xylo-balfamum, as well as all the other merchandizes
For a drum-fat that come from the tree which produces balm, is imported
For a bale o into France from Cairo, by the way of Marfeilles, in fmall
For a trreat cheft, or cafe o faggots, or bundles ; it is nothing but the cuttings of that

For a fmall cheft or cafe, containing three hundred precious tree, or the wood of fuch as die by fome accident,

o 4 it is ufed in the troches of hedycroum.
weight, or under It ought to be in
For a fmall box _ fmall knotty rods ; the rind muft be red, the wood white,
For a gieat tiunk .
refinous, and aromatic.
For a fmall trunk, not above two hundred weight There is alfo the Balm
of Mecca, which is a dry and white
For a bag or fack gum. It is much
like white copperas, efpecially when
pretty
For a feron it is ftale. That balm is brought from the famous city of
BALLIN ; thus they call, at Bourdeaux, at Bayonne, and in Mecca, on the return of the caravans of the Mahometan pil-
other trading towns of the province of Guienne in France, grims and merchants, who go to pay their devotions at the
what at Paris, and elfewhere, they call embellage, or pack- native place of their falfe prophet, it has all the properties
ing, &c. of the balm of Jucl^a, and it is, very probably, the fame,
In the wool trade Bayonne they deduiEr. fo much for packing
at which is become hard, and altered it's colour.
upon every which amounts from 11 to 14 pounds
,bale, It feems to be a miftake to make two forts of balm of the
weight, according as the packing cloth is more or lefs coarfe, Levant and of Mecca, for they appear to be the fame, as
or the bale larger or fmaller. being gathered after the fame manner, and from the fame
BALLON, or BALON, a fort of brigantine ufed in the tree. U
that of Mecca proves harder or drier, it is, becaufe
kingdom of Siam, to navigate up and down the rivers, and it is older, and more hardened by heat ; for it grows very-

carry on the inland trade. It is made of the trunk of one finale
tree, in an hollow manner, and is managed with oars. Thefe
vtffels are of feveral fizes, according to the ufe they are de-
figned for. The king has fome to take his pleafure upon
the water, and thefe are not lefs than 100 or 120 feet Ion?,
and 6 or 7 broad, and have :oo rowers on each fide. No-
thing can be more {lately than thofe ballons in which the
kings of Siam (hew themfelves now and then to their fub-
jects, with fuch pomp as infpires them with a religious awe,
not to fay downright adoration.
Ballon, which is alfo called Ballot, in the glafs trade of
Leirain, fignifies a certain quantity of glafs- plates, fmaller
or greater, according to their quality. The ballon of white
glafs contains 25 bundles, of fix plates per bundle ; but the
hard in hot climates, accordingly as it is left open, or well
preferved. It may be kept frefher in cellars, or more moift
fubterraneous places. That of the Levant and of Judcea,
which is commonly'the neweft or frefheft, and confequently
the moft liquid, feems to thofe, who are not well acquainted
with it, of a different kind, becaufe it is whiter, and fofter.
That which is old and thick is more yellow. Perhaps theTurky
merchants areglad that it fhould then be thought to come from
Mecca, that they may fell it the dearer on that account.
Remarks.
It maybe imagined, from this account of Monfieur Savary,
that there ftill comes balm from Egypt; but it is an error
that ought to be exploded, according to Monfieur Maillet's
account,
 BAL B A L
cccount, in his defcription of Egypt. It was, (ays he, in thought to cure it, by making a drop or two of it fall
into
the garden of Matarca, a large village neai Cairo, that the the ear.
famous balm grew, which entered into the compofition of It has been found by experience to be good for the cure
of
the chrifm which the Coptic Chiiitians ufed in the baptifm ulcers, they being wafhed with warm wine, before the
balm
of their children, the kind of which is now intirely loft. be applied to them.
It is not, however, quite 200 years fince items of it were Care muft be taken alwaysto ufe this balm without putting
ftill to be feen, in a little clofe of that garden, wherein a itover the fire.
bafha of Egvpt had caufed them to be locked up, being per- Balm of Peru. There are three forts of it, or, rather, they
fuaded that this precious fhrub deferved a moft particular are but one and the fame fort under three different
name*.
care. Thofe Items were not then above a foot high, and Thefe names are, the b-dm of incifion, the dry balm, and
about an inch thick ; and, indeed, it is faid that every where the balm of lotion. They are all produced by the fame
elfc balm-trees are never thicker, and that they do not grow tree, which does not grow very tall, and whole
leaves are
above two or three cubits high. From that weak hem fhoot- indented like thofe of the nettle.
ed fever.il fmall twigs, very thin, garnifhed with leaves of a The balm of incifion is a whitifh and clammy rofin, which
moft beautiful green, which grow always in odd numbers drops from the tree by an incifion made into it, and after-
upon every branch. The
trunk, or item, was incompaffed wards thickens and becomes-hard.
with a double rind, or bark. The firfl or outward rind was The dry balm is reddifh, and diltils from the end of the
of a reddifh colour, covered another, much thinner, and branches, the top of which is cut off, and to which tney
perfectly green. Thefe two rinds tafted greatly of frank in - fatten little veffels, called, in Peru, cochines and marr.-as;
cenfe and turpentine, being bruifed between the fingers, and into thefe veffels the liquor drops, which at firft is as white
fmelled almoit like cardamum. The wood, which thofe two as milk, and grows reddifh only, becaufe it is expofed to
the
rinds covered, was white, and had no more tafte and fmell fun.
than that of common trees. One particular remarkable in Finally, the balm of lotion is black. It is made of the bark,
this fhrub was, that it mutt be pruned or cut every year like fmall twigs, and leaves of the tree, cut, bruifed, and
boiled
the vine. It was, perhaps, in that feafon that they gathered together.
the precious juice, fo much celebrated of old. Monfieur The white balm of Peru is a fovereign remedy for frefh
Mail'et does not think that this balm was like that of Mec- wounds ; for the cure of which no other falve has yet
been
ca ; for the latter runs from the trees like all other refinous ufed. It muft be chofen very white, and, approaching
near
matters, whereas the balm of Egypt was gathered after ano- to the opo-balfamum, is often miftaken for that.
ther manner. The balm of Peru is fold at Amfterdam, in pots or in bot-
As there is a private gentleman who has favoured the public tles ; it cods generally there from 7 to 8 guilders per
pound.-
with an account of the nature, ufe, and virtues of this balm, The deduction from prompt payment is one per cent, and
we prefume that the reader will not be difpleafed to meet tare is allowed for the pots and the bottles.
With an extract of it in this place. The dry balm, in order to be of ihe belt fort, ousht to be
red, odoriferous, and very dry, as is hinted by it's name.
It
The method of preparing the balm of Mecca, commonly is chiefly ufed for making virginal milk, which is much bet-
called White Balm, it's ufe and virtues. ter than that which they make of benzoin and Itorax.
The white balm diltils and drops from a tree which grows The balm of lotion is alfo ufed for the cure of wounds, like
between Medina and Mecca. The tree from which it drops the white balm ; and pretty much
valued by the perfumers,
is

. is very fcarce, which is the reafon of the high price that on account of it's excellent fmell. It ought to be thick,
this balm bears in Europe. That tree is fomething like the blackifh, of a pleafant fcent, and not adulterated with oil of
turpentine-tree, and the liquor which ilTues from it fmells fweet almonds.
like turpentine, but is morefweet and pleafant. That which Some make us believe, that on the banks of
authors would
drops from old trees is thicker than that which comes from Amazons there grows a plant called copayba,
the river of the
young ones, but their effects are the fame. When the which produces a balm much fuperior to that of the Levant:
liquor not clear and tranfparent, it is often owing to the
is and Peru.
veffels in which it was gathered and brought over $ but it is It the fame with the copaii mentioned hereafter; for to
is

never the worfe in point of quality. make two forts of balm of them is a miflake, arifing only
This balm may be adulterated feveral ways; but then there from the different manner of fpelling that word in different
are likewife feveral methods to find it out : we fhall mention languages.
but one, which is plainefl and fafeft. Befides thefe two forts of balm of the Levant and of Peru,
In order to make that trial, you mould caufe a drop or two which muft be looked upon as the only true forts, the
of the liquid to fall into a glafs full of clear water : if the druggifts fell alfo balm of capaii, balm of Tolu, balm {tiled
drop goes to the bottom without rifing again to the fur- liquid amber, and a fourth fort, which they call i.ewbalm.
face of the water, or, if it continues in a drop, like oil, it is The balm of copaii, otherwife copai'f, andcamp if or copahu,
a proof that the balm is adulterated if, on the contrary, it: comes from Brafil and Guiana. It is fent from Portugal into
fpreads upon the furface of the water like a very thin cob- France, in earthen bottles, pointed at one end. it Is to be
veb, fcarce vifible to the eye, and, being congealed, it may met with in plenty at the druL-gifts in Holland, whe.e it is
be taken up with a pin, or fmall itraw, the balm is pure and called copaiva. It is in the form of oil, either clear or thick.
natural. The former fort is clear and white, and of a refinous fcent.
When the balm is too thick to be taken out of the bottle, The more to the yellow, or gold co-
latter inclines a little
you need only put it near the the Jeaft heat in the world
fire, lour. an excellent remedy for the cure of wounds.
It is
eafijy liquefying it : care muft be taken that the bottles be This balm is a great deal better than that which comes from
not quite full, leit they fliould break
; for that liquor is very the coaft of Carraccas. It is the fame in effect, though lefs
apt to rarify, and confequently to increafe it's volume, and liable to be mixed with other forts of oil, which increafe i.'s
fo prefs hard againft the glafs. quantity, and confequently leffen it's virtues. The Indians
The two chief ufes of white balm are, the one for health, of Guiana and Peru are probably more honeft than thofe of
end the other for beauty. It is the latter which properly Carraccas. For it is obferved, that the balm of the latter is
raifes the price of that liquor, becaufe of the pomatums and clearer, not of fo deep a colour, and lefs odoriferous ; which
virginal milk that are made with it, for preferving and beau- perhaps is owing
being mixed with fome other oil, or
to it's

tifying the ladies complexion. However, we fhall fpeak to it's being extracted by many incifions made in the trees at
here only of it's medicinal ufe, and of the method of pre- the time the fap was rifing ; whereas that of Guiana (when
paring the balm, cither to apply it outwardly for the cure of not yet ftale, which makes it grow yellow and thick) is na-
wounds, or for taking it inwardly in potions or pills for fe- turally of a deeper and higher colour ; it's fcent is more aro-
veral diflcmpers for the cure of which it is judged proper
: matic, and it's effects arc quicker and more certain and effi-
bv eminent phyficians. cacious. This is extracted from the Chevalier des Marchais's" .

This balm being taken inwardly, is eflcemed by many phy- voyages to Guiana, (in French) Tom. III. page 24.
ficians, good in pains of the ftomach, in the reins, the cho- Tin's fame balm was at firfl in very great repute, but it is far
lic, weaknefs in the lungs, and want of appetite. For all from being fo excellent as that of the Levant. It was thought
thefe ailments it is taken in pills thefe pills are made, by
; a fpecific medicine for the gonorrhoea; but it is certain, ac-
pouring a few drops of balm into pulverized fugar, more cording to a great many phyficians, that in thofe cafes it did
lefs, according to the violence of the diflempcr, but never
or more harm than good, by it's etherial and heating quality.
above four they are rolled in powder, till they be quite
: The Englifh and Dutch begin alfo to be undeceived, as to.
covered with it; in that condition, the patient fwallows them, the ill ufe they have made of it. The plant which produces
after winch he muft drink half a glafs of red or white wine, this balm, may grow on the banks of Amazon rivel ", well
fome te<i or coffee, or a bafon of broth. You may alfo put as in Brazil, fincc two countries arc very near each
thofe
the balm into any liquor which you drink, but, as it is very other. This obfervation, with that on the error of the dif-
clammy, is apt to flick to the teeth or the palate. ferent names of this balm, and that on the balm of the Le-
As for the cure of wounds, it is applied upon them, after vant of Mecca were made by Monfieur Garcin.
they have been well wafhed with wine, taking care to bring The b<:lm of Tolu is a liquid rofin, which, as it grows old,
the lips of the wound clofe together, to prevent fears. It's becomes, both in confiftency and like Flanders glue
'

effect is almoft infallible, and fucceeds commonly in lefs newly made. Itdrops alfo by incifion horn forne trees,
than 24 hours. which grow in New Spain, where the inhabitants receive it
This balm is rcckor^ed a furc remedy for deafnefs, and is in fmall veffels made of black wax. This balm is very
i fcarce
 : 1

BAM BAN
fcarcc in France, but they may have it imported thither from perfed in the Moluccoes and Sunda idea, ufe the young fmalt
England. In order to be good, it ought to be frelh, of an fhoots of the bamboes preferred in vinegar after then man-
agreeable and penetrating fcent, pretty much like the balm ner, with very ftrong peppered ingredients. This they call
of Judaea. As it grows old, it becomes of the confiftency of achior bamboe. For they give the name of achior to 1

the dry balm.
The balm, ftiled liquid amber, is a clear and reddifli rofin,
which comes from certain trees in New Spain, which arc
called oco^-ol by the natives. The bark of thofe trees is very
thick, and their leaves like thofe of ivy.
This balm is called liquid amber alio, becaufe it very much
refembles ambergreafe, and the belt ought to have the fame
that is preferved in vinegar, and, to diflinguifh it, they add
to that name of achior that of the thing preferved. See
Achia. Two pieces of bamboe of a certain bignefs, be-
ing rubbed hard againft each other after a certain manner,
will produce fire ; and, when the Indians cannot get any by
other means they obtain it that w;\y.
DAVIFFSH1RE, in Scotland, is feparated on the fouth from

fcent :befides which, it ought to be clear, and of a yellowifh that part of Buchan, which belongs to Aberdeen fh ire j by the
colour inclining to gold, when new, but reddifh, when water of Ugie ; on the eaft it has the water of Dovcrn, and
old. the German ocean on the weft the water of Spey, and the

The new balm is liquid, and is called oil of liquid amber ; county of Murray ; on the fouth- weft it lias Badcnoch, and
that which is old is thick, and is ftiled balm of liquid the Brae of Mar ; and on the north, Murray Frith.
amber. They both come from Spain in barrels. It is at The climate and foil are much the fame as in Aberdeen-
prefent as fcarce in France, as it was common formerly. fhire. The chief places here, are,
This balm is an excellent remedy for the cure of wounds, 1. Cullen, a good market-town, an ancient ro)al burgh, on
and efpccially of a fiftula in ano. the coaft of tli frith of Murray, and the capital of that

They fometimes fell oil of St. John's wort, or of camomile, little diftridl called Boyrie, which is fruitful on the coaft, out

inftead of oil of liquid amber. We mention the oil of cha- elfewhere mountainous, with large quarries of fpot ted marble.
momile under the article of On.. As for that of St. John's 2. Bamff, on tlu lair.c coaft, at tl.e mouth of the Dovcrn,
worr, which may be ftiled a true balm, at'ier it has been is a country town, and royal bur^h, but has little trade, ex-

made for fome time, it is compofed of the flowers of St. cept from it's corn and falmon-fifhing, the townfmen being
John's wort, and olive-oil expofed to the fun during the fonder of tillage than of commerce.
great heat of the dogs-days. The beft is that, to which fine 3. Frazerburg, a fea-port on the coaft of Murray Frith,
turpentine and faffron is added. reckoned the chief town of the diftrict of Buchan. It has
The new balm, which is fo fcarce in France, that hardly any an excellent pier and bulwark, which renders it as die and
thing of it is known there but it's name, and which is not commodious as any on the eaft coaft; fo that 30 fail of ihip-
to be met with, but in the fhops of fome curious druggifts, ping may fecurely winter here at a time. The water, at full
comes pretty near the balm Tolu, both in fmell and co- lea, is 1 8 or 20 feet.
lour. It is fqueezed after the fame manner as oil of laurel, 4. Balveny, is a mountainous diftrict, on the weft fide of the

and is extracted from final red berries, which are found

I fhire upon the river Spey, abounding with pafture and wood,
common enough in the ifle of St. Domingo. They grow in and particularly noted for a rock that is producive of hones
clufters or bunches upon trees, the leaves of which are very and whe;ftoncs chough to ferve the whole ifland fo that the

broad and long, extremely green on the outfide, but only a people here cover their houfes with them inftead of flate.
little greenifh on the infide. They tell wonders of that balm, Here are alfo found veins of that ftone, of v. iiich they make
but it's reputation is, perhaps, owing to it's fcarcity only. allum, and here are fprings of allum-water.
There is a mineral balm found in a mine in Italy upon which 5. Strathvla, to the n irth-eaft of Balveny, is fruitful in
F. Caftagna, a jefuit, publifhed his obfervations and expe- corn and grafs, and has fuch plenty of limc-ftone, that they
riments in the Philofophical Tranfactions, for the year 1697, build their houfes with it. The inhabitants are confiderable
No. 79. art. 3. The reader may alfo fee in the Tranfadtions, gainers by felling their lime for cattle and fine linnen-yarn,
for the year 1666, No. 8. art. 4, an obfervation upon the at a weekly market, in the village of Keith, on the river
mineral balm, found in Alface. Dovcrn.
Monfieur GeofFroy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at 6. StrathaVIN, is on the river Avin, falls into the Spey,
Paris, having fet fire to fome natural balms, fuch as thofe of which is more inclined to pafture than corn.
Capaii and Mecca, obferved, that, being burned, they fpread BAN, a fort of fmooth and fine muflin, which the Englifh im-
into the air a perfume, which, being weakned to a certain port from the Eaft-Indies. The piece is almoft a yard bro^id,
degree, becomes very fweet, extends very far, and continues and runs about 20 yards and a half.
a pretty long while. It is chiefly the balm of Capaii, that Ban, or Bann, is, according to Mr. Savary, an old Saxon
has that agreeable property. See the Memoirs of that aca- word, which fignifies to banifh, profcribe, or outlaw a per-
demy for the year 1726. fon, to interdict him of water and fire, a punifhment former-
White balm is reckoned one of thofe merchandizes that ly in ufe among the Romans j to condemn a man for contu-
come from the Levant, from Barbary, and other countries macy, that is, for default or want of appearance, if his per-
and territories under the dominion of the Grand Seignior, the fon cannot be come at. In this (en(c they fay, to put a man
kino- of Perfia, and Italy ; upon which it is ordered in France or a prince to the ban of the empire ; that is to fay, to banilh
to raife a duty of twenty per cent, of their value, according him, or cut him off" from being a member of the empire. At
to a decree of the council of the 15th of Auguft 1685. Paris, a rogue, whofe crime is not capital, is condemned to
BAMBOE, BAMBOU,
or as they fpell that word in the go out of the city, county, and provoftlhip, for a certain
Indies, and not bamboue. It is a plant which multiplies very number of years, and he is commanded to keep his ban, or
much by it's root, from which fprings a ramous or branchy banifhmerit, under fuch and fuch penalties.
tuft, after the manner of fome gramina, or, to fpeak more Others are of opinion, that ban is a Britifh word, which
naturally, after the manner of the European reeds ; for the fignifies noife and clamour. Others derive it from the Sax-
bamboe is of the kind of reeds, as well as the fugar cane. The on pan, which fignifies any thing that is fpread ; and hence
Indian bamboe is the largeft kind of cane that is known. It the words ban and band are taken for a flag.
is of an extraordinary height and bignefs, when it bears it's Ban, in general, is faid of a public cry or proclamation. Hence
blolTom : each (hoot or cane is often, towards the bottom, the notice given publickly of the fale of lome merchandizes,
of the bignefs of a man's thigh, and decreafes gradually to is called ban in French, efpecially when the notice is given

the top, where it bears a bloflbm or flower, like our reeds, by beat of drum. They alfo ufe the fame word for the pub-
in their proper feafon. The bamboe grows in all the mari- lic cry of loft goods, with a reward offered for the recovery

time countries of the Eaft-Indies. Monfieur Lemery calls it of them. We

a tree, whofe leaves refemble thofe of the olive-tree. But
John Bauhin, from whom he has extracted his description,
has milled him, for it is not a tree, though it grows very high,
even to 20 or 25 feet, and fometimes to 30. It's leaves are
like thofe of other canes or reeds, except that they are not fo
long nor fo broad at their bafe, as thofe of the other kinds
they are but half a foot long, and their breadth, towards the
middle, is an inch, or fomething more. With thefe canes BAND, a fmall weight of about two ounces, ufed in fome
of bamboe the Indians build their houfes, and make all forts
of furniture, in a very ingenious manner. The wood of BANIANS, the Dutch write BEN JANS, a kind of Indians
thefe canes is fo hard and ftrong, that they ferve very well to
make piles for fupporting their little houfes, built over ri-
vers, which have a gentle courfe, as if it were over flanting
waters. They alfo make with this wood all forts of uten-
fils for their kitchens and tables. The thickeft bamboes ferve
to make the fticks or poles, with which the flaves or other
perfons carry thofe forts of litters, which are called palan-
quins, and are fo common in ufe, and fo convenient in all
theeaft. They like wife make of that wood a kind of pails, in
which the water keeps extremely cool. The walking-canes
which we fee in Europe, are the firft and fmalleft fhoots of
the bamboes. The Malays and thofe Chinefe, who are dif-
VOL. I.
have kept the word ban, or banns, in our lan-
guage, to fignify a proclamation made at the head of a body
or troop, by the found q trumpet, or beat of drum, for the
obferving of martial difcipline ; as alfo to give a folemn no-
tice of marriage contracts, made in. the parifh churches of
the contracting parties.
BANCO, an Italian word which fignifies bank* It is com-
monly ufed to fignify the bank of Venice.
parts of the coaft of Guinea, to weigh gold-duft,
difperfed over all Afia, through whofe hands pafles almoft:
the whole trade which the Europeans carry on in thofe parts-
They are the third feet of the heathens who dwell in the
Eaft-Indies. The Banians and the Chinefe are the greateft
traders in the Indies, to whom muft alfo be added the Jews
and the Armenians, who are greatly difperfed over thofe
parts. But the moft confiderable trade is carried on by the
Banians, in the whole peninfula on this fide the Ganges,
They are extremely fkilful and cunning in commerce. What
Furetiere tells us of the Banians, relates to almoft all the
fects of the Indians, or heathens in thofe parts. He has ex-
tracted it from an accurate hiftory, written by Henry Lloyd,
3D an

BAN
ah Englifhman. The Banians may be ranked with the Ar-
menians and the Jews, for their experience and fkil) in all
kinds of commerce.
There are a great many Banians in Perfia, and efpecially at
Ifpahan and Bender- Abaffi ; the chief of them are very rich,
but their riches do not hinder them from applying themfelves
to trades, even the meaneft, if any thing is to be got by
them. Moft of them follow brokerage ; and moft of trie
brokers of the Englifh, Dutch, and French companies, are
of that nation. For the reft, they are very honeft, and have
almoft conftantly in their hands the ftock and cafh of thufe
companies.
There are likewife bankers, and there are few places in the
Eaft-Indies, for which they cannot furnifh bills of exchange.
They have alfo a fort of (landing cafh or bank, where per-
fons may depofit their money, and take it out again when-
ever they pleafe.
BANKING, (according to Savary) is a traffic or commerce
in money, which is remitted from place to place, from one
city to another, by correfpondents, and by means of bills of
exchange.
The word bank is faid by fome to be derived from the Italian
banca, which comes from banco, a bench, becaufe formerly,
in all the trading cities of Italy, banking was publickly ex-
ercifed in open places or exchanges, where all thofe who
carried on that trade, had feats or benches, on which they
ufed to fit down to reckon their money, and write their bills
of exchange.
Some authors add, that, when a merchant happened to fail,
they ufed to break his bench, either as a mark of infamy, or
to put a other in it's ftead :and they pretend, that, from
the breaking of the bench, come the words of bankrupt and
bankruptcy.
In France, it is not requifite that a man be a merchant, in
order to carry on banking : for that trade is permitted to all
forts of perfons, and even to foreigners. Hereby is meant
foreign banking, or dealing by exchange.
In Italy, the trade of banking does not derogate from nobi-
lity, efpecially in the republics ; which is the reafon, why
moft of the younger fons of the quality apply themfelves to
that employment, in order to fupport their families. And,
indeed, it is certain, that the noblemen of that country, and
particularly of Venice and Genoa, are thofe, who for many
ages paft have been the chief bankers in France, as well as
in the other countries of Europe.
Remarks on Banks and Banking.
It cannot be doubted but that the beginning of traffic was
by exchanging one commodity for another, as men could
beft fuit each other's occafions.
But the neceffities of men being fo various and different, in
refpecl:of the quantity and quality of requifites, money was
jnitituted as the moft convenient medium for commerce,
whereby people might procure whatfoever they flood in need
of in quantities, according to their exigencies.
This changed the term of bartering into that of buying and
felling ; yet all trading, at length, refults into nothing but
a general barter. For, he that fells any thing to receive
money for it, purchafes again fuch things as he requires with
the fame money.
Money then becoming the principal engine for circulating
the bulk of commerce, it's application to trade is proper to
be confidered.
Money is ufed in the minuter kinds of dealings, as retailing,
Sic. when it is commuted for all kinds of labour, and to fur-
nifh the neceflary provifions for daily ufe. This requires it's
being divided into the finalleft denominations of the fpecies,
as into (hillings and pence: fo that this way of dealing is
not capable of being tranfacled by bills and affignments.
Money is alfo employed in the more extenfive and wholefale
way of trading, wherein large fums are negociated and this
; as well by reafon of the great fums they have lent the go-
occafions frequent payments from one trader to another.
In which payments, although, ftricUly fpeaking, ready cafh
be required, as often as contracts are made ; yet, as com-
merce in general confifts in the mutual dealings and tranf-
attions of many traders, it may often (o fall out, by means
of interchangeable debts and credits, that divers traders may
fatisfy cath other's occafions without making any payments
in fpecic, by transferring their debts to each other whence
: that it's capacity of lending money is an invaluable accom-
came accommodation in traffic, of giving bills
that uftful
and affignments, which is commonly called paper credit.
For the clearer underlianding whereof, we may give the
following inflance of the mutual dependencies of trade.
The Turky merchant, we will fuppofe, buys cloth of the
clothier ; the clothier buys wool of the Spanifh merchant ;
the spanifh merchant buys fugar and ginger, &c. of the Weft-
India merchant ;
the Weft India merchant buys fluffs and
fiiks of the mercer ; the mercer buys wrought filks of the
filk- weaver ; and the filk-wraverbuys filk of the Turky mer-
chant ; and each of thefe deal 10 the value of 200 1. or up-
wards. In tli is cafe, all thefe tranfa&ions may be carried on
without money. The 'J'uiky merchant gives the clothier a
bill for 200I. on the filk' weaver j the clothiei give* the lame
;:;
B A N
bill in payment to the Spanifh merchant ; he gives it to the
Weft India merchant; he again gives it to the mercer ; and
laftly, the m.rcer delivers up the bill to the filk- weaver, in
difcharge of fo much of his debt to him and thus fix tra- :
ders are all fatisfied their refpec'tive debts, without the adlual
payment of any money which likewise illuftrates, that trade
:
isbut a geneial barter.
But, when luch mutual conveniencies do not occur, traders
ufually receive their money in Ipecie, and fo pay it from one
to another.
Yet this way of payment is attended with many inconveni-
encies, as the trouble in counting of the money, hazard in
fecuring from the attempts of robbers, and lofs from truft-
it
ing it with unfaithful fervants for the prevention of all
:
which, cities of large commerce have very naturally intro-
duced the ufe of banks.
A bank then may be properly defined a common repofitory,
where many perfons agree to keep their cafh, to be always
ready at their call or direction.
We are farther to confider, that there are banks of various
kinds, and different in the nature of their conftitutions and
eftablifhments.
Some are inftituted wholly on the public account, and put
under the direction of the magiftrates, who are obliged to
take fuch care of the management, that the money or bullion
depofited therein, (hall always be kept for the ufe of the pro-
prietors, and (ball never be let out for profit or advantage
of this kind is the famous bank of Amfterdam, which is ad-
miniftered with fo great a ftriflnefs and fidelity, that it is
faid, a magiftrate, who was one of the directors of it, was
fentenced to death, for making ufe of a fum of money but
for one day, though he paid it in the next. Wherefore, from
an opinion the proprietors entertain of the equity of it's ad-
miniftration, they judge themfelves fo fecure, that their mo-
ney lies always ready to anfwer their demands, that they fel-
dom draw out large fums, but make their mutual payments,
by transferring the fums from one man's account to another
and from this great eafe and convenience it is come to pafs,
that payments made by affignments on this bank are valued
from 3 to 5 and 6 per cent, above the payment of money in
fpecie, which difference, between the bank and current mo-
ney, is called the agio.
A fecond fort of banks is fuch as confift of a company of
monied men, who, being duly eftablifhed and incorporated
by the laws of their country, agree to depofit a confiderable
fund or joint ftock, to be employed for the profit and ad-
vantage of the whole fociety, in all thofe ways of dealing,
which are compatible with the nature of fuch an undertaking
as borrowing upon their own credit, and lending money upon
good fecurities ; buying and felling bullion gold and filver,
and foreign fpecie ; difceunting bills of exchange, or other
fecure debts ; receiving and paying the cafh of other traders j
of which kind is the bank of England.
A third banks of private men, or partnerfhips,
fort is the
who deal fame way as the former, upon their own
in the
fingle ftock or credit ; and fuch are the Lomoard ftreet, or
other bankers, as they are called.
As to the firft kind, 'tis certain, that nothing can be fo in-
fallibly fafe, as where the value is always kept ready in fpe-
cie ; and here alfo the eafe and fecurity of traders are effec-
tually provided for, in the receipts and payments of their
money : kind of bank is fo much the lefs ufeful
but yet this
to the public, as can neither be helpful to the government,
it
on emergencies, nor to traders, in accommodating them
with money.
The fecurity of the fecond kind confifts in the certain know-
lege of it's fund, or ftock, the folidity of it's inftitution,
and the incorruptible fidelity of it's management ; wherein
it is always the intereft of the concerned to give the public
the utmoft fatisfaclion and, in this refpecl, the bank of Eng-
:
land muft be fecure beyond all apprehenfion to the contrary,
vernment upon the faith of a Britifh parliament, which is
fufficient always to keep them above all fufpicion of failure,
as from the known fkilful and profitable management of
thofj who have beea fucceffively concerned in the c'ireclion.
Befides, as an incorporated body, they are not, like private
men, fubjet to death. And, as this kind of bank has all
the conveniencies of the former, it has alfo this beyond it,
modation to the communiiy, fince it will always have a ten-
dency to the keeping low the intereft of monev, and being
an effeclual and permanent check to ufury, which is the
greateft bane to our trade and navigation.
The nature of the third kind is, in all rcfpecls, the fame
with the fecond, but much fhort of it in point of fecurity,
becaufe the ability and integrity of private men in trade, are
things whereof the publick can have no certain affurance,
being only founded upon opinion, and the appearance that
men make in the world ; and, as it is very natural for pri-
vate men to be tempted with fpecious views of profit and ad-
vantage, fo they arc frequently induced to launch out be-
yond the power of their own ftock, and to hazard the eflates
of their creditors : whereby, when they come to fjftain lofs
and
 ;:

BAN BAN
and difappointments in their dealings, they not only bring the frequent receiving and paying it) any pcrfon not Intcrcftetf
ruin upon themlelves, but involve many others in the like in fuch a bank, who takes ic,OOOl. value in their bills,'

calamity, who have entrufted (hem with the keeping of their either buy- them or receives them in payment for fo much
money of this wf have (een hut too many examples.
: due to him, and is fuie, that neither he nor his afligne S
It muft. however, be acknowledged, that the man of judg- ever receive mote for them, than iool. per ann. for joo
ment and fagacityi as well as Heady honour and honefty, years (uccefhveiy ; and he that will give I0,oool. for fuch
may as fecurely be tiulhd in this rapacity with the greateit an annuity, which might have been purehafed for about
treafure as any body of people whatloevci and that there ; )QOOl. wouid have been accounted as wife, as he that would
arc fuch gentlemen among thole who are concerned in this have given 5 s. per lb. lor lead, 201. per ounce lor gold,
way of banking, we have had large experience ; and efpeci- or 16b years purchafe for lands.
ally in that great time of famine (if we mavfocall it) whilft The miftake ol this project kerns to arife
from an imagina-
the money was recoining in King William's reign, when fe- tion, rhat becaufe 'ii.-> common
banks to obtainfor trading
veral of the private bankers, and to their eternal honour be it fo great a cred.t, that their bills may pal's through many
remembered, managed their affairs with fuch penetration and hands, belore they come to be paid whereby a great run- ;

integrity, that they continued to make their payments, and
maintained their credit, even beyond the bank of England
at that tim*. Whence 'tis apparent, that private banking
alio is of great utility and convenience in trading cities ; and,
indeed, is as neceffary a check upon the bank, as the latter
is upon then-, to prevent high intereft, and exorbitant pre-
miums of any kind, as well as to the government as the public.
ning credit in their bills may be circulated with' a far Ids
fun) in money; that therefore this land-bank alio would in
time arrive to the fame reputation.
This confidence may teem to be confirmed, from the further
obfervation, that young tradefmen aie frequently trufted
with goods to two or three times the value of their own pro-
per ftock or worth wherefore it may be neceffary to con-
;

By what has been faid, it may fufficiently appear, that no- fider the difference of thefe two kinds of credit.
thing but ready money can be a proper foundation for a bank ; He that goods upon credit, always makes fuch a price
fells

that the lecond kind is the molt ufeful and extenfive, to all as (ball fufhciently cempenfate foi the time of the tiuft, and
the conveniences of the public, and of commerce and that ; from thence arifes a principal part of his gain ; but then he
its bufinefs is to keep the cafh of traders, or others, to deal fo orders his affairs, that themoney conftantly coming in
in bullion, exchanges, and difcounts, and to lend upon fe- from his debtors, may
be fufficient to anfwer all demands of
curiries, but upon none but fuch as are morally certain, and his creditors, whereupon his own reputation depends. Now,
for fhort time of payment or which, upon occafion, may
; if this tradelman, for faving the trouble of receiving and

be readily exchanged again for money on the contrary, that

: paying money, lodges his money in a bank, expecting no
fuch a bank ought never to purcnafe or lend money upon intereft or profit thereon ; 'tis in confidence, tnat it lies
lands, as well becaufe of the hazards of titles, as of the te- always as ready there to anfwer note at demand, as if it
his
dioufnefs and uncertainty of repayments : lead of all fhould lay at home in his own coffers in cafh and he is very f.n- :

a bank deal in merchandize, becaufe of the rifque of adven- lible, that if he meets with any difappointment in this, he

turing, the dubioufnefs of profits, and the length of time hazards his own credit.
for returns : it ought, indeed, to be always ftrictly reftrained But banks gain their credit from their exactnefs and punctu-
from the buying and felling merchantable commodities, by ality, in being very ready to pay oft" all their bills, as faft as

reafon of the great injury which might thereby arife to trade they are demanded ; from whence people entertain an opi-
in general, from an uncontroulable monopoly. nion, that either they keep the greateft part of their money
It may be here requifite to take notice of that erroneous no- always by them, or they deal fo wanly, as to be
at leatt that

tion entertained by fome, that banks and bankers engrofsthe able to command it all upon fhort warning.
Bu:. the tradef-
money, hoard it up, and hinder its circulation in trade; but, man gives large credit to his debtor, becaufe he ^ains r>y it
if fuch will confider this matter in its true light, they will and though he trufts his money to the keeping of the hank,

eafily be convinced, that the money lodged in banks, and in yet it may
not be faid that he gives credit to it in the lame
the hands of bankers, is the molt conllantly employed of fenfe as he does to the former, becaufe he always depends
any ; for, though the fpecie fhould lie ftill 'till called for, upon having his money, every moment, to anfwer his emer-
yet the notes given out lor its value, are continually circu- gencies.
lating ; whereby is done abundantly more fcrvice to trade, And thus, though traders will ever efteem the bills of thofe
than if the fame lay dormant in private hands ; and yet the banks equal with ready money, when they believe the ftock
neceffities of the depofitors are effectually anfwered. is always fufficient to pay them off on demand yet they ;

Nor mould we omit obferving the miftake of thofe, who will never be perfuaded to accept bills, as current payment,
have imagined, that lands fettled to a competent value, from fuch a bank as this we are fpeaking of, where they are
might be erected into a bank, and would become fo certain lure before-hand, that the fund propofed is fo far deficient,
and reputable a fund, that, if bills were iffued to the value of as not to be worth one fifth part of the value which is to be
above three times the ufual purchafe of the lands, they might iffued out in bills.
obtain a currency, upon theaffurance, that, two thirds of the There are fome, however, that have propofed a much more
clear rents of the lands paying off yearly fuch a proportion of rational fcheme for the conllituting of what they wou'd call
the bills, the whole number
them would be paid off and
of a land-bank, which is by fettling a competent value in lands,
funk in 100 years. Or, to render this more intelligible; to remain as a fixed fund of credit for the undertaking, and
the lands of 150I. per ann. being fettled upon a land-bank to raife thereon a confiderable fum of money, to lie always
for the payment of iool. clear every year, bills for io,OOol. ready for the circulating of their bills : but, if v/e fhall ftnet-
might be iffued thereupon, whereof iool. being difcharged ly examine wil be found, perhaps, that lands
this alio, it

yearly, the whole would be cleared, and the land revert to
the proprietor, at the end of ioo years; and it has been
fuppoled practicable, with the help of a little circulating mo-
ney, to give thefe bills fuch a currency at the firft, as to in-
duce the public, in a little time, to efteem them as money,
becaufe they would all certainly be paid in time.
We might well fuppofe that the abfurdity of this project
was at firft fight too evident to deceive mankind, had we not
experienced, that many people were once drawn into fquan-
der away their money, upon an attempt to put this imagi-
can neither be fitiy applied in this way. For,
We are to obferve, that trading banks may make ufe of
their credit in a two-foid manner: the one is, as they bor-
row fur a certain time, on condition to pay intereft for it
the other is, when they take upon them tne truft of keeping
other people's money, for which they give their bills pay-
able at demand. For the latter, a middling fund or ftock
may be fufficient, as we fee by the large credit frequently
given to young bankers, from an opinion of the prudence
and honour of the men for the .former there ought always
;

nary fcheme into practice : it may not, therefore, be time
mi (pent, if, while we are on this fubject, we detect the fal-
lacy of this notion, in order to guard the public from being
again impofed on by fuch chimeras.
Let it then be confidered, that all things bought and fold
are valued at a certain price, ftandard, or meafure, in refpect
to the current money of the country.
Thofe commodities, which are called ftaple,
certain eftablifhed price; from which, they rarely vary
for a feries of years, unlefs on extraordinary occafions fuch
as lead about i-^d. a pound, or gold, reckoned, about 4I.
-per ounce, and the lands of England valued, on an average,
at about 20 years purchafe ; which makes 150I. per ann.
to be a vifiblefund, amply competent tor the lender to ground
his-fecurity upon.
But, no one will fay that land alone is a practicable fund
as
for a bank, without a proportionate fum of money con-
joined with it, we fhall obtain a clearer view of th s point,
if we confider the reafon why land alone can never be a
competent fecurity for a bank.
have a pretty Land and money are the two mighty fources from whence
much property increafes, and improvements of property flow; and*
: though they both fall into the ocean of we.tth or riches, yet
they glide through different chanmK. Landp-oduces its in-
creafe by cultivation, but always remains fixed and immove-
able money, on thecontra.y, gains nothing by lying ftillj
:

worth 3000 1. and an annuity of iool, per ann. for too but makes its increafe and improvement by being continually
years, fecured to be paid by lands of a competent value, may employed in trade, and tolled from hand to hand. Land, for
be elteemed at about iqool. the molt part, takes up the whole year for the biinging about
The firft principle, in dealing, is to know the worth and va- its return, but money may be returned ten or twe ty times
lue of commodities ; and no man will give more for a thing in the year : whence it may naturally be inferred, t*>at the
than he cfteems it worth. profits arinng from the employment of money, muft be much
As money then is the medium of commerce, and as bills, of greater than from the produce of land.
whatlwcver kind, are always to be tiksn as fo much money, Thofe who are bufy in trade, and know how to employ
(being only intended, as has been already {hewn, to excul'e their whole ftock, have often occafion to borrow money,
I but

BAN
but never think of purchafing lands, or letting out their mo-
ney at intereft ; ami 'tis fuch who ufually keep their cafh in
banks, v. he;e it may be ready at their call but, when men
: and, if he has credit enough to raife money upon exigencies,
grow rich, and weary of bufinefs, they incline to lay out
their money in lanch, and to lend it upon proper fecurities ;
they fcldom deal with banks, unlefs they buy flock, becaufe,
at they have no Hidden occafions for their money, they chufe
to let it lie out long upon good fecurity, aiming at higher
intereft than banks ufually give.
Suppofe a trader takes the bill of this kind of land-bank, and
wants the money to divide into lefler payments, but, when
he comes to receive it, is told by the manager of the bank,
that, at prefent, they can only pay him the intereft ; and
for the principal he may be confident that it is fecured by
as good lands, and as fafe a title, as any in England; the
trader may well anfwer, that his dealing is not in ufury, and
that if he cannot have the money, when he wants it, to
fupply his daily occafions in trade, he is not able to carry on
his bufinefs, which is much more profitable to him than the
intereft of money, or rents of lands ; and, therefore, that
he will return the bill, and never meddle with any more of
the like. Thus 'tis plain that a bank of lands can never
prove effectual, without a fuhicient fund of money to fup-
port it.
Let us fee in what light this matter will appear, when it
furniftied with a ftock of money
and fuppofe that lands to
; advantage, to anfwer thofe calls ; an
the value of one million are fettled for the fund of a bank,
upon the credit whereof bills bearing intereft are given out
to voluntary lenders, for 750,0001. which is to the utmoft
ulual extent of the fecurity; and this fhall be the money-
ftock provided for the circulation of the bills.
And if the managers fhall act fo equitably as to extend their
credit no further in dealing than is adequate to their capital,
does not fuch a bank become as perfect a money-bank as
any other, and the lands no otherwife concerned than as if
fo much money were borrowed in the common way of mort-
gage ; for it is manifeft that the lands would have no man-
ner of operation in fuch like negociations.
But, if they fhall adventure to extend their credit beyond
the power of this money-capital, and that to fuch a degree
as to have any dependance on the remaining value of the
lands, this will be effectually the fame thing as mortgaging
the lands twice over; and, as the man who fhould do this
would incur the cenfure of being a knave, people would a-
void dealing with him ; fo if the bank fhould be difcovered
in this practice, all people would foon withdraw their credit
and, though it fhould not be difcovered, the action is never-
thelefs difhoneft, becaufe there is a poffibility that a general
demand may fall upon the bank, and then fuch traders who
happen to come toward the latter end, muft at beft content
themfelves with land fecurity, when fuch a difappointment
of the ready money happens as they had provided for the
making of their own payments this may prove of that fa-
: Let
tal confequence to fome as to deftroy their credit, and ruin
their families.
Upon the whole, men may, if they think fit, mortgage then
landed eftates for the raifing of money to be employed in
banking; and with that money they may eftablifh a compe-
tent fund for a reputable bank ; but till they can find a way
to tofs lands from hand to hand, and divide them into as
many particles as they can do a bag of money, lands cannot
honefllv be brought to bear any fhare of the banking trade,
in the light we have been confidering the matter whence :
we may with fome confidence Gonclude that nothing elfe
ought to be underftood of a bank but that it is a repofitory
of cafh, or other ftaple moveable treafure; and that there-
fore, no other fund can fitly be applied to banking except
real ready money, or what is always capable, ready to pro-
duce it.
Although it may appear at firft view of this fubjedt, that
lands and money might be united in the conftitution of a
bank, yet, from the confideration of the different natures,
qualities, and accidents of thofe two fubjecls, it is apparent
that their improvements are made by fuch different ways as
are peculiar to each, and that, therefore, they can never be
capable of being blended and confolidated into one and the
fame application, with regard to commerce ; and yet it
muft be acknowledged, that, when the reft of this nation
fhall grow fo wife as to imitate the Weft Riding of the coun-
ty of York, by inftituting a general regiftry for the fecuring
of titles, the lands of England will be brought to the neareft
capacity of refembling ready money, that the nature of the
fubject can admit and if ever fuch a national land-bank
:
as we have been fpeaking of fhould take place, this is the
preparatory ftep winch alone could eftablifh it.
Further Remarks on Banking.
Let us fuppofe a goldfmith, or a banker, fets up for keeping
people's cafh for them upon notes, payable on demand ; if
an hundred gentlemen, or landed proprietors, who keep a
provifion by them of money, lodge it in fuch banker's hands
andiake out fuch part of it as they occafionally require, but
replace it when their rents come in if thefc fums amount
:
to ico, 000 ounces of filver. it may happen that not above
; ;
BAN
10,000 ounces of the whole money fhall be wanted, or
called for out of the goldfmith's hands during the whole year;
he may commonly venture to lend out at intereft 90,000
ounces all the year round, and not keep above one tenth
part of the fums he gave his notes for, in his hands, to an-
fwer the calls upon him by which means 90,000 ounces,
:
which would otherwife have been kept up during the year,
will circulate in traffic.
If an hundred gentlemen put all their rents, as they receive
them, into hand, and only draw weekly for
a goldfmith's
the common expences of their families; and if the fums
amount to 100,000 ounces of filver per quarter ; the gold-
fmith will be able to lend out more money for a fhort time
in the beginning of the quarter, than towards the end of it
and he can only afford to lend out for the whole year fo
much as he finds by experience is left in his hands at the end
of every quarter.
H the perfons who keep money in the goldfmith's hands are
undertakers, or dealers in bufinefs, who commonly put in
large fums, and as commonly draw them foon out of his
hands, to anfwer the demands of their bufinefs fuch gold-
;
fmith will often find, that, if he '.ends ;wo-thirds of his cafh,
the demands upon him will exceed the one-third he has in
is his hands, and fo he muft haftily re-borrow money at dif-
...therefore, expei ence
will fhew him, that he cannot prudently venture to le;id out
above one half of the cafh, for which he has given his notes.
F*om thefe examples it is apparent, that the quantity of
money a goldfmith may be able to lend out of his cafh, is
proportionable to the methods of acting of thofe who depofit
their money in his hands. Whence it follows, that one
goldfmith may be able to lend out !9B , when another cannot
afford to lend out \ ; and this may be the cafe, though we
fuppofe the credit of both equally good.
A well-conftituted national bank having a better reputation
than a private goldfmith, the largeft fums, and fuch as are
not foon called for, are commonly lodged there. If the
national bank makes payments, and keeps money upon
transfers, as that of Amfterdam, Venice, &c. it is fafer than
bank-bills, becaufe thefe may be falfified ; but it is not fo
generally convenient, becaufe the attendance on the transfer-
books is troublefome, and many will take bank-bills in pay-
ment who would not be at the trouble of going to the bank
for a transfer :befide, payments in bank-notes may be made
in the country, but the transfers require being on the fpot.
Money is only neceffary in barter, where men of bufinefs
are fo concerned that payments by evaluation may anfwer,
in moft cafes, and in thofe of minute payments, as for eat-
ing, drinking, cloathing, &c. The building of a houfe
alfo requires ready money for the weekly payment of the
workmen employed in it.
us fuppofe that 10,000 ounces of filver have been laid
out in building of the faid houfe : if the undertaker who
built it, and laid out that money, letts it for 500 ounces a
year, he fhall, in 20 years, get in his original money, in
fmall payments, which he laid out for the common fufte-
nance of his family; but if he fells the houfe for 10,000
ounces, may be paid in bank-bills, and in bank-transfers,
but need not be paid any part in money, till it is wanted for
eating, drinking, cloathing, &c. for himfelf and family, or
for thofe to whom he affigns it. If he lays it out in a mort-
gage, the payment may be made in bank-bills, or transfers,
and no part is required in money till it is turned fomewhere
to minute payments, for family neceffaries.
The gentleman who borrows money on his eftate, if it be
to pay great debts, it will alfo make payment in bank-bills ;
but, if he applies to building, the money muft be taken
out gradually for the maintenance of his workmen ; as if he
owes it to undertakers of any branches of bufinefs, they will
apply the money to their employments : and, let this enquiry
be carried on never fo far, it will be found, that no money
in fpecie is abfolutely required till you come to eating, drink-
ing, cloathing, &c. or to minute payments, and therein
fpecie muft neceflarily be applied. And the ufe of banks is
to keep hand-money circulating in the channels of minute
payments, and to hinder it from ftagnating, or being kept
up in large parcels for any confiderable time.
'Tis pretty difficult to judge what proportion of celerity in
circulation a national bank, or banks, may give the money of
a ftate ; but, if I have been rightly informed in regard to
the ciicumftances of the bank of Venice, it may give forr.c
ufeful light into this matter.
The revenues of the ftate of Venice, which amount to zbout
4,000,000 ounces of filver per annum, are payable in bank-
money, or in transfers at the bank of Venice; and the ftate-
revenue, collected even at Bergamo, remote from Venice,
when it was brought into that capital, is to anfwer in bank.
All bargains and negociations between dealers above a cer-
tain fum are invalid, if not paid in bank and the money
:
conftantly paid and repaid, in thefe transfers, keeps up na-
turally a circulation of transfers of 800,000 ounces of filver.
If a man, who has credit on the transfer-books, wants fpecie
for minute payments he will find another who has gathered
8 fpecie
 ; ;

BAN B A N
tjiccie from minute payments, and wants a transfer, where- b !l credit in the world as 1! V, with t.'ic like flirt)

with to make a large payment: and, fo far as that Turn of in money; and,' consequently, thofe mull 1
oufly
ounces nf money and transfers are found to keep miftaken who the one can !c aa much relied on
think th.it

up an equilibrium, lime and experience brought this to as the other, or ftretched beyond a reafonabl limitation.
light, There are other ways whereby barikersmaj beufeful to
i be money was firft lodged in the bank of Venice, for the hiercei than thole which are on ,

credit given in the transit! -books the government, in their

: fhewnj under the articles of ARTIFICERS, Anonymous
wars, fpent the money derofued, and their further ncceflities Bartnerfhip, and AsPHALTUM, by wh.it natural meafurea
Obliged them to give new transfers in the bank, for the ler- out mechanics and manul may be improved, and what
vite cf the war, without any money being depofitcd. Thefe encouragement fliould be given to the in venters of nCw dif-
transfers were enlarged to about 1, 600, coo ounces of filvcr coveries for the advancement of our commenc, as alfo how
and then it proved that there were more transfers than mo*- beneficial to this end the Royal Society of London may be
;nd the price of transfers agaiftft money fell above 20 rendered it may not be ufelcfs to obferve here, that
; fuch
|)ti cent, of the original value, and, coiifequently, the year- who are happily formed for inventions of this kind, frequent-
ly revenues of the ftate diminifl.ed in pioportion as they ly Hand in need ol a luiuUe fund ot money to cny
were payable in bank. deligns into execution,
To remedy this diforder, the (late borrowed money on the Bankers dealing in money may be inftrumental to forward
revenue, and contradfed the transfers gradually, by paying many new inventions, ;lter, aa Ins been (hewn under the
them off, till they came to anfwer the original price at mar- article Asphaltum, the certainty and utility of fuch difco-

ket ; and this equilibrium was not difcovered till the tranl-
fers were reduced to about 800,000 ounces.
If we fuppofe the proprietors rents in the ftate of Venice to
amount to 21 millions of ounces of filver per annum, and
the circulating money from 7 to 8 millions, the advantage of
circulation gained by the bank of Venice will not exceed the
eighth part of the circulating money in the ftate and the
; them be either improvements upon old inventions, or quite
fervice they receive by the bank is reduced to this, that from
*/ to 8 millions of money, with the help of the bank; anfwer
3 well as 7 to 8 millions, added to the 800,000 ounces in
money, without any bank ; and the bem-fit which the go-
vernment have obtained by the bank of Venice has been this,
that they have borrowed S.o,COO ounces, for which they
never pay any intereft.
From this example it appears, that the advantage gained in
the circulation of the money of a nation by banks, and gold-
fmiths or bankers, is not fo great in proportion as is com-
monly believed ; and the proportion of fuch advantage feems
to be lefs in a great kingdom than in fo -fmall a Hate as that
veries (hall be duly afcertained by the Royal Society: for,
after the deliberate approbation of that learnedbody, we may
prefumc that no fraud or impolition could be intended.
The monicd man, leeking proper oppo. Unities for the im-
provement of his money, he can ve y rarely meet with fo
beneficial occahonsas by encouraging fuch undertakings, let
new difcoveries. But then this is notpropofed to be done at
the rate of the national intereft, but that thole who advance
the money ftiall be intitled to a certain fharc in the profits ;
and, according to the nature and extent to which fuch art
or manufacture may be carried on, one, two, three or more
banker?, or monicd men, who could acl in cone. it, and
confide in each other, might fet thefe new inventions a-foot
and in cafes where, for the rifque of a few hund.ed pounds,
at the commencement, deligns can be fet on foot for the pub-
lic emolument, which may produce to the firft encouragers
many thoufands, and, in their confequences, many millions
to the ftate, impolitic that there fliould be any obftru&ion
it is

of Venice. For, as banks and goldfmiths give a circulation to a of this nature.

to a fmall part only of the real money of the nation, which
vvould otherwife be locked up in particular people's hands,
the quicknefs they give to circulation cannot bear a great
proportion to the whole circulating money of a nation. To
judge farther to what greater degree banks may be ufeful for
the fupport of the public and private credit of a nation, and
to the reduction of the intereft of public funds, and the na-
tional rate of intereft, fee the articles Credit, [Pudlic
practice For nothing can be more
able than that thofe who hazard their money fhould be
intiik-d to a (hare of the profits, without incurring the cen-
fure of ufury, or any other injurious imputation from the eye
of the law, though their advantages fliould turn out at the
rate of 10 or 20 per cent, per annum, or more, which is
deemed otherwife in cafe of bottomries, &c. Nor fliould it
be deemed difhonourable, in perfons even of the firft rank,
thus to engage in fuch undertakings yet engagements of ;

Credit], Money, Interest, Funds.
From what has been faid, the general nature of banking muft
by thistime be pretty well underflood, both with regard to
particular banks, as well as private bankers. And, although
credit in this way of dealing will go great lengths, yet there
muft always be kept a proportion of cafh fufficient to give
every one his money on demand, who comes for it ; and that
bank or banker that begins a foundation of credit in this way,
ought not to extend it above part beyond his hard money ;
.'
every one muft be afraid to truft that bank, or banker, who
would venture fo far as to referve but a fourth part in ready
cafh for the circulating notes payable at fight ; but it is plain,
that fome proportion muft be always referved j and, whatever
that fhall be, fo much will the real advantage of this kind of
this kind may be more fuitable to men of bufinefs than to
others, who, for want of due knowlege and experience in
the conduct of affairs of this nature, may render them abor-
tive, notwithftanding the gocdnc-fs and benefit of the delign
wherein they might emhark.
From what has been faid it appears, that the bufinefs of do-
meftic banking is a traffic in money, in bullion gold or filver,
or foreign fpecie, difcounting bills of exchange, promiffory
notes, and in dealing in the funds, in drawing or remitting
money from one inland trading city or town to another, for
the accommodation of traders, and keeping cafh for other
people, &c.
Befides this kind of bankers, which are with us in common
England, Scotland, and Ireland, there another fpecies, is

credit fall fhoi t of fo much ready money.
It is true, that this is one of the principal branches from which
the profit of banking arifes ; neverthelefs, it muft be ufed ten-
derly, and with great difcretion, it being ever precarious and
uncertain ; and we may obferve, that all the wary and judi-
cious undertakers in this way preferve their credit fo far with-
in compafs, as to be always prepared againft a run (as it is
called) ; fo we may be confident, that as a body of people are
generally more circumfpect, and lefs apt to be tempted by
every view of advantage, than private men, the bank of
England is the lead likely of any to hazard their credit beyond
their reach ; and it is certain this corporation always keep
themfelves fo well provided with ready cafh to anfwer all de-
mands, as that but a moderate proportion of that large cre-
dit, which they have defervedly obtained, can be made ufe of
by them to their real advantage. For no body of men, any
more than a private man, will dare to deal fo freely with the
which may be properly diftinguifhed by the name of foreign
bankers, as not dealing in the way of thofe dorneftic ones
before defcribed, but trafficking largely in the negotiation of
foreign bills of exchange ; and that not only in the natural
courfe of their other mercantile concerns, in commodities and
in ihipping, &c. but who make a kind of a diftinct branch
of bufinefs this way, in dealing coniiderably by exchange
with many countries of Europe. Thefe, with us, ge-
nerally are called remitters, though in France and Italy
they are named bankers ; and, in thofe countries, fome of
them deal a little in the dorneftic, as well as foreign way of
banking.
The foundation of this foreign way of banking depends
upon a thorough (kill in the exchanges ; and this confifts in
knowing when to draw, or remif, to the beft advantage,
amidft all the trading citiesT>f Europe. See the article Ar-
bitration of Exchange.

Vol. L 3E THE


BAN BAN
THE NATURE OF DOMESTIC BANKING,
CAPITAL STOCK DR PER CONTRA
(i) By Cafh, being the amount of what is in ready money
(2) By South Sea ftock, bought 2000 1. (lock, at 1 5 1

(3) By India ftock, bought 3000I. ftock, at 187 ~
(4) By Bank ftock, bought 3000I. ftock, at 139 \

CASH DR PER CONTRA

(0 To capital ftock, for my ready money 20000 (7)By A. B. paid his draft of -
To A. B. received as a depofit in hand 1000 (9) By gold, paid for icoooz. of bar, at 1. 3 : 17
(6) To
C. D. ditto 200c (") By ditto, paid for 500 oz coin, at 1. 3 : 17 : 11
(8) To E. F. ditto 3000 (12) By paid for 1200 oz. of pillar pieces, at 5s. 5d
filver,

(10) To gold fold 500 oz. of bar, at 1. 3 : 17 : 11 1948 By bills of exchange difcounted, f. 6000 : 10 at 35 4, 7 :

(13) To filver fold 200 oz. pillar pieces j- at 5 : 5 5

1 - 327 at 2 ufance, 1 month 10 days, to run 4 per cent. J

(>S) To bills of exchange received, bill off. 6000: ioofAmfter-7 (16) By lottery-tickets, paid for icoo, at iol.

(17)
(.8)
dam, at 35

To ditto -------
: 4, to
To lottery-tickets, received
run 1 month 10 days
for 56c, at
for 340, at 1. 11 : 2 : 6
1. 10 : 15

J
566
602c
3782
months
(19) By lottery- tickets, lent on 250, at 5 percent, for three 7

(21) By jewels, lent on the box F. G. at 5 per cent, per ann.

J

(20 To ditto - - received for principal and intereft

on the 7
202 c
(23) By bottomry, lent to Capt. of Indiaman* 7
loan of 2000 1. per 3 months J at 40 per cent.
{22) To jewels, received for principal and intereft lent on a box ? (25) By promiflary notes, difcounted 1. 500 per C N.l
F. G. per ann. at 5 per cent, S payable to F. P. at 3 months, 2 months to run at > 1

(z-f) To bottomry, received of Capt. of Indiaman, prin- 7 5 per cent.

1400
cipal and intereft, at 40 per cent. (27) By L. M. and N. O. lent on their joint bond, for 3 7
(26) To promiflary notes, received C. N's payable to F. P. of $
500 months, at 5 per cent.
(28) To L. M. and N. O. received what lent with intereft 1012 (29) By Duke and Prince Frederic privateer, in company, 7
J

(3) To Duke and Prince Frederic Privateer, received our propor- 7 &c. expended for 5 part J
30000
tion of the prize, &c. By Bank ftock, lent on a pledge of 800
(32) To South Sea ftock, fold2000 1. ftock at 1 16 3
2320
(31)
per cent. -
1. ftock, at 5 7
. .
J
(33) To India ftock, fold I. 3000 at 1 87 ^ 5632
(34) To Bank ftock, fold 1. 3000 at 139 -j 4196

SOUTH SEA STOCK STOCK DR.! PER CONTRA bTOCK

i) To capital ftock, bought at 115 s 2COO 2302 10 (32) By cafh, received for the fale of, at 116 2000

INDIA STOCK Stock. DR PER CONTRA Stock.

(3) To capital ftock, bought at 187 300c 5617 (33) By cafh, fold at 187 | 3 coo

BANKSTOCK Stock DR. PER CONTRA Stock

(4) To capital ftock, bought
139 \ at 3000 4177 (34) By cafh, fold at 139 \ 300c
to To cafh, lent at 5 per cent, on pledged ftock of 800 1000

A.B. DR PER CONTRA

(7) To cafh, paid his draft of 5 (5) By cafh, received as a depofit in my hands

CD. DR. PER CONTRA

(6) By cafh, received as a depofit in my hands
 1

BAN BAN
DELINEATED AT ONE VIEW.
E. F. DR PER CONTRA n R.
(8) By cafh, received as a depofit
;coc

Gold Bar- DR. Bar- CR.

Coin. Gold, Gold.
GOLD oz. PER CONTRA oz.
ro cafh, bought in bars, at 1. 3 : 17 : 8 per oz. 1000 389. (10) By cafh, fold at 1. 3 :
17 : ;

500 1948 9
fo cafh, bought in coin, at 1. 3 : 17 : 1 1 per oz. 94" 1!-;

Pillar DR PlLI.AK
CR,
SILVER Ps. 5 PER CONTRA Ps *oz

fo cafh, bought at 5 s. 5 d. per oz. 325 (13) By cafh, fold at 5 :

5 ; 327

BILLS of EXCHANGE DR. PER CONTRA CR.

rocafh, difcounted, drawn by Clifford and fons, Amflerdam,' (15) By cafh, received for 6gco : ic, at $$ 4. iili
c66
payable to N. O. at 2 ufance, f. 6000 : 10 at 35. 4. 1 month 5* 10 days, to run done at
4 { -

10 days, to run at 4 -

LOTTERY TICKETS Tick. DR PER CONTRA Tick. CR.

ro cafh, purchafed at 1. 10 No. &c. &c. 1000 IOCOO 117) By cafh, received at 1. 10 : 15 for fold 560 6020
ro ditto, lent upon lottery tickets, No. Sec. Sec. at
(18) By ditto, received at 1. 1 1 : 2:6 fold 34 378 2 "
250 20OC
5 per cent,
for 3 months ' '
5 (20) By ditto, received of for principal
and interelt, on the loan of per 3 250 2025
months

JEWELS DR. PER CONTRA - CR.

fo cafh, lent on a box of jewels marked F. G. at 5 per cent, per ann 2000 (22) By cafh, received for the principal and interelt of<
box F. G. per ann. at 5 per cent.
J

BOTTOMRY DR. PER CONTRA CR

ro cafh, lent to Capt of Indiaman, at 40 per cent. 100c (24) By cafh received of Capt of Indiaman, 7
principal and interelt at 40 per cent. J
1 400

PROMISSARY NOTES DR. PER CONTRA CR.

ro cafh, difcounted a note of C. N. payable to F. P at 3 By cafh, received C. N.'s note payable to F. P.
months, of 500 1. 2 months to run at 5 per cent L } 495 16 s
(26) 50c

L. M. and N. O. DR. PER CONTRA C R.

To cafh, lent on their joint bond for 3 months, at 5 per cent. 28) By cafh,- received interelt' and principal 1012
per ann. IOOfe

The DUKE and PRINCE FREDEO

RIC PRIVATEER, in company}, DR PER CONTRA CR.
with, &c. J j

To cafh, expended for \ part of all charges, Sec. 5690 (30) By cafh, received our proportion of the prizes 30000

*.B. For the fake of exhibiting the nature of Banking d'un coup d'ceil, and the accountantfhip requifite to that bufinefs, as alfo the immediate
:rences from one account to another, I have been under the neceflity, according to thecompafs of the fheet, of making ufe of two lines frequently
his ledger account ; whereas the reader will obferve, it is ufual to make ufe of no more than one line in a large ledger.

BAN
Remark, s.
Whoever is tolerably acquainted with the nature of account-
antfhip, by debtor and creditor, accoiding to the true prin-
ciples of double entry, will eafily perceive, from the ledger
account, thus exhibited in miniature, how the profits of
banking arife. I have chofen this manner of reprefentation,
with a view to anfwer a treble end (i.) To give a lively
:
idea of the nature of the bufinefs to thofe who are not ac-
quainted therewith. (2.) To give a fketch of the funda-
mental principles whereby the accounts of all bankers, and
trading banks, ought to be regulated and adjufted. (3.) To
habituate gentlemen, as well as people of bufinefs, whofe
affairs require accurate account-keeping, to the more ready
and facile way of keeping their accounts themfelves, or di-
recting their clerks to do it, according to the principles of
reafon and art.
The explanation of the foregoing fheet.
1. The reader is defired to obferve, that thofe diftinct ac-
counts reprefent both a debit fide and a credit, in order to
be duly charged on one fide, and discharged on the other,
according as the nature and reaibn of the tranSaclion fhall
require.
2. That the figures annexed at the beginning of each line,
written under any dift.nct account, are placed to Signify the
dates, when fuch bufinefs was tranfacted.
3. That no fum of money is to be polled, or placed to the
debit of any account, but the fame fum mult be placed to
the credit of fome other account of the fame date, with
which it has an equitable confoimity. And, thefe dates be-.
ing reprelented by the annexed figures, the eye will beeafi!y
oft from the debits to their corresponding credits.
4. The column prefixed next to the money column, on the
debit fide, fhews, in all ledgers kept according to the method
of double entry, upon what folio the proper credit ftands,
in order to expedite reference from the one to the other.
The reafon of the firft, fecond, and fourth particulars re-
quire no explanation, but the third may, which fhall be done
in a familiar and rational manner and, indeed, this is the
: dit fide of cafh, fhews that A 2 has drawn out of his banker's
only method of accountantfhip that is founded on reafon ;
for, although that of fingle entry may, with care, anfwer
fome purpoTes well enough, yet it is generally founded in
confufion, and, therefore, is to be avoided by all, who deal
largely, if they keep the full view of their income and out-
go before them.
Now the method of double entry accountantfhip is bottom-
ed on the plainefl reafon, and upon the principles of keeping
accounts always in an exact balance; for if, according to the
third obfervation, there is always as much money placed on
the debit fide of your accounts in general, as there is on the
credit of them it is certain that fuch accounts will
in general,
always remain balance upon the whole; and, confe-
in a
quently, every diftinct account will be fit for the like balance
fince, if the whole is conftantly in a balance, the feveral
parts whereof the whole confifts cannot be otherwife.
Such is the nature of commerce of any kind, that fomething
mull be dealt in, and fomebody mud be dealt with
it is,that there can no debit arife in the nature of bufinefs,
but reafon will inftantly point out its correfponding credit,
in order to maintain the balance.
If you receive money of a perfon, it muft proceed from one
or other of the following caufes : paid for at I.3
1. Either becatife he owed it you, for fome property before
received. Or,
2. That he prefents it by way of gift or donation.
3. That it falls to you in a legal way.
If the be the cafe, and you would keep your money right,
firft
you charge, or debit, your money, or cafh-account, as it is
now called, for all you receive; and, if the perfon of whom
you receive that money owed it you, and flood debtor for
it in your accounts, as he ought, then, upon payment there-
of, it is reafonable that he fhould be difcharged, or have
credit for the fum you have received : by doing of which you
keep both your money and perfona! accounts in a right State
but, if you only credit or uifcharge the perfon for what you
receive, and do not charge or debit your money account for
what you have received, your money, or cafh account, can
never balance. 'I his is too frequently the beginning of de-
struction to many people's affairs ; for they weakly imagine,
that if they keep right with the accounts of the pcrfons with
whom they have dealings, that is fufHcient, their account
of cafh relating only to themfelves, and, therefore, their
whole income and out-go of money need not be duly ftated.
By this neglect many good fortunes have been Squandered
away, and the pcrfons themfelves have not known how,
when their affairs have been brought to the teft of a com-
miffion of bankruptcy.
But the method we recommend,
keeping a trader's or gentleman's affairs always in a ba-
lance, thefe evils may be guarded againft.
If the money received be by way of free gift, here is an in-
creafe of your cftate, and that muft appear upon your b oks,
or your books will not rightly reprefent your affairs at that
;
BAN
point of time, nor consequently, the fubfequent change*
they may undergo.
For this increafe of eftate, if it be in money, you debit your
cafh, and credit your capital (lock. If it confifts in the pub-
lic flocks,you debit thofe diftinct flocks, for the value at
that time, and credit your capital flock. If it confifts in a
part money, and a part ftock, you debit each for their re-
spective values, and credit your capital ftock by both. By
this means obvious, that your accounts all the way con-
it is
tinue in a balance, and are a faithful mirrour, wherein ta
behold the ftate of your affairs; and all changes air) altera-
tions that your affairs can poflibly undergo, will, in the like
manner, admit of proper debits and credits, conformity to in
each other. To apply thefe plain principles to the bufinefs
of banking, and the explication of the accounts before us.
Numbers (1), (2), (3), (4), on the credit fide of capital
ftock, fhew that tne fuppoled banker had, at the commence-
ment of his bufinefs, in cafh 20,000 1. in South-Sea ftock,
which coft him 2302I. 10s. in Eaft-India ftock, which cofl
him 56171.-10?., in bank-ftock, 4177I. 10s. Thus thefe
divers diftinct accounts are debited for their reSpective fums,
and capital ftock is credited by tnem for the total ; which
might have been done in one fingle line, by divers accounts ;
but I have polled thtm Separately, to render what 1 would
fay the more intelligible to thofe who are unacquainted with,
this method of account-keeping. Whence it is plain, that
there is the Same total placed to the debit of thefe feveral ac-
counts, as there is to the credit fide of capi'.al ftock, and,
therefore, thefe accounts are in a balance, and fo far fhew
the true ftate of affairs at one view. And, if a banker's ftock
confifted in a hundred particulars, they might all be exhi-
bited at one glance of the eye, by proper debits and credits,
in the fame manner.
Numbers (5) and (6) on the debit fide of cafh fhew, that
fuch banker has received of A B loco 1. in money, as a de-
pofit in his hands for his account, to be drawn out at plea-
fure; for which he debits his cafh, and credits A B, where-
by his money account is right, the perfon's account is right,
and his books are in a balance.
Number (7) on the debit of A B's account, and on the cre-
hands 500 1. for which A B being debited, and cafh credited,
both A B's account, and the account of cafh, are right, and
the books are ftill in a balance.
Number (8) is an inftance of the fame kind with thofe of (5)
and (6). Thefe inftances are fufHcient for all of the fame
nature.
Number (9), on the debit of gold, and on the credit of cafh,
fhews, that fuch banker has purchafed, at 1. 3. 17 10 per : :
ounce, 1000 ounces of gold in bars, and paid for it 3891 1.
13s. 4d.; fo that the account of gold being debited for the
fame, and cafh credited, the accounts of gold and money are
right, and the books in a balance.
Number (10) on the debit fide of cafh, and on the credit fide
of gold, fhews that 500 ounces of bar-gold have been fold at
1. 3. 17
: II I per ounce for ready money.
: Thi.'- keeps the
account of money right, as alfo that of gold. The inner
columns oS the gold account fhew the quantity bought en the
: whence debit, and the quantity fold on the credit, and, consequently,
will always fhew the quantity remaining, and the profit or
lofs arifing by fuch dealings.
Number (11) on the debit of gold, and on the credit of cafh,
fheWs, that 5000 ounces of gold in coin has been bought and
17 11 per ounce, amounting to 1947 1.
: :
18s. 4d.
Number (12) againft the debit of filver, and the credit of
Or, cafh, fhews that 1200 ounces of pillar pieces of eight have
been bought for ready money, at 5 s. 5^ d. per ounce, which
amount to 325 ].- And number (13) on the debit fide of
cafh, and the credit fide of filver, fhews that the fame 1200
ounces of filver have been fold at 5s. 55 d. amounting t<>
327 1. ios. ; fo that the account of filver being balanced
in quantity, by Subtracting the debit from the credit, you
will eafily fee the profit.
Number (14), on account of bills of exchange, and the cre-
: dit of cafh, fhews that fuch banker has difcounred a bill of
exchange of 6000 florins, drawn from Amfterdam, payable
to one in London, at 35 s. 4d. per 1. fieri, being 1. 560 8 : 1 :
flerling, difcounting at 4 \ per cent, for one month 10 days,
makes the money advanced I.563 : 5 1. And number (15) :
on the debit of cafh account, and on the credit of the bills of
exchange, fhews that fuch was paid when due 1.506 l 8 : :
whereby the account of money is kept right ; and that of bills
of exchange fhews the profit obtained by difcounting this
article, which would be the fame in method in a thoufand
examples of the like nature.
Number (16) on the debit fide of lottery tickets, and credit
of cafh, fhews that icoo of them were bought at 10 I.
And numbers (17) and (18) on the debit of cafh, and the
credit of lottery tickets, fhew, that 560 of them were fold at
iol. 15 s. and 340 at l.il : 2 : 6 ; whereby the number of
which the drawing was flood, appears, and that the profit or
lofs on the whole will be apparent upon that account, and
the books all the way on a balance.
Number
 BAN
Number (19) on the debit of lottery tickets, and the credit
fideof cafh, fhews that 2000 I. has been borrowed of the
banker, at the late of 5 per cent, for three months, on the
pledge of 550 tickets. And number (20), on the debit of
cafh and credit of lottery tickets, fhews that the faid 2000 I.
with interelt, has been paid whereby the accounts are all
: of bills of exchange, or dealing in lottery tickets, jewels by
the way nhtly kept, and fhews the advantage, or other-
wife, on thole adventures.
Number (21), on the debit of jewels, and on the credit of
cafh, fhews that fuch banker has lent 2000 1. on a box of
jewels, marked F G, at 5 per cent, per annum.
Number (22), on the debit of cafh and the credit of jewels,
{hews that 2100 1. has been received for the principal and
intereft of the fum for one year. The furplufage on the cre-
dit, being gain, be paffed to the credit of the account
may
of intereit, if it is thought proper to keep fuch a diftinil
account, or to the account of profit and lofs, as an interme-
diate account to that of capital flock, into which it ulti-
mately falls, at the general ballance of the accounts.
Number (23), on the debit fide of the account of bottomry,
and the credit of cafh, fhews that 1000 1. has been lent to
J C, captain of the lndiaman, at
on that account.
Number (24), on the debit of cafh, and the credit of bot-
tomry accounts, fhews that the principal and profit have
been received, 1400 1.
This account will always fhew the
profit or lofs that arifes upon fuch occafions.
By number (25), on the debit of promiflary notes, and the
credit of calh, it appears that a note of hand, drawn by
C N, payable to F P, three months after date, has been dis-
counted, having two months to run, at 5 per cent, per ann.
The fum advanced on the note being 1. 495 16:8. : duly ballance, as thofe which are fairly and honeftly flated,
By number (26), on the debit of cain, and the credit of pro
miliary notes, fhews that the 500 I. has been received, and,
conlequently, fo far as the credit of all accounts of this na-
ture exceeds the ir debits, is the neat profit upon thefe refpec-
tive articles of bufincfs in the banking way.
Number (27), on the debits of L and M
O, and the
credit fide of calh, fhews that 1000I. at 5 percent, per ann.
has been lent them, upon their joint bond, for three months.
When this bond was taken up, is fhewn by number (28),
where cafh is charged with the receipt of the principal and
intereft, and the joint hondfmen difcharged in conformity.
The difference between the debit and credit of their perfonal
account fhews the intereft made.
And, if any extra-pre-
miums are made by thefe and the like kind of occurrences,
they are generally palled to the debits of cafh, and the credit
of capital flock, that they need not appear by explicit ac-
counts, to clerks, but only as a fecret negeciation between
the tranfactors.
Number (29), on the debit of the Duke ar.d Prince Frederic
privateers, in com. and on the credit of cafh, fhews that
5000 I. has been expended on thofe vcflels, by way of ad-
venture for a quarter part of the banker's advance. And
jiumber (30), on the debit of cafh, and the credit of Duke
and Prince Frederic privateers, is ccntained 30,000!. the
fum received as one quarter part of the prize-money. By
deducting the debit from the credit of fuch accounts, fhews
the neat profit on thefe enterprizes, or the credit from the
debit, if lofles attend them.
The lofs or gain is palled to the
account of profit and lofs, and the ballance thereof terminates
in the increaie or diminution of the article of capital flock.
Number (34), on the debit of bank llock, and the credit of
cafh, fhews that 1000 1. has been lent upon the pledge of
800 bank flock, at 5 per cent.
1.
Number (32), on the debit of cafh, and the credit of South-
bea flock, fhews that 2000 1. of that llock has been fold at
116, which on the debit of that account, appears to have
been bought at 1 1 5
whereby the profit is clear on that
*
account.
Number (33), on the debit of cafh, and the credit of bank
llock,fhews that 3000 1. flock has been fold at 187^, which
was pui chafed at 187^, as is ieen by the debit, iu that the
profit is plain.
Number (33), on the debit of cafh, and the credit of India
flock, fhews that 3000 flock has beendifpofed of, at 139!,
1 riety of checks render it extremely difficult, if not a'moft
which, by the debit, was bought at 239 fo that profits on
l
':
thefe accounts are apparent. Which inftances are as fuf-
ficient as numberlefs others, to fhew the nature of the bufi-
nefs, as well as the method of accounts proper for the purpofe.
By this method of accountantfhip all defirable fatisfaction
is obtained, in the molt concife manner that is poffible.
Ifyou would know the ftate of your cafh, it is only adding
up the debit and the credit, and fubtraling the credit fide of
payments from the debit fide of receipts, and the remainder
{hews the money in hand.
If you would know whether your dealing in the funds have
turned to account, it is only throwing your eye on the debit
and credit of thofe diflinct accounts, and if the whole, which
was purchafed, is difpofed of, the gain or the lofs will be
evident, by fubtradting the fum total of that fide
leaft from that which is greateft.
In regard to thofe perfons who keep cafh with the bankers,
the credit of thofe perfonal accounts, fhews what money was
Vot. I.
BAN
from time to time depofited, the debit, what was occafionally
drawn out, and conlequently, the difference fhews how the
accounts fland.
In the fame eafy manner, are found the profits or lofles at-
tending the trafficking in gold and filvcr, in the difcounting
putcbafe or pledge, bottomries, promifibry notes, loans on
per fori a] fecurities, in privateering, pledges of flock, or what-
ever clfe may be prudent (or the banker to be concerned in.
From what has been faid, nothing can be more plain, than
that accounts kept in this manner, according to the double
entry method, are always in a ballance, by reafon there fs,
upon the whole, always as much polled to the debit as to the
credit : fo that the fum
of the debit and credit fides of
total
the whole ledger mull be equal and, if fo, it is eafy to con-
:
ceive, that the difference between the didinct accounts will
terminate in a general ballance alfo that is to fay, if the :
debit fidesbe the greatell fums, and the credit be deducted
therefrom, and the diflerence placed to the account of bal-
lance, the fum total of thele differences will be equal to the
fum of the differences of thele accounts, whofe credits
total
40 1. per cent. fhall exceed their dibits. From which plain principles of
reafon, the 1110ft con fu fed and perplexed accounts may be
always ballanccd.
But here it may be ufeful to o'-ferve, that although the ac-
counts mud neceflarily ballance, by reafon of the eqality of
debits and credit yet it does not from thence follow, that
;
fueri accounts are juflly flated, and truly reprefent the con-
dition of people's affairs. For there may be very great fal-
lacy and impofitinn, by the fla'.ing of accoums artfully, un-
der falfe and deceitful heads; yet thofe accounts fhall as
by reafon of their being kept according to the method of
double entry ; but this lenders no imperfection in the art :
for fictitious entries may be as regularly dated and ballanced
as real ones. And, if people will keep double fets of books,
the one to fhew the real ftate or their affairs, and the other
N the fraudulent and fictitious, there is no judging, by the lat-
ter, in what condition a man's affairs are. And I wifh that
there may not have been egregious impofitions put upon the
public by fictitious and fophiflical accounts, notwithitanding
their appearing with the fpecious face of a ballance.
But how, and what manner thefe impofitions are to be
in
detected, fhew under the head of Mi- rcantile Ac-
I fhall
countantship. At prefent 1 fhall only obferve on this
article, that, il perfons are thoroughly fkilled in this method
of account-keeping, they may (hit the number as well as the
manner of keeping all thefe books, which may be proper au-
xiliaries to the grand effential book, which 1 have been de-
ferring, the ledger. For, fuitably to the nature of a perfon's
tranfactions, the elegant accountant will accommodate thefe
books. The merchant requires more auxiliary books than the
bankers ; and one merchant more than another, according to
the circumflances of his negotiations ; but they muft all ter-
minate in an accurate ledger, that is always fit for a genuine
ballance. This is the reafon wherefore I have chofe to il-
ludrate the bufinefs of banking by this book only, rather
than at prefent to perplex the reader with a tedious defcrip-
tion of a multitude of books, which might have prevented
his having fo thorough an idea of what we intended to com-
municate in a familiar manner.
Notwithdanding, as it may be neceflary formnny readers to
know the nature and ufe of the various auxiliary books prac-
tifed in accounts, I fhall defcribe them -inder the article of
Book-Keeping ; but he is the bed accountant that makes
ufe of the fewclt.
From what has been faid in regard to the nature and ac-
counts of private bankers, a very good idea may be obtained
of the nature of the bufinefs of the bank of England ; of what
ufe they make of people's money, and confequently in what
manner their profits arife.
And bank fo condituted, it is requifite that the me-
as, in a
thod of keeping their accounts fhould be as accurate as pof-
fible ; fo, in the ceconomy and management of that corpo-
ration, their accounts are exqmlitely well kept, and the va-
impoflible, to defraud them by any machinations among their
fervants. And had thofe worthy and honed gentlemen, the
lateMeff. Woodwards, bankers in Exchange Alley, London,
been thoroughly maders of accounts themfelves, and regu-
lated their books in that concife manner, which this admira-
ble ait will admit of, the catadrophe whi h unhappily befel
them could never have happened, notwithdanding the ex-
tenfivenefs or their tranfaciions nothing being a more effi-
;
cacious prefervative agtnft misfortunes.
For the ftate of the refpective banks in Europe, fee them un-
der the particular places wherein they are efiablifhed, as that
of London, Amlterdam, Genoa, Venice, Hamburgh. Paris,
ijfe. our reafon for which is, that, when we come to detcribe
the commerce the utility and importance-of
of thofe places,
which is their peculiar banks, confidered connectedly therewith, will
appear in their proper light and, from this previous account
:
of the nature of banking, the conditution of all kinds of
banks throughout Europe may be belter judged of.
3 F BANKRUPT,
 BAN BAN
BANKRUPT, is by fome, to be derived from the French
faid, impeached, unlefs the commiflion of bankrupt be fued
out
word banque, which fignifies menfa in Latin, and route is within five years after a man becomes bankrupt. Lands
held
the fame as veftigium ; and this term is faid to be taken by a bankrupt in jointenancy, may be fold as to the moiety
originally from the Roman menfarii, which were fet in pub- alfo lands which a man hath in right of his wife (but
not her
lic places, and, when a tradefman flipped away, with an in- dower) lands devifed to a bankrupt the commiflioners may
tention to deceive his creditors, he left only fome veftigia, or fell. The commiflioners have power to fell lands
mortgaged,
fi<ms, of his table, or (hop behind. But a bankrupt, with on tender and payment of the mortgage-money. 2 Rep.
25I
us, fignifieth generally either man or woman, that, living by And aflignees of the commiflioners have the benefit of cove-
buying and felling, hath gotten other perfons goods inco his nants of re-entry, C5V. on lands.
or her hands, and concealeth himfelf from his creditors, or All the goods and chattels of the bankrupt, which he
was
commits other acts, which make him a bankrupt, according poffefied of at the time of his becoming bankrupt,
maybe
to the ftatutes in that cafe made and provided. fold by the commiflioners, and notwithftanding
the bank-
Stat, i Jac. I. c. 15. a bankrupt is thus defcribed, viz. all rupt fell them in market overt. Sale of goods by a bank-
and every perfon who fhall ufe the trade or merchandize, by rupt, after an act of bankruptcy, may be avoided
by the
way of bai gaining, exchange, bartering, or otherwife, in commiflioners of bankruptcy; and they may, in this cafe
grofs, or by feeking his or her living by buying and felling, bring trover for the goods, or debt, or affumpfit for
the va-
who fhall depart his houfe, or abfent himfelf, or fuffer him- lue, &c. 3 Salk. 60.
felf to be arrefted for any debt, either for money delivered, Offices of inheritance may be fold, but not offices of
truft
wares fold, or other good confideration, or fhall fufter him- annexed to the perfon for life. Aflignees may bring actions
felf to be outlawed, or go to prifon, or fraudulently procure for debt due to the bankrupt, in their own name, csV.
But
himfelf to be arrefted, or his money or goods attached, or if the commiflion be not taken out within fix
years, directed
make any fraudulent conveyance of his lands, goods, or by law for fuing of debts, and the affignment made within
chattels, whereby his creditors maybe defeated in the reco- that time, a defendant in an action may plead the
ftatuteof
very of their juft debts, or being arrefted for debt, fhall lie limitations if the commiflion be taken out in fix years,
:
the
in prifon fix months, or more, upon fuch arreft or deten- ftatutes preferve the debt, being to relieve creditors a<*ainft
tion, fhall be adjudged a bankrupt. fraud, cifc. 1 Saund. 37.
It is not buying and felling of land, but of perfonal things, When money obtained by judgment in an action of debt,
is

that will make a man liable to be a bankrupt ; nor is it buy- and the plaintiff becomes bankrupt, and a commiffion
of
ing only, or felling only, but both. Every one that gets his bankruptcy is taken out againft him, though the fheriff may
living by buying and felling in trade and merchandize, may bring the money into court, it fhall be delivered to the plain-
fall under a ftate of bankruptcy, upon his failing. But ad- tiff, and not the affignee of the commiffion ; unlefs he takes
venturers in the Eaft-India company, members of the bank of out a fcire facias againft the defendant, in order to try the
England, or of the South-Sea company, fhall not be adjudged bankruptcy. 1 Vent. 193. A plaintiff that hath a defen-
bankrupts in refpect of their ftock, c5c. Alfo no perfon con- dant's body in execution, who becomes bankrupt, fhall
not
cerned as receiver general of taxes, C3V. fhall be a bankrupt. come in to be relieved by the ftatutes but, if the plaintiff :

