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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

April 2017
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 April 2017

38
in every issue
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
60 NEWS
66 STRUCTURALLY SOUND

resources
65 MARKETPLACE &
EMPLOYMENT

columns
features steelwise
32 Making the Point 48 Orthotropic Deck Delivers 17 Speaking the Same Language
BY LAWRENCE F. KRUTH, PE
CHARLES BOWMAN, PE BY MARK TORRIE, PE, AND
The highlights of High Point Universitys RIC LVESQUE, MSC, PENG AISCs latest Code of Standard Practice
newest academic building are comprised of Orthotropic steel deck is a viable option includes new terminology that
empty spaces, and steel makes them happen. for rehabbing movable bridges working on accommodates the construction industrys
tight schedules. ongoing transition from drawing-based
38 Waste Not to model-based workflows.
BY IGNASIUS SEILIE, SE, PE, AND
LINDSEY BURNS
52 But It Worked in the Model!
BY DAVID RUBY, SE, PE specwise
Tri-chord HSS trusses made from ASTM Models are great tools for designing 22 Getting Filled in on
1085 steel optimize a rebuilt transfer station structures, but they arent infallible. They Composite Columns
on a tight waterfront site in Seattle. require the application of sound judgment BY MARK D. DENAVIT, PE, PHD, AND
and experience to reach their full potential. WILLIAM P. JACOBS, V, SE, PE
44 Head Above Water A look at changes to composite column
BY NATE SOSIN, SE, PE 56 What Makes a Special Moment design in the 2016 AISC Specification.
An epic flood ended the long and Frame Special?
celebrated run of a prominent university BY BEHZAD RAFEZY, PHD business
concert hall. But thanks to an elegant,
innovative steel framing system and flood-
A look at the critical aspects of special
moment frame systems and their
27 Leaders: Know Thyself
and Your Employees
resistant design measures, its replacement is connections that ensure ductile behavior BY MAGI GRAZIANO
poised to be a smash hit. and dissipation of energy. Modern leadership still involves plenty of
talking, but theres an increasing emphasis on
listeningnot only to others but also to oneself.

ON THE COVER:
The high point of High Point Universitys new student center is a steel-framed dome, p. 32. (Photo: CB2 Structural Engineers)

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 57, Number 4) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC), 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the
U.S. (Canada and Mexico)single issues $9.00; 1 year $88. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send
address changes to MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601.
DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or
quoted from an acknowledged source. Opinions are those of the writers and AISC is not responsible for any statement made or opinions expressed in MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes
where fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC. Printed on paper made
from a minimum of
4 APRIL 2017 10% recycled content.
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 editors note
Editorial Offices
130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400
Editorial Contacts
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Scott L. Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@modernsteel.com
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@modernsteel.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
312.670.5439
weiss@modernsteel.com
WHETHER OR NOT YOU LIKE PRESIDENT TRUMP, WHETHER OR NOT YOU
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
RESPECT HIS APPOINTMENTS AND WHETHER OR NOT YOU AGREE WITH HIS Keith A. Grubb, SE, PE
POLICIES, THERES ONE POSITION THAT ALMOST ALL AMERICANS CAN RALLY 312.670.8318
BEHIND: HIS PROPOSAL TO SPEND $1 TRILLION ON INFRASTRUCTURE TO grubb@modernsteel.com
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
CREATE A NEW PROGRAM OF NATIONAL REBUILDING. Megan Johnston-Spencer
AISC has released a position paper explicitly requires that Buy America 312.670.5427
johnstonspencer@modernsteel.com
supporting this proposal and rallying requirements be incorporated in the GRAPHIC DESIGN MANAGER
behind his statement that this effort will enabling legislation. Kristin Hall
be guided by two core principles: buy Recently, some states have tried 312.670.8313
hall@modernsteel.com
American and hire American. (To view to circumvent existing Buy America
the white paper, visit www.aisc.org/ provisions through various loopholes (such AISC Officers
CHAIR
hireamerican.) as what was used for the San Francisco James G. Thompson
Currently, the U.S. structural steel Oakland Bay Bridge). AISC believes that VICE CHAIR
industry (including fabricators, producers, these loopholes need to be closed. David Zalesne
SECRETARY AND
detailers, erectors and others supplying I urge you to read AISCs white GENERAL COUNSEL
items such as bolts, coatings, and welding paper, to share it with your elected David B. Ratterman
equipment) directly employs 180,000 representatives in Congress and to make PRESIDENT
American workers. But as the white paper sure they understand how important this Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
explains, The American steel supply issue is to you. Your voice as a constituent Scott L. Melnick
chain is in jeopardy, however. Since 2015, is essential for the message to be heard. VICE PRESIDENT
more than 15,800 direct jobs in the iron Lets ensure that projects funded or John P. Cross, PE
and steel industry have been lost. financed with our tax dollars and proposed VICE PRESIDENT
Anne-Marie Eischen
The position paper outlines AISCs tax credits are fabricated domestically.
VICE PRESIDENT
belief that Buy America requirements Lets make sure the taxes we pay benefit Lawrence F. Kruth, PE
should apply to all public infrastructure American workers and businesses.
Editorial Advisory Panel
projects, regardless of how specific project Caroline R. Bennett, PE, PhD,
financing may be arranged. AISC does University of Kansas
not take a position on whether or what Keith R. Griesing, PE,
Hardesty and Hanover
types of nontraditional infrastructure
Steve Knitter, Geiger and Peters
options should ultimately be adopted, SCOTT MELNICK
Janice Mochizuki, PE, Arup
but urges that whatever policy is adopted EDITOR
Dylan Olson, Olson Steel

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6 APRIL 2017
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 If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something
related to structural steel design or construction,
Modern Steels monthly Steel Interchange is for you!
Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
Eccentricity at Axially Loaded
Beam-End Connections
Figure 1
Shop-welded, field-bolted beam-to-beam double-angle
connections must transfer both axial and shear end reac-
tions. In Figure 1 the beams are non-composite and the
entire axial force must be transferred through the con-
nections. The connections will be designed assuming that
only the top three rows of bolts, which are common to
both connections, will transfer the axial force.
Does the eccentricity of the axial load from the beam
centerline to the centerline of the bolt group need to
be considered in the design of the connection? Does an
eccentricity need to be considered when evaluating the
coped section?
Axially loaded double-angle connections are typically designed
without considering an eccentric moment. The rotational
stiffness of the connections is typically much lower than the
stiffness of the beam. Therefore, the beam will carry almost
all of the moment due to the eccentricity, and it is common
to assume that the beam resists the entire moment. It is also a
good idea to use the maximum number of bolt rows that will
fit into the web when resisting axial end reactions, as this will
tend to minimize whatever eccentricity does exist.
Because floor systems are usually modeled with the beam
elements at the same elevation, the eccentricity between the
axial load and the beam centroid is often neglected.
I would analyze the coped section assuming an eccentricity
relative to the axial load equal to the distance between the cen-
troid of the bolt group and the centroid of the coped section. For
axial loads in tension, the resulting moment opposes the moment
caused by a downward vertical beam shear. I would also locate
the bolt-group centroid as close to the beam centroid as practi-
cal, typically using the maximum number of bolt rows that will fit
into the web. In practice, the small eccentricity that might exist is
sometimes neglected based on engineering judgment.
steel
interchange
As you stated, the bottom row of bolts on the right side
of the connection should be neglected relative to the transfer
of the axial load. However, all of the bolts will participate in
transferring shear.
Other approaches are possible and contract-specific
requirements could be imposed, but the comments above
reflect what I understand to be common practice.
Bo Dowswell, PE, PhD
Cambering of Cantilevered Beam Framing
Continuously Over Column
I have a beam framing con-
tinuously over a column simi-
lar to the condition shown in
Figure 2-2a of the 14th Edi-
tion AISC Manual (available
at www.aisc.org/publications);
see Figure 2. In my case, the
right-hand side of the beam
cantilevers 17 ft beyond the
column, and the left-hand side
is a 10-ft back span. The beam
is a W18 and the column an
HSS44. I wish to put a cam-
ber in the cantilevered section
such that its end will be in.
higher than the elevation at the supported when erected.
I am aware that there are issues with providing camber
for cantilevered or moment-connected beams. However,
is it feasible to camber a cantilevered beam framing con-
tinuously over a column?
No. It is generally not feasible to camber a cantilevered beam
framing continuously over a column.
When designers call for a simply supported steel beam to be
cambered, the steel fabricator applies a load or heat to the beam
to introduce a permanent deformation in a roughly parabolic
shape with the apex at mid-span. But based on the geometry
youve described, this conventional method of introducing
camber into a member does not seem like it would be appropri-
ate for your condition. Additionally, since your member is only
27 ft long, it may not be a candidate for cambering depending
on the fabricator's cambering method or equipment. Typically,
it is not recommended to camber members less than about 30
ft long because most cambering equipment is not configured to
accommodate shorter members.
In general, when engineers do specify camber for a canti-
levered beam, it is provided in a manner that is different than
the way we typically think of camber being introduced into a
simply supported steel beam. The beam itself usually remains
a straight element, and the beam is fabricated so the erec-
tor can simply install the beam so that the tip of the beam is
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 9
 steel interchange
higher than the beam elevation at the connection by the speci-
fied amount. Since the beam isnt being bent, you do not have
the same physical constraints on how long a member needs to
be before it can be cambered.
An alternative solution might be to bevel cut and splice
the member after it passes over the column, which will cre-
ate a change in slope at the cantilevered portion to provide
a specified top elevation at the cantilever tip. However, this
is not an inexpensive approach and it should be weighed
against increasing member sizes or using other methods to
mitigate the effect of the anticipated deflection at the tip of
the cantilever. An alternative that some fabricators prefer is to
make a V-shaped cut in the member, leaving one flange intact
and then bending and welding the member into the kinked
geometry. If you choose to kink the beam, I would suggest you
consider annotating your drawings and labeling the elevation
difference as something other than camber.
You might also consider splitting the beam and running
the column through the joint. This is typically the better
option for wide-flange columns, but is also a possibility for
your HSS column, and in fact may be the most economical
solution. If you choose this option, note that the 2016 AISC
Code of Standard Practice (ANSI/AISC 303-16, available at
www.aisc.org/specifications) contains new treatment of
preset requirements at the ends of cantilevers that will help
you with your goal; see Section 3.1.
Susan Burmeister, PE
Slip-Critical Bolts
What are the differences between slip-critical Class A
bolts and slip-critical Class B bolts, and how should they
be indicated in shop and erection drawings?
There is no such thing as a slip-critical bolt, a Class A bolt, a
Class B bolt or a bearing bolt. The same bolt can be used in
slip-critical joints with either Class A or Class B faying sur-
faces. In fact, the same bolt can be used with either slip-critical
or bearing-type joints. The difference between a slip-critical
joint and a bearing-type joint is that a slip-critical joint resists
movement of the plies through friction, and a bearing-type
joint resists movement between the plies through bolt shear
and bearing at the plies. The Class A and B designations refer
to the surface preparation required.
Section J3.8 of the AISC Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16, available at www.aisc.org/
specifications) defines Class A surfaces as unpainted clean mill
scale steel surfaces or surfaces with Class A coatings on blast-
cleaned steel or hot-dip galvanized and roughened surfaces and
Class B surfaces as unpainted blast-cleaned steel surfaces or
surfaces with Class B coatings on blast-cleaned steel.
The detailer must properly indicate on the shop drawings
the required surface preparation at the slip-critical joints, as
this affects the strength of these joints.
Slip-critical joints also need to be pretensioned, and this must
be conveyed in some manner in the documents related to the bolt
10 APRIL 2017
installation, either the shop or erection drawings. Indicating that
the joints are slip-critical is sufficient to ensure pretensioning.
Carlo Lini, PE
Average Versus Peak Shear Stress
When applying Chapter G of the Specification to wide-
flange beams, 0.6Fy is the shear yielding stress, and Aw is
the area of the web. Some textbooks appear to indicate
that a uniform distribution of shear stress can be assumed
because the maximum web shear stress does not differ
much from the average web shear stress.
However, for a rectangular plate the ratio of peak to
average stress is 1.5, which does not seem insignificant.
Should the peak stress be used when designing rectangu-
lar plates to resist shear?
You are correct that the difference between the average shear
stress and the maximum shear stress in a wide-flange section is
relatively small with peak /average equal to about 1.15. However,
this is not the reason the Specification is based on the average
stress. The stresses above assume an elastic distribution of
stress, which does not represent the true failure condition of
the element. Instead, the Specification is based on an inelastic
distribution of stress, which will be uniform.
A similar situation exists related to flexure. If an elastic
distribution were used in the Specification for flexure, beam
strength would be based on Sx. It is not. It is based on Zx. The
lower-bound ratio Zx/Sx for rolled wide-flange beams is about
1.11, though it varies somewhat among the shapes.
Section J4.2 addresses shear in connecting elements, which
are often rectangular sections, and bases the strength on the
gross areathe average stress. For example, when we check a
double coped beam, leaving what is essentially a rectangular
narrow beam, we base the strength on the average stress,
not because we feel that 1.5 is close enough to 1.0 but rather
because we are recognizing the inelastic redistribution of stress.
Larry Muir, PE
The complete collection of Steel Interchange questions and answers is available online.
Find questions and answers related to just about any topic by using our full-text search
capability. Visit Steel Interchange online at www.modernsteel.com.
Larry Muir is director of technical assistance and Carlo Lini is staff engineertechnical
assistance, both with AISC. Susan Burmeister and Bo Dowswell are consultants to AISC.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official
position of the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is
recognized that the design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent
licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
866.ASK.AISC solutions@aisc.org
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YYYEGREQTREQO
 steel Steel Quiz made its first appearance in the November 1995 issue of
Modern Steel Construction. This months Quiz takes a look at some of the
quiz best questions from 2004.