If a merchant gives over his trade, and fome years after be- recover damages, CSV. againft the defendant, and hath judg-
comes not folvent for money owed while a merchant, he is ment, and then the defendant becomes bankrupt, the plain-
a bankrupt but if it be for new debts, or old debts con-
: tiff is a creditor ; for it is a debt due to him, and
action of
tinued on new fecurity, it is otherwife. 1 Vent. 5, 29. A debt lies on the judgment. I Cro. 166.

banker, who has many people's money in his hands, refufes If a debtor to a bankrupt pays him his debt voluntarily,
he
payment, yet keeps his (hop open, and, as often as he is ar- muft pay it over again ; but it is otherwife in cafe of pay-
refted, gives bail ; by this means he may give preference of ment by compulfion of law. 2 Vent. 258. Where one trufts
payment to his friends ; and if, when he is done, he runs a bankrupt, after he becomes fuch, he fhall not be relieved
away, fuch payment fhall ftand againft a commiflion of as a creditor. Sureties or bail, when they have paid the debt,
bankruptcy. Farrelf. Rep. 139. may come in as creditors ; but mortgagees, or perfons that
If, after a plain aft of bankruptcy, one goes abroad, and is a have a pledge of the bankrupt's goods, having fecurity for
great dealer, yet this will not purge the firft act of bankrupt- their debts in their hands, are not creditors within the fta-
cy though, if he pays off, or compounds with, his credi-
; tutes. Thofe who attach goods of the bankrupt, are to come
tors, he is become a new man. 1 Salk. 1 :o. in as creditors. If an executor becomes bankrupt, a legatee
Where there are two partners in trade, and one breaks, you is to be creditor. And aliens, as well as denizens, may
come
fhall not charge the other with the whole, but the eftate in as creditors; for all ftatutes concerning bankrupts extend
belonging to the joint trade ought to be divided, &c. Mod. to aliens, who fhall be fubject to the laws againft bankrupts
Rep. 45. &c. Hob. 287. flat. 21 Jac. I.
Acts difcharging bankrupts, fhall not difcharge any partner The commiflioners, after fale of the bankrupt's eftates, are
in trade, or one jointly bound with the bankrupt. 1 Danv. to make diftribution among the creditors contributing to the
Abr. 686. commiffion, firft making the bankrupt his allowance, bfc.
A merchant trader indebted keeps in another man's houfe, And, in the diftribution of the bankrupt's eftate, no refpect
or on fhip-board, is adjudged a keeping in his houfe but a : is to be had to debts upon judgment, recognizances, or
fpe-
withdrawing muft be on purpofe to defraud creditors ; and, beyond other debts.
cialities, After four months, and dif-
if a man goes fometimes at large, fo as he may be met with tribution made,no creditor can come in to difturb it; but
one time or other, it will excule him. he may come in for the relidue, of which no diftribution is
The commiflioners of bankrupts have a power to adjudge a made. 1 Danv. 693. And the court of chancery hath
man a bankrupt yet, in an action, the jury muft find whe-
;
fometimes allowed creditors to come in after diftribution,
ther he was fo or not. 1 Danv. 687. upon particular circumftances which have happened ; and
He that is a bankrupt to one creditor, is accounted in law a the lord chancellor ordered the exaction of the commiflion
bankrupt to all the creditors and, being once adjudged fo,
; to be fufpended. Chan. Rep. 307.
is always fo to the reft of the creditors. 22 Car 1. B. R. If the commiflioners tefufe to pay a creditor his proportion-
Commiflioners may commit a bankrupt refufing to be exa- able part, he may
bring an adiion of debt, or be more pro-
mined, &c. till hefubmit himfelf to be examined. 1 Salk. perly received in Chancery
where the commiflioners do not
:

151. But the commiflioners are not to commit a bankrupt purfue the acts of their commiffion, the party injured muft
for not difcoverin<i his eftate, without examining him on bring his action, and fet forth the finding of the commiflion-
interrogatories. 1 Lil. Abr. 202. They are to examine ers, that the debtor is a bankrupt. But, if a commiflion is
the bankrupt upon interrogatories ; and they have power to not duly obtained againft a perfon, he may traverfe, by fay-
examine others, as to what they know of any perfons carry- ing that he is not a bankrupt. 8 Rep. 121.
ing away any part of the bankrupt's eftate. 5 Mod. 309. An innkeeper being alfo part owner of a fbip, and having 51 1.
Commiflioners of bankrupts have power to fell, grant, and ftock in the fhip, abfeonded Eyrcjuftice held, as to the fharc
:

affign,but they cannot bring an action for their aflignees ; of the fhip, that was nothing for that is not a ftock in po-
;

mull generally bring all actions. 1 Mod. 30.
The creditors have a right to the bankrupt's goods, by the
act of bankruptcy, and thereby they are bound ; though, till
affignment by the commiflioners, the property is not trans-
ferred out of the bankrupt. 1 Salk. 108. The commiflioners
are to fell all the bankrupt's lands in fee, for life, or years,
is'c. and it will be binding againft the bankrupt and his iffue.
tcntia to trade with, that will make a bankrupt; but there
muft be a trading therewith in facto. And he held that an
innkeeper could not be bankrupt, for he is not like a trader;
he muft receive all comers, and feed them and lodge them,
faking a reafonable rate ; which if he do not, he is indictable.
Holt C. J. concurred, and that he is not taken notice of in
law, as a trader, but as an holt, hofpitator nnd he is paid ;

I Li 11- Abr. 204. They may fill all entailed lands in pof- not merely for his provifions, but alfo for his care, pains,
fcflion, rcverfion, or remainder, except entailed in the crown, protection, and fecurity; and he buys meat and drink, not
of the gift of the king ; and this fhall bind the iflue in tail, fur fale or trading, but for accommodation. And an inn-
and all other?, whic h a common recovery might cut off. Ibid. keeper cannot make a contract ad libitum nor does he buy ;

205. But fales of the bankrupt's lands by commiflioners or fell at large, but to guefts only ; and the chief juftice held,
are to be by deed inrolled. If a bankrupt grants his lands that wherever a man buys or fells under a particular reftraint
or goods in the names of other perfons, the commiflioners, and limitation, he is not a feller within the ttatute, as a com-
notwithstanding, may make fale of them; but not lands, miflioner of the navy, and fo of a farmer. Salk. 110. Vide
CSV. conveyed bona fide, before the party became a bank- Shower 3 Mod. 326.
rupt. Wood's Inft. 310. And no purchafe of lands fliall be
 BAN
A gentleman of the Temple Went from hence to Lifbon,
where he turned factor, and traded to England, and broke.
Blencoe argued that the ftatutes about bankrupts did not ex-
tend to per (bus out of the realm the fubject of them is cafes
: indebted in 100 1. though the practice has been fo to do ;
of arreft, outlawries, and departing out of the realm ; and
the 2ift Jac. I. which extends to aliens, is only aliens reli-
dent here yet the court held him a bankrupt, by reafon of
;
his trading hither and back again, which gained him a cre-
dit here. Per cur. on a trial at bar. Salk. no.
Upon an iffue directed out of Chancery, whether bankrupt or
not at fuch a time, it was held per Holt. C. J. that if H.
commits a plain act of bankruptcy, as keeping houfe, &c.
though he after goes abroad, and is a great dealer, yet that
will not purge the firft act of bankruptcy, but he will ftill
bankrupt but, if the act was not plain, but doubt
remain a :
ful, then going abroad and dealing, &c. will be an evidence-
to explain the intent of the firft act for, if it was not done
:
keep out of the way, it will not be
to defraud creditors, and
an act of bankruptcy within the ftatute Alfo, if after a plain
:
acl of bankruptcy he pays off", or compounds with, all his
creditors, he is become new man. Salk. 110.
a writ.
Equity will not compel a man to difcover what goods he
really bought of a bankrupt after the bankruptcy, and before
the commiflion fued, where the party has no notice of the
bankruptcy. Vernon, cafe 23.
If a man voluntarily pays money to a bankrupt after he be-
comes fuch, it is in his own wrong, and he may be forced to
pav it again but it is otherwife, if a bankrupt recover it
;
againft him by a courfe of law. Vern. cafe 80. p. 94.
Some of alderman Backwell's creditors, having upon a pe-
tition to the lord keeper, obtained a commiflion of bankruptcy
againft him, the commiflioners found him a bankrupt, anJ
made an aflignment, and the alderman dies in Holland. His
Ion and heir agrees with all the creditors, who had petitioned
for this commiflion, and thereupon obtains a fuperfedeas; af-
terwards the other creditors hearing of it, they petition the
lord keeper to grant a procedendo, becaufe a commiflion be-
ing once granted, and an aflignment made, that was a truft
for all the creditors of alderman Backwell, that fhould come
in within the four months, which they intended to do, and
infilled that the commiflion could not be regularly discharged
till after the four months were paft ; and, though it had been
fometimes done in other cafes, yet that was where the credi-
tors might have the fame benefit by a new commiflion ; but,
in this cafe, the bankrupt being dead, if this commiflion
ihould ftand fuperfeded, the creditors were without remedy ;
and infifted this was a fraud and contrivance between the
heir and the other creditors, to defeat them of their juft debts,
and ought not to be countenanced in equity and that they : his the faid Coggs's notes ; the notes were payable to the bifhop
relied upon it, that they might at any time, within the four
months, have come in, and have had the benefit of the com-
miflion, otherwife they would themfelves have petitioned for
a commiflion againft him.
But the lord keeper declared, that in any cafe where all the
creditors that petitioned for a commiflion, would afterwards
agree to have it difcharged, he would never fcruple to dif-
charge that commiflion; and in this cafe mentioned how
inconvenient it would be to revive the commiflion ; for al-
derman Backwell had traded confiderably, fince fuch time as
the commiflioners had found him a bankrupt, and that all
the compofnion-money that his fon had paid to his father's
creditors mutt be refunded, and that many other inconve-
niences would enfue ; and that he had all along determined
with himfelf not to revoke this fuperfedeas, but had delibe-
rated upon it, that the other creditors might make the beft
terms they could with the heir, and when thev have been
fairly offered, if they flood in their own light, they muft
blame themfelves for it and declared he would not revoke
: rupt and another, enly the ballance fhall be paid
the fuperfedeas, nor grant a procedendo. Vern. cafe 205.
A bankrupt, before he became fuch, having made a mort-
gage of his eftate, the aflignees of the ftatute bring an eject-
ment for recovery of the lands comprized in the mortgage.
The mortgagee refufes to enter, but fuffers the bankrupt to
take the profits, and to fence againft the aflignees with this
mortgage.
Lord-keeper. The mortgagee- ftiall be charged with the
profits from the time of the ejectment delivered.
Another point in this cafe was, that that bankrupt having
bought land, and all the purchafe-money not being paid, the
aflignees would have had the vender come in as a creditor
under the ftatute, for the remainder of his purchafe-money.
Per cur. In this cafe there is a natural equity, that the land
fhould ftand charged with fo much of the purchafe-money
as was not paid, and that without any fpecial agreement for
that purpofe. Vern. cafe 262.
In an indebitatus alfumpfit the defendant pleaded, that the
plaintiff was bankrupt, and therefore the defendant could not
pay, for fear a commiflion fhould be fued, &c. Upon demur-
rer, judgment for the plaintiff. Lord Raymond, p. 469.
It was ruled by Treby, chief-juftice of the Common-Pleas,
at Nifi Prius at Guildhall, upon evidence in trover, brought
by the plaintiff againft the defendant, after argument of the
council on both fides, (1.) That it is not neceffary to prove
that the perfon, upon the petition of whom the commiflion
BAN
Of bankruptcy was granted, was a creditor of the bankrupt ;
becaufe, upon view of the ftatutes, they do not require that.
(2.) That it is not neceffary to prove that the bankrupt was
becaufe, thougli the chancellor frequently, before he grants
a commiflion of bankruptcy, requires fuch proof, yet it is
only matter of difcretion in him. Lord Raym. 724.
It was ruled by Holt, chief-juftice of the King's Bench, at
Nifi Prius, at Guildhall, upon evidence in atrial, 1. That,
if the goods of A be feized upon a fieri facias iflued upon
a judgment obtained againft A, and after the feizure, A be-
comes bankrupt; this act of bankruptcy, cannot affect the
goods levied in execution, as aforcfaid ; but if A was a
bankrupt before the feizure, and after the bankruptcy the
fheriff, upon a writ of fieri facias to him directed, upon a
judgment obtained againft A, feizes the goods, and fells them,
and a commiflion of bankruptcy is granted, and the faid floods
afligned by the commiflioners, the aflignee of the commiflion-
ers may maintain trover againft the vender of the goods ; but
no action will lie againft the fheriff, becauie he obeved the
2. If a trader hearing that a writ of fieri facias was
iffued againft him, to the intent to preftfve his goods from
being levied in execution, clandeftinely convevs them out of
his houfe, and conceals then) privately, tnat does not amount
to an act of bankruptcy. 3. That a feizure of part of the
goods in a houfe, by virtue of a fieri facias in the name of
the whole, is a good feizure of all. 4. It was refolved in
this cafe, that if the goods of A are feized upon a fieri facias,
and fold to B bona fide upon a valuable cenfideration, though
B permits A to have the goods in his polfeflion, upon con-
dition that A fhall pay to B the money as he (hall raife it
by the fale of the goods, this will not make the execution
fraudulent and in fuch cafe, a fubfequent act of bankrupt-
;
cy by A will not defeat the fale. But, though the original
debt was juft, yet, if the execution was fraudulent, viz.
upon any truft a fubfequent act of bankruptcy will defeat it.
Lord Raym. 724, 5.
A plea of bankruptcy at large muft fet forth the petition,
and the debts owing to the petitioning creditors. Lord Raym.
1548.
A bond given by a bankrupt to leave his wife a fum of
money, in cafe of furvivorfhip, is not difcharged by the
certificate. Lord Raym. 1549.
Lord Lanfborough &c al' verfus Jones.
Samuel Jones, Efq; borrowed 1500I. of Coggs the goldfmithj
on mortgage, and Coggs owed about 1 40c 10 Jones, uponI
of Lon.ion, Hatton Compton, and the faid Samuel Jones, or
order, but this was in truft for the faid Samuel Jones; and
the bifhop, Hatton Compton, and Samuel Jones had all in-
dorfed the notes which were in the cuftody or power of
Jones ; and Jones went to demand the money of Coggs,
who agreed to allow Jones 5 1. per cent, for the money on
the notes, till payment.
Coggs failed afterwards and an act of parliament was made
;
for the veiling the effects and eftate of Coggs in truftees (the
plaintiff, lord Lanefborough, and others) who were to act in
nature of commiflioners and trufteesfor the creditors of Coggs,
and they infifted that Jones, the mortgager, fhould pay all the
mortgage- money, but that, as to the money due on Coggs's
notes, Jones fhould come in, under the commiflion only
prorata with the reft of the creditors.
But decreed by lord Chancellor Cowper, with great cleamefs,
that in regard by the ftatute of 4 Ann. cap. 17. feet. 1 1. it
is enacted, that, v. here there is mutual credit between a bank-
fo, in this :
cafe, here was a plain mutual credit, viz. Coggs gave credit
to Jones on the mortgage, and Jones gave credit to Coggs
on his notes, and, therefore, the ballance only fhould be paid,
and this clauie in the ftatute was not to be coi fir :ed of deal-
ings* in trade only, or in cafe of mutual running accounts ;
but that it was natural juftice and equity, that, in all cafes of
mutual credit, only the ballance fhould be paid, and that the
commiflioners or truftees, in this act of parliament, fhould not
be in a better condition than Coggs himfelf would have been
in ; that if, inftead of the prefent bill which was to forclofe
the mortgage, Coggs bankruptcy, had
himfelf, before his
brought fuch a bill, furely no more than the ballance fhould
have been allowed him; and there was no reafon that Jones
fhould fufferby the accident of Coggs's bankruptcy; neither
could the commiflioners, or, if Coggs had been in the cafe of
a common bankrupt, could the aflignees, be in a better con-
dition than Coggs himfelf would have been in.
But if A and B are joint traders, and J S owes A and B,
on their joint account 100 1. and A owes the faid J S
100 1. on his feparate account, J S cannot deduct fo much
as A's proportion of the 100 I. comes to, out of the joint
debt ; for that the copartnerfhip debts of A and B are to be
firft paid (2 Vern. 293. 706.) before any of the feparate
debts ; bur, if there be a furplus beyond what will pay the
partnerlhip debts, then out of A's lhare of the furpius, J 5
may deduct the feparate debt of A. 1 Peer Will, cafe 84.
Miles
 BAN BAN
Miles verfus Williams & Ux. againft the bankrupt
; fecusof an affignee of a bond, he not
being the legal creditor, or if the indorfement were after the
The wife dum Tola enters into a bond and then marries, bankruptcy. 1 Peer Will, cafe 229. Ex parte Lee.
after which the hufband becomes a bankrupt this debt by ;
Where a bankrupt, after a certificate allowed, is fued for a
virtue of the flat. 4 and 5 Ann. cap. 17. is difcharged by debt due before his bankruptcy, the court, on the circum-
fuch bankruptcy. 1 Peer Will, cafe 57. ftances of the cafe, will relieve, though it will not relieve on
In like manner debts due to the wife dum fola, though un- a matter purely of mif-pleading. 2PeerWill. cafe 13. Black-

recovered, are, on the hufband's bankruptcy, afli^nable by hall verfus Combs, upon an
appeal from a decree at the Rolls.
the commiffioners. ibid. A draws a payable to B on C in Holland, for 100 1.
bill C
accepts the fame ; afterwards A and C become bankrupts,
Ex parte Mackernefs. On petition. and B receives 40 1. of the bill out of C's effeds ; after which
he would come in as a creditor for the whole tool, out of

J. S. a weaver, fold
Mackernefs, a mercer, fome filk for A's effeds B permitted to come in as a creditor for 60 1.
:

103 I. and, at the fame time, took two notes from Macker- and the mafter directed to fee whether the other 40 1. was
nefs for payment thereof (fcil.) one note for 50 1. payable paid out of A's effects in C's hands, or out of C's own ef-
at a day lince paft, and another note for 53 1. at a day yet fects the latter, then C is a creditor for this 40 1. alfo;
; if

to come. but, out of A's effects, then 40 1. of the 100 1. is paid off.
if

Before the lad day of payment incurred, J. S. took out a 2 Peer Will, cafe 2t. Ex parte Ryfwicke.
commiffon of bankruptcy againft Mackernefs, who was Buying and felling ftock will not make one a bankrupt.
really a bankrupt, but petitioned to fet the commiffion afide, 2 Peer Will, cafe 86. pleadings. Colt verfus Netterville.
as irregularly taken out, it being taken out at the fingle pe- One devifes lands in fee to his daughter, being a feme covert
tition of J. S. to whom only 50 1. and not 103 1. was then for her feparate ufe, without appointing any truftees, the
due; and the ftatute 5 Ann. cap. 22. requires, that, if a hufband is a tradefman, and becomes a bankrupt, yet the
fing-Je creditor fues out a commiffion, a debt of 100I. muft devifed premiffes are not fubject to the bankruptcy, 2 Peer
be due to him ; if two creditors fue it out, there muft be Will, cafe 91. Btnnet verfus Davis.
150 I. due to them if three, or more, there muft be 200 1.
;
A creditor coming
under a commiffion of bankruptcy,
in

or moie, due to them. though only to prove his debt, and oppofe the bankrupt's
Whereupon the lord Chancellor fuperfeded the commiffion, obtaining his certificate, yet he fhall not fue the bankrupt
as irregular. 1 Peer Will, cafe 58 *. at law, unlefs he will wave all benefit of the commiffion
;
not only as to the dividends, but as to his voting againft the
* See the ftatute of 7 Geo. I. cap. 31. whereby fuch creditors bankrupt's gaining his certificate. 2 Peer Will, cafe 123.
by note, or bond, payable at a future day, are admitted to Anonymous.
prove their notes, &c. and are intitled to a proportionable A trader contracted with the Eaft-India company, at one of
part of the bankrupt's eftate, though they muft not join in their fales, for the purchafe of a parcel of Eaft India goods,
fuing forth the commiffion till fuch their debts become pay-
to be paid for at a luture day, and, before the day of pay-
able. However, by the 5U1 of his late majefty, perfons hav-
ment, became a bankrupt.
ing bills, bonds, or notes, payable at a future day, may join
Lord Chancellor Formerly, in cafe a trader contracted a
:
in petitioning for the commiilions.
debt payable at a future day, and afterwards (but before the
day of payment) became a bankrupt, this not being a debt
So creditors by bond, before day of payment cannot take out
until after the bankruptcy, at which time the bankrupt
a commiffion of bankruptcy, nor ought any proceeding to be
could not do any act to alien or leffen his eftate, to the pre-
had upon fuch commiffion. Peer Will, cafe 178.
judice of his creditors, fuch contract was held void, and the
A bankrupt, though in poffeffion, yet, if impowered todif-
creditor not allowed to come in for a fatisfaction under the
poie of goods in truft for another, they are not liable to the
commiffion.
bankruptcy, either in law or equity. Copeman ver. Gal-
lant 1 Peer Will, cafe 81.
And in fome cafes it was thought hard, that if one, on the
buying of goods, or for other valuable confiderations, fhould
An hufband, before he has received his wife's fortune, be-
give a note under his hand, payable at a future day, and ac-
comes a bankrupt, the affignees fhall not receive it without
tually had the goods delivered to him, or the money lent him,
making fome provifion for the wife. 1 Peer Will, cafe 100.
and before the day of payment, the debtor fhould become a
Jacobfon & al' verfus Williams.
bankrupt, that in this cafe the creditor could not come in
Though a creditor comes into a commiffion of bankruptcy,
under the commiffion with the reft of the creditors ; where-
and proves his debt, and is prevailed on to be an affignee
fore, for the remedy of this, the ftatute of 7 Geo. I. cap. 31.
(being informed that otherwife he fhould lofe his debt;)
was made. But the prefent cafe is not within the ftatute,
yet, if the bankrupt has no eftate, the creditor may take the
becaufe the goods were not delivered, nor was the contract
bankrupt in execution, if he will wave any benefit of the
figned by the party *.
ftatute. i Peer Will, cafe 163.

The reafon of a creditor's coming in under a commiffion of
bankruptcy, and proving his debts, may be to oppofe the
bankrupt's being difcharged. Ibid.
No election, in cafe of a creditor's coming in under the
commiffion, to be paid out of the bankrupt's effeds, if no
SffeeV. Ibid.
Argument of fraud, if the commiffion be fued out by the
bankrupt's father, in order todifcharge the bankrupt. Ibid.
A bankrupt's wife cannot be examined againft her hufband,
to prove his bankruptcy ; though by the ftatute of 21 Jac. I,
flic be made examinable touching the difcovery of her huf-
band's effects. I Peer Wili. cafe 178,
* See the ftatute, in which there are no exprefs words to this
purpofe.
At this day, if a bond or note be given by a trader upon a
contingency, and before it happens, the trader becomes a
bankrupt, and then the contingency happens, this is not
within the act, neither fhall the debt arifing t after the
bankruptcy be fatisfied under the commiffion.
f But, if the contingency happens before the bankrupt's eftate
be fully diftributed, fuch creditors fhall come in pro rata.

A bankrupt himfelf, by fiat. 5 Geo. I. may be examined

touching his own bankruptcy. Ibid. A gives a promiffary note for 200 1. payable to B, or order.
If one of the reafons for the commitment be illegal, and the B indorfes it to C, who indorfes it to D. A, B, and C
party to continue in cuftody till the thing fo illegally required become bankrupts, and D receives five fhillings in the pound,
of him be done, the whole commitment is naught. Ibid. on a dividend made by the affignees againft A. D fhall come
The creditors of a bankrupt who come into the commiffion, in as creditor for 150 I. only, out of B's effects, and, if L>
fh;ill not imprifon the bankrupt for not paying the debt. Ibi<l. paid contribution-money fet more than 150 1. it fhall be re-
A creditor petitions againft the allowance of a bankrupt's turned. 2 Peer Will, cafe 129. Ex parte Lefevre.
certificate, upon which the bankrupt gives him a bond for A goldfmith, after fhutting up his fhop, being greatly in
payment of his whole debt, in confideration of withdrawing debt, configned his ftock in the wine trade, in which he was
his petition ; equity will not relieve againft this bond. 1 Peer concerned, to J S, being a particular creditor, and, to fe-
Will, cafe 181. Lewes verfus Chafe. cure his debt, without the knowledge of j S, becomes a
A trader feized of lands in fee gives judgment to B, and bankrupt the very next day ; J S brings a bill, to have the
then the land to C, and afterwards becomes a bankrupt
fells ;
benefit of this aflignment, and decreed for him. 2 Peer Will,
though the juilgmcnt-creditor cannot come in for more than cafe 137. Small verfus Oudley & al'.
his proportion with the bankrupt's creditors, whether he may No fuch thing as an equitable bankrupt, but it muft be a
not extend the lands in C, the purchafer's hand, C having legal one. Ibid,
purchafed before the bankruptcy, and this not prejudicing There may be reafon to prefer one creditor to another. Ibid.
the creditors. So if A, the trader, gives judgment to B, The time when the aflignment was made is not material, fo
and articles for a valuable confideration to fell C, and as it be before the bankruptcy, but the juftnefs of the debt
then becomes a bankrupt, it fecms the judgment fhall bind is material. Ibid.
the lands in the hands of C, who articled to buy them but, ; No objection, that the aflignment was made by the trader
whatever money the purchafcr was to pay the bankrupt, the without notice to the party, for this fhews it was done with-
fame fhall be liable to the bankruptcy. 1 Peer Will, cak 21 y. out the creditor's importunity. Ibid.
Oltbar verfus Fletcher and the duke of Kent. But, if the aflignment be of the bankrupt's whole eftate to
A bankrupt, before his bankruptcy, gave a note to A for prefer any creditor, this feems to be void. Ibid.
1 I. payable to order. B buys in the note for 50 1. yet B A trader, on marriage, gives a bond to a truftee to fecure
h a legal creditor for 100 1. and may fue out a commiffion I cool, to the wife, if fhe furvive hitn; the trader becomes
a bank-
 :

BAN BAN
\ bankrupt ; this debt fhall not be allowed, nor any rcfefva- by the fame reafon, if A
and B, joint taders, become bank-
tion made for it^ nor fhall it (top the diftribution, in regard rupts, and there are joint and feparate commiffions taken out
it may never be a debt with the fame reafon an obligee in
; againft them, and A and B, before the bankruptcy, become

a bottomry-bond fhall not, before the return of the (hip, jointly and feverally bound to JS; JSmaychufe under which

come in under a commiflion of bankruptcy ; but in either of commiflion he will come, but mail not come under beta.
thefe cafes, if the contingency happens before the bankrupt's 3 Peer Will, cafe 113. Ex parte Rowland (on.
eftate be juftly diftributed, fuch creditor fhall come in for If three are bound jointly and feverally, the obligee cannot
his proportion. 2 Peer Will, cafe 159. Ex parte Cafwell, fue two of them jointly, for this is fuing them neither jointly
ex Bateman.
parte Cazalet, ex parte nor feverally. Roll. Abr. 148.
But, in the cafe abovementioned of the bond, the obligee, if If two joint traders owe a partnerfhip-debt, and one of the

he declares upon his bond only, will be barred ; fecus, if he partners gives a bond as a collateral fecurity, for payment of
fets forth in the declaration as well the condition as the bond, this debt; here the joint debt may be fued for by the part-

Ibid. Two joint traders becoming bankrupts, firft there is a nerfhip creditors, who may likewife fue for the bond given
joint commiflion taken out, and commiffioners affign, after- by one of the traders. 3 Peer Will, cafe 113. Ex parte
wards feparate commiffions and affignments made under them; Rowlandfon.
the court held, that the affignment of the commiffioners un- A fhoemaker is allowed to be within 13 Eliz. rap. 7. he
der the firft commiflion conveyed away all the bankrupts living by his credit, in buying leather, and Idling it wrought,
eftate, both joint and fevcral ; and, confequently, that the Cro. Eliz. 268. Cro. Jac. 584. Cro. Car. 31. 3 Mod.
330.
conveyance under the feparate commiflion was void. 2 Peer A weaver and dyer are within the ftatute, lor they get their
Will, cafe 160. Ex parte Cook. living by buying and felling. Cro. Jac. 584.
It is a refolutionof convenience, that, in cafe of joint traders If one covenant with the king to victual the fleet at a certain
becoming bankrupts, the joint- creditors fhall befiift paid out rate, and for that ufe buys a great quantity of provilion, ice.

of the partnerfhip effects, and the feparate creditors out of though with the furplus he victuals merctv.n's, this will not
the feparate effects ; and if any furplus of the partnerfhip- make him a trader within the act, it being one act only, and
effects, after all the partnerfhip-debts are paid, the feparate not a continued trading. 1 Vent. 270. 2 S.iow. 270. Sir
creditors to come in, and fo vice verfa, the partnerfhip cre- Thomas Littleton's cafe.
ditors to come in on a furplus of the feparate eftate. Ibid. A carpenter that fells wrought timber feems to be within the
Two joint traders becoming bankrupts, firft there was a joint ftatute. 3 Mod. 155.
commifTion, and the commiffioners affign ; afterwards fepa- The buying part of a fhip makes no tradin?, it beineno buy-
rate commiffions and alignments under them the court : ing or felling within the ftatute, but the parties in carriage
held that the affignment under the firft commiflion conveyed for himlelf is an evidence of trade and merchandizing
If a
all the bankrupt's eftate, both joint and feveral, and, con- man repairs a (hip, on the credit of the bottom, and takes
fequently, that the conveyance under the feparate commiflion a fhare therein for debt, and cmplov, the fhip in carriage,
it
was void. Ibid. has been held, as this is compullory, only to obtain his debt
One out a commiflion of bankruptcy, and for fix
fues and not the way the party hath pur himfelf in >o e; his live-
months, keeps it, without doing any thing upon it ; the lihood, that this fhall not be t2ken as an evidenced trading
court for this reafon only, fupcrfeded the commiflion, though t Sid.
41 1. 1 Vent. 29. 2 Show. 268. 2 Keb.
487.
it was executed, and the trader found a bankrupt before any A man's buying and felling do not bring a man within the
application to fuperfede it. 2 Peer Will, cafe 177. Ex parte ftatutes, they intending fuch as gain the greateft part
of their
Pulefton. living thereby. A farmer bought and fold cattle;
it was

An under a commiflion of bankruptcy dies very

affignee adjudged that he was not a bankrupt, becaufe he only
fella
much indebted by bond, &c. and the creditors of the bank- the profits railed from the land. Maieh 35. Cro. T ac caq
rupt petitioned that the adminiftrators of the affignee might 1 Dan. Abr. 687.
* '
^'
account before the commiffioners, he having fome of the bank- If a man contract a debt, while a trader, and
leaves off, and
rupt's effects in fpecie in his hands; but the adminiftrator lives on his eftate, and afterwards ablco:ids for
this debt he
denying upon oath, and fwearingthat thefe were debts by
it is a bankrupt, he living by his trade, when
the debt was
Speciality beyond the aflets, the court thought this proper for contracted. Bur, merchant leaves off his trade and
if a

a bill, and not for a fummary way of accounting before com- alter contracts debts, and then fells off the furplufaoe of his
miffioners. 2 Peer Will, cafe 178. Ex parte Markland. goods, but hath no trading correfpondence, he is no
bank-
On a joint commiflion agrriiil two partners bankrupts, the rupt. Palm. 325. 1 Vent. 5. 3 Lev. 17. i Sid. 411.

feparate creditors, though they have taken out feparate com- Sit Robert Cotton's cafe. But where the fame cafe comes
miffions, fhall yet be at liberty to come in to oppofe the on again, the court held that he was a bankrupt, otherwfe
allowing of the certificate. 3 Peer Will, cafe 7. Horflcy's the mifchief would be great; for men cannot take
notice
Cafe. Where two partners are bankrupts, and a joint com- when another withdraws his trade. 1 Vem, 166.
miflion is taker, out againft them, if they obtain an allow- The trader gives over trade, and then contrads debts, and
ance of their certificate ; this will bar as well their feparate goes into trade again on a new flock, on the petition of fuch
as their joint creditors. Ibid. intermediate creditors he cannot be made a bankrupt,
he not
So on the other hand, if there be two partners, and one of being trufted on the credit of his trade. 1 Sid. 411. 2
Show.
them becomes on a
feparate commiflion
a bankrupt, and 268. 1 Vent. 5. But, if fuch a perfon leaves goods in the
being fued out againft him, his certificate is allowed, this hands of another, to be dilpofed of, and is partner with him
does not only difcharge the bankrupt of what he owed fepa- in the lofs or gain, he may be a bankrupt, he carrying
on
rately, but alfoof what he owed jointly, and on the partner- trade by proxy, Palm. 325. But having a joint ftotk
does
ship account becaufe, by the act of parliament, the bankrupt,
: not make a bankrupt, without proof of difpofal thereof;
for
upon making a full difcovery, and obtaining his certificate, otherwife no commerce is driven. 3 Keb. 4157.
is to be difcharged of all his debts. Now the debts he owes The trader becomes fecurity for another he is a bankruot
;

jointly with another, are equally his debts as what he owes
on his feparate account; confequently he is to be difcharged
of both his joint and feparate debts; and fo it has been
determined by the judges of B. R. by the lord chancellor
Parker, ex parte Yale, 3 July, 1721. Ibid.
On a joint commiflion, the joint creditors are firft to come
in on the partnerfhip effects, and, if there remains a furplus,
then the fepar2te creditors are to be admitted. Ibid.
Acontingent intereft, or poffibility in a bankrupt, affign-
able by the commiffioners. Devife to fuch of the children
of A
as fhall be living at his death ; has iflue B, who,
becoming a bankrupt, gets his certificate allowed ; after
which A dies ; this contingent intereft is liable to the bank-
ruptcy, forafmuch as the fon, in the father's life-time, might
have releafcd it. 3 Peer Will, cafe 30. Higden & 1' verfus
"Williamfon.
within tne ftatute, becaufe he is trufted on the reputation
of
his flock and dealing, as well where he is fecurity, as
where
he contracts for his own debts. Palm. 325.
If a man keeps his houfe for a long time, this does not make
him a bankrupt; but if he conceal himfelf within his houfe
but for a day or hour, to delay or defraud his creditors he
is a bankrupt. Palm. 325.
It there be a procefs out againft a merchant, and he
keeps
houfe to prevent arreft, and after goes out to market and
other places, but, hearing of a new procefs, keeps houfe
A again, and after goes out again at large, he is no bankrupt;
the act of bankruptcy being purged by his going abroad!
&
Cro. Eliz. 13. Godb. 25. 1 Lev. "13. 2 Sid. 177.
If A commits a plain act of bankruptcy, as keeping houfe,
&cc. though he after goes abroad, and is a great deTler, yet
that will not purge the firft act of bankruptcy but, if the
;

Though the affignee of the effects of a bankrupt claims un- act was doubtful, then going abroad and dealing explains
der the act of parliament, yet, as the ftatute of limitations the intent of the firft act, and that it was not dnne"to defraud
might be pleaded againft the bankrupt, by the fame reafon creditors, and keep out of the way.
If, after the act cf
it is pleadable againft fuch affignee. 3 Peer Will, cafe 33. bankruptcy, he pays off or compounds with his creditors, he
South-Sea company verfus Weymondfell. is become a new man.
One not in debt, nor then a trader, makes a voluntary fet- If a man permit himfelf to be outlawed, to defraud his
tlement on a child, and afterward becomes a trader and a creditors, it is a caufe of bankruptcy fo that, on a fpecial
:

bankrupt ; this fettlement not liable to the bankruptcy, verdict, if a jury find that he was outlawed, and do not find
3 Peer Will, cafe 75, Lilly verfus Ofborn. that it was to defraud his creditors, that will not make him
If A and B are bound in a bond jointly and feverally to J S, a bankrupt. 1 Keb. 11. Bradford's cafe.
he may elect to fue them jointly or feverally ; but, if he fues A commiflion of bankruptcy muft be granted by my lord-
them jointly, he cannot fue them feverally, for the pendency chancellor, lord-keeper, or commiflioner cf the great lea!,
of the one fuit may be pleaded in abatement of the other on application cf creditors. 2 Chan. Ca, 190.
- Vol. I.
3 G The
 ;

BAN BAN
The power of commiffioners of bankrupts is, by virtue of the tion ; A becomes a bankrupt J. S. is fummoned before the
;

fcveral ads of parliament, which ought to be purfued, as commiffioneis, but before examination, he tells us the
Eaft-
they are fubjedt to the action of the party grieved, for he India company that the money was not his, but
that they
hath no other remedy. 4 Inft. 277.
But if, in their pro- fhould pay it to the perfon who brought the bond
A's wife :

ceedings they commit fome miftake, which appears to be brings the bond, and has the money paid her;
equity will
only an error of iheir judgment, they fhall not be liable to not relieve againft it. Preced. Chan. 18.
an action. Comb. 391. A legacy of 1000 1- was given to one after the death
of her
Though on examining of perfons according to 13 Eliz.cap. 7. mother, when fhe fhould attain the age of 21 years,
and the
by commiffioners, yet a bill for the difcovery of the fame defendant was appointed truftee for the raifing and
payment
matters may be filed againft them in Chancery. 2 Chan. thereof out of certain lands ; the legatee was drawn
to marry

Ca. 73. They muft difclofe and anfwer directly to the one who foon proved a bankrupt, and the commiffioners
affien-
queftions put. 1 Vent. 324. ed his effedts, and gave him a certificate of his
conformity.
A was fummoneJ before commiffioners of bankrupts, and The affignees brought a bill againft the truftees for
ioool.
the queftions alked him were, ( 1.) To give an account of all who infilled that the affignees could be in no better condition
matters which he knew concerning the bankrupt's eftate. than the hufband ; and that, if he were plaintiff, he
could
(2.) When, and in what manner, did he aid the bankrupt in not prevail without making a fuitable provifion on his
wife-
carrying away his effects, or in embezzling or concealing the that this legacy being a double contingency, viz. of
the death
fame; to which he refufed to anfwer, becaufe the firft was of the mother, and the legatee's arriving at the age
of 21
too general, and the fecond tended to accufe himfelf, and years, at the time of the bankruptcy, was not fuch an
intereft
bring him within the 13 Eliz. cap. 7. which gave a penalty as could be affigned ; and the court held that,
though both
of double the value of the goods, againft him who conceals contingencies have fince happened, yet thefe being fince
the
them ; for which refufal the commiffioners committed him affignment of the bankrupt's eftate, and, fince obtaining
his
and their warrant of commitment concluded, that he fhould certificate, he was now difcharged as a bankrupt
; and this
be committed until he conform to the authority of the com- portion could not pafs without a new affignment, which
the
miffioners. On habeas corpus brought by A againft B. R. commiffioners could not make, their commiffion being
de-
the court inclined that a wi:nefs was not to pay univerfal termined ; and fo difmified the bill. Ca. in Eq. Ab.
54.
obedience to all queftions afked him by the commiffioners; If a fieri facias is taken out, and indorfed according
to the
nor was he to anfwer any thing which tended to accufe him- ftatutes, and delivered to the fheriff, and after, the
fame day,
felf ; but for the conclusion of the warrant of commitment, the defendant becomes a bankrupt, and the fheriff
levies
they held clearly that he fhould be difcharged ; for the adt 400 1. of the goods of the defendant, and pays it to the
directs, that he fhall remain without bail until he fubmit to plaintiff, yet the commiffioners may affign thefe
goods not-
the commiffioners to be examined ; which being a particular withftanding, &c. for, by the delivery of the writ to
the
authority and in reftraint of liberty, ought to be conftrued fheriff, the goods are bound in no other manner
than before
ftridlly, and the very words of the ftatute purfued. 5 Mod. the ftatute they were bound from the tefts of the writ
and
390. Bray's cafe. Com. 308, 309. S. C. 1 Salk. 390, 391. by the delivery of the writ the execution is not ferved
or
S. C. executed. Lev. 67, 191, 192. 1 Keb.
930, 932. 1 Sid.
Creditors, upon what fecurity foever they be, come in all 271. Cro. Eliz. 174.
equal, unlefs fuch as have obtained adtual execution before Though the bankrupt's eftate is transferred to the affignees,
the bankruptcy, or had taken pledges for their juft debts; yet muft they purfue the fame remedies for the recovery
of it
and the reafon is, becaufe from the adt of bankruptcy all the as the bankrupt himfelf; therefore, if a debt upon
a fimple
bankrupt's eftate is vefted in the commiffioners, who are contradt due to the bankrupt is affigned, an action of debt
will
elrablifhed as courts of juftice touching the bankrupt's eftate, not lie againft the executor of the debtor, but the affignee
muft
and before whom the creditors muft authenticate their debts, bring his adtion on the cafe. Cro. Car. 187. 1
Jones 223.
in order to receive their dividends; and therefore, they muft The plaintiff declares upon an affumpfit for 43 1. 1 s. and fets
equally admit all perfons to make proof of their debts; but forth an affignment of the debts of the bankrupt,
mentionat'
fuch as have pawns or mortgages have a property in the thing in quadam fchedula continen' praedict' fummam 43 1. 1 s.
fo pledged, precedent to the tranflation of the property to and the jury find he was indebted only 41 1. 1 s . which
he
the commiffioners; in which cafe they have only an equity promifed, &c. and that the commiffioners affigned debita
of redemption, and are in no better condition than the bank- praed' inquadam fchedula continen' praed' fummam 43 I. 1 s.
rupt himfelf; that the bankrupt, before the affignment of the and, if this is the fame promife, concludes for the plaintiff.
commiffioners, has fuch a property as will maintain an action Allen 28, 22. Style 62. S. C. Raym. S. C. cited.
for the recovery of the goods. 1 Salk. 108. If there be a joint bond to A and B, and A becomes a
bank-
If a man commits an adl of bankruptcy, and after continues rupt, &c. the affignee cannot bring an adtion alone; but if
in polleffion of his lands for four years, and then fells, and affigned to B, he alone may bring an action, being intitled
after commits another act of bankruptcy, and two years after to one moitty in his own right, and to the other for
the
a commiffion taken out, &c. this fale fhall ftand, for the
is benefit of creditors, by virtue of the affignment. j Lev. 17.
adl of bankruptcy by which the fale is to be avoided muft be 1 Keb. 167. Raym. 6, 7.
done within five years before the commiffion fued out. 3 Lev. In affumpfit the plaintiff declared, as affignee under a com-
13, 14. 1 Kcb. 11, 12, 722. 2 Sid. 69, 114, 176. miffion of bankruptcy awarded againft
J. S. who became a
If A, having committed an adt of bankruptcy, keeps on his bankrupt, &c. and that the defendant was indebted to
J. S.
trade, and four years after binds his fori apprentice with a &c. On demurrer of the declaration it was objected, that
goldfmith, and pays with him 120 1. and two years after a itwas uncertain, it not being fhewn how J. S. became a bank-
commiffion is taken out againft A, this money is not affign- rupt, viz. and that impleading fimony, the particular adt
able by the commiffioners, being paid fo long before the muft be fet forth, but it was held well enough in this cafe,
commiffion, and without fraud. 3 Lev. 50. Skin. 22. the ftatutes mentioning the word bankrupt, but in the ftatute
If a man purchafes a copyhold to himfelf and wife for life, againft fimony no mention is made of the word ; befides, in
remainder to his fon and his heirs, and two years after he this cafe, the plaintiff is a ftranger to the bankrupt, and it
becomes a trader, and four years after a bankrupt, there cannot be prefumed that it lies in his knowlege how he
being no fraud in this cafe, nor any intent to deceive cre- became a bankrupt. Carth. 29. Pepys & Low. Comb. 108.
ditors, the intcreft of the wife and heir of the bankrupt can- S. C. That the affignee muft lay the promife to be made to
not be defeated by this adt of bankruptcy. Cro. Car. 550. the bankrupt. Vide 6 Mod. 1 3 r.
Grifp. &
Part. 1 Jones 338, 439. March 37. If the commiffioners make a fraudulent diftribution, it may
If the father conveys to his children, to fecure them money be fet afide in Chancery. 2 Vern. 158, 162. For the cafes,
given by their grandfather, if it can be proved the father had which have been on the ftatute relating thereto, 13 Eliz.
effedts of the grandfather's in his hands at the time of the ex- cap. 7. Vide 2 Co. 26. 8 Co. 98. B. 1 Jones 203. 2. Sid.
ecution of the deed, it fhall not be avoided. 1 Mod. 76. 177. Godb. 195. How diftribution is to be under a joint
But, if there be no confideration, a fettlement on his wife commiffion taken out againft partners, vide 1 Chan. Ca.
and children fhall be conftrued a fettlement on himfelf; and 193. Vern. 293, 706.
fuch an intereft vefts in the affignees. Style 289. An ob-
ligation taken in the name of another, to the ufe of a bank- Higden verfus Watkinfon. Michael. 6 Geo, II. in Chancery.
rupt, is fuch an intereft in the bankrupt, that the commif-
fioneis may affign and after fuch affignment the obligee
it, W. R. by gave to his wife for life all his lands, &c.
his will,
cannot rcleafe Palm. 505.
it. and after her deceale to his
daughter, Elizabeth Watkinfon,
A man devifes his lands, which were in mortgage, to be fold, for her life, remainder to B. S. and J. S. and their heirs, in,
and the fu; plus of the money to be paid his daughter, who truft, to fell the premifTes, and to pay the money arifing by
married one that foon became a bankrupt, and the commif- fuch fale to the children of his faid daughter Elizabeth, that
fioners affigncd this intereft of his wife's; the hufband died, fhould be living at her death.
and the affignees brought their bill againft the wife and truf- The teftator died in 1720.
The wife entered and enjoyed
tecs, to have the land fold, and the furplus of the money 1726.
till Elizabeth, the daughter, entered and enjoyed till
paid them ; but the court would not affift in ftripping the 1729, and then died. In ; 26 a commiffion of bankruptcy
1

wife (who was wholly unprovided for) of this intereft, but iffued againft William Watkinfon, the defendant's only fon of
difmified the bill. Abr. Eq. 54 Elizabeth, and the commiffioners affigned his eftate, and, in
A puts out 1000 1. at intereft to the Eaft-India company, 1728, he had his certificate.
The queftion was, whether
and takes bond for it in the name of J. S. his wife's rela- the reverfionary intereft of William Watkinfon was fufficient
to

BAN
to intitlc the aflignees to it, when it fhould come in poffef-
fion. York,attorney-general, infilled, that, as it was fiich
an intcieft as the bankrupt himfelf might difpofe of, the af-
fignees were intitled to it, under the ftatutcs of Henry VIII.
and queen Elizabeth, which.givc the commiflioners power to
affi^n allfuch intereft as the bankrupt could have lawfully
difpofed of: and the ftatute of 21 James I. fays the ftatutes
already made ihall be conftrued largely for the benefit of the
creditors.
That the aflignees have the fame liberty, right,
and benefit of performing any covenants as the bankrupt
himfelf had and that there were feveral cafes in ferjeant
That
;
Goodwin's book to that purpofe. the word lawfully
fhall include equitable as well as legalintends. That there
was determined by the mafter of the
a cafe to this purpofe
Rolls, lord chancellor, and houfe of lords, which was that
of Theobald and Dufay, 1 Vern. 7. where A, poflefled of
a term, devifed it to his wife for life, remainder to his two
daughters, and their affigns, for the refidue. The hufband
of one of the daughters afligned his intcieft to Theobald,
during the life of the wife of the teftator, which was held
to be good againft his wife.
That aflignees were intitled to
a bond due to the wife, while fhe was folc, becaufe the
hufband might have difpofed of it by releafc, and therefore,
as the bankrupt might well have difpofed of this intereft, he
hoped the aflignees were well intitled to it.
Note, This caufe came to be reheard before the lord chan-
cellor, from a decree of the mafter of the Rolls for the
aflignees, which was affirmed.
Dcgols verfus Ward, 10 Feb. 1733, Chancery.
Lord chancellor faid, that an original will cannot be made
ufe of here as evidence in relation to the pcrfonal cftate, but
the probate of the will in the fpiritual court muft be read for
that purpofe. This caufe came on be reheard from
to a de-
cree of the late lord chancellor. The objection
firft to the
decree was, that Mr. Ward was a bankrupt, and, therefore,
thofe creditors ought to have come
in under the commiflion,
appeared the commiflion was
and were not proper here, as it
taken out by covin, and lord chancellor faid that fhould not
hinder the honeft creditors from having their remedy. As
to the reft, the decree directed an eftate, which John Ward
had conveyed to Ralph Ward, to be fold for payment, in the
firft place, of what fhould appear to have been really ad-
vanced by Ralph Ward, and then of the plaintiff's debts.
The cafe was thus upon an account ftatcd between John
Ward and Ralph Ward. There was a ballance of 6000 1.
due to Ralph, and 5452 1. due from him to John. John
took a note for the fum due to him payable to his fon Knox
Ward, and, in fatisfaction of the ballance due to Ralph, he
conveys to him and heirs an eftate of 200 1. a-year, and very
confiderable allum-works, the poflcflion whereof had been
in Ralph, as a truftee for John.
Lord King was of opi-
nion this conveyance was fraudulent, and within the in-
tention of the ftatute of king James, againft fraudulent con-
veyances. was objected to the decree, that this matter
It
was properly and not in this court. Lord
triable at law,
chancellor thought it might be proper to be examined at law;
yet this court might take notice of fuch a fraud, and there-
fore affirmed the decree, and ordered the plaintiff the depofit.
Mr. Verney prayed a receiver might be appointed, as Mr.
Ralph Ward had been fo long in poffeflion ; but, as great
part confifted in works, which could not be well managed by
a receiver, and it appearing that the eftate was decreed to
ltand as a fecurity for what fhould be due to Ralph Ward on
a note for 1200I. as well as the ballance, it was refufed.
Bracey verfus Dorfen. Michael. 7 Geo. II. K. B. Nov. 16,
733-
A B becomes a bankrupt, but, before any affignment made,
the commiflioners of the land-tax feized his goods, accord-
ing to the fummary way directed by the act of parliament.
The commiflioners of bankruptcy fent their warrant, and
attached the goods in the bailiff's cuftody. The queftions
here were, firft, whether, as the act of bankruptcy was com-
mitted before the feizure of the goods, the affignment fhouid
by relation veft the goods in the aflignees, as if this had been
the cafe of a common perfon ?
The next queftion was,
whether, as this was a cafe in which the crown was con-
cerned, it differed from that of a common perfon?
Lord Hardwicke delivered the opinion of the whole court
on the 28th of June following. That, if this had been the
cafe of a common perfon, the affignment would bind the
goods by relation, although taken in execution, unlefs after
fale and the delivery of the money to the plaintiff. But, as
this was a cafe of the crown, it differed much from that of
a common perfon for the king cannot come in under a com-
:
miflion for a diftributive fhare of a bankrupt's eftate. And,
unlefs an act of parliament particularly mentions the king,
he fhall not be bound by it.
That it is agreed on all hands,
that an extent fnall kind the goods, even from the tefte, and
why fhall not the commiflioners warrant, from the time of
feizing the goods under it? for, by the act of parliament,
the commiflioners have this power of feizing the collector's
BAN
cftates giventhem (the collector being confidered as the of-
ficerof the parifh, for that the parifh is anfwerable, if he
make default ; and the receiver-genera! is the officer of the
crown) wherefore the court is of opinion, that the king, by
the feizure under the warrant of the commiflioners of the
land-tax, gained fuch a lien upon the goods, that thereby
they became bound, as againft all other perfons. That the
crown is not bound by the acts made concerning bankrupts.
Tnnt it hath been determined, as in the cafe of Hanbury,
2 Show. 432, that, where an extent comes before the affign-
ment, it would be good againft the aflignees. But that the
crown is bound from the time of affignment for by the af- ;
fignment the property of the goods is altered, and they are
vefted in other perfons, i. the aflignees.
e.
That an extent,
at the fuit of a common perfon, fhall not bind the crown till
it is actually executed. That in the cafe of Payne and Pitt,
1 Salk. 180, the king fhall have preference to a common
creditor.
And when he has feized goods, no perfon fhall
take them
in execution, without firft fatisfying the kind's
debt; and cited the cafe in Cro. where it is faid a liberate
fh.ill bind in the cafe of a common perfon, from the time of
taking the goods under the extent, and that the goods, when
taken by the crown, were in pawn, as it were fo that no
perfon could have them without firft paying the money they
were charged with.
The court was of opinion with the
defendant, and ordered the plaintiff to pay the cofts of a
nonfuit, this being an action of trover, brought by the af-
fignees againft the receiver-general, for the goods taken by
the warrant of the commiflioners of the land-tax.
Biddlecome verfus Marlow. Hill. 16 Geo. II. 28 February.
A man having bequeathed the refiduum of his perfonal eftate
to the wife of J S, who did not appear to have been then
indebted to any perfon whatfoever.
Soon after, J S agreed
to fettle, and did fettle and aflign this refiduum to truttees,
for the feparate ufe of his wife, but with a provifo that the
truftees might, in their diftretion, at any time after, lend
any part of the money to J S, to employ in trade. Before
the making the fettlement, J S received 100 1. part of the
refiduum, and, after making the fettlement, the truftees lent
him 400 1. After this J S contracted feveral debts, and
became a bankrupt. The bill was brought by the truftees
againft the bankrupt, and his aflignees, that they might be
admitted creditors for the 500 I. under the commiflion.
Per lord Hardwicke chancellor. This fettlement, being made
before the bankrupt was indebted to any perfon, appears to
be a fair fettlement, and not to be avoided as fraudulent by
the ftatute of 13 Elizabeth, and held, as to the 400 1. that
the plaintiff's ought to be admitted creditors under the com-
miflion, but that the 100 1. ought to be confidered as a pay-
ment to the hufb.md, and decreed accordingly.
N. B. The truftee* had applied to the commiflioners, &c.
under the commiflion, to be admitted creditors, but were
rejected.
Bromley verfus Child. Michael. 17 Geo. II.
A commiflion of bankruptcy had iffued againft Sir Stephen
Evans, about 30 years ago, and fome time fince it was dif-
covered that the bankrupt had a much better eftate than what
was fufficient to pay all his debts ; and now the queftion was,
whether thecreditors fhould be allowed intereft for their debts,
out of the furplus ?
It was argued for the reprefentatives
of the bankrupt, that the debt claimed, being approved and
allowed, is after like a judgment, which fhall never carry
intereft for the money adjudged, and that, the bankrupt in
this cafe having obtained his certificate, the furplus, after
payment of the debts proved, ought to be paid over to the
reprefentatives of the bankrupt, without any deduction be-
ing made for the intereft of the debts proved.
For the it was argued, that the furplus eftate, now
creditors
in queftion, not an eftate acquired by the bankrupt, ^fter
is
the obtaining his certificate, but is part of the eftate origi-
nally afligned over by the commiflioners to the aflignees.
That thecreditors have as much right to be paid intereft for
their debts, as they have to be paid their principal. That
intereft-money is thecDmmon damages for detaining of mo-
ney, and is but as the fruit of the branch. That the bank-
rupt's certificate in the prefent cafe was only obtained by the
bankrupt from the commiflioners, and was not confirmed by
the chancellor till after the bankrupt's death.
Lord Hardwicke chancellor obferved, that this queftion had
come before him upon a petition but that he had directed a
:
bill to be brought in refpect that, if he had determined it
then, no appeal would have laid from his determination, as it
now does, being brought in queftion in a caufe in court.
As to the certificate, he declared that he thought the fame
valid, though not confirmed, till after the bankrupt's death.
For that the privileges arifing from it are cf fuch a nature,
that the reprefentatives of the bankrupt may t?ke advantage
of them as well as the bankrupt himfelf.
That the certifi-
force
cate is to be confidered in the nature of a releafe, its
arifingfrom the confent of the creditors.
It has been objected on the fide of the reprefentatives, that
they ought not to be bound by the proof made by the creditors
before

BAN
before the commiflioners, which is a proof only upon
own oaths ; think, that after this great length of time,
but, I the bankruptcy.
they ought to be bound by that.
The oath of the party is
always, in cafes of this kind, allowed in the firft inftance,
;as fufficient to prove the debt claimed ; and though they may
be controverted before the commiflioners, and the great fea)
may be applied to, to have an enquiry directed, yet fuch ap-
plication or objections are to be made in a reafonable time.
The commiffion may be proceeded in, or renewed, notwith-
standing the death of the bankrupt.
Then to the main queftion decreed, That the feveral cre-
ditors fhould be paid intereft for their debts , before the furplus
-
is paid over by the aflignees to the representatives of thebank
rupt, but that the bond creditors {hould not be paid intereft
added to their debt beyond the fpecialties of their bonds.
I Vern. 350.
The commiflioners have a mixed right of ju-
risdiction, legal and equitable, to be exercifed by a found
difcretion, and all the ftatutes plainly imply this, and par-
ticularly the ftatute of the 13th of Elizabeth. The com-
miflioners, at always prefume a failing fund, but, when
firft,
the contrary happens, intereft is to be confidered as part of
the debt ; it is a kind of penalty for the non-payment. The
whole eftate of the bankrupt is vefted in the aflignees for pay-
ment of the debts. To fay intereft ought not to be paid,
would be to difcharge the fund before the debt paid. It has
been argued, that, as the eftate ceafes to carry intereft, no
intereft ought to be charged on it but this argument is fal-
;
lacious. Suppofe the eftate does produce intereft, fhall fuch
intereft be paid over to the bankrupt^ before the creditors are
fully paid? The words vefting the bankrupt's eftate in the
commiflioners, viz. all that the bankrupt may lawfully pan
with, includes eftates tail, which the bankrupt may part withal
by recovery, and that the ftatute enabling the commiflioners
to difpofe of eftates tail in the bankrupt, is to be underftood
of eftates tail in him where there is a precedent eftate for life,
which eftates tail, by reafon of the precedent eftate for life,
the bankrupt could not part with, nor the commiflioners, or
the aflignees before the ftatute.
Jones verfus Brown. 'Mich. 18. Geo. II. 1744.
The bill in this cafe was by the plaintiff, as aflignee under
a commiffion of bankruptcy, to have the benefit of an eftate
charged to belong to the bankrupt, which the bankrupt, be-
fore any act of bankruptcy, in confideration of 600 1.
to him by his wife's brother, and of 400 1. promifed by the
brother to be further paid, had conveyed to truftees, to the
tife of himfelf for life, remainder to his wife for her life for
her jointure, remainder to other truftees for a term of 99
years, remainder to the firft and other fons, &c. of the
bankrupt by his wife, and, the fettlement being made after
marriage, it was infilled not to be good, as againft the
creditors.
And, if it was good, yet that, there being no truft
declared of the 99 years term, it refulted back to the ufe of
the bankrupt, the granter, and confequently that the aflignees
had a right to difpofe of this term fubjedt to the eftate for
life to the wife.
Lord Hardwicke, chancellor, held the fettlement to be upon
a valuable confideration, and good, and that the term fhould
not refult back to the bankrupt, as a beneficial term, but
that it ought to attend the inheritance, according to the li-
mitations in the fettlement.
In this cafe, where the fettlement was produced on the fide
of the defendants, it appeared to be an indenture of releafe,
and thereupon the counfel for the plaintiffs called for the leafe
for a year, and) the defendants not being able to (hew any,
was infilled for the plaintiffs, that this was no conveyance.
But, Lord Hardwicke, chancellor, without fuffering it to be
argued, declared, that the want of the leafe for a year would
not in equity, whatever it might at law, vitiate the convey-
ance, for th2t, if no leafe for a year at all had been made,
it is a defect that a court of equity ought to fupply, where the
conveyance appears to have been made, as in this cafe, upon
a valuable confideration.
Pattcnden verfus Micho, 20 June 1735, Chancery.
The fum of 900 1. being a legacy left Rodbear's wife, was
upon his marriage, vefted in truftees, to pay the intereft to
Rodbear for life, then to his wife for her life, and, after both
their deaths, to their children.
Rodbear borrowed of the
truftees 300 1. and, after fome time, paid them 206 1. and
afterwards became a bankrupt.
The aflignees bring their bill
to have the intereft of this 206 1. paid to them by the truf-
tees for the ufe of the creditors. The defendants infilled,
that the aflignees ought to paythem the whole 94 1. remain-
ing in the bankrupt's hands, before they could be intitled to
receive any part of the intereft.
And it was agreed on all
hands, that, if the bankrupt himfelf had brought the bill, he
could not have the intereft without firft paying the 94 1.
The defendants infixed, that, as the aflignees flood in the
place of the bankrupt, they could have no other relief than
he himfelf might have had.
Lord chancellor faid the claufe in the al of parliament for
fetting one debt againft another, when there was an account
B A N
their depending, extended only to fuch as were due to the time of
That aflignee': did not always Hand exactly
in the fame place as the bankrupt, though they did in ieveral
cafes.
As where a legacy is given to "the bankrupt's wife,
there the aflignees cannot receive that legacy without doing
what the bankrupt himfelf muft be obliged to do; that is,
to make a fettlement upon the wife of it. In fome cafes,
they ftand on different footings, as where, under the com-
miffion, all debts come in equality, though they affect the
bankrupt himfelf one before another; and was of opinion,
that the aflignees were intitled to receive the intereft of the
206 1. without firft paying the 94 1.
In this cafe there was a joint commiffion taken out againft
Rodbear and his partner, and lord chancellor laid, that, if
this 94 1. was a leparate debt, the truftees would be intitled
to retain the intereft, unlcfs the 94 1. was paid and '>ave ;
directions, that, if the aflignment was of the feparate eftate,
the intereft was to be paid ; bur, if it was an affignment of
the joint eftate, the bill to be difmiffed with cofts on either
fide.
But, if the affignees brought a new bill, with liberty
to apply for their coits of this fuit.
Stevens verfus Sole* 5 July, 1736, Chancery.
William Tappenden, fon-in-law to the plaintiff, made a
mortgage foi fecuring tothe plaintiff 1400 1. and intereft
4
dated 1 729, of a leafehold eftate, and three hoys ; and after-
wards, in 1733, became a bankrupt.
Plaintiff brought his
billagainft the aflignees to have fatisfaction for this money,
or that the defendants might be forecloled.
Tapp.nden con-
tinued in pofleffion of the leafehold eftate, and navigated the
hoys, and appeared as the vifible owner to the time of fiis
bankruptcy, and during that time made an abfolute bill of
faleof one of the hoys to one of his fervants, to protect him
from being preffed.
Sollicitor-general, Verney, and Mel-
mouth infilled, that this mortgage was void, as againft the
creditors, by the ftatute of king
James, the bankrupt con-
tinuing in pofleffion of the hoys, and appearing as vifible
owner of them, to the time of the bankruptcy. The ftatute
of 21 Jac. I. chap. 19. 11. fays,
Be it enacted, That if
at any time hereafter any perf >n or perfons fhall become
bankrupt, and, at fuch time as they fhall become bankrupt,
(hall, by the confent or permiffion of the true owner, or pro-
prietary, have in their pofleffion, order, and difpofition, any
paid goods or chattels, whereof they fhall be reputed owners, and
take upon them the fale, alteration, or difpofition, as owners,
that in every fuch cafe the commiflioners are to difpofe there-
of as fully as any other part of the bankrupt's eftate ; and, in
13, the commiflioners have a power to difpofe of the
bankrupt's eftate,, goods, &c. in mortgage, upon tender of
the money before the condition broken.
They infilled that
this cafe was within the inconvenience provided againft by
the act of parliament, feeing it gives the bankrupt a falfe cre-
dit, in order to the defrauding of his creditors. Melrnouth
cited Twine's cafe, in the third report of Fazakerly for the
plaintiff, urging, that it would be very inconvenient to tradef-
men if they were obliged to difpofe of their goods, whenever
they wanted to raife a fum of money.-^-As to the falfe credit,
it is true the bankrupt has credit by continuing in poflef-
fion, but, at the fame time, his eftate is increafed as much as by
the money he received ; and it would be very hard if the
creditors fhould have the benefit of the plaintiff's money, and
yet at the fame time take his fecurity from him.
He infifted
that the feclion before cited intended only fuch goods, the
property of which was abfolute in another perfon, and not
it fuch goods as were mortgaged, bfcaufe in the 1 3th fection
it is faid in what manner the commiflioners are to difpofe of
lands or goods in mortgage.
Lord chancellor faid, that as this was not a fraudulent tranf-
action, as to the leafehold eftate, it cannot be faid that the
mortgage of the hoys is to be confidered as fraudulent, and
therefore Twine's cafe is different from this, as there was the
appearance of fraud in that cafe.
As to the hoys, the finale
queftion is, whether this trail fact ion is within the ftatute of
king James.
The bankrupt continued in pofleffion, and
made an abfolute bill of fale to one of his fervants, and ap-
peared the vifible owner, but paid the intereft for the 1400 1.
pretty regularly. If this had been an abfolute bill of fale to
the plaintiff of thofe hoys, and the bankrupt had continued
in pofleffion of them afterwards, there could have been no
doubt but that would have been within the act of parliament;
but, in the prefent cafe, the bill of fale is fubject to a redemp-
tion, and the abfolute property is certainly not in the mort-
gagee.
Yet in law the mortgagee is confidered as abfolute
owner.
Therefore the fafeft way, faid his lordfliip, is to
confider this as within the meaning of the act of parliament,
though he faid, at the firft view of the cafe, his opinion was
otherwife.
In this view of the cafe it appearing that the
leafehold eftate and hoys were not worth the money they are
charged with by the mortgagee, what reafon could there be
that the plaintiff fhould let the pofleffion continue in the
bankrupt, when his intereft became abfolute ? Tis true it
was kind to the bankrupt ; but why {hould other perfons
fuffer by his kindnefs ? And, finccfomebody muft differ, it is
moft reafonable he who by his laches occafions this aueftion,
5 fhould


BAN BAN
fhould be the perfon.
Thisclaufe is not built fo much upon fice creeled for that purpofe ; and the commiffioncrs to have
the fraud, as the inconvenience that would arife, if pcrfons 20 s. per diem, &c.
were to appear as vifible owners of things which do not be- Stat. 6 Geo. I. cap. 21. and 7 Geo. I. cap. 31. bankrupt A
long-to them. The other fection, in relation to mortgages, in prifon, on execution for debt, to be discharged producing

does not alter the conftruction of this claufe, defendants his certificate. And perfons having bills or notes on bank-
fubmittin"- to be foreclofed of the leafchold eftate. Or- rupts, due at a day to come, are intitled to dividends, allow-
dered the mafter to fet a value upon it, and the plaintiff to ing difcount, at 5 1. percent.
come in for the refidue under the commiffion, and no colts Stat. 5 Geo. II. cap. 30. Bankrupts not furrendering in forty-

on cither fide. two days, and not difcoveiing eftates, adjudged guilty o! fe-
lony ; but the lord chancellor may enlarge
time fifty this

The fubftance of the ftatutes in England relating to bank-

days further.
They are to deliver all books of accounts,
writings, &c. to affignees on oath; and be allowed 5I. per
rupts, is as follows.
cent, not above 200 1. if pay 10s. in the pound, am! 7 1.
1 os. per cent, not above 250 I. if pay 12 s. 6 d. in the
According to the ftatutc of i 3 Eli/,, cap. 7. perfons liable to
bankruptcy are thofe, who having exercifed trades by buying
pound, &c.
And the body of the bankrupt only, not his
future eftate, to be difcharged, except he pays 15 s. per
and fellin^ wares, depart the realm, conceal themfeIvcs,or per-
mit themfelvcs to be falfly arretted, to defraud creditors. The pound. Four parts in five, in number and value of creditors,
are to fign certificates, &c.
Bonds or notes given to con-
lord chancellor, a complaint in writing againft a bank-
upon
fent to any certificates, to be void ; and, if any creditor
rupt, appoints commiffioncrs to fell the bankrupt's lands, as
fuing out any commiffion, has privately more than others,
well copy as free, annuities, goods, chatties, debts, &c.
Commiffioncrs have power to convene perfons fufpected to
the commiffion fhall be fuperfeded.
Bankrupts to be appre-

Perfons refufing to dif-
hended on a commiffion ifTued, &c.
Perfons that difcover
have any of the bankrupt's effects.
clofe, or detaining lands, &c. to forfeit double the value. their eftates, allowed 5 I. per cent.
And concealing trufts,
If

the perfon indebted abfent himfelf after five proclamations by

fhall forfeit 100 I. and double value.
Notice muft be given
to creditors to meet and chufe affignees, prove debts, &c.
commiffioners, to be out of the king's protection, and perfons
concealing him to be imprifoned and fined. The creditor but none to vote where a debt is under 10 1. New affignees
may be chofen by the creditors; and affignees after tb< nd <

not fatisfied, may afterwards take his courfe at law. of four months, and within twelve, to account, and dividend
Stat. 1 Jac. c. 15. By this flatute a creditor fhall be received,
to be made ; and there may be a fecond final dividend in
if he comes in, in four months.
Grants of lands, &c. of a
eighteen months, &c.
Commiffioners to take an oath, al-
bankrupt, in other men's names, except to children upon
marriage, or for a valuable confideration, void. If upon lowed 20 s. a day, and nothing forexpences; and attornies
bills to be adjuited by a mafter in chancery, &c.
warning left at the ufual place of residence three times, the Bankers, brokers, and factors, are fubject to ftatutes of
bankrupt does notappear, five proclamations to be made, &c.
Refufing examined,
to be fhall be committed. Commit- bankruptcy; but no farmer, grazier, or receiver-general of
taxes, fhall be deemed a bankrupt. Stat. 5 Geo. II. c. 30.
ting purjury to 10I. prejudice of creditors, to ftand in the
continued by ftat. 16 Geo. II. c. 17. until 29 Sep. 175c, &c.

pillory. Perfons fufpected to detain any of the eftate, not
No perfon who is bona fide a creditor of any bankrupt, for
and
appearing, to be arrefted ; ftill refufing, to be committed.
or in refpect of, goods bona fide fold to fuch bankrupt, or of
Commiffioners may affign debts, &c. to the creditors ;

and proceed to execution, though the bankrupt dies. Com- any bill of exchange bona fide drawn, negociated, or accepted
by fuch bankrupt, in the ufual ordinary courfe of trade, fhall
miffioners to render the bankrupt an account, and pay over-
be liable to repay to the affignce any money which before the
plus, &c.
fuing forth of fuch commiffion was bona fide, and in the ufual
Stat. 21 Jac. I. cap. 19. Trading perfons and fcriveners
courfe of trade, received by fuch perfon of fuch bankrupt,
getting protection, except of members of parliament; per-
before the perfon receiving the fame fhall have notice that
fons endeavouring to compel creditors to take lefs than their
he become bankrupt, oris in infolvent circumftances.
is
due, or to gain time beyond fix months, and efcaping, &c.
The obligee in any bottomry or refpondentia bond, and the
adjudged bankrupts.
Bankrupt's wife to be examined on
aflured in any policy of infurance made and entered into
oath. Bankrupt fraudulently concealing to ftand in the pil-
upon a valuable confideration bona fide, fhall be admitted to
Jory.
Commiffioners may break open a bankrupt's houfe,
claim, and after lofs to prove his debt, as if the lofs had
chefts, &c.
Another man's goods in the bankrupt's pof-
happened before the date of the commiffion againft the obli-
feffionto be diftributed.
No refpect to be had to debts upon gor or infurer ; and the bankrupt fhall be difcharged from fuch
judgment, recognizances, or fpecialties, beyond other debts.
bond and policy, and have the benefit of the feveral ftatutes
Stat. 12 and 14 Car. II. cap. 24, 9, &c.
10 W. III. cap.
againft bankrupts, as if the lofs had happened, or the money
44. Adventures in the Eaft-India or Guinea company ; and had become payable, before the date of the commencement.
no member of any fociety or company to be adjudged a Upon thefe ftatutes, the preceding, and all other adjudica-
bankrupt, in refpect of his ftock ; and the flock not liable to
tions in our courts of law and equity are founded, the judges
foreign attachment.
Stat. 5 Geo. II. cap. 30. Bankrupts not fubmitting to be ex-
being the proper expofitors of all acts of parliament. The
variety of cafes, which have occurred upon this fubject, is
amined and not discovering how
thirty days after notice,
fo great, as to fill a large volume alone. Wherefore, we
they have difpofed of their goods, and all books, papers, &c.
have only fcledtcd the more eftential ; and added fome new
and delivering up to the commiffioners all fuch eftate,
cafes, which have not yet been authentically reported, and
&c. except their wifes and children's neceflary wearing ap-
which we have been favoured with from thofe, whofe judg-
parel, to fuffer as felons.
Lord chancellor may enlarge the
ment in taking them may be depended on. More, we ap-
time for furrendering to fixty days.
Commiffioners to fend
prehend, will not be expected of us in a work of this nature.
for perfons, &c. not appearing, or refufing to be fworn, to

be committed. On certificate of the commiffioners, the
The of parliament made

bankrupt to be apprehended. Perfons conforming, to be
laft act in regard to bankrupts.

allowed 5 1. per cent.

No advantage to bankrupts giving Whereas merchants, bankers, brokers, factors, fcriveners, and
above 100 1. in marriage with children, unlefs at the time traders within thedifcription of the ftatutes relating to bank-
they could fatisfy their debts. rupts, having privilege of parliament, are not compellable to
Bankrupts removing, concealing, or embezzleing any mo- pay their juft debts, or to become bankrupts, by reafon of the
nies or effects to the value of 20 1. guilty of felony. Com- freedom of their perfons from arrefts upon civil procefs ; and
miffioners to affign to fuch as fhall be chofen by the major fome doubts havealfo arifen, whether in cafes of bankruptcy
part of the creditors.
Affigned before appointees refufing to a commiffion can be fued out during the continuance of fuch
affign over to them,, to forfeit 100 1. Affignees, or the ma- privilege ; to remedy which inconveniencies, and to Support
jor part of them, to compound with debtors.. No commif- the honour and dignity of parliament, 'and good faith and cre-
fion of bankruptcy to be iffued out, unlefs the debt of one dit in commercial dealings, which require, that in fuch cafes,
amounts to 150I. or of three amount to
creditor petitioning the laws fhould have their due courfe, and'that no fuch mer-

200 1. And bond to be given in 2QO 1. penalty, to prove the chants, bankers, brokers, factors,, fcriveners, or traders, in
party a bankrupt.
Receivers-general oftaxes, Sic. to have cafe of actual insolvency, fhould by any privilege whatever,
no benefit of thefe acts. be exempted from doing equal juftice to all their creditors :

Stat. 10 Ann. cap. 15. The defcriptions of a bankrupt in the be it enacted by the king's moft excellent m.jefty, by and
act 21 Jac. I. being prejudicial to trade, this ftatute makes with the advice andconfentof the lords Spiritual and tempo-
all defcriptions of bankrupts void.
But no fale of eftates to ral, and commons, in this prefent parliament nflcmbled, and
be impeached. it is hereby enacted by the authority of the fame, that frcm

Stat. 5 Geo. II. cap. 30. Bankrupts, within thirty days after
notice, fhall furrender themfelves to commiffioners, and con-
form to the ftatutes. The commiffioners to call before them
perfons, who can give account of acts of bankruptcy, &c.
Truftees for the bankrupt and others, are to difcover
trufts, &c. or forfeit iool.
Three feveral meetings fhall be
appointed by the commiffioners ; who are to certify to the lord
chancellor, that the bankrupt hath conformed ; and four
parts in five, in number and value of creditors, to fign the
certificate.
Commiifioners, &c. to be inrblled, at an of-
Vol. I.
and after the eleventh day of May, one thoufand feven hun-
dred and fixty-four, it fhal! be lawful for any fingle creditor,
or two or more creditors, being partners, whofe debt or debts
fhall amount to one hundred pounds or upwards, and for any
two creditors, whofe debts fhall amount to one hundred and
fiftypounds or upwards, or any three or more creditors, whofe
debts fhallamount to two hundred pounds or upwards, of any
perfon or perfons deemed a merchant, banker, broker, fac-
tor, fcrivener, or trader or traders, within the defcription of
the acts of parliament relating to bankrupts, having privilege
3 H of
 B A N BAN
'of parliament at any time, upon affidavit or affidavits being There is a declaration of the king of the j8;h of November

made and filed on record in any of his majefty's courts at 1702, which requires th.it all conveyances of transfers upon
Weftminft'cr, bv fuch creditor or creditors, that fuch debt or the effects of merchants, who have failed, provided they
debts is or are jutlly due to him or them refpectively, and that were not executed ten days, at leaft, before the failure is puh-
every fuch debtor, as he or they verily believe, is a merchant, lickly known; and likewife all deeds and obligations as they
banker, broker, factor, fcrivener, or trader, within the de- fhall execute before a notary to the advantage of any one "of

fcription of the ftatutes relating to bankrupts, to fue out of their creditors, or to contract new
debts, fhall be null and
the fame court fummons, or an original bill and fummons, Void. Moreover, all given againft them fliai!
fentences
againft fuch merchant, banker, broker, factor, fcrivener, or not procure to fuch creditors any right or preference before
trader, and ferve him with a copy thereof ; and if fuch mer- other creditors, who have oniy notes, or bills of exchange, or
chant, banker, broker, factor, fcrivener, or trader, (hall not, fuch like papers, to produce as vouchers of their refpeclive
two months after perfonal fervice of fuch fummons, (affida- debts ; unlefs the faid deeds and bonds were made, or the
vits of the debt or debts having been duly made and filed as faid fentences given, ten days, at leaft, before the failure was
aforefaid) pay, fecure, or compound for fuch debt or debts; publickly known.
to the fatisfaction of fuch creditor or creditors, or enter into By another declaration of June the 13th, 1716, all mer-
a bond in fuch fum, and with two fuch fufficient fureties, as chants, traders, bankers) and others, who break, are obliged
any of the judges of that court, out of which fuch fummons to depofit a particular account, the truth of which muft be
fhall iflue, fhall approve of, to pay fuch fum as fhall be reco- duly attefted, of all their effects moveable and immoveable,
vered in fuch action or actions, together with fuch cofts as as alfo of all their debts, together with all their books of ac-
fhall begiven in the fame, he fhall be accounted and adjudged counts, and vouchers) into the rolls-office of the confular
a bankrupt from the time of the fervice of fuch fummons ; jurifdiction of their dwellingpace, or of the next place ; in
and any creditor or creditors may fue out a commiffion againft default of which they admitted to make any con-
fhall not be

any fuch perfon, and proceed therein in like mariner as againft, tract, agreement, compofition, &c. with their creditors, nor

other bankrupts. to make an advantage of any fafe-conduct granted them

Provided always, and it is hereby declared, that this act fhall by their creditors but fhall be iiable to be extraordinarily
;

not extend or be deemed or conftrued to extend, to any fuch profecuted as fraudulent bankrupts, by the attornies-general,
debt or debts as aforefaid, contracted before the eighth day of or their deputies, and even by any one of their creditors,
March, one thcufand feven hundred and fixty-four; any thing without the confent of the His majefty declaring, how-
reft.

herein before contained to the contrary thereof, in any wife ever, that he does not hereby to infringe, in the
pretend
notwithstanding. And be it further enacted by the authority leaft, the privileges of the confular jurifdiction of Lyons,

aforefaid, that if any merchant, banker, broker, factor, fcrive-
ner, or trader, fhall after the laft day of this feffion of par-
liament, commit any act of bankruptcy, that then, and in fuch
cafe, any creditor or creditors as aforefaid, may
miffion of bankrupt againft fuch merchant, banker, broker,
factor, fcrivener, or trader ; and the commiffioners in fuch
commiffion, and other perfons, may proceed thereon in like
which fhall beprtferved and kept as ufual.
Theordonnance of Henry IV. publifhed in the year 1609,
and that of Lewis XIV. iffue in 1673, requires fuch bank-
fue out a com- rupts to be proceeded againft extraordinarily) and punifhed
with death, who wilfully and wickedly fecrete there effects,
or fecure them under borrowed names, by falfe fales, and
fictitious transfers.

manner, as againft other bankrupts ; any privilege of parlia-

ment to the contrary notwithftanding. Provided neverthelefs, How bankrupts are confidered in Holland.
and be it enacted, that nothing in this act fhall fubjedt any
perfon intitled to privilege of parliament to be arrefted, or The Dutch have the fame idea of the word bankrupt, as the
imprifoned, during the time of fuch privilege, except in cafes French, they underftanding thereby a trader who breaks to
made felony by the acts relating to bankrupts, or any of them. grow rich, by defrauding of his creditors they likewife :

make the fame diftinction between a failure and a bank-

R e m A k k s. ruptcy, as the French. In the former cafe they are without
mercy, in the other they are very merciful and benevolent,
The light wherein bankruptcies are confidered in France. when accompanied with the circumftances of real misfor-
tunes, and not with want of integrity or ceconomy.
The French make a diftindtion between a bankruptcy and a In order to make u'ue inquifion into the affairs of thofe who
failure, they judging the former defigned and fraudulent, a fail in any fhape, they, have eftablifhed, at Amfterdam, a court

merchant thereby wickedly intending to wrong his creditors, which they call de Kamer van de Defolate Boedels, or the
by not furrchd'ering his effects, till hehadfecreted or embezzled Chamber of Defolate Funds ; the ordonnance in regard
the beft part of them : whereas a failure is deemed involuntary thereunto is as follows.
and by real misfortunes.
inevitable, and always occafioned I. confifts of five capable perfons, who are chofen
This court
They reckon that a man has failled from the moment he annually, by the lords juftices, two of whom muft be elected
does not pay, when due, the bills of exchange, which he from the elder aldermen of the city, and the reft muft be welt
has accepted, or does not return the money to thofe whom experienced in commerce.
he may have furnifhed with bills, which are returned protefted; II. Two of thefe commiffioners, at leaft, are continued for
or does not difcharge his promifTary notes, when payable ; ei- three years fucceffively, and no longer, and the election of
ther by reafon of misfortunes in trade, or that he cannot get the reft is made as the commiffioners of other courts are.
in his effects in time to comply with his obligations. III. Thefe commiffioners meet daily to attend the affairs of
Such a ftoppage of payment, as we frequently
failure (or infolvents.
term it in Englarid) though it greatly ftaggers and- impairs a IV. When there happens any infolvent in the city of Am-
trader's credit and reputation, yet it does hot brand him with fterdam, or under its jurifdiction, either by death, or failure,
that infamy fixed on a fraudulent bankrupt, provided he pays the commiffioners immediately go with their fecretary, and
his creditors to the full, according to the time and terms of take an exact inventory of all the effects, and fecuie them

agreement his creditors fhall grant him. for the benefit of the creditors they alfo take pofTeffion of
:

There another kind of failure, which differs from a frau-

is the books, and papers belonging to the party.
dulent bankruptcy and yet is reckoned more infamous than V. After which they appoint two or more truftees to get irt
that which we have been mentioning. This is, when a mer- all the effects and debts belonging to the infolvent, either

chant having loft the greateft part of his eftate, either by within or without the jurifdiction of the city or country.
fhipwreck and the capture of his veflels, or by the bank- VI. Before they proceed to the faleof the infolvent's effects,
ruptcy and failure of others, or by the villainy of partners, they commonly ftay about fix weeks, or longer, if the in-
or any other accidents, is obliged to caufe his creditors to folvent) or relations of the deceafed, defireit, that time may

what he owes them, and to require time for pay-

lofe part of be had to accommodate things with the creditors; dining
ment of the refidue. which notwithftanding, the truftees ufe the utmoft diligence
When a merchant difappears, without any lawful or appa- to get in all debts due to the infolvent, and to procure every
rent caufe, and is not feen upon the Exchange, this is faid advantage to the creditors.
to be a failing of prefence and credit ; whence the word fai- VII. And, to the end that affairs of this kind may be proceed-
lure is derived. ed in with regularity, all merchants or others, who h ive Liiled
The bankruptcy or failure, in France, is reckoned to com- heretofore, or are infolvable, or who fhall happen to fail

mence from the day on which the debtor withdraws or ab- hereafter, and their heirs, may fumrnon all the creditoi s be-
fconds, or on which his effects are fealed. fore this court, and in the prefence of the faid commifiioners,
Thofe who have made a failure, are obliged to give to their or the greateft part of them, after a true declaration of
creditors a ftate of the account figned of whatever they pof- the ftate of their affairs, and their active as well as paffive
fefs, of all they owe, and of all that is due to them, and to debts, they may endeavour to agree for tho payment of apart
reprefent before them all their books of accounts in due form ; or the whole, Or to give fecunty for payment at fuch time
otherwife they will be deemed fraudulent bankrupts. as the parties fhall think reasonable.
If any one has in any manner aided or aflifled a fraudulent VIII. Theminotty of the creditors fhall herein be governed
bankrupt, he incurs the penalty of a fine of 1500 livers, by the majority, which fhall be three quarters of the credi-
and pays double the amount of all he has been inftrumental tors, and two thirds of the debt; or two thirds of the credi-
to fecrete, or demand ncyond what is due to him ; all which tors, and three quarters of the debt.
fhall be applied to the advantage of the creditors, according IX. But thofe from whom fecurkies arc given, fhall not be ad-
to the ordonnanccof the month of March 1673. mitted to the agreement, but only the fccuiities themfdves,
whici
 ;

BAN BAN
which (hall have a pcrfonal aft for their indemnity, and even for no longer time. And, for what fhall appear due before,
the fame ri^ht as the pcrfonal creditors. he fliall come in as a creditor with the reft.
X. All who declare thcmfelves creditors of an infol vent, fliall XXII. But, if the failure happens between the firft of Decern
be obliged to make appear what is due to them, before the ber and the month May
following, the rent fhall be charged
of
commiflioners. ,
on the infolvent furtd for one year, beginning from the mom;,
XI. No agreement begun between an infolvent* or any one of May, unlefs the landlord thinks proper to take the houfe
in his behalf, and his creditors, fhall be concluded without into his own hands for the fame year.
the confent of the commiflioners. XXIII. And, as the benefit of the creditors confifts in finifh-

XII. An agreement between infolvents, or their heirs, on ing their affairs as foon as may be, thofe creditors who would
the one part, and their creditors on the other, being made prove their debts, fhall henceforth proceed in the firft inftance,
under fufficient fecurity, and figned by the creditors, or the againft the truftees, who in that cafe, will be defendants, and

greateft part of them, they and their effects fhall bedifcharged on the other hand fhall be plaintiffs againft thofe who fhall
by the court and be at liberty to trade, receive and pay, the be debtors to the infolvent.
fame as before the failure, on paying the commiflioners the XXIV. The creditors who would prove their debts, and all
expences they have been at, according to their difcretion : others who lay claim to part of thofe effects, fliall be obliged
notwithftanding which, if it be afterwards difcovered that to enter their action againft the truftees in due time, before"
one creditor has been gratified to the detriment of the reft, the faid preference and agreement among the creditors are fet-
thefe agreements are difannulled. tled, and before the fale and diftribution of the insolvent's ef-
XIII. The perfons failing and their fecurities fhall be bound fecls. And to this end they fhall fummon the truftees three
to depofit fuch agreement with the commillioners for the fe- days before-hand, and fend them their refolution with the
curity and advantage of the creditors who have not yet figned fummons as likewife a copy of the particulars, whereon
;

it, and alfo the money they have agreed to pay, that the cre- their demands are grounded ; and in cafe, upon the day ap-

ditors may receive the fame of the commiflioners when they
come to fign the agreement on their part.
XIV. However, if it be found that an infolvent or his heirs
have acted fraudulently in making the agreement, or after
fuch agreement fhall be known to have concealed any books
or papers, or conveyed away their effects, or made any under-
hand agreement with any one of the creditors, fuch difcharge.
given by the commiflioners fhall not only be Cct afide, but
the parties fhall be puniflied according to the nature of the cafe.
XV. And thofe whofhall combine with the infolvent, and pre-
tend to be cieditors, when they are not fo, or thofe who make
pointed, thofe who made fuch demand do appear btfi.rc the
commiflioners, the truftees fhall be acquitted, and the cx-
pence thereof paid by thofe that cited them, befoie frcfli mea-
fures can.be taken againft them.
XX V. But if any one has attached the effecls, which he pre-
tends to have claim to, he fhall be obliged to fummon the
truftee the third day after fuch attachment, and to brin- his
action uno'er the penalty of being nonfuited.
XXVI. The truftees being fummoned as above, and not ap-
pearing, there will be a default for non-appearance-, and there-
upon a fecond fummon flue J, and on no appearance to that,
i

demand of a greater fum than is really due to them, with de-
fign to wrong the juft creditor?, and give advantage to the in-
folvent, {hall be punifhed as deceivers, and alfo condemned to
pay, as their own debt, all the true creditors.
XVI. After the expiration of the fix weeks aforefaid, or lon-
ger, according to the difcretion of the commiflionery, and no
agreement having been made between the infolvent and
creditors, the truftees fhall, without further delay, proceed to
the fale of the effects, both moveable and immoveable
the latter being to be difpofed of only by the aldermen,
within the firft of November and the fecond of February.
But the merchandize, furniture, and other effecls, muff be
fold publickly by auction, at the pleafure of the com mi f-
the commiflioners will pais judgment upon the matter, accor-
ding to the vouchers laid before them by the party alone who
does appear, and the truftees fhall only be condemned to pay
the cofts of the procefs, propter contumaciam.
XXVII. When the truftees appear upon fuch fummon, the
caufe fhall be argued and determined directly, without giving
his or taking any further day to anfwer, unlefs for very gooa
caufe the commillioners fhall think the fame neceffary.
XXVIII. Provided the truftees fummon any one before
reprefented, and they do not appear, the truftees fliall havi
the fame advantage as was before given againft them, and
the parties fliall be obliged to pay the expence.
XXIX. the perfons fummoned nol
But rift, a fecond

fioners. But in cafe there is any merchandize which may be fummon granted for the week following, and not appear-
is

judged neceffary to be kept unfold, by reafon of an appear- ing the fecond time, the fummon having been dulvex
ance of a rife in the price thereof, or for any other good they muft give provifional fecurity, and have a third fum-
caufe, which the truftees fliall reprefent to the commiflioners^ mon; which terminates in a definitive condemnation of the
the fale of fuch merchandize fliall be poftponed for fome time, fecurity, or juftice is done in fome other manner.

but not otherwife. XXX. But, it the parties fummoned appear, the point is ei her
XVII. Thefe things being done, the commiflioners fhall fix concluded then, or fome day the next week following, unlefi
a day for all the creditors to meet, who live in the city, and the commiflioners find good caufe to do otherwif.-.
elfewhere, that they may give in their names,and theirdemands. XXXI. The truftees, having arrefted any perfoh or effects,
XVIII. On the day appointed for the purpofes aforefaid, the fliallbe obliged, at the requisition of the party fo arrefted or
commiflioners fhall proceed firft to enquire into the debt, and interefted, within three days, to carry on the profecutiori
of the preference to be given to each creditor prefent, whom before the commiflioners, in order to make their demand, and
the commiflioners fliall endeavour to bring to an agreement bring the matter to a conclufion ; upon which the perfon ar-
upon that head. If that cannot be effected, the creditors who refted then anfwers, or takes another day without debating
difagree, fhall be obliged td put into the hands of the com- from the provifional fecurity, provided the cafe is fo cifcum-
miflioners, within fourteen days, their demand, article by ar- ftanced but the perfon arrefted, or interefted, making no
:

ticle, with the neceffary vouchers, on pain, that if, within
the faid time, every one has not given in fuch account, he
fliall be regarded as having defifted from his pretenfions, and
fhall have juftice only according to their demand, and accor-
ding to the particulars delivered in by others. Thofe who
within the faid time of fourteen days fhall have furnifhed
their particulars, may demand, in fourteen days afterwards,
the fame of every one, who has given them in ; to the end
that within fourteen days following, they may give in writ-
ing their objections^ without having any longer term granted
for that purpofe. But, after thefe fourteen days, the affair
profecution* the arreft fliall be referred, and profecuted at
the next court, according to cuftom.
XXXII. The caufe being pleaded, the commiflioners fliall dif-
pofe of the principal according to the nature of the cafe ; and,
ifeither of the parties fhall appeal, the caufe fhall be brought
and profecuted before the court of aldermen, who fliall finally
determine the fame.
XXXIII. The creditors of any infolvent being diffatisfied
with the proceedings, and the ill conduct of the truftees,
may remonftrate the matter before the commiflioners, who
fliall caufe. the truftees to come before them, hear them,

fhall be determined by the commiflioners. and fet the affair in a juft light, according as the C2ft fhall
XIX. The preferehce to be given to the refpeclive creditors require. ,*

beingfinally fettled, thofe who fliall think themfelves injured, XXXIV. The perfons, whom the faid comrrrifHoheYs a'pponrt
may within, ten days after, or withinjten days after they have truftees in regard to the effecls of the infolvent, fhall be ob-
heard of fuch determination, appeal to the court of aldermen, liged to give good fecurity for their conduct, at the difcretion
who adjudge the matter within ten days of fuch appeal, un- of the commiflioners, in order to have recourle to fuch fecu-
lefs it be dropped. rity, in cafe of male-adminiftration, unlefs the truftees were
XX. Afterwards the commiflioners (hall proceed to a divi- chofen from among the creditors.
dend, or diftribution. Thofe who fhall have had the prefe- XXXV. The truftees or aflignees among the creditors having
rence, fliall receive their debt, upon giving a proper difcharge received any money belonging to the infolvent fund, fhall not
to the commiflioners, according to the amount of the infol- keep it in their hands, but the fame fhall be rm'rtiediately deli-
vent's effecls ; and the money remaining fliall be diftributed vered to the faid commiflioners.
among the other creditors, at the rate of a fliilling in the XXXVI. And thofe truftees who fhall be called Upon, fhall
pound, upon giving a proper difcharge. be obliged to appear before the commiflioners, not only at the
XXI. If a tenant of any houfe, or other kind of dwelling, end of their adminiftration, but at all times before, to render
fails between the months of May and the firft of December, an account of, andjuftify their proceedings-, and, being
the landlord fhall take fuch houfe or dwelling plac j to himfelf, fummoned for this purpofe, they fhali be obliged at the firft
for the remaining term of the leafe, and fliall difcharge the order, under the penalty of a fine of three guilders anc*, if ;

infolvent fund thereof; fo that he fliall only have the right of thev are called upon a fecond time, the like ; and the third is
preference upon the effects which he fliall find upon the pre- a fine of fix guilders; and if notwithftanding they fail to ap-
miffes, for the rent of the current and preceding years, and pear, and do not render up their accounts, they fhall be called
upori

BAN
upon a fourth time upon pain of imprifonment ; afterwards
the commiflioners (hall lay the matter before the court of al-
dermen. -.
XXXVII. At the end of the adminiftration of the truftees,
when the faid commiffioners fhall difcharge them of their
truft, they fhall grant them, for their trouble, what they
.judge proper.
XXXVIII. Any one of this city, or under its jurifdiction,
defiring to give up his effects, the faid commiffioners fhall
take meafures to fecure them, by appointing proper perfons
for that pupofe, as foon as warrants of fuch ceffion
granted to the creditors, and they fhall be informed of the
validity thereof, in order to lay the affair before the court of
aldermen.
XXXIX. In order to prevent all abufes and villainies which
are daily practifed by many, in the requiring and profecuting
the warrants granted by the burgomafters of this city, &c.
with intent to obtain the fecurity of the body, and the con-
tinuation thereof, the faid comiffioners fhall
formation of the ftate of the fufpected perfons, in order to
do the fame duly before the burgomafters.
XL. Any one being fummoned, he fhall be obliged to ap-
pear before the commiffioners, in default of which he fliall
pay a fine of fix fols for the firft time, twelve for the fecond,
and twenty-four for the third ; afterwards the commiffioners
fhall communicate the matter to the court of aldermen, and
fhall fend one of their officers in fearch of the perfon.
How bankrupts are looked on in China
When any man becomes a bankrupt in this country, they
throw him into prifon in the governor's palace, and he is
immediately put upon the declaration of his effects. After he
has been a month in prifon, he is releafed by the governor's
order, and proclamation is made, that fuch a one, the fon of
fuch a one, has confirmed the fubftance of fuch a onej and
that if he has any effects in the hands of any Perfon, in any
fhape whatfoever, it muft be made known in the term of a
month. In the mean time the bankrupt is bamboo'd * on the
backfide, if difcovery is made of any effects of his ; and at
the fame time is upbraided with having been a month in
prifon eating and drinking, though he had wherewithal to
fatisfy his creditors. He is chaftifed in the fame manner,
whether he makes any declaration of his effects, or not.
They reproach him, that he has made it his ftudy to get by
fraud the fubftance of private perfons into his hands, and
embezzle it; and that he ought not to defraud thofe he had
dealings with, by ftripping them of their property. But af-
ter all, if they cannot difcover him to have been guilty of any
fraud, and if it is proved to the magiftrate, that the man has
nothing in the world, the creditors are called in, and re-
ceive a part of their debt out of the emperor's treafury. Af-
ter this, it is publickly prohibited to buy of, or fell to, this
man upon pain of death, that he may not defraud any of
his creditors by concealing their money. If difcovery be
made that he hath any fums in the hands of another, and if
the perfon he intrufts makes no declaration within the time
limited, he is bamboo'd to death, and nothing is faid to the
proprietor or bankrupt. The fums that they difcover are
divided among the creditors, and the debtor or bankrupt muft
never more concern himfelf with trade.
* of that mercantile defign.
This punifhment fuch, as none fcarce everfurvive; it
is
is fo grievous, that no perfon in all China may, of his own
authority, infticl it upon another, upon pain of death,
and confifcation of his goods.
Remarks.
There are three things which all men of judgment and ex-
perience in trade allow to be the great prefervatives againft
bankruptcy. As,
I. A thorough fkill and difcernment in the whole of the em-
ployment wherein a perfon may be engaged. In regard to
the mercatorial profeffion, the knowledge and judgment re-
quifite are not fo narrow, mean, and confined, as fome are
wont to think. For,
According to what I have reprefentcd in my New Mercantile
Inftitution, without acquaintance in the produce and manu-
factures of the commercial world, and in the laws of our own
and foreign countries relative to general trade ; without abili-
ties toobtain the beft intelligence, in order to ftrike the criti-
cal time when, and where, exportation or importation from
nation to nation, drawing, remitting, and negociating fo-
reign bills, invite to the beft advantage without knowledge
: may probably employ his time to far greater advantage ; but
of the duties, imports, fubfidics, drawbacks, bounties, and all
other charges and allowances at home and abroad, to which
trade is fubject, it is impoffible that any previous calculation
can be made, whether an adventure will turn to account or
not. If the merchant be not thoroughly fkilled in foreign
monies and exchanges, as alfo in foreign weights and mea-
fures, and the methods of reducing thofe of one nation reci-
procally into thofe of others, how fhall he be able to judge
of foreign invoices and accounts of fales ? and, if he be not
perfectly acquainted with the arts of arbitrating the foreign
exchanges with accuracy, he cannot embrace thofe benefits
:
BAN
which their perpetual fluctuation affords. Nor is a knowledge
ot the intrinfic value of foreign fpecie lefs neceffary than of
the extrinfic par, or the arbitrational prices of exchange, in
order to deal occafionally in the export or import of foreign
coins, and bullion gold and filver, to the beft advantage. In
fine, the merchant deftitute of this feries of information, and
talents to apply it to the moft beneficial purpofes in every
fhape, can never hope to reap any confiderable profit from bis
profeffion, or fuftain the character
he bears with any fort of
dignity. He muft owe if he has any, to fortu-
his fuccefs,
fhall be nate hits, and unexpected advantages; things which no
prudent man will chufe to depend upon for the whole prof-
perity of his life.
To matters, commerce is but a game
the ignorant in thefe
chance, where the odds are againft the player.
at But, to
the accomplifhed merchant, it is a fcience, where fkill can
fcarce fail of its reward ; and, while the one is wandering
about in a pathlefs ocean, without a compafs, and depends on
give true in- the winds and tides to carry him into his port, the other
goes fteadily forward, in a beaten track, which leads him
directly, if no extraordinary accident intervenes, to wealth
and honour.
Whoever turns his thoughts on the ftupendious circulation
of paper property throughout the world, by inland and foreign
bills ; on the various cuftoms and ufages eftablifhed among
.traders in their money-negociations, for the fupport of uni-
on the numberlefs different tranfactions which
verfal credit ;
diverfify the bufinefs of the merchant ; as buying and felling,
exporting and importing, for proper, company, or commiffion
account ; drawing on, remitting to, and freighting, or hire-
ing out, fhips for various parts of the world at the fame time :
whoever duly confiders the fkill in figures and accountantfhip,
requifiie to adjuft and methodize this great variety of tranf-
actions, whereby fuch trader may always have the true repre-
fentation of his affairs before him ; together with the judg-
ment to conduct fuch a complication of occurrences, and ad-
drefs to maintain a general correfpondence in our own, or the
more univerfal languages ; cannot but fee the extent of a
courfe of education proper to form fo diftinguifhed a charac-
ter.
Notwithstanding this, nothing is more certain than that
no gentlemen in the general labour under greater difadvan-
tages in point of erudition ; which, I am afraid, is one prin-
cipal caufe of the frequent bankruptcies amongft thofe who
are, perhaps, the moft ufeful fubjects in the community ; they
being the great inftruments who give conftant bread and em-
ployment to the mafs of the people, and draw treafures into
the nation from the remote parts of the world.
Whether, therefore, the eftablifhment of a mercantile college,
or a well-regulated feminary, proper for the breeding up our
Britifh merchants with every defirable advantage, may not be
worthy the confideration of fome public-fpirited perfons, is
humbly fubmitted. That an inftitution fomething of this
kind is greatly wanted in England, I have endeavoured to fhew
at large in the before-mentioned tract; and I heartily wifh,
that my poor endeavours in the public fervice may one day,
ftimulate others of far fuperior abilities and advantages to at-
tempt what every body has been pleafed to approve ; notwith-
standing the mean and bafe artifices which have been ufed
to deprive my country, in that fhape, of the benefit of my
labours, and myfelf of the advantages of twenty years ftudy
and application, with a view principally to the eftablifhment
See the article Mercantile
College.
By the plan of inftitution in the beforementioned treatifewill
be feen the qualifications neceffary, abfolutely neceffary, to
form the accomplifhed Britifh merchant and, if thofe quali- :
fications enumerated were communicated to young
therein
perfons, in the manner propofed, there is no doubt to be
made but the art of merchandizing would, by that means,
have been steady advanced, the general commerce of the
kingdom proportionablyextended, and much fewer bankrupts.
2. However the beft accomplifhments for trade avail little
without ceconomy ; for although a perfon of penetration
and addrefs may be occafionally extremely fuccefsful, yet the
man of prudence fliould make allowances for fuch loffes as
the keeneft forefight and difcernment cannot always prevent
it fhould, therefore, be always confidered that the debit, as
well as the credit fide of the account of profit and lofs is li-
able to fwell. *
3. But nothing, perhaps, can be more effectual preferva-
a
tive againft failure than a thorough knowledge in figures and
accountantfhip. It is not neceffary, indeed, that a merchant
engaged in large concerns fliould keep his own books, as he
it is indifpenfibly neceffary that he fhould be capable of doing
fo. How is it poffible, otherwife, the he fhould be able to
judge when they are kept as they ought to be? Nor can he
be capable of fo infpecting them, as to be duly acquainted
with the ftate of his own affairs.
It is an unbecoming meannefs, not to fay a confummate folly,
in any man, whofe fortune is daily at ftake, to depend upon
others to give him what they pleafe for the ftate of his affairs.
It is juftly proverbial among the Dutch, that the man
who fails did not undeiftand to keep his accounts : and it may
be truly faid, a merchant without that fkill is in as bad a
fituation
 BAN
fituation as the mariner on the wide ocean, without chart,
compafs, or obfervation, whereby to direct his courfe.
Both the French and the Dutch always entertain an opinion
of a fraudulent bankruptcy, when there are no juft and metho-
dical accounts kept by traders; for, let their lofl'es be what
they will, they ought fairly and uprightly to appear through
their books, and from the teftimony of authentic vouchers.
So that regular and upright accounts are an effectual juftifi-
cation of the trader's conduct, as demonftrating, whether flcill
and ceconomy have been wanting, or whether only fuccefs : money, and fagacity in the arts bf corn'mercis ; and, it is (o be
if the latter is the
cafe, he is, notwithstanding, carefTed and
fupported whereby he may become as profperous afterwards,
;
as he was otherwife before. This alfo is the cafe in Britain,
and indeed in all nations where commerce is cultivated.
Among all the laws relating to bankrupts in England, I do
not remember to have met with any that injoined fuch traders
who are within the ftatutes to keep juft and regular accounts
of their tranfactiens, and of their whole income and cxpencc,
be the fame in whatfoever ftiape it fhall happen yet this
;
feems to be as neceflary a law as any relating to bankrupts ;
for if an omiffion hereof was, among other things, made a
Sufficient caufe of obftruction to the obtaining of their cer-
tificates, it might have a happy tendency to prevent that fre-
quency of bankrupts among traders ; feeing, while a pcrfon
had the true ftate of his affairs always before him, that might
prove a fafe and fteady rudder to fteer him clear of thofe
rocks and fhoals whereon he might otherwife fplit.
Another fafeguard againft thofe misfortunes in traffic is ho-
nour and integrity in dealing, honefty being the beft policy
among traders, as well as the reft of mankind. However
great the temptation to act otherwife may often be in the
way of traffic, yet, in the long run, the trading trickfter is
frequently catched in his?own toils: for, as it requires more
art to be roguifh than otherwife, fo that art is daily liable to
detection, and lofs of reputation ; whereas fo extraordinary
is the power of juftice and honour in commerce, efpecially
when united to prudencejand (kill, that it proves the fource
of a boundlefs credit to a trader; and, credit in traffic an-
fwering the end of money, fuch trader may be faid to bo rich,
in proportion as he is juft and upright ;for an cxtenfive cre-
dit, wifely managed, cannot fail to be productive of extenfire
riches.
It does not feem to be that refined [policy, that fome flatter
themfilves with, for a rich, overgrown trader to engage in
[nationsand ingroffings, and other unfair and illegal
practices, in order to opprefs and ruin young beginners.
Perfonsof this unnatural ftamp have frequently undone them-
felves by attempting the deftruction of others; for the mean
art of underfelling, in view to monopolize, is not lefs hazar-
dous than difhonourable ; and, when fuch a one comes to
misfortunes, he is as little pitied as the cruel ruffian going to
the gallows. As people in trade are never too low to rife,
fo they are nev,er too high to fall. A man in trade, though
ftanding himfelf fecure, fhould have a benevolent concern for
thofe who mifcarry, and, inftead of fcheming at the deftruc-
tion of others, fhould ftretch out the arm of affiftance to thofe
who would follow his wife and induftrious example.
I have known a merchant as much diftinguifhed for his
generofity and humanity as for his equity and profperity in
his negotiations. Inftead of ftudying the low craft ofoppref-
fion. in order to injure the young beginner, his grcateft joy
confifted in raifing young people of good behaviour and pro-
mifing talents. He took few apprentices with large fortunes,
or large premiums, becaufe he was wont to fay, That thofe
who had great fortunes wherewith to begin, needed not that
help to throw them into bufinefs like people of fmall ones.
It was his maxim, therefore, to breed abundance of fuch
young people in his counting-houfe, and, after three or four
years accomplifhment under his judicious eye to tranfplant
them to foreign counting-houfes, among his correfpondents
and, if their conduct was approved, he fome-how made it
for the intereft of thofe houfes to take fuch young people into
the partnerfhip. By which means, he not only exerciled his
natural principle of good-will to mankind, but fo attached
thofe objects of his benevolence to his intereft, that he found
his account in dealing with thefe foreign houfes. So that he
experienced it to prove the more beneficial policy to raife,
rather than deftroy, the fortunes of young people who merited
his regard.
Nor was this his practice abroad only. In order to be well
ferved by his manufacturers, and inde*ed by all with whom he
had dealings, he ever ftudied their intereft in conjunction
with his own. Thus any poor man's fon who fell in his way,
and had any thing of a promifing turn; or any fkilful, honeft,
manufacturer, &c. was fure to have fupport from him he : while the fuit was depending, the heat of the legal
would offer them money on eafy terms ; and, if they proved
induftrious and deferving, his purfe was always open to them.
By which fingular management, both gratitude and intereft
proved motives to his being well ferved in the qualities of the
goods he exported, they being as well fold abroad as well
bought at home.
His conduct, in regard to imports, was equally peculiar.
His buyers were tradefmen of his own choice, rather re-
markable for induftrythan fortune thofe never failed of what
: tendency to the ruin of traders, and all others, than this un-
Vol. I.
BAN :
credit and rcafonable indulgence they flood in need of.
Such'
behaviour| faved many from bankrutcy, but had fib tenden-
cy to(occafion it; yet there are many traders who are as dif-
tinguifhable for their cruelty, as this worthy gentleman
waS
for a difpofition diametrically the reverft:. This honeft po-
licy fo warmly attached all whom he dslt with tb his
intereft
at home, as well as abroad, that it is little to be admired
that
fowife, and fo go good, a man accumulated what rii
honour he plcafed. This example fhews the trtii
hoped will be followed by many, which will certainly make
the rich dill richer, and the poor happy: This is a fpefci -
of charity which brings its pre-fi ;u reward with it but, as :
the poet fays,
Such who in life opprefs, and then bequeath
Their goods to pious ufes at their death ;
Are like thofe drunkards being laid to fleep,
Who belch and vomit What tlicy cannot keep.
There nothing has a greater tendency to failure in trade}
than a tradefman's Being obftihate and ielf-fufficient in his
own opinion, and quarrelfome and litigious among his neigh-
bours; and thofe with whdm he has concerns in tr..d.-. Tl i:
trader muft be in the road to ruin of whom it is laid, that
he catches at every advantage from thofe he deals with,
wrangles without rcafon, quarrels without provocation, dis-
putes trifles, and goes to law without juftice.
He that will feek juftice in the law, ought to he firft certairt
that he can obtain the fame in no amicable way. The law
was not defigned to promote broils and confufion atnorig
mankind, but to prevent them.
Tradefmen who have thefe fquabbles generally upon their
hands, are as flifcontcnted within their. ft v'es as thl al o b> .
tcmptible in the eyes of others. A man that is always pay-
ing lawyers bills, reading over bills in Chancery exhibited
againft him, is of a difpofition very unfit for' com rr free,
which requires the man to be c;.!m and unirritated other-
;
wife his bufinefs muft flitter, and all prudent men will as foU
licitoufly avoid dealing with a litigious trader; as with one
who has got the plague :
Law-fuits avoid, with as much ftudious care
As you would dens where hungry lions are ;
And rather put up injuries, than' be
A plague to him who'd be a plague to thee.
Law-fuits and contentions in trade are fometimes unavoidable
unlcfs the defendant will fuft'er depredations upon In* property,
he is under the neceffity of defending himfelf, and feeking
protection from the law. For a man to defend himfelf a^aii, ft
the ftrife, contention, and villainy tif others, is not to be liti-
gious ; that character is due to the aggreffor ; for it is the
duty of the moft quiet and inoffenfive man to defend himfelf
when offenfivcly attacked. 'I he querulous lawing trader is
the contempt of the rich, and theaverfion of his poorer neigh-
bours; the fcandal of his trade, and the terror of his cuftom-
ers. The prudent trader will not reject the following maxims.
1. Not to decline or delay paying a juft debt, ifable,
but
to pay it, without giving any man caufe, or putting him to
the charge of fuing for his own.
2. Nor to giveany man trouble, though for a juft debt,
where there isany probability of obtaining it without, nor
till all rcafonable, quiet, and friendly methods are tried
to
avoid it.
3. When neceffitated to ufe the violence of a legal prcfecu-
tion, yet to do it with tendernefs, without expofing the debtor
more than needs muft; and above all, without putting him to
more than neceflary charges. This fhews a juft reluctance to
: the thing; in which cafe the defendant is juftly anfwerable
for all the evil which he brings upon himfelf. The difcreet
trader will, as far as in him lies, prevent a decifion at
law ;
if it be poffible, he will bring all dfferences to a friendly
accommodation, by expoirulation, by applications, by arbi-
tration, and even by abating fometimes much of his
demands
for peace- fake.
For men to make law become a formal quarrel,
a difpufe at
engage their paffions in the difference,
and turn their trade-
breaches into breaches of charity and breaches of temper,
is
to put off the Chriftian and the man of FerfTe together.
This way of going to law had a terrible event a few years
ago in this nation, and left a bloody precedent, viz. in the
late duke Hamilton and the lord jvfoaun they had contended
:
many years at law about an eftate but meeting Sccafibnaily,
j
procefs
broke out in an illegal flame; they differ in worJsJgive
and
return difobligingexpreffions; this kindles their
paffidn ; both
hot, both brave they quarrel, a chailangeehfues the-
;
; both
meet, both fight, and are both killed. This is the cafe, tho'
not carried to fo fatal a length, with all who go to law about
trifles, and carry on their fu its with animofity
they go to :
law, like Hamilton and Mohun, and, if they had courage to
engage, would put it to the like ifiiie. Nothing has a greater
3 * happy
 :
BAR
happy difpofition ; and nothing is more contemned among
the wife and honeft part of mankind.
In fine, a litigious
trader lives in a kind of warfare among his fraternity ; where-
as commerce ihoiild be the general bond of good will, as it
temporal welfare.
R is the grand fource of their
APTISMi a ceremony practifed at fea in long voyages, on
thofe peribns who pafs the tropic for the firft
On the merchant-fhips that have not pafled it before.
The baptifm of mips is a very plain ceremony, and is per-
formed by warning it all over only with fea-water but that
of perfons is more formal and myfterious, as fhall be related
hereafter ; but neither is peformed without giving the
company fomething to drink and caroufe. With regard to
the baptizing of the fhip, the feamen think they have a right
to cut off the fhip's beak-head, unlefs the captain or mafter
redeems it, by giving them feveral bottles of brandy, and
money. This prefent, which the mafter makes them, is not
reckoned an average, nor are the freighters accountable for
it, but only the proprietors or owners of the fhip.
As for the baptifm of perfons, it is performed after the fol-
lowing manner
The moft ancient of the feamen, who have already croffed
the line, or the tropic, being oddly dreffed, with his face
blackened, a comical cap on his head, the journal, or fome
other fea-book, in his hand, and followed by feveral other
failors, each with fome kitchen utenfils inftead of a weapon,
comes by beat of drum, and places himfelf gravely on a feat
prepared for that purpofe upon deck, at the foot of the main-
maft.
Before this drole magistrate every perfon, not yet initiated
into thofe myfteries, comes and fwears that he will caufe the
fame ceremony to be obferved, whenever opportunity offers.
If fuch a perfon pays down, or promifes fome gratification,
he gets off clear for his prefent, and has only a few drops of
water fprinkled over him. But the others, as well as the
, and that as well by the common law as the law marine. 1 Ven.
common failors, are in a manner drowned with pails full of
water, kept ready for that purpofe, in cafks or buckets.
The fhip and cabbin-boys, are put under a bafket, where
they are foaked with water at pleafure ; and, in memory of fo
curious a ceremony, are compelled to whip oneanother, which
they do foundly. The money paid is either fhared among
the fhip's company, or kept to buy fome refreshments at the
firft convenient place they come to.
BARATRY, or BARRETRY,' according to the common
law of England, fignifies the moving and maintaining of
fuits in disturbance of the peace, and the taking and detain-
ing of houfes, lands, &c. by falfe inventions. The word ba-
raterre in French, fignifies mifdemeanor, fraud, deceit. It is
derived from the old word barat, which signified any jmpofi-
tion whence they alfo faid baratter, to impofe upon one.
: fortunes happen, either through negligence, wilfulnefs, or
In marine commerce, baratry fignifies the ftealing, im-
bezzling, or any ways altering of merchandizes, by the maf-
ter or company of a fhip and, in general, all the tricks,
; In Chancery.
frauds, or male practices, which they pretty often ufe, in or-
der to defraud the owner of the fhip's cargo, or other per-
fons concerned in it.
By the 28th article of the fixth title of the third book of the
ordonnance of the marine in France, published in Auguft
1681, it is ordered, that the infurers fnall not be obliged to
make good the loffes and damages which fhips or
dizes fhall have fuffered through the fault of the mafter and
crew, unlefs by the policy they were made anfwerable for
the mafter or captain's baratry.
The penalties of baratry are mentioned in the fame ordon-
nance, in the firft title of the fecond book, in the following
articles.
Article 20. The
mafter who, without any necefTity, took
moneyjupon the body, victualling or fitting out of his fhip,
or who fold merchandizes, engaged the rigging, or fet down
in his accounts or memorandums fictitious averages or ex-
pences, is obliged to pay them in his own name, declared
unworthy of the mafterfhip, and banifhed from the harbour
where he ufed to dwell.
Article 32. All matters of fhips are prohibited to fell again
the victuals of their fhips, and to iinbezzle or conceal them,
upon pain of corporal punifhment.
Articla 35. If a mafter fails a wrong courfe, commits any
theft, or fuffers any to be committed on board his fhip, or
fraudulently gives occafion to the alteration or feizing of the
merchandizes, or of the fhip, he is to fuffer corporal pu-
nifhment.
Article 36. A
mafter who is convicted of delivering a fhip
to the enemy, or to have wilfully caufed it to be fhipwrecked
or loft, is to be punifhed with death.
Baratry, in a marine fenfe, is in England, when the mafter
of a fhip, or the mariners, cheat the owners or infurers,.
whether by running away with the fhip, finking her, defert-
ing her, or imbezzling the cargo.
If goods delivered on fhipboard are imbezzled, all the mari-
ners ought to contribute to the fatisfaction of the party that
loft his goods, by the maritime law, and the caufe is to be
tried in the admiralty. 1 Lill. 368.
A msftcr of a fhip, if a minor, undertaking to bring goods
from any place abroad to England, if he waftes and confumes
Ji AK
them, he may be profcculeci in the court of admiralty, though
he be an infant. Roll's Abr. 530.
Andj where a fhip was infured againft the baratry of the
mafter, &c. in an action brought thereupon, the jury found
that the fhip was loft by the fraud and negligence of the
the court held, that, if the mafter run away with
mafter :
time, as alfo the fhip, or imbezzle the goods, the merchant may have the
action againft him ; for it is reafonable that merchants, who
hazard their flocks in the foreign traffic, fliould fecure them-
;
felves in what manner they think proper againft baratry of
the mafter, and all other frauds ; and this muft be intended
fhip's fraud in the mafter, not a bare neglect and they all agreed
:
that fraud is baratry, though not named in the covenant j
but negligence might not. Mod. cafe 230, 231.
Baratry of the mariners is a difeafe fo epidemical on fhip-
board, that it is very rare for a mafter, be his induftry never
(o great, to prevent it ; a fpan of villany on fhipboard foon
fpreads out to a cloud, for no other caufe but of that circular
encouragement that one knavifh mariner gives another.
However, the law does in fuch cafes impute offences and faults
committed by them to be negligence in the mafter j and, were
it otherwife, the merchant would be in a very dangerous con-
dition. Molloy.
The reafons why they ought to be refponfible are, for that
the mariners are of their own chufing, and under his cor-
rection and government, and know no other fuperior on fhip-
board but himfelf; and, if they are faulty, he may correct
and punifh them, and juftify the fame by law and likewise, :
if the fact is apparently proved againft them, may reimburfe
himfelf out of their wages. Roll's Abridg. 533.
And therefore, in all cafes, wherefoever the merchant loads
aboard any goods or merchandizes, if they be loft, imbfzzled,
or any other ways damnified, he muft be refponfible for
them ; for the very lading them aboard makes them liable,
190, 238. Raym. 220. 1 Mod. 85.
Nay, if his mariners go with the fhip-boat to the key or
wharf, to fetch goods on fhipboard, if once they have taken
charge of them, the mafter becomes immediately refponfible,
if they fteal, lofe, damnify, or imbezzle them.
A maftef of a fhip is more than one, who, for his knowledge
in navigation, fidelity, and difcretion, hath the government
of the fhip committed to his care and management; and, by
the common law (by which properties are to be guided) he
hath no property, either general or fpecial, by the conftitut-
ing of him a mafter ; yet the law looks upon him as an offi-
cer, who muft render and give an account for the whole
charge, when once committed to his care and cuftody ; and,
upon failure, to render fatisfadtion and, therefore, if mis-
:
ignorance of himfelf, or his mariners, he muft be refponfible,
A, mafter of a fhip, (o appointed by B, owner, treats with
the plaintiff to take the fhip to freight for 80 tons, to fail
from London to Falmouth, and fo from thence to Barcelona,
without altering the voyage ; and there to unlade, at a cer-
tain rate per ton and, to perform this, the mafter obliges
:
merchan- the fhip, and what was therein, valued at 300 1. ; and, accord-
ingly, a charter-party was made and fealed, between the
mafter and the merchant ; but the owners of the fhip were
no parties thereunto. The mafter deviates, and commits ba-
ratry, and the merchant, in effect, lofes his voyage and goods;
for the merchandize, being fifh, came not till Lent was paft,
and were rotten. The merchant's factor thereupon fueth the
mafter in the court of admiralty at Barcelona, and, upon
appeal to a higher court in Spain, hath fentence againft the
mafter and the fhip ; which coming to his hands (viz. the
merchant's hands) the owner brings an action of trover for
the fhip : the mafter fues in Chancery to flop this fuit, and
another fuit brought for the owner for freight, claiming deduc-
tions out of both, for his damages fuftained by the mafter,
for the breach of the articles by the mafter ; for, if the owner
gives authority to the mafter |to contract, he fhall bear the
lofs|; but, incafe of bottomry, after a voyage begun, the maf-
ter cannot obilge the owner beyond the value of the fhip :
but this cafe is on contract.
Lord chancellor. The charter-party values the fhip at a cer-
tain rate,and you fhall not oblige the owners farther, and
that only with relation to the freight, not to the value of the
fhip ; the mafter is liable to the deviation and baratry, but
not the owners ; elfe masters fhould be owners of all menY
fhips and eftates. Mich. 29. Car. II.
But, where the mafter of the fhip took beef, fails, &c. on
credit, and failed, the owners were obliged to pay, and not
allowed to defend thernfelves by infilling that the mafter was
liable only, and that they had given him money to pay the
plaintiff. He is but their fcrvant, and, where he buys, they
are liable, and continue fo, if he has not paid the creditors,
though they gave him money for that purpofe. 2 Vern. 643.
If any fault in the mafter or mariners be committed in any
port, haven, river, or creek, or any other place which is
infra corpus comitatus the common law fhall have jurifdic-'
tion
 XJ XX XV ;;

i
13 /\ K
lion to anfwer the party damnified, and not the admiralty horfes, a kind of beard made 6i horfc-hair, comm'oniy dyes
[fee Admiralty] but, if the fame be committed fuper altum red. J
'

mare, the admiralty fhall have jurifdiction of the fame ; yet, The French cohfuls, whorefidc in the towns of Barbary, do
if it be on a place where there is divifum imperium, then, ac- pretty often fhip off barbs, either for tlie ufe
of ttetfoiii of
cording to the flux or reflux, the admiralty may challenge quality who defire them, or which they fend into
;
France for
the other of common right belonging to the common law. their own account. Butfkilfiil judges do not much value
5 Co. 1707. Mod. 891. 916. the horfes that arc thus fent over, there being always
many
Thecommonlaw is theovcr-ruling jurifdiction in this realm ; bad ones among them becaufe the conful
; whatever ., .rood
and they are to intitle themfelves well who would draw a intentions they may have, arc commonly milch
better i ;

thing out of it. Lord Raym. 272. in other trades than that of horfc-flefh.
And, therefore, as foon as merchandizes and other commo- When the Frenchking would have barbs for his ftuds or
dities are put aboard thefhip, whether fhe be riding in port, ftables, he commits the care of buying them Cd one
of his*
haven, or any other part of the feas, he that is exercitor navis grooms, or equerries, who commonly pafles for an envoy to
is cha:geable therewith ; and if the fame be there loft or the African princes, notwithftanding which
title he is obliged
purloined, or fuftain any damage, hurt, or lofs, whether in td pay duty for the horfes he buys. *
the haven or port before, or upon the feas, after fhe is in her That duty is not the fame in all places, and there are ofrr-ri
voyage; whether it be by mariners, or by any other through great extortions practifed, before the horfe
be on fhipboard;
their permiflion ; he that is exercitor navis muft anfwer the thofe barbarians having no other view but to
impofe upon the
damage, for that the very lading of the goods aboard the fhip Europeans who trade with them. At the Baftion of
France
does fubject the mafter to anfwer the fame. F. Naut. caup. I3piafters are paid for duty of exportation
for every horfej
ftab. leg. 1. fee. 2, 3, 6, 7. And with this agrees the com- namely, ten to the governor, two to the captain,
and one td
mon law, where it was adjudged, that goods being fent aboard the interpreter.
a (hip, and the mafter having figned the bills of lading for BARBARY general.
in This vaft tract of ground is b und-
the fame, the goods were ftowed, and, in the night, divers ed on the north by the Mediterranean fea,
which divides it
perfons, under the pretence that they were prefs-mafters, en- from Europe ; on the eaft by Egypt, on the fouth, By Sara
of
tered the fhip, and robbed her of thefe goods ; the merchant the defart, and on the weft by the Atlantic,
or wtftern ocean.
brought an action at the common law againft the mafter It's utmoft extent from eaft to weft, that
is, from cape Non,
and the queftion was, whether he fliould anfwer for the fame ? on the molt weftcrn coaft of Morocco, to the confines
of
It was alledged on his part, that there was no default or neg- Egypt, is almoft 37 degrees, that is, from 10 degrees
vveftern
ligence in him, for he had a fufHcient guard ; the goods were to a6| degrees eaftern longitude; or about
2200 miles II :

all locked up under hatches ; the thieves came as prefs- for it's breadth from north to fouth, it is
very unequal; in
mafters, and by force robbed the fhip ; and that the fame was fomc parts not above 6 or 7 degrees ; and where
wideft', as
vis major, and that he could not have prevented the fame : from cape Non, above-mentioned, to Tangier, not above jo
and, laftly, that though he was called mafter, or exercitor degrees, or 600 miles j but, we muft obferve, that moft
navis yet he had no fhare in the fhip, and was but in the na- geographers have given it a much greater extent
both way;
ture of a fervant, acting for'a falary.
But, notwithftanding, fome otthem as far as 4000 miles in length, and 1200 m
:

it was adjuged for the plaintiff; for at his peril he muft fee breadth; which can only be meant, including the creeks
that all things be forth-coming that are delivered to him, let and windings, which are too precarious ahd
unknown to be
what accident fovever happen (the aft of God, or an enemy, depended upon.
perils and dangers of tlie fea, only excepted) he being look- Barbary is, next to Egypt, the moft fruitful, trading
and"
ed upon by the law as a common carrier ; and that, though populous part of Afric. The foil abounds with plenty and
he receives a falary, yet he is a known and public officer, and variety of gram and fruits, efpecially citrons,
oranges, dates,
the plaintiff hath his election to charge either mafter or own- figs, olives, grapes, pomegranates, almonds,
&c. in all which
er, or both, at his pleafure, but can have but one fatisfac- the inhabitants drive a confiderable traffic, as well as in coral,
tion. Molloy. Morocco leather, Barbary horfes, and other commodities,
as we fhall have occafion to mention in the
trade of each par-
Thomas Knight, Efq; againft Richard Cambridge. ticular kingdom. The air is temperate, though hot,
beino-
refrefhed by conftant breezes from the
Mediterranean.
This cafe(hewing the nature of baratry, I (hall give it at The kingdom of Barca, under the government or bafhaw-
large, as delivered by lord Raymond. fhip ot Tripoli, being for the moft part a barren
defert, and
Cambridge brought a writ of error, upon a judgment given having no commerce of any confequence j it will not
be ex-
againft him in the Common-Pleas, in an action brought by pected to have any place in this work.
the plaintiff upon a policy of infurance of the (hip Riga Mer- The kingdom of Tripoli.
chant, at and from Port Mahone to London. And ferjeant Tripoli Proper, is bounded on the north by the
Mediterrane-
Braithwaite for the plaintiff in error infifted, that the judg- an, on the eaft by Barca, on the fouth by'the
Sara, or Great
ment was erroneous, becaufe the breach was ill affigned be- : Defart, and on the weft, partly by Tunis, and
partly by Bile-
caufe the policy was, that the defendant Cambridge fhould dulgend. It is varioufly divided, as firft, into maritime and
infure the (aid fhip, among other things, againft the baratry of inland, or into five principal provinces or diftricts, viz.
the mafter, and all other dangers, damages, and misfortunes 1. Tripoli, properly fo railed. 2. Efiab. 3. Meffelata.'
which fhould happen to the prejudice and damage of the faid 4. Mzerata, or Mezcrata, or the antient Cyrenaca;
and
fhip ; and the breach affigned was, that the fhip, in the faid 5. Barca, or antient Marmorica, now part of this bafhaw-
voyage, per fraudem & negligentiem magiftri navis pradictre fhip. It hath a great number of cities in each of the four
depreffi & fubmerfa fuit, & totaliter perdita & amifTa fuit, former provinces, and fome of them very large,
trading
& nullius valoris devenit. This, he infifted, was not within and populous, as well in the inland, as on the
coafts but ;

the meaning of the word baratry, but the breach fliould have chiefly in the latter, where, befides their feveral
manufac-
been exprei's, that the fhip was loft by the baratry of the tures and commerce, they carry on the piratical
bufinefs to
mafter. Befides, the owner of the goods has a remedy againft great advantage to themfelves, though to the
great hazard and
the owners of the fhip, for any prejudice he receives by the lofs of the European nations trading on the
Mediterranean.
fraud or neglect of the mafter ; and, therefore, there is the According to this diftin&ion of maritime
and inland, the prin-
lefs reafon the infurer fliould be liable. Befides, if the word cipal cities in the former are, In Tripoli Proper, Copez,
1.

baratry fliould import fraud, yet it does not import neglect Bibana, Znora, Zavia, Cgarbia, tower of Arzaria,
Zouaa'
and the fact here alledged is, that the fhip was loft by the fraud or iOld Tripoli ; the New Tripoli, Lebeda Tagara,
and
and neglect of the mafter. But the court was unanimonfly of fome few of lefs note.
opinion, that there was no occafion to aver the fact in the 2. In the province of Mozarat, or Mzerata, the capital Tii-
very words of the policy, but, if the fact alledged came within bia Ziliten, &c.
the meaning of the words in the policy, it is fufHcient. Now 3. On the gulph or bay of Sidra, Colbene, Smeida;
Sbica,
baratry imports fraud, Du Frefne GlofTar. verbo barataria, Arcadia Serte, Nairn, Tini, Porto de Sabi, Stagno,
Zoara,
fraus, dolus and he that commits a fraud, may properly be
: Zamera, Corcaura, Mirelie, alias Millie, Bernich, Benaafi
faid to be guilty of a neglect, viz. of his duty. Baratry of a and Tolometta ; the three laft on the coaft of Derna.
mafter is not to be confined to the mafter's running away with In the inland part of Tripoli Proper, the chief places
are'
thefhip; and the general words of the policy ought to be mount Riana, mount Fiffato, mount Gefren, or Guefort
5
conftrued to extend to loffes of the like nature as thofe men- the towns of Tarona, or Taorbona j-the other
parts in Ibai
tioned before now loffes arifing from the fraud of the mafter,
: Valid, Mefda, and mount Guibet Or Atlas
; which laft di-
are of the fame nature as if he had run away with the fhip, vides it from the kingdom of Fai fan, the country
of Haicba,
fuppofing baratry was to be confined to that, which it is not, the defart of Ezzab, the territory of Benofetta,
fo called'
becaufe it imports any fraud. And judgment was affirmed ; from it's capital, a fmall town ; and the defart of
Ouguila*
April 27, 1724. Lord Raym. 1349. or Auguila ; in which are Auquela the
capital, Siv-ab, of
BARB, a Barbary horfe. Barbs are very much efleemed for St. Rio, and the mount Muyes.

their ftrength and their fwiftnefs, and more ftill, perhaps, on Tripoli Proper, which we begin with, not as being ths
account of their fcarcity. They are commonly of a flim next in courfe to Barca, but on account of its beino-
the moft
fhape, and have very thin legs. They are ufed both for the confiderable province in this ftate ; it hath Tunis
on the weft,
faddle and for coaches ; and they make exceeding good ftal- from which it is parted by the river Capoz, or Caps, which
lions for ftuds. In order to diftinguifh them, they ufe in nfes out of a fandy defart on the fouth, near mount V r alfalatj
France to hang under their horfe's throat, efpecially to coach- and falls into the Mediterranean.
There
 BAR
There is a very hot fpring near the town of Albiamma, which
isconveyed thither by an aqueduct but the water is fo hot
;
and fulphureous, that it is hardly drinkable, till after it hath
been expofed twenty-fours hours to the air. Near the fpring
isa pool called the'Leper's-lake, becaufe it cures that diftem-
per. This city did once vie with Tunis, and is affirmed to
have excelled it in the quantity of gold, filver, pearls, and
precious ftones, befides other forts of rich commodities. It
we are told, near one hundred and fifty different
riad alfo,
trades belonging to the filk manufactures, befides a great num-
ber of others belonging to that of the camblets, cotton, and
other fluffs. At prefent, all thefe branches of traffic are much
decayed ; it now chiefly confifts in the great quantities of
afhes brought thither by the Arabians, and moftly bought up
making glafs and foap.
by the French, for
Capes, or Caps, Cabez, Capez, fuppofed the antient Ta-
cape, good large town, well walled and fortified, and
is a follow the bufinefs of weaving, others of making earthen
fituate on a bay of it's name, defended by a flout fort, at the
mouth of the hot river before-mentioned. It made avery great
figure time of the Romans, but underwent fo many
in the
itrange viciffitudes from the Goths, and other barbarous na-
tions, and is at prefent fo much expofed to the excurfions of
the Arabs, that it is only inhabited by a parcel of poor fifher-
men and hufbandmen ; but the foil about it is very fandy and
barren, and produces but a little corn and fome dates.
The gulph of Sidra. This large bay, antiently called Syrtis
Magna, lies on the fame coaft, between the country of Mfa-
rata on the weft, and the kingdom of Barca on the eaft, and
hath the defart of Serte on the fouth.
They fcarcely carry on any trade, but that of fiftiing and pi-
racy. Yet fome few there are, both here and at Mfarata,
who trade in European commodities, which they fend into
the country of the blacks, and exchange them for negro-
flaves, civet, and mufk, which yield them a confiderable profit
in Turky.
The country of Faisan, or Fassan.
South of Tripoli, and between it and Sara, or the defart, is
the country of Faifan, or Faffan, a diftridl: under it's own
particular government, and containing twenty-eight cities or
towns, one the capital of it's name, and about one hundred
villages. The country abounds in dates, and the inhabitants
are efteemed rich, efpecially by the trade they drive in negro-
flaves.
Jufl weftward of Faifan, is the fmall territory of Gadamis,
or Gudemis, on the confines of Biledulgerid, and Vhergela,
on the weft. It is a very rich diftrict, under a government
of it's own, and drives a confiderable trade in flaves and dates.
The kingdom of Tunis.
This is which formerly was the once celebrated
the country,
republic of Carthage ; and which, in the utmoft extent of
it's conquefts, contained a much larger territory than it hath
fince, or doth now, it antiently poffeffing the provinces of
Conftantina, Bugia, Tripoli, Tunis, and Ezzab, and ftretch-
ing along the coafts, above 120 leagues. It hath fince loft
them all, except that of it's own name, and is reduced now
within a very little compafs, being bound on the eaft by Tri-
poli, on the weft by the river Gualdibarbar, which parts it
from Conftantina, and on the fouth by Biledulgerid. So that
it's utmoft extent, from eaft to weft, is only from the 7 min.
30 deg. to 11 min. 30 deg. of eaft longitude, or at moft
60 leagues, and about 135 from north to fouth.
The foil and climate is much the fame with that of Tripoli,
except that it is a little more fertile towards the weft, being
watered by fome good rivers.
The Moorifh kings, whilft in poffeffion of this country, ufed
to coin feveral forts of money ; as particularly thofe called
fultanins, which were of gold, and weighed about twenty-
four carats the rofaras, which were of filver, and of a
; cloths, linnen, camblets, bridles, faddles, and other fuch-like
fquare figure. They ufe likewife the afpcrs, dubbes, and
barbas, which bear the fame price here that they do at Al-
gier. The greateft commerce confifts in oil, olives, dates,
foap, kali or allies, oflrich feathers, camels, and horfes.
Olives they have in fuch plenty, that they can fend vaft
quantities of oil abroad, and make their [charcoal of the
wood ; which is almoft the only one they have for that, or
any other ufe. Their manybetween thofe high
vallies,
mountains, afford plenty of corn, and pafture; and
fruit,
they breed great quantities of horfes and camels, which fell
here very cheap.
They abound likewife with variety of game, as well as
wild beafts. Their rivers afford them plenty of fifh ; as for
other provifion, fuch as rice, pulfe, &c. they are forced to
have them from abroad.
Tunis is faid to owe moft of it's ftrength and beauty to the
Arabs, who came hither from Carthage, where they did not
think themfelves fo fate, and raifed it to that degree of gran-
deur and nrength it hath fince appeared in ; for the many
revolutions it hath undergone from the Vandals, Arabs, Spa-
niards, Turks, &c. had reduced it to |a very low and mean
condition. It is now fo populous, that it is computed to con-
tain ten thoufand families, and three thoufand fhops, where
they fell lin:ien and woollen ; and the Venetians and Genoefe
are the two European nations that drive the greateft com-
merce with them. A great part of the inhabitants, both
B A R
'
within the city and fuburbs, arc em; >!} "
,, ;
m a-
nufac'turc, which is here rhe'ffneft rn all Africa; fh<
being the moft delicate and beft twiftcd and il ;
they weave that fuperfine cloth, of which they make thofe
turbans called tunecis, fo highly efteemed by the Turks and
Moors. But their moft advantageous bufinefs is piracy, in
which they excel their neighbours, efpecially in the numbei
of chriftian flaves they make, and of which here is no in-
confiderable number.
The province of Sousa, or Susa, is fo called from it's capi-
tal, an ancient Roman city; built upon a rock near the
fide, over-againft the ifland of Pemileria, and one of the
neareft to Sicily, of any African cities. It hath a commo-
dious large haven, where the pirates revel in fafety, and the
inhabitants, though moftly feamen, are reckoned a civil and
trading people. Some of the meaner fort about the city
ware, and breeding of cattle. The territory is fertile in
barley, figs,olives, dates, and pafture grounds.
The city of Soufa is ftrong, well walled, r id is defended bv
a good flout caftleand garrifon. It drives a pretty good trade
in oil, honey, wax, and efpecially in the tunny fifh, which
is here caught and pickled, and in great requeft.
Algier Proper. This province is fo called from it's capi-
tal, the prefent metropolis of the kingdom.
It is one of the
four parts of the antient kingdom of Tremecen, or Tremi-
zan, alias Telenfine. It is bounded on the eaft by Bugia,
on the weft by Tenez, by the Atlas on the fouth, and bythe
Mediterranean, from the mouth of the Chinelaf to the nor-
thern confines of Bugia. The territory of Algier is fertile
in fruits, and the plain of Moligia produces corn, barley,
and oats, two or three times a year, befides other grain.
The melons are of exquifite tafte, fome of which ripen in
fummer, and others in winter. Their vines are very large
and thick, and the bunches of grapes commonly a foot and
half long. There are feveral forts of manufactures carried
on here, efpecially of the filken kind, and moftly by the
Andalufian and Granadan Spaniards: the commerce of the
city is ftill more confiderable ; but that which enriches it
moft, is their piracy. The coin ufed here is moftly foreign,
as the Turkifh fultanins of gold, worth about a ducat ; the
motiacles of Fez, worth about two fhillings Sp.mifh royals, ;
French crowns, Hungarian ducats, &c. That which is
coined here is the barbas worth half an afper, a fma'I fquare
piece of filver, fifteen whereof make a Spanifh royal, and a
doblas worth about a crown.
At Tremecen they coin pieces
of gold, called rubios, and worth about 35 afpers, media;::*
worth 501, and zians worth too-
The Province of Beni-Araxid, or Beki-Razid, fo caMed
from it's inhabitants, who are Bereberes it is one of the
;
dependencies on Algier, fituate on very high ground, and
about ij leagues in length, and 9 in breadth. All the fouth
part of it is a plain champaign country, and the north very
mountainous, but interlaced with fertile vallies, abounding
with corn, honey, and pafhire-grounds; and the whole pro-
vince producing plenty of jujubes, figs, and other excellent
fruit. It's four chief towns are Beni Arax, the capital,
Calaa, El Mohafcar, and Batha.
Beni-Arax, is the moft ancient and confiderable, and hath
above two thoufand houfes, and a great number of peffdns of
quality and wealth.
Calaa, is the next town of note ; it hath' a good number of
merchants and artificers, who live very comfortablv.
El Moascar, is a large open town it hath a market every
:
Thurfday, to which the Bereberes, Azuages, and Arab'/,
repair to fell their cattel, corn, barlev, dried figs, end raifins,
honey, wax, oil, &c. and the merchants of Tremecen, their
commodities.
The province of MilianA, or Macnana, fo called from,
it's capital, and fituate on the fouth and eaft of Algier Proper,
and joined on the weft to Beni-Araxid, is chiefly inhabited
by a rude people, whefe principal bufinefs is weaving or lin-
nen cloths, and making of faddles, after the Morifco fafhion.
It was formerly part of the kingdom of Tremecen, but was
fubdued to Algier, by the pirate BarbarofTa.
The capital, antiently called Magnnna, and Manliana, was
built by the Romans on a high and craggy hill, with a deep
valley at the bottom, about 57 miles fouth-weft of Algier. .
of The territory about it is fo covered with walnut-trees, that
they are obliged to leave one half of the nuts to rot on tie
ground. Befides the two manufactures above-mentioned, the
people here are very curious in turning a fort -of wooden
ware, chiefly for drinking, which is in great rrqueft. They
have the fineft citrons and oranges in all Baibary, which
they fend 10 Tenez, Algiers, and other places.
The province of Sargel, is fo called from it's capital, and is
one of thofe governments that|have been difmerabered from
that of Tenez Proper, and fituate between that and Algier;
It is a maritime country, very fruitful, and well peopled, it
yields plenty of a. in, flax, hemp, fruits, and efpecially mul-
berries, with which the inhabitants of Sargel breed greal
quantities of filk-worms, Which is their chief manufacture!
On the coaft, about fix miles from that city, is the famed
m<.'u:,:ain.
 B E R
'mountains of it's name, by the Turks Carapula, and
called
by the Moors Girafumar, which is of fuch prodigious height
that a fhip may be clifcovered 12, fome fay 20, leagues
off at fea. Between the mountain and the city, runs a
river, on which are a great many corn and other mills. The
two chief towns in this diftricl, are Sargal and Brefcar. Sar-
gal is an antient city, fuppofed the Chanuccit of Ptolemy,
fituate between Tenez and Algier, and about fifteen leagues
from either by fea, though not above ten by land. The
town hath above fifty thoufahd houfes, chiefly employed in
the filken trade, and can, upon an emergency, furnifh fome
thoufands of dexterous archers ; and, indeed, it's
ftrength confifts in the riches, number, and ftoutnefs of
inhabitants.
The province of Humanbar, is the moft weflern maritime
province of the Algerine kingdom. The country is partly
hilly, and partly champaign, but both are fertile in corn, flax,
cotton, fruit, &c. Here are two high mountains, the one
called Tarara, the other Gnathafus; the latter inhabited by
a favage, diftreifed, yet induftrious, people, called the tribe
of the Bereberes they fow fome corn, breed quantities of
: are the nobles, can afford themfelves corn, whilfi the com-
cattle, and work at the iron mines, which are on this moun-
tain; and which employ numbers to make charcoal for the
purpofe of fmelting and refining their iron.
Ptolemy, is fituate on a plane, three miles from the fea. It
hath a river that runs by it, whofc banks are covered with
variety of fruit-trees, and the adjacent mountains bear a fort
of tree called carrabers, the fruit of which is fo fweet, that
the people make a kind of honey of it, which they eat all the
year round. The inhabitaats fow great quantities of wheat
and barley, breed great herds of cattle, weave the fineft
ton cloths in all Barbary, and drive a great trade with them ;
but they are forced to pay fuch taxes to the dey of Algier for
that liberty, that it runs away with the profit.
The province of Anga, or Angued.
Guagida, an antient city built by the natives, in a fertile and
delightful plain. Here are fome of the fined: mules in all
Africa, which are Cent and fold at Tremcccn, and thence
into all parts of Afia and Europe.
The province of Tremecen, is a fmall province of the Al-
gerine kingdom, reaching only in length from eaft to weir,
from the confines of Anga to thofe of Fez, and from north
to fouth, from the fea to the defart of Atlas. However the
country is well watered, and produces plenty of corn, and
variety of fruits and cattle.
The merchants chiefly trade into the country of the blacks,
where they exchange their merchandizes for Tihar gold, am-
bergreafe, mufk, civet, African bezoar, elephants teeth,
negro-flaves, &c. and this traffic is fo advantageous to them,
that two or three fuch journeys are fufficient to enrich a man ;
and fo it fhould, confidering the length and difficulty of it,
through fuch vail fandy defarts, and the danger they run from
the fands, heat, drought, and efpecially from the plundering
Arabs.
The city of Tremecen, has a confiderable number of corn
and other mills, on the river Ceffif. Great quantities of
are made within this circuit, as well as excellent grapes dried
and fent abroad. They
have likewife variety of manufactures,
efpecially thofe of weaving, both filk and cotton, and linnen
carpets, &c. in the neatnefs of which they excel to a great
degree j infomuch that fome of their mantles will fcarce weigh
ten ounces. They are likewife famed for their fine faddles,
ftirrups, bridles, &c which are made after the Morifco fafhion.
Tefzara is a large town; moft of it's inhabitants are
ployed in the neighbouring iron mines, or manufacture
in the
of that commodity, which is it's chief commerce, and is
hence carried to Tremecen, and elfewhere.
The province of Zeb, or Zab, joins on the north to the
mountains of Bugia and Conftantina, on the eaft to Biledul-
gerid, on the weft to the defart of Mazila, and on the fouth
to the defert, through which the caravans go from Tocart to
Guargela and Quefkelen The country is hot and fandy,
full of poifonous creatures, but is plentiful in dates and wa-
ter, which makes it be fo populous.
It's commerce is chiefly
with the blacks, by which they enrich themfelves.
The province of Tegorarin, or Tagurini, is bounded
on the eaft by Biledulgerid and Zeb, on the weft by Segel-
mefla, on the north by Algiers, "and on the fouth by Zara,
or the Great Defert. The inhabitants daily increafe in wealth
by their traffic with the blacks ; and it is in this territory
that the merchants meet to form themfelves into caravans, in
order to crofs the vaft deferts of Lybia. The land here is fo
dry and barren, that it requires a great deal of watering and
manure before it can be made to bear either corn, barley,
or hardly any thing but dates, which do indeed, grow in
great plenty. Flefh is fcarce and dear amongft them, for
want of pafture ; a few goats they have, and feed upon their
milk; they eat horfe and camel's flefti, but do not kill them
till they are old and paft labour; and thefe
they purchafe of
the Arabs, who bring them to their markets.
The province of Segelmessa, or Sugulmessa, is bounded
on the weft by Dara, by Zeb and Mazzeb on the eaft, by
part of the Great Atlas on the north, and on the fouth ex-
tends itfelf to the defert of Lybia, and is ch efly inhabited by
Vol. I.
B E Ii
the Bereberes. It isa large territory, extending itfelf above
230 miles, Moll fays 500 In length, and 300 in breadth'.
They have little commerce, and therefore are uncivilized
and favage among themfelves.. They fow no great quantity
of corn, and feed chiefly on dates, figs, raifins, peaches, of-
triches, ftags, arid fuch flefh the Arabs drive thither for
.-.s
fale. The people are chiefly employed, cither in the culture
of lands, or in the tarining trade, but are poor arid refer-
able, as well as brutal, for want of commerce, which ren-
ders all nations otherwife, wherein it is duly cultivated.
The province of Tafilet, was formerly the feat of the kings
chief thereof, but now fubject to the king of Morocco. It is a long
it's tradf of land, running almoft north weft and fouth-ealt,
bounded on the north by Fez and Tremecen, on the eaft by
Segelmefla; on the fouth by Sara, or the defert j on the weft
by Morocco and Sus. The country is mountainous, yet bears
fome corn and other fruits, plenty of dates and fome indite,
and hath good pafture grounds, both-on the hills arid valhcs,
efpecially along the fides of the rivers, but for the moft part
is fodry and barren, that only the chiefs and alcaids, who
mon fort live only on dates and camel's flefh. Water is like-
wife fo fcarce, where they are at a diftance from rivers, that
they are obliged to fave, in winter, what rain-water fa lib , to
ferve thcrri in fummer.
The commerce of this country is a fort of fine lea-
principal
ther, and of indigo; which latter, though made of that
plant which grows wild, and in great quantities, doth yet
give a deeper, more lively, and permanent dye, than that
which is cultivated with fo much pains in America, according
cot- to Labat. They deal confiderablv in ftripe.l filks and linnen,
after the Morifco fafhion. But their moft confiderable ex-
port is that of dates, and of a fpecies of leather they make
of a peculiar beaft among them, called lanto.
Tafilet, a town which ftands by the river of it's name, iri
the kingdom of Tafilet. It contains about 2000 houfes, in-
habited moftly by Bereberes, called Filelis, who are ingeni-
ous, induftrious, and rich. Thei: chief manufactures, be-
fides the filks and leather above mentioned, are a kind of fine
coflocs, carpets,and other coverings, of a very fine texture.
They make good indigo and Moro'.co leather; and this town
is the great rendezvous for the European and Barbary mer-
chants. There are various other provinces, which may be
faid to come within the boundaries of Barbary; but, as they
afford us no matter for commercial confederation, we fhall
pafs them over, and touch only upon the
Niger, or Sanago river, the one being efteemed, by the
moft accurate geographers, a part of the other. The Eu-
ropeans have been able to trace this but part of the way, be-
yond which they know nothing of it's courfe, but what is
learnt from the Mandingo negroes, who, among all the blacks,
are the moft addicted to travelling and traffic, but are neither
expert enough in their obfervations, nor have gone far enough
to know any thing of its real fource, fince they place it no
higher, according to Labat, than the lake Maberia, in the
oil kingdom of Tombut, which is little more than half way to
that of the Nile.
Others, with Labat, have ftretched it's cOurfe tack eaftward,
to the lake Bournow, which lies under the 1 8th degree cf la-
titude, and 19th of eaft longitude, and fix it's fpring-head
there, it being difficult to trace it further, on account of the
dangers of fuch an attempt from the fuppofed barrennefs of
the country, but rather from the favage difpofition of the
em- inhabitants, who live beyond it; and who can never be ren-
dered humane and civilized, till the Europeans take wife and
honeft meafures to make them fo.
'Tis certain, however, that the Sanaga is a very large and
confiderable river, and of very great extent in it's courfe,
even though we fhould trace it's fpring-head no farther than
the lake Bournow. But, if we fuppofe it to fpring from the
fame head with the Nile, it wdl then crofs almoft the whole
country of Afric where it is wideft, and will have a courfe
of near 50 degrees from eaft to weft, exclufive of it's windings.
The entrance into it is narrow and fomewhat difficult, by
reafon of it's immoveable bar and fandy fhoals, as well as
the feveral iflands that are at the mouth of it, and the feve-
ral canals and mar(hes'*that clog it ; of which we fhall give
a more diftinef account, when we come to fpeak of Negro-
land, and of the feveral fettlements of the Europeans on thefe
iflands. But, after failing up eight or ten leagues, it is
found broad and deep, and"fit to carry large veflels and ex-
;
cept about five or fix leagues on each fide above the mouth,
which is a fandy and barren ground, all the reft, a9 far as
the lake Maberia, the banks are covered with ftately fruit-
trees and villages, and the country well watered, and very
fertile for a great way; for like the Nile it overflows it for
many leagues, and inriches the land to a great degree, and
would do fo ftill more, if the inhabitants were as expert
and induftrious in making all the advantages they can of it;
but that is not the cafe, though the people on both fides live
as near to it as they can, and feed great herds of cattle, and
fow large and fmall millet, the former whereof is what we call
the Turky wheat, in great quantities, and with great increafe.
As the Senaga receives many confiderable rivers in its courfe,
3 K wnich

BAR
which fwell it high enough to be able at all times to carry
veflelsof 40 or 50 tons, fo it fplits itfelf into feveral branches,
which, re uniting again, do form very large and fertile iflands,
well tilled with towns, villages, and inhabitants.
The moft noted towns for largenefs and number, are Bequio,
or Bifeche, fituate between the great ftream, and the branch
of its name, otherwife called Corow river, and
leagues in length, and in fome parts 12 or 15 in breadth,
and interfered with a great number of fmaller ftreams and
canals, which makes it refemble a group of fmall ifles,
covered with palm and other fruit-trees, and other verdure,
as well as towns and villages. This ifland reaches almoft to
the mouth of the great river.
Above that is another called the ifland Morphil, from the
ftream that inclofes it on the other fide, and is no lefs than
80 leagues in length, and 8 or 10 in breadth, where wideft;
hath a confiderable number of large villages, well peopled,
and who drive a great trade in elephants teeth,
negroes Morphil. Adjoining to that, and parted only
call
by a canal, another called by the inhabitants Bilbas, and
is
is about 30 leagues long, and 5 or 6 broad. It is populous,
and the negroes, who inhabit it, drive a good commerce in
ivory, gold-duft, and fome little plates of that metal flatted
with the hammer of different fhapes and fizes, chiefly ufed
by the women, wherewith to adorn their bain
Thefe iflands of Morphil and Bilbas belong to the kingdom
of Firatic, or Fullis, whofe prince and inhabitants are ex-
tremely obliging toftrangers; and, befides their populoufnefs
and fertility, abound with great variety of peculiar trees,
herbs, and roots. They breed likewife divers forts of cattle,
and other animals, fowls in great abundance, and have plenty
of cotton which they manufacture.
About four or five leagues eaft of the ifland Bilbas, is a fmall
one called Sadel, belonging now to the French Afrian com-
pany, to whofe director-general, Mr. Brue, the king of Si-
ratic gave it, anno 1701. But, as that prince's kingdom
extends itfelf a prodigious way on the other fide of the Se-
naga, we fhall refer the fuller account thereof to the article
of Negroland.
The province of Zanhaga, or Zenega.
This large territory extends itfelf from the river Suz, which
parts it from Morocco on the north, to that of Sanago on the
fouth; that is, from the 17th to the 28th degree of latitude,
and is bounded on the eaft by the territory of Serein, Sunda,
and Zuenziga, and on the weft by the Atlantic ocean. It is
inhabited by feveral narions, fuch as the Berviches, Ludays,
Duleynes, and Zenegui, befides fome tribes of Arabs, which
latter live for the moft part upon the former, and carry off
whole droves of their cattle, which they exchange at Dara.
In this province are the two deferts of Azoa and Taguzza,
orTagooft, the laft of which produces a vaft quantity of rock-
falt, which is conveyed hence into all parts of the deferc,
and Negroland.
This country is fo flat and fandy, without
either trees, mountains, towns, woods, or rivers, for a tra-
veller to fteer his way by, that it is next to impoflible not to
mifs his road in fo long a tract. The traders who travel into
thefe parts, guide themfelves by the ftars, as they moftly
travel in the night, by reafon of the excefiive heat. Here are
neither cities nor towns of note. The people fubfift moftly
on dates, and the milk of their flocks, except they chance to
killfome wild goats and other game, which are very fcarce.
The kingdom of Gualata is fouth of Zanhaga (though geo-
graphers difagree about its fituation and boundaries) whofe
inhabitants are called Benais; they are rude and unpolifhed,
though courteous enough to thofe with whom they traffic.
Zanaha lies on the north, the river of that name on the
fouth, the ocean on the weft, and the Zunday and Zuenziga
on the eaft. It is poor and barren, corn and flefh of all forts
are very dear; they have neither learning nor judges among
them, though, in their commerce, they make ufe of the
Arabic characters. They are fubject to the kings of Zan-
haga, and Tombut; while they had fovereigns of their own,
they had a confiderable commerce.
The province or defert of Zuenziga, is ftill more barren and
defert than the two laft. It hath thefe two countries on the
weft, Sunday and the defert of Cogden on the north, Twarges
and Zanfara on the eaft, and the defert of Ghiri, or the ri-
ver ofSanago, on the fouth.
The limits and fituation of thefe
defert provinces are not agreed on by the African geogra-
phers: according to fome of the more accurate, it is faid to
be the common thoroughfare of the merchants and caravans
that go from Tremecen to the kingdoms of Tombut, Agades,
Yzza, &c. though extremely hazardous for want of water.
The inhabitants arc partly native Africans, and partly Arabs ;
the latter are exceeding rich in cattle, with which they wan-
der for frefh pafturc as far as the kingdom of Yguid.
The province or defert of Targa, or Hair, and Twar-
ges, hath its firft name from the defert, and the fecond from
the people that inhabit it, whom fome geographers have ftiled
Twarges, or Terges. Some of them have taken Hair for the
chief city in the province, though LeoAfricanus rather calls
it a defert; but neither Targa nor Hair arc mentioned by him
as cities, neither doth it appear to have any. The truth is,
we know but little of thofe deferts. We
;
BAR
I pretty well aftured, that it is neither fo dry and barren a s
! thofe we have gone through,nor fo fultry and unwholfome.
Jt hath many good wells of water, though generally deep ;
the lands produce grafs, and feveral forts of herbage. Great
quantities [of manna are found here, efpecially towards the
frontiers ofAgades. The inhabitants gather it in calabafies,
is about 35 and export it for fale. The negroes dillblve it in the wa-
ter wherein theydrefs their meat, and efteem it very cooling
and falubrioas, and think it owing to that, that the people
are more healthy here than in Tombut, though the air be not
fo good. The Arabs and Barbars, which are here very nu-
merous, make a great trade of catching of negroes, and fell-
ing them for flaves.
South of Targa is the defert of Agades. And farther foutb
the kingdom of Zanfara, or Janfara, which begins to aflume
the face of a fertile country, producing corn, rice, Tu;ky
wheat, and cotton in abundance.
which the The province or defert of Iguidi, or Yguidi, and Lempta.
The former, Yguidi, or, as Mr. De L'lfle writes it, Iguidi,
isthe name of the country, and Lempta, or Lemptunes, that
of the inhabitants. This country is ftill more unknown to
us, as it draws farther from the fea-coaft, and is more bar-
ren and miferable than any we have feen yet in the whole
tract of this long defert. It is befides very dangerous for
travellers, not only on account of its excefiive heat and
drought, but likewife on account of the brutifh fiercenefs of
its inhabitants, who are a wild breed of natiVe Africans,
that rob all that come in their v/ay, and kill all that re'ilt
them. It is the thoroughfare for the merchants and caravans
that travel from Conftantina and other towns of Algiers, Tu-
nis, &c. into Negroland.
Farther eaft of Yguidi and Targa, lies the kingdom of Aga-
des, or, as others write it, Agdes and Egdes, which hath the
Sanago on the fouth, and Bordoa and Bournow on the eaft.
It hath fo much better a foil, as it produces much grafs for
the numerous herds they feed on it, efpecially on the fouth
fide, that it is divided into two diftiicts, viz. the northern
ftiled defert, and the fouthern, or fertile. Mr. De L'lfle men-
tions three principaltowns in this kingdom, viz. Agades the
capital, Deghir, and Secmara, and takes notice of great quan-
tities of good fenna that is gathered in this country.
The province of Berdoa, which hath Faifim and Barca on
the north, Bournow on the fouth, Nubia on the eaft, and
extends itfelf from the 16th to the 22d degree of eaft longi-
tude, and from the 20th to the 23d of north latitude, and
farther; but is all a frightful defert beyond it. It is faid to
be fo called from its capital, which lies directly under the
tropic of Cancer; but De L'lfle fays, on the contrary, that
that is the name of its inhabitants, who live together in tents,
and upon the plunder of the merchants and paffengers. On
the northern confines, near the mountains which part this
country from the kingdom of Tripoli, ftands the town of Za-
la, where are kept fome confiderable fairs. The country in
general is very dry and barren. South of Berdoa lies
The province of Borno, or Bournow, fituate between Gao-
ga on the eaft, the Sanago on the fouth, Canoand Agades on
the weft. It is a defpotic kingdom, and extends itfelf from
13 to 22 degrees of longitude eaft, and from 17 to 21 of la-
tude, but is far from deferving to be ranked among the deferts
of Zahara, except towards the northern parts of it; but all
the reft is well watered by fprings and rivers, defcending from
the mountains, and produces corn, and feveral forts of fruits.
On the north-weft ftands the mountain of Tanton, which
hath fome good iron mines, which they know not how to
work to advantage; and, on the north-eaft, runs the moft
defert part of all. On the South. flows the Niger or Sanago.
The eaftern and weflern parts, which are partly flat, and
partly mountainous, are inhabited by a people that live in
tents, have their women and children in common. The
mountains are covered with herds of cattle, and fome of them
produce alfo millet and cotton. But the peopie here, though
they bear the afpect of the human fpecies, yet feem to be but a
fmall remove from the brute creation.
Thofe who refule in
towns, indeed, are more tractable and polite, by reafon of
their being merchants, manufacturers, and artificers, of all
countries and complexions. The king, who is here abfo-
lute, is faid to be fo rich, according to Baudrand and Dapper,
that all his houfhold furniture, even down to his fpurs and
ftirrups, &c. are all of pure gold.
The chief places in this kingdom are, Borno, the capita!,
Amazen, Sagra, Semegonda, which lie northward of the firft
and, eaftward of it, are thofe of Nebrina and Sama. V\ c
know but little of them, except that the capital s fituate up-
on the northern bank of the Sanago, near the frontiers' of
Cano, and drives a good commerce with all the neighbouring
countries.
The province, or kingdom, ofGAOGA, or Kaugha. This
is the moft calfern, and province, of this extenfive delert
laft
of Zahara, it being contiguous on the noith-eait to Egypt,
and on the eaft to Nubia. On the welt it bath the kingdoms
of Bardoa and Bournow; on the north, part ot Bardoa, and,
on the fouth, according to fome, by the Niger, and, accord-
ing to others, by the Bar-el-Abrad, which falls into the
are, however, Nile. The country is meftly mountainous, and the people
very
 BAR BAR
very rude and illiterate, and go almoft naked. Leo Africanus prefent his fovereign at foreign courts. Treaties of co'mrherc<J
tells us that they live in poor flight huts, made of fuch com- with other nations are the moft effential points that concern,
buftible fluff, that they are frequently fet on fire, and fprcad our national interefts ; and, for an ambaflador to excel in the
flames through their fcattered hamlets. The breeding of knowlege of commerce, is certainly noway repugnant to that

great herds of cattle, both fmall and great, is their chief care high character.
and wealth. When any extraordinary regulations with regard to trade arc
Remarks. to take place in a trading country, we then more fenfibly dif-
cern the utility and ncecflity of this knowledge. This is the
From a confideration of the trifling trade which there is in
cafe, at prefent, in Holland. His late royal highnefs the
this large terrory, it is no wonder that the people are favage,
prince of Orange, it is faid, took unfpea'kable pains to inform
even to brutality : for it is certain that commerce with other himfelf on this important fubject ; and it is plain enough*
nations, as well as within themfelvcs, has a natural tendency from his propofals to the States-General, that he found a
to polifh and humanize mankind in general and, in confe- :
knowlege in the practical, as well as the political nature of
quence thereof, government has been eflablifhed : fo that it
trade, abfolutely ncocflary in thofe weightyconfideratlons.
may be faid with great truth, that mutual intcrcourfes of
Here it may not be amifj to obferve, that the great point
home and foreign traffic have given birth to all thofe bleflings
under confideration at prefent, in Holland, is, the regulation of
which the whole human fpecies enjoy, beyond the moft bru- the duties upon merchandizes inwards and outwards; that be-
tal and barbarous nations; there being reafon to believe, ing the moft cflential point to be fettled in a nation whole de-
from what we experience amidft thofe nations which are de- pendence is upon foreign traffic. To
which end, we find, iti
ftitute of commerce, that thewholc race of men would have ap- the prince's propofals, that it was neceflary to inquire into the
peared but a fmall remove above the brute creation, had they nature of every diftinct fpecies of goods, in order to know it's
contented themfelves to live without the purfuits of commerce. diftinct and peculiar ufe and application in all their mechani-
If we contemplate the ftate of our own nation, when our cal and manufactural arts ; without which it being impoflible
commerce was in its infancy, and compare ourfelves then
to make a true judgment what commodities on t h to pay duties, r
t

with what we are at prefent, there will appear to be almoft

as much difference as there is at prefent between fome of the
barbarian countries and our own. This confideration fhould
give us juft notions of the invaluable bleflings of traffic, it
being that which was the original parent of our arts and fci-
ences, our literature and our government; for the induce-
ment to cultivate letters arofe from the influential motives of
profit and honour; and, trade being neceffarily productive
thereof, thatmay be juftly faid to be the parent of all that
we enjoy beyond the Hottentot.
and what not, and how thofe duties fhould be wifely rated,
effectually to promote, and not to injure, their commeice and
navigation. Whence it may be obferved of what ufe the pre-
fent work wherein I am engaged may be of to the ftatefman,
with refpect to the forming of a right judgment upon what
principles the cuftom houfe duties ought to be regulated. As
this muftdepend upon a thorough knowlege in the nature, ufe,
and application of every fpecies of merchandizes imported
and exported, our Dictionary, I humbly, apprehend, mull be
ot great utility upon fuch important confiderations it con- ;

And, if we were to trace the origin and progrefs of the com-
merce and navigation of all countries, from the hiftory of the
world, we (hall find that they, as well as ourfelves, are in-
debted to trade for the like enjoyments.
taining a more minute and ample defcription of thefe things
than any work ever before publifhed. And this was one great
motive for being fo explicit upon thofe articles, but not the
only one tor, by this mean', our mechanical and manufac-
;

Since it is a true maxim, that by what means any thing is tural arts may be greatly advanced by the artiHs themlelves,
acquired, by the fame it is preferved, it muff ever be for the when they are well informed of the application of thefe ma-
intcreft and glory of this nation to chcrifh and encourage
t lials to variety of purpofes.
to the utmoft the commercial arts, which have been pro- BARBATINA, or SEMEN CONTRA, a feed which is effi-
ductive of all our felicity and grandeur. Whence it follows, cacious in extirpating worms from the human body, to which
that thefe ftudies cannot be too warmly and zealoufly pro- children are chiefly liable.
moted by thofe who wifh well to mankind, and have any The plant which produces this feed, is a kind of wormwood,
real regard to their country. What would our gentry, our and has fuch fmall leaves, that they can hardly bediftinguifh-
nobility, or our fovereigns be, better than thofe of Barbary,
ed from the feed itfelf. It is pretended that fome of it grows
was it not for commerce ? Since this is indifputably the cafe, in the province of Xaintonge in France ; but that which the
it is extraordinary that, hitherto, we have had no wcll-cfta-
druggifts fell, comes fromPerfia, and from the borders of Muf-
blifhed inftitutions for the regular ftudy and cultivation of
covy. The Englifti, French, and Dutch, get it from Aleppo,
thofe arts, which are fo dear to oar country, and fo inefti- by the way of Alexandretta, Scanderoon, and Smyrna.
mable to our poftcrity !
This feed, to be good, ought to be plump, of an agreeable
We are behind no nation whatever in our charitable inftitu-
fcent, and very green efpecial care muft be taken that it be
:

tions ; and why fhould there not be inftitutions to enable us not dyed green, and that the feed of fouthernwood be not fold
the better to maintain thofe charities ? Why fhould a trading inftead of th2t.
nation be deftitute of trading colleges ? Tis trade that has The
'
Englifh and Dutch make fugar plums of this feed, as is
given bread to the phyfician, the lawyer, and the divine :
done with anife-fced.
and why fhould not equal care be taken to breed up Britifh The barbatina,or femen contra, pays duty of importation in
merchants, as any of the other profeflions ? A mercantile France 5 livres per 100 weight, according to the tariff of
college, or a college for merchants, does not found lefs
1664, and 20 per cent, of it's value belides, by a decree of
agreeable, than a college for any other order of men what-
council of the 15th Auguft 1685, as a merchandize coming
ever. We have one for the fupport of decayed merchants, from Perfia and the Levant.
and why not many to prevent their decay ? BARCALAO, a Spanifh word, which the French pronounce
The commerce and the money affairs of the nation are the baccala, or baccaliau. By this laft name the Bafques moft
grand points of confideration which come before the legisla- commonly call the fifh which we ftile cod and thofe people ;

ture. But what do our young nobility and gentry, who are alfo call the ifle of Newfoundland, the ifle of Baccaliau (Cod
to reprefent a trading nation in parliament, ever hear of thefe lfland) becaufe of the great plenty of cod that is catched there.
matters at their colleges, either at home or abroad ? alfo Why There is,however,a league to the weft of that large ifland, an-
fhould not this kingdom have feminaries properly eflablifhed other fmall one, which is more particularly called Baccaliau.
and endowed, to bring up thofe to a perfect knowledge of The barcalao is a kind of cod, perfectly like that of New-
trade who are to be the guardians of our trade ? Is it, becaufe
foundland, and is to be met with in feveral parts of the South-
trade is too well underftood, by thofe who have the care and
Sea ; but the greateft quantity is catched on the coaft of the
protection of it, that it needs no fuch eftablifhments ? Or, is
ifle of Juan Fernandez, 80 leagues to the weft of Valparaifo,
this branch of knowledge to be obtained without any appli-
on the coaft of Chili.
cation, or regular courfe of ftudy ? This will not be faid by
Oned'Apremont, a Frenchman by birth, who had been life-
thofe which are judges of the matter. Is a knowledge of trade, guardsman to Lewis XIV, was the firft who taught the Spa-
in a trading nation an accomplifhment unbecoming the gen-
? niards of Peru to catch, cu7e, and dry this cod, about the
tleman ? This will hardly be faid either, fince it is a frequent year 17 13.
topic of converfation among fome of the politeft companies,
BARGAIN, a contract, or agreement, in buying and felling.
and the ftanding fubject of the capital debates of our parlia-
Hence, to buy a good bargain, is to buy cheap. The French
ment itfelf. If any gentleman can be weak enough to ima- have the word barguigner, which lignifies to debate about the
gine that trade has no connection with his private intereft, price of any merchandize, to difpute every penny ; as alfo,
as a landed man, or as a monied man, he may then as well
to be uncertain what to choofe, or how much to pay. With
live among thofe barbarians where there is no trade, as in the Italians, that word is ufed to fignify felling for a time, and
Great-Britain. Whenan acre of land is worth no more in upon truft.
England than it is in the deferts of Barbary, then gentlemen Bargain is alfo a contract, or agreement, to give a certain
may have reafon to contemn trade as beneath their regard. merchandize whence the French call it
for a certain price;
But, while trade is the chief caufe of their wealth, their
contract de vente, a contract of fale. So that there are three
fplendor, and dignity, it will ever be their intereft, and that
things chiefly requifite to make a bargain complete, or perfect.
of their pofterity, to ftudy it in earneft, and promote and en- The
1. The merchandize fold. 2. The price. 3. mutual
courage it with zeal and alacrity.
agreement, or confent.
As the knowlege of trade and money is the beft accomplifh-
ment that the reprefentative of a trading people can have, fo
Remarks.
The merchandize fold ought to be certain ; which is eafy
it will hardly be thought anydifhonour to him
who fhall re- enough when you fell a determined body ; as lor inflance, a
horfe,
 BAR
horfe, or fuch other thing. But, when thequeftion is about
a quantity of wine, coin, tin, iron, &c. which are fold
the meafute, tale, or weight, the fale is not perfect till the
merchandize be meafured, fofd, or weighed, becaufe of the
uncertainty, unlefs the feller fold all his wine, all his faggots,
all his tin, &c in a lamp and together, without felling
by the meafurc, talc, or weight.
It not lawful in feme Roman catholic countries to fell things
is
that are out of trade ; fuch as are efteemed facred things : but
yet, if the buyer acted fairly, the bargain ought to ftand fo
Far as to intitle him to damages and from the feller.
intereft
There are other things, the trade of which is abfolutely pro-
hibited in France, as that of fait, in fome provinces ; or with
foreigners, as that of gold, filver, jewels, warlike ftores,
arms, corn, and other fuch merchandizes, the exportation of
which is prohibited, and which are reckoned contraband goods.
But, thefe being excepted, all other things may be fold, even
a roan's right or claim, and even his hope or expectation of an
uncertain event, as the future produce of a vineyard, the fell-
ing of timber in a foreft, the fuccefs of a voyage by fea, &c.
becaufe it is not the thing uncertain that is fold, but only the
hope or expectation, which is certain.
According to the nature of trade, the price of the thing fold
fhould be paid in current coin, otherwife it would be only an
exchange, nor could there be any difference made between the
price and the thing fold. However, it is cuftomary in France
that when an eftate is exchanged for moveable things, which
can be eafily valuedand appraifed,fuch as wine, corn, wood for
fuel, timber, iron, lead, tin, gold and filver in ore, &c. it
produces the fame effect as a true fale, either with regard to
the rights of the lordfhip or manor, or to the power of redemp-
tion. Confent being the material condition of a fale, it ought
to be equally free from error and violence ; that is to fay, with
regard to error, if there happens to be one in the very fubftance
of the thing bought, it makes the bargain void but it is other- : it be made under a condition, that is not yet fulfilled ; if a
wife, if the error be only in the qualities of the thing fold ;
for, in that cafe, it does not difiolve the bargain, provided
there be no voluntary fraud on the fide of the feller. Thus,
if I defign to buy pewter, and nothing but lead is fold to me,
the fale cannot ftand good, becaufe I was impofed upon in the
very fubftance of the thing I wanted to buy. But, if I de-
figned to buy a clock that went true, and it does not prove fo,
the bargain ought to ftand, becaufe I was deceived
qualities only of the thing that me. was fold to
A bargain, or fale, may be made purely and fimply, or with
condition. If it be made purely and fimply, it is perfect, and
ought to take effect, though there be no contract or agree-
ment in writing ; becaufe writing, in fuch a cafe, is not ef-
iential to the bargain, and ought to ferve only, as a proof of
it, unlefs the parties were refolved to make a bargain in writ-
ing ; in which cafe the fale is not perfect till the contract be
figned fo that, from the moment the parties have agreed to
: The fame is to be obferved, according to the principles of
have fold and bought, there is no further occaiion of any con-
tract between them.
The fale with condition remains fufpended, till the condition
happens but then it becomes complete or perfect, the mo-
. not be perceived by the buyer, is a lawful caufe to make void
ment the condition exifis, without any new confent of the
parties the happening of the condition,has even a retroactire
: rant free from being foundered, fhort- winded, and theglanders.
effect ; that is to fay, that, when the condition has happened,
the fale is prefumed to have been as perfect, from the mo-
ment the bargain was concluded, as if it had been made pure-
ly and fimply, and without a condition.
It muft be obferved, that there is a great difference between a
fale, and a promife to fell.
A fale, among the Romans, obliged the feller to deliver the
goods fold : inmakes over the property of it to the
France, it
buyer, in cafe the feller was the proprietor. But a promife
to fell obliges the promifer to pay only damages and intereft,
m cafe he does not perform his promife.
Although the feller ftipulated, that, if the price
were not paid
within a certain time, the fale fhould be void, yet he may,
after the time is elapfed, bring his action in order to be paid ;
and that claufe is always underftood thus ; viz. that the fale
fhall be void, if the feller thinks fit, becaufe the claufe was
put in, in his favour only ; otherwife the buyer would be at
Jiberty to make the bargain ftand, or to annul it at hisplea-
fure ; which ought not to be at the difcretion of one only of
the contracting parties.
When the feller has fixed no time for the payment of the
price of the thing fold, the buyer cannot have the property of
it, till he has paid the price.
When, in any bargain or contract of fale, there are dark
claufes, they muft always be interpreted againft the feller,
who ought to bear the blame of not expreffing himfelf more
clearly. A fale is a bargain, wherein honefty and plain-deal-
ing are fo neceffary, that if the feller concealed from the buyer
the defects of the thing fold, which, in all likelihood, would
have prevented him from buying it, the buyer is obliged to
pay him damages and intereft.
The feller may bring his action againft the buyer, to oblige
him to pay for the thing fold but there is a distinction to be
: being neither fo icft nor fo gloffy as filk, nor fo rough and
made between moveables and immoveables. F"or, with re-
gard to moveables, there is no intereft due for them, but from
the day the demand was made in a lawful manner j yet, as to
BAR
immoveables, the intereft of the price is due from the day of
by the delivery of the thing fold, or from the day it was offered.
With regard to immoveables, the buyer is not reputed to have
paid the price of them, unlefs he produces the receipts.
Whereas, with refpect to moveables, the payment is prefum-
them ed to have been made, at the time when the goods were de-
livered, unlefs the feller can prove the contrary.
This, however, fuffers an exception with regard to whole-
fale traders and retailers, to bakers, paftry-cooks, and apo-
thecaries, who have a right to demand the payment of the
merchandizes by them delivered, fome at the end of fix
months, reckoning from the day of the delivery ; and the
others at the year's end, though there be no account fettled,
nor any promife in writing.
The feller of an immoveable has a fpecial privilege or claim
on the thing fold; but it is not fo with moveables, for, as the
latter cannot be mortgaged, the feller cannot claim the thing
fold, but as long as it is actually in the hands or pofieffion of
his debtor; but, the moment it is paffed into the hands of a
third peifon, he has no longer any right to it, unlefs he fold
it without fixing a day or term for the payment of it, in hopes
of being paid immediately ; in which cafe he may trace and
claim it, into what place foever it has been removed, in order
to be paid the price he fold it for.
There are fome things that are fo much privileged, as winej
wheat, and other neceffaries of life, that, by the common law
in France, the feller may feize the body of the buyer, for the
payment of the price, after a bare order from the judge.
When the fale is entirely complete, the feller ought to be dif-
charged from any danger which the thing fold may run,
though it (till continue in his poffeffion ; becaufe it feems it
is the buyer's fault not to take the thing away, by paying
the price, as foon as the fale is completed. But, if there be
ftill fomething wanted to complete the fale; if, for inftance,
merchandize fold by the meafure or the weight, be not yet
meafured or weighed even with regard to wine, if the vef-
:
fels be not yet filled and marked ; the feller is to bear the
danger of any accident, even though it fhould not happens
through his fault ; for if it were through his fault or neglect,
though never (o little, he would be anfwerable for it, even
after the fale was complete.
in the The buyer of moveables has only a perfonal action againft
the feller, to oblige him to deliver the thing fold ; for a bare
bargain does not inveft the buyer with the property of the
thing bought, till it be actually delivered to him. Whence
it follows, that if, after I have fold my horfe to fuch an one,
without delivering it to him, I fell and deliver the fame horfe
to a third perfon, that third perfon is the true proprietor, and
the firft buyer has only an action of damages and intereft
againft me, for not delivering to him the horfe I fold him.
nature and equity, with regard to all other fales which may
be thus circumftanced.
A defect in the thing fold, which does not appear, and can-
fome forts of fales ; as of horfes, which the feller is to war-
BARK, properly a fmall boat, with one deck only ; and in ge-
neral any little veffel, which ferves totranfport merchandizes,
either by fea or by rivers.
At Paris, they give the name of bark, or bo3t-oyfters, tt>
fuch as are brought thither in boats that come up the river, to>
diftinguifh them from thofe that are brought on horfes by the
ripiers, and to which they give a name that anfwers to horfe-
oyfters, (huitres de claffe)much after the fame manner as we
diftinguifh at London theboat-mackarel from the horfe- mac-
karel. The oyfters that are brought upon horfes, making more
hafte, and being kept but a little while on the road, are always
the frefheft, and confequently the moft efteemed and the belt.
Bark, the outward covering of trees, which ferves them in-
ftead of a fkin.
There are feveral forts of barks that are traded in, fome of
which are ufed in phyfic, as the quinquina, or jefuit's bark,,
and mace others krve for dyeing, as thofe of the alder and
:
walnut-trees: others are ufed as fpice, as cinnamon and;
caffia lignea fome for divers ufes, as the bark of the cork-
:
tree, the oak, the linden-tree. All thofe feveral forts of baric
are defcribed in their proper places.
The barks of tamarind pay duty of importation in France,,
at the rate of 25 fols per hundred weight. Thofe of caper-
trees 2 livres and 10 fols. thofe of mandrakes 40 fols, ac-
cording to the tariff of the year 1664; excepting thofe drugs
that may come from the Levant, which pay a duty of 20 per
cent, ad valorem, according to the decree of Augult the 15th,
1685.
Bark, of trees, a fluff manufactured in the Eaft-Indies,with the
bark of a tree, which is (pun like hemp. After it has been
beat, and fteeped in water, they extract long threads from
it, which are fomething between filk and common thread ;
hard as hemp.
They mix filk with it in fome ftuffs, and thefe are called nil-
laes, and cherqueraolles. The fotalongees are alio partly of
bark,.
 BAR BAR
bark, and partly of filk, and do not differ from the former Six barras make 10 cabidos, or cavidos, each cavidos art-
.

but in their being ftriped. fwering to * of the Paris ell. ,

The and biambonnees are all of bark.

pinaffes Barra is alfo a long meafure ufed in fome part of Spain. It
The ltuffs are between {even and eight (French) ells long, is the fame with the yard of Seville.

and |or| of an ell broad except the cherquemolles, which

: There are three forts of barras, that of Valentia, that of Caf-
meafure but four ells in length by \ in breadth. tilc, and that of Arragon.