1 Is hand-guided thermal cutting an allowable method for 6 What is the purpose of performing CVN (Charpy
shop fabrication of structural steel? V-notch) tests on members and plates?

2 Is thermal cutting allowed as a field modification 7 What notch-toughness requirements are appropriate for
method for correcting minor fabrication errors? exterior exposed steel in structural steel bridges?

3 What material type is commonly specified for floor 8 The AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/
plate? AISC 360) Section J1.6 specifies dimensions for weld
a. ASTM A36 access holes. Why are these specific dimensions required?
b. ASTM A572
9 True or False: When finger shims are used in bolted
c. ASTM A992 joints, the requirements for long-slotted holes are
d. All of the above applicable.
e. None of the above
10 Is it acceptable to fill weld access holes with weld metal
4 Why are compressible materials prohibited in connected for cosmetic or corrosion-protection reasons?
plies of bolted parts?
11 Why is a continuous fillet weld preferable to an
5 True or False: Cables used for permanent bracing or intermittent fillet weld when considering fatigue
suspension of systems are not considered structural steel. in design?

TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS

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 steel quiz ANSWERS
1 Yes. The AISC Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and
Bridges (ANSI/AISC 303-16) states,
in Section 6.2.1: The thermal
cutting of structural steel by hand-
guided or mechanically guided
means is permitted. The Code
is available as a free download at
www.aisc.org.
2 Yes. The Code (see answer 1)
states, in Section 7.14: The
correction of minor misfits by
moderate amounts of reaming,
grinding, welding or cutting, and
the drawing of elements into line
with drift pins, shall be considered
to be normal erection operations.
3 e. None of the above. ASTM
A786 is the standard specification
for rolled steel floor plates. The
plate will often be supplied without
specific mechanical properties
(see the AISC Steel Construction
14 APRIL 2017
Manual, 14th Edition, page 2-25,
for discussion).
4 C o m p re s s i b l e m a t e r i a l s c a n
prevent proper snug-tightening
and pretensioning, when required,
f ro m being a chieved during
installation of high-strength bolts.
A compressible element also
creates a service condition different
than that assumed in the AISC and
RCSC specifications. As mentioned
in Section 3.1 of the RCSC
Specification (a free download
a t w w w. b o l t c o u n c i l . o r g ) ,
compressible materials (gaskets,
insulation or any compressible
materials) shall not be placed
within the grip of the bolt.
5 True. Cables for permanent bracing
(i.e., tension-only bracing) or
suspension systems are considered
other steel, iron or metal items per
Section 2.2 of the Code.
6 When thick plates and heavy
shapes are used in applications
loaded in tension, the core area
has to be notch tough to ensure
brittle fracture will not occur. CVN
testing requirements are given in
the AISC Specification (available at
www.aisc.org/specications).
7 For bridges in cold-weather
applications, notch toughness is the
primary means of ensuring that the
steel will perform properly. This may
be necessary in cases where the
steel is exposed, and the specifier
should consult ASTM A709 Section
10 (including Tables 9 and 10).
8 Weld access holes serve multiple
functions. One function is to permit the
access needed to continue welds past
the web. Another function is to provide
a transition that accommodates
shrinkage strains from weld cooling.
The weld access hole extends to a
location where the end of the hole is
in compression and therefore cannot
crack. The dimensions indicated in the
AISC Specification Section J1.6 and
shown graphically in the commentary
satisfy this distance requirement.
9 False, per RCSC Specification
Commentary Section 3.3.4.
10 This practice is not recommended
as it defeats all the purposes for
which the weld access hole was
used in the first place (except
access for welding). Commentary
Section 5.16.1 of AWS D1.1 states:
When weld access holes are
required to be closed for cosmetic
or corrosion protection reasons,
sealing by use of mastic materials
may be preferable to welding.
11 Every fillet weld segment has a start
and stop, and each start and stop
has a crater in the weld. Craters
serve as crack initiators in fatigue
applications. Thus, the fewer starts
and stops, the fewer crack initiators.
Everyone is welcome to submit questions and
answers for Steel Quiz. If you are interested in
submitting one question or an entire quiz, contact
AISCs Steel Solutions Center at 866.ASK.AISC or at
solutions@aisc.org.







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AISCs latest Code of Standard Practice includes new terminology
that accommodates the construction industrys ongoing
transition from drawing-based to model-based workflows.
TECHNOLOGY PERPETUALLY ENHANCES the
structural steel design, fabrication and erection industry, and
the AISC Code of Standard Practice (ANSI/AISC 303-16, avail-
able at www.aisc.org/specifications) must change to reflect
innovations as they come into being and evolve.
A significant advancement in recent years has been the steady
incorporation of digital 3D models into the construction work-
flow. In 2005, the Code added Appendix A, Digital Building Prod-
uct Models, to offer an easily referenced method for engineers,
fabricators and erectors to use and exchange digital modelsand
digital model use has become more prevalent ever since. For this
reason, Appendix A has been removed from the 2016 version and
model-related language has been incorporated directly into the
main text of the Code. This language includes new terminology
recognizing the current industry transition from drawings to
models and the fact that a combination of both is used on many
projects, a trend that will likely continue for quite some time.
Design Phase
In exploring this new terminology, lets start with the design
phase. These terms are intended to help clarify communica-
tions and contracts so that an engineer can expect an equivalent
project whether they issue drawings, a model or both:
design documents. These are design drawings or, where the
parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide
digital model(s), the design model. A combination of
drawings and digital models may also be provided
design model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital model
of the structure that conveys the structural steel require-
ments given in Section 3.1 for the building
The definition of contract documents has not changed:
contract documents. The documents that define the responsi-
bilities of the parties are involved in bidding, fabricating and
erecting structural steel. These documents normally include
the design documents, the specifications and the contract.
Section 1.4 of the Code also clarifies the identification of the
controlling document. This section states: When the design
drawings and a design model are both provided, the owners des-
ignated representative for design shall specify which document is
the controlling contract document.
owners designated representative for design. The owner
or the entity that is responsible to the owner for the
overall structural design of the project, including the
structural steel frame. This is usually the structural
engineer of record.
steelwise
SPEAKING
THE SAME
LANGUAGE
BY LAWRENCE F. KRUTH, PE
Additional Terminology
While many new Code of Standard Practice terms are
dened in this article, several terms from past versions
of the Code have also been referenced:
Contract documents. The documents that dene
the responsibilities of the parties that are involved
in bidding, fabricating and erecting structural steel.
These documents normally include the design
documents, the specications and the contract.
Design drawings. The graphic and pictorial
portions of the contract documents showing the
design, location and dimensions of the work.
These documents generally include, but are not
necessarily limited to, plans, elevations, sections,
details, schedules, diagrams and notes.
Embedment drawings. Drawings that show the
location and placement of items that are installed
to receive structural steel.
Erection drawings. Field-installation or member-
placement drawings that are prepared by the
fabricator to show the location and attachment of
the individual structural steel shipping pieces.
Shop drawings. Drawings of the individual
structural steel shipping pieces that are to be
produced in the fabrication shop.
When design documents are issued for construction, the
structural engineer of record must communicate whether
Larry Kruth (kruth@aisc.org)
is AISCs vice president of
engineering and research.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 17
 steelwise
A screen shot of an assembly in a 3D model and a view of the same assembly in the as-built condition.
the drawings or the model shall be used to complete the fab-
rication and erection documents, and Section 3.3 of the Code
deals with discrepancies. To clarify which document governs,
the following wording was added to this section: When dis-
crepancies exist between the design drawings and the design
model, the governing document shall be as identified per
Section 1.4.
In Section 1.4, the owners designated representative for de-
sign identifies whether the drawings or the model govern the
construction; the same document will govern discrepancies.
Construction Phase
As more fabricators directly use 3D modeling to complete
fabrication documents, new terminology has been developed in
this area too. Similar to the design process, the new term fab-
rication documents is an intentional generalization to reflect the
use of models and/or drawings:
fabrication documents. The shop drawings or, where the
parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide
digital model(s), the fabrication model. A combination of
drawings and digital models also may be provided
fabrication model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital
model produced to convey the information necessary to
fabricate the structural steel. This may be the same digital
model as the erection model, but it is not required to be
New erection-related terminology has also been devel-
oped, given the proliferation of 3D models being used in
the field:
erection documents. The erection drawings, or where the
parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide
digital model(s), the erection model. A combination of
drawings and digital models also may be provided
18 APRIL 2017
erection model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital model
produced to convey the information necessary to erect
the structural steel. This may be the same digital model
as the fabrication model, but it is not required to be
Many engineers and architects have discovered the advan-
tages of reviewing 3D models of fabrication documents rather
than 2D drawings. Using 3D models for approval enables the
approving party to see the structure as it will be fabricated and
also how it will look when it is completely erected. This process
can result in a more accurate and shorter approval process as
opposed to the traditional 2D process. As such, the following
term has been added:
approval documents. The structural steel shop drawings,
erection drawings and embedment drawings, or where
the parties have agreed in the contract documents to
provide digital model(s), the fabrication model and erection
model. A combination of drawings and digital models
also may be provided
Document Responsibility
Section 4.3 addresses the ownership and risks of using design
documents. Subsection (a) of Section 4.3 states: All information
contained in the digital files or copies of the design documents
shall be considered instruments of service of the owners desig-
nated representative for design and shall not be used for other
projects, additions to the project or the completion of the project
by others. Digital files or copies of the design documents shall
remain the property of the owners designated representative for
design and in no case shall the transfer of these copies of the
design documents be considered a sale, or unrestricted license.
From this language, it is clear that design documents should be
used strictly for completing projects and for no other reason.
 steelwise
A 2D drawing of a beam, and the same beam, as built.
In addition, Subsection (d) states: Any party or entity
that creates a copy of the design model does so at their own
risk. If a design document is used to complete fabrication
and erection documents, the fabricator/erector is still re-
sponsible for the accuracy of these documents. Errors that
occur in the electronic transfer are the responsibility of the
party using the design document and not the originator of
the design document.
Revisions and Maintenance
Section 3.5 addresses revisions to design documents and
specifications, with the following new language: When re-
visions are communicated using design models, revisions
shall be made evident in the revised design model submit-
ted by identifying within the design model which items are
changed. Alternatively, the changes shall be submitted with
a written document describing in explicit detail the items
that are changed. A historic tracking of changes must either
be present in the revised design model or maintained in the
written record of changes. Presently, it is difficult to iden-
20 APRIL 2017
tify changes in design models. For this reason, it is permitted
to communicate these changes via sketches or a written doc-
ument. As technology evolves, this language in the Code will
accommodate newer methods of identifying these changes
within the model.
Section 4.6 has added the following language: When a
design model is used as the design documents, the changes
and/or clarifications made in response to RFIs shall be incor-
porated into the design model. Even though answers to RFIs
may be issued in the form of a written document or sketches,
the original design document, whether it consist of drawings
or a model, must be brought up to date to reflect the answer
to the RFIs.
While this new terminology may seem extensive, it will in
no way restrict the continued use of drawings, nor will it make
communicating construction information via 3D models an ex-
ception. On the contrary, it offers more flexibility for the design
community and steel construction industry to continue lead-
ing the way together in adopting new, innovative technology to
better our projects.
Full Member
 specwise
GETTING FILLED A look at changes to
IN ON COMPOSITE composite column design in the
COLUMNS 2016 AISC Specification.
BY MARK D. DENAVIT, PE, PHD, AND
WILLIAM P. JACOBS, V, SE,PE
THE RECENTLY RELEASED 2016 AISC Specification for Struc-
tural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16, available at www.aisc.org/
specifications) contains a number of important enhancements and
revisions relevant to the design of steel-concrete composite columns.
Changes include an expansion and clarification of the Speci-
fications scope as it pertains to composite columns, improved
provisions for the assessment of stability and member strength
and an enhanced treatment of load transfer. This information,
contained primarily within Chapter I, represents the AISC
Committee on Specifications efforts to incorporate relevant
new research while increasing usability and design efficiency.
Expanded Scope
When it comes to the evolution of the Specifications scope,
three changes were made that broaden and clarify the range of
composite columns that is covered. First, the glossary defini-
tion of filled composite members has expanded. While filled
composite members were previously limited to fabricated hol-
low structural sections (HSS) filled with structural concrete,
the Specification now also applies to filled composite members
constructed with box sections (square or rectangular doubly
symmetric members made with four plates welded together at
the corners). This change is based on an evaluation of available
experimental results on composite columns constructed with
both fabricated HSS sections and built-up box sections, which
indicated similar performance for both configurations.
Mark Denavit is an assistant professor at the University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, and Will Jacobs is a principal at Stanley D. Lindsey
and Associates, Ltd., in Atlanta. Both are members of the AISC
Committee on Specications, Task Committee 5Composite Design.
22 APRIL 2017
Second, for filled composite members used as columns, it
has been clarified that neither longitudinal nor transverse re-
inforcement are required, even in cases where longitudinal
reinforcement is provided (due to the confining effect of the
steel section). This change simply adds an explicit statement
of the original intent, since the majority of experimental data
on which the filled composite member provisions are based are
from specimens without any internal reinforcing.
Third, the maximum permitted yield stress of reinforcing
bars has increase from 75 ksi to 80 ksi to match a corresponding
increase in permitted strength in ACI 318.
Stability and Axial Strength
Many of the more substantial changes to the composite
column provisions pertain to how stability and member axial
strength are assessed. The direct analysis method was intro-
duced in Appendix 7 of the 2005 Specification and moved to
Chapter C in the 2010 version. A key component of the di-
rect analysis method is member stiffness reductions that must
be made when determining required strengths. Previously,
these adjustments were only defined for bare structural steel
members. In the 2016 Specification, the newly added Section
I1.5 explicitly defines the stiffness to be used for composite
columns within the direct analysis method. For example, the
flexural stiffness of composite columns under net compression
is taken as 0.8bEIeff , where EIeff is the effective stiffness defined
for the computation of axial strength in Section I2, and 0.8b
is the adjustment specified within Chapter C. The factor, b ,
has been specially defined for composite columns as a constant
0.8, resulting in the use of 0.64EIeff for flexural stiffness. These
new provisions were based on analytical research following the
same methods used in the original development of the direct
analysis method for bare steel members.
The effective stiffness, EIeff , equations have also been revised
based on the same research and a reevaluation of experimental
data. Previously, the effective stiffness was taken as the summa-
tion of the stiffness from each component (steel, concrete and
reinforcement) based on gross cross-sectional properties with
reduction factors applied to the concrete contribution and to
the reinforcement contribution for encased composite mem-
bers. The form of the equations remains the same, but the fac-
tors have been updated to reflect the new research. For encased
composite members, the effective stiffness increases signifi-
cantly both with the removal of the factor on the reinforcement
 specwise