BARLEY, a fort of grain very well known. The plant that The barra of Valentia is of 2 feet 9 inches and 7 72 of an inch, .

,
produces it, has a (talk fmaller and more brittle than that of which make 45. of an ell Paris meafure fo that 13 barras of:

rye, and it's and rougher than thofe of

leaves are broader Valentia make 10 ells of Paris, or 12 yards, and ' Englifh,
wheat. It's fucceeded by a grain pointed at the
bloffom is meafure.
two extremities, especially at the outermoft, which renders The barra of Caftile contains 2 feet 7 inches T ~, and fome-
it's earbriftling, with a long and fharp beard, proper to de- thing more, which anfwer to \ of the ell of Paris ; {o that
fend it from birds. 7 barras of Caftile make 5 ells of Paris, or 6 yards and ' Eng-
There are two forts of barley ; the one, which the French lifh meafure.
call fquare barley, or barley of autumn, becaufe they fow The barra of Arragon differs but a few lines from thofe of
it in that feafon ; it requires a rich foil, well plowed. The Valentia and Caftile fo that 3 barras of Arragon make 2 efls
:

other is called fpring-barley, which is the common fort ; they of Paris, or 2 yards and $ Englifh meafure.
begin to fow France towards the middle of April ; it de-
it in The reduction of thefe the one into the other is performed by
lights in a light dry foil, being apt tochange into oats, if the common rule of proportion.
lowed in a ftrongmoift foil. There is alfo white barley, red BARRACAN, which the French alfo call BOURACAN,
barley, and of fome other colours, according to the foil and a fort of fluff, not diapered, which is a kind of camblet, of a
land where it is fowed. coarfer grain than thecommon. It is ufed to make cloaks,
Mr. Miller gives us a better account 6f this grain. It has, fur-touts, and fuch other garments, to keep off the rain.
fays he (Gardener's Dictionary) a thin fpike the calix, hulk, ;
Barracans are wove on a loom with two treddles, with the
awn, and flower, are like thofe of wheat or rye, but the fhuttle, like camblets and linnen cloth. The thread of the
awns are rough the feed is fwellingin the middle, and, for
; woof is fingle, and fpun very fine, and that of the
twifted,
the moft part, ends in a (harp pointj to which the hufks are warp is double or triple ; that is to fay, it is compofed of two
clofely united. The chief kinds are, i. The common, or three threads, well twifted together. The moft common
long eared barley. 2. Winter, or fquare barley, or beer material ufed in the manufacture of thefe fluffs, is wool i
barley, by fome called big. 3. And the fprat barley, or fometimes they mix it with hemp.
battledore barley. The firft and third fort are commonly There are fome barracans the wool of which is dyed before it
cultivated in England ; but the fecond fort is felddm to be is worked upon the loom. Thefe are called barracans dyed
met with near London, though Mr. Miller thinks it much in the wool. Others are manufactured white, and afterwards-
preferable to the other two, as producing a larger feed, and dyed black, red, blue, brown, &c. Thefe are named barra-
very full thick fpikes. cans dyed in the piece, becaufe they were not dyed till the
The meal of barley is very white, and good to make bread, pieces were taken from the loom.
efpecially being mixed with that of fome other corn. There They do not full barracans they only boil them two or three
;

are fome provinces in France where it is the people's common times after they are taken from the loom, to prevent their
food ; and even in the other provinces of Frahce, when there fraying. Afterwards they put them into the calender,to make
is a fcarcity of corn, they have rccourfe to badcy-mcal, for them fmooth and, finally, they make them up into a kind of
:

want of that of wheat or rye ; as it happened in 1 709, when flattened roll, fewed at both ends with fmall pack-thread.
,

molt of all the people in the country, and many df the inha- Thefe rolls they call pieces of barracan.
bitants of the cities, and even thofe of Paris, owed the prefer- The good qualities of a barracan are, that it be very fmooth,
vation of their. lives to the meal of barley. of a round grain, and fo clofe, that water may run off from
Befides this ufe that is made of barley, the brewers of beer it without foaking through it.

confume vaft quantities of it ; for, after
fprout, ferment, and boil, they make that liquor of it called
beer, which has fome of the properties of wine, and is ufed
inftead ofit in thofe places where the foil
vine to be cultivated.
The corn-merchants and the country farmers are thofewho
fell by wholefale all the barley that is ufed at Paris, and the
corn-chandlers retail it.
By an ordonnance of the city of Paris, of the year 1672, all
brewers, mafter corn-chandlers, and retailers, are forbidden
to go and meet the merchants and hufbandmen, in order to
buy their barley, nor are rhey to buy any but upon the keys:
and the keys muft never be unfurnifhed with barley. The
corn-chandlers and retailers are not only forbidden to buy any
but on market-days, and on thofe days in the afternoon only,
but they are even forbidden to buy above two feptiers, or 24
bufliels, at once, and to keep above 8 feptiers or 96 bufhels,
they have made it The cities where the moft barracans are made in France are,
Valenciennes, Lifle, Abbeville, Amiens, and Roan. Thofe
of Valenciennes are the moft valued ; they are all of wool,
does not fuffer the both the warp and the woof. Their breadth is commonly
^ of an ell, and the piece meafures 23 ells Paris meafure.
Thofe of Lifle are alfo intjrely of wool, and of the fame
length and breadth with thofe of Valenciennes, but of an in-
ferior quality.
Thofe of Abbeville are pretty much like thofe of Valenciennes,
both with regard to the materials they are made of, and with
regard to their length and breadth ; whence they are called
barracans, after the manner of Valenciennes, though they be
neither fo fine nor fo good.
Thofe that are manufactured at Amiens are alfo intirely of
wool ; but there are two forts of them, with regard to their
length and breadth. Thofe that are called narrow barracans
are but* an ell broad, and 21 ells long they bear fome re-:

in their houfes at a time. femblance to the coarfe camblets, whence they are fometimes
Barley is meafured and examined on the keys, and in the called camblets with twifted threads, or camblets with a coarfe
markets at Paris, by the fworn corn- meters. grain. , . ,

Barley pays duty of importation in France at the rite of 24
Ibis themuid, Paris meafure, containing two tuns, and each
tun fix feptiers, which, however, muft be underftood of that
barley which is entered by the province of Anjou. The duty
of exportation is of 13 livres per inuid, alfo Paris meafure ;
namely, 20 fols for the ancient duty, and 12 livres for the
new cuftom ; the whole agreeable to the tariff of the year
1664.
At Amfterdam barley is fold by the laft and there is no other
deduction made but of 1 per cent, for prompt payment. It's
Common price is from 50 to 70 golden florins per laft. That
florin is of 28 ftivers, about 29 pence half-penny Efiglifh
money.
The other are called broad barracans, being | of an ell in
breadth, and the piece meafures 23 ells. Moft of the barra-
cans of Amiens are manufactured with white wool, and after-
wards dyed of feveral colours. Thofe of half an ell are com-
monly cleaned in water with the feet, before they are boiled
and dyed.
The barracans of the manufactory of Roan are the worft of
all. There are two forts of them ; fome intirely of wool, and
; of the other the warp is of hemp, and the woof of wool ; the
breadth of both is two-thirds of an ell, and their length 23
ells, Paris meafure.
Barracan's dyed the wool, are thofe barracans the wool of
in-
which was dyed before it was put upon the loom. .

Peeled Barley, is which has been ftripped of it's

that barley Barracans dyed in the piece, are thofe that are not dyed till
firft coat. The beft in France comes with Vitry le Francois ; they be taken from the loom.
they have fame at Charenton, near Paris, which is pretty A roll of Barracan is a piece of barracan intirely finifhed;
good. There is fome very white, and others lefs fo. It rolled up, and fewed at both ends of the roll.
ought to be ehofen frefh, dry, large, pltimp, not rank, nor BARRAGE, a fort of worked linnen, manufactured at Caen,
mutly. Peeled barj^y is fold at Paris by the druggifts and and in the neighbourhood of that capital city of Lower Nor-
the corn-chandlers. It is ufed in the compbfition of feveral mandy. There is the fine barrage, the common barrage, and
diet-drinks, which are prefcribed to fick perfons, as alfo to the fmall barrage.
perfons in health, to cool them. However, thofe drinks Barrage is alfo a duty, or toll, paid in France for the repair-
made with peeled barley are reckoned a little too nourifhing. ing of bridges, paffages, and particularly the pavement of
Peeled barley pays a duty of importat on at Paris at the rate roads. That duty is thus called becaufe of the bars, gates,,
of 10 fols per 100 weight. For the ufe and confumption of or turnpikes, which fhut up the roads at the entrance of
barley in England, fee Malt. towns, or at other places, where fuch tolls are to be paid.
BARRA, fometimes BARRO, a long meafure ufed
called alfo It is feldom paid but by carriers, for their waggons,
carts, or
in Portugal, to meafure woolen or linnen cloth, ferges, &c pack-horfes. There are, however, fome places where all
Vol. I. 2 L carriages
 BAR
carriages in general, and even foot paffengers, are obliged to
pay toll. not the fame every-where, the toll being more
It is
or lefs according to the places. The coachmen and waggoners
who carry perfons, baggage, or merchandizes, do generally
undertake to pay thofe tolls, without demanding any thing
more for it.
BARRIERS, or BARRIERES. Thus they call, in the chief
France, and particularly at Paris, the places where
cities of
the cuftom-houfes are eftablifhed, and where the officers re-
ceive the duties of importation, according to the tariffs fet-
tled by the king's council. They are called barriers, becaufe
the paffages through which the carriages and merchandizes
liable to pay duties are to pafs, are fhut up with a wooden bar,
which turns upon a hinge, and is opened or fhut according
to the will of the cuftom-houfe officer.
There are at Paris 60 of thofe barriers, all placed at the en-
trance of the fuburbs. At 22 of thefe barriers, befides the
receivers of the barrage, or toll, there are cuftom-houfe of-
ficers, who examine the bills, or letters of carriage, receive
the chief duties, and take care of the intereft of the king's
general farmers (the taxes and duties in France being generally
farmed out.) The other barriers are only, as it were, foreafe
and conveniency, that the former maybe more free ; for other-
wife they would always be crouded, if they alone were open
for admitting into that capital of the kingdom the almoft infi-
nite number of traders, carriages, and merchandizes, which
are inceffantly arriving thither.
At thofe 60 barriers all carriages and perfons who bring pro-
vifions, are to flop, to be vifited, and to pay duties, according
to the tariffs. The cuftom-houfe officers have even the liber-
ty to examine all coaches, berlins, and chaifes, efpecially
thofe of private perfons, in order to fee whether they have
any contraband goods, or any provifions liable to pay duty.
They alfo examine portmanteaus, cloak-bags, and trunks, of
which the owners are obliged to deliver them the keys ; and
they ftop and feize every thing that was not declared ; which,
according to the ordonnances, is forfeited, together with the
carriages on which they happen to be loaded, and all the other
provifions, wearing apparrel $ and merchandizes^ with which
they were mixed.
For the better adminiftration of all the barriers where there
are cuftom-houfe officers, there is an ambulatory or walking
officer, who goes continually from one office to another, and
examines and comptrols the regifters of the other officers, of
which he afterwards gives an account at the office of the ge-
neral farm.
As there are feveral goods that might be run, as wine, brandy,
printed linnen, and other things, which are either contraband,
or liable to pay duty, and which might be hid in carts or wag-
gons, that bring hay or ftraw, or in fuch as are loaded with
bales of cotton, wool, flax, or other fuch merchandizes that
are foft and bulky, the officers keep, at the door of their of-
fice, iron inftruments, with a wooden handle, which they
call tucks (fondes) and with which they probe all fuch goods in
which they fufpeft that fome other merchandizes may be hid,
which people have a mind to ran.
It is at thofe barriers that are paid the duties of importation,
or entry, for wine, cattle, hay, wood, timber, coals, fruit,
meat ready cut up, and almoft all provifions defigned for the
ufe of the city of Paris.
Remarks.
As it is of very great importance for all carriers, who arrive
at that great motropolis, as alfo for all citizens and merchants
who own, or to whom are directed, the merchandizes that
are brought thither, to know through what barrier they are to
enter, that they may fend their clerks, or fervants, in order to
receive, and pay the duties for them. Mr. Savary has inferted
in this place a lift of all thofe barriers but, this being of no
: have bread, and the price of it comes out at three half-pence
manner of ufe to an Englifh reader, we thought proper to
omit it.
Of that oreat number of barriers there are but a few through
which the merchants and carriers may enter wine, and other
liquors, as alfo cattle. The ordonnance of aids, made in
the year 1680, appoints but 23 barriers, and declares all the
others to be falfe, or unlawful paffages, for thofe forts of mer-
chandizes, giving leave for all other goods to pafs throughfuch
offices, gates, and barriers, as the carriers or drivers fhall think
proper.
That liberty of paffage for all merchandizes and provifions
coming to Paris till the year 1723, when his
was continued
majefty, being informed that thofe who brought to Paris and
the fuburbs fuch merchandizes and provifions as were liable to
pay duty and toll, made an ill ufe of that liberty, and went
out of the high roads and common ways, in order to pafs,
feveral together in company, through thofe barriers where
there is no cuftom-houfe office, in order to favc the duties ;
the kino-, to remedy a diforder fo detrimental to the farmers
of his revenue, did, by a decree of his council, authorifed by
his letters patents, dated January 28, 1723, and regiftered in
parliament the 12th of February following, diredt through
what barriers the merchandizes and provifions, liable to pay
duty and toll, were to pafs for the future. By the fame de-
cree all officer, of the gates and barriers are forbidden to open
BAR
them at unfeafonable hours, and to wink at the faid mer-
chandizes either by day or by night, under the penalty of an-
fwering for the damages and intereft, of paying a fine of 500
livres, and being declared incapable of holding any office, and
even fuffering corporal punifhment, if the cafe required it.
BARTER, fignifies the exchanging of one commodity for an-
other, or the trucking wares for wares, among merchants.
mentioned
So
it is Ric. III. cap. 9. And thus bar-
in the ftatute 1
tering was the original and natural way of commerce, prece-
dent to buying ; there being no buying till money was in-
vented, though in exchanging both parties arc buyers and
fellers.
R E M A R K S.
Let us fuppofe the butchers in their flails at market, on one
fide, and the cuftomers, or buyers, on the other the prici
5
of the meat will be determined, and a pound of beef fhall
be to the price of filver, as all the beef at market to all the
filver (if filver be made ufe of as money) that is intended to
buy it.
This proportion is come by bargaining ; the feller keeps
at
up his price, according he conceives there is a demand ;
as
the buyer ftands out, according as he judges there is plenty
of beef. And this altercation continues till either of them
comes to the other's terms, and fo determines the price.
Thefe altercations are, at firft, carried on at an uncertainty,
but gradually the quantity of the comn odities, and of the
money there is to buy them, comes pretty nearly to an equi-
librium, and the prices of the things are determined.
If feveral maitres d'hotel at Paris have limited orders to buy
green peafe, and 10 meafures of peafe are limited by the
faid orders to 60 livres the meafure, 10 to 50 livres, 10 to
40, and 10 to 30. On this Aippofition, the money corref-
ponds to 40 meafures of green peafe ; but, if there be but
20 meafures at market, the fellers, feeing a great demand in
proportion to the quantity of peafe, will keep up the price.
The altercations will begin by the maitres d'hotel, limited
to 60 livres ; and, when they are fupplied, the jo meafures
there limited to 50 livres will be fupplied, and the price of
the peafe will fall to 50 livres, and the maitres d'hotel, who
are limited to 40 and 30, will go without peafe ; but, if 20
meafures more are brought to market, thofe laft will be alfo
fupplied, and the price of peafe will fall to 30 livres the
meafure.
But if, inftead of 20 meafures, 200 meafures are brought to
market, the price of green peafe will fall confiderably ; and
this fall of the price will be proportionable to the quantity of
peafe, with regard to the quantity of money intended to be
laid out ; and it may fo happen in the altercations, that the
200 meafures fhall fell for no more money than 20 meafures
would have fold for. And, when the green peafe fall fo low
as to anfwer the price of feveral others befides the maitres>
d'hotel we have mentioned, there will probably be buyers
enough.
Let us fuppofe another example
That in a market-town
:
containing 500 inhabitants, the bakers expofe to fale 1000
pounds weight of bread, for the buying of which the faid
inhabitants intend 10 ounces of filver, at 100 d. per ounce.
According to this fuppofition,the5oo inhabitants will have
two pounds of bread each, at id. per pound.
Now, if a detachment of 50Q foldiers come to this town at
the beginning of the market, and determine to buy bread,
the bakers, feeing this increafe of the demand, will raife the
price of their bread. The inhabitants, who ufed to buy the
bread at id. per pound, and who know there is corn enough
to make more, will buy no more than what "is abfolutely
neceffary, and they will be contented with roots, flour, or-
any thing they can meet with. But, if the foldiers mult
per pound in the altercations, and they buy 750 pounds of it,
at id. 4 per pound each, there will remain 250 pounds for
the inhabitants and, if theyftill refufe to give mo*e than*
;
penny a pound for it, the bakers will, at the clofe of the
market, let them have it at that price, or elfe this 250 pounds
of bread will remain unfold ; and, perhaps, the next day,
when the foldiers are gone, or when a greater quantity 0$
bread is made, it will fall to a penny a pound.
It often happens that the fellers, in keeping up the price, mifs-
the opportunity of felling. And it alfo happens that they
may fell higher another day. All that depends on the plenty
or fcarcity of money, or of the buyers, and of the plenty or
fcarcity of the commodity, and the knowledge which the
buyers or fellers have of it. Though moll of the undertakers
buy and fell at an uncertainty, yet the altercations readily
find out the proportion of equilibrium. And it comrnonl/
happens in commodities whereof the confumpt^on is conftant
and uniform, as bread, that the magiftrate is able to fix and
determine the price for it, when there is no fudden pien:y or
fcarcity of the faid commodity, or of money.
I have dwelt upon this example, in order to make the rea*
fons of the variations of the prices of the things at market
moie feeling and fenfible. The plenty or fcarcity of com-
modities, or of money, in every place, caufe thofe varia-
tions immediately ; and the mediate oc remote caufes of them
are

B A S B A V
are fancy, or fafhion of living 6f the prince, and the land-
holders, &c.
Further confederations uport Barter.
If the money which carries on the barter of a city (which,
at prefent, we will confidcr as if there was no other in the
world) be 100,000 ounces of filver, that is to fay, if all
proportions of the value of all goods and commodities in the
faid city, be meafured by the 100,000 ounces; or, what
ftill comas to the fame thing, if thefe 100,000 ounces pafs
for pledges, and keep the accounts of the pretentions of all
barters in the faid city. And if, in thefe circumftances, the
faid city receives 100,000 ounces more, fo distributed that
every one who has had an ounce of filver, has now two
ounces, and that the quantity of money in circulation be-
comes 200,000 ounces of filver; this city, confidered in it-
felf, is not in any rcfpecl richer or happier than before it
will only happen that all goods and commodities will grow
twice as dear as they were.
Though this confequence feems
mighty plain, yet 1 fhall endeavour to fet it in a clearer light
under the article Money, when I come to confider particu-
larly the effects of the increafe and decreafe of the
tity of money in a ftate.
When Auguftus returned to Rome, after the defeat of Mark.
Anthony and Cleopatra, he brought with him fo great a quan-
tity of money, that all Goods and commodities fold imme-
diately for double the value they fold for before, as Dion
Camus tells us. If all the money he brought to Rome had
been laid up in the treafury, it would not have had this ef-
fect ; for it would have entered but flowly into circulation
and barter ; but he diftributed it among his foldiers, whom
he was not able to pay after the battle of Atium, by which
means it came quickly into circulation.
It true that the 200,000 ounces of filver are intrinfically
is
worth double the value of 100,000 ounces: that it will
make double the quantity of plate, and that it
to double the quantity of land and labour; but, if 200,000
ounces are applied precifely to circulate and barter, inftead
of 100,000 ounces, they will produce no real advantage or
difadvantage to the city in queftion, confidered in
whether one ounce of filver, ortwo ounces, be given in pledge,
or barter for any commodity, a fmall price, or a large one,
it is all one.
But, if we compute the circulationof one city with another,
or of one nation with another, it will appear hereafter that
thofe nations which have mod money in circulation, and,
confequently, where commodities are deareft, have a great
advantage over thefe which have lefs money, and where
commodities arecheapeft, all other circumftances beingequal;
and that the principal advantage of foreign commerce con-
fifts in bringing homea yearly ballance of trade. See Money,
and its circulation; Silver, and its value; and Ballance
of trade.
BARUTH, an Indian meafure, containing 17 gantans, which
amount to between 54 and 58 pounds of pepper, avoirdupoife
Englifh weight. At that rate a gantan ought to weigh about
3 pounds and a half of pepper.
BARUTINE SILKS, are thofe which come from Perfia
by the way of Seyde, or Said. They are weighed by the
damafquin, which contains about 600 drachms, or very near
4 pounds averdupoife.
BASALTES, a kind of black marble, or very hard touch-
stone, which refitts the file. It is heavy, fmooth, foft to the
touch, and takes a very fine polifh, of an iron colour. It is
to be found in Ethiopia, and in feveral places of Germany.
1
It is ufer , like other touch-Stones, for trying gold and filver.
BASARUCO, a fmall coin of the Eaft-Indies, very bafe, be-
ing made only of a very bad tin. There are two forts of this
coin j the one called good, the other bad. The latter is one
fixth part in value lower than the former. Three bafarucos
make two rees of Portugal, and 375 make a pardao-xerafin,
which is to be understood of the good bafarucos ; the bad ones
muft be increafed by a fixth part proportionably.
BASIL, one of the cantons in Switzerland, is bounded on the
fouth by the canton of Solothurn; on the eaft by the Frifch-
gaw, which belongs to the empire ; and by the territory of
Rhinfelden, one of the foreft-towns ; on the weft it is bound-
ed with Alface ; and, on the north, it advances on the ter-
ritories of Germany, beyond-the Rhine, and is bounded by
the Brifgaw. It is a rich and fruitful country in all necef-
faries for life, and produces even for exportation excellent
corn and wine, efpecially about the city of Bafil. Their re-
venues arife chiefly from fecularized abbies, from their baili-
wicks, and fromimpofts on goods carried through their coun-
try, to and from France, Italy, and Germany.
The government of the city of Basil is in the hands of the
trading companies. Though this city has admitted a great
many French refugees, who have fet up manufactures here,
yet feveral parts both of the city and fuburbs are ftill empty.
This Dr. Burnet imputes to the maxims of this city, one
whereof is, the advantages of the burgherfhip, which are fo
great, that citizens will not admit Strangers to a fhare of
them. Here are 31 mills j whereof 21 are for grinding corn,
:
and 6 for making paper of which the prdinary fort
; fiat y.
to have been full made here by Andrew ah J Michael Gale.
cian.
Liechstal, lying in the main road from France and Italy, to
Germany, has always company.
BASON, a fale by the bafon. Thus they call at Amflerjfailt
the public fates made by authority, and over which prefides
the an appointed by the magistrates, who is (tiled vendu-
officer
meeSter, that is to fay, rnaSler of the fale. Such a fale is cal'ed
a fale by the bafon, becaufe, Before the lots are delivered to
the higheft bidder, they commonly Strike on a copper bafon,
to give notice that the lot is going to be adjudged.
BASTION of France, a fettlement of the French on the coaft
of Barbary, near the place where coral is fifhed up. They
alfo drive there aconfiderable trade in leather, wax, and corn,
The coral- fifhers, or, as Willughby calls them, uriiiators,
come, a little before the feafon begins, to the BaStion of
France,
: without either tackle or tools, without veflels, and without
money. The firSt thing they do is to feparate into crews.
The crew of a coral fiShing-boat may confiSt of feven, but it
i3 generally compofed of eight. The patron or maSter of the
boat, the man that throws the crofs, and i\x feamen that
real quan- manage the boat, and alfift in dragging the machine aboard.
Upon applying to the company, they are furnifhed with a
proper vefiel, which the French (tile fatteau, that is a long
(harp boat, with very large fails, fo that they go at a great
rate, and are not eafily taken. They arc likewife furnifhed
with all kinds of tackle and provisions upon Credit. Then
they enter into articles for the price of the coral, which is
generally fixed at a French crown a pound, or thereabouts.
They likewife engage to fell all that they take at that rate,
upon pain of corporal punifhment, if they are detected in a
clandestine Commerce.
Thus equipped they proceed to fea ; but thev are not obliged
to deliver their coral till the feafort is over. Then each boat'9
crew brings their Stock on Shore, where it is divided into 13
correfponds equal parts; of which the mafter of the veffel has four; he
that manages the machine two and each of the crew one ;
;
the thirteenth part belongs to the company, and goes in dis-
charge of the equipment. In a good feafon a boat will bring
itfelf 25,100 weight of coral, from whence the reader may judge
of the profit which attends this fifhery ; and, if he defires to
be informed of the total value, it is enough to fay, that in a
very fiourifhing feafon, there are 200 of thefe veSTels em-
ployed. The bufinefs of coral-fifhing is both laborious and
dangerous; it requires great fkill and dexterity to heave the
crofs, and no fmall labour and diligence to get it on board
again, befides the great rifque they ruh from Storms and ac-
cidents in their fifhing, and pirates ; all which taken together
keep the coral-fifhers fo poor, that the company never want
fervants.
BATE BATZ, a fmall copper coin mixed with a little
or
filver, which is current in feveril cities in Germany, particu-
larly at Nuremberg. It is worth four creutzers, at the rate
of four French deniers, or eight phenings, per creutzer.
BATZ. This is alfo a coin of Switzerland. It is of copper,
mixed with fome filver. This coin is current at different
rates, according to the greater or fmaller quantity of alloy it
has. At Zurich the rixdollar is about 5 livfes, or too fols,
French rhdney, and is worth 28 batz , which are higher thari
the batz of Switzerland (thus thofe of Berne, Lucerne, and
Friburgh are called) fo that a batz of Zurich is worth about
3 fols and French money.
The baiz of Bafil, Schafhoufe, of Conftance, and St. Gall,
are the beSt of all ; and thofe of Berne, Lucerne; and Fri-
burgh, the worft. They give but 9 of the former for 10 of
the latter. They give but 27 batz of the firft for the rixdollar
or crown, and 30 of the other^ which make them be called
fhort batz.
The good batz are worth 10 rapes at Bafil ; the bad, or Short
batz, are worth one rape lefs than the other.
BAVARIA, one of the circles of the German empire, is bound-
ed on the eaSt by AuStria and Bohemia tin the fouth by Ca-
;
rinthla and Tirol on the weft by Swabia and Franconia ; and
;
it lefiens almoft to a point towards Upper Saxony, on the
north. In this country are many mountains, in which are
mines of copper, and fome filver, as alfo quarries of marble.
Here are likewife falt-works, and baths.
This circle is divided into three capital provinces of it,
vir. 1. The Electorate, divided into Upper and Lower Ba-
varia. 2. The Upper Palatinate, fo called to diftinguiSh it
from the Lower, or the Palatinate of the Rhine. 3. The
archbifhopric of Saltzburg.
Defcribing this circle from north to fouth, we begin with the
Palatinate.
The chief riches of the Lt p'per Palatinate proceed from
the mines of filver, copper, and iron; and they export great
quantities of the latter to the neighbouring countries.
Ambero has great privileges, which were granted to it by the
emperor Robert, and lies conveniently for traffic, being al-
moft in the center, betwixt Ratifbon, Ingolftat, and Nurem-
berg. Its greateft trade is from the iron-mines, and the ma
nufactures thereof, which are fent down the Nabe to Raufbo;;,
and other cities.
The
 BAY B D E
The chief commodity of the territory of Newmark, is iron, marked or ftamped at the faid hall. This manufacture,
and their rivers are covered with irdh mills. Allerlberg, on which is very confiderable, was firft introduced into England
the weft fide of this diftrict, is 'faid to be a trading town; with that of fays, ferges, &c. by the Flemings ; who, being
nd Hollenftenn, on the confines of the bifhopric of Aichftat, perfecuted by the duke of Alva for the fake of their religion,
is famous for iron mines in its neighbourhood. fled hither, about the fifth year of queen Elizabeth's reign.

The duchy of Bavaria, properly fo called, confifts of the See Essex.

Upper and the Lower. The former lies under the Alps, and
is cold and barren, having but little corn/ and no wine; the R E M A R K S.

latter is on the Danube, and is fruitful and pleafant.

The revenues of the elector, faid to amount to 7,000,000 The exportation of bays was formerly much more confider-
-
of florins, arifes chiefly from his monopolizing the three prin- able than it is at prefent, the Englifh then furnifhing the

cipal commodities of his country, viz. fait, corn, and ftrong, French and Italians with thofe fluffs but, of late years, the :

or white beer*, which is fo famed, that it is exported to other French have attempted to imitate them, and have admirably
countries. The people of Tirol and Saltzburg have ilmoft well fucceeded, particularly at Beauvais, Caftres, Montpelier,
allthe Corn they fpend from Bavaria ; and the elector has a and Nifmes. They alfo manufacture vaft quantities of bays
penny for every facie, that is exported. Their beer alone, in Flanders, and efpecially at Tournay, Lifle, and Neuff-
faid to be asgood as any in the world, has been computed to Eglifes. The people of that country call them baiques. How-
bring him in between 80 and 100,000 florins per ann. Thofe ever, the export of Englifh bays is ftill very confiderable to
three commodities, befides the tobacco trade, which he alfo Spain and Portugal, where they are called bsetas, and even
engrofies to himfelf, with feveral other things, are only al- Italy. Their chief ufe is for drefting the monks and nuns,
lowed to be fold by his agents and fervants. Thefe, with and for linings, efpecially in the army. The looking-glafs-
his own domain, and the tolls on all the vefTels that go up makers alfo ufe them behind their glafles, to preferve the tin,
and down the Danube, and other navigable rivers, of which or quickfilver, and the cafe makers to line their cafes.
there are feveral in this country, bring in a yearly revenue of The breadth of bays is commonly a yard and a half, a yard
above half a million fterling. modern German writer A and three quarters, or two yards, by 42 to 48 in length.
makes it amount to between 8 and 900,0001. and fays the Thofe of a yard and three-quarters are mod proper for the
laft elector but one, viz. Maximilian, had fome years above Spanifh trade.
a million. Mean while, the fubject is fo miferably impover- They make at Alby inLanguedoc, and in the neighbourhood

ished by thefe monopolies of trade, that the peafants chief fub- of that city, a kind of woolen fluffs, which they call bayette,
fiftence is from the great herds of fwine fed in their woods or bays, and which are exceeding cheap. They are but two
by acorns and crabs. The fir-trees of this country are a trea- fpans and a half broad, of that country's meafure, which an-
fure to it, fince the timber ferves for every purpofe that can {wer to half an ell, wanting a fixteenth, Paris meafure, about
be imagined, whether for buildihg or houfhold-ftuff; and there half a yard Englifh. That breadth was thus regulated by a
isnot a province in the empire where provifions are cheaper, decree of the council, dated July the 15th, 1673, notwith-
though there is a vaft home confumption, the Bavarians being ftanding the 30th article of the general regulations of the
Very fond of good eating and drinking. manufactures, made in Auguft 1669, which orders that ho
Ratisbon has a great trade by the Danube, the Nab'e, and the weavers of cloths or ferges, nor any other perfon, fhall make
Regen, which join near the city. any ftuff, of how fmall a price foever they be, lefs than half
StraubiKg, is a town of good trade. an ell broad Paris meafure.
PassAW, is a rich, populous and trading city. Bays pay duties of exportation out of the kingdom of France,
The duchy Of Newburg is famous for it's wine; and at the and the provinces reputed foreign, at the rate of three livres
town there is a good trade therein, which is fold weekly in per 100 weight. The Englifh bays pay duties of importa-
the markets ; arid the duke has a good revenue arifing there- tion at the rate of 20 livres per piece of 25 French ells, and
from. 60 livers per piece of 50 ells, according to the decree of the
AtMuNicH.mcft of the mechanics are glafiers arid filk-weavers. 20th of December 1687 ; nor can they be imported but by
Great quantities of wine, &c. are fold at their two an-
fait, the ports of Calais and St. Valery.
nual fairs, viz. St. James's tide, and the week after Twelfth- The bays of Flanders, and others of the fame fort, pay but
tide. 4 livers per piece of 20 ells, according to the tariff of 1664.
At Obernsberg is a cuftom-houfe, where toll is demanded for BAZAR, BAZARI, or BAZAARD. A
place defigned for
thatpafs the river Inn, on which it {lands.
all veffels trade among the eaftern nations, and particularly the Per-
The archbifhopric of Saltzburg is dry, rocky, and barren, ifians. Some are open or uncovered, like the market-places
except in fome vallies, yet abounds with fait, mines of cop- in Europe, and ferve for the fame purpofes, but only to fell
per, iron, and fomefilver, with excellent quarries, from fome the lefs precious and moft bulky merchandizes. Others are.
of which is dug a ftone, little inferior to jafper. The reve- covered with high vaulted cielings, and adorned with domes
nues of the archbifhop amount to near 80,000 crowns. The to give them light. In thefe are the (hops of the merchants
very fait which is carried into Bavaria and Swabia brings him who fell jewels, rich fluffs, wrought plate, and fuch othet
in 30,000 crowns per annum. merchandizes.
Berchtolsgaden furniflies it's neighbourhood with ftore of Sometimes they even Haves in thofe covered bazars,
fell

fait. though that inhuman trade be alfo carried on in the open

The fait of Hallein is carried in great quantities through bazars. Furetiere obferves, that it is an Arabic word, which
Bavaria-, and a corner of Tiiol, into Switzerland, where it is fignifies a fale or exchange of merchandizes ; whence it is
paid for in French money, which is one reafon that there is faid, by extenfion, of the places where the trade is carried
fcarce any coin current in Bavaria, but that of France. There on.
is a great high mountain on the weft fide of the town, the That word is in ufe among all the nations of the Eaft-Indies,
earth of which being mixed with a fort of allum, or falt- as well as among thofe of the Levant. It fignifies in all

petre, they throw it into larger trenches, which they with

fill thofe countries a common or public place, where the market i3
frefh water, and let it ftand three Or four weeks, till the earthy kept, both for the fale of provifions, and of other merchandizes.
part is funk to the bottom out and boil the
; then they let The place is fo called, whether
it be a market, or a pretty

faline part in irOrt pans, three feet deep, and ten or twelve broad ftreet, be covered or not. Malaca was an-
whether it

in diameter; and, when the water is evaporated from the ciently the general bazar, or ftaple-town for- all the trade of
fait, which it leaves at the bottom, they take it up and put the Indies ; that is to fay* before the Portuguefe undertook
it to dry and harden, in fome deal calks, without any head or to to thofe countries.
fail

bottom. The bazar, or maidan of Ifaphan, is one of the fineft places

Lauffen has a good trade between Saltzburg and Titmoning. in all Perfia, and even excels all thofe that are to be feen in
BAY, one of the colours of the hair of horfes, inclining to red, Europe ; but, notwithstanding it's great magnificence, it muft.
and coming pretty near the colour of a chefnut. There arc, be confefled, that the bazar of Tauris is the moft fpacious
if we may fay fo, five different (hades, or gradations, of the fquare that we know of. They have feveral times drawn up
bay colour ; viz. the chefnut-bay, the light-bay, the yellow- 3000 men in order of battle, in that fquare it contains :

bay, or dun bay, the bloody-bay, which is alfo called fcar- above 15,000 fhops, and is reckoned, without difpute, the
let-bay, and the brown-bay. moft magnificent in Perfia. At Tauris they call the jewel-
BAYS, tailed in French BAYETTE, and fometimes BA- market raiferie, that is to fay, the royal-market.
GUETTE, a fort of open woolen ftuff, having a long nap, BAZAT, or BAZA
The baza cotton comes from Seyde,
k

fometimes frized, and fometimes not. This ftuff is without Said, orSidon, by the way of Mdrfeilles. They diftinguifh
wale, and is wrought on a loom, with two treddles, like three forts of namely, the baza of the firft fort, the com-
it ;

fl.innel. It is chiefly manufactured at Colchefter and Bocking mon baza, and the middling baza. The firft fort and the mid-
in Kflcx, in England, where there is a hall, called the Dutch dling are often fold in France for 99 livres and 4 fols, and
Bay-Hall, or Raw-Hall. By the ftatute 12 Car. II. cap. the middling only 73 livers and 12 fols.
22. no peifon fhall weave at Colchefter any bay, known by BAZGENDGE, a kind of gall-nut, which the Turks ufe to
the names of four-and-fifties, fixty-eighths, eighties, or hun- make the fcarlct colour.
dred bays, but, within two days after weaving any fuch, fhall BDELLIUM, BONDELEON, or BEDELIUM, a
carry it to the Dutch Bay-Hall, to be viewed and examined, kind of gum.
th.it it may appear whether it be well andfubftantially wrought, That name is very well known among the learned, though

before it be carried to be fcourcd and thickened. No fcourer they do not agree about it's fignification. It is mentioned in

or fhickncf fhall receive any fuch bay, before it has been the holy fcripture (Gen. ii. 12.) anfl Jofephus, who pretends
to
 B E A B E A
to explain what it is^ afferts, that it is the gum of a tree, to be hart\by cold, Of any of thole kinds'. Thefe bc.-.r.i.
which refembles the olive-tree, and whofe leaves are like thofe fhOuld have an open cxpo'fure, and requite fco be planted
all
of the oak; and that the manna, with which God fed his greater diftance than the two early kinds "for, if they arc :

people during fo many years in the defcrt, was very niuch planted in fhady places, or too clofe, they will gro.v
to a
like that drug. Yet there arc a great marty learned men who great height j but feldom produce many beans. The ufual
do not admit that explication ; and Scaliger, who is followed diftance for thefe (if in an open fituatiOn) is two feet
and
herein by feveral others, owns, that it is not well known a half, row by row, and inches in the rows,
fotir hut, if
what the bdellium mentioned in the fcripture is. the place is clofely furrounded by hedges, walls,
or tail
The bdellium fold by the grocers and druggilts is not much trees, the diftance muft be greater
; the rows fliould then be
better known than that of the ancients. three feet apart, and the beans fix inches diftantin the
rows.
Some fay that it runs from a thorny tree, whofe leaves rcfem- The Sandwich beans, being; hardier than the Windfor, are
blethofe of the oak, and whofe fruit is like that of the wild- ufually planted about Chriftmas, to fucceed the
forward
fig-tree, but yet of a pretty good tafte. Some pretend, that crops; and thofe, although at prefent in little requeft, are
yet
the tree from which the bdellium comes, is like the myrtle- very ferviceable, being plentiful bearers, and very little in-
tree. Others fuppofe that thofe trees grow in Batriana :
ferior cither in fize or goodnefs to the Windfor.

others again in Arabia Felix, near a city named Saraca :

In the middle of January, if the weather is open and good,
fomefay it grows in Africa, near the banks of the river Se- you may plant the firft crop of Windfor beans, which will
nega and others place it in the Eaft-Indies. fucceed the Sandwich, and every three or four weeks make
; a
However that be, this gum comes by
the way of Marfeilles, new plantation, till the middle of May, in order to prcfervo
or by the (hips of the French African company. That a fucceflion through the feafon. Indeed, there are fome peo-
which comes by the way of Marfeilles, is, according to fkil- ple, who plant beans even in June ; but unlefs the foil
be
ful judges, nothing but the gum called alouchi, and they
very ffrong and moift, or the feafon prove wet or cold, they
pretend that the true bdellium is that of Senega. feldom fucceed well for in hotand dry weather, which com-
;

Itmuft be chofen in clear tranfparent bits, of a reddifh grey monly happens in July, the tnfech mfeft thefe plants very
on the outfide, and within of the fame colour with the Eng- much, and often deftroy them quite. There are others
lifh glue, and it ought to become yellow, when you wet it
who advifc the cutting down of beans, in order to caul'c thciri

With the tip of your tongue. This gum is ufed in the com- to produce frefh fhoots fiom the bottom for a late crop
; but
pofition of mithridate, and fome other compounds. Authors this feldom anfwers the trouble, for they are liable to the
being fo much divided in their opinions about this matter, above-mentioned inconveniencies, much riurc than a frefh
'tis endlefs and necdlefs to quote all their feritiments : thofe planted crop.
who would attended only with great un-
gratify a curiofity, Beans for horfes, are fuld at Amfterdam at about 15 livces de .

certainty, may confult Diofcorides, Galen, Dale, Pomet. gros per laft. The deduction or dilcount, for piompi p- -
;
By the tariffof 1664, the bdellion pays in France duty of mentj one per cent.
importation 4 livres per 100 weight: but, by the decree of Beans grow admirably well in Egypt, where there are Jar^c
'
the 15th of Auguft 1685, it P a y s 20 P er cent f lt s Vl h'c -
fields entirely
covered with them. Their bloffoms are a thou-
when it comes from the Levant, Barbary, and other lands fand times more odoriferous, than thole of the beans in Eu-
or territories within the dominions of the Grand Seignicr, of rope. As vaft quantities of them arc planted in the lands
the king of Perfia, or of Italy. about Cairo, towards the weft, nothing can be more charg-
BEAM, a large piece of timber ufed in building, which, being ing, than the perfumed air one breathes in an evening on tl e

laid acrofs the walls, ferves to fupport the principal rafters of terraffes,when the wefterly wind blows nor is t without ;

the roof. The proportions of beams, in the neighbourhood good reafon, that they cnJeavour to have plenty o; beans in
of London, have been fettled by ftatute, as follow a beam :
that country, fince it is the common foW of the mules, ail'e:,

J5 feet long ought to be {even inches in breadth on one fide and camels, who confume vaft qnantities of them.
of it's fquare, and five on the other one of 16 feet in length
: In order to make them cat th?m, they beat them and reduce
muft be on one fide eight inches broad, and fix on the other: them into a coarfe meal, whereof they make balls which
one of feventeen feet in length muft be on one fide eight in- they afterwards give to thofe animals. They do the fam-;
ches broad, and fix on the other : one of feventeen feet muft with the kernels of datti. This obfervation is extracted
be ten inches on one fide, and fix on the other but they :
from Monf. Maillet's Dcfcription of Egvpt.
make them ftronger in the country. The French have a fort of beans, which they call feves de
Beams of a fhip, are the large main crofs timbers, which pre- marais, i. e. beans of the marfh, which they eat only, when
vent the fides of a fhip from falling together, and which alfo green and frefh. They alfo dry them, but then they ferve
fupport the decks and orlops : the main beam is next the only to feed cattle. However, lome pcrfons make a kind of
main-mart, and from it they are reckoned by the firft, lecond, provifion of them to eat in Lent. They buy them green,
and third beam. The greateft beam of all is called the mid- and, peeling the white fkin off, they fplit them in two, ana
ship beam. dry them in the open ar. They afford them a pretty good
BEAN, a pulfeof the large fort, commonly cultivated in the and pleafant food.
fields. People of fafhion feldom eat them, but green ; but, Bean of St Ignatius. It is a fmall folid fruit, which grows
in feveral places, the country people dry them to eat them in upon a tree in fome of the Philipine illands, and. in which the
the winter; they alfo often feed cattle with them the meal :
Chinefe trade in thofe places of the Eaft Indies, where they
of beans is ufed in phyfic, being prefcribed both to be taken dwell, or which they frequent, as Malacca, the Sunda tfles,
inwardly, and in the compofition of fome cataplafms. And and the Moluccos thofe beans are alfo very much ufed in
:

perfumers alfo ufe it to make powder for the hair. phyfic. The figure of this fruit is irregular, and it is of the
Beans pay duty of importation in France, like other forts of bignefs of a green almond, when ftill wrapped up in all itV
pulfe. coats, or of the fruit called hermodaclyl. It's outward co-

This plant, which is a kind of the xth clafs of Monf. Tournc- lour is grey, or rather blackifh, when it is well frrlpped of a
fort, has a papilionaceous flower, which is fucceeded by a little thin ffcin, the colour of which is fometimes of a whitifh-
long pod filled with large kidney-fhaped feeds ; the ftalks are grey, and fometimes reddilh.
firm and hollow ; the leaves grow by pairs, and are faftened That fkin, flicking very clofe to the fruit, cannot be taken
to a mid-rib. Monf. Tournefort obferves, that there are off but by fcales, and in procefs of time, by
little bits, like

eight forts of thefe beans known, which are diftinguifhed by
the difference of their flowers and fruit.
Mr. Miller obferves, that there are four forts of beans culti-
vated in England, which are the fmall Lifbon, the Spanifh,
the Sandwich, and the Windfor. The firft and feoond forts
are ufually planted in October and November, under warm
walls or hedges, to have them early; which if they abide
through the winter, they will produce beans early in thefpring:
or they may be planted clofe in beds, in fome piece of ground
that is well defended from the north and eaft winds ; and,
being arched over with hoops or withies, may be covered in
very hard frofts with mats and ftraw ; and, in the fpring,
thefe plants may be tranfplanted into warm borders, by which
means your crop will be fecured from the injuries of froft;
and, if care be taken in tranfplanting them, not to break
their roots, and alfo to water them, if the feafon proves dry,
until they have taken frefii root, they will bear as plentiful
a crop, as thofe which remained where they were at firft
planted, with this difference, that they will be a fortnight
later. The Lifbon bean is chiefly preferred to the Spanifh,
and the beft way is to procure frefh feeds from abroad, at leaft
every other year ; for in England they are fubjecl: to degene-
rate, not in goodnefs, but only in earlinefs.
The Sandwich and Windfor beans are feldom planted before
rubbing : fo that moft of thofe beans are commonly variegat-
ed with thefe two colours, when part m( their fkin has been
rubbed off.
The infideof the fruit refembles a brown or blackifh jelly*
but it'sconfiftency is almoft as hard as that of horn, fo tnat it
is a difficult matter to break or cut it. If you grate it, which
is much eafier, in order to have it fo as to make ufe of it, it
appears whitifh in thofe places which the points of the grater
have touched, which deceived thofe who faw it of that colour.
In order, therefore, to fee it in it's natural colour, you muft
cut it in the middle with a knife, which you drive into it
with a hammer or mallet. Finally^ it is of a bitterifh taff.-,
and weighs commonly a little above a drachm, more or lets,
according to it's bignefs.
R MARKS:
This drug, though of excellent ufe in phyfic, is full very
fcarce in Europe, for want of being fufriciently known. This
feemsj therefore, a very proper occafion to expatiate ajittje
upon it's virtues, in order to give the public a more particu-
lar and diftincl notion of them, either for ufe or for trade,
than Monf. Lemery has done in his Dictionary of drugs.
Firft, it ought not properly to be reckoned a purging medi-

Chriftmas, but efpeciallv the Windfor, which is moft fubje6l cine, as that learned gentleman afferted, doubtlels, from fome
Vol. I. 2 M erroneous
 ;

B E A B E A
erroneous memoirs. It is by no means ufed for purging ; Ij. They give it to women who have a difficult labour,
and, though you fhould ufe it for that purpofe, it would be thinking that it piocures them an eafy delivery.
a difficult matter to fucceed, though the dofe were never fo 14. It alfo cures the ioofenefs and tenefmus, being taken
large. One would run the danger of doing a great deal of twice a day in water.
harm, by caufing convulfions, pains, fweat, &c. rather than 15. Finally, they make an oil of it by infufion, or even by
producing evacuations by ftools. In a word, if a large dofe a little ebullition over the fire that oil impregnates itfelf
:

of it were given, it's effects would be very odd, or dangerous,
according to the conftitution of the patient. But, being
given in fmall quantities, by degrees, at feveral times, it will
always be found a wonderful remedy, without caufing any
voiding upwards or downwards.
with all the ftrength and virtue of the fruit. They give a
few drops of this oil inwardly, in a proper liquor, for the
fame difeafe, and particularly for the apoplexy.
The fame oil ferves alfo outwardly for all forts of fcabs, tet-
ters, tumours, cramps, pains, gouty humours, ftirunk mem-

Secondly, It muft be ufed as a bitter, and a rectifier of the
nervous fyftem becaufe it's property is to alter and rectify
: for curing wounds and ulcers ; and it is certain, that this
the tone of the nerves, either of the flomach, or of the con-
duits through which the fluids pafs, or of the glands where
the filtrations,are performed by which it much better reftores
:
the functions of the vifcera, which happen to be put out of
order by too fedentary a life, or by too much indulging the
body.
If we were better acquainted, by good obfervations, with the
bers, &c. by anointing the diftempered part. They ufe it
remedy produces very good effects, being given in fmall
dofes, and with prudence.
The quantity they give is meafured by the fight only and by
cuftom, without weighing it, and is generally from 5 or 6
grains, to 8, 10, or 12. Their method of dividing this
bean or fruit into very fmall parts, or very minute particles,
is by rubbing it upon a flat flone, of a rough fuperficies fome-

mechanifm of the body, and with the effects of thofe things what hollowed in the middle, and moiftening it by little and
which enter into it daily, and are defigned for it's preferva- little with water; which, together with what is feparated from

tion, one would more accurately chufe thofe which are proper the bean, forms a fubftance of the confiftency of pap or
for each conftitution, and for every ftage of life, in order the pafte, of which they take up the requifite quantity with the

better to prevent difeafes, or to preferve health, fo as to have point of a knife, and diffblve it in a proper liquor to make a
no occafion for aphyfician. Finally, when the body laboured drink of it.

under any indifpofition, we fhould be better able to chufe This method of thus preparing all their remedies taken from
what is moft naturally proper to cure it, and not commit fo wood, or other hard fubftances, is very well but remedies ;

many blunders, as arc daily committed by perfons, who pre- of this kind more minutely divided by alcohol, or alkool, by
tend to meddle with phyfic, often to their own detriment they chymifts, produce their effect much fooner, than when
or who would cure themfelves by fome pretended family fe- given in a coarfer manner yet, perhaps, many remedies,
:

crets, which feems, indeed, a good faving method, but by which are taken in a plain manner, and fuch as nature affords
which they often make their diftempers worfe than they were them, without the ufe of fire, produce their effects much
before, and render them fometimes incurable. They always more this ought to be enquired into very care-
efficacioufly :

commit a great many errors in all their proceedings relating fully,and by repeated trials.
to phyfic. Wherefore I do not propofe this new remedy but As I have a certain quantity of thefe beans by me, and can
to all phyficians who are capable of knowing the nature of it get more by the correfpondence I have with perfons in the
by obfervations, and making a proper ufe of it. fervice of the Eaft-India company at Batavia, I propofe to
The Indians, who are fo well acquainted with it, are apt ne- furnifh thofe with them, who may have
occafion for them,
verthelefs to commit many blunders in the practice of it, and as well as with the remedies that are made of the beans un-
in making too univerfal a ufe of it, as they alfo do of the der different terms, and which I hope to acquaint the public
boati, mentioned hereafter in it's proper place. Here follow with, which will be more convenient for ufe.
therefore the properties which the Indians afcribe to the bean The name of bean which has been given to this fruit is very
of St. Ignatius, a name which the jefuits of the Manillcs improper, fince it is not leguminous it grows juft as it is
:

have given it, becaufeof the goodnefs of thofe qualities j the brought from the Indies, without any coatorfhell, each piece
Malays call it tfiavalone,a. by itfelf, upon a pedicle, at the top of the fhoots or branches
1. They
reckon it a fpecific remedy againft all forts of poi- of the tree that bears it but it is of no confequence to alter
:

fon, and even ufe it as an amulet. But to this I give no thatname, which ufe has pretty well eftablifhed at prefent.
credit. Memoirs of Monf. Garcin, of Neufchatel, D. M
2. They ufe it particularly to cure the difeafes of the nerves, French beans pay duty of importation in France like other
as the cramp, vapours, fhakings, and convulfions, either pulfe.
taken inwardly, or in the form of an amulet. I have feen BEAR, a wild beaft, too well known to require a particular
good effects of it in this refpect, when taken inwaidly. defcription in this place.
3. For pains in the ftomach and cholics, they gives little of We may diftinguifh two forts of bears ; the land bears and
it in cold water, which gives immediate eafe. It's effects are the fea bears, which might more properly be called ice bears.
excellent for thofe ills, as I have experienced. The former commonly retire into the mountains, and the
4. In a miferere mei, or twifting of the guts, they give a little lattercome over the ice of the north fea: of thefe there are
of it incold water, which often piocures a voiding upwards and fome of a monftrous, and almoft incredible, fize, in Nova
downwards, and by that evacuation delivers the patient from Zembla.
that dangerous ailment. I have not feen any inftance of this. Bear-fkins are a fort of furs very much efteemed, and there
5. They efteem it excellent againft bad air, and contagious is a very large trar'e of them, whether they be the fkins of

or peftilential diftempers. In times of the plague, they take young bears, or of old ones. The latter are commonly ufed
a fmall dofe of it every day, to keep themfelves from the in- to make houfings, or horfe-cloths, or in the more northern
fection. climes, for bags to keep the feet warm in the fharpeft cold
6. They reckon it a true fpecific againft fainting fits, rifings of the winter. The fkins of young bears fcrvc to make muffs,
of the ftomach, palpitations of the heart, fwimmingsof the and other fuch things for warmth or ornament.
head, and fuffocations, in which cafes they give fome of it Befides the great quantity of bear-fkins which the fcllmongers
with wine or arac, which foon cures the patient and they ; fell, the druggift fell alfo bears fat, or greafe, which they
prevent the return of thofe diftempers, by making him take commonly get from Switzerland, Savoy, and Canada.
the fame remedy for feveral days. I have found it very good That greafe is a powerful remedy for the cure of the king's
in thofe cafes. evil and the rheumatifm. It is ufed with fuccefs for curing
7. They ufe it fame manner againft the bite or fting
after the the gout, and it is alfo employed in feveral Galenic compefi-

of venomous animals; and at the fame time they put upon tidns. Bear's greafe, in order to be of a good quality, muff be
the wound fome of that fame drug, in the form of pap, made chofen newly melted, greyifh, clammy, of a ftrong and pret-
after their manner, by rubbing one of thofe beans with fome ty bad fmell, and of middling confiftence orthicknefs. That
water upon a rough ftone. which is too white is adulterated, and mixed with common
8. Being applied in powder, it is a very powerful remedy to tallow.
flop very foon all fortsof haemorrhages or bleedings ; in a BEARER of a bill, is the perfon in whofe hands the bill is, and
bleeding of the nofe they take it like fnuff", and it flops it in favour of whom the laft order, or endorfement, was mr.de.
immediately. When a bill is made payable to bearer, it is undcrftood to be
<f.
They ufe it very particularly againft worms. payable to him in whofe hands it is after it becomes due; and
10. They employ it moft fuccefsfully in all forts of fevers, though, in the payment of a bill of this kind, there needs no
making the patient take fome of ittwicc a day in a little wine. order or transfer, yet it is good to know to whom it is paid.
It cures by fwcating. I know it to be excellent in intermit- BEARING, (in geography and navigation) the fituation of
ting fevers, becaufe it cures the ftomach. one place from another, with regard to the points of the
11. It produces, according to them, very good effects in a compafs, or the angle which a line drawn through the two
cold upon the lungs, in a cough, the aflhma, and a flitch or places makes with the meridians of each.
pain in the fide, if the patient do continually chew a little bit, Bearing (in the fea language). When a fhip fails towards
or a fmall quantity of it, and fwallow his fpittle ; for it cuts the fhorc, lheis faid to bear in with the land. When a ftiip
thofe vifcous humours which flop the bronchia and the wind- that was to windward comes under another fhip'.; lain, and
pipe. 1 have feen fome perfons receive great benefit from it. fo gives her the wind, fhe is faid to bear under her lee. If a
12. They likewifc judge it very good for giving eafe in ne- fhip fails into an harbour with the wind large, or before the
phritic pains, the gravel, the ftranguary, and the dropfy, if wind, (lie is faid to bear in with the harbour, ice.
it be taken every day. In crouding they fay, bear up the helm, that is, let the ihir.
gc
 B E A B E A
go more large before the wind. Bear up round, that is, let
the (hip "-0 between her two fheets, directly before the wind.
BEAST, is faid in general of all animals, that are not endowed
with reafon.
Beast of burden, in the commercial ft le, is faid of all four-
footed animals which ferve to carry burdens and merchandizes
on their backs. Thofe that are mod commonly ufed are ele-
phants, dromedaries, camels, horfes, mules, affes, the (heep
of Mexico and Peru, and the vicnua. There are alfo fome
places on the coaft of Africa where they ufe oxen nay, even
lar re do<*s arc fometiined employed for that purpofe, as may
be ken in Flanders, and in fome other countries.
BEAUCAIRE- A fair famous throughout
the molt celebrated of all thofe that are kept in France.
was formerly kept within the city of Beaucaire in Languedoc,
from whence it took it's name, and where there are ftill to
be feen feveral piazzas, or arches, which crofs the ftreets,
and under which the traders did probably cxpofe their wares
to fell : but it is a long time fince the reputation of this fair,
and the concourfe of people reforting thither increafed to fuch
a decree, that they have been obliged to keep it partly in the
opencountry, under tents, which they pitch up in a meadow
near the city.
Remarks.
This fair begins the 2?.d of July, or St Magdalen's feftival,
and continues but three drays. People refort thither from all
parts of the world, and there is no merchandize, how fcarce
or curious foever it be, but may be met with there. So that,
notwithftanding the ftiort time it lafts, there is fuch a pro-
digious trade, that it amounts to above fix millions of livres.
The infpector of the manufactures of Nifmes, amficd fome-
times by his brethren of the neighbouring diftricts, together
with the judges of the police of manufactures, and the maf-
ters, wardens, and jurats, and mark all foreign fluffs.
vifit
The directors of the five great farms of fome neighbouring
diftricts are alfo ufed to go thither, to take care of the concerns
of their refpective farms.
The freedom of the fair of Beaucaire is a privilege granted to
the inhabitants of that city, in the year 1217, by Raymond
count of Touloufe, both on account of their conltant loyalty
to him, and becaufe of that city's mod happy fitu.itioii for
trade. Since the province of Languedoc has heen united to
the crown of France, that privilege has been often renewed
by feveral kings, particularly in the year 1483, by Charles
VIII, and again under the reign of Lewis XII, and under
that of Lewis XIII.
The conveniency of the river Rhone, on which the city of
Beaucaire ftands, draws to it's fair the merchandizes of Bur-
gundy, Lyonnois, Switzerland, and Germany. The fea,
from which it is but feven leagues diftant, brings thither thofe
of the Levant, Italy, and Spain, and by the royal canal re-
ceives all that can come from Upper Languedoc, Bourdeaux,
Britany, and the ocean.
The merchants who chiefly refort to that fair, arc thofe of
almoft all France, either by themfelves, or by their factors.
Thofe of Spain, Italy, and Germany, come alfo thither in
great numbers and there are few nations in Europe, whofe
,
traders are not concerned in this fair. There are always
Armenians, often Perfians, and fometimes merchants from
oriental countries ftill more remote.
The chief merchandizes fold there, arc fpice, drugs, hard
wares, woolen and filk fluffs, Spanifh and Barbary wool,
befides that of thegrowth of the country in a word, all that
is either produced or manufactured
in France, or imported
from abroad ; and pretty often even jewels are fold at this
fair.
There is likewife a great trade in money by exchange, and
remittances to all parts of the world.
As this is the only fair in all Languedoc which is really free,
it is properly with a defign to
enjoy the freedom, that the mer-
chants refort to the other fairs in that province, in order to
buy up there thofe merchandizes which they have a mind to
carry to the fair of Beaucaire and, how famous foever the
: ficin, under which is found a firm fat, pretty much like the
fairs of Pezenaz and Montagnac be, we may truly fay that
they are kept only to prepare matters for that of Beaucaire.
Before the year r032, the freedom of this fair was full and
intire ; but, fince that time, it has fuffered fome diminution,
by theeftabliihment of the duty of re-appraifing, which was
laid on all merchandizes in the province of Languedoc, of
which duty the merchandizes brought to the fair were not
free. That duty, indeed, is not very confiderable, fince, one
year with another, it does not bring in to the king above
2500 livres per annum. *They pay alfo another fmall duty of
12 fols per bale of merchandizes which are not unpacked, the
farmer pretending that they ought all to be unpacked. That
duty is called abonnement, and does not produce above 5000
livres. If the intire freedom was reftored, it would, perhaps,
encourage merchants to improve their trade there.
BEAUCE, the northern divifion of the principality of Orlea-
nois, in France, is fituated between Orleanois, Blafois,Perche,
and the ifle of Fiance.
At Chartres the chief trade ist'-^of corn, this country
being'fo fruitful that itcan furnifh feveral provinces with corn-
They have alfo fome manufactures, for which the w.uer of
the Eure, on which this city is fituate, is reckoned very
proper.
Pluviers is town, on the rivulet Ocuf,
a fmall, but trading
where they keep market every Saturday, and drive a con-
a
siderable trade in corn, which thencighbouring fields preJ-ic.
The (oil produces alfo wine and faft'ron.
BEAVER, or CASTOR, an amphibious, four footed animal,
: whichjives fometimes upon land, and fometimes in the water.
There are fome which do not at all live in the water, but go
to it only to drink, like other land animals thefc dig holes :
all Europe, and in the giound to dwell in, like rabbets and foxes. They are
It called lazy beavers, or land beavers.
As the beavers feed only on fiih, they keep commonly on the
banks of fuch rivers as abound with
unfrequented fifh, in
places, where b ats cannot pafs. In the fpring, all thole of
the fame diftrict, or quarter, gather together, and, walking
two and two, they go in a body to hunt for animals of their
own fpecies; and all thofe they can catch they lead into their
dens, where they make them work like fiaves.
With their
teeth they cut down whole trees, and thefe again into finall
pieces, each of a certain length, and carry thofe materials
where they build with them apartments
into their habitations,
for themfelves,
and rooms, or lodges, to lay up the provifions
which they gather in the fummcr. This we learn from the
Travels from Mofcow to China, by Mr Ever, Ifbrantz Ides,
amhaflador from Mufcovy in the year 1692 ; which travels
volume of The collection of voya^ei
are inferted in the eighth
to the north (Rccueil des voyages on nord).
The Ruflinns, and the people of Ouftiod, add th;:t travellers,
who go a hunting for thofe animals, never carry oft" all thofe
they find in the fame den, but always leave there a male and
a female, that they may find others in the fame place the fol-
lowing year.
R E MARKS.
Since the French have made fcttlements in Canada, the public
has been very much undeceived, with regard to the fabulous
ftories which the ancients believed and related concerning
bea\ era and it has been found, by an infinite numbers of ex-
;
periments, not only that this animal, like mod others, can
be tamed, which is contrary to the opinion of feveral moderns,
but ilfo that it has not that natural inftinct to bite off a part
of it's body, in order to efcape the hunters: which inftinct
almoft all the ancient authors afcribc to it except, however, ;
Pliny, who afierts the contrary, though Monfieur Furetiere
quoted him as being of that opinion.
The largeft beavers are three or four feet long, and 12 or 16
inches broad in the middle of the breaft, and from one hip to
the other. They weigh commonly from 40 to 60 pounds.
The head of a beaver refembles that of a mountain rat it's :
fnout is long it's jaws arc almoft equal, very ftrong, fur-
;
nifhed each with 10 large and fharp teeth, two of which are
incifive, and eight molar ; they are deeply rooted, and fol-
low the curvature, or bending of the jaws, which gives than
a prodigious ftrength, fo that the caftor can cut down lar^e
trees with it's teeth. It is to be obferved that they are not
directly oppofite to each other, but pafs over one another,
being defigned to work like fcifiars. The beaver has verv
fmall eyes. It's ears are fhort, round, hairy on the outfidc,
but bare within. It's body is lhort and thick, covered with
two forts of hair, commonly brown, and fhining, fometimes
: black, but feldom white. The hair on the back is from an
inch and a half to two inches long: it grows fhorter towards
the head and the tail ; it is the rougheft, and the moft fhin-
ing ; it is fine like a man's hair. The hair on the belly is a
kind of down, very fine and very clofe, about an inch long :
it preferves the animal from cold, and ferves to make hats,
and other manufactures the workmen call it, improperly,
:
Mufcovy wool. It's tail has no refemblance to that of any
land animal j it comes much nearer to that of a fifti. It is
about a foot long, without hair, being covered with a fcaly
flefh of a porpoifc, or lea hog ; the fcales areas thick as
parchment.
The beaver ufes it's tail not only to fwim, with the help of
it's hind legs, but it ferves alfo as a beater, a trowel, and a
hod, to prepare and carry the mortar, when the animal wants
to build it's manfion, which is fometimes two or three ftories
high. It's legs are fhort, and covered with very ftiort hair.
It's fore-feet refemble thofe of the badger, and the beaver
ufes them like hands, to hold it's prey. It's hind feet are
like thofe of water-fowls fo that the beaver can walk on
:
dry land, and fwim in the water.
This animal, both the male and female, has inwardly, at the
bottom of the os pubis, four large pouches, or bags ; the two
firft, which are higher than the other two, are of the figure
of a pear, and open the one into the other they are com- :
monly three inches long, by an inch and an half in breadth
at the bottom, and contain a refinous and fcetid matter, called
caitoreum, of which we fhall give an account in its prop' r
place. The two other pouches, which hang lower, are <-oi _
tained

BEA
tainted in the inferior cavities they appear round at the bot-
;
tom, after one has taken oft" the common membrane in which
they are both wrapped up. Sometimes there are three of
thefe bags, as it were in parcels, which arc rilled with an oily,
yellowifh, and ill fcenfed fubftance each of thefe pouches
:
is commonly two inches and a half long, by about 19 or 25
lines diameter: a line is the twelfth part of an inch.
The beaver is good to eat, and is reckoned half fiefh and half
$fh. Its upper part* as far as the legs, is real flefh ; but its
inferior, or lower part, towards the tail, which is moft in the
water, is of the nature and tafte of fifh.
The favages hunt the beavers from the beginning of Novem-
ber to the month of April, becaufeat that time thofe animals
are very well furnifhed with hair. Thefe people run along
the little rivers, and, as foon as they perceive a caufey, they
may be fure that the beaver's hut is not far oft, and approach
as near as they can.
it Thefe favages are fo fkilful in laying
fnares for them, that not one of them efcapes.
This account and defcription of the beaver cannot but be
;true, being extracted from that which Monfieur Sarazin the
French king's phyfician in Canada, fent to Monfieur Tour-
rtcfort,and is to be met with in the Memoirs of the Royal
Academy of Sciences at Paris, for the year 1704. However,
we fhall add here a few more particulars, which Arthur
Dobbs, Efq; acquaints us with, from an unqueftionable au-
thority. The beavers, fays he, are of three colours, the
brovvnTreddifh, the black, and the white. The firft. is the
cheapeft ; the black is the moft valued by the Hudfon Bay
company in England, and the white the moft valued in Ca-
nada, where they fell for 18 s. fterling, whilft the others fell
only for five or fix. Thefe fkins are extremely white, and
have a fine luftre, no fnow being brighter, and they have a
long fur, or hair. The beaver's chiefeft food is the poplar,
or tremble; but they alio eat fallows, alders, and moft other
trees not having a refinous juice the middle bark is their
: of the i6thof May, 1720, fhall be obliged to fell them before
food. In May, when the wood is not plenty, they live up-
on a large root, which grows in the marfhes, a fathom long,
and is as thick as a man's leg the French call it volet
; but
the beavers are not fo good then as when they feed upon trees.
They are excellent food, but the tongue and the tail are the
moft delicious parts of the whole. They are very fat from
November till the end of March, They breed once in a
year, and have from 10 to 15 at a litter ; fo that they mul-
tiply very faft.
This, it feems, fhould be a proper place to mention the in-
genious works of thefe animals ; the wondefuL-banks, or
moles, which they build with no other hehp but their paws
and their tails ; their republics, which ate fo well governed ;
and many other particulars, fo furprizing, that, when one
reads them in the accounts of voyagers, and particularly in
thofe of Baronde la Hontan, we can hardly believe but there
muft be in fuch excellent animals fomething more than a
bare mechanifm, or even inftinct. But, as thefe curiofities
have moFe connexion with fpeculative philofophy than com-
merce, we fhall not dwell any longer upon them ; and, in
the remaining part of this article, we fhall fpeak only of the
trade that is carried on in their rich furs, and of the ufes to
which they can be applied.
Though there are beavers to be found in feveral parts of Eu-
rope, as in France, along the rivers Rhone,
and Oyfe,
yet they are more frequently to in Germany and
be met with
in Poland, along the Elbe, and other rivers. The French,
and other merchants, trade chiefly in beavers of Canada,
from whence they get almoft all thofe they ufe ; and under
that denomination are comprehended thofe that come from
Acadia, from Hudfon's-Bay, and from all parts of North-
America. The merchants diftinguifh three forts of beavers,
though they are all fkins of the fame animal. The new
beaver, the dry beaver, and the fat beaver.
The new beaver, which is alfo called white beaver, or Muf-
covy beaver, becaufe it is commonly kept to be fent into Muf-
covy, is that which the favages catch in their winter hunting.
It is the beft, and the moft proper for making fine furs, be-
caufe it has loft none of its hair by fhedding.
The dry beaver, which is fometimes called lean beaver, comes
from the fummer hunting, which is the time when thefe an-
mals lofe part of their hair.
Though this fort of beaver be much inferior to the former,
yet it may alfo be employed in furs; but it is
the manufacture of hats. The French call it
or beaver.
The fat beaver is that which has contracted a certain grofs and
oilyhumour, from the fweat which exhales from the bodies
of the favages, who wear |it for fome time. Though this
fort be better than the dry beaver, yet it is
making of hats.
Befidcs hats and furs, in which the beaver's hair
ufed, they attempted in France, in the year 1699, to make
other manufactures of it and, accordingly, they made cloths,
: and carried in the meal to London. As it (rands on fnch a
flannels, (lockings, &c. partly of beaver's hair, and partly of
. ia This manufactory, which wa6 fet up at Pa-
v/ool.
ris, in Anthony's fuburb, fucceeded at firft pretty well
St.
and* according to the genius of the French, the novelty of
the thing brought into fomc repute the ftufi% ftockings,
;
n h d
gloves, and cloth, made of beaver's haic* But they wen*
Out of falhion on a fudden, becaufe it was found, by expe-
rience, that they were of a very bad wear, and, befiues, that
the colours faded very much : when they had been wet, they
became dry and hard, like felt, which occafioned the mifcar-
riagc of the manufactory for that time.
When the hair has been cut off from the beavers fkins, to
be ufed in the manufacturing of hats, thofe fkins are ftill
employed by feveral workmen ; namely, by the trunk-ma-
kers, to cover trunks and boxes ; by the fhoe makers, to put
into flippers ; and by turners, to make fieves for fifting grain
and feeds.
The French king had granted, to the Eaft-India company of
that nation, an exclufive privilege for the fale of beaver, by
a decree of his council, dated the 30th of May 1721 : but
judging, almoft immediately afterwards, that it was more
proper to fufpend the execution of it for a time, he re-ordered
it, by a decree of the 20th of July following: finally, having,
fince that time, caufed the memoirs fent from Canada to be
examined, as well as thofe which were prefented by the di-
rectors of the company, with regard to thofe two decrees,
his majefty, by a new decree of the 28th of January, 1722,
ordered,
1. That the decree of the 30th of May, 1721, mould be
executed, according to its tenor and purport, and that the
company fhould accordingly enjoy the fole privilege of felling
tobacco, agreeably to the letters patents of Auguft 1772,
and to the decrees of July 11, 17 18, and June 4, 17 19, on
condition that the faid company, according to their offers,
fhall pay, for the future, in Canada, 4 livres for the fat
beaver, and 40 fols for the dry beaver.
2. That all private perfons, except fuch manufacturers of
hats who had beavers fkins remaining of thofe which they
imported, in confequence of the liberty granted by the decree
the 1 ft of May, of the then prefent year 1722, without fend-
ing them out of the kingdom, under the penalty of forfeiting
: the merchandize, and paying a fine of 10,000 livres ; after
which time they fhall be obliged to deliver to the company
what they fhall have left, at the price abovementioned de-
ducting tare, as is ufual at the delivery of this merchandize.
3. Finally, as to the beaver imported from Canada fince
October 1721, which lies in the warehoufes of the ftaple-
towns of RocheUe, Bourdeaux, and other ports, and which
has been bought contrary to the decree of the 30th of May,
172 1, it fhall alfo, without delay, be delivered to the fame
company, at the prices abovementioned, and a fol per pound
befides for freight.
Beaver fkins, including the robes and kits, which are not in
whole fkins, pay duty of importation in France at the rate of
8 livres and 4 fols per pound; which amount to 820 livres
per joo weight, according to the decree of May 17, 1693,
and cannot be imported but by Roan, Dieppe, Havre de
Grace, and la Rochelle.
By the fame decree, beaver and otter hair cannot be imported
but by the fame ports as the beaver fkins, and pay duty of
importation at the rate of 15 livres, 7 fols, and 2 deniers per
pound, which amounts to 1536 livres per 100 weight.
Beaver, made entirely of beaver's hair.
fignifies alfo a hat
Ifere, A half beaver a hat in which other hair has been mixed
is
with beaver's hair. For more on this head, fee Canada,
and Hudson's-Bay Company.
BEDFORDSHIRE, a county in England, bounded on the
fouth and fouth-eaft by Hertfordfhire on the north and north-
;
eaft by Huntington and Cambridgefhires ; on the north -weft
by Northamptonfhire ; and on the weft by Buckinghamfhire.
The air is mild and healthy ; the foil a deep clay, and fruit-
ful both in tillage and pafture,' in the north parts, but fandy
in the middle. Its rivers are the Oufe and the Ivell.
The navigation of the former is of great fervice to the corn-
trade, whereof great quantities are fent down by it to Lynn,
a port-town in Norfolk, where it is fhipped for Holland. This
river divides the county into two parts the northern which is
:
the lefs, is the moft woody ; the fouthern has fpacious fields,
yielding plentiful crops of plump, white, and ftrong barley,
which, made into malt, is frequently fold in London, and
other parts, for that of Hertfordfhire. It has forefts and
parks, well ftored with deer, fat pafture for cattle, produces
chiefly ufed in great quantities of butter and cheefe, with fuller 's-earth, and
fummer caftor, woad for dying.
Its chief manufactures are bone lace and ftraw-hats. It is a
county well inhabited, and full of gentry.
Bedford, which is the county town, is a clean, well-built,
populous place, and (lands north of the Oufe. The neigh-
ufed only in the bouring foil is exceeding fruitful, efpecially of the beft wheat
in England, which is carried by waggons from hence and the
is commonly north part of the county, 20 miles beyond it, to the markets
of Hitchen and Hertford, where it is bought again ground,
navigablp rives, it drives a great a corn trade, efpecially in the
exportation of barley to Holland, by way of Lynn.
Leighton-Beauderart, by contraction called Buzzard,
is on the borders of Buckinghamfhire. Its market is generally
well ftored with cattle, and it's Whitfuntide fair with coah
Rfld
 BEE are not lefs inJuftrious than at other times to
B E E
make their
and ca'rt-horfcs,brought outof Northamptonfiiire, Leicefter-
London, Sur- harveft.
&c. and brought up here by jockies from
fhirc,
When they Cwarm, and the young ones which compofe the
rey,Suffex, and; other parts.
andhke- Cwarm are come out of the hive, they make, as it were, a
Voocurn, noted for plenty of fuller's-earth near it; cloud of flies in the an, that looks black, and is formed, as
kind of earth, which petrifies wood into
ltone.
wile another
jockey -caps. they march out, into ieeming Cquadrons and battalions, like
This town alio famous for the manufacture of
ah army. They follow clofe their leader, who is much larger
is

and the Lutons, and the Couth parts of this

Dunstable than the reft, and whole wings are much fhortcr, and who is
and Hert-
county, as far as the borders of Buckinghamfhirc
with the manufaaure of of a reddifh colour. When they lofe their leader, they become
fordfllirc; the people are taken Up
im- vagabonds, and this is a certain loCs to the proprietor. When,
bone lace, wherein they are wonderfully increafed and
efpecully the Cwarm are got out, they uCually affemble together, and
proved. Alfo the manufactures of draw-work, lodge upon fome Chady branch ; and, being there clofely knit,
into this county,
itraw-hats, fpreads itfelf from Hertfordfhire
years paft. it is then proper to hive them, left they fhould deCert for, ;

and is very greatly increafed within thefe twenty (hould they ftand long, till the fun Chines upon them, they wili
county famous, faid to be the
The woad, for which this is is
then feparate and fly away. When they are hived, it is pro-
die their bodies^
plant with which the ancient Britons ufed to
their enemies per to fet them in the fhade, from the heat of the fun, which
that they might appear the more terrible to
;

them Crom the incle- might melt their new Wax.