C1 (2016)

C1 (2010)

contribution and an increase to the concrete contri-

bution factor, C1. For filled composite members, the
effective stiffness may decrease slightly corresponding
to the lower concrete contribution factor, C3, for steel
ratios below 15%. The changes to the concrete contri-
bution factors are shown in Figure 1. However, note

Figure 1. Change in the concrete contribution factor.
that the definition of steel ratio used in the equations
has also changed in the new provisions.

Interaction Strength Permitted for filled composite

In addition to the base member axial and flexural members with noncompact or
strength revisions, two new methods for determining slender sections in the 2016
Specification
the strength of composite columns under combined
axial load and bending moment have been added.
Axial Compression, P/Pn

For filled composite members with non-compact or

slender steel compression elements, it was previously
required that the interaction diagram defined in Sec-
tion H1.1 be used. A new option for the evaluation of
strength under combined flexure and axial compres-
sion has been developed for these sections, in which
an interaction surface consisting of a generalized bi-
linear curve with an anchor point computed based on
Required for filled composite
cross-sectional properties is constructed, as shown in
members with noncompact
Figure 2. The shape of the interaction surface better or slender sections in the
represents the location of the balance point for these 2010 Specification
generally concrete-dominant members.
The second new method is for assessing the nomi-
nal strength of composite cross sections. The new
method, called the effective stress-strain method, as Bending Moment, M/Mn
Figure 2. New interaction diagram.

defined in Section I1.2d, is similar to the strain com-

patibility method but allows for stress-strain relation-
ships that account for phenomena that are not strictly
a material response, such as local buckling of the steel
Tension
section and concrete confinement. An example of such Local buckling included
a stress-strain relationship is shown in Figure 3, where as part of the steel
the compression response of the steel section has been stress-strain response
altered to include the effects of local buckling.

Load Transfer
The direct bond interaction provisions in Section
I6.3c have undergone a major revision for the 2016
Specification. Based on a reevaluation of available ex-
perimental data, new equations have been developed Compression
for bond strength as a function of cross-sectional di-
mensions. A sample of the experimental results from
push-out tests on round filled composite members is

Figure 3. Effective stress-strain relationship.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 23
 specwise Figure 4.
Change in
the bond Experimental data
stress, Fin. from push-out tests
on round filled
shown in Figure 4, where t is the HSS thickness and D is the composite members

outside diameter of the round HSS.

Bond Stress (psi)

Additionally, the area over which the bond stress acts has
been updated to be the product of the load introduction length
and the entire interface perimeter, and the load introduction
length has been updated to be consistent with requirements of
other load transfer mechanisms. The use of the whole interface
perimeter is in contrast to previous editions of the Specification,
where the cross section was partitioned into quarters for the Fin (2010)
calculation of strength. Correspondingly, the required strength
must now be determined as the sum of the reactions from all
members framing into the column at a given level. With the
new provisions, bond strength becomes a more viable option HSS Slenderness, t/D2 (1/in.)

for load transfer, particularly for smaller and thicker HSS and
box sections with light to moderate applied loads.
Revisions were also made to the treatment of external force
application to better address non-compact and slender cross
sections. For slender filled composite members, external forces
must be applied directly to the concrete to prevent localized
thin-wall failures. These forces are then transferred to the steel
section using a ratio involving the critical buckling stress of the
steel elements as opposed to their full yield strength as in previ-
ous editions of the Specification.
Future Direction
Composite column design is a field of expanding research
and rapid advancement, and the committee is already begin-
ning to look forward to the next Specification cycle. Among the
topics the committee is investigating for potential future up-
dates are higher-strength materials, improved interaction dia-
grams for composite beam-columns and addressing long-term
effects of creep and shrinkage. As always, the intent of both re-
cent and future changes is to maintain safety, increase reliability
and promote efficiency.

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 business issues
Modern leadership still involves LEADERS:
plenty of talking, but theres an KNOW THYSELF
increasing emphasis on listening AND YOUR
not only to others but also to oneself. EMPLOYEES
BY MAGI GRAZIANO

BEING AN EFFECTIVE LEADER has become more compli- Self-Awareness

cated in the 21st century. Self-awareness begins with the curiosity and courage to hear
In the previous century, for the vast majority, work was what does and doesnt work about your leadership and the cul-
approached as a means of survival. The level of employee ture that exists in the organization. Once you become aware
engagement did not dictate how long they stayed in the role. of your competitive talent advantages and your talent barriers
But its different today. People are always on the lookout for from the eyes of your people, you are equipped to take powerful
more stimulating and rewarding work, as well as inspiring work action. Self-awareness allows you to leverage your talent and
environments where they can make intervene when and where neces-
a difference and grow themselves sary to remove those personality
and their careers. ticks that are in the way of your
Leaders now face these and Agility in your response means true leadership potential.
other unprecedented challenges. Culture and climate awareness
Todays leaders must not only that you have trained yourself opens the door for you to see what
understand their competitors is really going on and intervene in
when it comes to customers, but to think before reacting. the cultural norms and barriers that
also when it comes to their talents. are in the way of employee engage-
They must be able to lead three ment, innovation and synchronicity.
completely different generations of When you are curious and coura-
people (baby boomers, generation X and millennials), all with geous, you begin to ask the tough questions and hear the tough
different operating contexts and outlooks on what work is all answers. When you do this, you begin to see what blind spots
about. They must have well-honed human awareness acumen may be hidden from your view, and you learn what you do that
and call on it moment-by-moment to inspire, enroll and engage sabotages or impedes your leadership effectiveness.
their employees. These leaders must understand the systemic Self-awareness is the doorway to emotional intelligence, and
impacts of their company climate and be willing to look deeper it gives you access to real improvement as well as personal and
to understand cultural norms that are impeding agility and professional development. But its not always easy. In almost
innovation. They must have the finesse to weave day-to-day
tasks into the big picture and inspire their people to give it their
all for the sake of the mission. Todays leaders need to under- Magi Graziano is the CEO of
stand people at their core like never before. KeenAlignment, a speaker, an
Global workforce surveys report that highly qualified, moti- employee recruitment and engage-
vated people chose to work for companies that build a strong, ment expert and author of The
inspiring culture and that monitor and address both work- Wealth of Talent. With more than
place culture and climate issues as they arise. If recruitment 20 years of experience as a top pro-
and retention of highly qualified, motivated people is one your ducer in the recruitment and search
organizations initiatives, leadership intelligence ought to be industry, she empowers and enables
another. They go hand in hand. leaders to bring transformational
Leadership intelligence relies on your ability to grow, learn and thinking to their day-to-day opera-
master new ways to lead people, and there are three tenets to tions. For more on Magi, please
consider when boosting it: self-awareness, executive brain func- visit www.keenalignment.com.
tion and response agility.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 27

 business
issues

every case with every human being, there are personality or
behavioral aspects that have a negative impact on others, and
with an authentic look in the mirror an aware leader can begin
to take responsibility for those negative impacts. But just being
aware of our negative behaviors is, alone, insufficient. Taking
responsibility for the impact of those behaviors, asking for for-
giveness and working to shift away from those limiting ways
of being is where leadership intelligence begins. Once leaders
have mastered self-awareness, they optimize their ability to
leverage situational awarenesswhich is fundamental to assess-
ing, evaluating and intervening, if need be, in the ebbs and flows
of the climate and culture of their organizations.
Executive Brain Function
Optimizing your executive brain function is the secret weapon
of leadership intelligence. Doing so is a whole other article,
but here are the basics of the concept. The prefrontal cortex
is where the executive brain operates; think of the controls in
an airplane cockpit. This is the part of our brain where strate-
gic thinking, collaboration, reasoning and creativity come from.
The problem is that most leaders learn over time to depend and
lean on one hemisphere, and they become complacent in allow-
ing that hemisphere to run the show. This limits the airplanes
ability to navigate through storms and soar to new heights.
The left hemisphere of our brain is where our organiza-
tion, categorizing, reasoning and strategizing come from. It
is in the right hemisphere where brainstorming, innovation,
collaboration and relationship abilities are housed. When a
leader is aware of their goals and visions as well as in control
(conscious) of their thoughts, responses and well-beingand
the leader leverages both hemispheres of their executive brain
through right-left hemisphere integrationtheir leadership
intelligence and effectiveness skyrockets. When a leader is
using all of their capacities, they see things they might not
otherwise see and are more equipped to respond to climate
and cultural barriers and infringements.