but rather, as" Come think, to preferve
this man- It is wax, for three years
alfo to be obfetvedj that the bees
mency of the weather. It is cultivated here after together, very plentifully productive in breeding of the
fow every year, and the old woad, except what is
ner they it
bees, and that the age of the honeycomb is very eafy to be
:

they Cave for feed, is plucked up. The beginning or March

middle of May for crop-
known by its colour; for the firft year it is whitifh, the fe-
is the CeaCon for Cowing it* and the brown ; when
cond it is yellow, and the third but, older, it
ping it. It is beft in a dry year, but far more plentiful in a
& turns black, barren, and without production, and then the
is
wet one. It is cropped commonly four or five times a year,
every one after bees ccaCe to make honey, or breed more Cwarms.
as it comes up; but the firft crop is beft, and * I have hives', Cays a gentleman who was a curious obfervef
is oradually worfe. When gathered, it is immediately ground
when balled,
of theCe animals, made oC two pieces, in Corm of a barrel,
(mall in a mill, till it becomes fit to ball; and,
* or fugar-loaf, cut in the middle; Co that I need not deftroy
it is laid upon hurdles to dry, and
then ground into powder
* the bees ; and I take the hortey oC the hives from year to
ACter this it is Cpread on a floor, and watered, which
iscalled
perfectly
* year, by lifting up one year one part, and the following-
touching; and then it is turned every day, till it is
* the other, according as they are found full, and, inftead of
drv and" mouldy, which is called filtering. After filvering
* tbofe that are full of honey, I put empty ones.' It is re-
it is weighe.l, and put into a bag, containing 200 weight, I

on it, markable that bees delight much near water, and watery
and then Cent to the dyers, to try it, who Cct a price !

places, ufing a great deal of it in aflifting them to make

according to us goodnefsj the beft is valued at about
18I. a
honey *.
tun. Sec Woad.
infect, which produces honey, that
fweet
BEE, a kind of fly, or Dr. Warder confirms the fame, and direcls Cmall trough*
and ufeful juice, of which there is Co large a trade carried on of Water, with thin boards fwimming therein, for the bees
in Europe, and eCpecially in France. The bee alfo produces to drink at, and to prevent their drowning.
wax.
The bees, or honey-flics, are little infects, the nature and further bbfervable, that amongft the bees there are drones,
It is
conduct of which is nokCs wonderful than their labour is be- which will not go into the fields at all ; or iC they do, which is
neficial to mankind, lince they furnifh us with honey and
wax,
but Crom noon till about Cour o'clock, they bring nothing
both which are very confidcrablc commodities in the way of home with them, but, on the contrary, eat the honey made
traffic. by others; and the induCtrious bees kill the drones f, which
are much larger and blacker than the others, and have no
Of the generation of bees. Clings ; but, when you prefs their tails, there 2ppear two Cmall

The production of bees, at firft, is, that they breed Crom a
kind of little white germen, or fperm, that is pofited at the
bottom of the (mill holes, or Cockets, that make up the honey-
comb, whi:h the bees make in their hives. This Cperm, aC-
fifted by the natural heat of the bees, increafes, and becomes
a knot of white maggots, which, at the beginning of its for-
mation, has no refemblance of the bee, but, in a month's
The bees generate Crom
tune, it comes out of the Cocket.
February to the end oC October, if the hive be in good con-
dition: they Cwarm in May and June ; but the May Cwarms
are more valued, becaufe they are ftronger than thoCe that
are later.
How the bees prepare for their prefervation.
Towards the end of the winter, as Coon as the weather be-
comes a little mild, as in the month of February, the bees
venture out of their hives, range the fields, and bring home
wax of different colours, as white, yellow, or red, which
flicks, like little lentils, on the hinder part of their thighs,
and which, when entered into the hives, they induttrioufly
quit ihemfelves of, and form with it their lodgments. It is
obfervable, that the Came Cockets are the places wherein they
horns, like tranCparent fkins, which are yellow at the end. In
Poland and Mulcovy the bees make their hives in the trunks
of old trees, and afford plenty of honey, on which the peafants
almoft Cubfift, without any alTiltance, which is contrary to
the nature of ours.
f The drones, according to fome, are judged to be ftallione
to the queen-bee, who peoples this little commonwealth.
In forhe countries, where the bees have not all the year round
a competency of agreeable matter whereon to Ceed, a method
has been Cound to remove the hives, with their inhabitants,
elfewhere, and afterwards bring them back again. Accord-
ing to the curious defcription of Egypt by MonfieurMailler,
this is done in the following manner:
The inundation of the Nile rendering the countries very fer-
tile, the inhabitants Cend their bees annually into diftant coun-
tries, in order to get Ciiftenance, at a time when they could
not find any 2t home, and afterwards bring them back. The
people of Lower Egypt obferved anciently that all the fruits
of the earth ripened fooner in upper Egypt than in their parts,
which made a difference of above fix weeks between the two
countries hence they gave their bees the advantage. The
:

depofite their Cperm, whence are generated the other bees, and
expedient which they made ufe of then is employed at prefenti
which are lilled with honey, as they become empty, by the pro-
About the end oC October, all who embark them poffeCs hives
duction of the young bees which they inclofe. They collect on the Nile, ancf convey them up Upper that river, quite to
their honey comb, or wax, from all forts of flowers, as the
Egypt; they bbferving to arrive thither at the time when, the
rofe, the orange, the peafe-bloom, and the daiCy-flowers.
inundation withdrawing, the lands have beenfowed^ and the
They bring befides the common wax, a purplifli kind, firmer
flowers "begin to bud.
than the yellow, and Ccrving them to ftop the cracks about * The hives being come to this part of Egypt^ are there placed
their hives. This wax is of a ftrong Cmell, and very different * pyramidically, irr boats prepared for that purpoCe, after be-
from the common kind. ' ing marked and numbered by the Ceveral owners who Cent
* them there. In this place ih'e bees feed, in the fields, du-
How the bees gather their honey. 4
ring fome days. Afterwards, when it is fuppofed that they
The beft CeaCori oC the year Cor the bees to gather their
honey, ' have got in all the honey and" wax that could be met with
is towards the latter end of April, and in May, at which time 4
within two or three leagues round, their conductors convey
they go out by break of day, when the air is gentle and Ce- ' them in the Came boats, two or three leagues lower, and
rene, and gather the dew, which is more plentiful and com- * there leave the laborious infects Co long time as is neceffary

mon at that time than any other of the year. They return
as quick as they can into their hives, to difcharge, into the
holes alligned them, the honey-dew they have gathered from
the iimples of the field, and which they have fucked irito
their bodies, and throw it up again, as pigeons do their food
' Cor them to collect all the riches of the fpot in queftion.'
Thus the nearer they come to the place of their abode, the
earth forwards its productions, and the plants flourifh in pro-
portion. ' In
fine, about the beginning of February, after
* having travelled through the whole length of Egypt (gather-'

wherewith they feed their young; and, when they have filled * ing all the rich produce of their delightful banksof the Nile)
a Cocket with this honey, they clofe and feal it up with a 4
they arrive at the mouth of that river, towards the ocean,
fmall piece of wax, to prevent it from flowing out again. 4
whence they out, and return to their refpective habita-
fet
Towards the end of June and July, when the dews are not * tiens : taken to fet down exactly, in a roll, or
for care is
fo plentiful as during the months or" April and May, it hap- 4
regifter, every diftrict whence the hives Cet out in the be-
pens ftill there are fome dew? mornings, in which the bees '
ginning of the feaCon their number, and the names of the
:

Vol. I. 3 N ' par*

 BEE
1
particular perfons who fent them; as likewife the mark or
' number of the boats in which they were placed, according
* to their feveral habitations.'
This feems to prove how exceedingly advantageous it is for
perfons to live in the neighbourhood of a great river, when
their fields are not very abundant in flowers, or fuflicient to
fupport thefe animals during every feafon. I conceive that
bees, by taking a little voyage upon a river, and enjoying the
fpring of a dry country, with the autumn of a fat, fhady
foil, may thus be fupported the year round. But, in order to
do this, the owners of hives muft live near a navigable ri-
ver, otherwife what has been obferved would be defeated ;
and many places have not fuch an advantage.
Yet this defect may be fupplied by land carriage. Columella
informs us, that the Greeks conftantly conveyed every year
bees from Achaia into Attica; and this becaufe that, at the
time when the flowers in Achaia are gone, thofe of Attica be-
gan to blow. Monfort relates, that the people of the country
of Juliers ufed the fame practice; and that, at a certain fea-
fon of the year, they carried bees to the foot of mountains
covered with thyme, and that of the wild kind. As thefe
inftances, being borrowed from remote times, may not have
their due weight, it may not be amifs to obferve that Mon-
fieur Proutaut makes his bees travel like thofe of the Greeks
of Achaia. This ingenious artift has fet up a manufacture
for whitening wax, at Yeuvre-la-Ville, near Petivres, in the
diocefe of Orleans, in France, and there keeps a great num-
ber of hives.
This fpot is one of thofe in which flowers become fcarce very
foon, and where few are feen, after the corn is ripened. He
then fends his bees into Beauce, or le Gatimois, in cafe it has
rained in thofe parts; This is a journey of about 20 miles.
But, if he concludes that the bees could not meet, in either
of thefe countries, wherewith to employ themfelves advan-
tageoufly, he then has them carried into Sologne, about the
beginning of Auguft, as knowing they will there meet with
buck-wheat in flower, which will continue fo till about the
end of September.
The land conveyance of thefe infects being far more difficult
than that by water, the contrivance of Mr. Proutaut is, firft,
to examine thofe hives, fome of whofe honey-combs might
be broken or feperated, by the jolting of the vehicle, to pre-
vent which they are made fail one to the other, and againft
the partition of the hive, by means of fmall flick?, which
may be difpofed differently, as occafion will (hew. This be-
ing done, every hive is fet upon a packing-cloth, or fome-
thing like it, the threads of which are very wide: they then
turn up the fides of this cloth, and lay them on the outfide of
each hive, and tie them together with a piece of. fmall pack-
thread, obferving to wind it feveral times round. They af-
terwards place in a cart, built for that purpofe, as many hives
as it will hold. The hives are fet two and two, the whole
length of the cart. Over thefe others are placed, which make,
as it were, a fecond lay, or bed, of hives. Thefe muft be
always put topfy turvy ; it is for the fake of their honey-combs,
and to fix them the better, that the hives are difpofed after
this manner for fuch as have no honey-combs, or very
; fmall
ones, are placed in their natural fituation. Care is taken in
this ftowage, not to let one hive flop up another, it being ef-
fentially neceflary for the bees to have air; and it is for this
reafon they are wrapped up in a coarfe cloth, the threads of
which are wove very wide, in order that the air may have a
freepaffage, and qualify the violent heat which thefe infects
raife in their hives, efpecially when they move about very tu-
multuoufly, as often happens in thefe carts. Thofe ufed for
this purpofe in Yevre hold from 30 to 48 hives. As foon as
all arc thus flowed, the caravans fet out. If the feafon is
fultry, they travel only in the night; but, in cool days, they
make a proper advantage of them. You will imagine that
they do not ride port: the horfes muft not be permitted even
to trot; they are led flowly, and through the fmootheft roads.
If any hives are void of honey-combs, or have not fufficient
to fupport the bees during their journey, which is more than
of one day, they are made to (lay in the place where they
happen to be. 'I he fort of hives we are fpeaking of, are taken
out of the cart/are fet upon the ground, and, after removing
the packing- cloth, an aperture is made at the bottom of every
hive, by which the bees ifl'ue forth, in order to procure them-
felves provifions abroad. The firft field they come to ferves
as an inn to them. In the evening, as foon as they are all re-
turned, the hives are fhut up, and being placed again in the
cart thry proceed on their journey. When the caravan is ar-
rived at their journey's end, the baikets are fet up and down
in the gardens, or in fields adjacent to thehoufes of
different
ptafants, who, for a very fmall
reward, undertake to look af-
ter them. It is thus that, in fuch l'pots
as are not very abun-
dant in flowers, means are found to fupply the wants of bees
during the whole year.
Remarks.
Honey and wax, the productions of thefe delicate animals,
being commodities of ery general ufe and benefit to man-
kinJ, and affording divers branches of traffic, of rto incon-
BEE
is the reafon of our intimating the meafurei
fidcrable extent, .
which have been fuggeftcd for the more than ordinary care
and nourifhmentof thefe active infects. It is certain that the
methods beforementioned have been fuccefsfully practifed;
and how much farther the profitable care of thefe ufeful crea-
tures may be carried, is not eafy to fay. It docs not feem
at all irrational to conjecture that variety of melliferous herbs
and flowers might, in many parts, be planted adjacent td
the reftdence of bees, without their being made itinerants^
which would, perhaps, afford them conitant nourifhment at.
all feafons of the year: that is to fay, that fuch quantities of
fuitable herbs, flowers, and vegetables, might, by the means
of hot-beds, be preferved, fo as to afford them fuftenance at
all times. And thefe meafures, together with well-contrived,
warm apiaries, I am inclined to think, might render bees fat
more profitable than they have yet been.
The making effays of this nature would well become perfons of
leifure, and who are rurally well fituated for fuch experiments.
The expence would be inconfiderable to people of fortune,
and the amufement not a little engaging and delectable to thofe
who have a true gout for the ftudies of nature. are con- We
vinced, from inftances innumerable, that art will furprifmgly
aflift nature, and be productive of infinite variety of effects,
which were unknown to our forefathers, who had made no
progrefs in the experimental philofophy, which is the only
kind of philofophy that can be of utility in regard to traffic.
We well know the care and tendcrnefs requifite for the pre-
fervation of that other important animal, the filk-worm:
without the application of art for their breed and nourifh-
ment, we fhould not experience that plenty of their eltimable
and delightful productions.
Honey, properly managed, we are fenfible yields a moft de-
licate kind of liquor. This is much ufed in the northern
countries, where great cold hinders the growth of the grape,
and production of wine; but kind nature has bountifully pro-
vided them with honey, which they make into a fpirituous
liquor with water, and efleem it as much, yea, fome prefer
it before wine.
Mead, metheglin, and hydromel, are all prepared from honey,
which is afweet ju
exuding from the flowers of a great va-
ice,
riety of vegetables, bitter as well as fweet, and fucked up
from them by the bees, and laid up in their combs. Honey
'
was formerly thought to have different qualities, according to
the different plants and flowers it was gathered from; but later
difcoverieshaveproved thistobe falfe. Honey is a natural foap,
attenuating, aperitive, loofening, cleanfing, and ftimulating,
of very high elleem before the ufe of iugar, and, in feveral
cafes, far exceeds it, as for a pectoral, diuretic, %c. and nei-
ther heats, dries, nor conftringes, till after fermentation ; for,
before that, the fpirit is not let at liberty.
But we muft confider thele three liquors as they are after fer-
mentation. All thefe are made with honey and water, and
fome aromatics, as cinnamon, ginger, nutmegs, cloves, &c.
and fermented with yeft after boiling; the lait is only honey
and water boiled, and barrelled clofe, without fermentation.
Thefe are the chief drinks of Ruilia, Mulcovy, Lithuania,
and Tartary ; and many in Britain are wife enough not to dt-
fpife thofe liquors; for what is produced from the animal na-
ture may afford more kindly and lalubrieus drinks than any
from the vegetable.
Fermented mead, having the effential oil and falts of the
flowers from which the honey is gathered, broken, and mixed
with the water, and reduced to a fubtile, volatile fpirit, be-
comes of the nature of wine, when it is kept to a ri*ht ae
i. e. till it be clear, fine, and of a pleafdnt, vinous taite ;
which, if rightly made, it mult be, confidenng that honey is
the moft effential, fubtile, and fine parts or flowers and ;
for this reafon, mead muft be a very wholefome liquor, be-
caufe it is a curious and chemical collection of the beft prin-
ciples of aromatic and cordial flowers.
Mead muft alfo be an excellent nervous wine, increafe the
animal fpirits, and inflate the dehcate tubes with it's volatile
and exalted parts, and fit them better for vigorous motion
and action; and, as it affords plenty of nervous juices that
will fupply the nerves of involuntary motion, itrenothen the '
heart, promote circulation, and prove a great cordial fat"
beyond brandy, aqua vitae, or French wine; becaufe, their
fpirits being dripped of their mucous phlegm, and left naked
they foon exhale and leave their phiegm to thicken the blood
load the veffels, and weaken the fibres; but the fpirits of
mead and metheglin, being ftill more wrapped up in the oily
parts, continue longer in the body, invigorate thcfolids and
keep them longer in play.
Mead is excellent in all languifhings and decays of nature*
it is a milk for old people, a great itrengthener of
the folids
of the phlegmatic, an attenuater of the blood, an invieora-
ter of the loaded abdominal veffels, and a powerful
reviver
cf the fpirits of melancholy perfons.
It is a powerful diure-
tic, cleanfes the kidnies, urethers, and bladder, of all fandy
mucilaginous, gravelly, and exotic, tardy bodies. As it af-
fords plenty of animal fpirits, which invigorate the nerVe3
and fibres, they attenuate, mix, and prepare the blood for
fecretion and excretion; by this property, and it's multitude
of effential falts, it fcoars the glands and lymphatics, clean'es
away
 BEE BEE
r.w..y the vifciditics of the blood it fortifies the ftomach, and
; thod of gathering the wax, efpecially when it ]i ruM v

promotes digeftion bowels,Dy it's gently ftimulating the

in the plentiful, is to carry away all the little particles of it wnh
ftiufcular fibre:;, attenuates the vifciditics lodged in the glands, their jaws and foit-feet, into a focket or cavity, that opens at
:-.m-I a fords a nervous juice. their hinder-feet.
But hydromel, that is, honey and water boiled, and kept un- This cavity is made to receive the wax, like a fpoon, and
fermented,' with cinnamon, ginger, and nutmegs, is a the hair, which covers their feet, Cerves to keep the burden
powerful cleanfer of the lungs, it helps expectoration, and fixed and fteady, till they return home. They are Cometimes
lheaths the (harp prickling falls which tickle the tracheal expoCed to inconveniencies in this work, by the mot on oC the
elands; for that, not having undergone fermentation, abound.-; air, and the delicate texture of the flowers which bend under

with m.tnyoily parts and falts, which, not being fo minute their feet, and hinder them from packing up their booty, on

and fubtle as in the other, prick not, nor ftirnulate the nerves which occafions they fix themfelves on fome fteady place,
and glands ;neither are the oily parts fo grofs as to cloy and where they prefs the wax into a mafs, and wind it round their
load the fmall vefl'els of the lungs, but foftcn and fmooth legs, making frequent returns to the flowers and, when they ;

them, Chcath the fharp irritating falts, and fmooth the in- have flocked themfelves with a fufficient quantity, they im-
fides of the vellelswith a noble balfamic litus, which defends mediately repair to their habitation.
them from pungency and irritation, till they recover ftrength Two men in the compafs of a whole day, could not amafs
and elafticity Whereby they make oft" and propel any vilcid
; fo much as two little balls of wax ; and yet they are no more
or (aline moiftute, which might fluff, load, or tickle them. than the common burden of a fingle bee, and the produce of
Thus are honey and mead oi unfpcakablc fervice to the dil- one journey. Thofe who are employed in collecting the wax
eafes of the brcaft. And alfo where the bowels are fluggifh from flowers, are affiftcd by their companions, who attend
and inactive, and do not anfwer or where they are too dry ; them at the door oC the hive, eaCc them of their load at their
and ftift", and want glandular moifturc to expedite the pafTage arrival, brufh their feet, and fhake out the two balls of wax ;

of the faeces, mead is good, becaufe it's grofs falts prick and upon which the others return to the fields to gather new trca-
ftirup the intellincs to their office, or it's grofs oil lubricates Cures, whilft thoCe whodifburdened them, convey their charge

and foftens them, caufes the glands to give way to the impulfe to the magazine. However, there are Come bees, who, when
of the circulating blood, and their excretory ducts arc foften- they have brought their load home have carried it themfelves'
cd and widened hence a large quantity of intcftinal glandu-
; to a lodge, and there delivered it, laying hold oC one end with
lar juice, whereby {tool is provoked, lint vinous mead has their hinder feet, and with their middle feet Aiding it out of
not this effect, becaufe the fermentation has fubtilized it's oil the lavity that contained it.

and falts fo much, that they readily get through thefirftpaflages Thele parcels of wax continue a few moments in the lodge,
into the blood, without producing that effect. The (enomali till another let of bees come, to knead it with their feet, into

11. e. wine and honey mixed) of the antients, will flill make different Cheats laid upon one another.
the wine more pectoral ; that- is to fay, the oil and vifcid parts This is the unwrought wax, which is eafily diftinguifhed to
of the honey will obtund or fheath up the tartar of the wine, be the produce of different flowers, by the variety of colours
fo as it will not prick nor tickle the glands of the throat, to ex- which appear in each Cheet. When they afterwards come to
cite a troublefomc cough the wine, on the other hand, will
; work it, they knead in; they purify and whiten it,
make the honey more cordial, ftomachic, and of quicker di- and then reduce it to a uniform colour. They u rc this wax
geftion. with a wonderful frugality fir it is eafy to dbferve, that the
;

Mead, and preparations of honey, arc moft difagreeable to

all whole family is conducted with prudence, and all their ac-

choleric conititutions, becaufe it foon degenerates into the tions regulated by good government.
nature of bile, caufes terrible gripes, bilious cholics, and The matter which conftitutes this wax, is of a certain bal-
not feldom death it is alfo hurtful in ardent fevers, becaufe
: famic nature, and appears in very Cmall quantities, upon the
it's fpirits will increafe the violent and impetuous motion of CurCace oC the leaves oC Come plants, where it is infpiffated by
the humours, and exafperate the difeafe. It is no lefs un- the heat of the fun ; as is manifeft in rofemary.
fuitable for hot Cummer weather, becauCe then the folids are There arc alfo often found in other plants certain very minute
lax, digeftion flow, and it, lying on the ftomach, meets globules, rifing from the opcnfeminal tufts in the main part
with the biles, and turns into an acid, which prefently raifes of the flower ; thefe can fcarce be collected by any human
a violent cholic fo that, as cyder is adapted for the Cummer,
: means, but I have fometimes found, Cays Boerhaave, upon
fo is this Cor the winter. Mead, drank bcCore it be fine, palls frequently cohobating Cpirit of wine upon rofemary leaves, an
the ftomach, goes flowly oft", caufes belchings, flatulency, unexpected and ungrateful tafte or fmcll of wax, fouling the
indigeftion, naufea and vomiting, from the vifcidity it had Cpirit, which before was good and, upon viewing theCe
;

not jet depofited, wherein the contained air rarifies, expands, leaves with a microCcope, I thought I di ("covered little waxy
and caufes an explofion ; and thefe vifcidities, meeting with rifings of thefurface, and, upon handling them confiderably,
the bile, cafily turn into the fame, and fo caufe bilious vomit- I evidently found wax (ticking to my fingers.

ing, pain in the bowels, and loofeneCs and, becauCe it con-; Bees wax, therefore, appears to be a certain fpecies of tur-
tains both much fpirit and viCcous parts, it eafily caufes pentine, which the fat juices of plants, when heated by the
drunkennefs, hard to get oft*. fun, fwcat out upon the furface, or produce within the cavi-
From thefe obfervations it is apparent, that all liquids, like of the flowery tufts. This the bees collect, as before
all folids, are not fuitable to every constitution, which alio dcfciibed. generally yellow, and not ungrateful either
It is
thews the folly of depending on empirics for the preservation in tafte or fmell ; it becomes hard and almoft brittle in the
of-health, who, having no true philofophy, cannot poflibly cold, but gtows foft, and difiblves with heat.
make a true judgment of any medicine they confidently pre-
scribe. And every phvfician may be truely faid to be nothing Of the medicinal ufe of Bees wax.
better than an impudent quack, who is not thoroughly ac-
quainted with the fpecific nature of the drugs, and the mi- The water, vinegar, foetid fpirit, and butter, from wax, di-
nerals he daies to adminilter. Yet there are too many who ftilled by the retort.
lupcrciliouMy (hut about the town, pick people's pockets by
wholefale, who neither know one drug from another, when Process I.
they fee them together, nor Ckilfully to perform one procefs
Half fill a glafs retort with fine wax, cut into pieces Cmall
in chymiftry. But, if they have heard a few lectures, and
enough to enter the wide mouth thereof; then pour clean
read Boerhaave, upon thofe fubjects, and got the technical
fand upon it, fo as to fill the retort, which is now to be gently
terms bv wrote, they dogmatically prate away before their ig-
warmed till the wax melts, and/ufficiently imbibes and mixes
norant patients and others, and pafs for profound fellows :

among the fandfet the retort in a Cand furnace, apply a re-

:
when, if they were catechized in the whole of medicinal phi-
ceiver, and with a gradual fire there uCually firft comes
diftil :

lofophy, before thefe who are judges, their patients would be

over a little tartifh water^-of a difagreeable fetid odour, along
allonifhed, to think that they had tiufted their lives in the
with a little Cpirit-; when with a' gentle heat oC 214 degrees
hands of fuch pedants in phyfic ; whofe knowledge has only
nothing more afcends, change the receiver, and raife the fire ;
been flolen from the files of apothecaries, and whofe fuccefs
by which means there will gradually arife a thin oil of a whitifh
has been owing to a low and deteftible cunning, rather than to
colour, and concrete, like butter, in the receiver. When this
any real merit in their profeflion.
ceafes, apply a violent fire of Cuppreflion, upon which the
Bees wax. The wax is a provifion not lefs neceflary for the
whole body of the wax will foon come over into the receiver,
bee, than the honey itfelf they build their apartment with
:

and there appear in a folid form, like butter j having loft the
it, and it clofes the cells of the nymphs, as well as thofe
hard brittle nature cf wax, and melting oily. So much fand:
where the honev is treafured. When any accidents happen,
fhould be here mixed with the wax, as to prevent it's explo-
any fractures open, or whenever the fpecies grow too nume-
five fuelling, as would Otherwife happen in the boiling.
rous, they recur to the wax ; and therefore are always care-
ful to provide a competent quantity in time. They Cearch The U s E.

for it upon all forts of trees and plants, but efpecially the roc- Here it is whole body of the wax is vo-
manifeft, that the
ket, the fingle poppy, and generally all kinds of flowers. They latile, with ; in which refpect there-
a certain degree of fire
amafs it with their hair, with which their whole body is in- fore, theCe fubftances agree with camphire, though camph;re
verted. It is pleafant to fee them roll in the yellow duft, be much more volatile." Hence we fee alfo that wax, which
which fall from the chives to the bottom of the flowers, and iswholly inflammable, may exift in a hard and almoft brittle
then return covered with the fame grains ; but their belt me- form j and when diffolved in hot water, then Corced through
a
 BEE
& linen ftrainer, and poured into {hallow, metalline moulds,
fa as to form little cakes thefe being expofed to the open air
;
and fun, and frequently fprinlcled with pure water, the wax
is thus blanched or whitened ; and, though it now alfo con-
fumes in flame, yet it is almoft as brittle as glafs fo as to
feem a very different thing from oil; Inflammable vegetable
oils, therefore, may under the various forms of oil,
exilt
balfam, rofih, pitch, dry tearsj wax, and butter. From
whence we may further obferve, that the fire can make true
liquid oils from bodies, which appeared not tojbe oils before.
And this convernon of wax into butter is durable for it does
not return to hard wax again in a very long time< but con-
ftantly remains a foft butter, even in the greateft cold. I have
kept this butter of wax^ fays Boerhaave, above twenty years,
in a glafs cylindrical veffel, whofe wide mouth was only loofe-
ly covered with paper, yet in all this time it did not return to
wax ; whereas the raoft liquid oil of turpentine foon grows
thick, like thin turpentine itfelf*; fo that the different effects
of fire upon the bare oily parts of plants is furprifing, conse-
quently no certain rules can hence belaid down for the action
of fire upon oils.
* Quere. Whether the oil of turpentine being imbibed and
mixed with fand in the retort, as in this cafe of the wax,
would not fo volatilize it; as effectually to prevent the coa-
gulation of the one as well as the other ? Does not the fand
abforj) that infpifiating congealing quality the one we find in
and not in the other, by not ufing fand not the
? Or will
proper application of certain abforbient earths, to all vege-
table, refinous, or waxy bodies, imbibe that internal fiery
quality, which is the cauie of coagulation ; and thereby fo
volatilize them, as to render them a durable butter, as in the
prefent cafe ?
Camphire, which is a pure inflammable oil,
pbife again, and riot a by the
liquid oil, after being raifed
fire. The butter of wax, thus prepared, extreme- affords an
ly foft anodyne unguent, agreeable to the nerves, highly emol-
lieot and relaxing, and, when rubbed upon the parts, proves
ferviceable in contractions of the limbs, and fuccefsfully pre-
ferves thefkin from roughnefs, drynefs, arid cracking in the
cold, or the winter: it alio proves excellent in the fllarp pains
of the hemorrhoids.
The butter of wax turned into a liquid oil,
inftillation by the retort*
Process II.
Melt the butter of wax over a gentle fire to a liquid oil^ then
pour through a funnel, firft well heated, into a glafs-retort
it
alfo well heated before-hand, fo as to half fill the retort,
with care to prevent any of the butter from fticking to the
neck thereof, becaufe in that cafe the grofs matter would fall
into the receiver, which fhould here be avoided. Set the re-
tort in a fand furnace, lute on a clean receiver, and diftil
cauiiouflv, managing the fire fo, that one drop may follow
another at the diltance of fix feconds ; when nothing more
comes over with this degree of heat, raife the fire, and diftil
as before, and continue in this manner increafing the fire with
the fame caution, fo long as any butter remains in the retort ;
ahd by this means all the butter will come over, fcarce leaving
any Fseces behind ; and a thickifhoil, not much diminifhed in
quantity, be found inftead of butter in the receiver. If this
oil of wax be again dillillcd in like mnnner, it always be-
comes more liquid, fofr, tranfparenr, and thin, fo as at length
to refemble a fubrile, limpid oil and, the oftener the diftilla-
:
tion is repeated, the more mild and gentle, yet the more pe-
netrating, the oil becomes.
The U s e.
Hence it appears, that the action of the fire more and more
attenuates certain oily bodies of plants, yet without render-
ing them acrimonious, but on the contrary always milder,
though fame lime more penetrating ; for this laft oil
at the
of wax an incomparable remedy for the difeaies ot the ner-
is
vous papilla; in the external (kin, and has fcarce it's equal in
curing chapt lips in the winter, chapt nipples in the women
who give fuck, and in the cracking of the fkin of the hands
and fingers, being fometimes gently anointed therewith.
]r is alfo ferviceable in JifcufJingcold tumours, arifing on the
face or fingers in the winter and curing contracted tendons,
;
and the of the limbs thence arifing being ufed along
rigidity
i fomentations, and motion ; for it has a fingular
virtue in thus tcftoring flexibility to the parts: being frequent-
and is
ly rubbed upon the abdomen, it prevents coflivenefs ;
therefore excellent in effect ually curing the difeafes of children.
A further ufe of thefe kinds of oils.
After the chymiffs had juflly fhewn the phyficians the fpirit
ing in effential oils, contained in a fmall volume, all
the
particular virtues of the plant, phyficians prudently reflected
that from thence they had an excellent inftrument
in their art,
prevented, in
but that the unctuous tenacity of the oil ftill
many cafes, it's being ufed with fafcty, becaufe thefe oils
BEE
J
being extremely fharp, and by their tenacity remaining fixed
to one part, occafioned inflammations. Wherefore they
began to think of a method of rendering thefe oil- mifcible
with water, and uniformly conveying their entire virtues to
: the places intended, and this they found might be effected by
the means of fugar.
Grind therefore an ounce of dry loaf-fugar to an impalpable
powder, in a glafs mortar, with a glafs peft le, and by de-
grees add thereto a drachm of any effential oil, or half a
drachm, if the oil be very tenacious, and continue rubbing
;
them together, till the oil be thoroughly incorporated with
the fugar. The oil in this operation ufually diffufing a fra-
grancy, it fhould be performed quick. Thus fugar, which
is a pure foap, or a true effential oily fait, divides the glu-
tinous tenacity of the oil, interpofes itfelf betwixt the prin-
ciples thereof, unites them clofely together, and makes an
extemporaneous foap j which may thus be commodioufly di-
luted with water for medicinal ufes for though this mixture :
is not fo perfect: as in an actual foar;, or true effential fait,
yet it fufflces for ufe nor is there reafon to apprehend any
:
inconvenience from the fugar in this preparation ; for fugar is
unjuftly faid to be unwholefome, as there are no proofs extant
thereof.
On the contrary, it is a wonderful fait that perfectly mixes
with water, and ferments therewith into wine ; and yet what is
again furprifing, it appears oleaginous, and perfectly inflam-
mable in the fire whence it is known to confift of oil and
;
fait.
If thefe elaeofaccharums be well prepared, dried, and put in-
to clean glaffes, exactly clofed with glafs ftoppels, they may
long be preferved perfect ; and, in this manner, very effec-
tual medicines might be commodioufly carried from place to
place, and be directly ufed on journies, by adding a little of
the elaeofaccharum to a glafs of wine. By this method, there-
becomes cam-
fore, phyficians, if acquainted with practical chymiftry, may
prepare an excellent medicine, rich in virtues ; for if the
eljeofaccharum of mint be diffolved in diftilled mint water,
then ftrengthned with the addition of the fpirit of mint, and
the mixture fweetened with the fyrup of the fame plant, the
whole virtue of mint may thus be obtained. In like manner
the before defcribed oil of wax may by the means of fugar be
made an elaeofaccharum, which, if properly applied, may be
taken internally with fuccefs.
Herice appears the faponaceous property of fugar, which fits
upon repeated
it for breaking and dividing the bodies of oils, as if they
were in a manner fermented with fugar ; and at the fame,
time it does notdiminifh, but rather improves, the particular
virtues of thefe oils. The antients, therefore, who were un-
acquainted with fugar, mixed oils with honey for the like
purpofe. Arid hence we learn the virtue of fugar in the
body, where, being diluted with the natural juices, it affords
a faponaceous lixivium ; which, by the force of circulation,
diffolves unctuous and vifcous matters ; whence it does not
generate but diffolve phlegm, nor increafe the bile, nor turn
into it, but opens, thins, and divides it ; though, by diffolving
the oils too much, it may occafion leannefs, as by attenuating
too much it produces a weaknefs and relaxation of the parts,
and is therefore often found hurtful in the rickets, and the
fcurvy.
Having fhewn the medical ufe of bees-wax, by way of chy-
we fhall fhew it's utility in other refpects.
mical analyfis,
Of the ufe of bees-wax in the folidbody.
There is a very confiderable traffic in the yellow and white
Wax. The firft fort is made from the preffing of the honey-
comb over a fire, with a fufficient quantity of water ; and,
when all is diffolved, they ftrain through a cloth ; this done,
it
they melt it, and feu in off the drofs and froth, and afterwards
caft it into cakes.
In the refining of wax, fome perfons ufe Roman, or fome other
vitriol, but the belt method feems to be by well melting.
That which we call wax, is, in it's natural ftate, the honey-
comb, which contains the honey in the hive. Poland, Bar-
bary, Bretagne, and feveral parts of France, furnifh a great-
deal Of yellow wax ; but that of Dantzick, Bretagne, and
Champagne, is reckoned the beft ; but it is of little confe-
quence from what place it comes, provided it be pure and of
a good kind.
In the choice thereof, that is the beft which is of a high
yellow colour, a good fmell, eafy to break, and does not
;
itick to the teeth ; and take care that it be the fame inwardly as
outwardly and, when in large cakes, as that from Dantzick,
:
obferve that there be no water, ftones, or earth in the middle,
or that it be not mixed with rofin, white frankincenfe, or
pitch, or coloured with turmeric or roucou.
The ufe of yellow wax is confiderable for feveral forts of
works as tapers, candies, flambeaux, images, anatomical
,
and other curious works, fealing-wax, &c Befides it's be-
fore-mentioned ufe in medicine, it is likewife ufed by way of
giving a body to unguents and plaifters.
We meet with, befides this, in the hives, a kind of red wax,
called virgin wax, or propolis, which is that the bees ufe to
Itop up the chinks or holes of the hives, to hinder the cold
ail

BEE
air from entring. And therefore, the more cracks or holes
there are about a hive, the more propolis will be found there.
This was ance much ufed, but, at prefent, is hardly known
in the fhops, though it has been found very good in nervous
cafes.
The white wax is made out of the yellow, cut by a certain
enine into fmall flakes, and then bleached in the fun, by
which it will become very white. See the article WAx.
It is then caft into round cakes, fome thicker, fomc thinner.
That is the beft which finells well, and chews hard, not
mixed with fheep's fuet, and is withal of a clear colour, with-
out any caft of yellownefs. The laft, and mod proper to
turn white, is the yellow wax of Brctagne, which when
it is well made, as that ufually is of Chateau Gontierj eight
leagues from Angiers, which paffes for the befl fort in France,
will be pure, white, clear, tranfparent, in thick cakes, that
when broken betwixt the teeth, does not Hick, neither has
any ill tafte or fecnt.
It with this fine wax the fincft works are made.
is And we
reckon, after the Chateau Gontier wax, the fecond fort, that
of Angicrs ; the third fort that of Mons ; the fourth that of
Holland, which is generally brought in great cakes of four or
five hundred weight ; and the firft fort is that we call the
Dutch wax royal the fifth is that of Amboife the fixth of
; ;
Chaumont, near Troycs ; the feventh, and the worft, is that
of Rouen, becaufe of the great addition of fuet they put in,
and it is better or worfe, according to the quantity of fuet
wherewith it is mix d.
At Montpelier France, they are reckoned to have one of
in
the beft manufactures for the blanching of wax in Europe ;
the manner and procefs of which is as follows.
Firft, they melt the wax in a large copper cauldron, then
they have ready a mold or form of wood, of the figure of a
fu^ar-loaf, or the block of a fteeple crowned hat, which ha-
ving befmearcd over with flime of fnails, they dip into the
wax thus melted. This takes up a fkin or film of wax, as
can lies upon dipping do.
This they fmooth with their hands, and dip in water, and
when it is cold take it off the form, from which, by rcafon
r>f the anointing the form with the before-mentioned muci-
lage, it will readily flip in the form of a cone or long crucible.
Thefe cones (fo let me call them) are fet in a garden in ranks,
finely one by one, fupportcd with canes or reeds, croffingone
another in this fafhion.
(=
Round about they fet pots with water, wherewith they
In fummer
fprinklc the wax often, to keep it from melting.
time when the fun lies hot upon it, they fprinkle it fix or
feven times a day, otherwife but three or four times. In
fourteen or fifteen days, the upper end of thefe cones will
grow white, and then they turn them to whiten the other
end. In a month's time, more or lefs, according to the
weather, they will become white all over.
/Then they melt the wax again in earthen pans likemetae, or
the neb of a tin-pot,
fcuttles, and run it fo melted, through
into water j and, as it runs down into the water, a man either
grains, or works it into round
breaks it with his hand into
figures, like fpiral wreaths, or corollae, and thefe they expofe
garden, and ordsr as before, till
attain to the weather, in the
they become purely white, and then melt into large pieces to
fell. The mucilage wherewith they befmear' the forms, is
made of fnails taken alive, fhells and all, and pounded in a
mortar, till they become a perfeft pap, or vifcous.
The form, once befmeared well over with this pap, will laft
dipping many times. Wax whitened is alfo twice as dear as
yellow wax. Yellow wax is folutive, and ufed where there
and the fore not ripe ; white wax, on
is an inflammation,
They fay, Montpelier is a
the contrary, is very aftringent.
place proper for whitening of wax and that the fame work- ;
men, coming over into England, found the air of a different
temperature, and not fo convenient for this trade.
Remarks.
under the article Bees, the following
To what has been faid
further obfervations may not be unacceptable to many.
The due care and culture of bees, affording both profit and
delight, have always been an agreeable and ufeful employ-
The ancients
ment for the rural life.
thefe animals for the fake of their honey, which, among them,
was in as high efteem as fugar is at prefent among the Euro-
Although, fince fugar has been fo
peans and Americans.
univerfally fubftituted in the ftead of honey, the latter has
.been in lefs general eftimation, yet that does no way depre-
ciate from it's natural excellency and cordiality to the human
nature. As much as the animal nature may in dignity furpafs
the vegetable, to the like degree, perhaps, may the natural pro-
ductions of the one furpafs thofe of the other, more efpecial-
is allowed to be the very quinteffence of
1 Y in a matter which
7
Vol. I.
:
BEE
the vegetable, without participating of it's excrementitious
qualities : and the degree of animal coition given to honey
and wax, feems the more naturally to prepare them for the
human fpecies than is in the power of any vegetable to do,
for want of that warmth and motion connatural to the ani-
mal beyond the vegetable.
But, was not this the cafe with refpect to the fpecics of vinous
and fpirituous liquors which thefe infects afford, yet their wax
makes fo general an article of traffic, and, as we have feen,
is productive of feveral good medicaments, that the bees have
a claim as much, at prefent, to our regard on that account,
as they had to that of the ancients for the fake of their honey
chiefly.
It not in towns, but in the country, bees are trained up.
is
Two clafles of people concern thcmfelves in the culture ; the
country people for profit, others for agreeable rural amufe-
ment.
The former, engaged in providing for their daily fubfiftence
in other fhapes, can beflow but a few ftolen moments on their
hives, and, therefore, can neither benefit thcmfelves or their
country thereby, to the degree thofe infects will admit of.
The other clafs, whom aneafier fortune, a fuperior education
and difcemment, would render capable greatly to advance
an art, which, at this time, makes no inconsiderable branch
of commerce, have not curiofity enough to fatisfy themfelves
to what degree of perfection and profit thefe animals might
be brought.
The culture and multiplication of bees depend chiefly on a
knowledge of their wants, which cannot be known, unlefs we
are exactly acquainted with their method of living, their
temperature, their nutriment, the dangers to which they are
expofed, the moft favourable fituation they may be placed in,
the produdtions of flowers and vegetables fuitable to them,
and how to fcreen and flicker them from thofe inclemencies
of weather, as well as other animals who are deftructive of
their tender natures, &c.
The ancients have amufed us with fo many delufions and fa-
bulous hiftories of their bees, that it is no wonder if the pre-
judices which arife from thefe falfe rcprcfentations, have re-
tarded the progrefs which might otherwife have been made in
the training them up.
To reinforce this beneficial art, and to render it capable of
the higheft perfection, it was neceflary that fome body fhould
make bees their ftudy, and not content themfelves, as the
ancients have done, with poetical, fictitious descriptions only
of them. This has been done ; and we are indebted for it to
Swammerdam, Maraldy, and Reaumur.
indeed, though very curious in many of
The two former,
their obfervations,
have not, like the latter, the trueexperimentalift in pl.ilolb-
phy, tjiven us rules for the training them up to the advantage
they may be. Nor are the labours of Reaumur level to the
capacities of thofe who are the moft likely to improve the arc
to any confiderable degree.
Tocompenfate for this, an anonymous writer has obliged the
public with a tract, which he calls the The Natural Hiftory
of the Bees wherein the ingenious author has, from the fen-
;
tiinents of the learned Reaumur, and others, handled the
fubjedt with no lefs judgment than elegancy, by way of
convertible entertainment.
And if our country gentlemen, in their retirement, would
divert themfelves with making further improvements upon
the induflry of thefe fagacious creatures, they would not
only profit the trade of their country in general, in the arti-
cles of honey and wax, but might reap confiderable advan-
tage by their very amufements.
The ftudies of nature, and in what manner art may be ap-
plied to aid and aflift her, is the great fource of all difcoveries
for the benefit of trade. fubmitted whether
It is, therefore,
apiaries may not be improveable from fomething of the fol-
lowing principles
1. From the due application of hot-houfes, fo contrived to
let in the dews at certain times, for the production, at all fea-
fons of the year, of fuch flowers and plants as may afford pro-
per matter for honey and wax, and protect thefe infects from
the inclemency of the weather, as well as from other animals
which are their deftroyers.
2. Whether, by fuch-like means, bees might not be made to
produce both honey and wax-of fuperior qualities to the ordi-
nary? by extracting their materials from certain flowers and
vegetables, which might, at the fame time, adminifter fome
peculiar medicinal virtues, adapted to the cure and prefer-
vation of the human nature ?
Whether common turf, in well contrived air-furnaces,
3.
induftrioufly cultivated mi<ht not be ufed as fuel, to keep fuch-like hot-houfes com-
petently warm for thefe purpofes ?
Wheter water may not, at a fmall expence, be artificially
4.
applied,likerain,inveficulae, upon thofe flowers or vegetables?
5. Whether, upon the whole, heat and moifture may not be
fo applied, under cover, in places built like barns, &c. at the
leaft expence that may be, fo as to render bees confiderably
more profitable to the proprietors and the nation than they
have yet ever been
?
6. Whether helps of this kind, fuperadded to all the ordinary
ones which are praCtifed, or have been fuggefted bythe curious,
3 O may
 B E I BEL
nay not contribute to the further improvement of the pro-
duction of thofe infects ?
BEECH-TREE, a foreft-tree. It is very thick, and full of
branches. It grows admirably well in heavy lands, on moun-
tains, and even in a ftonv or rocky foil. It has leaves fome-
what refembling thofe of the horfe-bean the male flowers ; and a heavinefs in the ftomach. MonfieurDanty d'Ifnard has
grow together in around bunch, and are produced, at remote
diftances from the fruit, on the fame tree. The fruit which
is called mart, confifts of two triangular nuts, which are in-
clofed in a rough hairy rind, divided into four parts.
B< fides the common fort, there are two others, the one with
yellow flriped leaves, and the other with white ftriped leaves ;
but thefe are only accidental which produce no real
varieties,
difference of fpecies. Planters, indeed, would diftinguifh two
or three forts, one of which they call the mountain beech,
which, they much whiter timber than the other,
fay, affords a
which they wild beech.
call But Mr. Miller is of opinion
that the difference of the colour of the wood is occafioned by
the places where the trees grow, which is often the cafe with
moft other forts of timber.
This tree is is propagated by faving the malt any time from
October to February, obferving only to fecure the feeds from
vermin when early fowed, which, if carefully done, the fooner
they are fown the better, after they are full ripe. A fmall
fpot of ground is fufficient for raifing a great number of thefe
trees from feed ; but you muft be very careful to keep them
clear from weeds and, if the plants come up very thick, you
; in fpring or autumn.
muft not fail to draw out the ftrongeft of them the autumn
following, that thofe left may have room to grow fo that,
if you hufband a feed-bed carefully, it will afford a three
years draught of young plants, which mould be planted in a
nurfery; and, if defigned for timber-trees, at three feet diftance
from row to row, and 18 inches afunder in the rows but, if
they are defigned for hedges, to which this tree is very well
adapted, the diftance need not be fo great two feet from row
to row, and one foot in the rows, will be fufficient
In this nurfery they may remain two or three years, obferving
to clear them from weeds, as alio to dig up the ground between
the roots at leaft once a year, that their tender roots may the
better extend themfeLves each way; but you muft be careful
not to cut or bruife their roots, which is very injurious to all
young trees and never to dig the ground in fummer, when
; the firft 15 or 16 hours ; for, about that time, the grains be-
the earth is hot and dry, which, by letting in the rays of the
fun to the root, is often the deftrucf ion of the young trees.
This tree will grow to a confiderable height, though the foil
be flony and barren, as alfo upon the declivities of hills and
chalky mountains, where it will refift the winds better than
other trees but then the nurferies for the young plants ought
; middle, being warmeft, comes the fooneft, you muft turn it
to be upon the fame foil for, if they are railed in a good
; fo as that the outmoft may be inmoft, and thus manage it till
foil, and a warm expofure, and afterwards tranfplanted into
a bleak, barren fituation, they feldom thrive the nurfery,
therefore, fhould be made upon the fame foil where the plan-
tation is intended.
This tree very proper to form large hedges, to furround
is
plantations, and large wildernefs quarters, and may be kept
in a regular figure, if fheared twice a year, efpecially when
they fhoot ftrong ; in which cafe, if they are neglected but
a feafon or two, it will be difficult to reduce them again.
The fhade of this tree is very injurious to moft forts of plants
which grow near it, but is generally believed to be very fa-
lubrious to human bodies. The two forts with variegated
leaves may be propagated by budding, or grafting them upon
the common fort, obferving not to plant them in a good earth,
which will caufe the buds, or cyons, to fhoot vigoroufly,
whereby the leaves will become plain, which
to variegated plants.
This tree affords but two articles for trade,
ber, and it's fruit, or feed. The wood of the beech
hard, dry, and crackles in the fire. In France it is commonly
fold in the forefts cut into boards, flakes, and fhingle, to be
afterwards ufed in making houfhold furniture, and other
joiners works. The boards ought to be from 1 1 to 12 inches
broad, 13 lines thick, and 6, 9, or 12 feet long.
The beech timber is alfo fold in laths, which are fmall thin
boards, defigned for the drawer and trunk-makers.
They likewife make of this wood ftaves, faddle-bows, &c.
It is very ufeful for making the keel and infide of fhips.
Beech- wood is alfo ufed in making fhovels, fpoons, wooden
fhoes, and other fuch fmall wares.
Of the largeft trunks of beech trees are made forms, and
kitchen tables, which are 4, 5, 6, and 7 inches thick, and
of different breadths and lengths, according as the trunks are
more or lefs thick and long.
Beech-wood alfo makes good fuel ; for
is a great deal of it fold in faggots, in cords
logs, &c.
The fruit, or feed of the beech-tree, which is a kind of nut,
or acorn, called maft, contains a kind of white and oily mar-
row, or pulp, of a fwcet tafle, and agreeable to eat, of which
they make oil, very much efteemed for frying, and for fal-
lads. This oil, which is very common in Picardy, and thofe
places w!icre there are many beech-trees,
expn ffion, after the fhcll of the maft has been taken
the pith broke, or bruifed. There are fome countries where
hogs are fattened with beech-mafts, as they arc with acorna
in other places.
The common people in France ufe that oil inftead of butter
but moft of thofe who ufe a great deal of it complain of
pains
prefcribed a method to prevent thofe inconvcnicncics.
One
muft pour the oil of mails, newly exprefled, into ft one pitch-
ers, very clofely fhut, put them into the ground and
leave
them there a year ; after which time the oil will have loft all
its bad qualities. Hiftory of the royal Academy of Sciences
at Paris, for the year 1726.
BEER, a common and well-known liquor, made with malt
and hops, and ufed in thofe parts of Europe where vines will
not grow, and where cyder is fcarce, or little ufed.
To give the reader a particular account of the whole procefs
of making beer or ale, we fhall firft explain how the malt is
made, and next how the liquor is brewed.
Sir Robert Murray defcribes the method of making malt as
follows take good barley, newly threfhed ; put about fix Eng-
:
lrfh quarters in a ftone trough, full of water, and let it fteep
therein till the water be of a bright reddifh colour, which will
be in about three days, more or lefs, according to the moi-
fture or drynefs, fmallnefs or bignefs of the grain, the feafon
of the year, and the temperature of the air. In fummer malt
never makes well ; in winter it requires longer fteeping than
It may be known when it is fteeped
enough by other marks, befides the colour of the water as :
: by the excefhve fwelling of the grain, if it be over-fteeped,
or by too much foftnefs; being, when it is in a right temper,
like the barley prepared to make broth of.
When it is fufficiently fteeped, take it out of the trough, and
: lay it on heaps, to let the water drain from it ; then, after
two or three hours, turn it over with a fcoop, and lay it in a
; new heap, about 20 or 24 inches deep. This is called the
coming heap, in the right management whereof lies the prin-
cipal fkill. In this heap it may lie 40 hours, more or lefs,
according to the abovementioned qualities of the grain, &c.
before it comes to the right temper of malt ; which, that it
may do equally, is the chief article wifhed for.
While it lies in this heap, it muft be carefully looked to after
gin to fhoot roots ; which, when they have equally and fully
done, the malt muft, within in a hour after, be turned over
with a fcoop, otherwife the grains will begin to pour forth the
blade, or fpire, alfo, which muft by all means be prevented.
If all the malt do not come equally, but that which lies in the
it be all alike.
: As foon as the malt is fufficiently come, turn it over and fpread
it to a depth not exceeding five or fix inches ; and,
by that
time it is all fpread out, begin and turn it over and over again,
three or four times ; afterwards turn it over in like manner
once in four or five hours, making the heap deeper by de-
grees ; and continue fo to do for the fpace of 48 hours at leaft.
This frequent turning it over cools, dries, and deadens the
grain, vf hereby it becomes mellow, melts eafily in brewing,
and feparates intirely from the-hufk.
Then throw* up the malt into a heap as high as you can,
where let it life till it grows as hot as your hand can endure
it, which ufually happens in about 30 hours time : this per-
fects the fweet|nefs and mellownefs of the malt.
After it is fufficiently heated, throw it about to cool, and turn
often happens it over again about fix or eight hours after, and then lay
it on
"
a kiln, with hair cloth or wire fpread under it, where, after
namely, it's tim- one fire, which muft continue 24 hours, you muft give ano-
is whitifh, ther fire, more flow, and afterwards a third, if it be necefTary;
for, if the malt be not thoroughly dried, it cannot be well
ground, neither will it diffolve well in the brewing, but the
ale or beer it makes will be red, bitter, and unfit to keep.
The beft fuel is peat and turf, and next charcoal. If there be
not enough of one kind, burn the beft firft, for that gives the
ftrongeft impreffion. Indeed, the beft and moft natural me-
thod of drying it is in the fun, in the months of April or May.
This yields the paleft, the moft wholefome, and the fineft li-
quor. However this be, take care the malt be not fmoaked
in the drying. As to the complexion, or colour of malt,
white is accounted the beft, becaufe it is the moft natural.
Having thus explained how the malt is prepared, we fhall
now proceed to give an account how beer and ale are brewed.
A quantity of water, being well boilied, is left to cool till the
height of the fteam be over, when fo much is poured to a
which reafon there quantityof malt in the mafhing tubas makes itof a confiftence
of wood, in ftiff enough to be juft well rowed up; after ftanding thus a
quarter of an hour, a fecond quantity of water is added, and
rowed up as before. Laftly, the full quantity of water is
added, and that in proportion as the liquor is intended to be
ftrong or weak. This part of the operation is called mafhing*
Tho whole now ftands two or three hours, more or lefs, ac-
cording to the ftrength of the wort, or the difference of the
is extracted cold by weather, and then it is drawn off into a receiver, and the
off, and mafhing repeated for a fecond wort, in the fame manner as
the
 BEE B E I
he firft, Only the water to be cooler than before, and not to XI. Sect. 7. Nothing in this act (hall extend to beer or ale
land above half the time. fold to be fpent out of the houfe, if it be meafured out by the
fhe two worts are then to be mixed, the intended quantity! ftandard.

if hops added, and

the liquor, clofc covered up, gently boiled XII. Sect. 8. Actions brought againft juftices of peace, or
n a copper the fpace of an hour or two, then let into the re- perfons employed by them, upon the execution of this act,
eivcr and the hops (trained from it into the coolers. When (ball be laid in the proper county only, to which the general

:ool, the barm, or ycaff, is applied, and it is left to work, iffuc may be pleaded, &c. and upon a verJict, &c. the de-

>r Ferment* till it be fit to

tun up. fendaht to recover treble coft.
?*or fmall beer there is a third mafhing, with the water
near XIII. Sect. 9. Thejuflicerof peace, at their quarter-feflions,
told, and not left to ftand above three quarters of an hour, are to give this act in charge to the juries.

o be hopped and boiled at difcretion. For double beer, or XIV. Sect. 10. This act (hall not extend to colleges or halls
ile, the two liquors refulting from the two firft mafhings muft in the univerfities.

jc ufed as liquor for a third mafhing of frefh malt. XV. 12 and 13 Will. III. cap. 11. fed. 19. Nothing
St;,t.

;<'or fine ale the liquor thus

brewed is further prepared with in the act Will. III. cap 15. (hill extend to deprive the
1 1

nolofies. univerfities of their rights of feizing and marking of meafures

!n(rcad of yeaft fome ufe Caftile foap, others flour and eggs, for ale and beer within their jurifdictions.

)thers an eflential oil of barley, others a quinteflenceof malt, XVI. Stat. 13 Will. III. cap. 5. feet. 34. No common brewer,
ithers of wine, and others of fal paraniflus. inn-keeper, victualler, or retailer of beer and ale, (hall ufe
Beer is chiefly diftinuifhed from ale by the quantity of hops, any fugar. honey, foreign grains, Guinea pepper, the liquor
yvhich is greater in beer, and thereby renders the liquor bit- called cftcnta bine,made from malt and water boiled up, co-
terer, and fitter to keep. culus Indice, or any unwhokfome ingredients in the brewino-
rlere follow forr.e extracts of the chief ftatutes of England, or making of beer or ale ; or mix any fugar, &c. with any
relating to beer. beer or ale in cafks, after the fame is cleanfed, on pain of
[I. Stat, i Will & Mar. flat. I. cap. 22. feet. 1. Any perfon forfeiture of 20 1.

may (hip off, within 'any of the ufual and allowed ports by Mr Savary aflerts, that beer is not only made in France with
law, and at the common keys, and within the ufual hours of barley, butalfo with wheat, oats, rye, and even with'tares,
jxeife, to be exported into foreign parts, in the prefence of a but never with the latter alone, and thofe only with a fmall
[worn officer, to be appointed by the farmers, &c. of excife quantity. He adds, that they mix hops with it to give it the
within the limits where the fame fhall be fhipped, any ftrcng tafte of wine, and that it is the flower of that plant which
lie, ftrongbecr, cyder, or mum, to be fpent beyond the fcai, makes-the beer heady, and proper to intoxicate. But in this
paving cuftom for the fame after the rate of one (hilling per laft particular he is certainly miftaken ; for the hops ive the

ton and no other duty : fuch officer to certify the quantity fo
[hipped off to the commiffioners and officers of excife where
the entry thereof (hall be made, who are required to make
allowances, and repay the excife of beer, ale, cyder, or
fo exported, to the brewer, or maker thereof, within one
month after fuch exportation, deducting three-pence per ton
for the charges of their officers.
III. Sect. 2. If any perfon fhall caufe or fuffer any liquor, fo
(hipped, to be laid on land, or put into anv other veflel, with-
beer only a bitter tafte, and ferve to preferve it; and it is the
malt alone that gives it ftrength. As for making beer with
any other grain but barley, I do not know what may be
mum done in other countries, but, in England, none is brewed but
from barley-malt. There is, however, a k:nd of ale made
of oats, which, for that reafon, is called oat-ale.
He aflerts, alio, that part only of the grain to make beer muft
be malt, and that the proportion ought to be one fourth part
of malt to three-fourths of frefh grain and that, when tares :

in England, Wales, or Berwick, he (hall forfeit the fame, are added, it is to give the beer a brifker tafte. He obferves
and 50 1. more for every cafk lo unduly landed, or put on further, that, after the beer is brewed, fome put fugar, cin-
board any veflel, the one moiety to the king, &c. the other namon, and cloves into it ; and others honey and fpice, to
to the informer. And their majefties commiffioners and make it either ftronger or more palatable.
officers of the cuftoms (hall charge every maftcr of any veflel, He alfo tells us, that,France, they make people believe
in

in his victualling-bill, with fo much beer, ale, cyder, or that the Englifh, in order to give the beer they brew in their
mum, and no more, fuch number of men ufed to fpend in country that ftrength, which, in that refpedt, makes it pre-
fuch voyages, the excife whereof to be recovered according ferable to any other beer made in Europe, and even to that of
to the laws eftablifhcd. Mons and Bremen, they throw into the kettle fome flefh,
IV. Sect. 3. The faid rate of 1 s. per ton for beer, &c. (hall which they caufe to be confumed in the boiling but it is very- :

be levied and paid under fuch rules and penalties, and in fuch likely that the goodnefs of their beer is only owino- to their
manner as by the laws of tonnage and poundage are ordained. manner of brewing it, to the degree of boiling it, and to the
V. Sect. 4. No mum imported from foreign parts (hall have ingredients they put into it, with which all other brewers are
any part of the cuftom, or excife, repaid upon exportation. unacquainted.
VI- Stat. 11 and 12 Will. III. cap. 15. feet. 1. for afcertain- Beer may be brewed in all feafons, but that which is brewed
ing the meafures for retailing ale and beer. All perfons retail- in March, fays Mr. Savary, is the moft excellent, and is
ing ale or beer (hallfell their ale and beer by a full ale quart, or better for keeping. In England we reckon the October beer
ale-pint, according to the ftandard remaining with the cham- the beft. See Brewing and Maltin-g.
berlain of the Exchequer, in a veflel made of wood, earth, The trade of beer in France, does not extend much beyond
glafs, horn, leather, pewter, or other wholefome metal, mark- that kingdom ; but they have a very confiderable trade of it
ed from the faid ftandard in the Exchequer, or city of Lon- at Paris, and in fome provinces, particularly in Flemifh and
don, or fome other place where a ftandard (hall be kept ; and French Flanders, and in Picardy.
not in any other veflel not marked, on forfeiture of a fum The duty of exportation is paid in France at the rate of 26
not exceeding 4.0 s. nor lefs 10 s. fols per ton of beer, and of importation at the rate of 12
VII. Sect. 2. If any inn-keeper, alehoufe-keeper, &c. (hall fols per barrel ; and that of England at 10 fols the bottle.
fell any ale or beer, in a veflel not marked, or deny to give Thefe duties are regulated by the tariff of the year 1664.
the particular number of quarts, &c. in any reckoning, fuch There are other regulations by the ordonnance of j68o,
inn- keeper, &c. fhall not, for non-payment of the reckoning, which relating only to themfelves, 'tis needlefs to give the
detain any of the perfon's things not paying the fame, but be long detail of.
left to his action at law. BEGUQUELLA, a medicinal plant, the root of which is %
VIII. Sect. 3. The fub-commiffioners, or collectors of ex- fovereign remedy for the bloody flux.
cife, (hall procure a fubftantial ale-quart and ale-pint, of BP1HEN, a medicinal root.
\
brafs, according to the Exchequer ftandard, to be made, fealed, BEHEN, from which an oil is extracted. J See Ben '
a fruit
and certified from the chamberlain's there, without fee, and BEID, a plant which grows in Egypt, near the village of Ma-
delivered to the mayor, or chief officer, in each city, corpo- tarca. The Egyptians call it offar, whence is derived the
ration, borough, and market-town, within their divifions, name given to it's fruit, which isbeidelfar in Arabic, as the
where there is not one already; and, the chief officer giving bordes offar, i. e s the egg offer, in Latin apocynum Mr Mil- :

a receipt for it, the fame is to be delivered to the fucceeding ler calls it in Englifh dog's-hane. This plant (hoots a great
officer : the fub commiffioner, or collector, to forfeit for every many roots, from which arife feveral branches and fuckers,
default therein 5 1. each five or fix feet high. It's leaves, which grow by pairs,
IX. Sect. 5. Every mayor, or chief officer of every city are broad, very thick, and end in an oval. Whilft they are
borough, or market-town, (hall, on requeft, caufe all fuch young and tender, there iflues
(till from them a kind of milk,
ale-quarts and pints, made of wood, &c. as (hall be brought which curdles, or coagulates by the heat. It's bloflbms are
to him, to be meafured and fixed with fuch ftandard, and of faffron colour inclining to red they grow in bunches :

marked with W. R. and a crown ; which marks the faid at the end of the branches, to which they adhere by long
mayor, or chief officer, are to provide, and to take not above (talks, and where they form a fort of crown turned towards
a farthing for marking each meafure. The mayor, or chief the earth. The bees gather wax and excellent honey from
officer, not doing his duty therein, to forfeit 5 1. and treble thefe flowers. The
and fruit is covered with a kind of
feed
charges to the party grieved. cotton, fofter than and of which they make matreffes
filk,

X. Sect. 6. One moiety of the penalties in this act (hall go
to the poor of the place, the other to the profecutor, to be re-
covered by the oath of a credible witnefs, before a juftice of
r peace, and profecution within 30 days after the offence com-
mitted, and the juftice of peace to caufe levy the penalty.
and cuftiions it is called wad.
: muft not forget to ob- We
ferve, that the milk, or milky juice, which diftils from this
admirable plant, is proper to curry or drefs leather, and has
feveral properties and ufes in medicine; it ferving as a de-
pilatory to make the hair fall off, and to cure the fcurf, the
itch,
 B E I
; :
itch, and other final 1 tumours, which are formed upon the
fkin. The
leaves boiled in water, or even raw, being ap-
plied to fcrophulous fwellings, cure them by tranfpiration.
There are fcen at Paris, in the gardens of fome curious per-
fons, feveral plants of beid, but of which they could not
preferve the fpecies ; the feed growing and blowing there,
but without producing any feed afterwards. They have in
France fome trade of the cotton of this plant but what is ; fkreened from the extreme cold in winter, and perhaps, if
imported thither from the Levant, is not confiderable, and
ferves for curiofity rather than for ufe.
Mr Miller o-ives us the following account of this plant, and
its feveral kinds.
The leaves are produced oppofite by pairs, upon the branches
the flower confifts of one leaf which is cut into feveral
fegmentsj from its flower-cup arifes the pointal, which is
fixed like a nail in the back part of the flower, and is after-
wards changed into a fruit, which is, for the mod part,
compofed of two capfules, or pods, which open from the bafe
to the top, inclofing many feeds, which have a long pappous
down adhering to them; to this may be added, that the whole
plant abounds with a milky juice.
There are feveral forts of this plant cultivated in the curious
gardens, fome of which are very beautiful. fhall men- We
tion the different fpecies of this plant, which are cultivated
in the Englifh gardens.
1. The upright broad-leaved hoary Syrian dog's-bane, with
purplifh- coloured flowers.
2. The upright narrow-leaved Canada dog's-bane.
3. The broad-ieaved upright Canada dog's-bane.
4. The American dog's-bane, with tutlan leaves and red
flowers, like the lily of the valley.
5. The fhrubby upright dog's-bane, with roundiih green leaves
6. Theupright willow-leaved African dog's-bane, with hairy
-fruit.
7. The African creeping dog's-bane, with leaves like money-
wort.
8. The upright dog's-bane, with oblong leaves and fcarlet
flowers, called by fome baftard ipecacuanha.
o. The narrow-leaved Canada apocynum, with orange-co-
loured flowers.
10.' The upright Maryland dog's-bane, with roundiih leaves,
and deep red flowers.
The firft of thefe dog's-banes is a prodigious creeper at the
root, and will in a fhort time overfpread a large compafs of
ground, and muft never be planted too near other plants or
flowers, which would be over-run by this plant and deftroyed
but it may have a place in fome obfeure part of the garden
for extremely hardy, and will thrive in almoft any foil
it is
or fituation. It grows to be fix or feven feet high, and pro-
duces large umbels of flowers, which have a ftrong fweet
fmell, but are of a poifonous nature ; as are all the true
apocynum, and therefore fhould not be planted in the way of
children, who may. receive damage by breaking any part of
the plant, and letting the milky juice, with which they
abound, run upon the tender part of their flefh, which will
be apt to blifter it. Thefe flowers are fometimes fucceeded
by large oblong pods, which contain a great quantity of a
foft cottony fubftance, that adheres to the feeds, and are of
fervicejto tranfport them to adiftance, when ripe. This plant
dies to the root in winter, and rifes again the fucceeding
fpring.
The fecond, third, fourth, and tenth forts, are all of them
very hardy, and may be planted in the open ground, but
mufl: have a dry foil. All thefe produce large fine flowers,
and are propagated by parting their roots in March, after the
cold weather is pall: ; for they feldom produce any ripe feed
with us.
t
The fixth, feventh, and eighth forts, are tender, and
fifth,
mult be preferved in pots, and houfed in winter.
The fifth and fixth forts will grow very fhrubby, and fome-
times to the height of eight or nine feet, and do produce
bunches of flowers, which in the fixth fort are of a whitifh
green, and in the fifth of a worn-out purple colour, but are
of no great beauty or fmell. Thefe are increafed by plant-
ing cuttings in any of the fummer months, in pots of light
fandy earth, plunging them into a moderate hot-bed, {had-
ing them from the great heat of the fun, and giving them
gentle refrefhings of water. Thefe muft have a good green-
houfe in winter, and muft not have too much water in that
fcafon.
The feventh fort is a climbing plant, and 'will twift itfelf
round a flake, and grow to the height of feven or eight feet,
and in fummer will produce, from the joints, fmall umbels of
worn-out purple-coloured flowers, which are extremely fweet
this is propagated by laying down the young fhoots, which
do cafily take root, or by parting the roots of the old plants.
The eighth fort is the moft tender of them all, and requires a
moderate Hove to preferve it in winter. This produces ex-
tremely beautiful orange-coloured flowers, which often are
fucceeded by ripe feeds. This plant may be increafed, by
plantings cuttings in June, in a moderate hot-bed, but muft
have little water, and be fecured from the violent heat of the
fun, and cold in the night. But the beft way to propagate
them, is by fowing the feeds in a hot-bed in March j and,
BEL ;
when the plants are come up, prick them into Tmall peri
and plunge them into another hot-bed, to bring them for-
wards ! and in June you may begin to expofe them to the
open air, at which time they will begin to flower; but it
will be advifeable to preferve one or two of the ftrongeil in
the hot-bed, in order to procure good feeds.
The ninth fort is tolerably hardy, and only requires to be
it were planted into the full ground under a warm wall, it
would do very well. This plant produces beautiful umbels,
of orange-coloured flowers, which continues moft part of the
month of Augufl, and deferves a place in the molt curious
gardens. It is propagated by parting the roots in March, or
fowing the feeds, which in a good feafon do ripen tolerably
well with us.
BEIGE SERGE. It is the name which
the people of Poitou
give to a fort of ferge, which black, grey, or tawny others
is :
call it fheep-coloured ferge, or natural ferge ; becaufe the
wool with which it was manufactured, was never dyed, be-
ing employed both for the warp and for the woof, fuch as it
came from the fheep. Beiges ought to be compofed of 38
or 39 reeds at leaft, each reed being of 20 threads.
BAIRA, a principality of Portugal, is divided on the north
from the province Entre Duero and Minho ; it is bounded by
the ocean on the weft, and by fome part of Eftremadura ;
on the fouth by another part of that province, and by the
Tagus, or Taio ; and on the eaft it runs contiguous to the
Spanifh Eftremadura, and the kingdom of Leon.
Aveiro is a confiderable market-town, fituate on a bay, at the
mouth of a creek, which is pretty large, and forms a kind of
haven in it are made vaft quantities of fait, which are ex-
:
ported, fome into other parts of the kingdom, and the reft
into foreign countries
Remarks.
The country, though not fo rich and fertile as fome in this
kingdom, or moft in Spain, is yet capable of producing good
corn, wine, and other ufeful commodities, if rightly culti-
vated. But a great part of the people of this province are
fo exceflively lazy, that they had rather beg, ftea], or do any
thing, than cultivate their land as they ought. This is ow-
ing to the pride and oppreflion of the great ones ; to their
contempt of the lower people ; and to their difcouragement
of honeft induftry among them, rather than any natural pro-
penfity they have to idlenefs. Could people of diftinction be
;
induced to encourage, inftead of diflreffing and defpifinf
;
them, we need not doubt but it would prove more interefting
to themfelves ; the labour and traffic of the mafs of the peo-
ple being the only fource of the wealth and grandeur of the
nobles and gentry. There are, however, a number of cities
and noted towns, which are in a pretty flourifhing condition,
and carry on feveral laudable manufactures, though not to
fo great an height, and fo good profit, as they have hereto-
fore ; which has impoverifhed the eftates of the gentry, in
proportion as the trade and manufactures have declined ; all
which muft be afcribed to the ill policy, and egregious defects
of the Portuguefe conftitution and government, which feems
calculated to enflave and impoverifh the bulk of the people,
rather than to incite them to become induftrious and rich to :
which may be added, that the lands are, as it were, abfo-
lutely in the hands of the nobility, gentry, and clergv and ;
wherever that is the cafe, whether in Portugal, or in an"
other country, the majority of the people will be as poor and
beggarly as thofe of this province.
The country, 'tis certain, is well fitted for inland produce;
being lefs mountainous than fome towards the north, and
likewife better watered than fome others. Its chief rivers are
the Lomba, Arda, Paiva, Tevora, Tourones, and Coa ; alt
which fall into the Dureo thofe of Zezer, Ponful, Aravil,
;
and Elia, which empty themfelves into theTaga; and the
Mendego and Vouga, which, after taking in confiderable
ftreams, run into the ocean.
BELELAIS. Silk fluffs after the manner of taffeties, which
are manufactured in the kingdom of Bengal. They meafure
forty cobres in length by two in breadth, at the rate of 17
inches and ^ per cobre. The Englifh who trade from Madras
to the Manilles, carry thither great quantities of thofe ftuffs.
BELEMNITES, or LYNX-STONE,
as fome call it, in La-
and called by others in En-
tin lapis lyncis, or dadtylus idaeus,
glifh, the arrow-head, or finger-flone. It is a long ftone,
nearly of the bignefs of one's finger, fometimes more, fome-
times round, pointed, or of a pyramidical figure, repre-
lefs,
fenting an arrow. They are of different colours, fome white,
fome grey, fome brown they are generally imported from
:
Candia, but fome alfo come from the Alps, and from many
parts of France, Switzerland, and Germany. They are found
even in fandy places near Paris. There are two forts of them
the one, being put into the fire, fends forth a bituminous
fcent, the other emits no fcent at all. The former is pro-
bably, fay fome, what the ancients called lyncurius, which
they falfly imagined to be a fort of fuccinum, formed out of
the coagulated urine of the lynx. But,
The belcmnites is really a foffil ftone, which refembles talc
by its weight and colour. Its exterior form has occa-
fioned
 BEL
;

BEL
Honed it to be taken by fome for the petrified tooth of an '
The few who di/Tent from this opinion, of the numLcr of
animal, and its inward colour has made others take it for a * whom are Geoft'roy, GeJner*, &c. hold, that the
petrified horn. * lyncurius of the ancients v/as no other than amber. This
The learned naturalift, Dr. Woodward, gives us, at the end '
is the fecond and only other opinion worth naming, and

of his Natural Hiflory of the Earth, the origin and conftitu-

'
the favourers of it bring many paflages from the copiers of
tion of the belemnitcs ; wherein he endeavours to prove,
'
the ancients to confirm it all which ferve to prove what I
:

that it is a true foffil, and of a mineral kind he refutes thofe :

* have before obferved, that many quote the ancients who
who imagine that it is formed in a (hell, or in an outward '
have never read them ; and (bow how ufeful, and, mJccd,
mould for it is always found contiguous to a mafs of ftone,
:
* abfolutely neceflkry, a correct edition of the work of this
1
without any void fpace between. There arc fome belem- author is, in refearches of this kind. This opinion is even "

njtes, which are near two feet long, and about two inches * more eafily than the other proved erroneous from the
diameter in the biggeft place. He alio refutes thofe who 4
words of the author, who hot only compares the lyncu-
imagined it was a horn or tooth of fome extraordinary fifh. ' rius, in fome of its properties, to amber, which I have be- ,

Some of thefe (tones are indeed of the figure of a horn, but * fore obferved in a parallel cafe in the notes on the fap-
4
that is not generally true ; for they are of all forts of figures, phire f, [fee the article Sapphire] is fufficient proof,
quite different the one from the other. * that they cannot be the fame ; as nobody Would ever think
This ftone has a particular fmell, when taken out of the * of comparing a thing to itfelf : but after having gone
earth but thofe of England have commonly no fmell.
;
A * through a complete defcription of the lyncurius, according
great many of them are found in the chalk, but none of * to the received, though erroneous, opinion of thofe times,
thofe which Dr. Woodward faw, had anyfeent. Thofe that * of its being produced from the urine of the lynx, he be-
have any, had it communicated to them by the faline, ful- * gins a feparate account of amber under its own proper
phureous, or bituminous matters, among which they had ' name, and fhews he was well acquainted with its nature
been in the ground. 1
and properties, and knew it to be a native foffil. Hence
4
The belemnites are very common, and to be found almoft it is, therefore, alfo evident, that the lapis lyncurius was not

every-where. They agree in feveral particulars with fome ' amber, and that the generally received opinions of it are
minerals. Some of them are half tranfparent, and yellowifh, * both evidently erroneous.
and refemble pretty much common amber, which made the
ancients give the name of lapis lyncurius, both to amber and Ego lyncurium a fficciho differre non video; & id quoqutf
to the belemnites. pro gemma habitum olim, praefcrtem quod aurco colore
As to the conftitution of the belemnites, their fubftance is pcllucec & fplendec, minime dubito.
not tough and fticky, as that of animals, but friable and f
See Theophrafttis's Hiltory of Stones, with an Englilh ver-
fion, and critical and philofophical notes. By John Hill,
brittle, of talc and other fuch foffils.
like that At fight it
appears mineral, and proves alfo to be fo by the chymical
M. D. pages 59, 6o, 6i.

operations, and by all the trials that are made of it. Its
fibres cut its axis diametrically, like thofe of feveral mine- * That fuch who had not read the ancients themfelves, mould
4
rals. So that Dr. Woodward docs not think he fhall be fall into errors of this kind,
from the obfeurity and con-
1
charged with rafhnefs for afferting, that the belemnites are fufion of thofe who copied from them, we cannot wonder.
fofhlsof the nature of talc. They have the fame fpecific gravi- * But here it may hot be amifs to obfervc, that it is not the
ty with talc, and are of the fame contexture and conftitution. ' ancients themfelves, but thefe copiers and quoters of them,
The curious reader may confult that famous philofophcr, up- * who are generally obfeure. Epiphanius, who was better
on this fubject, we giving him only an abftract of his obfer- * acquainted with them, has made a different guefs, and is,
vations, which is fuflicicntfor our purpofe. ' indeed, the firft author who has had the leaft thought of
Here it is proper to take notice of what Theophraftus fays * what, I fhall attempt to prove, is evidently the truth in
4
upon the lapis lyncurius, as alfo what his ingenious and learn- regard to this ftone.
ed annotator, Dr. Hill, has obferved upon the belemnites. 1
What it is not, has been fufficiently proved. It remains
Theophraftus fays, that the lapis lynceus is excellent in its * to enquire what it really is the way to judge of this is, to
:

virtues, and is ufed for engraving feals on, and is of a very * confider what the ancients have left us about it what The- :

folid texture, as ftones are > it has alfo an attractive power, * opraftus fays we have before us; that it was of a ftony
like that of amber, and is faid to attract not only ftraws and 1
texture is plain from his account, and may be confirmed
fmall pieces of fticks, but even copper and iron, if they are ' from all thofe who wrote more determinately ; they have
1
beaten into thin pieces. This Diodes affirms. always called it *!?<>? Aa/yy'fifff. Epiphanius has, tv^oy.'.t
The lapis lyncurius is pellucid, and of a fine colour and :
4 it BTu
K**ii(i.tn' 7u9o.
*<*Jyai9r And Pliny, 1. 8. c. 38-
thofe ftones which are produced from the animal in its na- c
Lyncum humor ita redditus,ubi gignuntur, glaciatur are fcit-
tive wildnefs, are better than thofe from the tame; as alfo * que in gemmas carbunculis fimifes,& igneo colore fulgentes
thofe from the male, than thofe from the female as the diffe- :
* lyncurium vocatas. Can any one imagine this a defcrip-
rent nourifbment the creature eats, and the different excrcife * tion of the belemnites ? All that we find in the ancients
itufes, as well as the difference of its whole habit of body, * about it, in fhort, is of this kind, and determines the lapis
in being cither drier or moifter, make great differences in the * lyncurius to have been a tranfparent gem, of no determinate
ftones. * fnape, and of a yeliowifh red or flame colour, fometimes
They are found, in digging, by people who are fkilful ;
' paler, and fometimes deeper, which diftinguifhes it into
though the creature, when it has voided its urine, hides it, * male and female, as we fhall fee hereafter from Theophraf-
and heaps the earth together about it. The poliftiing thefe * tus ; and of a texture fit for engraving on.
ftones is alfo a work of great trouble. * Had the ancients meant to have defcribed our belemnites,
Upon account of Theophraftus, Dr. Hill obferves, ' that
this * they would not only not have named any one of thefe cha-
* there has been more confufion and error about the lapis lyn- 4
rafters, but would certainly have defcribed its fhape,
4
* curius of the ancients, than about any other fubftance in the which is the moft ftriking, obvious, and remarkable thing
* whole foffil kingdom. What I have to offer, in regard to 4
about it. We
are therefore to feek for fome ftone better
* it, is very different from the generally received opinions
;
4
anfwering this defcription ; and this we find, even to the
* thefe are, however, firft to be examined ; for, if they are 4
utmoft exactnefs, in the gem which we now call the hya-
* right, this has no title to be heard. 4
cinth, which it is alfo evident they have never defcribed
* The firft and moft generally received is, that it was what * under any other name but this (for what they called the
* we now call the belemnites this is the opinion of Wood-
:
* hyacinth, was a ftone of a very different kind, and rec-
* ward, &c. &c. &c. how true this is, is to be examined 4
koned by us either among the garnets or arnethyfts) and
* from their accounts and as they are, moft of them, only
;
4
which it is not eafy to conceive how they could better or
* copies, and thofe often erroneous ones, of Theophraftus, 4
more exactly have defcribed, than they h2ve in their ac-
* he is, where his defcriptions are long enough, always firft * counts of the lyncurius. Hill's Theoph. p. 73, 74, 75.
* to be confulted, and moft relied on ; and from his words

*
* I venture to pronounce it evident, that the lapis lyncurius
was not the belemnites. He firft lays it was fit for engraving
Remarks.
* feals on ; which every one who evej faw a belemnites, muft Left fome may imagine
that it is needlefs to dwell fo long
* pronounce impoffible to have been meant of it ; its tex- upon of this kind, in a work of commerce, it fhould
articles
* ture rendering it the moft improper fubftance imaginable be confidered, that the ftudy of natural hiftory, in every re-
4
for fuch ufes. And next, that it was of a very folid tex- flect, hath adminiftered the original matter for univerfal
* ture, like that of the ftones or gems the firft fight of a
; traffi. For manufactures of every kind being made of fome
* belemnites muft alfo prove, that this was not meant of it fubftances, and the foffil and mineral kingdom affording no
* for it is not of a folid texture, nor of a grain, as we call it, lefs matter for thefe purpofes than the vegetable or animal,
* any way refembling that of a ftone, but compofed of a that fliould not be wholly neglected in a work of this na-
* number of tranfverfe ftrije, and of the texture, fpecific ture.
c
gravity, and hardnefs of talc, which could never give it a The dealersprecious ftones, minerals, and metals, cer-
in
c
title to what our author fays of the lyncurius ; that it was tainly are confiderable enough to deferve our regard. Nor
* not only hard and folid, but extremely fo. Hence, I pre- does the foffil kingdom, from the diamond to the pebble, ad-
* fume, I may venture to pronounce this, which is the com- mit only of extenfive objects of traffic, when duly managed
* mon opinion, evidently erroneous, and that the lapis lyn- by our mechanical artift,- but they afford extraordinary me-
* curius of the ancients was not the belemnites. dicinal virtues, both from pharmaceutical and chymical pre-
Vol. I. 3 P parations"'
 BEL
^parationj. And whether they may not be much more intro-
duced into the of dyeing, and thereby render that ope-
art
ration far lefs expenfive than it is at prefent, may deicrve
conlldcration. Cochineal and orchelia, and many other ingre-
dients ufed in the art of dyeing, come extremely dear in com-
parifon, perhaps^ to what many productions of the foflil
kind would do, was this branch of the works of nature duly
cultivated, and the properties of thofe bodies fkilfully ana-
lyzed. For the perfection of the art of dyeing confifts in dis-
covering fixed, bright, and permanent colours, not fubject to
change for the worfe in the open air ; and fuch colours fhould
rather be expected from mineral, foffil, or metallic matters,
than from thofe of the vegetable and animal kingdoms ; which
ufually afford fubjects of too lax and alterable a texture for
permanent colours.
Iron and fteel :re ufed in the dyeing of all true blacks (called
^panifh blacks) though not in Flanders blacks ; alfo copperas,
fteel filings, and flippe, which is the {tuff found in the
troughs of grind-ftoiles, whereon edge-tools have been
ground. They ufe pewter for bow-dye, fcarlet 5 viz. they
difTolve bars of pewter in the aqua fortis they ufe ; and nitre
and all other forts come under the foffil kingdom. Arfenic
is ufed in crimfon, to give it a luftre.^-Of mineral falts ufed
in dyeing, the chief are allum, argol, and falt-petre, or nitre.
See the article Dyeing.
This part of nature affords varietv of materials for paint-
ing. Many mineral fubjects are natural pigments as na-
tive cinnabar, ochre, black lead, &c. but particularly the
yellowearth called light ochre, found in Shottover-hills,which
is ufed native as a light yellow, and by calcination makes a
light red. This colour England fupplies Italy with and Le
Gar would frequently fay, he had been no painter without it.
Moreover^ thofe who have no relifh for the contemplation of
nature, either out of curiofity, or with a view generoufly to
communicate fomething beneficial to mankind, fhould be
incited, methinks, from their own private intereft, to ob-
tain fome knowledge of this kind. For the worth of land does
not always confift in what it produces upon it's fuperfices :
nor are mines and metals the only things, which have often
greatly enriched their pofTelTors ; fine marlcs, clays, and fands,
have frequently made one acre of land worth fifty, which
were contiguous to it. Windfor loam, pipe-makers clay, fine
pottery earths, Woolwich fand for glafs-making, are glaring
inflances of the truth hereof. Has not many an eftate been
greatly enriched by quarries of ftone, marble, and alabafler,
as well as by corrtmon lime-ftone, coal, and falts ? and all
which for centuries hav"e lain concealed, till fomebody of (kill
and difcernment has made the difcovery. To what good ac-
count have turned, in the way of traffic, the Lemnian earth,
the earth of Malta, and various boles, chalks, and tales ?
Has not many an eftate been greatly improved by allum,
vitriol, and metallic foffils of divers kinds r Thofe who look
upon the earth and all nature with a philofophical eye, do
not only receive unfpeakably more joy and fatisfaclion than
the ignorant in their contemplation, but have a much greater
chance to improve an eftate, by their fuperior knowledge in
the works of nature.
I s* or is it enough to know and diftinguifh the natural produc-
tions bv name; their qualities fhould be difcovercd by art,
or their worth cannot be afecrtained, becaufc their proper
application cannot he judged of. To difcover the proper-
tics of bodies, fome knowlege in analytical chymiftry is re-
quifite. On which confideration among others it is, that
we (hall, in the courfe of this work, advance fo far into
practical chymiftry, as to enable the country gentlemen,
a fmall expence, to examine the internal parts of his eftate,
and to makejuft and accurate effays of any of its peculiar pro-
ductions, in order to be informed of the ufes, to which they
may be moft profitably applied.
BELL, a well known instrument, ranked by Merfenne and
other muficians, among thofe of percuffion.
The metal of which is made, is a compound of tin and
copper, or pewter and copper ; the proportion of one to the
other is about twenty pounds of pewter, or twenty-three
pounds, of tin, to one hundred weight of copper.
The conftituent parts of a bell are the body, or barrel, the
clapper,and the ear or cannon, by which it hangs to a large
beam of wood.
The bell-founders diftinguifh two forts of proportions, viz.
the fimple and the relative. The fimple are thofe which
ought to be between the feveral parts of a bell, and which
experience lias fhewn to be neceiiliry to render it
fonorous. The which fix a
relative proportions arc thofe,
due relation between two or more, whereby their combined
founds ma}" produce the deligned harmony.
lTie parts of a bell arc, i. The founding bow, or the fmallcr
circle which terminates it, growing thinner and thinner
2. The brim or the belly, or that part whereon the clapper
ftrikes, and which, on that account, is thicker than the
other parts. ?. The outward ftriking of the middle of the
bell, or, rather, the point under which it grows wider and
wider to the brim. 4. The waift or furniture, or that part
which glows wider and thicker, by a fupplyof metal, which
BEL
is larger arid larger quite to the brim. 5. The upper vafe,
or that half of the bell which rifes above the waift. 6. The
pallet, or crown, which is the cover of the bell, and fup-
ports the ftaple of the clapper within. 7. The crown,
which are branches of metal uniting with the cannons, bent,
and hollowed through, to receive the iron-keys, by means
of which the bell is hung up to the beam, which is at once
its fupport and counterpoife, when it is rung out.
The founder begins by taking the thicknefs of the brim of
the bell to be caft, or the thicknefs of the brim of the largeft.
bell, wheD he is to make many agree together with different
notes. The brim is the fundamental rule of the whole work.
To meafure that thicknefs, he ufes compaffes with bent legs,
and carries this meafure upon a rule, divided into feet, in-
ches, and lines.
Reafon and experience taught our ancient founders, that
making their bells all of a fhape, that is, of equal width and
thicknefs every-where, would produce but a very dull found
at very great coft. Making the upper part of the vafe fmaller
than the reft is enough they have, by repeated trials, found
:
out the neceffity of diminifhing the thicknefs of it confider-
ably. Whenever they have been lavifh of the metal, and
have made a bell of an exceffive thicknefs, it produced only
a confufed humming. The founders obtained a more lively
found, by leffening the expence, by the gradual fhortening
of the diameter of the bell upwards, and the fucceffive di-
; minution to a certain degree in the thicknefs of it but they
:
were (till crofted by an inconvenience, which led them at
laft: to the form now in fafhion for bells. The bell is fono-
rous in its whole extent. The found of the brim, which is
; the thickeft part of it, is of courfe predominant, even fo as
to weaken, and fometimes totally drown, the found of the
upper vafe. But it often happens, that they are heard both
in the fmall bells, and more diftinctly than in the larger. Av
fingle bell may then produce an harmony, and the combina-
tion of the two founds will be pleafant or difagreeable, ac-
cording to the propotion of the upper with the inferior dia-
meter.
If the upper vafe is exactly fubordinate, or half of the in-
ferior, that is, feven brims and an half to fifteen ; this will
be the ratio of two to one, or of the whole to one half.
And as the firing of a bafe-viol gives the Ut grave, whilft
its half gives the Ut fharp, the diameter of the upper vafe
being in proportion of one to two, or of the half to the
whole, whilft the brim gives the Ut grave, the upper vafe
will found the fharp octave, which is an agreeable concord,
and is heard in almoft all bells without being remarked, be-
caufe the two notes of a juft octave refemble much the uni-
fon.But, when the upper vafe is fomewhat more or lefs
wide, it may make us hear, together with the found of the
brim, an interval of a feventh or a ninth, or any other in-
terval. That feventh makes a difcord ; and the ninth,
which is not a fine confonance, may be diminifhed, and
make a falfe octave with the predominant tone of thefecond
bell. But here is a ftill greater "cacophony.
The fharp octave is not only moft commonly heard in con-
junction with the found of the brims, but there are bells in
which, befides the foregoing founds, you moreover hear the
found of the third's place, or of that part which grows wider
and wider below the waift ; according to the bent given to
this part, it will prove more or lefs funk and thick. Here is
that which will refult from the diverfity of the thicknefs,
which is a neceffary confequence of the variety of the me-
thods followed by founders in their proportions. When you
at put a few drops of water in a glafs, and, with the tip of your
finger dipped in that water, rub the brink of the glafs cir-
cularly, the whole vafe begins to refound, and changes its
tone, in proportion as you put more or lefs water into it.
The liquor being but one body with the glafs as it were, the
found of it becomes grave in proportion, as the quantity of
matter incrcafes ; and it becomes fharper, as you diminifh
the quantity of the liquor. The third's place of the bell
may then add to the predominant found of the brim, and fo
its fharp octave, produced by the upper vafe, a third Or a
fourth, or any other confonance good or bad, according to the
nature of the beat, which admits more or lefs metals, as it
fwells or flattens thefe parts more or lefs.
This third found is not difficult to be diftinguifhed in the
two fine bells of St. Germain des Prez. Our moft fkilful
founders,- and moft learned harmenifts, agree unanimoufly,
that they have heard nothing more perfect in this kind, than
agreeably the concord of five of thefe mingled founds in the two large
bells of the cathedral of Rheims, and of three very diftinct
ones in the biggeft of the two, which is twenty-four thou-
fand pounds weight, according to the infeription. When
this laft is rung alone, it ftrikes with equal clearnefs the two
: octaves along with a third tone, which makes a fourth with
the grave, and the inverted fifth with the fharp octave.
When both bells ring in company the two grave founds,
which are very foft and argentine, are always accompanied
with two fourths of the utmoft brightnefs and truth. They
are not heard lefs diftinctly than the two loweft tones. From
thefe four found;, always lurmcunted with the upper octave
of
 BEL
of the fturpcft bell, there refults an harmony which affects
thole who have no (kill in point of mufic, although they
think they hear but two founds inftead of five.
But the combination of thefe different founds, which is the
effect of the ingenious ftructure of the boll, and which muft
needs plealc, whenjuft, may become fa lfe, and even render
an excellent piece of metal very difagreeable, when the foun-
der does not direct the proportions of his bell rightly, or
when, having a bell to rcftore to a concordant chime, he
happens to follow, in the new catting of it, proportions dif-
ferent from the cafting of the other. An irregular found,
going in company with that of the brims, proves difcordant,
and makes a falfe harmony, although you think you hear but
one found ; the ear is offended by it without knowing why.
If thefe founds, already ill forted in one Angle bell, come to
be mixed with thofe of another, the difcordance is greater
ftill. A founder, who would exactly determine all the effects
which muft needs refult from fuch orfuch fimple proportions,
ought to have a theory much fuperior to that of a country
bell- founder, who has no other guide but his old method
and traditional rules.
A no lefs diforderis reigning in the relative proportions that
fix the concordance of feveral bells. The workmen govern
themfelves herein upon the companary feale, the ufe whereof
they make a great myftery ; but father Merfenne has long
fincemade that matter publick. This learned monk has de-
monftrated it to be defective, repugnant to the rules of har-
mony, and liable to miftakes that may ruin them, from their
bcingobligcd to re-caftalarge fet of bells at their own expence.
Whoever defires may minutely treated of by
fee this matter
father Merfenne himfelf, book of his Univer-
in the feventh
fal Harmony, containing the theory and practice of mufic,
from page i to page 46, in folio, printed at Paris 1636. In
regard to their cafting, fee Foundery.
B E LLA S O
R. The Portuguefc and the Dutch pronounce
thus, and fpell the name thus in their maps, rather than Ba-
Jaflbr, or Balafore, or Belafora. It is a large village in
kingdom of Orixa, near the borders of Bengal, and ftands
on a fine river three leagues from the fea, between the cape,
or Punte de los Palmeres, and the mouth of the Ganges. The
Englifh, Dutch, and French, have each a factory there.
There comes from this place where
a ftufF called Bellafor,
it is manufactured it is made of the hcrba, which
: is the
rind of a certain tree, which, being prepared and drawn out
fine, works like fi!k, and is manufactured either with cotton
or with filk. The Englifh import the Bellafors into Europe
The pieces are 14 yards long, and J a yard broad, Englifh
meafure. There are fine handkerchiefs of this fluff. See
Bengal.
BELLOWS, an inftrumeht which fcrves to draw in the air,
and expel it again.
It is ufed in chambers and kitchens, in
forges, furnaces, and founderies, to brifk up the fire. It
fcrves alio for organs, and other pneumatic inftruments and
machines, to give them a proper degree of air or wind.
This inftrument is compofed of two flat boards, fometimes
of an oval, and fometimes of a triangular, figure. Two or
more hoops, bent according to the figure of the boards, are
placed between them a piece of leather, broad in the mid-
: quires, there being generally from five to (even fathom water
dle, and narrow at both ends, is nailed on the edges of the
boards, which thus unites together, as alio on the hoops
it
which leperate the boards, that the leather may the eafier
open and fold again. A
tube of iron or copper, and fome-
times of filvcr for chamber-bellows, is fattened to the under-
moft board, in which there are feveral holes ; that tube
called the nofe, or nozel ; finally, there is a piece of leather
within the machine, which ferves as a valve, or fucker, and
covers the holes in the under board, that the air, which comes
in through thofe holes, when the upper board is raifed, may
be expelled with force through the noze], when that board
is moved down.
The bcliows ufed in the forges of filverfmiths, lockfmiths,
farriers, blackfmiths, founders, Sic. whether they be fingle
or double, are moved up and down by means of an iron
chain fattened to them, and pulled by the workman.
The bellows ufed in founderies, and for furnaces where me-
tals are melted down, and thofe of the forges where large
iron works
arc made, as anchors for fhips, &c. are generally
fet agoing by the wheels of fome water-mill.
The Hefiian bellows are a contrivance for driving air into a
mine, for the refpiration of the miners. This M. Papin im-
proved, changing it's cylindrical form into a fpiral one ; and
With this, working it only with his foot, he could make a
wind to raife two pound weight.
Other bellows, as particularly thofe of enamellers, aremoved
by one or more fteps, which the workman has under his
feet.
Finally, the organ bellows are blowed by a man. Thefe
bellows, which give air to the feveral pipes, that form the tones
of the organs, are of a particular make, different from the
others, and are a kind by themfelves ; we mention them in
another place.
The butchers co alfo ufe b^l'cws of n extraordinary ftruc-
\ north-eaft, there
ture, to blow and fwell the flefh after the bsafts are killed, to
flcin and cut it the eafier.
BEN
There are feveral workmen who make thofe different fovli
of bellows but yet, in France, they all belon" to the fame
:
company, which is that of the turners.
BENGAL, the moft eafterly province of the Mogul's domini-
ons in India, lies upon the mouth of the Ganges, and is
bounded by the provinces of Patna and Jefnat on tin- north ;
the kingdoms of Arracan and Tipra on the eaft ; the bay of
Bengal and the province of Orixa on the fouth; and by the
provinces of Narva'r and Malvaon the weft extending near
;
4C0 miles in length, from eaft to weft, and 3C0 in breadth,
from north to fouth , and, being annually overflowed by the
river Ganges, as Egypt is by the Nile, is one of the richelt
and moft fruitful provinces in India.
The bay is the largeft and deepeft in the world; except that
of Mexico, and much larger than that, if it be carried no
further than it is by our modern geographers, viz. from the
moft weftern land of Cuba on the north, to the eaftermoft
land of Yucatan on the fouth. The extent given to this bay,
is, from the moft fouthern point of the Ifle of Ceylon, on the
weft, to Achem, on the moft northern point of the ifland of
Sumatra, on the eaft, and thence to the coaft of Malacca ;
being 20 degrees of longitude, or 780 miles ; and, as it ftrikes
out from the Indian ocean towards the north, between India
and the peninfula of Malacca, it ftretches from the latitude
of 6 to the entrance of Ganges in 23, which is 1 7 degrees,
or 1020 miles. In fact, the bay of Bengal, as it is commonly
expreffed and underftood by the Englifh, extendsjfrom the fouth
part of Coromandel to the river Huguely. Ir receives feveral
great rivers; the Ganges and Guenga from the weft fide of it,
and the Aracan and Menamkiori, or Avas river, from the
eaft fide. But Bengal, as a coaft, is fuppofed to extend only
from Cape Palmiras, on the north of the coaft of Golconda,
to the entrance into the Ganges. This river being the moft
frequented by European fhips, and made the center of their
commerce for the whole province of Bet gal, it may be pro-
per to obferve, that Strabo fays, the Ganges was thegivateft
the river in the three centinents of the world, the Indus being
the fecond, the Ittcr the third, and the Nile the fourth.
Cluverius fays, it was noted for producing gold and jewels j
that it's leaft breadth was two German leagues, and the great-
eft five; and that, where fhalloweft, it was 100 feet deep. It
rifes in the mountains of Nigracut, part of Great Tartary,
receives many other rivers, and, after a courfe of 3000 miles,
falls into the gulph of Bengal by fo many mouths, that tra-
vellers are not agreed in the number of them.
The common paffage for European fhipping is up one of
the moft weftern branches, called the river Huguely. As pi-
lots are not always to be had, the Englifh, French, and Dutch,
who have their refpective factories here, keep them in conftant
pay, to be ready at Ballafora, to carry their fhipping up the
river, becaufe it is of the moft difficult entrance to a ftranger,
has the greateft variety of channels, and is the moft blocked
up with innumerable fands and fhoals of any river in this part
of the world ; therefore it has been furveyed and founded with
great cxactnefs, and feveral fafe and good channels marked
out, fo that the largeft fhips that ufe the India trade may be
carried up to the furtheft part of it where the commerce re-
in thefe channels, within a few miles from Huguely itfelf,
which from the entrance of the braces and other channels,
is,
at leaft 160 miles, and much more, including the windings
and turnings.
'I hat which is fuppofed to be the moft fouthern branch of the
is Ganges has a town on it called Piply, four or five leagues up
the river, which was formerly a place of good trade, having
factories both Englifh and Dutch; but. from the lofs of it's
trade, is become a beggarly place (as will ever be the cafe)
inhabited only by poor fifhermen, fince the removal of the
factories to Huguely and Calcutta.
Among many villages and farms interfperfed in the large
the
planes by the river Huguely; the firfl. of any note on the river
fide isCalculla, a market-town for corn, coarfe cloth, butter,
oil, and other products of the country; and above it is the
Dutch Bankfhall, where their fhips ride, when the currents
hinder them from getting up the river. From Calculla and
Juanpardoa, two large deep rivers run to the eaft ; and, on
the-weft fide, there is another that runs by the back of Hu-
guely ifland to Radnagor, famous for manufacturing cotton
cloth and filk romaal*, or handkerchiefs. Baffiindri and
Feffidri, or Gorgat and Cattrohg, are on that river, which
produce the greateft quantity of iugar in Bengal.
FbN'JELLY, is a village a little higher up on the eaft fide of the
Huguely river, where there. is a weekly corn-market^ which
exports more rice than any place on this river.
At Govenapore, aboutaleague further Up, on the other fide
of the river, is a little pyramid, built for a land-mark, or
boundary, of the Englifh India company's colony of Calcutta,
which is aboutaleague higher. The Englifh. it has been laid,
abandoned Huguely, becaufe of the unhealthy is of it'sfitua-
tion; and Captain Hamilton fays, that this place is the moft
unhealthy on all by reafon that, three miles to the
that river,
is which overflows in Sep-
a falt-water like,
tember and October, when vaft numbers of fifh refort to it^
VfhLh are left dry by the going off of the flood, in November
and
 BEN
and December, and infect the air by their putrefaction,
caufea yearly mortality.
The governor's houfe in the fort is as regular a piece of archi-
tecture asis to be feen of this kind in India ; and in the fort
are many convenient lodgings, both for the factors and writers,
and fome fiore-houfes for the company's goods, befides maga-
zines for their ammunition. The company has alfo a pretty
wood hofpital here, with a garden and fifh-ponds, from whence
the governor's kitchen is fupplied with carp, mullets, and
calkops. Moft people of any figure here have the fame ad-
vantages, and all forts of provifions being good and cheap,
as well as cloathing, the country is very agreeable, with
it's abovementioned incqnveniencies.
The 3C0 foldiers, more
garrifon here confift generally of 2 or
for conveying the company's fleet from Patana, with their
falt-petre and piece goods, raw filk and opium, than for de-
fence of the fort for, as the company hold the colony in
; frequented by merchants, and ftands in a very healthy and
fee-tail of the Mogul, they are not afraid of enemies difpof-
reffingthem. The Rajas, whofe territories lie on the banks
of the Ganges, between Patana and Cafiembazzar, are fome-
times troublefome, by claiming duty for all merchandizes that
pafs on the river, by, or through, their dominions, and often
raifing forces to compel payment ; but fome detachment from
the fort generally clear the palTage. Captain Hamilton com-
plained, that, in his time, the colony had very little manu-
factory of it's own. He eftimated the number of inhabitants
at about 10,600; and adds, that the company's revenues,
which are pretty good, and well paid,arife from ground-rents,
and confulage on all goods imported arid exported by Britifh
fubjects, who, as free merchants, are tolerated by the com-
pany to trade ; but all other nations are free from taxes.
Oppofite to the factory which the Danes once had, about four
miles below the town of Huguely, the late Oftend company
[fee the trade of the Austrian Netherlands and Os-
tend Company] fettled a factory at Bankebankfhall ; but,
anno 1723, they quarrelled with the fouadaar, or governor of
Huguely, who forced them 'to quit the place, and feek pro-
tection from the French, who nave a factory at Charnagur ;
but the latter here being poor, and carrying on little trade,
content themfelves with a little church to hear mafs in, which
fays Captain Hamilton, is the chief bufinefs of the French at
Bengal.
Chinchcjsa, where the Dutch emporium ftands, is about half
a league further up. It is a large factory. The
wholly under the Dutch government, and about a mile each
way, and well inhabited by Armenians and the natives. It is
contiguous to Huguely, and is a fanctuary for many poor
natives, when they are in dahger of being oppreflbd by the
Mogul governor, or his harpies.
Huguely, orOuGLY, where the Englifh once bad, and the
Dutch have a factory, is an unhealthy, but pretty large,
ftill
ill-built town, extending two miles, by the weft fide of it's
river, from Chinchufa to the Bandel. This town, at which
the Mogul has a fuzza, or cuflom-houfe officer, drives a great
trade, becaufe all foreign goods are brought to it for import,
as thofe of the Bengal product are for exportation. Bernier
fays, it is the beft and moft fruitful country in the world, and
the air temperate; that it produces very great quantities of
rice, fugar, fpices, cotton, filks, caries, &c. The Portu-
gueze drive a great trade here in confections, pomecitrons, a
delicate root like farfaparilla, ambas, ananas, mirobalans,
lemons, and ginger. The other commodities are falt-petre,
with which the Englifh and Dutch load whole fhips they
have alfo lacque, opium, wax, civet, long-pepper, and but-
ter.
The country is well watered by channels cut from the
Ganges, on the banks of which grow their pulfe, muftard-
feed, fefamum for oil, and low mulberry-trees, to feed their
filk-worms ; but their filk is not near fo good as that of
Perfia.
The trade of Bengal affords rich cargoes for 50 or 60 mips
yearly, befides what is carried in fmall veflels to neighbouring
countries and there are veflels of about 200 tons, that bring
; on the
falt-petre hitherfrom Patana. They come down in October,
before the ftream of the river, but are obliged to tow them
up again, by ftrength of hands, not lefs than 1000 miles.
Befides, the trading veflels in India deal in opium, long-pep-
per, ginger, tobacco, and various forts of piece-goods, not
merchantable in Europe. They abound with warehoufes, and
fhops full of all forts of Indian-goods, efpecially filks, fine
cloths and fluffs. The Portugueze had a factory here in the
beginning of the laft century, which they called Porto-Ri-
quero, and another a little to the fouth-weft, called Porto-
Angeli, but were expelled by the Moguls, becaufe of their
piracy. There is abundance of Moorifh merchants, who
carry on aconfiderable trade here. The Dutch factory here,
which is built in an open place, about amufket-fhot from the
river, looks more like a caflle, being incompaffed with deep
ditches, full of water, high ftone walls, and baftions faced
with ftone, and mounted with cannon. Their fpacious ware-
houfes are alfo of ftone, and the apartments for the officers
and merchants are large and commodious.
This being the chief ofall the Dutch factories in the Bengal
direction, the accounts arc tranfmitted from hence to Ba-
tavia. Bcmicr fays, that there were 8 or 9000 Chriftians
and
BEN
here in his time, and about 25,000 in the reft of the king-
dom. The adjacent country is very finely diverfihed with
arable land, neat houfes, large gardens, ponds, bathing-
places, delightful vallies, and roads adorned with trees, re-
fembling walks.
At Bandel there was formerly a Portugueze colony, but go-
verned fincebythe Mogul's touzdaar. They, at prefent, deal
in no fort of commodities, fays Captain Hamilton, but what
are in requeft at the court of Venus, the owners whereof are
to be met with at it's church, and a prieft to conduct the
buyer to proper /hops, for view of the goods, and to vouch
all for their goodnefs.
At Cassembazaar, about 100 miles above Huguely, and 20
leagues weft from Dacca, are factories both Englifh and
Dutch, of which, by their company's orders, the feconds of
the council ought to be the chiefs. It is a large town, much
fruitful ifland of the Ganges, whofe inhabitants are employed
in many valuable manufactories, efpecially mullins and filks,
which are naturally yellowifh, 'till the natives whiten them
with the afhes which they' call there of Adam's fig-tree.
Tavernier fays, that the Dutch export 7000 bales of them
from hence annually; and, except what the natives keep for
themfelves, the Tartar and Mogul merchants ingrofs the reft,
which is about 15,000 bales. Captain Hamilton fays, that
it ftole it's prefent trade and grandeur from
Rajahmal, Ragemahale, or Ragmehal, 12 miles
from a well built town, which was once the refidence of
it,
the governors of Bengal, and the greateft place of trade and
commerce on the Ganges, by the name of Muxadaubaud,
and where the Mogul has ftill a mint ; but on the port's being
choaked up, the government was removed to Dacca, and the
trade to Caflambazaar. The country adjacent affords plenty
of rice, and excellent hunting. The Bengal roupies, which
are gold, are coined here.
MaldOj is a large populoustown, well frequented by mer-
chants, oh another channel of the Ganges, 40 or 50 miles
eaft of Rajahmal, and 15 leagues north eaft of Tanda. Both
the Englifh and Dutch have factories here ; as alfo at,
Dacca, which is alfo called Dekaka, Daac, or Bandar.
Dacca, is an ifland on the broadeft and moft eaftern branch
of the Ganges. It is about a league and an half long, on the
banks of the river. Mr. Hamilton fays, it is the largeft city
place is in Bengal, and manufactures the beft and cheapeft cotton and
filk. The plenty and cheapnefs of provifions here is alfo in-
credible. In fhort, it is a populous wealthy town, and re-
folded to by merchants from China, and divers parts of India.
Sundiva, an ifland, which lies four leagues from the reft, and
as far from the main land, and 120 miles fouth of Chatigan,
is about 20 leagues in circumference, has three fathom water
within a mile of it's fhore, and ferves to fhelter fmall fhips
from ftorms, or the fouth-weft monfoons. It is thinly inha-
bited by a Ample honeft people, who fell their cloth manu-
facture incredibly cheap, and have fuch plenty of provifions,
that Captain Hamilton was informed, by a perfon of credit,
that he bought 580 pounds weight of rice for half-a-crown,
and that he gave no more for eight geefe, and 60 good tame
poultry. Mr. Fytch fays, alfo, that is one of the moft fruit-
ful iflands in the world; that it abounds with wild hogs and
fat kine, and that he bought the latter for 6s. 3d. a piece,
and four wild hogs, ready drefled, for 12s. 6d. The ifland
is divided into two parts, by a channel, which, at high wa-
: ter, is navigable.
After defcribing the coaft and bay of Bengal, with the
mouths of the Ganges, and the iflands thereof, we fhall next
give an account of the continent, and it's trade, which is
called the kingdom or province of Bengal.
It lies in the fouth-eaft corner of Indoltan, on both fides of
the tropic of Cancer, and the -river Gariges; having it's bay,
and the province of Orixa, on the fouth ; Patna and Jefnat
on the north ; Malva on the weft ; with Aracan and Tipra
eaft. It is ufually compared to Egypt for it's fertility.
Bernier fays, it is the beft and moft fruitful country in the
world, it being well watered, not only by the Ganges, but by
channels cut outof it, on whofe banks grow their pulfe, muf-
tard-feed, fefamum for oil, and little in ul berry-* trees, to feed
their filk-worms,'whofe products of raw filk, and their wrought
filk, are preferred to the Chinefe, and reckoned little inferior
to that of Ghilan on the Cafpian fea. Befides aloes, falt-petre,
lacque, opium, &c. as before obferved, it produces very great
quantities of rice, which is fent every year to the Moluccas,
Sumatra, Malabar, and Coromandel ; the Maldiva iflands,
Ceylon, Goa, &c.
They alfo fend plenty of fugar to Gol-
conda, Carnetteo, Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Perfia, as alfo
fpices, cotton, the fineft muffins and callicoes, filks called
Bengals, elaches and herba fluffs, with Indico and canes, to
Europe. The Portugueze drive a great trade here, in con-
fections, pomecitrons, along, but very delicate, root, like far-
faparilla, ambas, ananas, mi rabolans, lemons and ginger. They
have, from April to September, almoft continual rains, ac-
companied with tempefts, which occafions inundations, and
do a great deal of mifchief. During the other part of the year,
the weather is fair, and cooled by the north eaft wind ; but,
in December, January, and February, the mornings are miity
and
 BEN
and coldyet in December, when the days arc fhorteft,
,
tli<.'\ have tlit; fun from half an hour after fix in the morning
to half an hour after five in the evening. The days are then
Serene and dear, though the nights are cold and this feafon
i their harvclt. Here is great plenty of fifli, good fowls for
three half-pence a piece, and geefe and ducks in proportion.
They abound with Sheep, kids, and hogs, the chief food of
the Europeans, who alfo vidua! their fhips therewith.
The governors here exercife abfolute power, have all the tri-
butes, imports, and fines for which they are obliged to fur-
; was improved, but, at prefent, of no great confederation.
nifli the emperor with bdrfea
and arms So that this province ; The adjacent country is fruitful to admiration, producing
js rated at 40,000
horfe, and 80,000 foot, for it's quoto; and
jt's yearly revenue is calculated at no lef's, according to
Sdiouten, than 5,000,000 fterling.
gome geographers have represented Bengal as the chief city ;
whereas there is no fuch town, or a very obfeure one. Mar-
tiiiiere fays, that of the many travels he had feen to jndoftan,
he never met with any Satisfactory evidence, either Us to the
fituation or exiftence of the city of Bengal. Our merchants
and feamen, who have been there fo often, know no fuch
place ; and, according to the accounts of the fituation of
what is called by this name, it would feem to be a town that
borders upon Aracan, and is the mod eafterly boundary of
the Mogul's dominions, viz.
Chatigan, or, as the Portugueze call it, Xatigam and
Porto Majore, about 50 leagues below Dacca, near the
bottom of Bengal bay. Moll and Herbert place it at the
fouth-eaft corner of an ifland, formed by the two mod: eaftcrn
mouths of the Ganges ; and the Sanfons, ort the weft fide of
the Cofmin, overagainft what they term the city of Bengal.
The place is called, by the natives, Chittagoung. The di-
stance from hence to Sagor, the weftermort channel of the
Ganges, according to Hamilton, about 100 leagues.
Fytch fays, it it the chief harbour of the country and it ap-
fears to
have been formerly a place of confiderable traffic,
t was the firft fettlement made by the Portugueze ; but the
dangers their fhips ran, in coming hither in the fouth-weft
monfoons, made them remove to Bandel at Huguley, and it
is now a poor place, poverty always being the confequence
of the lofs of trade.
Satigan, or Satiga. Mr. Frederic, in his travels, fays,
that, in his time, above 30 fhips were annually laden here
with rice, lacque, fugar, long-pepper, oil of Zezelin, &c.
and that merchants commonly bought and freighted veflels at
this place, to trade up to the Ganges, by which they made
confiderable advantages ; but the commerce is fince removed
to Huguley.
At Patna, Patena, or Patekaw, where both theEnglifh
and Dutch have factories for raw filk and fait petre ; and Some
geographers place it on one fide the Ganges, and others on the
contrary. The Sanfons place it en the eaft of the Ganges,
where the kingdom of that name lies, 135 miles north-weft
of Dacca ; but it is placed on the weft fide by the map?-, as
well as by Thevenot, Tavernier, and other travellers. The
former fays, it is a very large town, in a pleaSant and fruitful
country : Dutch, whofe factory here is
the latter, that the
chiefly'for falt-petre, refine town called Choupar,
it at a great
10 leagues higher up the Ganges. He makes Patna to be 6
miles in length, and one of the biggeft cities in the Indies.
Hamilton fays, it is the feat of the prince of Bengal, who is
always of the royal blood, and that it produces fo much opi-
um, that it ferves all the countries in India with
plies them with cotton, cotton-cloth, fugar, See. that
alfo
gold is dug in the neighbourhood. They make a fort of pot-
ter's ware here very fragrant, and almoft as thin as paper, for
the ufe of the Mogul's feraglio, and the princes of Indoftan.
Bannaras, or Bannaron, handfomc large city on the
is a and commerce of the Dutch in this part of the world, where
eaft fide of the Ganges, about 100 miles above Patna, in the
road to Arga. It has a very confiderable trade in callicoes and
filks,which the manufacturers dare not fell 'till ftamped with
the Mogul's feal, on pain of being fined and baftinadoed.
They abound with plenty of pulfe, and all forts of grain, in
the neighbourhood and they have manufactures of rich fluffs
; pate all the other European factories out of the country.
of gold, filver, and filks, of magnificent turbar:ts, fine girdles,
and light veftments, for the ladies of the feraglio, which
makes of this one of the wealthier! towns in the Indies.
Tanda, on the eaft fide of the Ganges, above where it di-
vides into. branches, and about a league from the river, was
the capital of a kingdom, 'till fubdued by the Moguls, and
is a place of great trade in cotton and callico.
Soumelpore, about 30 leagues from Huguley. is noted for
the fine diamonds in it's river Gouel, fuppofed to be waShed
down from the fouth mountains of Golconda ; infomuch that,
about the end of January, or the beginning of February,
when the water is clear, after having been mudded by the
great rains that generally fall in December, above 80c o men,
women, and children, fearch for diamonds all along from this
town to thefe mountains.
Jonpoure, ftands on the fame river as Soumelpore, but 25
miles more to the fouth. It is noted for a confiderable com-
merce in fweet-fcented oils, rich carpets, hangings embroi-
dered with filk, and all forts of fine linnen.
Laccanow, not far from Jonpoure, drives
more efpecially in linnens.
BEN
OuDCE, or Oujea, an ancient cith, on a river that runs into
the Ganges, formerly the feat of the Patau kings, has a
mighty trade in horn, being uSed by the Indians for drinking-
; cups and targets.
Balasore, or BrxLi-soRE, is the place where the European
fhips, bound for Bengal and the Ganges, take in a pilot; and
theEnglifh, Dutch, and French, have their refpective facto-
ries here, which were, indeed, the capital factories of the
bay of Bengal, before the navigation of the Huguley river
rice, wheat, gram, doll, callavancts, feveral forts of pulfe,
anife, cummin, coriander, and carraway-feeds, tobacco,
butter, oil, and bees-wax. Their manufactures are of cot-
ton, in Iannis, cartas, dimities, mulmuls, filk and cotton
romals, gurrahs, and lungies ; and, of the herba (the rind
of a certain tree, which, being prepared and drawn out fine,
works like filk, and is worked with either filk or cotton) they
make ginghams, pinafcas, and feveral other forts of goods
for exportation. There are rich Moors, Banians, and Gen-
tiles here. The town trades pretty much with the Maldiva
iflands, which having no rice or other grain of their own pro-
duct, it Supplies them with what ncccflarics they want, and
in return, brings cowries and cayar, for the fervice of {hip-
ping. The fea-fhore of Balaforc being very low, the fhips
ride three leagues from it in four or five fathom water, in a
road which is rendered fafc, by Cape Palmiras, from the vio-
lence of the fouth wind. There is a very dangerous bar at the
mouth of it's river, which is about 12 leagues to the north of
Cunnaca river. Between thefe two rivers there is one conti -
nued fandy bay, where vaft numbers of fea-tortoifes refort to
lay their eggs ; and here are Shoals of a very delicious fifh
called pamplee, which are fold for two-pence a hundred, and
; two of them are Sufficient for a moderate Stomach.
Remarks.
When it is faid the Englifh have a factory in this part, and
the Dutch in that, it is rather to defcribe which of the Euro-
pean nations has the principal commerce there; for, except
in the particular places where they Severally have fert>, and
maintain garrifons, no factory is Singular to an Europ
nation upon all the coaft; but the feveral nations have par-
ticular houfes, or bazars, in the refpective cities and trading
ports, and this they call a factory ; whereas the main b-d/ of
the inhabitants are Indians, and the Europeans are there only
by the permirtion of thofe Indians, or of their princes a;id
governors.
But the cafe of the Portugueze Goa, whofe is different at
poffertion is their own and they acknowledge
in fovereignty,
no prince but the king of Portugal, though they have near
100,000 people under their government the rcal'on whereof ;
is,becaufe they firft obtained their fovereignty of the proper
prince, v*ho then ruled, the Great Mogul at that time in be-
ing having not extended his dominions to fuch a heighth :s
his fucceflors have fince done. The Portugueze thus Streng-
thening thcmfelvcs at Goa, and having taught the Indians
and Meftizes to live after the European manner, they ha-.e
prevented the Dutch from difporteffing them, as they have
done at Coulang and other places on that coaft.
The Dutch have Secured themSelves, even more effectually,
it. It fup- at Batavia, on the ifland of Java, which, when they came
firft thither, was only an Indian village, Surrounded with no
more than a pallifado of bamboo canes.
This city is the glory of this ifland, and of all the European
Settlements in the Indies. It is the center of all the Strength
they are fo powerful, and have So many Subjects, So many
iflands. kingdoms, principalities, and dominions depending
on them, and are So able to Support and protect them, that it
is to be wondered any other European nation Should have the
leal! Sooting in the Indies, and that the Dutch do not extir-
They have alfo brought the natives, where they have any
influence, to cloath in the European mann.r, which has
wonderfully increaSed their commerce from Europe thither.
By thefe politic meafures, we find, that the Dutch have
rendered their trade to this part of the world fo important,
as to Strengthen themfelve there, in a manner far fuperior
to all the reft of the European powers put together ; and,
therefore, whenever it is the will and pleafure of their High
Mightinefles, they may monopolize, as it were, all this trade
from Europe to themSelves. This would increaSe the r
navigation and brood oS Seamen to Such a degree, that they
would Soon become as potent in Europe as they would then
be in Afia.
The Same principles of policy, therefore, v/hich dictate to the
chief potentates of Europe to maintain the balance of power
among themfelves, do alfo dictate the holding the ballance
of power in Ana among the Europeans fettled in that part
of the world ; for, although fome have imagined, but never
proved, we conceive, that the Eart-India trade of this na-
a very great trade, tion is, upon the whole, a loofing trade ; yet, if ever Eng-
land gives the fame up, it will certainly prove a real, not an
imaginary
3 Q_

BEN
imaginary kingdom, and a certain gain to that
lofs to this
into whofe fcale of trade it fhall be thrown thus, as it will :
weaken our navigation, and leffen our brood of feamen ; fo
it will ftrcngthen thofe who (hall fupplaiit us.
If this trade was to the nation, we may
really detrimental
reafonably prefume it would prove the fame to other ftates
which have a fhare therein as well as we; unlefs it can be
fhewn that other nations are more experienced in this com-
merce, and carry it on to greater advantage than we do.
But extraordinary that this trade fhould prove beneficial
it is
to all other nations, and otherwife to us ; and it is ftill more
extraordinary that upftart nations in trade fhould be fo
fanguine to eftablifh a new Eaft-India company *, if they
were not morally certain of it's proving national bene-
ficial.
This alludes to the endeavours of the king of Pruflia, to
eftablifh an India company at Embden, and make that a
free port, under certain limitations, as has been rumoured.
But thofe who are not for depriving England of this trade,
yet imagine that ft wOuld be carried on more to the intereft
of the nation by 'being free and open to all his majefty's
fubjects, ^than in the hand of a trading company, with a
large joint-flock, and with privileges and immunities, exclu-
five of all other the Britifh fubjects. which, for the To
prefent, I fhall only obferve, that, while other nations al-
ways have, and ftill do experience it to be for their intereft
to carry the fame on by fuch-like companies, it feems im-
politic for us to do otherwife, and thereby hazard the lofs of
a real gain for an imaginary greater. This matter, however,
fhall be confidered under the article of East-India Com-
pany ; wheiein weendeavour to fhew how that
fhall alfo
company may be greatly advantaged, and that as much to the
intereft of the nation as the company itfelf. The reafon for
thefe fentiments, under this head, is to apprife our readers,
in fome meafure of what they are to expect in the fequel of
this work ;not contenting ourfelves with a mere narrative
we
of trade as it is, but are ambitious to fuggeft what may occur
to us, which may 'tend to the advancement of that of our
own nation. , . . I
In the interim, we fhall only obferve what meafures the par-
liament of England have been pleafed to take, to prevent the
fubjects of the crown of Great-Britain from becoming inte-
refted in any foreign Eaft-India company, and for the en-
couragement of our own.
Abftract of feveral acts of parliament, now in force, which
were made for preventing his majefty's fubjects from trading
to the Eaft-Indies under foreign commiffions, and from
beino- interefted or concerned in any foreign Eaft-India
company to be erected.
By the following acts of parliament now in force, and which
were made for preventing his majefty's ftibjects from trading
to the Eaft-Indies under foreign commiffions, and from beirtg
interefted, or concerned, in any foreign Eaft-India company
to be erected, it is enacted as follows, viz.
c Geo. I. cap. 2i. By an act paffed irk the fifth year of his
late majefty king George I. all his majefty's fubjef.s, except
thofe licenfed by the Eaft-India company, are prohibited from
going to the Eaft-Indies. And, to the end fuch offenders
maybe brought to juftice, the Eaft-India company are im-
powered to arreft and feize fuch offenders in the Eaft-Indies,
and to fend them to England, there to anfwer for the faid
offence ; and every Britifh fubject who fhall procure, folicit
for, obtain, or act under, any commiffion,
authority, or pafs,
from any foreign prince or ftate, to fail or go, or trade in, or
to the Eaft-Indies, incurs and forfeits, for every fuch offence,
1. 7 Geo. I. cap. a 1. By another act, paffed in the fe-
500
Venth year of his late majefty every fubjea of
king George I.
his majefty who fhall go adventure into,
to, or fhall trade, or
or from the Eaft-Indies (contrary to the laws in being) and
fhall be convicted thereof, in any of his
majefty's courts of
record at Weftminftcr, is to pay arid fuffer fuch fine and
imprifonment as the court fhall think fit.
And all the goods and merchandize that fhall be bartered, or
trafficed for^in the Eaft-Indies, or purchafed
there, by any
fuch offenders, or that fhall be found in his cuftody, or in
the cuftody of any other perfon by his order or procurement,
thereof.
are declared to be forfeited, with double the value
ninth year of his
q Geo. I. cap. 26. By an act paffed in the
late majefty king George I. all his majefty's fubjcfts are pro-
hibited from fubfcribing, contributing to, encouraging, or
promoting, the raifing, cftablifhing, or carrying on, any fo-
reign company, from, and after the 24th day of June, 1723,
formed, or erected, for trading to the Eaft-
to be raifed,
Indies, and fromjbeing interefted in, or intitlcd to, any fhare
under for-
in the flock, or capital, of fuch foreign company,
capital, princi-
feiture of all his, her, or their intereft, in the
company, together
pal ftock, or adions, of any fuch foreign
with treble the value thereof.
impowered to exhibit bills
And the attorney-general is
Exchequer,
complaint in the court of Chancery, or court of
;
BEN
againft fuch offenders, for the difcovery of fuch offence;
which difcovery fuch offenders are obliged to make, on the
attorney-general's waving in fuch bill the faid forfeiture of
the treble value, and infilling only on the Angle value thereof
and, in fuch cafe, thefingle value is to be decreed to be paid
by fuch offenders.
And that every fubject of his majefty accepting of any truft,
or knowing of any intereft, fhare, part, proportion, or con-
cern, which any other of his majefty's fubjects fhall have, or
be intitled to, in any fuch foreign company, and who fhall
not, within fix months next after the accepting fuch truft, or
coming to the knowledge of fuch intereft, mure, proportion,
or concern, as aforefaid, truly difcover the fame in writing
to the Eaft-India company, or their court of directors, fhall
forfeit treble the value of the intereft fo accepted in truft, or
fo known and not difcovered, as aforefaid ; and any perfon,
making fuch difcovery, is intitled to a moiety of the forfeiture.
And all his majefty's fubjects (other than fuch as are lawfully
authorifed thereunto) going to, or found in the Eaft-Indies.
are declared guilty of a high crime and mifdemeanor, and are
made liable to corporal punifhment, imprifonment, or fine
for the fame, at the difcretion of fuch of his majefty's courts
of record at Weftminfter where the profecution for fuch of-
fence fhall be commenced.
And every perfon fo offending may be feized, and brought
to England, and committed to goal there, by any one of his
majefty's juftices of the peace, until fufficient fecurity be
given by natural-born fubjects, or denizens, to appear in the
court where fuch profecution fhall be commenced, to an-
fwer the fame, and not depart without leave of the court.
3 Geo. II. cap. 14. By an act paffed in the third year of his
late majefty, it is enacted, That, if any of his majefty's
fubjects (other than the Eaft-India company, and thofe li-
cenfed by them) fhall, directly, or indirectly, go to, trade,
or venture into, or from, the Eaft-Indies, every fuch offen-
der fhall incur the forfeiture and lofs of all the fhips ana 1
veflels employed in fuch a voyage, trade, or adventure; and
alfo all the goods laden thereupon, or that were fent to, ac-
quired, traded or adventured, within the Eaft-Indies, and all
the proceed, and effect of the fame, and double the value
thereof.
BENZION, or BENJAMIN, a kind of gum, which fome
reckon in the fame with incenfe and aroma's. The
clafs
trees from which the benzoin runs grow plentifully in
Cochin-China; there are alfo many of them in the fofeft of
the kingdom of Lao and Siam.
This tree refembles pretty much the almond tree ; but it's
leaves are longer, and roundifh at the top. The benzoin
runs from incifions made in the trunk and large branches of
the tree ; though fome authors pretend, without any reafon,
that it is to be found in a kind of pods, and is formed from
an oil, thickened by the heat of the fun.
The grocers and druggifts fell two forts of benzoin, the one
.in drops, and the other in lumps.
The true benzoih in drops, which is feldom to be met with
in France, and of which the people of the ambaffador of Si-
am's retinue brought a pretty large quantity, is of a yellow,
or gold colour without, and white within, ftriped with fmall
clear veins, which are white and red ; it is friable without
any tafte, but of a fweet and very aromatic fcent. It is very
different from the benzoin in drops which is fold at Paris, and
which is clear, tranfparent, of a reddifh colour, and mixed
with white drops, rcfembling almonds, whence it is called
amygdaloid benzoin. This latter muft be chofen with fuch
qualities as come as near as poffible to thofe above mention-
ed ; and, above all, let it be without any dirt, which happens
but feldom.
The benzoin in lumps is the moft common of all, and is very
liable to be adulterated by feveral gums melted together. In
order to be of a good quality, it ought to be very clean, of
an agreeable fmell, very refinous, and abounding with white
drops that which is too black, and without any fcent, muft
:
be abfolutely rejected.
The beft ben2oin grows in the ifland of Sumatra, at a place
called Baros, on the weftern coaft of the ifland, a little to;
the north of the equinoctial line. It belongs to the Dutch,
who fend great quantities of that drug into Indoftan, or the
Mogul's country, for the Indians there ufe a great deal of it
in their religious ceremonies. This drug has names ;
feveral
is called afla dulce, ben of Judea, benzoin of beninas, and
it
Latin, benzoinum.
in
They get from the benzoin a kind of white flowers, good for 1
afthmatic perfons, and an oil, which is a fort of balm for
wounds.
All forts of benzoin pay duty of importation in France at
the rate of fix livres per 100 weight ; but, when it has been
depofited any where, and comes from the Levant, from Bar-
bary, Perfia, or Italy, then reckoned as one of thofe
it is
merchandizes, on which, according to the decree of thecoun-*
cil, dated the 15th of Auguft, 1685, a duty f 20 P er cent
of their value ought to be raifed ; which duty is alfo raifed
of on the benzoin when it is imported by Roan, though it had
not been depofited any where.
BERCHEOIT,

B E R
BERKEOITS,
a we i gh t ufed at Arch-
BERCHEROIT, or
angel, and in the dominions of the czar of Mufcovy, to
all
weTgh fuch merchandizes as are very heavy, or very bulky,
The bercheroit weighs 400 pounds
fuch as pot-afhes, &c.
of Mufcovy, which amount to about 364 pounds Englifh
avoirdupoife weight.
BERGAMO, a coarfe tapeftry, which is manufactured with
fevcral forts of fpun thread, as flocks of fill;, wool, cotton,
hemp, ox, cow, or goat's hair. It is
thofc forts of thread, the warp of which is commonly of hemp.
Some pre-
it is wove on a loom, almoft like linnen cloth.
tend it was called bergamo, becaufe the people of Bargamo
in Italy were the firft inventors of it.
Roan and Elbcuf, of the province of Normandy in
cities
France, furnifh a confiderable quantity of bergamos of all
colours and mixtures of colours fome after the manner of
:
the point of Hungary ; (point d'Hongria) others with broad
flowers, birds, or other
ftripes, worked with the figures of
fome with broad and narrow ftripes, even, and
animals :
without figures ; others again, which are called China's and
fcales, becaufe they are worked fo as to imitate the point of
China and the fcales of fifhes. They make at Roan a parti-
cular fort of bergamo, which they call twine, or twifted
(tortin in French) becaufe they ufe twifted wool in it ; they
alfo make fome at Touloufc.
The height or length of the bergamos is moft commonly an
elland a half, an ell and J, two ells, or two ells and a half
French meafure. They make, neverthelefs, fome of two ells
and three quarters ; but thefe are not common, being feldom
made but for merchants who will have them fo. There are
of thefe tapeftries fome fine, fome middling, and fome coarfe,
or common.
Formerly the French ufed to fend fome bergamos into foreign
countries, particularly towards the north
they are fcarce ufed any where but within the kingdom, and
chiefly at Paris, there being few tradefmen, or mean people,
in that great city, who would not think it a difgrace, if, when
they fet up, they had not a bergamo tapeftry in their rooms.
Thefe are likewife called tapeftries of the ftreet St. Dennis, or
of the gate of Paris, becaufe there are more of them fold in
that part of the town than any where elfe in Paris.
They who trade in thofe tapeftries are the mercers, upholftc-
rers, and brokers ; but the former only have them from the
places where they are manufactured. See Tapestry.
BERKSHIRE, a county in England, bounded by Hampfhire
on the fouth; by Wiltfhire and Gloucefterfhire on the weft ;
by the Thames on the north, which divides it from Bucking-
ham and Oxfordfhire; and, on the eaft, by Middlefex and
The air and the foil fer-
in the general, healthy,
Surrey. is,
tile, where it is and the whole county, which is
cultivated
;
as pleafant as moft in England, is well ftored with cattle and
timber, particularly oak and beech in the weftern parts, and
This county alfo abdunds with wild
in Windlor foreft.
fowl, and other game, as it's river Thames and Kennet, the
one on the north the other on the fouth fide of it, do with
hfh, efpecially fine large trout and cray-fifh.
It has been obferved, that land is dearer here than in other
parts the fame diftance from London. The chief manufac-
tures of this county are woollen cloth, fail-cloth, and malt;
there being great crops of barley in the weft part of the county,
particularly the Vale of White Horfe.
Reading. This town formerly abounded With many and very
wealthy clothiers. In the reign of Edward I. Thomas Colej
went by the name of the rich clothier of Reading ; and Mr.
Kenrick, a merchant of London, and fon of a clothier of
Newberry, left 7500I. to encourage this trade here; but
of late years, this manufacture is in great meafure laid afide
for that of malt, which, by the convenience of the rivers in
this county turns to great account ; for the river Kennet will
bear a barge here of 110 tons ; and then it is fo near the
Thames, that the largeft they ufe may come up to the town-
bridge, where they have wharfs.
Though they have a great trade in the country, yet theif
principal trafficis by navigation to London, to which they
carry vaft quantities of malt, meal, and timber, and bring
back coals, fait, tobacco, grocery wares, oils, &c. Some of
thefe barges will carry 1000 or 1200 quarters of malt at a
time. A large manufacture of fail-cloth
the late Sir Owen Buckingham, lord
he dying, and his fon being unhappily killed in a duel, that
manufacture died with him.
A.bincdon. The feveral ftreets of this town are well paved,
and center in a fpacious area, where the market is held, which
and they make
is a confiderable one, efpecially for barley
great quantities of malt, which they fend in barges, with
other commodities, to London.
Hungerford, ftands on the river Kennet, and is famous for
the beft trout and cray-fifh. But, though it lies in the great
road to Bath, &c. which is it's chief fupport, neither it's
buildings nor market are confiderable, it's trade being no-
thing, and fituation moorifh.
Neweerry, or Newbery. The manufacture of cloth throve
here once to fuch a degree, that in the reign of Henry VIII.
here flourifhed John Winfchomb, commonly called Jack of
. ;
B E R
Newberry, one of thegrcateft clothiers that ever was in Eng*
land, he keeping 100 looms in his houfe and, in the expe-
;
dition toFlodden-Field againft the Scots, marched with 100
of his own men, all armed and cloathed at his own expence
;
and he built all the weft part of the church. Alfo, Mr.
Kenrick, the fon of a cloather of this town, and afterwai J
a merchant of London, left 4000]. to this town, as well as
7500I. to Reading, to encourage the clothing trade. Eut
properly a weft of all it has loft, at prefent, moft of this manufacture, and in
proportion, the profperity of the town has decayed, fince it
removed to the weft. However, they make a great quantity
of fhalloons and druggets, which, with it's other trades, ren-
ders it ftill a pretty flourifhing town. It ftands very pleafant-
with the river Kennet running through
ly, in a fruitful plain,
it. It was made a corporation by queen Elizabeth, and is
governed by a mayor, high-fteward, recorder, aldermen, and
capital burgeffes. The ftreets are fpacious, particularly the
market-place, in which ftands the Guildhall. It is noted,
alfo, for it's excellent trout, eels, and cray-fifh, and has all
manner of provifions in great plenty.
Maidenhead. Here is a confiderable trade fcr malt, meal,
and timber, which they carry in their barges to London.
Okingham is the chief place in Windfor-Foreft, be !ng a pretty
large, well-frequented town, with feveral ftreets, a fair, mar-
ket-houfe, and a manufacture of filk ftockings and cloth,
efpecially of the former, of Which large quantities are bought
in it's market.
BERMUDAS, or SUMMER
ISLANDS, lie in latitude 32
north, and in longitude weft from London, according to the
moft accurate oblervations, 64, 48. They are numerous,
and lie pretty contiguous to each other. Voyagers differ
about their number, but they are reckoned, upon the whole
near 400, yet the moft of them fo fmall and barren, a: to
but, at prefent,
be uninhabitable.
:
Their extent, which is from north- eaft to fouth-weft, is com-
puted but about 20 miles, and their greateft breadth about
five, and not above one eight part of them is inhabited.
Moft of them are fo inconfiderable, that neither the Spaniards,
nor any other Europeans, thought it worth their while to
fettle upon them. The firft Englifhman that faw them was
one May, who was call on them by ftrefs of weather, anno
1 593 ; but the account he gave of them did not encourage
other adventurers to fearch after them, 'till Sir George Som-
mers made an attempt, and was fhipwrecked upon them,
anno 1609: after which the Virginia company fold their
property to thofe iflands, which they held by virtue of a
charter from king James I. to I20 perfohs, who about three
years after, fent thither one Richatd Moore, with about 60
perfons. Thefe landed on the largeft ifland, where they built
themfelves huts, which grew, by degrees, into handfome
houfes, and, in time, into an handfome town, to which they
gave the name of St. George, and from which the whole
ifland hath been called ever fince.
This by far the moft confiderable of all the iflands, being
is
about 16 miles long from north-eaft to fouth-weft, and about
three in breadth where broadeft, and is furrounded with high
and craggy rocks, which jut a good way into the fea, and
ferve inftead of a ftrong rampart to it. But to it's natural
ftrength the inhabitants have taken care to add feveral good
forts, with batteries, and other outworks, efpecially towards
the eaft, where it lies moft uncovered, fo as to command all
the channels, and other avenues, on that fide.
The number of Englifh inhabitants are computed to be above
10,000, befides flaves, who carry on a tollerable commerce
in tobacco ; but it is of fo indifferent a kind, and fo inferior
to that of the other Britiih plantations, that it bears but a
fmall price in proportion. They have likewife fome cochi-
neal, catch pearls on their coafts, and fome fmall quantities
of ambergreafe which is likewife gathered upon their coafts
and in thefe commodities their trade chiefly confifts, for the
fecurity of which they have built no lefs than 10 forts, moft
of them well manned and armed, and all kept in good repair.
The country is chiefly mountainous, but hath fome fertile
plains j the ground is of various colours, but the brown is
efteemed-the richeft ; the whitifh, or fandy is reckoned next,
and the reddifh the worft, and not unlike potter's clay. About
two or three feet below the^ mould, is found a white hard
was fet up here, by body, which feems to be a kind of hard chalk, or pumice-
mayor of London ; but ftone, through which, however, the roots of the trees force
a paffage, and kind of clay is commonly found to lie under
it. Upon the whole, the foil, though thin and ftbny, is not-
withftanding rich and fruitful ; but their water is generally
brackifh and difagreeable, except rain water, which they
preferve in cifterns.
;
The climate is temperate, yet warm enough to produce two
good crops in a year. They fow in July, and again in Au-
guft, and reap in December. Their chief growth is the In-
dian wheat and tobacco, but they have fome fine fruits, ef-
pecially oranges, all which enjoy a cdnftant verdure, new
leaves always fprouting out before the old ones fall. The
cedars of this ifland are faid to excel thofe of other parts of
America, particularly in their fragrancy, duration, beauty,
and hardnefs of their wood ; and they are here in fuch plenty,
that it anfwers in all refpects to our oak timber} fo that ndt
Only
 ; ;

B E R BER
only their beft {loops, brigantines, and other vefiels, are built had been acquainted with this, and our other plan-
as well

with it, but likewife fomc of their houfes, churches, and
other public buildings and, with refpect to (hips, thofc that
: be the fineft country, and inhabited by the beft people he
are built at Bermudas are reckoned the heft, and are the moft
valued throughout all the "Weft-Indies.
Their palmetto" is no lefs ufeful and common it's fruit, ;
witch, in colour, fhape, and fize, refembles our damfon,
is very delicious, the wood ferviceable for building or fuel,
and the leaves, which are commonly between 8 and 10 feet
tations, as 30 years trading with them would make him, to
ever knew.
Bermudas, indeed, is become lefs healthy and pleafant with-
in thefe 20 or 30 years, on account, as is fuppofed, of the
dreadful harricanes and thunders, which are fometimes fo
violent as to fplit whole rocks ; and, as it always was, and
ftill is, difficult of accefs, on account of the vaft ridges of

Ions, ferve to make a light covering for their houfes.
The date, or palm tree, yields likewife an exquifite fruit
and their foreftsabound with variety of odoriferous and me-
dicinal woods, fome of a black, others yellow, and fome of
a red colour and thefe laft bear a berry of the ftyptic qua-
;
lity of the floe, and is ufed by our Englifh to cure thole fluxes
with which they are commonly airlifted by the too greedy
eating of the palm berry, and other lufcious fruits. But the
rocks that furround it, as well as the impetuoumefs of the
currents, which forcibly carry fhips out of their courfe, and
the many fhipwrecks which happen along thefe coafts, it has
leflened the trade of this ifland. But, notwithftanding thefe
inconveniences, the ifland is ftill fo pleafant and healthv,
that people live to a great age, and feldom die of any other
diftemper but that.
The government here much the fame as in Viginia, the
is

moft remarkable and Angular plant for ufe is the red wood, crown appointing the governor and council, and the people
fo called from it's fine tincture, efpecially that of it's berry, chufing their reprefentatives to fit in the aflembly; and they
which produces worms, that afterwards turn into flies, fome are obferved to have fewer by-laws than any other of our
of them bigger than the cochineal fly*, and with a medicinal plantations, which, in all likelihood, is owing to the fmall-
virtue far exceeding it. nefs of their trade.
BERNE, a canton in Switzerland, is bounded on the north
* It has been averted by fome, that thefe flies dye
will afford a with that of Solothurn, and a part of the bifhopiic of Bafil ;
no way inferior to that of the cochineal ; which, if true, and on the eaft with Lucern and Underwald on the fouth with ;

they could be plentifully cultivated, might' come cheaper to the Valais, or Wallifland, and the lake cf Geneva ; and, on
our Englifh dyers than cochineal. the weft, with the Franche Compte, and the county of Neuf-
chatel. This is the moft fruitful, richeft, and by much the
All European and American trees and plants, likewife, grow largeft of all the cantons. The revenues of it arife, 1. From
here in great perfection, efpecially the palm, mulberry, olive, the lands or demenfes of the fovereign. 2. From the tenths
laurel, barberry, pear, and orange-trees, the latter of which of the fruits of all the lands of the canton, except fome few
is affirmed to bear the beft and moft delicious fruit, and lordfhips, which are, by a particular tenure, exempted. 3.
which ufed to be brought over into Europe, but they have From a certain tax upon rural lands, which they call in
been discontinued of late years. French, cenfes foncieres. 4. From duties, or cuftoms, on
There are fo great plenty of tortoifes caught here, that the merchandize. 5. From the produce of the fale of fait. The
inhabitants make it their common food, their fiefh being very firft article produces great quantities of corn and wine, which

white, tender, and of an exquifite tafte.

They have, like-
wife, great variety of fowl ; both wild and tame.
Fifh is here in fuch great plenty and variety, both of the fcaly
and fhelly kind, that they have not found names for many
forts of them. Some whales, alfo, are caught upon thefe
coafts, chiefly in the months of February, March, and April
but all their attempts for fettling of a whale-fifhery have hi-
therto proved fruitlefs. TheBurmudans, heretofore, drove
are laid up in magazine?, and fold out to the people, when
the government thinks fit. The fecond muft needs run very
high in fo great a diftrict of country. The third is a tax up-
on lands which are not poflefTed by gentlemen, like the taille
in France, and is fuppofed to amount annually to about a
,
French livre per acre. The fourth produces but little, becaufe
of the fmallnefs of their trade, and the eafinefs of the duty.
The fifth very confiderable, becaufe the fovereign alone
is

fome traffic in fperma-ceti, and in the train or whale-oil fells it by retail, at what price he thinks fit.
to the fubject
but that branch is gone into decay, with fome others, which There is another tax in ufe, called, in French, the lod, which
has leflened the wealth of the inhabitants as well as their is a fine, amounting to the fixth part of the full value of any

number, many of the younger fort going to feek their for- parcel of land, or eftate, payable by the buyer of every eftate
tunes elfevvhere, fince the decay of their traffic. to the fovereign. As the fale of corn and wine, in which
The country, however, continues ftill to be well cultivated ; thefe revenues chiefly confift, is more or lefs, according to
and tho' their whole commerce feems to be confined to the the price they bear; and as, in cheap feafons, the fovereign
Other parts of America, which they furnifh with great variety fells none at all , it happens that, for fome years together,
of their productions, and with floops, and overtradings veflels, they put little or no money into the treafury, and, at other
which, indeed, is the moft confiderable branch of their trade ; times, lay one year the revenue of many. The pea-
up in
and notwithftanding they do not receive any extraordinary en- fants of this canton are generally rich, efpecially on the Ger-
couragement from England ; we do not find they repine much man fide ; and, as they pay no duties to the public, and the
at it, but feem to content themfelves with the healthinefs, foil has, as well as requires, great cultivation, it is com-
pleafure, and plenty of their country, which they look upon mon for them crowns,
to have eftates to the value of 10,000
as a fafe and quiet retreat from the cares and troubles of the and fome to the value of 100,000. They get a great deal of
other parts of the world. They do not feem to have any money by breeding horfes. They have fome fountains of
ambition to enrich themfelves, which, probably, may be falt-water, but the makingof the fait confumes fomuch wood,
owing, in fome meafure, to the fmall profpect they have of that it has not turned to account. Though the fubjects of
fucceeding in it, if they had ; for it is not to be doubted but the ftate are rich, the public itfelf is poor ; and, though
they would gladly embrace every opportunity of improving they could oppofe a fudden invafion, yet the unkindly foil
their commerce with Great Britain, from which they annually requires fuch a number of hands to cultivate it, that they
receive fuch a confiderable quantity of goods, being moftly could not fpare any for a long war.
cloathed with our manufactures, and ufing no other utenfils The trade of the city of Berne is not very great now, and was-
-

in all their divers kinds of works but fuch as are fent to them
from hence fo that with refpect to traffic, the whole ad-
: tered into partnerfhip with fome of the city tradefmen, and
vantage lies on the fide of England. But, were all due en-
couragement given to the Bcrmudans, there is very great pro-
bability that feveral eftimable commodities might ;be raifed
among them, which would capacitate them to take much
greater quantities of manufactures from their mother-country.
There are two, in particular, for which their country is faid
to be more naturally circumftanced than any other of the
Britifh plantations, \\z. filk and cochineal, which are not
inconfiderable articles of commerce. And it was with this
view that a very worthy merchant of the metropolis of Lon-
don collected, fome few years ago, an account of all that had
been writ, or what was to be met with upon that head, and
much lefs before the arrival of the French refugees, who en-
introduced certain manufactures of fluffs ; but fome doubt
whether they have not done more harm than good, by the
introduction of the French modes and luxury, in room of the
ancient Helvetic fimplicity and frugality.
Sauren, has feveral fairs in a year.
That part of the Roman, or French country, or Pais de Vax,
which banks upon the lake of Geneva, produces a white wine,
that is equally palateable and wholefome, and is called vin de
la cote. As foon as the vintage is over, they fhip off their
wine upon the lake of Geneva, which furnifhes all the towns
that lie upon the borders. What they defign for other parts
of the country they unload at Vevay, and, after about half
'

caufed to bedigeftcd and printed, and fent to be diftributed,
at his own expence, in Carolina and the Bermudas ; which is
fuch an inftance of public fpirit as deferves to be mentioned
with honour, and is well worthy to be imitated. A few ge-
nerous attempts of this kind, fupported by proper fubferip-
a day's land carriage, convey it into the river Aar, which
brings it down
the ftream to Berne, Solothurn, and, in fhort,
diftributes it through all the richeft part of Switzerland ; and,
by m^ans of this navigation, the wine comes very cheap,
notwithftanding the great diftance of the places where it is

tions, and inferior for thofe made for fome diveriions only,
might turn to unfpeakable advantage* to the public, and prove
the means of making multitudes of people happy both here
and there. We
may add, alfo, that the character of the in-
habitants of that ifland for induftry, ingenuity, and efpecially
honefty and fair trad ing, which they are allowed to have always
maintained above all our other plantations, juftly intitle them
to a peculiar regard; fince it is affirmed, by a gentleman who
2 bought
fold from the vineyards.
The markets and fairs of Bex are well frequented. Near the
town is virgin fulphur, good for the nerves, and three falt-
pits ; one at Bevieux, half a league above Bex ; the fecond
at Roche, between Villeneuve and Aigle; and the third at
Panex mountain, where are fprings of fait water. They were
difcovered near 200 years ago; but, while they were in pri-
vate hands, turned to no account, 'till the lords of Berne
 ;

B R BER
bbuaht ihcm, and they have fo improved them, that they which owing, according to Monfieur La M-ninierr, fo i
is

three times the fait they did 50 or 60 year, ago, and

make privilege granted by Lewis XI. to the inhabitant! by which
have reduced the price of it to three half-pence a pound. every perfon who has once bore the office of mayor, or cthe-
At Vicleneuve, is a very fine trout-fifhery, which bungs a vin, or alderman, is reputed a gentleman, and, after
that, arc-
great revenue to the lordfhip. weak enough to defpife trade, which impoverishes them. The
Mcntreux, is a panlh coiilWiifig (if a fcore of villages and citizens of Bourges have f ,ur great privileges, as Du Chcfne
hamlets, difperfed among thefe mountains, where their vines informs us, r. That their goods cannot be confiscated 2. .

are planted in rows, and not confufidly, as in other places, They are free from garrifons and winter quarters. 3. Their
and the inhabitants both of this, and of the government of pay nothing to the king.
eftates 4. Thole who po fiefs lord-
Aigle, have always wine to fell earlier than their neighbours. exempted from the ban and arriere-ban, viz. from
fhips are
Vevay, is a pretty lar^c and flourifhing town, with a confi- ierving in the kings armies, whether they hold immediately
dcrablc trade, by the refoif of the Savoyards, the Valefians, fiom the crown, or mediately from fome other lord.
and mountaineers, who ciime hither to fell their commodi- At the barony of Chateau-Neuf, the lord levies the taille,
ties, and it Hands in a very pleafant, fruitful countiy, with a together with the king, upon all the citizens, peafants, and
good air. inhabitants, the richeft of whom are obliged to pay five-
At Lalay is a bath, which draws many people to it in the pence each every year to the lord, and the others fome thing
ummer. lefs, according as they are able.

The country of La Vaux may be faid to be altogether a vine- The trade of Mehun confifts in wool, flax, and other mer-
yard, which produces the ftrongeft wine of all the cantons of chandizes, and they keep here two fairs every year.
\

Berne. Tne chief of the pariilies is Cully, noted for the The inhabitants of Vierron are the moft induftrious and moft
belt wines in this co.intry. laborious of the whole province. Their chief trade confifts
Morges 1S a vcr y handlome, modern-built town, and, by in wood, and in woolen cloth and ferges, manufactured

means of its fpacious harbour, fine key, and warehoules, has here.
a (hew of greater trade than any other town on the lake, for Bois-Belle an independent and fovercign principality, the
is

the articles of traffic between France and Geneva are land- lords of which have always enjoyed therights and preroga-
ed here. tives of fovereign princes, having caufed money to be coined
in their own name, with their image ftamped upon ir.
In the neighbourhood of St. Prez, there is a mineral fpring of They
great reputation, which draws much company thither. have alfo granted letters of grace, pardon, remiffion, and
The country on the coafl of the lake, which is therefore called abolition. All thefe privileges have been confirmed by Henry
La Cot, part of which is included in the bailiwic of Mor- the Great, Lewis XIII. and Lewis XIV. The city, there-
ges, and that called La Vaux, abovementioned, are the two fore, with it's diftnet, arc free from tallies, gabelles, ads
"heftvineyards in the 13 cantons. The wine dc la Vaux is and all kind of taxes.
the molt (parkling, the brifkeft, and the mod palatable; but Issoudon is divided into two psrts bv the river Theols, the
the wine de la Cote is the wholfomeft, and though not fo lower of which is inhabited chiefly by merchants and tradef-
fprightly as the other, will better bear the carriage. It is mcn. The trade here confifts in cattle, woolen cloths, and
exported to Holland, Brandenburgh, Italy, &c. and as much druggets, woven and knit hofe, and hats,
manufacluied in
efteemed, for it's delicate flavour, as the belt of wines of Cham- this city, and neighbourhood ; but their chief trade
in the
pagne and Burgundy. It is a white wine, of which the in- confifts in timber, with which they fupply the adjacent coun-
'
habitants of this canton drink to excefs without the leaf! tries. As the inhabitants have already diftmguifhed them-
inconvenience. felves by their zeal and fidelity to the French kings, they are

The bailiwic of Morces is full of lordfhips, all which are, exempt from the ban and arriere-ban, taille, and quartering
generally (peaking, of corn and wine, &c. That which
full of foidiers.
is produced in the neighbourhood of the town is tolerably The territory of Chateau-Roux
is one of the moft barren

good, but the wine de la Cote excels it by far, particularly fpots of ground France, moft of the lands confiding of
in all

that about rolle and Burfins. forefts, pondu, and heaths, which is not worth the while
At the town of Rolle are abundance of the beau monde, who to cultivate. However the wood of the forefts affords fuel
are drawn hither, efpecially in the fummer time, not only to the forges ; the fifh of the ponds Berry and Tou-
is fold in
by the mineral waters at both erfds of the town, which are raine ; and the heaths afford food for cattle, of which they
in great vogue, but by it's advantageous fituation, at
alfo have here a great trade. There is, in this city, a manu-
the foot of a hill, where is an excellent vineyard. factory of woolen cloth, which is one of the moft confider-
Nyon is very well fituate for trade, not only by reafon of it's able in the kingdom, and affoids employment to abore io,CoO
neighbourhood to Geneva, and it's harbour on the fine lake, perfons, both within the town and in the neigbourhood.
but by it's communication with Burgundy, from whence The Blanc, likewife is very barren, but contains
territory of
there is a refort to it's fairs, and very often to it's weekly a great many woods and forges, and a vaft number of ponds.
markets. Though the river Creufe, be not navigable here, yet they ufe
Prangin is noted for it's mineral waters, which are very much it to fend down floats of timber to the neighbouring towns.

in requeft in the fummer feafon. BERWICKSHIRE is bounded on the fouth with Tweed and

Yverdun has a public granary, a flourifhing trade, and a fmall Teviotdale ; on the north by Lothian ; on the weft by Twee-
harbour, formed by a canal, which receives the Oibe, to- dale ; and, on the eaft, it is wafhed by the German ocean
gether with warehoufes, and a cuftom-houfe. It's lake is I It is the fouth-eaft fhire of all Scotland, being divided from
very convenient for tranfporting it's commodities. The in- the town of Berwick by the Bound-Rod, and from Northum-
. habitants are generally in good circumftances, and had once berland by the river Tweed, which runs between them, for
a manufacture of filk. about eight miles, and rifes out of the fame tract of hills as
At Moulton are four fairs in a year, but they are not near fo the Clyde and the Anand. It runs fwift between hills through
much frequented as they were formerly for a long time. Tweedale and Teviotdale ; and, before it paffes into the
foreft
The people of the Pais de Vaux, are fo lazy, that German ocean, has meafured 50 miles. Templeman's Survey, wh icli
peafants come hither every day to hufband their lands, and, divides it into Mers and Lauderdale, makes it 30 miles in.
by their good fervice to fuch as
either by taking farms, or length, and 16 in breadth, with an area of 33S fquare miles
keep them own
hands, they get a good deal of money.
in their The General Atlas makes it 30 eaft and welt, and 22 where
The chief product of the bailiwic of Morat is wine, though broadeft fouth and north, including Lauderdale. Theeditor
it is none of the beft. They have cabbages of an extraor- of Camden divides it into three parts, viz. Mers, Lammer-
dinary fize, of which they fend hundreds of cartloads to moor, and Lauderdale. He fays, the Mers is a pleafant low
Berne. ground, open to the influence of the fun, and guarded from
BERRY, a territory of Orleanois, near the center of France. ftorms by Lammer-moor fo that it is a fruitful foil, abound-
:

This is bounded on the north by Orleanois, properly

territory ing with corn and pulfe, but efpecially hay.
fo called ; on the eaft by Nivernois j on the fouth by Bour- Lammer-moor is a great tract of hills on the north fide
bonois and Upper Marche ; and, on the weft, by Poictou. of the* .fhire, above 16 miles long and at leaft 6 in breadth,
The air here is very temperate, and the
produces wheat, foil feeding multitudes of fheep and black cattle. In the fum-
rye, and wine, which, in fome
not inferior to that places, is mer-time, it is particularly noted for pafturage ; and for
of Burgundy ; but, in other places* it is not by far fo good, plenty of partridge's, moor-fowl, plover, dotterels, and other
and very weak. The paftures abound with fheep, the woo! game; but the product of it's foil .does not bear fuch
of which is very fine. This country produces alio a great a price as that of others, and therefore is not reckoned fo
deal of hemp and flax. They fay that there are, in the pro- good.
vince of Berry, feveral mines of iron and filver, but they are Lauderdale is a tract lying on each fide of the water of
intirely neglected. There are quarries of ftone at half a Lauder, abounding with pleafant vallies, hills, and woods,
league's diftance from Bourges, which are of great ufe. In and well ftored with corn and pafturage.
the near Vierron, there is a mine of
parifh of St. Hilary, The fhire of Berwick, in general, is very fruitful in corn
oker, which ferves for melting of metals, and for dyings, and grafs, abounds with fheep, black cattle, and horfes, and
and which is of great ufe, there being but little of that has many feats of perfons of quality. The moft fruitful and
mineral in the kingdom. They make here a great quantity populous parts are thofe that lie on the Tweed, and the lef-
of thick woolen cloth, called, from this province, draps de ter rivers Whitev/ater, Blackwater, and the Eye. The fuel
Berry. of the common people is turf and peat, but the gentry have
Bourges, though of large extent, is very thinly peopled, the coals from northumberland. It is well fupplied with fi(h
reafon of which is, their having no manner of trade here from the fea and it's rivers.
Vol. I. 3 R Dun
 :

B E S B E r

Vvss, burgh of barony, a pretty large populous town, of

a where the fluff's are fold, and that in which are the flice-
the befttiaue iti the county, and ftands on a riling ground makers fhops.
in the center of the fhire. BLSOAR. See Bezoar,
Eymouth, Aymouth, or Haymouth, a good fifhing BESORCH, a coin of tin, or of fome alloyed metal, current
town, the only Port in the fhire for fhipping, at the mouth at Ormus at the rate of about
-^ parts of a farthing fterling.
of the Eye, and has a weekly market. Ten beforchs are worth one pays, 4 pays one fondis, 10 pays
Caldstream, or Coldstream, a market-town clofe by the one chay, about 4 pence farthing and half a farthing Englifh;
Tweed. 20 pays one mamoudi, 8 pence 3 farthings Englifh ; 2 ma-
Greenlaw is a burgh of regality, with a weekly market, and moudis 1 abafli, or 17 pence half penny; 25 pays make a
is the chief burgh of the (hire. larin; 5 lanns a reale, orrixdollar ; and too mamoudis a
Eyton, or Atont ftands on the fame river as Eyemouth, is a
,
toman. They reckon at Ormus by tomans, as they do in
iart'e pleafanc village, and has an annual fair. The people Holland by pounds de grofs.
here are as perfectly Scots, as if it was ioo miles north of BETEL, a plant in great repute all over the eaft, efpecially
Edinburgh. in the Indies, where there is an incredible confumption and
Cockburn's-PATH, or Cobber's-path, ftands near the coaft, trade of it.

where it has fometimes a great herring- fifhery. It hasalfo an This which is pretty much like the fhrub that bears
plant,
annual fair. the pepper, fo weak, that it wants a prop to fupp'ort it, as
is

BERYL, BERYLL, or BERYLLUS, a precious ftone, tran- it grows up. Its leaves are like thofe of ivy, but more ten-

fparent like cryftal. lound in the mines of the Indies,

It is der, and are full of a red juice, which the people of the eaft
and is alfo to be met with on the banks of the Euphrates. imagine is very good to comfort the heart, to faften the
There are feveral forts of beryls; they reckon even ten fpe- teeth, and to make the breath fweet and agreeable.
cies of it. The molt valuable are the beryl, the chryfoberyl, The Indians are continually eating, or rather chewing, the
and the chryfoprafin. leaves of this plant, with flices of the arech-nut. It Ts this

The beryl inclines whence it was

a little to a fea-green, that renders their lips fo red, and their teeth of fo black a
called in Latin aqua marina, under which name we have colour, which it is well known they prefer before the white-
mentioned it. To make it more fparkling and bright, it nefs of the teeth of the Europeans.

muft be cut facet-wife; for the polifhing gives it no bright- Monfieur Garcin afferts, that this is a miftake ; the juice of
rtefs, after what manner fbever it be cut. the betel-leaves not being red and that it is the arech-nut
:

The chryfoberyl is paler, and inclines fomewhat to a gold- alone, which, when chewed, renders the fpittle red.
colour. The trade of betel leaves is very confiderable. great num- A
The chryfoprafin partakes more of the green. ber of fubftantial merchants are concerned in it, who keep
Some think that the beryl is the diamond of the ancients; feveral fhips to tranfport that drug almoft over all the eaft,
and it is certain, that fome modern jewellers, though very where it is fo much in ufe, that both the great
and the men
fkilful,have fometimes miftaken the one for the other. common people, the rich and the poor, are never without
There are fometimes fuch large pieces of beryl found, that their box of betel. They offer fome of it to one another,
thev may ferve to make very fine vafes. It is faid there are whenever they meet ; and it is a ceremony eftablifhed, as
great quantities of them in Cambaya, Martaban, Pegu, and well among the men as among the women, to offer it to one
the ifland of Ceylon. another in all their vifits, and they would look upon it as an
The properties of the beryl were very confiderable, accord- affront, either not to be regaled with it, or to refufe it, when
ing to the antient naturalifts and philofophers. It was pro- offered. What renders this trade eafy, is the property
per to make men avoid the fnares of their enemies ; to raife which the betel-leaves have of keeping a great while good.
the courage of the fearful ; to cure the difeafes of the eyes, See Areck.
and the pains in the ftomach. At prefent it has none of BEURT-SCHEEPEN, or BEURT-SCHUYTEN, which
thofe good qualities, becaufe people arc no longer fimple may be tranflated into Englifh, turn-fhips or turn-boats.
enough to believe has them. it Thus they call, at Amfterdam, thofe fhips that go to fea, or
Dr. Woodward, his methodical Difpofition of Foflils,
in veflels or boats that failonly on rivers, or frefh water, and
printed at the end of his Natural Hiftory of the Earth, makes have the exclufive privilege to take in goods for feveral ci-
the beryl in the clafs of ftones, of the 2d fpecies, 2d fort, ties both within and without the feven provinces. They
and then. 11. among thofe, which have fine colours, and are thus called, becaufe every mafter of a veflel is obliged to
are tranfparent. That celebrated and learned Englifhman load and put off in his turn, for the place for which it is
obferves, that the beryl of the lapidaries is a fort of fine cor- bound; which is regulated and fettled by the directors of
nelian, more tranfparent than the common cornelian, and of the company of boatfmen, or Watermen.
a deeper red. That of the ancients was quite different; it The privileged places for the fhips are, for France, Roan,

was of a bluifh green, and is probably the fame with our and St. Vallory ; for England, London ; for Germany, Ham-
aqua marina. burgh and Bremen. There are alfo fuch veflels for Middle-
BESISTAN, or BERSTEN.
Thus at Conftantinople, A- burg in Zealand, for molt of the towns in Brabant and Flan-
drianople, and in fome other towns within the Grand Signior's ders, and for almoft all the cities in the feven provinces.

dominions, they call thofe places where the merchants have This is extremely convenient for the merchants of Amfter-
their (hops, and expofe their merchandizes to fale. Each dam, who have not merchandizes or goods enough to load a
fort of merchants have their particular Befiftan, which muft whole fhip or veflel, and who by paying freight, as it is re-
alfo be underftood of the workmen, all thofe of the fame gulated by the ordonnances, have, by thofe veflels an op-
trade working in the fame place. Thefe befiftans are com- portunity of fending to all thofe places as many or as few.
monly large galleries, vaulted over, whofe gates are fhut merchandizes as they pleafe.
every night. Sometimes the wardens and keepers of the be- Every one of thefe veflels, or boats, has its fixed place in one
fiftans will anfwer for the merchandizes, on paying them a of the canals of the city, or in the harbour ; and cannot fet
very moderate perquifite for each fhop. off but in its turn, and when it is fully loaded.
There are two Befiftans at Conftantinople, the old and the When merchant has merchandizes enough to load one or
a
new one. more of thefe fhips or veflels, for one of thofe privileged
The old one was 146 1, under the reign of
built in the year places, he is at liberty to agree for the freight with the maf-
Mahomet II. few fine meichandizes in it.
There are but ter of the fhip or veflel, without conforming himfelf to the

Here they fell all forts of weapons, efpecially fabres, as like- regulations ; and he may chufe fuch fhips, and fuch matters,
wife horfe-harnefs, indifferent enough, though fome of it are or boatfmen, as he pleafes, though it be not their turn to fet
fnriched with filver, gold, and precious ftones. off, but he muft firft know from the fuperiors of the com-