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 business
issues

Response Agility An Inspired Mission

Response agility is the ability to respond in an appropriate,
controlled mannerregardless of the current stress or break-
down you are facing. Being agile with response and reaction
is key to effective leadership. Anger and frustration might
be needed at times, and curiosity and collaboration may be
needed at other times. Flat-line reaction is not appropriate for
all situations, and screaming and yelling is not appropriate for
any situation.
Agility in your response means that you have trained
yourself to think before reacting. Effective leaders ask them-
selves, What is needed now? This has everything to do with
situational awareness and appropriate reaction. When stuff
hits the fan at work, a leader who has a handle on how they
respond and can coach others in this manner is one who is
positively contributing to a healthy company climate and cul-
ture. Response agility takes discipline, awareness, new habit
formation and commitment.
Being a mission-driven leader who inspires people to give their
best in service of a compelling vision is a key element of todays most
successful leaders. They know that most people they hire are not
coming to work simply for a paycheck. Rather, these leaders have
a keen awareness that many of the people they hire are coming to
work to fulfill their individual purpose in a way that supports the
organizational purpose. Todays highly effective leaders understand
how to inspire esprit de corps and leverage their communication
with others to do so. They use their people skills to tie work respon-
sibilities and tasks to the overall intent and strategy of the business.
Lastly, these leaders understand the difference between climate and
culture and have the aptitude to know how and when to alter both.
Learning the fundamentals of how people operate and how
to inspire them is the easy part. Mastering those skills is lead-
ership intelligence. Turning your leadership intelligence into
your competitive talent advantage is the number one way to
impact recruitment and retention of the best people.

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 The highlights of High Point Universitys newest academic building
are comprised of open volumes, and steel makes them happen.

Making the
POINT
BY CHARLES BOWMAN, PE

The new two-story building incorporates

THE NEW COTTRELL HALL, home of the Flanagan Center for Student 46,000 sq. ft of meeting and classroom
Success, could be conceived structurally as a typical low-rise building with spaces.
some large floor openings to work around.
Located on the campus of High Point University in High Point, N.C., the
46,000-sq.-ft, $13.4 million, two-story structure is long and slender, but features
multiple openings between the first and second floors, as well as a large, open
dome. Combining traditional Georgian architecture with an innovative structural
steel framing system, it incorporates meeting, classroom and study spaces. The
design intent was to have large open floor spaces and high open volumes in order
to provide a sense of open community and excitement within the building, as well
as a sense of entrepreneurial team building and creativity.

Charles Bowman (cb2structural@

bellsouth.net) is a structural engineer
with CB2 Structural Engineers.
The main building framing consists of elevated
decking of 3-in. lightweight concrete over 2-in.
composite metal deck supported by steel beams that
are in turn supported by wide-flange columns found-
ed on shallow spread footings (these columns range
in size from W831 up to W1279). Lateral stability
for the project is provided by concentrically braced
steel frames, and the roof system is comprised of
structural steel beams supporting a composite con-

32 APRIL 2017
 Samet Corp.

A structural model
of the building.

CB2

The dome was erected piece by piece.

crete deck system

at the mechanical area-
wells and supporting 1-in. type B Universal Steel of N.C.

3D VIEW
metal roof decking in all other areas of the roof. The
entire project incorporates 550 tons of structural steel.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 33

 Dynamic Dome
The building is nearly 300 ft long and
for the final 60 ft at each end, it undergoes
a 45 shift in plan geometry, and also in-
cludes large vertical openings at four loca-
tions along its length. The largest of these,
and the primary architectural focus of the
building, is the steel-framed dome located
near the entry vestibule at the center of
the building. Glass-fiber-reinforced gyp-
sum wall and ceiling panels are suspended
from the interior of the dome, which also
features a 35-ft-long modern art chandelier
suspended from the center.
The domes architectural fixtures, dead
weight, live loads (as required by the lo-
CB2
cal building code) and lateral seismic and
wind forces all created load combinations
The domes architectural design called for the roof to be comprised of eight
faceted curved surfaces joined together at intersecting ribs. resulting in significant member stress and
deflection variations depending on lateral
force direction. After studying the forces in
several directions and using multiple load
combinations (aided by RISA 3D software),
the design team concluded that hollow
structural sections (HSS), welded to one
another as rigid frames, would provide
the best solution for the resulting member
stresses and calculated structure lateral and
vertical movementas well as keep with
the architectural requirement of having an
open, unobstructed interior dome volume.
The domes architectural design called
for the roof to be comprised of eight fac-
eted curved surfaces joined together at in-
tersecting ribs. The ribs were to be rolled
to a constant radius while the faceted faces
of the dome were to be rolled to ever-
tightening curves as the roof surface ap-
proached the apex of the dome. However,
current technology for rolling HSS mem-
CB2
bers does not permit them to be rolled to
ever-tightening, multi-centered arches.
CB2
Structural engineer CB2 Structural, work-
ing with fabricator Universal Steel and
bender-roller Chicago Metal Rolled Prod-
ucts, determined that the best course of ac-
tion was to roll the HSS roof members to
three separate circular arch lengths at dif-
ferent locations along each dome member
length, holding multiple in-person meet-
ings to work through the complexity of
the various rolled shapes. By rolling the

The building is nearly 300 ft in length.

The final 60 ft at each end of the building
undergo a 45 shift in plan geometry.

34 APRIL 2017
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 One of the oor openings.

HSS roof steel to three circular arch center

points, the architecturally requested multi-
centered arch face of each roof facet could
be approximated in the shop.
Another rolling challenge involved
the interaction between the supports for
metal roof decking and the circular curved
rib members. The theoretical metal deck
intersection point at each facet rib mem-
ber would be located directly above, but CB2
not in contact with, each circular rolled
rib member. A bent plate could not be CB2
rolled to an arch shape atop the curved rib
without the plate buckling. As a result, the
steel team developed a solution involving
a series of small plates, each of slightly dif-
ferent geometry and elevation, along the
length of the rib members to allow sup-
port and anchorage of the metal deck to
each side of the members.

Perfect Placement
When it came to getting the dome to
its final position, the team recognized that
erecting a rigid frame, while suspended
some 88 ft above ground level, would be
difficult, to say the least. As a result, CB2
Structural designed the dome framing such
that it could either be fully erected on the
ground and then lifted into place as a single,
fully assembled unit, or erected in the air,
piece by piece, through the use of multiple
cranes. Once erection planning was under
way, safety, necessary crane sizes, erection
time and fit-up considerations were all
Looking up...
weighed when comparing the two schemes,
and the piece-by-piece plan was deemed ...and looking down through the main oor opening beneath the dome.
the best option. CB2
CB2 Structural had designed the
central (middle) octagonal tube steel
ring, located at the top of the dome, to
be used as a suspended framing point for
erecting the dome rib members. While
the central ring was on the ground, two
of the curved tube rings were welded to
it. The central ring and two ribs were
then hoisted into place via one of the site
cranes. The ring and two ribs were then
suspended by one crane while each of
the additional rolled HSS ribs was held
in place by a second crane and welded
into place at both the lower supporting
HSS columns and the upper supporting

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 35

 steel ring. Each rib was erected in a similar manner until
the basic framework for the dome was fully erected. Once
the central octagonal ring and primary rib members were
erected, supplementary facet members (those rolled to
multi-point arches along their lengths) were erected. The
members were held in place by cranes while the erection
crews worked from bucket lifts operating around the pe-
rimeter of the erected dome ribs.

Curved steel for the dome framing.

CB2

CB2 The building is framed with 550 tons of steel.

Lateral Challenges
The domes lateral and vertical forces were transferred to
the roof diaphragm and steel framing below via concentri-
cally braced steel frames, and this load path was used to de-
sign the diaphragms as well as the buildings concentrically
braced frames. In addition, the openings in the second-floor
diaphragmwhich allowed occupants on this level to view
the first levelcomplicated the distribution of lateral wind
and seismic forces Where diaphragms with a limited num-
ber of openings may have made for fewer braced frames in a
similar plan size, the larger and more frequent floor and roof
diaphragm openings required that braced frames be located
both frequently and uniformly throughout the floor plan.
Frequent braced frame plan locations resulted in diaphragm
load paths that were compatible with the architectural floor
opening requirements. The braced frames consisted of wide-
flange columns and beams diagonally braced by HSS66 and
HSS88 members.
CB2
The owners vision for an exciting building, the architects
The central (middle) octagonal tube steel ring, located at the work to bring about the owners vision and the structural en-
top of the dome. gineers close coordination with the steel team all combined to

36 APRIL 2017
 A 35-ft-long chandelier is suspended
from the domes interior.

deliver an exciting project via the flexibility

and workability of structural steel.
Owner
High Point University, High Point, N.C.
General Contractor
Samet Corporation, Greensboro, N.C.
Architect
Mercer Architecture, High Point, N.C.
Structural Engineer
CB2 Structural Engineers, PLLC,
Kernersville, N.C.
Steel Team
Fabricator
Universal Steel of NC, LLC,
Thomasville, N.C.
Detailer
Prodraft, Inc., Chesapeake, Va.
Bender-Roller
Chicago Metal Rolled Products
CB2

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 37

 Tri-chord HSS trusses made from
ASTM 1085 steel optimize a
rebuilt transfer station on
a tight waterfront
site in Seattle.
Waste NOT BY IGNASIUS SEILIE, SE, PE, AND LINDSEY BURNS
All photos: Integrated Design Engineers, unless otherwise noted
SEATTLES NORTH TRANSFER STATION may be one
of the most beautiful and community-friendly dumps in America.
Sited adjacent to a residential neighborhood with water-
front views, the rebuilt station fulfills Seattle Public Utilities
goal to both modernize the 1960s facility and also be a good
neighbordespite processing 750 tons of waste and recycla-
bles on-site every day.
The stations new $12 million, 67,000-sq.-ft tipping and
transfer building superstructure was designed by a structural
engineering partnership between Integrated Design Engineers
(IDE) and CDM Smith. The building collects and sorts waste
destined for the landfill using the flat-floor unloading and sort-
ing method, and is equipped with noise and odor reducers and
Ignasius Seilie is a principal and Lindsey Burns is marketing
manager, both with Integrated Design Engineers.
38 APRIL 2017
a mist sprayer that reduces dust. And a 150-kW solar array and
green roof cover 80% of the buildings roof area.
Due to diagonal bounding streets, the new structure was built
along a corner of the site that is cropped like a dog-eared page.
The buildings lower-level southwest corner had to be clear of
columns and walls to allow trucks to enter the building after driv-
ing down the ramp from the street. In addition, the upper level of
the building had to be column-free for its full 200-ft span.
The projects location on a tight, congested site in a resi-
dential area prompted steel fabricator Fought & Company to
look at various member lengths and truck sizes. Test runs were
performed, which helped determine the proper number and
locations of splices (e.g., three splices were needed for some
members/assemblies where previously only two were expected)
and the limited laydown area required trucks to be staged at
strategic locations.
Building a transfer station to facilitate transfer trailers at
the lower level, in addition to hosting both public vehicles and
commercial garbage trucks at the upper level, presented some
interesting geometric challenges. The maximum ramp slope for
the transfer trailer and the maximum ramp length (defined by
the site dimension) limited the buildings total depth. In addi-
tion, a community agreement also limited the buildings height.
These two limits, as well as the required height clearance for ve-
hicles at the upper and lower levels, determined the maximum
structural depth. The solution for the structure was to combine
the full-depth exterior walls at the south and west to create a
deep truss system to support the building without losing the
required space clearance. In addition, in order to accommodate
 An aerial view of the project, as seen from Lake Union.
Driving down the ramp into the tipping and transfer building from the street.

Mahlum

A completed SAP2000 model of the facility.

The southwest view of the oating corner
transfer trusses and truck access ramp. An interior view, showing the tri-chord trusses and transfer trusses.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 39


Tri-chord trusses, in the shop.
The trusses were painted using a shop-applied three-coat system.
A New Experience
The Seattle North Transfer Station took advantage of the relatively new
ASTM A1085 grade of HSS.
This project was the rst time we used ASTM A1085, and we enjoyed
working with it. Using this product for the truss chords provided added
ductility in the system while satisfying the architectural limitations of mem-
ber size. It allowed the use of a reduced diameter size for the roof truss
bottom chord and interior element of the downturned leg. The main ben-
et was that we could use the properties 100%, with no reduction of the
HSS wall thickness. It was a win-win situation.
In addition, the new ASTM A1085 specication was very advantageous
when designing the round HSS-to-HSS connections per AISC Specication
(ANSI/AISC 360) Chapter K and AISC Design Guide 24: Hollow Structural Sec-
tion Connections (both available at www.aisc.org/publications). The welded
connections were designed to full the all the applicable limit states, and under
the new ASTM A1085 specication it is acceptable to use the full cross-section
area and a higher yield strength value for HSS members. Ignasius Seilie
40 APRIL 2017
the turning radius of the transfer trailers,
several support columns at the lower level
along the south face needed to be removed.
Floating Corner
Responding to these parameters, IDE
and CDM Smith worked together to de-
sign a solution now called the floating
corner, a 50-ft cantilever truss and 120-ft
main transfer truss system that supports
the weight of the entire building at its
southwest corner. The main transfer truss
at the south face is supported by a double
W30 beam embedded in the concrete slab
on the east and a full-story cantilever truss
on the west. The full-story truss depth was
selected to optimize the structural weight
and allow top and bottom chord stabili-
zation. This allowed open access for the
transfer trailers to maneuver at the lower
level when going in and out to the facility.
The complexity of these trusses lies in
the multiple-stage camber to ensure that
the trusses would be at the correct eleva-
tions when the building was completed and
loadings applied, as any unpredicted deflec-
tion would impact the tri-chord roof trusses.
The tri-chord truss roof structure cou-
pled with the large transfer trusses on the
west side of the building made the cantile-
ver and the truck entry possible, explained
Luke Pulliam, project architect with Mah-
lum, the buildings architect. The building
would be inoperable without them.
The buildings bounding streets were not
only a challenge for building access but also
contained private residences that wanted to
preserve views of nearby Lake Union. The
upper level of the building had to somehow
allow for a 200-ft span of open space with-
out exceeding a roof structure depth of 7 ft
(a span-to-depth ratio of L/28).
Initial designs explored the use of a deep
girder system, but IDE determined that a
primary lateral system of tri-chord steel
trusses would have greater load capacity and
 Atlas Tube
The tri-chord trusses, under construction. Transluscent panels above the truses allow
sunlight to penetrate the building.

greater stability and be easier to erect than a

deep-girder system. The open trusses could
THE SOFTWARE OF CHOICE FOR
also allow better distribution of light girders
as compared to deep girders.
The tri-chord truss and column solution
STEEL FABRICATION MANAGEMENT
ESTIMATING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION CONTROL COMBINING
kept the depth of the long-span roof struc- PURCHASING INVENTORY CONTROL ORDER ENTRY PROJECT SCHEDULING
ture to a minimum and provided an elegant INSPECTION MODULE QA TESTING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REMOTE LINK
daylighting strategy that earned the project
Helping you put all the pieces of the puzzle together
LEED daylighting credits, noted Pierce
McVey, lead architect with Mahlum. Over-
all, the steel elements create an organization-
al framework and visual interest that define
the open space and thus become a significant
part of the architectural aesthetic.

HSS Upgrade
Given the limitations for truss depth, IDE
realized traditional ASTM A500 HSS (hol-
low structural sections) did not meet the
buildings architectural and structural re-
quirements. Instead, the buildings tri-chord
roof truss system contains 90 tons of ASTM
A1085 HSS steelthe largest and most com-
plicated use of this steel type on the West
Coast at the time of construction. Close col-
laboration with HSS manufacturer and AISC
member Atlas Tube was crucial during the
design phase to understand this new material.
One of the industry goals for the devel-
oping the new ASTM A1085 specification
was to increase the efficiency and perfor-
mance level for HSS, and I think IDE took
full advantage of that, said Bradlee Fletch-
er of Atlas Tube.
Using ASTM A1085s optimum proper-
ties and improved ductility, IDE was able to
reduce the size of the bottom chord HSS
and create a ductile trussed frame to resist
seismic loading in the north-south direction.
Each 11 tri-chord roof truss is composed of
two wide-flange top chords that are 10 in.
deep and located 6 ft apart parallel to each Find out why our clients are the most loyal in the industry.
other, with a ridge at mid-span sloping 2%
downwards on both ends. www.fabsuite.com 757.645.0842 info@fabsuite.com
The single bottom chord is a round
ASTM A1085 10.75-in. HSS situated 6 ft

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 41


Truss assembly, in the shop.
An assembled tri-chorded truss downturned leg.
below the top chords in the closest location.
These elements integrate the basic triangu-
lar structure of the truss. A series of 6-in.
round HSS form the diagonal bracing and
web members between the top and bottom
chords. The down-turned leg that supports
the roof truss and connects to the building
floor follows an inverted pyramid shape,
with an interior 12.75-in. round ASTM
A1085 HSS and two exterior 10-in.-deep
wide-flanges that join together at the floor
to a single node.
While 3D modeling was not a project
requirement, IDE prepared its own 3D
model to study the complex geometry, con-
nection and orientation of the roof truss
members. During fabrication, it shared
this model with Fought and detailer Steel
Systems Engineering (SSE) as a tool to
communicate the complexity of the trusses,
and SSE used it as a reference for the final
model built with Tekla.
Never was direct access to the engi-
neer needed more or better performed by
IDE for this project, said Steve Fugate of
Fought. The first column and node con-
nection seemed like it took a month, but
between the learning curve and hands-on
collaboration, we doubled our productivity
to fabricate one column every two to three
days and one truss every week-and-a-half.

The truck trafc ow pattern for the facility.

42 APRIL 2017 Mahlum

 In addition, Fought built the steel as if
the project were a bridge, not a building.
In bridge fabrication, it is common to test-
assemble the entire structure in the shop
so that all connections are verified and
aligned before construction at the job site.
This approach of building each truss to
theoretical perfect down its length, with-
out using up any of the tolerances, vastly
reduced misalignment and led to smooth
erection in the field.
Owner Lifting the first truss into place.
Seattle Public Utilities The fabricator built the trusses as if they were for a bridge, not a building.
General Contractor
Lydig Construction, Bellevue, Wash.
Architect
Mahlum, Seattle
Structural Engineers
Integrated Design Engineers, LLC, Seattle
CDM Smith, Inc., Bellevue, Wash.
Steel Team
Fabricator
Fought & Company Inc.,
Tigard, Ore.
Detailer
Steel Systems Engineering, Inc.,
Sherman Oaks, Calif.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 43

 An epic flood ended the long and celebrated run of a prominent university
concert hall. But thanks to an elegant, innovative steel framing system
and flood-resistant design measures, its replacement is poised to be a smash hit.

Head Above
WATER
BY NATE SOSIN, SE, PE

Thornton Tomasetti

FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS, the University of Iowas
Hancher Auditorium was widely recognized for commissioning
new works of dance and music. As a major cultural landmark of
eastern Iowa, the renowned venue attracted audiences from far
beyond the universitys Iowa City campus.
Hanchers location along the Iowa River was one of the
most scenic on campusbut also one of the most flood-prone.
When a 500-year flood hit the area in 2008, the auditorium was
one of many structures severely damaged by the record-high
river waters and was forced to close. Hancherthe organiza-
tionpersevered without its namesake building, sponsoring
performances in local venues and open spaces after the flood.
And after an eight-year hiatus, the venues new incarnation,
near the original site but on higher ground, opened this past
fall with a completely reimagined design. (The adjacent music
building and recital hall, also closed due to the flood, were re-
built on a different part of campus.)
The 185,000-sq.-ft performing arts center, which incorpo-
rates 4,400 tons of structural steel, seats 1,800 and hosts music,
dance, opera and theatrical performances. The building also
contains spaces for rehearsals and teaching, offices, a scene
44 APRIL 2017
shop and a costume shop. On the exterior, the three-level main
lobby is surrounded by a faade of 14,000 brushed stainless
steel shingles and glass. Gently curving forms cantilever at the
south end of the building, creating striking overhangs for the
lobby and a second-level terrace and mimicking a nearby bend
in the Iowa River. And this time around, Hanchers new home
includes a robust series of flood-resistance design elements.
The projects expedited schedule and sculptural form height-
ened the designs complexity, and early steel bid packages ne-
cessitated that the team coordinate design criteria, equipment
choices and loading requirements, which increased the quality
of the construction documents and reduced the potential for co-
ordination issues. Beyond this, the structural design team helped
deliver multiple innovative elements.
Iconic Cantilevers
Two sweeping forms cantilever over Hanchers main, south
entrance, creating a striking focal point that draws guests into the
space while providing views and solar shading for the multi-level
main lobby. The second-level canopy acts as an occupied terrace,
and 70-ft, two-way cantilevers project out above this terrace at the
 Thornton Tomasetti
A structural model of the building,
which uses 4,400 tons of steel
Truss installation.
The new facility opened this past fall.

Thornton Tomasetti

Mortenson Construction

The new Hancher Auditorum replaces the original building, which was
damaged by severe ooding of the Iowa River in 2008.
University of Iowa