The new befiftan is defigned for all forts of merchandizes, pany, whether they will permit it, becaufe, in cafe the mafter
and yet one hardly fees there any thing but the fineft and or boatfman were not a burgher of Amfterdam, if another who
richeft works : as plate, furs, vefts, carpets, and fluffs of was one, fhould offer himfelf, the latter would be preferred.
gold, filver, filk, and goat's-hair ; nor are precious ftones Leave being given, the merchant who wants to load a vef-
and porcelaine, or China wares, wanting there. fel, ought firft to make his declaration to the commiflaries

This befiftan, which is alfo called the great befiftan, is a in the following form
round building, all of free-ftone. It has four gates, which
are never-opened but in the day-time. In the night a watch Gentlemen, Commiflaries of the navigators without the
is locked up in it, for the fecurity of the (hops. Each branch country, I defire you to give leave to Mafter N. N. to
of trade, or trading company, has a place affigned, out of load (for Roan for inftance) on condition that he fliall take
which no perfon can fell, nor even expofe to fale the lame in no merchandizes but for me alone.
forts ofmerchandizes. The Englifh, French, and Dutch At Amfterdam the, &c. I. P. R.
merchants, have their (hops for drapery goods in this be-
fiftan. This declaration is given to the mafter or boatfman of the
Merchandizes are very of which
fafe in fuch places, the gates veflelwhich has been freighted, or which is defigned to be
are always fhut betimes. The Turkifh merchants who have freighted ; the mafter or boatfman carries it to the commiiTa- I

fbops there, go and lie at their houfes in the city as for the : ries, whothereupou deliver the permit or leave to him. In
Chriftians and the Jews, they retire in the Evening beyond cafe of a refufal, which happens butfeldom, the only remedy I

the water to the fuburb Pera, and return the next morning. is to look for another mafter or boatfman, for whom the com-

See Bazar. miflaries may have more kindnefsor indulgence, it not being
The befiftans of Adrianople are very fine, efpecially that fafe to load without leave; for thefe gentlemen are very jea-
2 lous
 BEU BEU
lou5 of their privileges
; they find fome profit,
bcfidcs that, 16. Thofe veflels which (hall be fet to the key together for
when the mcrhaudizes pafs through their hands. loading, (hall draw lots which fhall fet fail firft.
That the reader may have a more accurate notion of thofe 17. The mafters of veflels, which fhall fail by turns to Zea-
turn (hips, and turn boats, or veflels, we (hall add here an land, to Antwerp, or toother places between the lands, fliall
extract of the ordonnancc of police, which has been made have no turn to fail to London or Roan, on eft they quit and I

for the beurt-fcheepen, or turn-fhips, which are privileged renounce their turns of failing to places between the lands.
for Roan, and for London. 18. The mafters of veflels which fail by turns, fliall be
obliged to keep near their veflels from mowing till night,
An ordonnance for thofe (hips which may fail by turris for except towards noon, when they (hall have liberty tn go to
Roan and for London. the exchange. And if any mafter, whilft his (hip is load-
Firft, No veffcl which is in a condition to fail out of thefe ing, is found to do otherwile, or to drink in a public hou/e
countties, fhall load above mentioned ports, but in
for the or elfewhere, he (hall pay a fine of
3 guilders for every fuch
its turn and fuch veflels, whole mailers are defirous to fail
;
offence.

by turns, muft be well provided with anchors, cables, fails, 19. The lords of the magiftracy fhall appoint a perfon to
&c. that the merchandizes may be tranfportcd dry and well have the infpection over the keys, where thofe (hips
fhall be,
conditioned the whole at the difcretion of the fuperiors of that are to fail by turns for London and Roan, and
; to make'
the company of navigators out of the country, or of others them depart at the proper time.

who may be appointed to take cognizance of thefe matters. 20. One third part of the fines (hall go to the lord, one third
2. Every other week two veflels (hall be loaded for London, to the poor, and one third to the informer.
and every twenty days two veflels for Roan. II. And, in order that the merchants may know what they
are to depend upon
3. Thofe for London fliall come to the key on the Monday, for the payment of the freight of thole
the one to remain there till the Saturday following, that is to veflels which fhall fail by turns, the
lords have ordered faid
fay, 6 days and the other to fail 7 days after the departure
:
by thefe prel'ents, that fuch freight (hall
be paid according
of the firft, that is to fay, 14 days after it (half have been to the following tariff or rate, the mafters being
at liberty to
put in turn. take left, but not more, under the penalry of payino-
a fine
4. The firft of thofe for Roan fliall depart from the key on of 23 guilders, and lofing their turn for a year.
the evening of the 10th day after its coming to it ; and the 22. If any merchandizes be (hipped for Roan or for London
other fliall depart ten days after the firft, that is to fay, twen- the freight of which is not fet down in the faid tariff,
if ,[

ty days after came to the key. be for Roan, and the freight be found in the tariff of
it Lon-
5. The faid fet fail the fecond day after their
veflels fliall don, or on the contrary, if it be for London, and the
freight
leaving the key, and others fliail come in their ftead to ob- be found in the tariff of Roan, there fliall be paid one
third
ferve the fame order, under a penalty of 25 guilders for fuch more.
matters whole turn it (hall be to come to the key, and who Finally, the mafters (hall pay to the infpector, every
time
fliall neglect it. before their departure, namely, for vcfl' |j of ..hove
three
6. In winter, thofe veflels fhall have two days more to load, lafts, three guilders; and for thofe under that number two
than in fummer; that is to fay, thofe for London eight days, guilders, upon pain of paying double on their return.

and thofe for Roan twelve. The fummei (hall be reckoned Relolved the 19th of February, 1611.
to begin on the firft of March, and continue to the fiift of This fame ordonnance contains alfo an order, according
to
October and the winter, from the firft of October to the
:
which the mafters of tho.e veflels which fail by turns
for
firft of March. London and for Roan, ought to regulate themfelves with
7. The veflels, after departing from the key, fhall not load
regard to the bignefs or capacioufnefs of fuch veflels, in
order
any merchandize, under the penalty of a fine of 6 guilders, between them.
to divide the freight

for every parcel or piece loaded, and being deprived of their A from 26 to 31 lafts, is reckoned for 30 lafts ; from
veflel,

turn a whole year for the firft time, and the fame penalty and 31 to 36, for 35; fiom 36 to 41, for 40; and from 41 to
arbitrary punifliment tor the fecond. 46 and above, for 45 lafts.
8. In cafe the veflels, or one of them, get their full lading There are a great many fuch other ordonnances for the
before the time limited, they fliall be obliged to depart im- freight of (hips failing to Hamburgh, Zealand, Flanders, and
mediately from the key, and another to be put to it directly, within the United Provinces. The ordonnance relating to
whofe days of loading fliall not begin to be reckoned from Hamburgh, which is dated the 27th of April, 1613, has
the day, on which the time of that which it fucceeds, was this remarkable particular, That in it's tariff there is a diffe-

to end. rence made between the freight in fummer, and the freight in
9. It (hall be lawful for fuch mafters as fliall have continued winter; as alfo between the freight paid from Amfterdam to
at th? key during their limited turn, without being able to Hamburgh, and that from Hamburgh to Amfterdam. The
get their full lading, to buy merchandizes for their own ac- reader may fee that tariff, and thofe for London and Roan
count, in order to compleat their cargo ; but this however du negece d'Amfterdam (Treatife of the trade
in the Traite
ought not in the lead to delay their departure, nor to preju- of Amfterdam) publiftied in the year 1722, by Monf. S. P.
dice the merchandizes already (hipped, under the penalty of Ricird. We (hall only add here, witn regard to thefe three
paying a fine of 25 guilders, Thofe mafters, who fliall thus tariffs, Roan, the merchandizes was rated
that, in that for
have bought merchandizes, fliall pay no freight for them to and pennings ; in that for London, in
in guilders, ftivers,
their partners, if they have any. pounds, (hillings, and pence fterling and in that for Ham- ;

10. Two merchants or factors may freight a veflel in the city burgh, in marcs, fols and pence lubs. with refpect to (hips
for either of the above-mentioned ports, at fuch a price as failing from Amfterdam ; and in guilders and ftivers, with
they (hall agree for with the mafter. But the mafter fhall refpect to thole returning thither.
not load any other merchandizes, but thofe of the fad mer- The French have always complained of thefe beurf-fch?e^n
chants or factors, under the fame penalty as above. for Dunkirk, St. Valery, and Roan and feem to be pretty ;

11. The mafters, whofe turn it fhall be to load, fhall be well grounded in their complaints. For,
obliged to take in, without diftinction, all the merchandizes 1. Il there be a Frenchman who defires to load his fhip,
that fliall be brought to their (hips, even though they fliould they make him wait till three Dutch veflels have failed before

have already promifed to take in others, the firft that arrive, him ; whereupon it is to be obferved, that, every fhip havino-
ought to be firft loaded. a fortnight's time to take in its lading, the Frenchman's turn
12. The mafters who fail by turns, {hall not undertake any is put off for fix weeks.
voyage, nor ferve as tender, during eight days before their 2. That it not lawful for the merchant, to whem the
is

turn comes ; but fliall be obliged to bring their veflels to the Frenchman is him himlelf before the
directed, to difpatch
key, four days before their time of loading begins ; and place limited time, though he (hould give him half his lading ; for
their veflel next to that to which they are to fucceed, that he cannot do it, unlefs he gives him his full lading ; Which
they may help each other, under the penalty of 50 guilders can never be the cafe, became from Holland they fend into
fine, and lofing their turn for a whole year. But in cafe a Picardy and Normandy nothing but fine merchandizes, ex-
mafter, without any fault of his, cannot take his turn, the cepting however pot-afhes, a fort cf aflies which come from
other mafters fliall draw lots, who (hall take his place and : the Black Sea which often obliges the French to return
:
'

he on whom the lot falls, (hall be obliged to take the other's empty, or to fail for fome other port.
place, under the penalty of 25 guilders fine, and lofing his 3. The know fo well how
directors of the beurt, or turns,-
turn for a year. to promote the advantage of nation, that within
their own
13. The mafters who fliall have had their turn for Roan, the interval of fourteen days, during which the Frenchman
fhall have it afterwards for London. Which is to be under- ftays to take in his cargo, there is fcarce any thincf left for
ftood alfo of thofe who (hall have had their turn for London, him, the merchandizes which are to be (hipped off b?in
and who (hall load afterwards for Roan. always kept for the Dutchman, who:e turn comes after the
14. The two mafters who fliall come to the key at the fame Frenchman'?.
time to load for London, fliall aivide their freight in com- Notwithstanding there are many general benefits attend thefe
mon, which thofe for Roan (hall alfo do between themfelves. regulations, yet they are not without fome inconveniencies :

And, for want of a good account in one of them, he who
(hall be guilty fliall pay a fine of 50 guilders, and lofe his
turn for three years.
15. No mafter of a veflel fhall fail by turns,
four years a burgher of Amfterdam.
as veflels muft thus be loaded by turns, the freight of mer-
chandizes is always kept up at a pretty high rate. For it is
obfeived, that a bale of pepper, or of other merchandizes,
till he has been pays, from Amfterdam to Roan, twice or thrice as much as
from Amfterdam to Bayonne, and that for no other reafon,
But
 : '
BE Z B E Z
but becaufe fliips are loaded by turns for Roan, and not
for
Bayonne which cannot but proportionably raife the price
;
of merchandizes coming from Holland, and imported into
t ranee by Picardy and Normandy.
BEZISTAN. See the article Besistan.
BEZOAR, or BEZOARD, a medicinal ftone, which is rec-
koned a fovereign antidote againft poifon, and an excellent
head,
cardiac. It is alio prescribed againft a fwimming in the
the epilepfy, a palpitation of the heart, the jaundice, the
cholic, and fuch a vaft number of other diftempers, that it
will doubtlefs be fhorter to fay in general, that it is efteem-
ed by fome empiric^ a kind of panacea, or univerfal remedy,
proper to cure a!! f rts of difeafes. It is, perhaps, as much
it's fcarcity, as it's real properties, which has gained
it fo
high a reputation. However, people begin now to value it
lefs, and there are fome able phyficians, who do not efteem
it at all.
There are feveral forts of bezoars, and, among others, the
oriental, the occidental, and that of Germany
The oriental bezoar is reckoned the beft, and there is plenty
enough of it in feveral parts of the Indies, efpecially in the
kingdoms of Golcondaand Cananor. It is found there mix-
ed with the dung of an animal called pazan, in whofe belly
that ftone i? formed. The buds of a certain fhrub which it
browfes, are, as it were, the feed of the bezoar, which grows
round about that food commonly of the bignefs of an acorn,
or of a hafle-nut, and fometimes of the fize of a pidgeon's-
e gg-
This ftone has feveral fhining fkine or coats, like an onion ;
they are fometimes of a blood-colour, but pretty often of a
pale yellow, brown and clear green, and alio of the colour of
honey.
The number of bezoars, which each of thefe animals pro-
duces, is not certain ; fome have none at all, fome have but
one, and others two, three, even to fix.
The bigger the bezoar ftone is, the dearer it fells, the price
rifing proportionably like that of diamonds. Thofe of an
ounce weight are fold in the Indies for io French livres
and one of four ounces and a quarter was fold for 2000
livres.
The would perhaps be glad to know what fort of ani-
reader
mal whofe belly the bezoar is found ; and we fhould
it is, in
indeed have begun this article, with a defcription of it: but
the feveral writers, who boaft that they have feen thofe ani-
mals, and even that they have had fome of them in their
poffeffion, fpeak fo inconfiftently of them, that it is very
difficult to determine a matter of fact between authors, who
alledge their own eyes as vouchers for what they affert, and
yet difagree among themfelves.
What feems to be moft certain, becaufe all authors agree in
it, is, that this animal is a kind of wild goat, but which the
Indians know how to tame, in order to make an advantage
of their bezoar.
The oriental bezcar muft be chofen fhining, of a fcent fome-
thing like that of ambergreafe, foft to the touch, and in
large and fine bits. As for their figure, it is no matter what
it is, nor of what colour the bits are, but they are moft
commonly of an olive-colour.
It is eafy to adulterate the bezoar, but then it is not lefs eafy
to difcoverthe fraud. Here follow feveral methods to try it.
I. Let it foak three or four hours in water that is but luke-
warm: if the water does not change it's colour, and the ftone
lofes nothing of it's weight, it is a fign that the bezoar is
without mixture.
I. You may found it with a fharp red-hot iron : if it enters
the flone, and makes it fry, the ftone is fractitious.
3. If, by rubbing it over a paper fmeared with cerufe, or
white lead, it leaves a yellow teint upon it, one may be cer-
tain that it is good and genuine.
The occidental bezoar, orbezoarof Peru, differs very much
from the former. It is to be found in the bellies of feveral
animals peculiar to that part of America. In fome the bezoar
is of the fize of a hafle-nut, in others it is as big as a walnut
there are even fome bezoars of the bignefs of a hen's egg.
There is no lefs difference in their figure than in their fize.
fiome are oval, fome round, and others almoft flat. As for
their colour, it is either dark, or of an afh colour.
This bezoar is fcaly, like the oriencal fort, but the fcales are
much thicker. When it is broke, one would think it has
been fublimated, becaufe of the many fmall fhining needles of
which it feems to be compofed but, on the outfide, it is
: dangerous in that part of Afia than the plague is in Europe.
very fmooth and even.
The animals in which this ftone is formed are the guanacos,
the iachos, the vicunnas, and the taraguas That of the laft
is moft efteemed, and the terragua is pretty much like the
animal which produces the oriental bezoar, being like the
goat in fize, and of the fhape of a fheep.
Mr. Wafer volumcof Dampier's Voyages, p. 383,
(in the third
&c.) gives us a curious account of an animal which produces
bezoar, and is found in the iflc of Mocha, which lies over-
againft the city of Chily, about 30 degrees 20 minutes fouth
latitude. It is a fort of fheep, which the inhabitants call
cornera de terra. This creature is obout 1 3 hands and a half
high at the back, and is a very ftatcly beaft. Thcfe fheep
are fo tame, fays our author, that we frequently ufe 10 bri-
dle one of them, upon whofe back two of the luftkft men
would ride at once round the ifland, to drive the reft to the
fold. His ordinary pace is either an amble or a wood hand-
gallop; nor does he care for going any other pace, during
the time the rider is upon his back. His mouth is like that
of a hare; and the hair-lip above opens as well as the main
lips, when he bites thegrafs, which he does very near.
His
head is much like an antelope's, but they had no horns, win n
Mr. Wafer was there yet his people found very large horns,
;
much twifted in the form of a fnail-fheli, which they fup-
pofe thefe animals had fhed there lay many of them fcatter
;
ing upon thefandy bays. The ears of this animals referable
thofe of an afs. His neck is fmall, refemblino- a camel's.
He carries his head bending, and very ftately, like a fwa.-i :
is full-chefted, like a horfe, and has his loins
much like a
well-fhaped greyhound. His buttocks referable thofe of a
full-grown deer, and he has much fuch a tail. He is cloven-
footed, like a fheep, but, on the infide of each foot, has
a
large claw, bigger than one's finger, but fharp, and refemb-
ling thofe of an eagle. Thefe claws ftand about two inches
above the divifion of the hoof, and they ferve him in climb-
ing rocks, holding faft by whatever they bear againft. His
flefh eats as like mutton as can be. He bears wool of 12 or
inches long upon his belly, but it is fhorter on the back,
14.
fhaggy, and but inclining to a curl.
It is an innocent and
very ferviceable beaft, fit for any drudgery. Of thefe Mr.
t
Wafer's men killed 43, out of the maw of one of which they
took 13 bezoar-ftones, of which fome v/ere ragged, and of
feveral forms ; fome long, refembling coral, fome round, and
fome oval, but all green, when taken out of the maw yet, :
by long keeping they turned of an afh colour. The Spa-
niard's told Mr. Wafer's people that thefe creatures are ex-
traordinary ferviceable to them at the mines of Potofi, which
lie a great way up in the country, in bringing the filver from
thence to the cities that lie towards the fea, between which
cities and the mines are fuch crigged ways and dangerous
precipices, that it were almoft impoffible for any man, or any
;
other beaft, to carry it. But, thefe fheep being laden, and
led to the precipices, their mafter leaves them there to them-
felves, for above 16 leagues, and never meets them 'till he
himfelf has alfo fetched a compafs about 57 leagues round.
This their furenefs of foot confifts folely in their afcrefaid
claws, by which they hold themfelves fo faft upon the leaft
footing, that they can go where no other beaft can.
The German bezoar, which fome call cow's-eggs, is found
in the ventricle, or ftomach, of fome cows, but more parti-
cularly in that of the fhamoys, a kind of wild goat. Some
of thefe ftones weigh 18 ounces: but this fort of bezoar is
not much valued.
Befides thefe three forts of bezoar, which are not very fcarce
in France, or elfewhere, and are to be had at all the druggifb
and apothecaries fhops, the curious have three other forts in
their clofets, whofe fcarcity have raifed them to an exorbi-
tant price. Thefe are the hog, or boar bezoar, the
Malac-
ca, or porcupine bezoar, and the monkey bezoar.
The hog, or boar bezoar, called by the Dutch pedro de por-
co, and by the Portugueze, who firft brought them into Eu-
rope, pedro de vaflar, is found in the gall of fome Indian-
boars. It'sbignefs, or fize, feldom exceeds that of a filberd,
which it refembles pretty much in figure, though more irre-
gular. As to it's colour, it has no fixed one, though it is
moft commonly white, inclining fomewhat to green. Finally,
it is on the fide flacked, as it were, and foft to the touch.
When thefe bezoars arrive at Amfterdam, the number of
which feldorh exceeds five or fix, in the richeft cargoes that
come from the Eaft-Indies, they are bought for 3 or 4C0 guil-
ders a piece, and even for more, not by merchants to trade
with, and get a profit upon them, but by the wealthieft citi-
zens, either to make prefents of them to perfons of diftinc-
tion, or jto keep in their families, as a very great treafurc,
which they tranfmit to their children by a kind of entail.
It is incredible how many virtues, or properties, the Indians
afcribe to this bezoar, which, among them, they call maftica
de foho ; and thofe of the kingdom of Malacca, where it
is
moft commonly found, efteem it more than the oriental be-
zoar not fo much becaufe they think it the beft antidote in
;
the in world againft all forts of poifons, but becaufe it is a fo-
vereign remedy for curing the mordoxe,a kind of diftempcrto
which they are very much fubjedt, and which is not jefs
The other properties which the Indians afcribe to the'hoo- or
boar bezoar, are as follow they fay it is admirable for curing
:
all malignant fevers, as well as the fmall-pox, and all diftem-
pers incident to women who are not with child ; but it is
known, by experience, that it makes thofe pregnant women
mifcarry who are indifcreet enough to ufe it.
This bezoar muft be fteeped in a glafs of water, or wine,
'tillthe liquor has acquired a bitterifh tafte, which is not
difagrceable. This liquor muft be taken in the morning
fafting; though upon an urgent occafion, it may be drank
at any time of the day.
I To make that infufion moreeafily, as alfo to preferve fo pre-
I cious a ftone, moft of thofe who have any, caufe it to be in-
clofd
 B I G 8 I G
a round golden box, full of holes, to which is
fi<ed water of the fecond bath is of die fame nature, but not
clbfed m
fmall chain of the lame met?,l, by whiih they keep it Ap- fo hot, becaufe the pipe through whi v h it ia
a
pended in the liquor, when they want to life it. common refervoi,r, is longer than .' jh whU h th .

The bezoars of porcupines and monkies differ from the boar's of the great bath runs,, and is made of marble, wl
n nothing but their being found in the galls of thofc two ani- other is of iron. The water of the third jslel
mals, whereas the other is found in the wild boar's gall ; un- that of the fourth, called the round bath, is but

lefs we fhould hy-> with

Monfieur Tavcrnier, that the two and very much weakened by a mixture of water ftoi
former, which he calls Malacca ftoncs, are not taken out of cold fprings.Thefe baths are reckoned very good for the CtiEw

the but out of the heads, of the porcupines and monkies,

galls, of rheumatic pains, and other difiempers.

and that thefe are the bezoars on which the Malayans fet fo
liit-h a value, that they never
fuffer any to be carried out of R MARK s.

their country, unlefs it be to make prefents to ambaffadors,

or even to foine of the greatcft kings of the Indies. The of many gentlemen affording variety of mineral
eftates.

Some affert, that the bezoar of Siam, which is fo much ef- fprings, which occafion great reforts of people, and prove
tccmed on account of it's rare and excellent qualities, is a no inconfiderable advantage to fuch eftates, as we!! as to the
ftone, fou,nd in a monkey, and that met with in
it is to be towns and cities wherein they happen to be difcovered tho ;

that kingdom, as well as in that of Malacca, to which alone practice of bathing, and likewife mineral water feli' lg for
travellershad afcribed it, 'till the Chevalier de Chamont was drinking, are become a (pedes of traffic. For a gentleman
lent ambaffador horn France to Siam, in the year 1686. who converts a mineral fpring upon his lands into a commo-
Upon the whole, the properties, figure, and colour of thofe dious bath, may be faid to trade in the virtues of his water
;

three bezoars are fo much alike, that there is no great danger, and, if he fells them, he becomes a kind of dealer in mineral

though a perfon fhould miftake the one for the other, or even liquors.

think it is one and the fame ftone, under three different On thefe confiderations, it may not be altogether ufslefs to

names. obferve, that, fince the variety of baths in England, and in,
We all thofe bezoar-
r.ay obferve, in general, with regard to many other parts of the world, have turned to fo good an ac-
ftoncs, that there are few animals in whofe bowels they are count to their proprietors, and have tended greatly to enrich
not found ; and people feldom fail to afcribe to them very particu'ar towns and cities adjacent to them, it concerns the

extraordinary properties, which, perhaps, they nevr had and ;

landed gentleman to know and difcover whether his eftate
it is, very probable, after that manner that all the bezoars, happens to afford any falubrious fpring of this kind, <:rjd to
both ancient and modern, mentioned in this article, acquired judge whether any advantage is to be nude of if.
the reputation they have. To which end, it is rcquifue (as I have obferved on other oc-
We fha.ll not fpeak here of the bezoars of fome whimfical chy- cafions) that land proprietors fhould be fo much of the phi-
ntifts; we (hall only intimate what they call animal- bezoar, lofopher as to be able themfelves to make a proper Judgment
which is a powder of vipers, and bezoardicum Joviale, or be- of the various foits of waters, as well as of whatfoeyer elfe
zoar of Jupiter, is nothing but block-tin, feveral times calcined. their eftates may afford.
Ox Bezoar, otherwife called gall-ftonc, is a yellowifh ftone, Wherefore itmay be very
acceptable, infbid of difagreeable,
(aund in the ox's gall-bladder. The phyficians ufe it fomc- to many
of the gentlemen of this kingdom, to find, in 4
fimes in medicine, and the painters in miniature employ it in Dictionary of Commerce, whatever has a tendency to the
feversl cafts of yellow. improvement of (heir eftates, for the benefit o! their families.,

BIA, Thus the Siamefe call thofe fmall white fhclls which which are often very and require better provifion than
large,

come from the Maldives, and which are called coris, or cow- they are frequently able to make lor the: .1 whereas', could :

ries,almoft throughout the Eaft-Indies, where they ferve for they be prevailed on to caft an eye upon this work, we flatter
fmall coin, or money. They are alfo current in feveral parts ourfclvcs that they would experience it to turn to no !efs good
of the African coaft. account to them than to tracers in general. And as the land,
|5iCHET, a quantity or meafure of corn, which differs accord- as well as the fea, is the grand fource of traffrcable productions.,

ing to the places where it is ufed. The bichct is not a wooden we conceive it perfectly compatible with a work of this nature
meafure, as the minot at Paris, or t!,c bufhel at London : it to promote the interelf of land in this fliape, in conjunction

is a compound of feveral certain meafures. with that of trade in others.

AtTornus Burgundy, the bichet is of 16 meafures, or bu-
in
The method of examining mineral waters for drjnking
fhels of that province, which amount to fpmething above 19
bufhcls of Paris. I. To half a common wine-glafs of pyrmont water, was
The bichet of Bcaune, as well as that of Tornus, is divided in- a dram of fyrup of violets; whereby a greenifh colci
to 16 meafures, or bufhels, but thefe meafures amount but to produced. 2. To a like quantity of the fame water, were Jo- i

\S bufliels of Paris.
At Verdun the bichet is compofed of 8 meafures, or bufhels,
of the country, which at Paris make 15 bufhels.
The bichet of Chalons on the Saome contains 8 meafures,
which make 14 bu(hcls at
BrefTe.
In fome other places of France, and particularly at Lyons, the
bufhel is called bichet, though very different from the other
bichets mentioned above.
BIDON, a liquid meafure, containing about 5 pints of Paris,
ed a few grains of femped galls ; and, firft, a purple, then a
blackifh colour, prefently enfued. 3. A quantity of the fame
Water was evaporated, and a fmall proportion of an ochry fub-
ftance was left behind. 4. A
glafs of the fame v/ater was fet
Paris, equal to the quarter of cold in the receiver of the air-pump, and found, upon with-
drawing the external air, that the water fparkled violently,
and difcharged a numerous quantity of fmall bubbles at it's fur-
face, like what happens in the conflict of an acid and alkaline
liquor.
This experiment holds in all the cafes of chalybeate waters

that about 5 quarts Englifh wine meafure. It is feldom ufed

is, only, and not of mineral waters in general. By mineral waters
but among {hip's crews. The wine defigned for every mefs in general are meant all thofe wherein any medicinal virtues,
of failors is put into a bidon, which is a kind of wooden cafks, befides thofe of common water, are found. Thefe are of va-
bound with flat iron hoops. rious kinds ; they may be confidered thence under the general
BIGONTIA in Italian, BIGON French, a liquid meafure
in titles of chalybeate, purgative, and alterative.
ufed at Venice. It is the fourth part of the amphora, and one The more ufeful and commodious additions for examining
half of the botte. Four quarts, or quartons, make a bigot, thefe three kinds of mineral waters, are galls, fyrup of violets,
and four tifchanfera a quart. See Venice for their meafures and oil of tartar per deliquium.
reduced to the Englifh ftandard.. Galls difcover in them any fmall proportion of vitriol, or dif-
BIGORRE, the fouth divifion of the principality of Gafcony folved iron, as having the property of immediately ftriking a
in Frapce, is fituated almoft intirely in the Pyrenean moun- purp'e, or black colour, in all waters where any fuch fub-
tains, which feparate if from Arragon on the fouth ; on the ftance is lodged.
eaft bounded by Couferans and Comminges on the north
it is ; Syrup of violets, in the fame manner, difcovers any fmall pre-
by the mountains of Armagnac ; and, on the weft, by Berne. dominancy of an changing the water
acid or alkali therein, by
The mountains here are faid to have mines of copper, but red, if an acid, and green,. if alkali prefides.
they are not wrought. Oil of tartar difcovers any fmall proportion of earthy m2tter,
Tarbe, or Travja, is fituated in 'a fruitful plain, on the lefs capable of diffolving in water than, that fait, by precipita-

banks of the river Adour, 12 leagues diftant from Auch to the ting fuch earthy matter, in form of a white cloud, to the bot-
fouth, and 6 from Pau to the eaft. tom of the containing glafs, where it collects, and appears like
Bangeres is a cjty remaikable for it's feveral baths, within a fubtile white powder.
this city and it's neighbourhood, to which people refort twice Thefe particulars may be fhewn, and proved fatisfr.itorily, by
a year, viz. in the fpring and in autumn. adding to pure water a little of a known acid, alkali, difjolved
Barege is a village alfo remarkable for it's baths, and a great iron, and fubtile earth, or a fine light fediment of an earthy
refort of company, There are there four baths, of different water; applying the fyrup of violets, galls, and oil of tartar
degrees of heat. The firft is called the great bath, and con- refpecliveiy.
fifts of two fprings of clear water, the fmell whereof is like Sjuppofe, therefore, any unexperienced water to be examin-
that of the mud of the fea, and is very hot. ed ; firft, drop into
it a little fyrup of violets, and, if this

When you expofe and copper over the fleam of this bath,
filver does not alter it's colour, but continues it's full natural blue-
the filver becomes immediately rtd, and then black, as the nefs, the water is neither acid nor dkaline. If gall do not

copper alfo does. The alteration is quicker ftill, when you turn the water black, it is not irony, or vitriolic ?nd, if oil ;

plunge thefe metals into the water, whether it be at the fpring, of tartar does not precipitate a white powder, the water holds
pr even when the water is cold, and taken the day before. The no confiderable proportion of earthy matter,
Vol, I. 3 S Th?f
 B I L B I L
Thefc experiments admit of great enlargements, by means L\i td be fufflciemJy demanded by tl

cf other additions, capable of caufing a change of co-

many wife where the money is to be p li

lour, or a precipitation, in waters, according as they are im- there is a penalty. Jf a perfon ackno by bill
pregnated with matteis of certain kinds. Thus a folution of obligatory to be indebted to another in the fiim of 51
filvcr, by cauling a thicknefs, or light precipitation, difcovers by the fame bill, binds himfe If and his heirs in 10 I. and fays j

a minute proportion of fea-falt contained in waters ; and there not to whom he is bound, it fhould be intended he is bound to
is fcarce a fait on earth, or a mineral, hitherto known, but the the perfon to whom the made. A bill obligatoiy written
bill i->

induftry of the experimental philofopher has found ways of dif- in a book, with the party's hand and feal to ood and :

covering be contained in any common or mineral water;

if it if a man makes a bill thus, I do owe, and promife to
cfpecially, if to this we add the ufe of evaporation, or bringing A B, 50 payment thereof I bind myfelf to C D, ano-
1. &c. for
the folid contents of fuch waters to a dry form. So that, if ther perfon; good, by the words of the firft
it is
;

this whole affair was to be properly conducted, we apprehend words obligatory to another perfon are void. .",
.

itmight, in a fhort time, terminate in a certain difcovery of by his deed, Memorandum, 1 hat I A B have rec< -

the contents of all the mineral waters of the kingdom, to the CD the fum of 20 1. which I promife to pay to E F. In wit-
great advantage of ordinary life, a confiderable improvement nefs whereof I have hereunto fet my &c. Or, if
feal, 1

in the art of medicine, and many other mechanical arts and be, I fhall pay to CD 20 1. in witnefs, &c. and the fame be
trades, depending upon the proper choice and ufe of waters. fealed : or, if it runs as follows, Lowe C D 20 1. to be paid
Thefe things are remarked here, with a view only to apprife at, &c. or, Ihad of C D, 20 1. &c, to be repai
the country gentlemen of our intention to omit nothing effen- or, I A B do bind myfelf to CD, that he lhall reeeu
tial that may have any tendency to the difcovery of whatever &c. all thefe are faid to be obligatory.
may turn to their private advantage. For more matter on
this head, fee the article Waters, chalybeate, purgative, Form of a fingle bill for money.
and alterative.
Know all men That I A B, of, &c. do owe,
by thefe prefents,
BILL fignifies a paper, either written or printed, in very large
characters, which fome open and public place,
is pofted up in
and am C
D, of, &c. the fum of fifty pounds of
indebted to
lawful money of Great Britain, which I promife to pay unto
to give notice of the fale of any merchandize or fhip, or of
the faid CD, his executors, adminiftrators, or affigns, at or
the failing of any veffel into foreign parts. The latter ought upon, the day of October next enfuing the date of thefe
firft
to mention the places where fuch veffels are bound, and thofe
prefents. in witnefs whereof I hereunto let my hand and
where they are to touch by the way, as alfo of what burden
leal, the 10th day of Auguft, Anno Doniini
they are, how many guns they carry, and how many men 1750.
they have on board. It is alfo by bills pofted up, that the
trading companies acquaint the public with the quantity and
A penal bill for payment of money.
quality of the fluffs, linnens, metals, drugs, fpices, and other Know all men by thefe prefents, That I A B, of, Szc. do owe
effects, which their fliips have brought home. They general- unto C D, of, &c. the fum of one hundred pounds of lawful
ly mention in thofe bills the places where fuch fhips are arri- money of Great-Britain, to be paid unto the faid C D, his
ved, the day of the fale, and often, alfo, the conditions of it. executors, adminiftrators, or affigns, on, &c. next enfuing the
In a word, there are few things in commerce for which tra- date hereof. For which payment well and truly to be made I
ders are not fometirries obliged to have bills pofted up, if it bind myfelf, my heirs, executor.-, and adminiftrators, to the faid
were only to give notice of the new manufactures which the.y CD, his executors, adminiftrators, and affigns, in two hun-
undertake to fet up, or even only to let the public know that dred pounds in like lawful money, firmly by thefe prefents*
they have changed their dwelling-place, in order to preferve In witnefs, &c.
their cuftomers. Bill of Credit, which a merchant, or banker, gives
is a bill
No man is at liberty to poft up a Paris on any account
bill at to a perfon whom
he can truft, impowering him to receive,
whatfoever, without firft obtaining leave from the lieutenant money from the faid merchant, or banker's correfpondents in
of the police, or from fuperior judges, according to the na- foreign countries. It is generally in the following form :

ture of the cafe.
Though fuch bills be alfo ufed in
are often handed about for the abovementioned purpofes and
the great conveniency of advertifing in the public news-papers
makes thofe bills lefs necefTary here than in other countries.
Bill, in trade, both wholefale and retale, as alfo among tradef-
people and workmen, fignifies an account of merchandizes or
goods delivered to a perfon, or of work done for one.
In thofe bills muff be fet down the fums of money received on
account, which ought to be deducted from the fum total.
In France, agreeably to the feventh and eighth articles of the
firft title of the ordonnance of March 1673, the bills of mer-
* This prefent writing vvitnefTes 'that I A B, of London, mcr-
England, yet printed bills
* chant (or banker) do undertake to, or with C D, of, Sec.
;
* merchant, his executors and adminiftrators, that, if the
* faid CDdo deliver, or caufe to be delivered, unto E F, of
* &c. or to his ufe, any fum or fums of money, amounting;
' to the fum of, &c. pounds fieri ing of lawful Britifh monejj
* (or any fum or fums of money, as the (aid E F fhall have
* occafion for) and fhall take a bill under the hand and feal of
* the faid E F, confeffing and fhewing the certainty thereof;
' that then I, my executors and adminiftrators, having the
* fame bill delivered to me cr them, fhall and will imme-
c
diately, upon the receipt of the fame, pay, or caufe to be

chants ought to be fettled within a year after the delivery of * paid, unto the faid CD, his executors or affigns, all fuch
the merchandizes, and the bills of workmen within fix months * fums of money a, fhall be contained in the faid bill, at, &c.
after the delivery, or performance, of the work, otherwife * For which payment, in manner and form aforefaid, I bind
exceptions might be made at law by the buyer, who, in fuch ' myfelf, my executors, adminiftrators, and affigns, by thefe
cafe, may refufe payment : but, in that cafe, the merchant, * prefents. In witnefs, &c.'
orworkman, may caufe the debtors to be examined, and oblige Though of credit be different from
bills bills of exchange, yet
them to declare upon oath whether or not they have paid for they enjoy the fame privileges, for the money paid in confe-
fuch merchandizes or works, according to the tenth article of quence of them is recoverable by law.
the fame title of the abovementioned ordonnance. A merchant, or banker, ought to be very well acquainted
Bills fettled, the bottom of which they to
are fuch bills at with the characters of thofe to whom he gives letters of credit,
whom works have been delivered, ac-
the merchandizes, or efpecially if the fum be not limited. It is advifeable, there-
knowledge that they have received them, that they are fatif- fore, as much as it is poffible, to determine the fum, that a
fied with the price, and promife to pay it, whether the time perfon may exactly know what engagement he enters into.
when payment is to be made be expreffed or not. There is another caution to be oblerved, which is, to acquaint
As foon as the bills are thus fettled, or that there is a promife the correfpondents who are to furnifh the money, with the
to pay for the merchandizes, &c. the merchants and tradef- departure of him who is to receive it, and to describe his per-
men are fecure againft all exceptions at law, and may in France fon as accurately as can be, or even to agree about fome pe-
claim their debts, even during 30 years. culiar word or fentence, by which the correfpondents may
Bill, in commerce, is alfo a common obligation, or engage- know that the perfon who applies to them for money is really
ment, given by one man to another. It is fometimes with a the identical perfon meant for he may be killed, and his bill
:

penalty, and fometimes without a penalty, though the latter of credit ftolen, whereby another might perfonate him, and
i. more commonly ufed. By a bill is ordinarily underftood a receive the money in his flead, which has frequently hap-
finglc bond, without a condition ; and it was formerly the fame pened.
with an obligation, fave only that it was called a bill, when in Bill of Entry, is an account of the goods and merchandizes
Fnglifh, and an obligation, when in Latin. entered at the cuftom-houfe, both inwards and outwards, in
A has been defined to be a writing, wherein one man is
bill which is expreffed the merchant exporting or importing, the
bound to another to pay a fum of money, on a day that is quantity of merchandize, and the divers fpecies thereof, :

future, or prefently on demand, according to the agreement whither tranfported, or from whence. See examples hereof at
of the parties at the time is entered into, and the dealings
it the end of the letter A, where the method of computing the
-J
between them : and it divided into feveral forts, as a bill
is duties, and the manner of entering good: at the cuflom-hou
that is fingle, a bill that is penal, &c. When
a bill of 100 I. are explained.
is to be paid on demand, it is a debt prefently, and there needs Bill of Exchange, is a piece of paper, commonly long and nar-
no actual demand
and a finale obligation, or bill, upon the
; row, on which is wrote a fhort order, riiven by a banker, a
fealing and delivery, is debitum in preefenti, a prefent debt, merchant, or trader, for paying to fuch a perfon, o.
though fblvcndum in futuro, to be paid in the time to come. order, or alfo, in fome countries, to the bearer in a
On a collateral promife to pay money on demand, there muft place, a fum of money equivalent to that which fuch a banker,
be a fpecial demand ; but between the parties it is a debt, and merchant, or trader has received in his dy,e!Iing-place.
6 The
 ' '

B I L B I L
cuftoms and uf,;gcs bur, although in courts of judicature
of great antiquity, as well by
: '.lie
The exchange of monies is

as thofe of the Ro- pf tins nation, gfe ard is paid to thefe mercantile ufages,
'

cJbfervation of the Hebrew cuftoms I

yet they have been frequently over-ruled by the law. V

day of the montli AdaPj proclamation was fore wejudge it necelTary to give a felect cafes,
Upon the firft

all Ifracl, that the people ihould provide have been determined in our courts of law, as alio thole
II

which were yearly .paid towards the fervice ftatutes which relate to fills of exchange thefe being the ;

their half fhckcls,

of God j on the fundamental principles, upon which the reafonablenels and
of the temple, according to the commandment
equity of mercantil lu'fl be judged of in th
the temple (that is, in
i

-75th of Adar, they brought tables In

In the reign of king William III, inland bills in this n
award court, where the people flood) [Exod. xxx. 31.]
1

thofe who had greatly loft their credit, being not looked upon as bill.")
on thefe lay the Idler coins, which were tofurnifh
of exchange, and therefore not punctually and paH ;
wanted half fliekels for their offerings, or that wanted leffer
doves, &c. which proceeded, in a great measure, from the defect of the
pieces of money in their payment for oxen, fbeep,
for facri- laws, they nbt having effectually provided for the recovery of
which flood there ready in the fame court to be fold
fuch debts: whereupon the following act of parliament took
but this fupply and furnifhing the people from
thefe
for other money, or place to remedy this evil.
tables, was nor without an exchange
advantage hence
other things in lieu of money, and that at an :

all thofe who lat at the tables were called bankers,

or maflers Anno 9 & 10 Gulielmi III. Regis.

of the exch: 1

e Romans it is fuppofed to be in ufe upwards of 2oou An act for the better payment of inland bills of exchange.
filver, to avoid
years, money being then made out of gold and ' Whereas great damages and other inconveniencies do fre-
the carriage of merchandizes in barter, fiom
one country to ' quently happen in the courfe of trade and commerce, by
another io other nations, imitating the Jews and
Romans, 1
:
reafon of the delays of payment, and other n
mints, and coined monies, upon which the exchange-
.1 ' inland bills of exchange in thi kingdom ; be it th
by was devifed, not only to avoid the danger of the ad-
bills * ena&ed bv the king's moft excellent with m jefty, by and
venture of monies, but it's troublefome carriage. the advice and conient
' and temporal,
of the lords fpiritual
Thus dates having, by their fovereign authority, coined monies, ' and the commons in this prefent parliament aftembled. and
cauled them to appoint a certain exchange, for permutation ' by the authority of the fame, that fro-n ai d 24I1
of the various coins of fevcral countries, without tranfportmg * day of June next, which ihall be in the year 98, all and . t

of the coin, but giving par pro pari, or value for value, with * every bill or bills of exchange drawn in, or dated at, and
a certain allowance to be made thofe exchangers for accommo- 1
from any city or town, or any other trading city or town,
dating the merchants. * or any other place in the kingdom of England, dominion
As commerce branched into various fhapes, fo did exchange, ' of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, of the fum
but was generally reducible to four fpecies, viz. common ex * of five pounds fterling cr upwards, upon any perfon or per-
chaugc, real exchange, dry exchange, and fictitious exchange. * fons, of or in London, or any other trading city, town, or
Thole who practifed the common exchange were conftituted 1
any other place (in which faid bill or bills of exchange fhall
by the fevcral kings, who, having received monies in England, ' be acknowledged and expreiled, the faid value to be received)
would remit by exchange the like fum, to be paid in another ' and is, and fhall be, diawn payable at a certain number of
kingdom. Edward III. to afcertain the exchange, caufed * days, weeks, or months, after date thereof, that from and
tables to be fct up in moft of the general marts or ports of c
after prefentation and acceptance of the faid bill or bills of
England, declaring the values of the foreign coins of thofe ' exchange (which acceptance fhaH be by the underwriting,
countn. s with which his fubjects carried on commerce, and ' the fame under the party's- hand fo accepting) and after
what allowances were to be made for having monies to be * the expiration of three d ys, after the faid bill or bills fhall
remitted to fuch countries. ' become due, the party to whom the faid bill or bills are
Real exchange was, when monies were paid to the exchanger, * made payable, his fervant, agent, or afligns, may, and fhall,
and bills were drawn, without naming the fpecies, but ac- * caufe the faid bill or bills to be protefted by a notary public,
cording to the value of the feveral coins j which two offices ' and, in default of fuch notary public, by any other fub-
afterwards were incorporated ; and, indeed, was no more but, ' ftantial perfon of the city, tov n, or place, in the prefence
upon payment of monies here in England, to be repaid the * of two or more cred.ble witncffls, refufal or neglect being
juft value in another country, according to the price
money in * firft made of due payment of the fame, which proteft fhall
agreed on between '.he officer and deliverer, to allow, or pay, * be made and written under a fair written copy of the faid
for the exchange of the money, and the lofs of time. ' bill of exchange, in the words or form following
;
Dry exchange is, when
merchant hath occafion for 500 1.
a
fuppofe for a certain time, and would willingly pay intereft Know all men, that I R. S on the day of
for the fame ; the banker, being defirous to take more than at the ufual place of abode of the faid have de-
the leal intereft, and yet to avoid the ftatute, offers the 500 1. manded payment of the bill, of which the above is the copv,
by exchange for Cales, or any other place, to which the mer- which the faid did not pay ; wherefore I the laid
chant agrees ; but, the merchant having no correfpondent do hereby proteft the faid bill, dated at
there, the banker defires him to draw his bill, to be paid at this day of
double or treble ufance, at Cales, by any feigned perfon, at
the price of the exchange then current. Accordingly, the * Which proteft fo made, as aforefaicl, fhall, within fourteen
merchant makes the bill, and the banker pays the monies ; * days after making thereof, be fent, or otherwife due no-
which bill the banker remits to fome friend of his, to procure ' tice lhall be given thereof to the party, from whom the
a proteft from Cales for non-acceptance, with the exchange ' faid bill or bills were received, wio
upon producing is,

of the money from Cales to London ; all which, with cofts, * fuch proteft, to repay the faid together with bill cr bi I-,
the merchant is to repay to the banker ; and fometimes they * all interefts and charges, from the day fuch bill or bills were

have been fo confeientious as not to make above 30 per cent. * protefted ; for which proteft fhall Le paid a fum, not ex-
by thefe artifices. This kind of ufury is faid to be firft c
ceeding the fum of fix-pence; and in default or neglect
introduced into England by the Jews. Vide Co. 2 Inft. '
of fuch pro'.cft: made and fent, or due notice given within
4
fol. 506. the days before limited, the perfon, fo failing or neglecling
Fictitious exchange is when
merchant hath occafion for goods
a * thereof, and fhall be liable to ail cofts, damages, and
is,

to freight out his AYip, but cannot well fpare the money ; the 1
interefts, which do, and mall, accrue thereby.
owner of the goods intimates, that he muff, have ready money ; ' Provided neverthelefs, that in cafe any fuch inland bill, or
the buyer knowing his drift, it is agreed, that the feller fhall * bills of exchange, fhall happen to be loft, or mifcarried,
take up the monies by exchange for Venice, or any other * within the time before limited for payment of the fame,
parts ; but then the merchant muft pay for exchange and re- ' then the drawer of the faid bill or bills is, and fliall, be
exch.mge. ' obliged to give another bill or bills of the fame tenour with
Thefe two ways of oppreffing the generous merchant
laft ' the firft-given, the perfon or perfons to whom they are, and
were afterwards prohibited 3 and 4 Hen. VII. * fhail be fo delivered, givmg fecurity, if demanded, to the
The and true' exchange for monies, by bills, is par pro
juft .
* faid drawer, to indemnify him 2gainft all perfons whatfoever,
pari, according to value for value ; -which is grounded on * in cafe the faid bills or bill of exchange, fo alledged to be:
the weight and finenefs of monies, according to their feveral * loft or mifcarried, fhall be found again.'
flandards, proportionable to their valuation ; which, being After this, the nation being fenfible of the conveniencies ari-
truly and juftly made, afcertains and reduces the price of ex- fing to commerce by that acl, and obferving, thdt there was.
change to a fum certain, for the exchange of monies to any no provifion made in it for profiling fuch bills for non-ac-
ration or country whatfoever. ceptance, and the merchants further conhdermg how bene-
Foreign bills of exchange have long been looked on as the ficial it would be to the public to have the fame remedy upon

moft obligatory and convenient paper- fecurity, that is amongft promifTary notes, as upon bills of exchange, whereby the

merchants ; not fo much by virtue of the laws of any coun- fame may be from party to party, without any
transferred
try, as in conformity to the univeiLl cuftoms and ufages efta- other formality, but that of an endcrfement ail thefe mat- :

blifhcd among traders themfelves, by a kind of unanimous ters having been taken into confideration by parliament, an
concurrence, for the facilitating a general commerce through- ad for that effect pafted both houfes, and received the royal

out the world. In order, therefore, to make a judgment in aflent, to the general fatufaction of the nation', which is as
[' cafes of this nature, it is necelTary to be acquainted with thofe follows.
Anno
 E I L B I'L
3 Anno &
4 Annne P.eginaa. by underwriting the fame, as afo cfa'd for re, >

Tor giving like remedy upon pro miliary notes, as Is now medy whereof, Be
it enacted by the authority ah*
ufed upon bills of exchange, and for the better payment of 'that from and after the firft day of IVhy. which fhall -he
inland bills of exchange. 1
in the year of our Lord 1705/in cafe, upon
presenting
of fuch bill or bills of exchange, the party or
hath been held, that notes in writing, figned partie
eas it
< whom the fame fnall be drawn, fh;.!l refufe to accept tha
by the party who makes the fame, whereby fuch party pro- * fame, by underwriting the fame, as aforefaid, the party
mifes to pay any. other perfon, or his order, any fum of
* to whom the faid bill or bills are made payable, his
money mentioned, are not affignable or endorfible
therein
' fervant, agent, or affign, may, and fhall, caulc the faid
over, within the cuftom of merchants, to any other per-
* bill or bills to be protefted for non-acceptance, as
fon and that fuch perfon to whom the fum of money in ( afc of
;
'- foreign bills of exchange any thing in the faid ail, or
:
mentioned in fuch note is payable, cannot maintain an
any other law, to the contrary nptwithftanding ; for which
action, by the cuftom of merchants, againft the perfon
proteft there fhall be paid two (hillings, and no more.
who firft made and figned the fame ; and that any perfon 4
Provided always, that, from and after the faid firft day of
to whom fuch note fhould be affigned, endorfed, or made pay-
< May, no acceptance of any fuch inland bill of exchange
able, could not, within the faid cuftom of merchants, main-
'fhall be fufficient to charge any perfon whatfoever, unlefs
tain any action upon fuch note againft the perfon, who firft
' the fame be underwritten, or endorfed in writing there-
drew and figned the fame therefore, to the intent to en-
:

* upon ; and if fuch bill be. not accepted

courage trade and commerce, which will be much advanced, by fuch under-
' writing, or endorfement in writing, no drawer of any
if fuch notes fhall have the fame effect, as inland bills of
* fuch inland bill fhall be liable to pay any cofts, damages,.
exchange, and fhall be negociated in like manner; Be it
' or interefts thereupon, unlefs fuch
proteft be made for non-
enacted by the queen's moft excellent majefty, by and with
' acceptance thereof, and, within fourteen days after fuch
the advice and con fent of the lords fpintual and temporal,
' proteft, the fame be fent, or otherwife notice thereof be
and commons in this prefent parliament afTembled, and by
* given, to the party, from whom fuch bill was received, or
the authority of the fame, that all notes in writing, that af-
* left in writing at the place of his, her, or their ufual
ter the firft day of May, in the yearof our Lord 1705, fhall
* abode ; and if fuch bill be accepted, and not paid before
be made and figned by any perfon, or perfons, body politic
* the expiration of three days after the faid bill fhall become
or corporate, or by the fervant or agent of any corporation,
' due and payable, then no drawer of fuch bill fhall be
banker, goldfmith, merchant 5 or trader, who is ufually en-
< compellable to pay any cofts, damages, or interefts thtre-
trufted by him, her, or them, whereby fuch perfon or perfons,
* upon, unlefs a proteft be made and fent, or notice thereof
bc-Jy politic and corporate, his, her, or their order, or unto
* be given, in manntr and form above-mentioned.: never-
bearer, any fum of money, mentioned in fuch note, fhall
thelefs, drawer of fuch bill fhall be liable to make
every
be taken and conftrued to be, by virtue thereof, due and
payable to any fuch perfon or perfons, body politic or cor-
* payment of damages, and interefts, upon fuch in-.
cofts,
' land bill, if anyone proteft be made- for non-acceptance,
porate, to whom the fame is made payable; and alfo every
4
and non-payment thereof, and notice thereof be fent, given,
fuch note payable to any perfon or perfons, body politic
' or left as aforefaid,
and corporate, his, her, or their order, fhall be affignable
' Provided, that no fuch proteft fliail be neceffary, either
or endorfible over, in the fame manner as inland bills of
' for non-acceptance, or non-payment of any inland bill of
exchange are, or may be, according to the cuftom of mer-
' exchange, unlefs the value be acknowledged and exprefkd
chants ; and that the perfon or perfons, body politic and
* in fuch bill to be received, and unlefs fuch
be drawn
corporate, to whom fuch fum of money is, or fhall be, bill
' for the payment of 20 and that
1. fterling, or upwards
by fuch note made payable, fhall and may maintain an ;-

'the proteft, hereby required for non-acceptance, fhall be.

action for the fame, in fuch manner, as he, fhe, pr they
' made by fuch perfons, as are appointed, by the faid recited
might do, upon an inland bill of exchange, made or drawn
according to the cuftom of merchants and that the per-
' aits, to proteft inland bills of exchange for non-paymen^
;
' thereof.
fon or perfons, body politic and corporate, who a or vvhofe
fervant or agent, as aforefaid, figned the fame ; and that
And it be further ensiled, that from and after the firft day
c
. of May, if any rerfon doth accept any fuch bill of ex-
any perfon or perfons, body politic and corporate, to
* change, for and in fatisfaction of any former debt, or
whom payable $0 any perfon or perfons,
fuch note that is

body politic and corporate,

his, her, or their order, is en-
' fum of money formerly due unto him, fame fhall be
the
dorfed or affigned, or the money, therein mentioned, or-
' accounted and cftce.n-.ed a full and complete payment of
dered to be paid by endorsement thereon, fhall and may
' fuch debt, if fuch perfon, accepting of any fuch bill for hi?
' debt, doth not take his due courfe to obtain payment there-
maintain his, her, and their action for fuch fum of money,
of, by endeavouring to get the fame accepted r.nd paid, and
either againft the perfon or perfons, body politic and cor-
porate, who, or whofe fervant or agent, as aforefaid, figned
' make his proteft as aforefaid, either for non-acceptance, or
fuch a note, or againft any of the perfons that endorfed
' non-payment thereof.
' Provided, that nothing herein contained fhall extend to dSfl
the fame, in like manner as in cafes of inland hills of ex-
' charge any remedy, that any perfon may have againft the
change and, in every fuch action, the plaintiff" or plain-
:

' drawer, accepter, or indorfcr of fuch bill'

tiff's fhall recover his, her, or their damages, and colts of
After a recital of thefe acts of parliament, in relation to bills
fuit ; and if fuch plaintiff or plaintiffs fhall recover his, her,
of exchange, we conceive it more fatisfactorv, .0 every man
or their cofts, againft the defendant or defendants ; and
of fenfe, rather to give a variety of cafes tha-. have been de-
every fuch plaintiff or plaintiffs, defendant or defendants, re-
termined in the courts of judicature of this kingdom, than
fpectively recovering, may fiie out execution for fuch damages
the collective fenfe of thofs vvhofe judgment is not of the like
and cofts,- by capias, fieri facias, or eligit.
authority.
And be it further enacted by the authority aforefaid, that
alland every fuch actions fhall be commenced, fued, and
We apprehend, moreover, that thofe cafes, being abftracted
with their efiential circumftances, will prove of more public
brought within fuch time as is appointed, for commencing
utility, than giving them in a grofs fuperficial manner, whi h
pr fuing actions cafe, by the ftatute made in the
upon the
in that way, even to lawyers themfelves, who have not the
21ft year of the reign of king James the firft, intitled An
cafes ad unguem, could be of little fervice, and of much lea
act for limitation of actions, and for avoiding of fuits in
to traders in general. In regard to the acceptance of bills of
law, provided, that no body politic or corporate, fhall have
exchange, fee the article Acceptance, where there are
power, by virtue of this act, to ifiue or give out any notes
fome cafes, incorporated with the general ufages of merchants.
by themfelves or their fervants, other than fuch as they
might have iffued, if this ait had never been made.
And whereas .by an act of parliament made in the ninth Some curious Cases r flative to Bills of Exchange^
year of the reign of his late majefty king William III. in-
as they have been determined in courts of ju
titled, An act for better payment of inland bills of exchange ;
dicature in england.
it is, among other things, enaitcd, that from and after pre-

fentatioq and acceptance of the faid bill or bills of exchange

Clark verfus Mundal. 3 W. & M. coram Holt C. J. at Nifj
Prius at Guildhall.
(which acceptance fhall he by the underwriting, the fame
under the party's hand fo accepting) and after the expira- A, having a of exchange payable to him, and he being
bill
tion of three days, after the faid bill or bills fhall become indebted to B fum of money, fends and indorfes this
in a
due, the party to whom the faid bill or bills are made pay- bill to B. Afterwards B brought aflumpfit againft A for the
able, his fervant, agent, or aflign?, may and fhall caufe money, and on non aflumpfit A gave in evidence this bill of
the fame bill or bills to be proteftcd, in manner as in the exchange indorfed, and that it had lain fo long in B's hands
$ faid act is enaikd : and whereas, by there being no pro- after it was payable, and reckoned it as money paid and in
1 made therein for protefling fuch bill or bills, in cafe his hands ; but it was difallowcd ; for a bill fhall never go i:i
* the party on whom the fame are or fhall be drawn, rclufc difcharge of a precedent debt, except be part of the con-
it
* to accept the fame, by underwriting the fame under his trad that it fhould be fo. If A fellsgoods to B, and B is
* hand, all merchants and others who refufe to underwrite to give a bill in fatisfaition, B is difcharged, though the bill
* fuch bill or bills, or make any other than a promiffary ac- is never paid, for the bill is payment: but, otherwife, a bill
' ceptance, by whif.li means the effect and good intent of fhould never difcharge a precedent debt or contrail but, if ;
* the faid act in that behalf is wholly evaded, and no bill part be received, it fhall be only a difcharge of the old
* pr bills can be proteftcd before, or for want of fuch ac- for fo much. Salk. 124.
3 Hodgej
 B I L B
Hodges vcrfus Steward. Pafch. 3 W. & M.
In an action on the cafe on an inland bill of exchange,
brought by the indorfer againft the drawer, thefe following
pi lints were refolvcd.
1. A difference* was taken between a bill payable to J. S. or
bearer, and J. S. or order; for a bill payable to J. S. or
bearer, is not affignable by the contract, fo as to enable the
indorfer to bring an action, if the drawer refufe to pay, be-
caufe there is no fuch authority given to the party by the firft
contract, and the effect of it is only to difchargc the drawer,
if he pays it to the bearer, though he comes to it by trover,
theft, or otherwife. But when the bill is payable to J. S.
or order, there an exprefs power is given to the party to
aflign, and the indorfer may maintain an action.
2. Though an alignment of a bill payable to J. S. or bearer,
be no good affignment to charge the drawer with an action on
yet it is a good bill between the indorfer and indor-
the bill 5
fee, and the indorfer is liable to an action for the money ;
for the indorfement is in nature of a new bill.
3. It being objected, that, in this cafe, there was no
aver-
ment of the defendant's being a merchant, it was anfwered
by the court, that the drawing the bill was a fufficicnt mer-
tnandifing and ncgociating to this purpofe.
4. The plaintiff' declared, on a fpecial
To
for the bearer to have his action.
B. R.
cuffom in London,
which the defendant
I L
he fubjects himfelf to the payment, if the perfon on whom it
was drawn refufes either to accept or pay: yet that is with
this limitation, that if the bill be not paid in convenient
time, the perfon to whom it was payable fhall give the
drawer notice thereof; for otherwife the lav/ will imply the
bill paid, becaufe there is a truft between the parties, and
it may be prejudicial to commerce, if the bill may rife up to
charge the drawer at any diftance of time; v/hen in the
mean time all reckonings and accounts are adjufted between
the drawer ar!d drawee. Ibid. 127.
Jackfon verfus Pigot, 10 Will. III. B. R.
The plaintiff declared on a bill of
exchange drawn by J. S.
on the defendant, dated the 15th of March, 1696, payable a
month after fight, and that afterwards, viz. the 20th of April,
1697, he fhewed it the defendant, and he promifed to pay
it according to the tenor of the bill, after verdict for
the plain-
on non affumpfit, was moved in arreft of judgment chat
tiff"
this manner of declaring was abfurd, it being impoffiblc to
pay according to the tenor of the bill at time of the promife.
Refolvcd by the court, that, where the time of payment is
pad at the acceptance of the bill, the acceptance can be only
to pay the money ; and if he was fo abfurd as to promife to
pay the money, according to the tenor of the bill, yet that
is no more in law now than a promife to pay the money gene-
rally but it is better to declare in fuch a cafe on general pro-
:

mi te to pay the money. Per Holt, C.J. Ibid. 127.

demurred, without traverfing the cuffom ; fo that he con-
feffed it, whereas, in truth, there was no fuch cuffom; and
Lambert vcrfus Pack, Pafch. 11 Will. III. coram Holt,
the court was of opinion, that for this reafon judgment
C. J. at Nifi Prius, London.
fhould be given for the plaintiff"; for though the court is to
take notice of the law of merchants, as part of the law of An action on the cafe was brought on a bill of exchange
England ; yet they cannot take notice of the cuffom of par- againff the indorfer; and it was ruled by Holt, C.
J. upon
ticular places, and the cuffom in the declaration being fuffi- evidence, ift, That there is no need to prove the drawer'3
cicnt to maintain the a6tion, and that being confefled, he hand, becaufe, tho'i^h it be a forged bill, the indoiferis bound
had admitted judgment againft himfelf. to pay it. 2dly, The plaintiff' muft prove that he demanded
5. 'Twas held, that a general indebitatus affumpfit will not it of the drawer, or him upon whom it was drawn, and
that
lie on a bill of exchange for want of a confideration ; for it he refufed to pay it, or elfe that he fought him and could not
is but an evidence of a promife to pay, which is but a nudum find him for otherwife he cannot refort to the indorfer.
;

pactum ; and therefore he muft either bring a fpecial action 3<Jly, That this was done in convenient time for if they ;

on the cuffom of merchants, or a general indebitatus affump- ffand, and are refponfible a convenient time after the affiffn-
fit againft the drawer, for money received to his ufe. Judg- ment, and no demand made, the indorfee fhall not charge
ment pro cpucr'. Ibid. 125. the indorfer. The time for foreign bills is three days, and
no allowance is to be made for Sundays and holidays. Ser-
Pinkney vcrfus Hall. Hill. 8 Will. III. B. R. jeant Wright cited a cafe of one Tracy, who ftood a week
after the indorfement, and the indorfee loft his money which
;
Bv the cuffom of England, where there are two joint tra- Holt, chief jufticc, thought was too ftrait ; but fuch matters
ders, and one accepts a bill drawn on both for him and muft be left to the jury. 4thly, It is a queftion whether no-
partner, it binds both, if it concerns the trade ; otherwife,
tice muft be given or no but it is fair to give notice. 5thly,
;

if itconcerns the acceptor only in a diftinct intereft and rc- That the demand muft be proved fubfequent to the indorfe-
fpect. Ibid. 126. ment ; for, if it was precedent, he could only act as fervant
to the indorfer ; and fo the demand was infufficient to charge
Clark vcrfus Pigot. Pafch. 10 Will. III. B. R. the indorfer. 6thly, If a man indorfes his name upon the
back of a bill blank, he puts it in the power of the indorfee to
Clark having a bill of exchange payable to him or order, puts
make what ufe of it he will, and he may ufe it as an acquit-
his name upon it, leaving a vacant fpace above, and fends it
tance todifchargethe bill, or as an affignment to charge the
to J. S. his friend, who got it accepted ; but, the money not
indorfer. 7thly, In cafes of bill purchafed at a difcount,
being paid, Clark brought an indebitatus affumpfit againff the
this is the difference ; if itbe a bill payable to A, or bearer,
accepter was objected on evidence, that the property
: and it
it is an abfolute purchafe; but if to A, or order, it is indorf-
was transferred to J. S. Et per Holt, C. J. J. S. had it in
ed blank, and filled up with an affignment, the indorfer muft
his power to act either as a fervant or affignee if he had filled
warrant it as much as if there had been no difcount. Ibid. 128.
:

up the blank place, making the bill payable to him, that

would have witneffed his election, to have received it as in- Eaft verfus Effington, Mich. 1 Ann. B. R.
dorfee but, that being omitted, his intention is prcfumed
;

to act only as fervant to Clark, whofe name he would ufe Indorfee declared on a of exchange againft the drawer,
bill

only in order to write the acquittance over it. Ibid. 126. and the bill was, Pray pay this my firft bill of exchange, my
fecond and third not being paid and the indorfement was fet
;

Anonymous, Mich. 10 Will. III. coram Holt, C. J. at Nifi out in this manner, that the drawer indorfavit fuper billam
Prius at Guildhall. illam, content' billa? illius folvend' to the plaintiff, without
fhewing that it was fubferibed. On non affumpfit and ver-
A bank bill payable to A, or bearer, being given to A, and dict proquer. it was objected in arreft of judgment, that there
loft, was found by a ftranger, who transferred it to C for a was no averment that the fecond and third bills were not paid,
valuable confideration; C got a new bill in his own name. which is a condition precedent fed non allocatur : et per
:

Et per Holt, C. J. A may have trover againft the ftranger cur. That muft be intended, for the plaintiff* could not
who found the bill, for he had no title, though the payment otherwife have had a verdict and, for the fame reafon alfo,
:

to him would have indemnified the bank but A cannot main- ; the indorfement, which was likewife excepted againft as fet
tain trover againft C, by reafon of the courfe of trade, which forth in the declaration, was held good, being aided by the
creates a property in the affignee, or bearer. Ibid. 126. verdict ; the court corpariflg it to an action of debt, by an

affignee of a reverfion, without 'fhewing an attornment

Anonymous, Mich. 10 Will. c6ram Holt, C. which, on non debet, is aided by verdict for if the indorfe-
III. J. at Nifi
:

Prius at Guildhall. ment be neceffary to transfer the bill, fo the attornment

is

to pafs the reverfion. Ergo, as the attornment fhall be fup-

A bill made payable to A, or order, A in-
of exchange being plied by the jury's finding debet, fo fhall the indorfement by
dorfes it to B ; B cannot
fue A, unlefs he firft endeavour to their finding affumpfit. Ibid. 130.
find out the firft drawer to demand it of him ; for the indorfer
is only a warranter for the payment of the drawer, and there- Lucas verfus Haynes, Pafch. 2 Ann. B. R.
fore liable only on his default; and fuch endeavour muft be
fet forth in the declaration. Ibid. 126. In trover for a of exchange, the cafe upon evidence was,
bill

that the plaintiff had a bill of exchange drawn upon the de-
Allen verfus Dockwra. fendant, and fent it by J. S. to the defendant, to get it ac-
Mich. 10 Will. III. coram Treby,
cepted ; J. S. left it with the defendant, and afterwards, the
C. J. at Nifi Prius at Guildhall.
bill being loft, the plaintiff" brought trover for it, and J. S.
A was drawn on Sutor, payable in three days ; Sutor
bill was now the plaintiff's witnefs for this matter, and, becaufe
broke the perfon to whom it was payable kept the bill by
; the plaintiff had indorfed the bill, it was objected that J.'S.
him four years, and then brought affumpfit againft the drawer, could not be a witnefs ; and, this point being faved, the court
and per Treby, Ch. J. when one draws a bill of exchange, were all of opinion, that the bare indorfement, without
Voi. I. ^ T other

I

B I L B
other words purporting an aflignment, docs not work an al-
teration of the property ; for ic may ftill be filled up, either
with a receipt or an aflignment, and, confequently, J. S. is
a good witnefs. Ibid. 130.
Butler verfus Crips, Trin. 2 Ann. B. R.
Per Holt, C. J. Pay tome or my order, fo much, is a bill
of exchange, if accepted ; and this is the only way to make
a bill of exchange without the intervention of a third perfon.
Ibid. 130.
Borough verfus Perkins, Mic. 2 Ann. B. R.
Error of a judgment in C. B, in cafe on an inland bill of ex-
change brought againft the drawer, and judgment for the
plaintiff by nil dicit. Mr. Raymond for the plaintiff-" in error
urged, that it doth not appear by the declaration that the bill
was protefted, and fince the ftatute 9 and 10 Will. III. no
action lies againft the drawer, unlefs there be aproteftmade,
as that act requires; and this ought to appear in the decla-
ration ; for, at common law, the party had no remedy againft
the drawer, without notice given him of non-payment
and, if the ftatute does not make the proteft neceflary, it
does nothing. Mr. Parker cont. It does not appear the bill
was accepted by underwriting, without which it is not within
the ftatute, and without it a proteft cannot be made ; for a
proteft was not neceflary at common law in cafe of inland
bills, as it was in cafe of foreign bills; but, fuppofing it were
within the ftatute, yet the proteft need not be fet forth in the
declaration, but this is to be confidered at the trial ; for, if
the drawer receive damage for want of a proteft, and the da-
mage amounted to the value, it is a total difcharge
much. Holt, C. J. In
yet for fo inland as well as foreign
bills of exchange, the perfon to whom it is payable muft give
convenient notice of non-payment to the drawer ; for if, by
his delay, the drawer receive prejudice, the plaintiff" fhall re-
cover a proteft on a foreign bill was part of it's conftitu-
:
tion ; on inland bills, a proteft is neceflary by this ftatute,
but was not at common law ; but the ftatute docs not take
away the plaintiff's action for want of a proteft, nor does it
make fuch want a bar to the plaintiff's action ; but this fta-
tute feems only, in cafe there be no proteft, to deprive the
plaintiff of damage or intereft, and fo give the drawer a re-
medy againft him for damages, if he make no proteft. Quod
Powell conceflit, and that a proteft was never fet forth in
any declaration fince the ftatute. Ibid. 131.
Buckly verfus Cambell, Hill. 7 Ann. B. R.
The plaintiff declared upon a bill of exchange drawn at
Amfterdam, payable at London at twoufances, and did not
fhew what the two ufances were and judgment was given
;
pro def. court could not take notice of foreign
for the
ufances, which varied, being longer in one place than ano-
ther. Ibid. 131.
Hill & aP verfus Lewis.
Action upon the cafe for 170 1. 10 s. The plaintiff declared
feveral ways, viz. ift, Upon two bills of exchange againft
the indorfer. 2dly, Upon a mutuatus. 3dly, An indebi-
tatus aflumpfit pleaded. The cafe upon evidence was, Moor,
a goldfmith, fubferibed two notes, payable to the defendant.
The defendant, on the 19th of October, indorfes thefe two
notes, and gives them and eight others, to one Zouch, to
whom he was indebted Zouch, the 19th of October, be-
:
tween the hours of 11 and 12, brought thefe notes to the
plaintiffs, being goldfmiths, and they accepted them, and
gave to Zouch other bills and fome money and afterwards,
the fame day, the plaintiffs received money upon other bills
of the faid Moor, and might have had the money due upon
thefe two bills, if they had been demanded but, in the night
;
following, about midnight, Moor broke and ran away; and
whether the plaintiffs or indorfers fhould lofe this 170 1. 10 s.
was the qucftion. The qucftion was, whether the acceptance
of thefe bills in fatisfaction for fomuch money be a good dif-
charge of the indorfer ? and Holt, C. J. held, that gold-
fmiths bills were governed by the fame laws and cuftoms as
other bills of exchange ; and every indorfement is a new bill,
and fo lon as a bill is in agitation, and fuch indorfements
are made, all the indorfements and every of them are liable as
a new drawer. That by the law, generally, every indorfer
u always liable as the fir ft drawer, and cannot be difcharged
without an actual payment, and is not difcharged by the ac-
ceptance of the bill by the indorfce ; but, by the cuftom,
this is reftrained, viz. the acceptance is intended to be upon
the agreement, fc. that the indorfce will receive it of the
firft drawer, if he can, and if he cannot, then that the in-
dorfer will anfwer it; as if the firft drawer be infolvent at
fhc time of the indorfement, or upon demand rcfufes to pay
And the indorfer is not difcharged
it, or cannot be found.
without actual payment, until there is fome neglect or de-
fault in the indorfec, as if he docs not endeavour to receive
it in convenient time, and then the firft drawer becomes in-
f.,lvcnt.
The fecond point was, what fhall bethought convenient time
to endeavour to receive fuch bill ? Et per Holt, C. j. In
cafe of foreign bills, he upon who it is
;
I L
days to pay it, and the indorfee of fuch bill need not demand
payment until the faid three days be expired; and, if he upon
whom the bill is drawn become infolvent in the faid time,
the indorfer chargeable, and after the three days the indor-
is
fee may it ; and it feems the fame time ought to be
proteft
allowed for inland bills, though it was urged that for foreign
bills alone time was required, in refpeft the drawee was to
receive advice from the drawer.
And the chief juftice, in his direction to the jury, faid, that
what fhould be thought convenient time, ought to be ac-
cording to the ufage among traders in fuch cafes, and upon
all the circumftances that the plaintiffs had ten bills de-
:
livered to them together ; and that, perhaps, they had other
affairs that hindered them from going prefently to receive
thefe two bills, and that they received two other bills the
fame day. The chief juftice left it to the jury to confider,
whether the time in this cafe were convenient time or not;
and, if the plaintiff had convenient time to receive his money,
then to find for the defendant, otherwife for the plaintiff;
upon which the plaintiff prayed to take the verdict upon the
indebitatus aflumpfit. Et per chief juftice you cannot take
:
the verdict upon any part of the declaration but that to which
evidence was given, and here it will be good, if found upon
the bills of exchange ; but, if the evidence be applicable to any
other part of the declaration, you may take it upon any fuch
part to which the evidence is applicable. And becaufe Zouch
had fworn that he bad received the benefit of, and had been
fatisfied with the bill he took of the plaintiff, by which the
defendant was difcharged againft Zouch, the verdict was
taken upon the indebitatus aflumpfit for money laid out for
: if lefs, the defendant's ufe ; and it feems the indorfement by the
defendant to the plaintiff was good evidence of a requeft to
pay the faid money to Zouch. Now exception was taken
that one bill was payable to the defendant only, without the
words, or his order, and therefore not aflignable by the in-
dorfement ; and the chief juftice did agree that the indorfe-
ment of this bill did not make him that drew the bill charge-
able to the indorfee ; for the words, or to his order, give
authority to the plaintiff to aflign it by indorfement; and it
is an agreement by the firft drawer that he would anfwer it
to the aflignee : but the indorfement of a bill which has not
the words, or to his order, is good, or of the fame effect,
between the indorfer and the indorfee, to make the indorfer
chargeable to the indorfee. Ibid. 133.
Harry verfus Perrit, Trin. 9 Ann. B. R.
Action on a promiflary note againft the fecond indorfer, and
the plaintiff declared without an averment, that the money
was demanded of the drawer, or the firft indorfer. And this
was held good upon motion in arreft of judgment; for the
indorfer charges himfelf in the fame manner as if he bad
originally drawn the bill. Ibid. 133.
Witherley verfus Sarsfield, Mich. 1 W. & M.
A writ of error was brought in the exchequer chamber upon
a judgment in B. R. where the plaintiff declared in cafe, on
the cuftom of merchants, that if any merchant, or other
trading perfon, make and direct any bill of exchange to an-
other, payable to a merchant, or any other trading perfon,
and the bill be tendered, and, for want of acceptance, pro-
tefted, in fuch cafe the drawer by the cuftom is chargeable to
pay, &c.
That the defendant at Paris in France did draw a
bill on his father here in London, payable to the plaintiff,
and the fame was prcfented butrefufed, and he according to
:
cuftom protefted the bill, whereby the defendant became
chargeable, and in confideration of the premifes, did affume,
&c. To this the defendant pleaded, that he was a gentle-
the fon and heir of Dr. Thomas Witherly, and at the
man,
time of drawing the bill, was a traveller, and at Paris, for
his better education ; and that he was no merchant, nor
trader, nor did ever deal as fuch, and he was then at Paris
as a gentleman and traveller, as aforefaid, abfque hoc, and
denies that he is or ever was a merchant, &c. The plaintiff
demurs to the defendant's plea, and fhews for caufe, that it
amounts to the general iflue, is double and uncertain, &c.
Holt, C. J. It is not every plea that amounts to a general
iflue that is ill ; and the cuftom is the foundation, and the
plea is an anfwer to that, and therefore enough. But this
drawing a bill muft furely make him a trader for that purpofc,
for we ail have bills directed to us, or payable to us, which
muft be all voidable, if the negociating a bill will not oblige
the drawer of it. The judgment for the defendant was re-
verfed, and the plaintiff had judgment in B. R. upon a re-
mittitur. Holt's Reports, 113.
Darrach verfus Savage, Pafch. 2 W. & M.
Indebitat. aflumpfit for 40 1. received to the plaintiff's ufe,
the defendant pleaded non aflumpfit ; and upon the trial the
evidence was a bill of exchange, or note under the defendant's
hand, dated the 22d of February, 1687, directed to a mer-
chant of London, Pray pay to Mr. John Darrach, or his order,
the fum of 40 1. and place it to my account, value received,
drawn hath three witnefs my hand. The money was never demanded of th
mcr-
 ;

B I L B I L
merchant 'till the action brought and it was infilled for the
: ral times to the third perfon, to prefent him the note, but
plaintiff,that the defendant was ftill chargeable, and fo con- could not get fight of him within the time the party breaks ;

tinued to be, 'till the note was discharged. and all this appearing in evidence, and that the defendant
Holt, C. In this cafe the bill, or note, fhould be deemed
J.
went to fea the next day after he gave the note, now this
payment; and that the plaintiff was fatisfied with the mer- action was brought againft the defendant for the money.
chant he did not in Convenient time refort
as his debtor, if Holt, C J. If a man give a note upon a third perion <n
t

back, to the drawer for his money for his keeping the biil Co
: payment, and the other rakes it abfolutely as payment, yet,
long, was an evidence that he thought the merchant good at if the party giving it knew the third perfon to be breaking,

that time, and that he agreed to take him for his debtor. or to be in a failing condition, and the receiver of the note
Judgment for the defendant. Ibid. 113. ufes all reafonable diligence to get payment, but cannot,
this is a fraud, and therefore no payment and here was no
Mogadara verfus Holt, Mich. 3W.& M. laches in the plaintiff, for the party failed before the money
;

In cafe on a bill of exchange, the plaintiff fcts forth, that was payable. The chief-juftice directed for the plaintiff.

there is a cuftom, that if any merchant in London draws his Ibid. 122.

bill, or bills, upon any merchant in Rotterdam, payable to

Soper verfus Dible.
any merchant, or order, and if the merchant there accept-
any fuch bill, and before acceptance, or after, the merchant Affumpfit upon a bill of exchange. The plaintiff declares,
to whofe order the money is directed to be paid doth indorfe that fecundum confuetudiuem et ufum mercatorum, the ac-
it to any other merchant, end that other merchant doth in- cepter is bound to pay, &c. without fhewing the cuftom at
dorfe it to fome other, and the merchant to whom the bill is large. And the defendant demurred ; and it was adjudged
directed, accepts it after fuch indorfement, and fails inpay- for the plaintiff; and, per curiam, it is a better way, than

ment merchant to whom indorfed at the time limited,

to the to fhew the whole at large. Lord Raym. 175.
whereby the bill becomes protefted, and notice is given there-

of to the drawer; that, in fuch cafes, the drawer becomes Nicholfon verfus Sedgwick.
liable to pay the fame with damage to the indorfce. That The quod inter mercatorcs ct alios nego-
plaintiff declares,
the defendant drew a bill of exchange, 19th November 1688, tiates intra hoc rcgnum there is, and time whereof, &c.
on Edward Williams, payable in two months and a half, to hath been a cuftom, that if any trader make a bill, or note,
the order of one Hartopp, for 300 1. value of himfelf ; and by which he affumes to pay another perfon, or the bearer of
Hartopp the fame day indorfed it to Marques, and Marques the bill, fuch a fum of money, fuch perfon is bound by it to
indorfed it to the plaintiff; that the plaintiff afterwards, viz. pay fuch fum to fuch perfon to whom the note is payable, or
8 Feb. 1689, gave notice to Williams, and he then accepted to the bearer.
The plaintiff* then {brews, that the defendant
the bill; that Williams failed to pay it, and, by reafon Sedgwick, being a goldfmith, made a note in writing,
thereof, the faid 8 Feb. the bill was protefted, of which pro- whereby he promifed to pay to Mafon, or bearer, ico 1. that
teft the defendant had notice the 28th of April, and did not Mafon delivered the note to the plaintiff for 100 1. in value
pay it. The defendant demurred generally to the declara- received ; and that for non-payment of ihis 10c 1. the plain-
tion, the bill not being accepted till after the day of payment
tiff brought this action againft the defendant. Non .iltump-
was expired; and was infilled, that the proteft fhould have
it
fit pleaded, and verdict for the plaintiff. It was moved in
been for non-acceptance within the time, and failure of pay- arreft of judgment, that this action could not be brought in
ment at the time. the name of the bearer, but it ought to be brought in the
By Holt, C. J. The law of merchants made him liable,
name of him to whom it was payable. Quod fuit conceffum
who was the drawer of the bill, though the acceptance were per curiam; for the difference is, where the note is payable
after the day ; for it need not be tendered within the time. to the party or hearer, or to the party or order. In the latter
Now by that law the drawer is chargeable by the value re- cafe the indorfce has been allowed to bring the action in his
ceived and though the money were not paid, or the bill
;
own name, becaufe the indorfement of the party muft appear
prcfented within the time mentioned, yet it ought ftill to be upon the back of the note ; but, where it is payable to the
paid and if the party do not tender and proteft at the day,
:
party or bearer, it may be very inconvenient for then any ;

and there be a break in the mean time of the perfon on whom one, who finds the note by accident, may bring the action.
the bill is drawn, he lofeshis money; otherwife, if there be Though this laft has been frequently attempted, it has never
no particular damage. Judgment was given for the plaintiff. yet prevailed ; and in the cafe of Horton and Coggs the
Ibid. 114. goldfmith (3 Lev. 299.) this difference was taken and agreed;
and the judgment of the court (being the fame cafe with this)
Ward verfus Evans, Mich. 2 Ann.
was arrefted. But the court declared that the bearer might
A cafe made before my lord chief-juftice Holt at Guildhall bring the action in the name of him to whom the note was
was this : Ward,
the plaintiff, fent his fervant to receive a payable. And judgment was arrefted, nifi, 6cc. The fame
note of 50 1. of B, who went with him to the defendant Sir point was refolvcd in B. R. between Hodges and Steward,
Stephen Evans's fhop, and he indorfed off 50 1. upon a note beforegiven, Salk. 125. But there it was refolved, that the
of ico 1. which B had upon him, and gave the fervant a note indorfement to the bearer binds the party who immediately
of 50 1. upon one Wallis, a goldfmith, to whom the note indorfes it to him. The principal poi:it was alfo refolved,

was carried the next dayby Ward's fervant ; but Wallis re- Mich. 6 W. & M. B. R. between Sir Thomas Efcourt and
fufed to pay, and that day broke ; and thereupon the note Cudworth. Ibid. 181.
was fent back to Evans, who refufed payment, on which
Bellafis and Hefter.
an action was brought and the queftion was, whether it
j

would lie againft the defendant, or that this were a good
payment by Evans to the plaintiff.
Holt, C. J. It is plain the fervant was fent by his matter to
receive the money, and not the bill and if the fervant upon
The queftion was, whether a general indeb. affumpfit wifi
lie upon a bare acceptance of a bill of exchange. By juftice
John Powell, a general indebitat. affumpfit does not he on a
: bill of exchange but it ought to be a fpecial declaration
;

tender of the bill, had come to the mafter to know his upon the cuftom of merchants, as in the cafe of Brown and
mind, and the mafter had fent him back for the money, if London, 1 Lev. 298. 1 Mod. 285. 2 Keb. 695, 731, 758,
then he had took the bill, that would not have bound the 822. 1 Vent. 152. In which cafe, judgment was arrefted
mafter; but here was fome time for the mafter to affent to after verdict, as reported by Levinz and Ventris. Lord
what the fervant had done ; but he held clearly, that this in- Raymond, 281.
dorfement by Evans on the note of B, was a receipt by him
Bromwich and Lades.
of fo much money to the ufe of the plaintiff, for which an
indebit. affump. would lie. And they all agreed, that if a In this Cafe, it was faid by the chief Juftice Treby, that bills
mafter fend his fervant to receive money upon a goldfmith's of exchange were of fuch general ufe and benefit, that, upon
bill, or any other, and he takes another bill upon another an indebitat. affumpfit, a b.ill of exchange may be given in
perfon for payment, that (hall not bind the mafter, without evidence to maintain the action ; and Mr. juftice Powell,
fome fubfequent act of confent ; as if he would not fend that upon a general indebitat. affumpfit, for monies received
back the bill in reafonable time, &c. but acquiefcence, or to the ufe of the plaintiff, fuch bill may "be left to the jury to
any fmall matter, will be proof of the mafter's confent, and determine, whether this was for value received or not. In
that will make the act of the fervant the act of the mafter. this cafe the declaration was on the cuftom of merchants, and
A goldfmith's note received conditionally, if paid, and no a general indebitat. affumpfit thereon. See the declaration
otherwife, without an exprefs agreement to be taken as and exceptions to it, in the foregoing cafe of Bellafis and
money and the party having fuch note fhall have a reafon-
: Hefter, 1 Lutwych, 1589.
time to receive the money, as, in this cafe, thenextday,
able*
and is not obliged as foon as he receives the note to go ftraight Brown and London.
for his money. Ibid. 1 20. What actions lie of exchange, and how to be
upon a bill
brought, and againft whom,
See Hardrefs, 487, in Scac-
Popley verfus Afhley, Pafch. 3 Ann.
cario. 1 Mod. 285. 1 Lev. 298. and 2 Keb. 695. and the
The defendant took up feveral goods of the plaintiff, who cafe of Cramlington againft Evans and Percival, 1 Vent.
fent a fervant with a bill to hiin for the money ; the defen- 307. Lord Raym. 175, 364, 574.
dant orders the fervant to write him a receipt in full of the A draws a note upon a goldfmith, and fends his fervant to
bill, which he did, and thereupon he gives him a note upon receive the money, and inveft it in Exchequer bills ; the fer-
a third perfon, payable in two months : the mafter fent feve- vant gets B to give him money for the note, and then brings
the
 :

B I L B I L
clays afterward. ing them -with their cafh. Which is the very bait with
the Exchequer bills to his mafter, and two
I

mult anfwer the A which our London gamefters catch fuch gudgeons.
the goldfmith fails ; it was adjudged that
transferred
money to B for the property of the note was not
:

and he could not have Pinckard verfus Fowkc.

to B, there being no indorfement;
fued upon it ; it was only in the nature
of a pledge or fe- If a bill is drawn on B, and B happens to be in the country,
curity to him. Luc. 109. and a friend of his defires the party not to proteft. and he will
pay the fame, it fhall bind fuch party. Styles, fol. 416.
Morris verfus Lee.
having given
The merchants of London allow three days, after a bill of
Note, The foregoing Stat. 3 and 4 Ann. ch. 9. exchange becomes due, for the payment ; and for non-pay-
bills oi
likeremedy upon promiffary notes, as upon inland ment within three days proteft is made, but is not fent away
a fecond
exchange it was refolved, that an action lies by
:
'till the next poft after the time of payment is expired.
be
indorfeeupon a note, whereby the defendant promifed to The ufe of the proteft * is this, that it fignifies to thedrawer
L.
accountable to J. S. or order, for iao 1. value received. that the party upon whom he drew his bill was unwilling, or
Raym. 1396. not to be found, or infolvent, and to let him have a timely
Burchell verfus Slocock. notice of the fame, and to enable the party to recover againft
the drawer for, if one draws a bill from France upon a
A note value received deprsemiffis, in Rofemary-lane, was
;

Idem, 1545. perfon in England, who accepts and fails, or becomes infol-
adjudged a good note within the ftatute.
vent, at the time of payment, if there be not a proteft and
Elliot verfus Cooper. timely notice (which is looked upon to be the third day) fent
The indorfee declared, that the defendant made his note in to the drawer there, it will be difficult to recover the money.

writing, by which he promifed to pay, &c. without laying * There are two protefts : 1. For non-acceptance, which is
the defendant figned it : this was held good, on demurrer. called alfo intimation. 2. for non-payment.
Idem, 1376, 1377. The like of a of exchange, in the bill

cafe of Sir John Erefkine verfus Murray. Error C. B. A man not found, or being found, not met withal either at
Idem, 1542. So in the cafe of home or in the exchange, caufe fufficient for a proteft ;
is

but in that there muft be diligence ufed to find him.