University of Iowa
third level, with floor-to-ceiling glass walls between the cantilevers offer-
ing sweeping views of the campus and river. Architect Pelli Clarke Pelli ini-
tially proposed a 98-ft cantilever (as measured from the innermost column
at grade). Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti reviewed this canopy,
considering wind loads, vibrations, deflection limits and loads imposed by
exterior walls, and proposed a more cost-effective alternative that reduced
the span to 70 ft without compromising the architects design intent.
Arriving at the sweet spot of 70 ft involved multiple iterations.
In order to limit the vertical frequency of the cantilever structure
to avoid fluttering, the original concepta multi-story Vierendeel
trusswould have required more than 70 psf of structural steel at
Level 2 and more than 100 psf of steel at Level 3. These quantities
were helpful in grabbing the attention of both Pelli Clarke Pelli and
construction manager Mortenson Construction. Both responded
positively and constructively, providing solid, actionable design di- Before and after cladding shots of the underside
rection after a few investigative iterations. Columns were relocated of both cantilevers.
accordingly, resulting in a more than 40% reduction in tonnage for
these cantilevers and a substantially simpler erection process. The
final design featured large girders (51-in. plate girders at Level 2 Nate Sosin (nsosin@
and 69-in. plate girders at Level 3) and 28-in. built-up steel columns thorntontomasetti.com) is
that contributed to vertical and lateral stiffness. an associate with Thornton
Tomasettis Chicago ofce.
Acoustic Considerations
The structure is divided into in-box areas inside the performance
space surrounded by structurally and acoustically isolated out-of-box
areas. Perimeter isolation is provided by 24-in.-thick concrete walls and a
2-in. isolation joint around the performance hall, while three steel trusses
span between 100 ft and 120 ft to support a precast concrete lid slab that
seals off the top of audience chamber. Structural steel framing above and
south of these trusses helps create the sloping, curving architectural form
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 45
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that visually links the fly loft over the stage (the tallest portion of and mechanical system commissioning to prevent the accumula-
the structure) with the southern cantilevers. tion of large thermal stresses in the structure later on.
In some cases, it was necessary to support cantilevering in- Design for thermal loads begins by recognizing that ther-
box structure on top of out-of-box structure, and unfortunately mal self-straining forces result from a change in structural tem-
these transfers occurred near out-of-box mechanical rooms. To perature, T = T2 T1, where T1 is the temperature at which
prevent the transmission of equipment vibration through the you lock down the structure, and T2 is either the maximum
structure and into the auditorium, steel-reinforced rubber bear- or minimum temperature the structure sees during its service
ings were used to provide both acoustic and structural isolation. life. An iterative design process evolved within this framework:
These bearings provide structural isolation with an unguided Thornton Tomasetti proposed values for T that resulted in rea-
stainless steel-on-PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, AKA Teflon) sonable structural designs; the construction team provided input
sliding surface, while acoustic isolation is achieved by tuning on T1 lock-down temperatures with respect to the anticipated
the axial stress in the rubber under service loads to minimize construction schedule; the architect and mechanical engineer de-
the transmission of vibration in the range of typical mechanical signed skin and conditioning systems that achieved the required
equipment (about 7 Hz). Being too conservative with the ser- T2 temperatures; the sustainability consultants evaluated the re-
vice level loads would have reduced the bearings effectiveness sulting building energy use and presented it to the universitys
as an acoustic isolator, so it was crucial for the design team to Energy Hawks for comment; and the process was repeated until
accurately predict and report these loads to the manufacturer in building systems and structural design criteria were aligned. Fi-
advance of the bearings design. nally, the fully coordinated basis-of-design T1 and T2 tempera-
tures were documented on the structural contract drawings.
Thermal Considerations A temporary expansion joint was installed between the north
Large portions of the buildings 500-ft-long cantilever roof and south lateral systems to allow construction to proceed year-
slab are exposed to unoccupied exterior space on both the top round, including periods when the structural temperature fell
and bottom faces. Given Iowa Citys large temperature differ- outside the allowable T2 range. The erector and concrete con-
entials, a slab of this length would typically require a visually tractor locked down this joint when 1) the structure was within
unappealing and maintenance-intensive expansion joint. Instead the allowable T1 lockdown range and 2) conditioning required
of settling for the obvious, lower-quality solution, Thornton To- to maintain the basis-of-design T2 temperatures could be met
masetti worked with the entire team to find a combination of for the remainder of the structures service life. All told, this
temporary expansion joints, structural detailing, mechanical and comprehensive approach substantially reduced the self-strain-
skin system design and operational guidelines to control thermal ing forces in the final condition.
self-straining stresses without sacrificing aesthetic priorities or The structure was designed to share the remaining dia-
sustainability goals. The criteria were carefully coordinated with phragm forcesthermal as well as wind and seismicbetween
the construction team throughout steel erection, slab placement the reinforced composite steel slabs and the structural steel
46 APRIL 2017
 Flood Resistance
While the stage and main levels of the new Hancher Au-
ditorium are located 2 ft above the 500-year ood eleva-
tion, the programming still required MEP equipment to
be located in the basement and below the ood line. The
schematic design cost estimate assumed a typical 6-in.
basement slab on grade, which would not have been ca-
pable of resisting the uplift caused by the basis-of-design
10 ft of hydrostatic head. The solution to protecting the
basement from the ood loads was a 40-in.-thick hydro-

Thornton Tomasetti
static slab that spans between 800 driven steel H-piles
designed to resist both tension and compression, which
created a permanent, reliable bathtub.

Roof trusses for the auditorium.

Analysis determined more efcient column placement.
The newly built venue can seat 1,800.

Thornton Tomasetti

Thornton Tomasetti

framing. In most cases, steel beams were able to resist the axial tail eliminated the need for kickers and kept the soffit open for
diaphragm forces without upsizing and with fairly modest im- mechanical equipment and maintenance access, and was used
pact to their extended shear plate connections. extensively around the cantilevered perimeter.
Serving as a cultural hub for the University of Iowa and
Exterior Coordination beyond, Hanchers international reputation for excellence has
In addition to performing structural work, Thornton Toma- been rebooted. The best of steel construction combined with
setti also acted as the faade engineer and developed a stainless innovative structural design has created a new landmark whose
steel rain screen cladding system as well as a high-performance best practices will advance the building professionand allow
envelope system, incorporating a loads-imposed basis of design the new venue to flourish, without the worry of succumbing to
for early structural bid packages. A jointing study performed by future floodsfor years to come.
Thornton Tomasettis structural and faade teams, document- Owner
ing the exterior wall sections, provided robust information for University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
the rest of the design process.
Construction Manager
The goal for the typical exterior wall back-up detail was sim-
Mortenson Construction
plicity and repetition vs. absolute material efficiency. Ironically,
the structural and enclosure depths were roughly equal at the Architects
tip of the cantilever and diverged from there, with the struc- Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, New Haven, Conn.
ture becoming shallower and the enclosure becoming deeper OPN Architects, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
toward the north. To laterally brace the fascia and vertically Structural Engineer
support the soffit, a vertical W21 was cantilevered down off the Thornton Tomasetti, Chicago
tip of the cantilevered floor framing, and a sloping HSS208 Steel Erector
spanned nearly horizontally between W21 hangers. This de- Midwest Steel, Detroit
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 47
 Orthotropic steel deck
is a viable option for
rehabbing movable
bridges working on tight
schedules.
ORTHOTROPIC
Deck Delivers BY MARK TORRIE, PE, AND RIC LVESQUE, MSC, PENG
AS STATES AND OWNERS consider how to address our
nations infrastructure issues and increase the long-term perfor-
mance of their assets, their first reaction is typically to consider
options in their comfort zone.
However, there are other proven cost-competitive alterna-
tives that can be effective when it comes to re-decking long-
span steel bridges. One such option is the use of prefabricated
orthotropic steel deck (OSD) panels.
These modular panels employ a lightweight deck to reduce
the overall weight of the superstructure and can be designed
to sit on existing piers and foundations. The geometry of these
deck panels can also be designed to increase the total height of
48 APRIL 2017
the deck, increasing its moment of inertia in specific areas to re-
duce deflection. Ultimately, a panel can be installed with a thin,
anti-skid wearing surface (with an optional asphalt overcoat)
that can provide a service life in excess of 75 years.
The technology was recently employed on a swing bridge
in Hastings, Ontario. Built in the early 1950s, the bridge was a
key fixture in the community and a major link over the Trent-
Severn Waterway. But after years of exposure to de-icing salts
and in-service operation, the bridge was nearing the end of its
serviceable life and was de-rated based on its condition.
In 2014, Parks Canada Agency, with Public Works and
Government Services Canada, retained Associated Engineer-
 The new bridge in full-service condition.
The underside of an OSD panel during installation.
Project Time Line
Fall 2015. The contract is awarded, The OSD panel is positioned in place prior to bolting the bottom ange of
the transverse oor beam to the steel superstructure.
and fabrication of the steel superstruc-
ture begins immediately and continues
nonstop on a 24-hour cycle through
the end of 2015 and into early 2016.
Site work progresses in parallel, as the
owner would not allow de-mobilizing
the existing bridge until fabrication
was sufciently advanced to ensure
the completion date could be met.
The fabrication schedule is achieved,
and demolition of the existing bridge
commences on time.
January 2016. The existing structure
is removed, resulting in a 34-mile de-
tour. The contractor immediately starts
rehabilitation of the concrete founda-
tions. During the rehabilitation, steel
superstructure fabrication is complet-
ed for the girders and OSD deck, in-
cluding all shop welding.
March 2016. The completed assem-
bly is shop-painted and delivered to
the site just as rehabilitation work on
the existing foundations is completed.

ing, Ltd., to undertake a full inspection, load Mark Torrie is a

evaluation, life-cycle analysis, preliminary de- structural engineer
sign and detailed design of a rehabilitation or with Associated
replacement structure. Engineering, and
The existing span was arranged with a can- ric Lvesque is
tilever span of approximately 56 ft and a back a project services
counterweight span of 28 ft. The structural manager with
system was comprised of two primary steel Canam-Bridges.
through-girders, a floor beam system, a cen-
tral pivot girder, a concrete back-span deck
acting as the counterweight and an open-grid
deck. The west side of the structure includes
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 49
 A view of the steel superstructure prior to installing
the OSD. The transverse oor beams of the OSD
were used as a template to drill matching holes in
the superstructure above.

a sidewalk, but an east sidewalk was never installed as it

would have conflicted with marine traffic using the canal.
In 2012, Associated Engineering performed an initial
site investigation, load evaluation and inspection, which
indeed confirmed that the structure was approaching the
end of its serviceable life. The existing load posting was
confirmed and preliminary design options were evaluated
to estimate the rehabilitation cost. The optimal solution
called for replacing the superstructure with steel and reha-
bilitating the substructure, which was anticipated to reduce
the overall project schedule by one month.
The original bridge relied on an open-grid deck, a fa-
tal feature that allowed de-icing materials to accumulate
on the steel components below, leading to corrosion. To
prevent these corrosion issues in the new bridge, the en-
gineer evaluated closed deck solutions to better control
the de-icing fluid run-off from the roadway surface. When
evaluating a closed-deck solution, the overall weight of
the structure is critical, as it impacts the loads imparted
on the newly rehabilitated foundation, and both concrete
and steel closed deck options were considered, including
precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, concrete-filled
open-bar grating and OSD configurations.

A view of the longitudinal bolted splice between the orthotropic steel
deck panels before asphalt was added. The panels were delivered with
an anti-skid waterproong membrane that was preinstalled by the fabri-
cator for durability and worker safety during the wet winter months.
Winter Ready
The OSD option was selected, as it was the only one that
offered the optimum combination of light weight, durability,
stiffness and geometric flexibility. Additionally, for this par-
ticular project, one of the biggest advantages of OSD was
that the structure could be prefabricated in a temperature-
controlled environment, limiting the amount of winter con-
crete work while accelerating the delivery schedule.
The waterway is closed to traffic for four months in win-
ter, so all construction to replace the superstructure and to
rehabilitate the substructure had to take place within this
tight window. This limitation required that the steel super-
structure, including the deck, be fabricated, delivered to

Updated Weld Penetration Requirements for Rib-to-Deck Welds

Last year, AASHTO voted to modify the weld penetration requirements to 60% minimum penetration and added a
requirement for the weld throat to be greater than the rib thickness. The previous requirement of 80% penetration (70%
minimum) forced fabricators to employ an expensive balancing act using welding procedures with enough energy to
reach the joint root while not burning through the root. This change improves constructability, provides more exibility
and reduces the chances of melt-through or burn-through; it also reduces the potential for hot cracking. The updated
weld requirements are based on fatigue test results reported by J.M. Barsom and J.W. Fisher, who demonstrated that
if the new requirements are met, fatigue performance was at least equal to the previous 80% requirements. (The study,
Evaluation of Cracking in the Rib-to-Deck Welds of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, will be published in the American
Society of Civil Engineers Journal of the Structural Division.)
Even with these improvements, research continues on the rib-to-deck weld. The FHWA recently presented to the
AASHTO/NSBA Streel Bridge Collaboration a regression analysis of rib-to-deck welds, correlating weld performance
to key parameters such as penetration percentage and t-up gap. The Collaboration is also developing a proposed
experimental evaluation of the weld to establish bounds for t-up gap tolerance. Each of these studies will further
improve understanding of this important weld.
By Duncan Paterson, PE, PhD, Cincinnati Bridge Section Manager, Professional Associate, HDR

50 APRIL 2017
the site and installed as soon as the substructure work was com-
pleted. Movable bridges always require tight tolerances to work
effectively, and the steel OSD solution allowed an extremely
high level of geometric precision to fit the new structure to the
existing roadway profile.
The new superstructure configuration consists of primary
girders, floor beams, a central pivot pier, a steel counterweight,
OSD, an asphalt wearing surface and a pedestrian sidewalk on
the west side of the structure. The new movable swing bridge is
nearly 84 ft long and 27 ft wide and has a surface area 2,200 sq. ft.
This configuration posed a challenge because the new su-
perstructure geometry had to fit on existing foundations, result-
ing in a structure with a center of gravity that was longitudinally
and transversely offset from the geometric center of the struc-
ture. Based on their past experience, the designers knew that
the OSD offered the best solution to address this issue. Thus,
the team committed to integrating the OSD into the design
from day one, and models and all connection and interface de-
tails between the OSD and steel were provided in the initial
design stages. Performance specifications for the OSD were
developed and included in the final contract specifications; the
OSD components were designed to act compositely with the
structures floor beam system both in the open and closed posi-
tion. The welding specification for the rib-to-deck plate welds
required a practical and achievable partial joint penetration.
According to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
(2012 Edition), a target penetration of 80%with 70% mini-
mumwas respected (see sidebar at left for more). The deck
plate and closed rib details were specified to be designed by the
ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECK
ACCELERATES BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
FOR LONG AND SHORT SPANS
RAPID LIMITED TRAFFIC
INSTALLATION DISRUPTION
Field assembly time is A shop-applied wearing
dramatically reduced surface reduces eld
due to the length of our work and allows for partial
prefabricated panels. lane closures, minimizing
the need for temporary
bridges.
GET IN, GET OUT, AND STAY OUT
WITH OUR OSD SOLUTION
canambridges.com/orthotropic
1-800-681-4440
fabricator to ensure economy, stiffness, fatigue life, fabrication
quality and system durability.
Splendid Splice
The OSD layout and design were chosen with shop fabri-
cation, shipping and erection issues in mind. With input from
the fabricator, this OSD design completely eliminated on-
site welding of the deck plate by incorporating a longitudinal
bolted joint splice. By bolting this splice instead of welding it,
the contractor saved valuable time by limiting delays related to
winter conditions that would prevent welding.
The bridge components and steel counterweight units were
field-bolted together, then the OSD, with a shop-applied high-
performance waterproofing membrane, was field-bolted to the steel
superstructure. Next, the assembled unit was swung into place and
paved before the contractor performed the final balancing and com-
missioning. Vehicle traffic returned to the roadway almost a month
ahead of schedule, and vessel passage was achieved in time for the
opening of boating season on the Trent-Severn system.
The project highlights a successful implementation of an
OSD design for a surprisingly complex structure with a com-
pressed winter construction schedule. A large portion of its suc-
cess is due to the contractors and fabricators involvement in
the preliminary and final design of the OSD and final pre-shop
assembly of the steel superstructure and OSD to confirm geo-
metric acceptance prior to delivery to the site.
Visit https://youtu.be/R3kgSJV2Xr8 for a short video on the in-
stallation of the Hastings Swing Bridge.
ULTRALIGHT
CONCEPT
Our system is up to
66% lighter than
its conventional
concrete counterpart.
FOLLOW US
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 51
 But It Worked in
THE MODEL! BY DAVID RUBY, SE, PE

Models are great tools for designing structures, but they arent infallible.
They require the application of sound judgment and experience
to reach their full potential.

THE WORLDS SKYLINES are resplendent with architec-
tural masterpieces that challenge traditional limitations and ex-
ceed our wildest imaginations.
Todays most brilliant designs achieve structural feats never
dreamed of in decades past, characterizing a true revolution in
the building industry. We have reached a threshold upon which
possibilities seem limitless, and designers across every discipline
must transcend boundaries to achieve distinction. The question
is: Will we, as structural engineers, be able to adequately pro-
vide the expertise and service that this movement demands?
Three potential roadblocks exist. The first is an appar-
ent design versus construction culture or a perceived lack
of trust between designers and contractors. The second is
the increased reliance on building information modeling
(BIM) as truly the best thing since sliced bread! And thirdly,
with only a minimal apparent benefit for architects and en-
gineers, there is reluctance within the design community to
view BIM as anything other than a substitute for two-di-
mensional documents or as an optional contract document
delivery method.

52 APRIL 2017
 Design and construction: The Hard Rock Stadium canopy installation in Miami is an example of
a collaborative process built collaborative design, involving Alberici Constructors, Hillsdale Fabricators,
on trust and common goals. Thornton Tomasetti, Hunt Construction Group and Ruby+Associates.
If we are to remain competitive and successful, the design
community must confront these issues. A resolution may be
buried beneath the distrust between designers and contrac-
tors or hidden within the design and construction industries
silos of knowledge. Discovering a solution, however, de-
mands a paradigm shift in design firm procedures and, per-
haps more importantly, a shift in attitudean acknowledge-
ment from engineers and designers that the construction
team is not the enemy and an agreement that BIM provides
the design community with an unmatched collaborative
communication vehicle. We must embrace a collaborative
environment focused on design and construction together as
a true team effort.
BIM + Knowledge
In simple terms, BIM is an enhanced means to communicate
the elements necessary to meet an owners needs and expecta-
tions. BIM is populated with data related to material, geometry,
finishes, details and connections. This data goes far beyond the
content of typical design documents. However, BIM is not a
magic pill nor is it a substitute for well-prepared contract docu-
ments. BIM requires supplemental information, such as the
infusion of construction knowledge on the fabrication and in-
stallation of building systems, to represent a complete package.
While the owners demand for BIM has begun to break
down our industrys knowledge silos, contractors and
construction managers have already discovered that BIM
can assist with estimating, presentations, scheduling, coor-
dination and project control, as well as enhance a projects
total success and profitability. Many of todays successful
design-build teams are also using BIM to enhance their
designs and profitability. Design-build teams, comprised
of experienced designers and knowledgeable construction
professionals, collaboratively develop their designs. These
teams are successful because they make every attempt to
maximize their construction knowledge and experience
in planning, design, procurement and field operations
in order to achieve overall project objectivesall with
constructability as the common goal.
The design community, however, has been slower to see the
benefits of BIM. Instead, many see it as an additional invest-
ment in software and training without apparent payback, and
others feel BIM requires extra man-hours without associated
Dave Ruby (druby@
rubyandassociates.com) is
the chairman and founding
principal of Ruby+Associates
Structural Engineers in
Bingham Farms, Mich.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 53
 Modeling allows for virtual construction but must be combined with engineering know-how to yield positive real-world results.
compensation. Some believe that because BIM is making de-
signers jobs easier, fees should be reduced accordingly.
Room for Error
The transition from paper to screen was certainly wel-
comed with open arms, considering the tedium of struc-
tural analysis and the frustratingly iterative nature of struc-
tural stability confirmation. As computer programs simplify
the analysis and design process while maintaining accuracy,
structural engineers and our cathedrals of higher learning
Where (and how) does it All Fit in?
When considering the concepts of BIM, constructability
and collaborative design, here are a few questions to
ask yourself:
Do you see the relationship between
constructability and collaborative design?
What benets might your organization reap from an
integrated, collaborative design process?
Do the concepts of constructability and collab-
orative design t with your ofces current design
philosophy?
If not, would the introduction of constructability
into the collaborative design process provide an
improved project requirement communication plat-
form through BIM?
54 APRIL 2017
are increasingly less dependent on raw hand calculations.
Students and young engineers have become perhaps too re-
liant on the simplicity and analytical capacity of computer-
aided design.
Furthermore, these design programs are at times too easily
assimilated into the BIM process, often without an engineers
final review of the output. Undeniably, the benefits to others
are obvious, but the divide that has occurred between what is
and what was leaves many gaps in the design development
process and, some would argue, too much room for errors of
omission or oversight.
Bridging the Gap
Collaborative design via 3D models certainly provides ma-
terial, geometry and framing data, but a significant amount of
additional information is necessary to properly estimate and
develop an accurate bid. This informationsuch as general
notes and specification, tolerances, lateral-load-resisting sys-
tems, shoring or jacking requirements or interrelationships of
the structural steel with nonstructural steel elementsmay not
be included in the model. BIM is only the beginning, and this
necessary extra information goes beyond the boundaries of
the typical computer model.
To tackle these issues, we must first accept the nature of
available technology; it is neither all-inclusive nor self-suffi-
cient, but rather an instrument that enhances the design process.
Advanced technology does not account for all aspects of design
or for unique design concepts and structural stability during
installation. Too often, our design respon- construction experience and knowl- ial error or a simple misunderstanding
sibility appears to be limited to document edge is amplified by computer-aided to compromise the success of a project.
preparation only, and our acceptance is analysis and the generation of BIM Too often we find the source of a prob-
based on the computer results, with our deliverables, not displaced by it. Our lem stems from incomplete communi-
claim, But it worked in the model! ability to confidently evaluate a given cation related to the structural concept,
situation as a result of our knowledge a misinterpretation of boundary condi-
Potential for Inaccuracies and experiences is an invaluable tool tions or simply an undefined load path.
The computer, whether performing essential to effective design solutions. These are the elements of design where
analysis or 3D modeling, must serve a It only takes a slight oversight, a triv- experience is irreplaceable.
subordinate role to the structural engi-
neer. It is the structural engineer, with
his or her strong foundation in the prin-
ciples of structural design and an un-
derstanding of constructability concepts,
who must remain the primary source of
the design. Under the highly defined pa-
rameters by which most systems operate,
rudimentary oversights in modeling and
data entry may go undetected and lead to
erroneous results. These inaccuracies in
turn may continue to go unnoticed as the
model reflects blue and green.
As is often the case, the structural
analysis programs perform design checks
based on specific structural boundary
conditions. The structural design results
and boundary conditions must be con-
veyed in the model. If not, such action
undermines the functionality of BIM as
it relates to structural analysis and the
decision process.

Mentorship is Key
As students, we spent countless hours
studying and developing our understand-
ing of the basic fundamentals of structure,
and believed that upon graduation, we
would become engineers. Soon, though,
we became aware that our education as
engineers actually begins when we enter
the workforce. It is then that we become
aware of what we do not know, which
tests our understanding of structure.
Through mentoring by accomplished
and practicing engineers, we grow with
each professional experience, with suc-
cesses and failures, each leading to a
unique collection of invaluable resources.
Lifes experiences comprise a tool
more valuable than any computer pro-
gram or model. Our random access mem-
ory is generated and acquired through
our own personal experiences. We need
these experiences now more than ever
with the advent of BIM. The need for a
strong foundation in the basic principles
of structure as well as the advantage of

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 55

 What Makes
a Special
Moment Frame
SPECIAL? BY BEHZAD RAFEZY, PHD
A look at the critical aspects of special moment frame systems and their
connections that ensure ductile behavior and dissipation of energy.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE between design-
ing a building for wind and gravity forces and designing for the
effects of earthquakes.
In wind/gravity design, the building is subjected to pres-
sure or force-type loading and is designed to respond elastically.
The controlling life-safety limit state is strength. However, it is
not economically feasible to design structures to respond elasti-
cally to earthquake excitations.
When considering seismic excitations, the building is de-
signed based on the assumption that a significant amount of
inelastic behavior will take place in order to provide large en-
ergy dissipation capacity in the system during the earthquake.
The controlling life-safety limit state is deformability/ductil-
ity, and enough strength is provided to ensure that inelastic
deformation demands do not exceed deformation capacity. It
Behzad Rafezy (brafezy@
sideplate.com) is the director
of research and development at
SidePlate Systems, Inc.
56 APRIL 2017
must be noted that while earthquake-resistant structures can
be designed to remain fully elastic under design earthquakes,
this necessitates using very large member sizes. On the other
hand, any additional deformation capacity will increase the en-
ergy dissipation capacity of the system and help to reduce the
structural member sizes further. (Figure 1 compares these two
design philosophies.)
It is relatively simple and standard to design buildings to
retain the required strength, but achieving required ductility
is a relatively complex issue and requires extensive full-scale
physical testing. Here, well review the special design require-
ments of steel moment resisting frames for seismic applications,
as well as AISCs testing protocol. The focus will be on post-
Northridge developments geared toward ensuring that steel
special moment frames maintain a high level of ductility and
energy dissipation mechanism.
Stress State
Lets start with shear stresses. It has been established that
plastic deformation can occur only in the presence of shear
stresses. It can easily been understood from the Mohr circle
that shear stresses are always present in a uniaxial or biaxial
state-of-stress. However, in a triaxial stress condition, the maxi-
mum shear stress approaches zero as the principal stresses
approach a common value (see Figure 2). Thus, under equal
triaxial tensile stresses, failure occurs by cleavage fracture rath-
er than by shear, which is considered brittle fracture. Conse-
quently, triaxial tensile stresses tend to cause brittle fracture and
should be avoided. A triaxial state-of-stress can result
from a uniaxial loading when notches or geometrical
discontinuities are present.
The tensile residual stresses resulting from welding
can also increase the likelihood of brittle fracture. Re-
sidual stresses add to any applied tensile stress, and the
actual stress in the member will be greater than applied
stress. The high triaxial stress condition at the joint be-
tween the bottom beam flange and the column flange
make it susceptible for brittle fracture. Also, the loading
direction to the weld can play an important role on the
brittle fracture of the welds. It is well understood that
both the strength and the deformation performance in
welds are dependent on the angle that the applied force
makes with the axis of the weld (as shown in Figure 3).
As you can see, the 90 angle between the weld and the
force direction provides the least ductile behavior, mak-
ing the weld susceptible for brittle fracture. These two
phenomena can play an important role on the develop- Figure 1. Different strategies of seismic design.
ment of any special moment frame connections.