Smith verfus Jarves and Baily, A bill, returned protefted for non-payment, being once fa-
Where the declaration (hewed, that the defendant made it a tisfied by the drawer to the deliverer, the drawer is dif-
note for himfelfand partner, and figned it ; whereby he pro- charged, and fo is the accepter to him to whom the monies
mifed for himfelf and partner to pay, &c. Idem, 1484. were to be paid : but the accepter, by virtue of his accep-
And in the foregoing cafe of Erefkine and Murray. tance, makes himfelf debtor to the drawer, according to the
A need not to be exprefsly averred to be drawn according
bill cuftom of merchants.
to the cuftom of the merchants. Idem, 1542. Monies may be had on the exchange by way of letters of
Neale verfus Ovington. Error C. B. credit, the which are in two refpects ; the firft general, the
other fpecial.
An action on a note, by which the defendant and another
The general letter is open, directed To all merchants and
promifed jointly or feverally, is ill. Idem, 1544,1545.
others that fhall furnifh my fervant or factor, or any other,
A draws a bill upon B to the ufe of C, and, upon non-pay-
with fuch and fuch monies; for repayment of Which, he
ment, C protefts the bill ; he cannot fue A, unlefs he gives
bmds himfelf to anfwer and pay all fuch bills of exchange as
notice that the bill is protefted, for A may have effects of B
fhall be drawn on him upon receipt of the value, by his fer-
in his hands, by which he may fatisfy himfelf. Vent. 45.
vant, or factor, or other perfon if there be really monies
:

Jenny and others againft Herle.
Pray pay to H. 1945 1. upon demand, out of the money in
your hands, belonging to the proprietors of the Devonshire
mines, being part of the confideration-money for the manor
of Weft-Buckley.
This is no bill of exchange. Idem,
1 361, 1362, and 1363, in the cafe of Hadock and Lynch.
Error C. B. advanced on this letter of credit, and paid to the factor, fer-
vant, or other, and bills of exchange are fent to the party
that fent fuch letter of credit, and if he refufes to accept, yet
according to the cuftom of merchants he is bound to pay
the reafon is, for that there was no refpect had to the ability
of the taker up, but to him that gave his letters of credit and
:

therefore in fuch cafe, if an action at law be brought, the

Pay to J. S. or order, 10 1. as my quarter's half-pay by ad-
particular cuftom as to that point muft be carefully fet forth.
vance, is a good bill of exchange, as in the. cafe of Macleod
and Snee, Pargiter and Beckin. Idem, 148 1. The fpecial letter of credit, where one writes a letter to fur-
nifh another man's factor or agent; there is in this the fame
Monk verfus Clayton and Morris. remedy as above. Molloy.
A, Mr. alderman Morris
fervant of Sir Robert Clayton and As bills of exchange feldom come without letters of advice,
(but at that time actually gone from them) took up 200 gui- fo ought they to be purfued if a bill fhall exprefs, And put
:

neas of Mr. Monk a goldfmith, without any authority of his it to the account of A ; and the letter of advice fays B, this

matters ; (but Monk did not know that he was gone) the muft be protefted againft, for it cannot fafely be paid, with-
monies not being paid, Monk brought an action againft Sir out running the rifqueof an equitable fuit. Idem.
Robert Clayton and Morris, and at Guildhall it was ruled If one pays money on a bill before it be due, and the party
by Keeling chief-jufticc, that they fhould anfwer ; and there breaks, it has been conceived that the party ought to anfwer
was a verdict for the there were
plaintiff*. And, though the drawer the reafon hath been, becaufe the drawer might
:

great endeavours to obtain a new

was denied, trial, yet it hare countermanded the fame, or ordered the bill to be made
the court at Weftminfter being fully fatisfied that they ought payable to another. Idem.
to anfwer for this fervant had ufed often to receive and pay
: In Italy, if money is paid to a banker's fervant, and if the
monies for them, and thereupon they actually paid the mo- mafter fubferibe, Pagate com fi dice, this binds the mafter as
nies. Mich. 22 Car. II. in B. R. effectually, as if he had fubferibed it with his own hand.
Note, That which will oblige the mailer, will be the autho- Idem.
rity and liberty which he ufually gives the fervant; therefore A bill drawn by a merchant in London, payable by another
fuch a power, devolved, ought to be fecuredby the prudenteft perfon beyond fea, fuch bills in molt countries arc affignable
way that may be which is generally done by bonds and
: over from merchant to merchant, and the laft perfon may fue
obligations. and recover the fame upon an acceptance but, in England, :

And, tho' the fame feems an act of wifdom for merchants only the firft perfon mentioned in the bill, and to whom the
and others fo to take, yet it oftentimes proves thedeftruction money is made payable, may recover. 'Tis true, fuch per-
of many a family. The father puts out the fon apprentice, fon to whom the money is made payable, may, for a valu-
perhaps, with no lefs than 2 to 300 1. or 500 1. and is him- able confideration, deliver this bill to another perfon, and he
felf become bound for his integrity, &c. The fervant is may indorfc an order on the back fide ; and, if the party af-
immediately trufted with his cafh, and he too young to be terwards refufes payment of the fame, it may be fued in the
experienced in the world, either neglects keeping a juft ac- party'sname to whom the fame was transferred, laying the
count, or, keeping that, fubjects his mailer's cafh to be fpent fame by way of cuftom. Idem. But in the cafe of
by himfelf, and thofe who make it their bufinefs to betray
youths fo circumftanccd. The mafter, difcovering the fraud,
Hawkins verfus Cardy,

calls his fervant to account, who, confeious of the act, for- If the perfon to whom a bill is payable, indorfes it for pay-
fakes his fcrvice, dreads the fight of his relations, and, as a mint of part only to J. S. the drawer is not liable to the

general confequence, falls into company, into whole wicked action of J. S. for a man cannot make another liable to two
courfes he is trepanned. The father is called to anfwer what- actions, where by the contract he is liable but to one. L.
ever his fen has embezzled, which proves a great affliction, if Raym. 360.
not the ruin of many families. On the other hand, if fervants It is efiential to a bill of exchange to be negotiable. Lucas
were not to be trufted, the myftery of bufinefs, according to 294.
the common way of pradHce, could not be learnt, nor affairs Itis enacted by 3 and 4 Ann. c. 9. That all notes, payable
difpatched, and therefore faith muft be given but then it : toany perfon, or order, fhall be affignable over in the fame I

were juftice, honour, and honefty, as well as humanity, that, manner as inland bills of exchange are, or may be; and that
as a father puts a child to one in whom he repofes a confi- any perfon to whom fuch note is indorfed, may maintain an
dence, that the mailer fhould be as a parent fo he ; action for the money, cither againft the perfon who figned
fhould prevent every occafion that might fubject a youii"- fuch note, or againft any of the perfons who indorfed the
fellow to temptations, and not be over-hafty, in truft- fame, in like manner as in cafes 0! inland bills of exchange.
By
 B I L B I L
w(o Brantkwaii This no bil
2 Geo. II. c 25. fe&- I. If any P
: is
By ftat.
in forging any (in( no pay, thi n 1'' w II -

or procure to be forged, or affift

bill of exchange, promiffary
not foi 1

exchange, or pro the cuftcm, this court will

indorfement, or affi] nment of any bill of
payment of money; or any ac change .

miflary note lor

utter or accepter, and \vh ibillfhould
receipt for money or goods i -or fhall 1

knowing the fame to be forged, w

&C iwn to pay fo much
any fuch forg! d,
every fuch offender fhall be Would jod bill oi
intend to defraud any perfon
;

clergy. And, Whit/ there arc three

guilty of felony, witho it benefit of
,

in it, \. (Vary to make a bill

Sy flat. 7 Geo. II. c. 22. If any perfon fliajl falfely m;
ke, 1

out of growing fubfifl words not

ocure to be falfely made, &c. <
'
;
-; UTi -
( 1

af any bill ofe; known in the law, they are inftnfible, d therefore to be p.

infaffclyma
it is alfo ntg tiable, for what mu!:es it fo, is, its
of any accouncabh
1
;
or the number or prin
r<

being drawn payable to order, and is v:; J. 2 Vent. :

for ? n) I, &c. or any warrant or ord 1

pubhfh 308. Shore 4, 5. There was a cafe at Nifi Prius, Parfons

ment of money or delivery of goods, or mall utter or
to d and Goodwin. At lea.it this is a good bill againft the drawer.
any fuch falfe acceptance, bill, &c. with intent
as a felon, uftice Parker. There is no neceffity, in a bill of
any perfon; every fuch offender fhall fuffer
ing valuei The queltion is, whe-
without benefit of clergy.
cuflom of mer- ther this be intended more* than a bare authority ? This ra-
In an action on the cafe, grounded on the
negotiating ther imports, that the drawer had then no fubfifb nee ; this
chants, that whenever any fuch or other perfon,
have bills di- like an authority than a bill of exchange, and
for them with any other merchant in England,
the action brought for non-payment, and not for non-
rected to them, that if he to whom fuch
bills are directed, is

he that acceptance.
rcfufe to accept on fight, or to pay fuch bills, then
be mer- if this bill, as he calls it, or what-
ext point will be,
drew them ought both being by the:
cuftqm to 1

And, the plaintiff ever it good confideration for the exprefs pro-
be, be a
chants, the bearer as well as the drawer.
mi fe for, though it be ftiictly no bill of exchange; yet,
not having fhewn that the bearer was fuch a merchant
or ;

if it be a good confideration tj raife the exprefs proi

perfon negociating, was moved to flay judgment for that
it
for, by the the narr', it will be good.
caufe; but judgment was given for the plaintiff,
court, fuch merchant is referred only to him, to
whom the Eyre To infert value received in a bill is not ne-
juftice.

procurers offuch a bill, and not ceffary nor is it neceflary to have three perfons to make a
;
bill is directed, and to the
good bill of exchange, for a man may draw a bill on him-
to the drawers, or they to whofe ufc the money
is to be
felf, but it has always been taken to be for a certain fum,
paid. 1 Keb. 592, 636.
and the party takes on him to pay at all events. This is
The governors of the bank of England and Newman. payable out of a certain fund. Suppofe a pi note of
100 1. were payable out of fuch and fuch rents, would that
AfTumpfit for upon motion for a nev
money lent; and,
be good ? In fuch a cafe there mull be an averment, that
the cafe appeared to be this one Bellamy gives his bill of ex-
:

fuch rents were received, out of which the bill was to be

change to Newman, payable to him or bearer, on the iff of paid and there is no difference here between the drawer
April enfuing before the iftday of April, Newman difcounts
;

;
and accepter ; for, fuppofe an aclion had been brought
the bill with" the governors of the bank, who Cent the bill
againft the accepter, would an action lie againft him befor
it, but it was
after the day to Bellamy, and he acknowledged
rents? fure it would not. The oth
ihe
not paid on the
;
8th of June enfuing, before payment of
point, whether be a good confideration ? If the fubfift-
it
the bill, Bell-my becomes infolvent, for which reafon the
ence do not come in or is contingent, that may be a reafon
bank came upon Newman, and brought this action and a ;
for its not being a good confideration.
verdict was found at Guildhall for the plaintiff. But the court
In this cafe the judgment was afterwards revcrfed, which had
granted a new trial for two reafons firft, for that, the bank ;
in C. B. been given for the plaintiff, in the original caufe.
having difcounted the bill with allowance, it was a purchafe
in them of the bill. Secondly, the bill was not received at
Thomas and Bifhop, Mich. 7 Geo. II.
the day when the bill was good, and Bellamy folvent, which
delay was laches in the bank. Comyns, cafe 37, A note v/as drawn by Charles Mildmay on the defendant,
at thirty days fight, to pay to John Somcrvil, or order, 2Col.
Anonymous. In Chancery.
and to place the fame to the account of the York-buildings
A gave a of exchange for value received, B affigns it
bill company, as per advice, and is accepted by Bifhop. This
to C for an honeft debt ; C brings an indebitat. affumpfit was a cafe faved to the defendant, on a verdict for the plain-
on this bill againfl A, and had judgment ; on which A tiff at Nifi Prius, before Mr. Juftice Page. After the note
biings his bill to be relieved in equity againfl this judgment, being
becaufe there was really no value received at the giving this Mr. fCettleby new trial. The action is brouo-ht
moves for a
bill, and C would have no prejudice, who might ftill relort by an indorfee, whom
he apprehends has no action againft
to B, upon his original debt it was anfwered, that A might: the defendant, the direction of the note being to Mr. H. Bi-
be relieved againft B, or any claiming as fervant or factor of, fhop, cafhier of the York-buildings company, at their houfe,
or to the ufe oi B. But the chancellor held, that C being cVc. and that therefore the company ought to have been
an honeft creditor, and coming by this biil fairly, for the wi h it, :.nu efpecially as the letter of advice is di-
i

fatisfaction of ajuft debt, he would not relieve againft him, rected to the governor and court ofaffi le faid com- ;
.

becaufe it would tend to deftroy trade, which is carried on pany.

It is a great hardflup upon the t, and muft 1

every where by bills of exchange, and he would not lefl'ea ruin him, if he is charred therewith, there being great
an honeft creditor's fecurity. Comyns, cafe 28. numbers of other notes accepted by him in the fame man-

More verfus Manning.

ner.
There was a oueftion when he was firft fued 2s to
his putting in bail, and 'twas compared to the cafe cf Mad-

Affumpfit. Upon a promiffary note given by Manning to docks of the bank, and urged, that, though the acceptance
Statham and order Statham affigns it to Witherhead, and
:
of a banker's fervant binds the mafter, yet the fervant is
Witherhead to the plaintiff; and upon a demurrer to the de- not bound bv it.
claration an exception was taken, becaufe the affignmenr Strange alfo for the defendant. The note would have been
Was made to Witherhead, without faying to him and order, fufficient to Have charged the company, fo the plaintiff has

and then he cannot affign it over ; for by this means Statham,
who had affigned it to Witherhead, without fubjecling him-
fclf to his order, will be made liable to be fued by any fub-
fequent indorfee. And to this the chief-juitice at firft in-
clined, but afterwards it was refolved by the whole court,
that it w
s good.
For if the original bill was affignable (as it will be, if it be
payable to one and his order) then, to whomfoever it is af-
remedy without the defendant. For it is a fettled point, that
the mafter mav be charged by a fervant. At the trial the
opinion wis, that he was bound for his faying only, Accept-
ed, and not as agent of the company. But it appears, from
the face of the bill itfelf, tg-car/y the intereft of the
pany with it, and is fo addreffed, and fo likewife is t
rection. But the letter of advice clears it. beyond dembje, and
is a key to the whole cafe, as being directed to the governor

figned, he has all the intereft in the bill, and may affign it as and court of a.Tiftants of the coin
he pleafcs for the affignment to Witherhead is an abfolute
;
drew the bill.
Ke infifts this was proper matter of evidence
affignment to him, which comprehends his affigns ; and for the confideration of the jury, and, therefore, as it was
therefore nothing is cone when the biil is affigned, but in- not admitted before, hopes the court would grant a new
jJorfing the name of the indorfer, upon which the indorfee trial.

mav write what he will, and, at a trial when a bill is given S:rjeant Darnel. It is urged that the queftion, wl

in evidence, the party may liil up the blank as he pkafes. the defendant accepted for himfeli oi the comp I

Comyns, cafe 160. to h;we been before the j'ary ; I "opinion to

think olherwife, never knowing tiv
Jofceline and Laflere. him.
aceepting for himfeif, would bind hi

This was an on of the cafe on a biil of exchange brought

acl ;
A man may accept, and wh
againft the drawer, and the bill was to pay 28 i. at 7 1. a nor fhall the addition which is neceflary !
.<

month, at monthly payments, to begin September follow- fon, and make him known, excufe him. The fhrtute, in-
ing, ont of his growine fubfiftance. deed, directs the fervact?s acceptance (hall, bine", but that
Vol I. 3 U fhall
 ;

b r l B I L
fhall be as he accepts. Befides, the drawer is discharge.!, if pleadings thereupon, according to the beft information I hi#t
there is no acceptance in time. The acceptance is a per- been able to obtain.
Fonal contract, and if left to a jury, would deflroy the cre-
Croffe and Gray. Eaftcr 8 Geo. II.
dit of all fuch notes. Had the action been againft the com-
pany, there had been more reafon to have doubted then, One Slaughter, a clerk in the Exchequer, gave a promiffarv
than in the prefent cafe. note to Gekie, Gekic indorfed it over to Webb, who indorfed
Kettleby in reply. Every man's property muft depend on it to the defendant, who indorfed it to the plaintiff. The
the difcretion of a jury, and thinks it was a proper queftion note was not payable till fix months afcer date, and about a

for their determination, whether this acceptance of the de-
fendant was on his own account, or for that of the company,
as being a matter of great importance, and Was never deter-
mined.
Strange. As this action depends on the uncertainty of a
meer matter of fact, the jury are the only proper perlbns that
can determine it. The fame may happen in many other
week after it became due, the plaintiff', by his attorney, de-
manded the money of Slaughter, who refilled payment, and
defired fome time of forbearance, which the plaintiff's at-
torney refufed to give, but after, the plaintiff himfelf gave
him a month's time. This was in Auguft laft, and, the
month expiring before the beginning of Michaelmas term,
the plaintiff, thefirft day of the term, filed a bill in the Ex-
'

cafes, and a9 it is admitted that a fervant may act on his chequer againft Slaughter (which was as foon as he could
own and his mafter's account, and therefore as he may aft be fued, by reafon of his privilege) and on this bill ob-
in a double capacity, it is a proper queftion to come before tained judgment: but, Slaughter proving infolvent, the
ajury, to determine in which capacity he acted in the pre- plaintiff brought his action againft Gray 4 the indorfer. The
fent cafe. queftion was, Whether, if the indorfee gives time to the
As to the remedy over upon the drawer, that will be the drawer of the note, it does not difcharge the indorfers;
fame, let this be determined as it will for here is certainly ; The chief-juftice laid, the time for the indorfee to demand
an acceptance, but the queftion is by whom, which will the money of the drawer, was fettled to be a reafonable
make this objection vanifti. time.
A verdict was given for the plaintiff.
York chief- juftice. I am of the fame opinion my brother Page
was of and think the verdict was a proper ver-
at the trial, Lewis and Orde, 2d Sittings in Middlefex, before Hardwicke,
chief-juftice.
dict. A
of exchange is a contract of a very peculiar na-
bill

ture, depending in a great meafure, upon the cuftom of
merchants. It is originally the contract of the drawer, bur,
when accepted, is a contract of the drawee, and is accord-
ing to the tenor of the bill and a farther contract may arifc
:
from the indorfer though it is certain that a writing may
;
be drawn in the form of a bill of exchange, and yet not be
fo but 1 know of no cafe, where it has happened to be fo
;
and the accepter being difcharged, by any evidence not ap-
pearing upon the bill itfelf, and cited the cafes of Jenncy
and Hern. Pafc. 10 Geo. I. in B. R. The latter of thefe
cafes was on a bill to pay to J. S. on demand, out of the
money in your hands, arifing from, &c. And, in this cafe,
the accepter was held liable to anfwer for no more than
what he fhould raife from, &c. But the cafe in queftion
comes not up to this. The addition in the bill is merely a
This was an action brought upon a note given by the plain-
tiff to the defendant, the following form ; 1 promife to
in
pay to Mr. James Lewis eleven pounds, at the payment of
the fhip Devonfhire, for value received. The plaintiff de-
clared as upon the ftatutc of Queen Anne, taking it to be a
note within the ftatute.
Marfn for the defendant objects, that it is not a note within
the ftatute. ift, Becaufe not payable to order, or bearer ;
and 2dly, Becaufe of the contingency of the time of pay-
ment.
Hardwicke. It has been long fettled, that the ftatutc does
not require a particular certain form, and faid he remem-
bered a caufe in this court, where it was held on demur-
rer, that a note, to be within the ftatute, need not be pay-
able to order and in that cafe it was urged, that it might as
:

defcription, and cannot alter the nature of the contract and ;

well be faid every note within the ftatute fhould be payable
the acceptance is general, and muft be taken fecundum for- to order or bearer, for they are the words of the ftatute. As
mam billae. It is not to account out of any particular fund, to the contingency of the payment, the fubfequent fact of
but only, when the money is paid, to what account to place it. the payment of the fhip makes it certain ; and therefore,
As to the letter of advice, that was only between the drawer though not a lyen ab initio, yet became fufficiently fo, and
and drawee and, as it was a private tranfaction only be-
:
within the ftatute by the fact happening after. It is not like
tween them, it cannot alter the cafe. the cafe of Jofceline and Lafere. Raym. 1362, where it
In regard to the evidence of the defendant's being cafhier of was held, that a bill of exchange, payable out of a parti-
the company, this ought not to be confidered by the court :
cular fund for growing fubfiftence, was not within the fta-
any extrinfic parole evidence might as well be produced, and tute. I think, therefore, the declaration is proper enough ;
that would affect the credit of all thefe contracts. It is plain- may make vour
but you objection in arreft of judgment, for
ly, from the face of the bill, a bill between the drawer and appear on the record. The chief-juftice farther
this will
drawee, and could not have been accepted by the company, faid, cafe of a foreign attachment, where A receives
th,at in
but for the honour of the drawer, and this a ftranger might the money of B, by authority of C, and in difcharge of a
hnve done. There was a much ftronger cafe in this court, debt due from C to A, the money can never after be attached
between in the hands of A
for the debt of B.

Cramlington and Evans. 2 Vent. 307.

Powell and Moliere, in Chancery. Eafter 10 Geo. II.

Where, notwithftanding the money due upon the bill was The bill was of a bill of exchange drawn
for fatisfaction
levied by extent before the day of payment, yet itwas held upon the defendant, and accepted by him. Pending the
the accepter was bound, and the indorfee had judgment fuit, the original defendant died, and it was revived againft
againft him. Nor would it have excufed the defendant, if his executors, praying alfo a difcovery of affets, and to be
the acceptance had been for thecompany for the company : fatisficdthereout. On the proofs fome queftion was made,
could not have been charged. That would have been a whether the acceptance was fufficient to charge the defen-
matter of equity between Mr. Bifhop and the company, and dant, and whether the plaintiff by keeping the note above
he might have been relieved there. ten days after it became due, without coming to the drawee
Probyn. Where a bill is drawn upon a banker, and accept- for the money, had not difcharged the accepter ? But it was
ed by one who is his fervant, he inclined to think it mall infifted for the defendant, as a previous matter, that the
bind the mafter, though the acceptance is general, becaufe plaintiff had a plainremedy at law, that his cafe depended
jio one would truft the fervant and the bill is taken on the
; upon facts that ought to be tried by a jury, and not to be
credit of the mafter but the prefent cafe is not fo the bill
: : determined in this court.
here is drawn upon the fervant, and the addition is only dc- Hardwicke Regularly the plaintiff ought to
lord chancellor.
fcriptive of him. We
muft go according to the face of purfue his remedy at law, and not in this court and, if the :

the note, and the rules of law, to make things certain.
The indorfer is a ftranger to the contract between the drawer
and drawee, and if there is any thing in it that does not ap-
pear upon the face of the note, it ought not to be admitted
in evidence againft him.
Lee. In cafes of this kind, extrinfic evidence ought not to
be admitted ; the acceptance is general, according to the
tenor of the bill ; and, as the bill fhews nothing that the
company were engaged in it, no evidence thereof ought to
be admitted. Bills of exchange are facred things; and, as
cafe ftood as it did at firft, I fhould certainly difmifs the bill ;
but the bill of reviver praying a fatisfaction out of affets and
a difcovery of affets, it is made a caufe of which this court
takes cognizance, and then the prayer of fatisfaction is an
incident that follows with it. I have, therefore, no doubt,
but that the plaintiff is proper in praying a remedy in this
court. But, witli regard to the acceptance, if there were
doubt of it, as to the fact, or whether in law what has been
done amounts to an acceptance, it might be ftill neccfiary to
fend the parties to a trial at law but I think there is no
;

no man can determine any thing of them but from the face
of the bill, that only fhould be taken in evidence, which is
underftood to be a general rule in all trials of this kind.
Page. In a cafe where a bill was given for goods fold and de-
livered, which were not delivered ; yet the court would not
doubt of either. The tcftator, when the bill was brought to
him, received it, entered it in his book according to his courfe
of trade, and is proved to have been made under a parti-
cular number, and wrote that number under the bill, and re-
turned it. Now it is faid to be the cuftom of merchants, 1

admit any evidence of it ; for they held that the bill was to that if a man underwrites any thing to a bill, it amounts I

be confidered from the face of it. to an acceptance. But, if there were no more than this in
Cur. The rule to ftay the poftea muft be difcharged. the cafe, I fhould think it of little avail to charge the defen-
This cafe being important, is the reafon I have given the dant j but what determines me is, the teftator's letters ; and
I think
 B I L B
think there can be no doubt, but that an acceptance may
1
There was a
he by letter, and it has been fo determined.
Lord chief-
doubt, whether a parole acceptance he good.
jullice Eyre held that it way, lord Raymond held the con-
trary, a id there was a like cafe came one.- before me
atNili
Prius, (Lurnley and Palmer) and I had a cafe made
of" it
argued,
for the opinion of the court-, and it wasfeveral times
and at lall folemnly determined, that Inch acceptance ic good,
much more than an acceptance by letter.
As to the plaintiff's being inlitled to intcrcft,
i
though no proteft has been made for
afe that he is,
neceflary only to jntitle the drawee to damages againft
the drawer, and, all the damage that can be had in fuch a
the intcrcft.
cafe, is
; for the defendant to pay the note with intcrcft, at
The plaintiff to pay the cofts to the
the rate of" 4 per cent.
reviver, and after each party to b;ar their
time of the bill of"
own cofts.
Thead and Lovelh At the fittings after term
London, Mich. 12 Geo. II.
This was an action againft the indorfer of a bill of exchange.
The bill was given in evidence, with an indorfement only
of the defendant's name; which, as was urged for the de-
fendant, was not an indorfement that would lubject the de-
fendant to an action to which the plaintiff's counfel agreed,
;
but prayed that they might have the bill back, to write over
the indorfement, pay the contents to J. Thead, which was
Oppofed by the defendant's counfel, urging, that, if the
plaintiff had any right fo to do, lie ought to have done it he-
fore the caufe came on, and that he ought not to be admitted
to do it now.
Lee chief-juftice. I believe this hath been often allowed
and I am of opinion, that the plaintiff
in to do it.
The bill was then delivered back ro the plaintiff, and the
words above were wrote over th n une.
It was. then objected, that the plaintiff hjmfelf appeared to
be an indorfer of the hill, and therefore the property out of
him, fo that he could not maintain this action. Upon
which it was prayed for the plaintiff, that they -night have
the bill back again, to ftrike out the indorfe n< 'its fubfequent
to the defendant's ; which was oppofed by [blicitor-
gencral, averring that he remembered a like cafe at Nifi prius,
before lord Hardwicke, where, though he allowed the bill
to be delivered back, to have the indorfement filled u;> yet
he refufed to let it be delivered back, to have the fubfequent
indorfements ftruck out.
To which Marfh for the plaintiff faid, that the fubfecjucnt
indorfement, being in blank, amounted to nothing it might
be as a witnefs, cc. and would not fhew a transfer of the
property ; which appeared from the ncceffity of having the
purport of the defendant's indorfement wrote over it. But
Strange faid, that he was ready to fubmit this to the jury,
whether inch indorfement were an alignment of the property
or not.
Lee, chicf-jufticc, declared his opinion, that he thought
the pi untiff ought to have this advantage now and the bill
was therefore again delivered back to the plaintiff, that the
indorfements fubfequent to that made by the defend.
be ftruck out, which being done, and the bill re
licitor-general took this farther objection, That by the de-
fendant's indorfement, as it is now made, to pay the contents
to J. Thead, and the record is to Thead, or order, fo it is
not the fame bill. But, upon looking into the record, it
appeared to agree with the indorfement.
It was then urged for the defendant, that the plaintiff mud
prove a demand upon the drawer, and his neglect to pay;
which was fubmitted to by the plaintiff's counfel without
argument. Upon which it appeared in evidence, that the
plaintiff had by his fervant, from time to time, applied to
the drawer for fix weeks together, and was put off ; that, at
the end of fix weeks, the drawer became a bankrupt, and
the plaintiff not being able to fhew that he had given notice
to the indorfer of the default in the drawer, and the witnefs
confeffing that he knew of no notice being given to the in-
dorfer of this neglect of payment in the drawer, it was taken,
without argument, to be a difcharge of the indorfer, .and
the plaintiff" was nonfuitcd.
Reynolds and Dundafs. Rolls
Upon motion for an ini unction the cafe appeared to be,
the plaintiff had been drawn in, upon fome
confideration, to give a promiffory note to
J. S. ; and J. S.
having put the note in fuit, the plaintiff brought his bill in
this court to be relieved, and to have an injunction ; and be-
fore anfwer, or any order made in the caufe,
J. S. indorfed
over the note to the prefent defendant Dundafs ; whereupon
the plaintiff amended his bill, fetting forth the indorfement,
and charging notice, both of the fraud and lis pend' con-
cerning it in Dundafs, and prayed relief againft the note,
and an injunction againft Dundafs, from proceeding at law
thereupon.
I L
Dundafs, in anfwer, fwore to the payment of the mo-
his
ney fpecified note to J. S. upon the note being indor-
in the
fed over to him ; but not clearing himfeff of the charge up-
on him of notice of the fraud, an injunction was granted by
Mr. Vciney, mafter of the Rolls, who declared, that there
was no fort of proceeding more liable to fraud, than the ne-
gociating fuch notes ; and laid, that though generally the
confideration of fuch note is not inquirable into the hands of
an indorfce ; [Comyns 43.] yet, that where there appears to
think have been an original fraud, and any pcrfon knowing, or
I it a
;
who may he fuppofed to have notice of, that fraud, will pay
his moiuy, and take an indorfement to himfelf of fuch note,
it is but juftice and equity, that the note fhould ftill be fub-
jeot to be avoided by that original fraud, which it cannot but
be fuppofed the indorfee had notice of, and that he would
not have advanced his money without having in view a de-
fign to fupport and maintain the fraud.
It was then prayed, that the injunction mould be granted
only 011 terms, that the plaintiff fhould give judgment at law
with rcleafc of errors, fubject to the order on hearing; but
for B. R. in
this was denied by his Honour, he faying, that he faw no
reafon for it, and granted the injunction generally. N. B.
Mr. Murray for the defendant, and Mr. Noel and Mount-
ncy for the plaintiff.
Cook and Coland. Mich. 18 Geo. II. in B. R.
This was of error of a judgment in C. B. for the
a writ
pi i:i :!i'. The
was on apromiffary note, to pay 150
action
guineas ten days after the death of the defendant's father.
And, the qucliion being, whether this is a note within the
ftatute of queen Anne, it was held in C. B. that it is, and
judgment was given fur the plaintiff; and was affirmed upon
diftinction, That where the time upon which the note is
;
payable depends upon a contingency, that muft fome time
ought now to be let or other happen, as in this cafe and where it is upon a time-
;
that may poifibly never happen at all ; the one makes a vcfted
intcrcft, which the other docs not.
Of the laws and ufages of Scotland in regard to bills of
exchange.
The foundation hereof depending upon the 20th act 3 pari.
king Charles II. it will be neceflary to cite the fame, which
is as follows, viz. Our fovcrcie,n lord, confidcring how
' neceflary it is for the flourilii e, that bills or Ict-
' ters of exchange be uuiv paid, and have ready execution,
* conform to the cuftom of other parts, doth therefore, with
;
' advice and confent of his eftates of parliament, ftatute and.
' ordain, That foreign bills of exchange, from or to this
* realm, duly protefted for not-acceptance, or for not-pay-
' ment, the laid proteft having the bill of exchange prefixed,
;
' is months after the date of the faid
regifterable within fix
' bill, of not-acceptmcc, or after the falling due
in cafe
' thereof in cafe of not-payment, in the books of council and.
' fcffion, or other competent judicatures, at the inftance of
* the perfon to whom the fame is made payable, or his or-
' der, either againft the drawer or indorfer, in cafe of a pro-
* teft for not-acceptance, or againft the accepter, in cafe of
' a proteft for not- payment, to the effect it may have the
;
* authority of the judges thereof interponed thereto, that let-
' ters of horning upon a fingle charge of fix days, and other
1
.:
* executorial neceflary may pafs thereupon, for the whole
' fums contained in the bill, as well exchange as principal,
4
in form as effeirs ficklike, and in the fame manner, as
:
' upon regiftrate bonds, or decrees of regiftration, proceed-
' ing upon confent of parties. Provided always, That, if
* the faid protefts be not duly regiftrate within fix months in
' manner above provided, then, and in that cafe, the faid
* bills and protefts are not to have fummary execution, but
' onlv to be purfued byway
of ordinary action, as accords.
' And farther, The
fums, in all bills of exchange, bear
' annual rent, in cafe of not-acceptance, from the date
' thereof, and in cafe of acceptance, and not-payment, from
' the day of their falling due, ay and while the payment
* thereof. And farther, Notwithftanding of the forefaid
1
fummary execution provided to follow upon bills of ex-
' change, for the fums the/em contained, in manner above
c
fpecified yet it is leefbme to the party- charger to purfue
:
4
for the exchange, if not contained in the faid bills, with
* re-exchange, damage, intercft, and all expences, before
' the ordinary judge, or, in cafe of fufpenfion, to eik the
' fame to the charge, at the difcuffion of the faid fufpenfion,
Trim 14 Geo. II. * to the effect that the fame may be liquidate, and decreet
* given therefore ; either againft the party principal, or a-
that * gainft him and his cautioners, as accords.'
falfe or rmftaken The execution, that is provided by this act, varying in feveral
points from the cuftoms of other countries, thefe cuftoms
generally regulate the practice of traders in Scotland, when
their own publickacts arefilent and determine nothing.
In cafe of any foreign bill of exchange from or to Scotland,
duly protefted for not-acceptance, or for not-payment.
This aft mentions only foreign bills, and not fuch as are
drawn from one place within Scotland to another, or inland
bills ; which was fo ordered, left people had been tempted,
with the privilege of fummary execution, to conftitute all
their debts by bill, and none by bonds.
3 Inland
 B I L B I L
Inlandbills of exchange had not in England, before 1697,
its falling due. in cafe of not-payment, within which time
any manner of force or credit. But at length, feeinj only i
ligence is competent b ition | ; and
damages frequently happened in the courle of trade, by rea- yet a payable at a certain day, which the pofleflj
bill

fon of the delays of payment, and other neglects of fuch glected to proteft for not-acceptance within fi:< montl

bills ; thefe bearing value received, were ordained to be ium-

date, was found duly protefted for not-payment, and re;

marily negotiated by protefting, accepting, or giving ad- againftthe drawer, within fix months after the tern
vice thereof, &c. provided the bills be drawn for 20 1. fter- fome would think, the lopds proceeded upon the fuppofition
ling, or upwards. that bills, payable on a precife day, require no acceptance,

The Taws of SCOTLAND

have not only made careful pr'o- and that the creditor therein needs never to offer his bill 'till
vifion for the due payment of foreign bills, but aifo of inland the term of payment elapfc, and then proteft for not-payment;
draughts; fummary execution, by horning, is ordained to though be otherwife with bills drawn on fo many days fight,
it

proceed upon bills, or tickets, drawn upon, or granted by, which muft be offered in order to acceptance, for determining
or to, and in favour of the bank, and the managers and ad- the time of their falling due. But this diftinction between
miniilrators thereof, and protefts thereon, as is appointed to thefe two kind of bills hath neither foundation in the act of
pafs upon foreign bills *. parliament nor in the merchant-cuftom. And if bills, pay-
able at a certain time after date, were not to be duly
* AQ. of Parliament 17 July, 1695, which is not inferted in
tiated, by prefenting in order to acceptance, and protefting
the principal collection of the ltatutes of Scotland.
for want of it, as well as bills on fo many days fight ; it would
interrupt commerce, and ruin the merchants. Therefore, it
The like execution panes now upon all inland bills and pre-
feems more probable, that the reafon of the aforefaid decifion
cepts, as appointed to pafs upon foreign bills by this act 20
is
was, becaufe the drawer could qualify no prejudice he fuf-
pari. 3 Ch. II. 1681 which ftatute is extended, in all points,
:
tained by the poffeflbr's neglecting to proteft for not-accept-
to inland bills and precepts* yet, whether under that general
:
ance, fince the perfon drawn upon had none of his effects.
the privilege of annual rent be comprehended, feems not fo
*
G. Dunozeti dec. 268. n. 4, 5. Boer. dec. 295. n. 7.
clear for as it may be alledged for the affirmative, that fee-
:

ing generalia debent generaliter intelligi, and the act 1681, Scaccia de appelat. lib. 3. cap. 2. queft. 17.

is extended in all points; the claufe concerning annual rent, f Which is a decree on fentence in the conftru&ifln of law.
t 25 July, 1699, Robert Yule againft James Rkhardfon.
being one of them, muft be underftood as carried under the
general, efpecially confidering, that this fenfe is acquiefced
in by common practice ; no body ever fcrupling at the pay- At the inftance of the perfon to whom the fame is made pay-
ment of annual rent for inland bills.
able, or his order. The fimple having of a bill is a fuffi-
cient title to proteft for non-acceptance ; but none, with-
* AS 36. feff. 6. pari. K. W. out an active title in his perfon, can effectually proteft for
not-payment, and obtain the protefted bill to be regiftrate,
But the lords have found annual rent due upon inland bills as at his inftance ; becaufe the accepting of a bill puts nothing
well as others *. Bills or precepts, for delivery of fait, meal, in the prefenter's pocket, but is merely an obligement to pay
&c. are not privileged as money-bills though the ordinary :
in the term on it, to the perfon that fhall have right t
folemnities required in other writs may be difpenfed with in at the falling due whereas payment of a bill can only be
:

them, when granted in re mercatoria f. made to one having right to receive and difcharge, and con-
* 8 June, 1705, Blair contra Oliphant. 16 Decemb. 1 713, fequently fuch a perfon only may proteft for not-payment :
Lefiie contra Robertfon. the defign thereof being to put the debtor in mora folvendi,
f 19 February, 1 7 15, Douglas contra colonel Erfkine. fo as to infer exchange, re-exchange, and damages ; which
can never be without an active title in the protefter.
Inland bills and precepts muft alfo be negotiated as foreign When a bill is payable to two or more perfons conjunctly
bills, by duly prefenting them, protefting for not-acceptance and feverally, any one of them may receive payment, and
and not-payment, and advifing the drawer, or laft indorfer, difcharge the debt *j but then, after one has charged for
thereof. So the pofleflbr of an inland precept granted by his it in his own name, the bill cannot be warrantably paid to

debtor in a bond, not having protefted the fame for not-pay- any other without his confent f.
ment, nor done any diligence againftthe accepter of the pre- * Arg. 1. 31. . de novat.
1. ff.
cept 'till he broke, was found to have no recourfe for pay-
t Arg. 1. 16. ff. de duob. reis conftit.
ment againft the drawer, or his cautioner in the bond J.
X to July, 1706, Brand contra Yorfton. Either againft the drawer or indorfer, in cafe of a proteft for
not-acceptance. By the cuftom in other countries, the
Promiflary notes have the fame effect, both in France and creditor of a bill that is fuftered to be protefted for not-
England ||, as bills of exchange, as to indorfements thereof, acceptance, cannot recur by action and diligence againft
and maintaining actions thereon for payment of fums, with the drawer or indorfer for payment before the term ; unlefs
cofts and damages. There is this difference, indeed, that, he be vergens ad inopiam but only to oblige to give fuffi-:

whereas a biil muft be protefted, the party, failing to pay a cient fecurity for payment, at the day and place appointed ;
note, muft be fummoned to a court. with charges and re-exchange, in cafe of faijzies, to be
valued according to the courfe of them after which fecu- :

Edit.de Commerce, 1673, tit. 5. art. 27. tit. 7. art. 1.

rity is given, they can be no more troubled than if a bill
|| 3 and 4 Ann. cap. 9. junct. 7 Ann. C. cap, 25.
had been accepted ; and the pofleflbr muft fupcrfede farther
diligence 'till it fall due *. Though an indorfer fliould,
Promiffary notes have no fuch privilege in Scotland. A b fore the term, give fatisfaction to the cieditcr, he cannot,
merchant's note payable to others, or order, at fuch a place,
'till then, oblige the drawer, or a former indorfer, to re-
or at any other place, with the current exchange, was
imburfe him, if they be willing to find furety in manner
found to be only a fimple ticket, and not of the nature of
abovementicned j. This is. the practice in ether coun-
a bill of exchange, in refpect there was not a drawer and
tries ; but by the acts of Scotland, when a bill is protefted
accepter, and therefore null for want of writer and wit-
for not-acceptance, the pofieflbr has immediate recourfe, by
nefl'cs names and defignations **.
horning, &c. againft the drawer or indorfer, even before the
**
29 Jan. 1708, Arbuthnot contra Scot. term of payment for, if it were otherwife, the creditor
:

might fometimes (as when his bill is payable nine or ten

The like note, whereby one promifed to pay to a perfon, or months after date) be debarred from the common benefit of
order, a fum, value received, being indorfed to a third party, fummary diligence, which is only competent within fix
was, for the fame reafon, compacted with the indorfer's months.
debt -ft- Nor doth the Englifh ftatute of 3 & 4 Ann. cap. 9.
giving the like remedy upon promiflary notes, as is now ufed
* Du Puy, chap. 7. n. 6, 7. Scarlet, chap. 13. R. 7, 8, lS.

t Ibid. R. 191.
upon bills of exchange, for three years, though made perpe-
tual by an aft of the Britifh parliament fince the union 44,
Or againft the accepter, in cafe of a proteft for not-payment,
extend to promiflary notes in Scotland |J, becaufe the Bri-
&c. An accepted bill, being protefted for not-payment, is re-
tifh ftatute doth only make the former, which was a tempo-
giftrable in order to horning, and other diligence againft the
rary law of England, to have perpetual force there; and,
accepter, when the pofleflbr muft firft difculs and, that be- :

being but an acceffary, can go no farther than the ftatute

ing done without recovering payment, he has only an action
of England it was calculated to continue. for making his money effectual againft the drawer and in-
ft 12 Feb. 1708, Bundic contra Kennedy. dorfers, who yet may be purfued conjunctly or feverally, in
4-4- 7 Ann. c;ip. 25. folidum. Herein the law of Scotland recedes from the cuftom
U 6 Decemb. 1711, King contra Efdale. abroad, which makes drawer, indorfer, and accepter liable to
the creditor in the bill, without any b<
A protcft, having a bill of exchange prefixed, is regiftrable And what can be the reafon why it is not fo in Scotland, but
within fix months after the date of the faid bill,
in cafe of that the accepter is confidcred as principal debtor, from the
not-acceptance, or after the falling due thereof, in cafe of firft defign of the parties to have the bill paid by him the ;

not- payment, i . and indorfers being but fo many mandators, much the
;

have every where paratum executioncm ; for fame in law as cautioners, who rcgulariter arc only
retardii , no exceptions are admitted, but fuch as fubfidiarie, after difcufling of the principal f. And, if fum-
arc inftantly verified *. But not by this act, after fix m mary, immediate diligence were allowed againft the drawer or
ledate of the bill, in cafe of not-acceptance, or from indorfers, they could not propofe the moll ordinary defence
and
 ;

B I L B I L
ftnJexception againft the pofleflbr, viz. that he fufFercd the to the cuftoms of other countries ; horning on thefe is iflued

accepter to break, by his omiffion of due diligence, but by way out on fix days charge.
of fufpcnfion, which would be cxpenfive. The creditor in a * Whichare warrants, in the king's name, to charge perfons
bill protefted for not-acccptance, has alfoaclion againft him
pay debts, or perform deeds, within a prefixed time, up-
to
on whom it was drawn ; if he unjuflly refufcd to accept, hav- on pain of being declared outlaw by three blafts of a meffen-
ing provifions in his hand %. Thus a perfon who fuffered a ger's horn, in cafe of difobedience.
billdrawn upon him to be protefted for not-aceeptance, was f Bonds, or obligations of record.
found liable to the pofleflbr in quantum he had of the drawer's I i. e. decrees, or fentences of court.
effects, at protefting of the bill, and to be in mala fide to pay
thereafter to the drawer ||. And as the pofleflbr of a bill, By other executorials neceflary, we underftand the other ordi-
the accepter, has fubfidiary reccurl'e
difcufl'ed narydiligence required by the laws of Scotland, for compelling
having firft

ao-ainft the drawer, and all indorfers lb thofe who indoifed, :

a mm to pay his debt; fuch as caption, or execution of the
body, whereby his perfon is feized, and put under reftraint}
after acceptanceof the bill, have ground of
relief of the drawer,
arrcftment, and poinding *, for effecting his moveables; in-
accepter, and other more early indorfers; and every indorfer
hibition f, comprifing %> an d adjudication |, for
of thofe that went before him. Yet a bill payable at a certain affecting

day, being protefted for not-payment, after the falling due

or evicting his heritage.
proteft tor not-
thereof, without a previous acceptance, or * i.e. diftraining or diflrefs.
acceptance, was found regiftrable againft the drawer . And i. e. a prohibition by letters in the king's name, in favour
f
horning againft the accepter upon an inftrument of proteft of a creditor, difcharging his debtor to fell, difpofe of, or
all others concerned,
for nor-payment, againft the drawer, and any way burden his lands or hereditaments, and all other
without exprefs mention of the accepter, was fuftained +, al- perfons to bargain with him, to the prejudice of the credi-
though there be no action competent againft the drawer 'till tor's claim, 'till the fame be fatisfied.

the bill is protefted againft the accepter; for a proteft for X Or appraifing, is a decree, or fentence of a mefTenger at
tiled againft the party perlbnally, arms, adjudging a perfon's lands and hereditaments to be-
not-payment need not be
long to his creditors in payment of debt ; but recoverable,
or at his dwelling-place, but only at the place of payment.
by latisfying the debt wiihin a certain term of years, called
* Marquhardus, lib. 3. cap. 8. 11. 5. Ncoftad. fuprem. cur. the legal reverfion upon expiring of which legal reverhon,
:

before all is paid, the fubject appriled becomes abfolutely

Holl. Zealand. &c. Dec. 2. Du Puy, cap. 16. n. 1. Voet
1

in Pand. lib. 22. tit. 2. n. 9. Refp. Jurifc. Holland,

the creditor's, who is called the apprifcr.
Adjudication (which is now inflead of apprifing) is a de-
part. 3. vol. 2. conf. 33.
||

cree, or fentence, of the lords of feflion, of the fame na-

f
Nov. 4. Authentic, prefente C. de fidejuflbr.
ture, and having the like effect, as an apprifing.
Inftit. lib. 1. tit. 11. fed. 7.
X Stair's
||
December 9, 1712, Gordon contra Anderfon.
1669, Robert Yule contra Richardfon.
Merchants enjoy many perfonal privileges in fcveral other
July 25,
4 -
1697, John Inglis and James Fowlis againft countries, which they are abridged of in Scotland. As they
Mackie of Palgown. cannot be arrefted, or made prifoners upon the publick ex-
change; nor can their perfons or goods be feized on at fo-
The pofleflbr of a bill payable at a certain day, having figni- Icmn fairs, for debts elfewhere contracted. In Sweden, Nor-
fied the draught, by a letter to the perfon drawn upon, de- way, France, Spain, and Portugal, the merchants of Hans-
firinp to know whether he would accept ; and received an- Towns in Denmark and Mufcovy, themcrchants of Lubeck
;

fwer acknowledging he had effects of the drawer's, that he and in Pruffia, all the merchants of Germany have the public
lnould be careful to have them applied towards the payment faith for their fafety from arreftments upon the road.
of his debts, but was rcfolved to clear off, firft, fuch as he By the municipal ftatutcs of fome places, as Milan, there is
himfelf ftood ingaged for ; and hoping the pofleflbr would be a tacit hypothetic competent for bills of exchange* that is, :

difcrcet, and not proteft the bill, for he expected fufHcicnt ef- law gives, to the creditor in a bill, a real fecurity upon the
fects from the drawer, at fuch a day. When the bill fell due, goods of the debtor, for the payment thereof, without exprefs
it was protefted for not-payment,
againft the writer of the paction. But even exprefs hypothecations of goods, without
letter, as if the letter had been equivalent to an acceptance, delivery, are ineffectual by the cuftoms of Scotland and by ;

and horning raifed thereon. But the lords found the bill fo it few tacit hypothetics allowed, whereof none are for bills

protefted to be no ground of a fummary charge, and turned of exchange for ordinarily we prefer parties according to
:

the fame into a libel *. commerce may be

the priority of their legal diligence, that
the more fure, andby not obliging them to
lefs retarded,
* July 12, 1699, William Maxwell againfl captain M'Kay.
too nice an inquiry about the condition of fuch as they con-
tract with.
Correi debendi, bythe common law, are not bound in folidum,
unlefsthe obligement exprefs it fo *; becaufe, in dubiis potior * Du Puy, cap. 17. n. 6. Nic. a Genua de fcript. privata
eft conditio debitoris. And the cuftom of Scotland finds 01 di- de la cam. 1. 2. n. 7.
narilyco principal debtors, that are exprefsly bound, conjunct-
ly and feverally, to be liable onlv pro rata, unlefs the matter of
Though the pofleflbr of a bill be not bound to feek for pay-
the obligation be an individual fact, or fomcthing not to be ment any other place than where the fame is payable*,
at

done. And in bills of exchange drawn upon two or more yet he may, in cafe of not-payment, proceed in diligence

perfons conjunctly, not being in fociety, every one may ac- againft the accepter, or his goods, wherever he can find

cept for his own part f. But then bills drawn upon two, them f ; not only for the principal fum, but alfo for damage
without exprcfiing conjunctly and feverally, or any words and intereft % .

equivalent, and Amply accepted by one of them, were found * L. 9. ff. de eo quod certo loco. Scaccia, . 2. doff. 5.
to make him liable for whole fum J. Whence it may be in- n. 194. 210.
ferred, that, when one or more perfons drawn upon would de eo quod certo loco. L. 19. . 1. ff. de judiciis.
t L. i. ff.
only oblige himfelf pro rata, he muft not accept Amply, but I L. 2. ff. de eo quod certo loco. Scaccia, ibid. n. 213.
qualificate, for his own bill by one of
part. Acceptanceof a
two but a commiftion granted
co-partners obliges the other : For the whole fums contained in the bill, as well exchange
jointly by two merchants, for fending home wines upon their as principal, &c. The inftrument of proteft, as being juris
account, with a promife to make payment of the bills that gentium, bears ordinarily the principal fum, exchange, re-
fhould be drawn for the price ; and the wines accordingly exchange, dama-e, intereft, and expence *. But we can enly
fent and delivered to one of them, to whom the bills, though charge for the principal, and exchange, if contained in the
drawn upon both, were only prefented, and by him accepted : bill ; annualrent, from the date thereof, in cafe of not-ac-
which being thereafter protefted for not-payment, and the ceptance, and from thence it falls due in cafe of acceptance
other party, granterof the joint commifiion, purfued for them : and not-payment re-exchange, damage, and intereft, not
:

he was aflbilzied upon this ground, that he received no part
of the wine, and the bills were never prefented to him, or ac-
cepted by him, nor the drawing thereof fo much as intimated
to him by advice from the drawer, or'his factor but, on the
contrary, the purfuer took a new fecurity from the accepter,
long after they were protefted, without offering to purfue the
defender, before the other was broken and gone ofF||.
* L. 1 1. . 2. ff. de duob.
duai.
Scarlet, cap. 10. R. 30.
f to another, for value received
t January 29, 1675, M'Morland contra Maxwell.
||March 24, 1685, Stewart contra William Blackwood.
That letters of horning upon a fimple charge of fix days,
and other executorials neceflary, may pafs thereupon.
All hornings *'on regiftrate bonds f and decreets % in Scot-
land, not bearing days, but in form as effeirs, muft be upon
fifteen days, and pafs by way of bill, as the warrant thereof.
being liquid debts. Yet, though the fums charged for be
fatisfied, the pofleflbr is not bound todifcharge the debt, and
give up the diligence, but only the principal bills, with a dis-
; charge thereof, referving the diligence fpr an inftruction of
his claim in an ordinary action for exchange, when not in the
bill, re-exchange, damage, and intereft. The reafon why the
principal bill muft be returned, upon payment of the fums
therein mentioned, with the annualrent, is, becaufe if the
reis confl. L. 47. ff. locati con- bill were kept up, and only a feparate receipt of the monev
given, what fhould hinder the bill to be afterwards indorfed
? againft whom the indorfer's
receipt apartwould not avail thedebtor,fincebills of exchange
are as fungible as money, and pafs from hand to hand fine
onere, and affected with no feparate obligements of the au-
thor. Therefore, if the pofleflbr of a bill fhall refufe to de-
liver up the fame, upon an offer of the fums charged for ;
that would be to the debtor a good ground of fufpenfion,
and exoneration from expences of plea.

But feeing it is neceflary for the flourifhing of trade that bills

Scarlet, cap. 11. R. 4. cap. 17. R. 13.
of exchange be duly paid, and have ready execution, conform
Vol. I. 3X The
 B I L B I L
fomctimes given to the drawer, fomctimes not-payment ; which is both more agreeable to the mrrchant-
The exchan >e is

and then it is contained in the bill. Ex- law and cuftom of other places, and to the analogy of their
to the remitter,
the courfe, at own deciiions for, if the indorfee of an accepted bill, not
change fhould be determined conformable to
:

the place of payment; protefted againft the accepter, nor diligence ufe to obtain
the place where the bill is drawn, to
regulated a more difficult queition ? payment for the fpace of five years, be duly confidered as a
buthow the courfe is is

the rifing and falling of exchange to common affignee f, whereby helofeth the ordinary privileges
Some have compared
flowing of the fea. [See the article bAL- of exemption from compenfation, or arreftment for the in
the ebbing and
and fall dorfer's debt: it feems no lefs reafonable, that the neglect of
I^nce of t:ude, for the general caufes of the rife
Befides what is there faid, exchange may
be protefting fhould exclude from the benefit of annualrent.
of exchange.]
rate of coin, in the
o'oferved tS depenJ alfo upon the prefent
fcarcity of mo- *
15 July 17 3, Watfon and executors of Wilfon contra Gordon.
place the bill is di.ected to, and the plenty or 1

ney from whence they are drawn. Plenty of money,

or bills f 18 Feb. 1715, Dcuchar contra Grierfon.
plenty of the
and fcarcity of bills, raifes the exchange and ;

latter, and fcarcity of the former, lowers

the lame. When The French edit, de commerce, 1673 *, ordains anualrent
produa of a country, that fum and exchange, from the day of the pro-
{hips come in plenty to carry off the for the principal
is a feafon when money is eafier to
be had than bills, and teft ; andre-exchange, from the commencement of a
for

confequentlv the exchange rifeth there ; and, when that

de- procefs. But the Scotch
act provides only annualrent for
had
mand ceafeth, bills are more plentiful, and eafier to be the principal fum, and for exchange, when contained in the
thin money, and confequentlv the exchange falls. bill: which is inferred from thefe words, The fums in all

The many differeut forts of money, current at Frankfort, bills of exchange bear annualrent, &c.
there.
occafions a great variety in the prices of exchange
King Edward of England, as mentioned at the beginning
III. * Tit. 6. art. 7.
in the
of this article, for determining the courfe of exchange,
in molt or
infancy of foreign trade, caufed tables to be fet up Yet it is leafometo the party charger to purfue for the exchange,
the general marts and ports of the kingdom, &c.
But parties
if not contained in the faid bills, with re-exchange, damage,
as
moft countries are left to agree among
thcmfelves,
now in intereft,and all expences, before the ordinary judges, Sec]
they keep
they belt can, without any legal check, provided Exchange is not contained in the bill, when the profit of it
free from dole, and tricks of circumvention.
And this is part-
is given to the drawer, in confideration of his furnifhing the
is fo variable in
ly the reafon why the value of exchange remitter's occafions with fuch a fum elfewhere, as in all bills
nfing and falling every week. This latitude in exchange drawn in Edinburgh upon London ; and ordinarily it is then
fo much as
iriay be thus juftified i. Every thing is worth
:
contained in the bill exprefsly, when payable in a coin not
thereof.
it be fold for, to him that knows the quality
may current at the place of payment ; or when the deliverer gets
2. We may lawfully inhance, or lower, the price of any the exchange, as a premium for advancing ready money, to
accord-
thing (where there is no exprefs law to the contrary) fupply the drawer's exigencies, and accepting his bills pay-
ing to the quality of the perfon with whom we
have to do :
able fome time after, and, perhaps, in another place, when
and, therefoie, the taking of more in name of
exchange from
and where the drawer may more conveniently command the
than from another, is juftifiable, becaufe a great
nfque
one money, as when bills are drawn at London upon Edinburgh.
may be run in trufting him who pays the higher exchange, The reafon why exchange
not contained in the bill, with
as not being fo fufficient a perfon, nor of fo unqueftionable re-exchange, damage, intereft, and expence, can only be
terms.
credit, as the man who is dealt with upon eafier purfued via ordinaria, and not fummarily, is, becaufe they
Provided always, that, if the faid protefts be not duly
re-
are liquidated debts,, and therefore want to be conftitute by
are not
giftrate within fix months, the faid bill and protefts a decreet, or fentence, of a judge.
to have fummary execution, but only to be
purfued by way
It is the natural confequence of an obligement, to wrong and
of ordinary action.] prejudge nobody, either by failing in the performance, or
There few in the laws of Scotland, of
are inftances not a by acting contrary to it ; and that damage, of whatever na-
deeds,
privileges indulged to fuch as ufe diligence upon recent ture, muft be repaired by him that occafioned it. By damage
or obligations, which are denied tothofe who fuft'er things
to
and intereft is underftood a real diminifhing a man's fubftance,
long over unqucftioned as the oath in litem to the pur- The former may be
or obftructing fome expected profit.
:
lie
fuer of a fpubie * within three years ; the preferable dili- eafily valued, the latter not. Yet this lofs ob locrum ceffans
gence of the defunct's creditors to the creditors of the appa- in infinitum non eft producendum, fed primum tantum peti
rent heir, completed within the like fpace ; and the benefit poteft *, fi mercator probat ft debitam pecuniam perfolviflet
of fummary execution competent to the pofFeflbr of a bill, duly
; verum fi dicat
dicta die, certe lucratus effet decern, audiatur
protefted, and regiftrate within fix months ; befides many ex pecuniis merces comparaflet, lucratufque diet, non
ill is

others I could inftance. Which prefcription of fix months audiatur f. And the pofleflbr of a bill cannot plead upon da-,
doth run againft minors, as well as others, forthofe reafons. mage fuftained in the difappointment of his defigns, as the lofs
* i. e. an aftion for fpoliation of goods. of fome profitable opportunity through the not-payment.

If an accepted biil be loft, the pofrefior has not the benefit of * L. im. C. de fentent. qua; pro eo quod intereft prof. 1. 21. 3.
fummary diligence, but can only purfue by way of an ordi- de aft. empti.
ff.

nary action ; becaufe a proteft for not- payment cannot be f Straccha de mercatura, part 4. Tit. de contract, mere. n. 4.
made but upon the accepted bill *. Scarlet, cap. 21. r. 10.

* Scarlet, cap. 40. R. 14.

The fums of exchange bear annualrent, in cafe
in all bills
of not-acceptance, from the date thereof; and in cafe of ac-
ceptance and not-payment, from the day of their falling due,
and while the payment thereof.]
Though the taking of annualrent be lawful in Scotland, and
the quantity thereof eftablifhed by act of parliament yet, in
particular cafes, it is only due ex pacto, when parties oblige
thcmfelves for it; or ex lege, when cuftom or flat ute ap-
points it, as here in foreign bills of exchange.
By the laws in other countries, annualrent is only due for
protefted bills * which is agreeable to the laws of England,
; many labour under a grofs miftake about the nature of it, as
where inland bills being protefted, the party from whom they
The damage and intereft are,
points to be confidered about
I. any due, and wherein it confifts ? 2. What
If there be
eftimate ought to be fet upon it ? For clearing the firft, the
quality and circumftances of the matter of fact inferring; da-
mage ; what were the immmediate and remote confequences,
and how far the party charged therewith dipped, or had a
;
hand in it, muft be examined into. Thefe are the lights a
prudent judge fhould walk by, in judging matters of damage
and intereft.
Re-exchange is an ordinary article of damages for a protefted
bill, which was firft claimed by the Florentine exiles. But
if exchange and re-exchange were double exchange. When

were received is liable to repay the fame, with intercft and the pofleflbr of a bill not paid, protefts, and takes up fo much
charges from the date of protefting [. money by exchange, at the place where it fhould have been
paid ; the exchange for this is commonly higher than what
* Edit, de Commerce 1673, tit. 6. art. 7. DuPuy, cap. 15. n. 3.
was given for the protefted bill, in confideratiom of the ready
f 9 and 10 W. III. c. 17. . 2.
money advanced ; whereas, in the firft cafe, he gave in his
The creditors of an unaccepted bill can have no recourfe money upon receiving the bill. What adds between the ex-
againft the drawer or indorfer, even for the net fum therein, change of the draught, and re-draught, is what is properly
and far lefs for once it be protefted for not-
annualrent, till called re-exchange.
ptance conl'cqucntly, no annualrent fhould be claimed
: According to the French edict of commerce 1673, there is
for bills although accepted, if not protefted for not-pay- no pretence for rc-exchange, unlefs when it is made appear,
ment but yet the accepter of a bill that was never protefted,
: by an inftrument, that the pofleflbr of the protefted bill took
was found liable for annualrent from the term of payment, up money by exchange, at the place where it fhould have been
in n lufe concerning annualrent is couched in the paid: but only for reftitution of exchange, with annualrent,
general term of all bills *. and charges of protefting *. For this money taken up by
exchange, to fupply the want of that for which the bill wasi
zo Feb. 1700, William Clapton and George Watfon againft
protefted, the difappointed party may either redraw upon the'
Baillie M'Intufli.
firft drawer |, or upon either of the indorfers, if the bill ws

However, the lords did afterwards, in another cafe *, find

annualrent not due for the fum in an accepted bill for the * Edit, de commerce 1673. tit. 6. art. 4.
term of payment, in rcgaid the bill was never protefted for f Du L'uy, cap. 15. n. 4. Scarlet, cap. 30. r. 2. cap. 19. r.

ne
 .

B I L B I L
negociated in feveral places ;];, or upon the place where he Sufpenfion * is a flopping of execution either for a time
or
was to be before he returned home, or upon any other part, I ; ever, upon reafons inftantly verified by writ, or 0.1th of
when there is no certain trade between the place of the fecond party, unlets they confift in facto, and are probable by wit-
draught and thofe where the protefted bill was drawn and in- nefles, or befounded upon another man's writ, as when furc-
dorfed if fo be, he the re-drawer timeoufly advertife the ties fufpend upon difcharges granted to the principal
; debtor.
parties concern d . And his oath is fufficiently probative,
as to his defign with the bill, though taxable, if it appear
* Which is fomething in the nature of an injunction in the
law of England.
exorbitant, as other oaths in litem ||.

J Ibidem. Du Puy, ibid. n. <). Stair Intl. lib. i. tit. n. . 7. By an act of parliament dated 17 July, 1695, no fufpenfion
$ Du Puy, ibid. n. 5, 1 , 6. Scaccia, . 1. qua:tt. 7. part. can pat; of any ch rge of fums lent by, or to, the bank, but
2. amp. 8. n. 250. upon difcharge, or confignation, of the fums charged for.
ibid.
||
Stair,
When reafons are infifted on befides thofe in the bill, they are
called, in Scotland, eiked, or added reafons. Thiseikingof
But then the drawer of the fir ft bill in either of thefc cafes is
reafons is allowed, becaufe that fufpenders are obliged inftanter
no farther obliged re-exchange, than at the coutfe ftl e
for
bills at fight, from the defigned place
to verify. Though fummary exeeuiion bj not competent for
time of protefting) for
exchange not contained in the bill, re-exchange, damage, &c.
to that where the bill was drawn * which gave :

not being liquid or afcertaine d bts yet, in the cafe

occafion to tin foreign cuftom of fubjoining to protefts a cer-
I
;

of fufpenfion, they may be wanantably added to thecharge:

tificate from tv/o brokers, concerning the prefent value of ex-
feeing they can then ntly liquidated and conftitut-
change between thole places f.
cd in the dec letters orderly proceeded. And *
* Edit, de commerce 1673, tit. 1. art. 5. Du Puy, ibid. n. 20. fruftra fit per plura, &c. But, the pofllflbr of a bill not hav-
Scarlet, cap. 20. r. 7, 8. ing re-dra.vn upon the drawer, an additional charge of re-
f Du Puy, ibid. 26. exchange, damage, and intcreft, was not fuftaincd againft
the accepter f- When- diligence upon bills of exchange is
In like manner, the indorfcrs are only liable in the courfeof
fufpended, all preceding expences may be eiked to the char
re-exchange, to the place where they indorfed the bill *. The
.

And if, at dilcufling of the fufpenfion, the fame be found

reaion of all this is plain, becaufe there being nothing treated
calumnious, the lords will alfo decree the additional charges
on between the drawer and remitter, but exchange from
of plea, according to a particular account thereof given upon
whence the bill was drawn, to the place of payment, the re-
oath by the charger J ; but not where there is a probabilis
exchange mult only be undcrftood from thence, back again to
caufa litigandi: fo expences arercfufed in a fufpenfion, raifed
the place of the draught, without refpect to emergent and
by the accepter of a bill, on a ground of compenfation for
kmthought-of negociations nor was there any other thing
:

the indorfer's debts although the compenfation was over-

under confideration, between the indorfcrs and theperfon to
;

ruled, and the latter founded orderly proceeded ||.

whom they indorfed the bill, but exchange from the refpect -
ive places where each of them did negociate the lame. Which given, if the fufpenfion appear to the
fenter.ee is

* Du lords at advifing to b
groundlefs.
l.dit. de commerce 1673. Puy, ibid. Scarlet, ibid.
t In the cafe of Boidc contra Blackwood.
But it", by the drawer's order and exprefs allowance, the bill t W. par. 1. fed. 6. c. 22.
3 1 January, 1669, Stewart againft Campbell.
was indorfed in fome particular places, he will be accountable ||

for re-exchange to thofe parts, or to any place, wherever it

here briefly touch upon the common reafons and ex-
I fhr.ll
was indorfed, if he gave indefinite powers to negociate *.
ceptions againft bills, whereof fome are only competent to be
However, though, as before obferved, the drawer, in fome
proponed 111 a luit of review, fuch as the exceptions of fraud,
cafes, be iubject to the re-exchange, without a neceffity upon
or iorce *, and the exceptions of bankrupt f though it was
the poffefibrof re-drawing directly on him fince, if it were :
;

found that a declarator of bankrupt againft the drawer of a

otherwife, re-exchange would only take place when the cre-
bill, at the inftance of his creditor, an arrcfter upon the act
ditor has occafion to employ his money there, from whence
the protefted bill came which feldom occurs in fo fhort a
;
1696, might be received incidenter in a multiple poinding ,
between him and the poffefibr of the bill ||. Other reafons
time. Yet the accepter of bills, having, after they were
t'.iere be againft bills, which are proper by way of fufpenfion
protelted, and a charge given him, made partial payment of
and exception.
the principal fum, and ottered the remainder by way of in-
ftrument, was found liable only for that part of the principal
Stair Inft. lib. 4. tit. 40. . 38.
that was unpaid, with the intcreft thereof, 'till the time
J- 24 Feb. 1700, William Wightman againft Cuthbertfon.
the offer was made, and not for re-exchange in refpect the
J An aftion letting forth that the plaintiff is fubjedt to manifold
:

pofieflbr had not re-drawn for his money upon the firit drawer f. diitrefs, at the initance of different perfons claiming right
But, after all, this act of parliament makes no mention of to the fame debt, and praying that the judge may find
re-drawing, as a requifitum to infer re-exchange, which it him liable only in once and iingle payment.
feems to allow after a due proteft. 2 Feb. 1700, Norman Durward againft William Struthers.
||

* Edit.de commerce 1673. art. 6. The ftrongeft reafon of fufpenfion is payment, or it's equiva-
So it was decided in the cafe of William Boick contra
-f-
lent compenfation, which is debiti et crediti contributio *, a
Blackwood.
mutual payment, although an omiffion in the pofieflbr of a
The drawer will be obliged for the fums contained in the bills, bill to procure the fame accepted, and paid in due manner,

with annualrent, exchange, re-exchange, and charges, al- or to proteft for not-acceptance, or not-payment, will cut off
though he received no value, but followed theremitter's faith his relief againft the drawer; if the time of the mora, the
for it, who hath not paid him : if the poflcflbr paid value to perfon drawn upon did break with the drawer's effects ; yet
his author *. But, chance to be unfatisfied, through
if a bill payment of a bill is not to be prefumed f.
fome accident, which the drawer could not forcfec, nor pre-
vent this will be to him a ground of indemnity for damages
; :
* L. 1. ff.de compenf. a reckoning between creditor and
in like manner the protefting for not-pay merit of an accepted debtor of what is due to each other ; or when fomething
bill, at the accepter's mortuary houfe, where he died, was therefore ceafes to be due, becaufe the creditor owes to the
futtained to afford action to the creditor in the bill, for the debtor a thing of the fame kind and value.

fingle value, againft both the drawer, and the fuccefi'ors of f Arg. I. ult. C. de folution.
him on whom it was drawn but not for exchange or re-ex-
:

change given againft the drawer becaufe it was not thought ;

Neithe r was action fuftained upon fuch a prefumption, to the

any voluntary failure, but an accident of death in-

fault, or
creditors o/one who had accepted bills, for repetition againft

tervening, that the bill came to be protefted f the drawer although he had framed and remitted an account
;'

to the accepter, wherein he-gave him credit for thefe bills,

* Scarlet, cap. "42. r. 2, 4. and made himfelf debtor no inftructibn that they were paid :

f July 8, 1664, Kennedy contra Hutchefon. by the accepter being produced ; and it behig ordinary among
merchants to credit one's account for bills drawn on him, up-
The not-payment of a bill, by the poffeffor's
protefting for
on fuppofition that they will be paid *. Therefore, in a new

nearcft of kin, or executor nominate (as hath been done) own inftance, for payment of the afore-
fuit, at the accepter's
with a defign to falve and keep intire the recourfe againft the
account,the drawer was allowed deduction of the fore-
faid fitted
drawer, is a moft unwarrantable action ; for, befides that it
giving credit for the fame, in regard they were re-
faid bills,
cannot infer exchange, re-exchange, and damages feeing ;
turned on him protefted f. Again, a bill with a receipt of
the debtor ought never to be confidered as in mora, 'till once
the contents thereof, written and fubferibed by the creditor
an active title is made to the bill Molloy * affirms, that a :
therein, found among his papers after his death, was not held
proteft for not-payment ought not to pafs in fuch a cafe, no
fufheient to exoner the debtor, in refpect that law prefumed,
perfon having right to make it and, if any notary fhould that the receipt was written fpe numerandze pecuniae, and that
;

proteft, an action might lie againft him, at the initance of

payment was never made, feeing the bill with the receipt was
the party receiving prejudice thereby.
undelivered %. Payment to the creditor of a bill afterwards
indorfed to another, was not found relevant for the debtor's
* L. 2. cap. 10. n. ||

34.
* March 1686, Watfon againft John Drummond of Newtoun.
Or in cafe of fufpenfion to eike the fame to the.eharge, at
the difcuffing of the faid fufpenfion, to the effect that the
f Jackion contra eundem.
% 16 July, 1709, Cochran contra Pringle.
fame may be liquidate, and decreet given therefore.] U i. e. was agreed not to be
a good plea.
liberation,
 .

I L B I L
liberation, though he was ignorant of the indorfement be- :
ther do the indorfers feparate receipts of partial payment
caufe he declined to give his oath of calumny, that
he had militate againft him the pofleflbr*. Upon the fame topic,
declarations apart were thought not fufficient to ftop the cur-
ground to fay, the prefent pofleflbr knew of the payment
indorfed to him . rency of bills f. But indorfement of bills, not for value
ftiade to the indorfer, when the bill was
given at the time, but in fecurity of bygone debt, lefs than
1702, Van Muin and Allan againft Wood.
February 5, the fum in the bill, and what expences fhould happen to be
creditor, not
Neither will a receipt of the money from the difburfed in recovering payment, was excluded by an anterior
defend the payer feparate general difcharge granted to the accepter J,
beinp- upon the bill, but in a paper apart,
ao-ainft a new pofleflbr. But partial payments marked upon * December 12, 171 1. Erfkine contra Thompfon.
ftated,
the foot of an accepted bill of exchange, and a ballance f January 18, 1700. Whitman centra Johnfton.
thedeceafed cre-
as due in figures, offered to be proved to be X Jan. 15, 1708. Crawfurd contra Piper.
at themftance
ditor's hancf-v/riting, was fuftainedina procefs
the faid Very commonly bills are fufpended upon a reafon of mul-
of his heirs, to afioilzie the accepter, except as to when the debtor maybe,
tiple poinding*, as is, or fued by
ballance ; in refpect, he offered to prove by vvitneffes, that
different pretenders to the end they may difpute their pre-
payments were truly made conform to the faid account, and
;

ference, that he may be liable, in once and fingle payment,

the bill way ftill in the cuftody cf the purfuer *.
to the party who fhall be found to have beft right. And he,
*
9 Feb. 17-9. Watfon of Muirhoufe contra Smith. the fufpender, gets ordinarily allowance for his expences ; but

To avoid the troublefome circle of making mutual payments, not till the conclufion of the caufe, and the preference be dif-
compen- cufled f. But not fo much ground for competition
yet there is
by fuch as are debtor and creditor to one another,
fation is found nccefiary: it being more one's intereft to retain
upon other rights which, according
in the matter of bills, as ;

own hands, than to pay and feek back again. Com- to the cuftom of Scotland, are more varioufly affectable by
in his
penfation ordinarily relevant, or a good plea, with us,
is
diligence.

upon a liquid debt due by his cedent, before

againft an affignee * i. e. manifold diftrefs.
intimation of the aflignation *, conform to that principle in f December 12, 1702, George Wood againft the creditors of
law, none can be in a better condition than the author, from Wightman.
whom his right flows f. Yet in bills of exchange, our law The bills runs ordinarily, either between
competition in
fuftains not compenfation againft the pofleffor of a bill, upon affignees by indorfation, or betwixt arrefters, or betwixt
a debt of the indorfer's prior to the indorfement, not even
in
affignees and arrefters. In a competition of different perfons,
inland bills %. So compenfation againft an inland bill accept- to whom the firft and fecond bill are endorfed ; he will be
ed by two co-partners, upon a liquid debt due by the indorfer preferred that procured the firft acceptance, whether upon
pro-
to one of the joint-accepters, prior to the indorfement, the firft or fecond bill, although laft indorfed * ; as being
poned by the other accepter and co-partner, was repelled ; mafter of the firft complete right. In a debate betwixt two
although the ground of compenfation, founded on, did con- arrefters, an arreftment, by virtue of letters of horning upon
fift pofi'effor's knowledge, and was received by him
with the a'protefted bill, was preferred to intervening arreftments upon
upon the indorfer's order. The reafon is, becaufe indor- depending actions f
fations ufe neither to bear dates, nor need intimations like
* Scarlet, cap. 42.
other affignations; and, for the benefit of commerce, carry r. 36.

right to the fums in the bill fineonere, as if fo much money f 1 &97> John Inglis and James Foulis, againft Mackie
of Palgown.
had been delivered in a bag to the indorfee.
* March 16, 1639. Forfyth contra Coupland, January 22,
In ordinary competitions betwixt affignees and arrefters, the
preference is ruled by the priority of the intimation or ar-
1663. Wallace contra Edgar.
reftment, though it be but the difference of three hours * ;
t L. 175. . 1. ff. de Reg. Jur.
John Stewart againft Alexander Campbel^ but indorfations of bills of exchange are tranfmitted, with-
j 31 Jan. 1699.
out notice to the debtor, and feldom dated therefore an in- :

When we fay, not to be obtruded to

that compenfation is
dorfement was preferred to a pofterior arreftment laid on for
the pofleffor, upon the indorfer's debt; it is to be underftood
the indorfer's debt, before intimation of the poffeffbr's riht
with this common exception, unlefs the debtor prove by the to the accepter f. For commerce-fake, the poffeffbr of a
creditor's oath, that the bill, purfued for, is for the indorfer's
bill indorfed for value received, fhould be preferred to prior
behoof. And fo it was found relevant for the accepter of arreftments, at the inftance of the indorfer's creditors. Bills
a of exchange, to prove by the poffefib.r's oath, that the
bill
not being arreftable, more than they are compenfable, for
indorfement, in their favour, was but a truft and, by the :
the indorfer's debt ; therefore the poffeffbr of a bill to whom
oath of the indorfer, that he was fatisfied for the fum con-
it was indorfed for value, was preferred to the indorfer's cre-
tained in the bill, by the drawer. But he the indorfer being
ditor, who had arrefted the money in the accepter's hand be-
in France, and we in ftatu belli with that kingdom ; the lords
fore indorfation ; it not being alledged, that the indorfee
refufed to grant commiffion for taking his oath there, but only when
knew of the arreftment, the bill was indorfed to him X-
to be executed within the dominions of any of our fovereign's
It may feem proper here, once for all, to obferve, that al-
allies *. Yet they flopped circumduction of the term for not
though bills of exchange are, regulariter, neither compen-
reportingofthecommiffionduringthe war; without prejudice
fable nor arreftable for any indorfer's debt, and his feparate
to the accepter to take the benefit thereof, if in the mean time payment, not extant upon the bills, cannot mili-
receipts of
the indorfer happened to die f.
Again, the indorfer of a bill,
tate againft the prefent poffeffors for value; yet bills, as well
purfued by action of recourfe, was allowed to prove pay- by compenfation, or ar-
are affectable
as other obligations,
ment by oath of the poffefibr's cedent, although the plain- reftment, for the prefent poffeffbr's debt, or by his feparate
tiff was an affignee for an onerous caufe. Becaufe he knew
receipts, and liable to any other legal exception, founJed
that the fum contained in the bill was rendered litigious by upon his own deed which doth not in the leaft infringe up-
:

procefs betwixt the cedent and the defender, before the affig-
on the faith and free fecurity of commerce, but only obligeth
nation %. 'Tis true, the accepter proving by the oath of dealers in exchange to act juftly towards thofe they have to
the creditor in the bill, that the fame is for the drawer or indor-
do with.
fer's may compenfe upon debts due to him by that
behoof,
* Stair Inftit. lib. 4.
perfon but yet a creditor of the drawer of a bill, having
:
tit. 35. . 7.

arrefted in the accepter's hands, and proved by the poffeffbr's f July 12, 1698, John Ewin Geils and Robert Innes.
oath, that the bill was only payable to him for the drawer's J December 5, 17 12, Hume contra Smith.

behoof, was found to have good right to the fum in the bill, 'Tis true, Sir George Mackenzie, in hisobfervations *, doth
without being obliged to ftand to that oath, when made ufe fuggeft, as a reafon for denying compenfation upon the pof-
of by the accepter, for proving that the drawer and accepter feffbr's own debt, that bills, being in effect bags of money in
were upon the matter one perfon; and, confequently, that all the conftruction of law, are a kind of depofitum, againft
his pleas were entire to him againft the arrefter, as againft which compenfation doth not lie. But this is of no weight,
the drawer ||. feeing bills are not compared to money-bags in the hands- of
* Nov. 18, 1701. Daniel Arthur and Patrick Couts againft the defigned accepter, or debtor liable in payment, who only
Patrick Cockburn. could be underftood the depofitary; butrefemble ready money
f June 25, 1703, intereofJem. in the hands of the pofleflbr, in fo far as bills do, alike freely
1 29 January 1708. Fulton contra Johnfton. as money, pafs from one poffeffbr to another, without any
|| In the cafe of Robert Cowan againit Robert Douglas. latent embargo upon them, arifing from the debts or deeds of
his author, as if they had been originally payable to himfelf.
When compenfation isfounded upon a debtducby thecreditor
Nay, a bill, payable to a fociety, may, while it ftands in their
in the bill, muft be fuch whereof the term of payment is
it
perfons, be arrefted or compenfed for the private debt of any
come*. And, if payable in another place, he is tobecon-
member of the fociety, in fo far as extends to his proportion
fidered for the lofs he has, by not being permitted to difchargc
and intereft in the ftock of the fociety, which is a tacit with-
at the place of payment and muft have allowance, in the
;
drawing thereof. So a particular ftiare of principal and in-
compenfation, of fo much as is ufually given for remitting
tereft of the capital ftock of the African company in Scotland,
money to that port f.
was found arreftable, at the inftance of the proprietor's cre-
* L. 7. Pr. ff.de Comp. ditor, in order to obliae the directors of the company to tranf-
f L. 15. codem les loix civiles, &c. Tom. II. lib. 4. tit. 2. fer the fame in the ordinary way in favour of the arrefter f.
feft. 2. art. 8.
* On theaa 20 Pari. Ch. II.

As no debt of the indorfer of a bill can be a ground of com- f

March 18, 1707, Alifon contra Directors of the African
penfation againft the pofleflbr ; fo, for the fame reafon, nei- company.
It

4
 :

B I 1. I L
v frequently fall out, that a perfon, b undei that adtj and are none of thofe deedjs which a bank-
of drawn by his creditor, preferred to him
bills rupt may not do within fixty days of hjs breakings 1. Al-
I , while in the mean time there is an arreftment, un- though bills are not exprefslv theiein excepted, jtis not to be
n laid 0:1 at his houfe by th= drawer's
to the accepter,