Prequalied Seismic Connections

Special moment frames (SMFs) are expected to
withstand significant inelastic deformation during a
design earthquake, so special proportioning and de-
tailing requirements are therefore essential to resist-
ing strong earthquake shaking. Experience from the
Northridge earthquake significantly expanded knowl-
edge regarding the seismic response of steel moment
frames, and the design of SMFsand their con-
nections in particularhas undergone a significant
change in the post-Northridge era. Figure 2. Uniaxial and triaxial stress states.
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/
AISC 341-10, available at www.aisc.org/publications)
provides detailed design requirements relating to ma-
terials, framing members, connections and construction
quality assurance. It requires that moment connections
used in special or intermediate steel moment frames
be demonstrated, by testing, to be able to provide the
Normalized Weld Load, P/P0

necessary ductility. Two means of demonstration are

acceptable. One consists of project-specific testing
in which a limited number of full-scale specimens,
representing the connections to be used in a struc-
ture, are constructed and tested in accordance with
a protocol prescribed in Chapter K of the Seismic
Provisions. Recognizing that it is costly and time-
consuming to perform such tests, the Seismic Provi-
sions also provide for prequalification of connections
consisting of a rigorous program of testing, analytical
evaluation and review by an independent body, the
Connection Prequalification Review Panel. (Figure 4
on the following page shows typical test assemblage
and loading protocol.) Normalized Weld Deformation, /w
According to the Seismic Provisions, the SMF con-
nection should be capable of sustaining an inter-story Figure 3. Load deformation relationship for welds.
drift angle of at least 0.04 radians, with the measured
resistance of the connection being at least 80% of the
connected beams nominal plastic flexural strength.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 57

 Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Mo-
ment Frames for Seismic Applications (ANSI/AISC 358-16, available
at www.aisc.org/standards) is written to facilitate and standard-
ize the design of steel special moment frame connections to allow
their use without the need for project specific testing. It contains
a series of connections that are prequalified to meet the require-
ments in the Seismic Provisions when designed and constructed in
accordance the requirements of this standard.
Connections prequalified in this standard are intended to with-
stand inelastic deformation primarily through controlled yielding.
The review of the prequalified connections shows that this goal is
achieved either by strengthening the connection or weakening the
beam so that the plastic hinge is forced to form in the beam region
that has less complicated behavior and a low triaxial stress state. The
reduced beam section (RBS) connection is a good example of weak-
ening the beam section technique, and the SidePlate connection is
a good representative of strengthening the connection technique.
Although the Prequalified Connections standard specifies design, de-
tailing, fabrication and quality criteria for the prequalified connec-
tions, it does not provide any specific guidelines for refining existing
connections or the successful development of new connections, and
mainly relies on the results of full-scale testing.

Detailed Decisions
There are a wide variety of prequalified connections listed in
the Prequalified Connections standard. Whichever prequalified con-
nection is being employed, seemingly small but important decisions
must be made when configuring them. One commonly known ex-
ample is the SidePlate connection. This connection uses two inter-
connecting parallel plates that sandwich and connect the beam(s)
to the column (as shown in Figure 5). The connection features a
physical separation, or gap, between the face of the column flange
and the end of the beam. The following techniques have been used
to develop the connection:
Figure 4. AISC 341 loading protocol. 1. The panel zone regions are substantially strengthened to force
Figure 5. A SidePlate eld-bolted SMF connection. plastic hinging into the beam.
2. The additional SidePlate extensions cause the beam to hinge fur-
ther out from the column face, which acts to effectively dissipate
more energy without increasing the beam size.
3. The configuration requires only welds parallel to the direction of
load providing maximum possible ductility in the welds.
4. Substantial finite element analyses were conducted to optimize
weld hold-backs and weld-end profiles to reduce stress concen-
tration at the points of load transfer from the beam to the con-
nection. This results in a balanced and smooth load transfer ac-
cording to the test results.
5. Only fillet welds are used in the configuration, ensuring that
there is no notch effect in the root of the welds.
6. Every detail in every part of the connection was thoroughly stud-
ied to make sure that there is neither a high triaxial stress state
nor notch effects.
7. Thorough finite element analysis is conducted if there are any
changes or new features to the specification/construction of the
connection.
In the end, properly designing any SMF connection, prequalified
or otherwise, is as much of an art as it is engineering science. And
using proven details will help ensure safe, effective connections.

This topic was featured in Session E15: What Makes a Special Moment
Frame Special? at NASCC: The Steel Conference last month in San
Antonio. Visit www.aisc.org/nascc to view the presentation.
58 APRIL 2017
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 news
SEISMIC PROVISIONS
New Revision of AISC Seismic Provisions for
Structural Steel Buildings Available
The 2016 version of the AISC standard
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings (ANSI/AISC 341-16) is now
available.
This new version, which supersedes
the 2010 version, has been approved by
the AISC Committee on Specifications, is
ANSI-accredited and will form the basis
for the 3rd Edition Seismic Design Manu-
al, which is scheduled to be published in
the third quarter of 2018.
The 2016 AISC Seismic Provisions
continue to be the companion docu-
ment to the AISC Specification (ANSI/
AISC 360-16) for seismic design of
steel structures throughout the Unit-
ed States, commented James Malley,
BRIDGES
Nearly 56,000 Bridges Still Structurally Deficient,
New Analysis Finds
Theres good and bad news to report
about the condition of Americas bridg-
es. The good news is there were 2,790
fewer structurally deficient bridges in
2016 compared to 2015. The bad news
is there are still 55,710 on the struc-
turally deficient list. About 1,900 are
on the Interstate Highway System, and
state transportation departments have
identified 13,000 Interstate bridges that
need replacement, widening or major
reconstruction. These are among the
key findings in the American Road and
Transportation Builders Associations
(ARTBA) recently-released 2017 Bridge
Report, which analyzes the 2016 Nation-
al Bridge Inventory from the Federal
Highway Administration.
The inventory of structurally defi-
cient bridges has declined 0.5% since
the 2015 report. At that pace, it would
take more than two decades to replace
or repair all of them, according to ART-
BA Chief Economist Dr. Alison Premo
Black, who conducted the analysis. Black
says the data shows 28% of bridges
(173,919) are over 50 years old and have
60 APRIL 2017
past chairman of the AISC Task Com-
mittee on Seismic Design. The 2016
update includes significant new mate-
rial and numerous technical improve-
ments based on recent research find-
ings, design practice, and input from
the profession. The Task Committee
on Seismic Design worked diligently to
increase the clarity and bring the most
up-to-date thinking on seismic design
to the Provisions.
Please visit www.aisc.org/2016sp to
view or download (for free) the 2016 AISC
Seismic Provisions and commentary as a
PDF. The 2010 version and other related
documents are also available for free at
www.aisc.org/standards.
never had any major reconstruction
work in that time.
Americas highway network is woeful-
ly underperforming. It is outdated, over-
used, underfunded and in desperate need
of modernization, Black said. State and
local transportation departments havent
been provided the resources to keep pace
with the nations bridge needs.
To help ensure public safety, bridge
decks and support structures are regu-
larly inspected for deterioration and
remedial action. They are rated on a
scale of zero to nine, with nine meaning
the bridge is in excellent condition.
A bridge is classified as structurally de-
ficient and in need of repair if its over-
all rating is four or below. While these
bridges may not be imminently unsafe,
they are in need of attention.
State and congressional district-spe-
cific information from the analysisin-
cluding rankings and the locations of the
250 most heavily travelled structurally
deficient bridges in the nation and top
25 most heavily traveled in each stateis
available at www.artbabridgereport.org.
People and Firms
The Steel Erectors
Association of America
(SEAA) recently announced
that it has completed all
requirements for full endorse-
ment as a provider of rigger,
signal person and mobile
crane operator certifica-
tions and credentials from
the N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r
Construction Education and
Research (NCCER). Since its
initiation in 2014, the program
has grown from concept to a
network of 14 training units
and assessment sites in 12
states. The program, in part-
nership with NCCER, is dedi-
cated to providing an indus-
try recognized curriculum that
meets or exceeds national
standards. For more infor-
mation, visit www.seaa.net/
craft_training.
B i l l L a l l y h a s b e e n p ro -
moted to president of AISC
associate member Te n s o r
Engineering. Walter Gatti,
Te n s o r s f o u n d e r, s a i d , I
am confident that Bill has
the vision, commitment and
organizational skills required
to maintain Tensors repu-
tation as the leader in the
structural steel bridge indus-
try. The steel bridge industry
is changing rapidly, and we
will continue to work togeth-
er to improve ourselves and
our industry to meet the
growing demand expected
over the next 10 years. Gatti
will continue in his role as
CEO of Tensor but will work
in a reduced capacity.

BRIDGES
New Program Salvages Old Bridges
A new program administered by the Ohio
Department of Transportation (ODOT)
is now providing used steel beams to
local governments in the state to be
used for replacement bridge projects on
county roads and highways.
Previously, steel beams removed from
ODOT bridges were retained by the
contractor, who either scrapped them or
reused them for temporary shoring on
other projects. Under the new program,
ODOT is offering the used beams to
county engineers at no cost.
This partnership between state and
local governments is expected save a
substantial amount of money on local
bridges. ODOT is absorbing all costs
associated with salvaging and transporting
the beams to the county facilities with
only two stipulations: The counties must
use the salvaged beams within five years
of delivery, and they must be used on a
bridge with a minimum length of 20 ft.
Under the program, ODOT compiles
a list of bridges that are being replaced
each year, along with information about
the beams, and makes it available to the
county engineers. The county engineers
then determine if the beams fit their
IN MEMORIAM
In Memory of Former AISC Board Member Tommy Valenta
Tommy Allan Valenta of Dallas passed away
peacefully, surrounded by his family, on
Sunday, February 12, 2017, in Houston after
a long battle
with cancer.
He was 67
years old.
B o r n
March, 4,
1949 in
Houston,
Va l e n t a
attended
Midwestern
University
in Wichita
F a l l s ,
Texas and
needs and, if so, they submit a request for
them. Plan notes are then prepared that
direct the contractor to cut the beams
only at field splices and deliver them to
the county engineers facility.
The program came about in recognition
of the fact that many bridges were being
replaced but the steel was still intacte.g.,
due to clearance or substructure issues
and could be reused elsewhere. In cases
where the deterioration is the reason for
replacement, it is sometimes possible for
the deteriorated section to be cut off and the
remaining section used for a shorter span.
The steel beams that are coming off
ODOT bridges typically have sections
that are much deeper than needed for
county bridges, so the county engineers
must determine the best locations for the
beams, such as bridges that are high off
the water or ones that have long spans that
need larger sections. While the reclaimed
steel cannot be used in every situation, it
can help free up money for replacing other
structures. With virtually no increase in
funding for local governments on the
horizon, there is simply not enough money
to keep up with the rate of deterioration of
county structures.
later earned his MBA from Southern
Methodist University. In 1970, he joined
Texas Industries, Inc. (TXI), where he
held various senior management positions.
When Chaparral Steel became a wholly
owned subsidiary of TXI in 2005, Valenta
became its president and CEO, as well as
a directorroles he remained in until his
retirement in 2007. Chaparrals market
value increased over 900% in his two years
at the helm.
In addition to serving on the boards
of HollyFrontier Corp. and American
Excelsior Company, he was also involved
with several industry associations,
including AISC (as a board member),
the Steel Manufacturers Association, the
International Iron and Steel Institute and
news
This program is a testament to the
longevity and durability of steel as the
preferred material for bridges of all shapes
and sizes and, further, to steels recyclability
on a whole new level, said Danielle
Kleinhans, NSBA's managing director.
NSBA is proud to see the collaborative
and thoughtful way in which ODOT is
improving our nations infrastructure.
The programs first bridge is on
Interstate 70 in Muskingum County,
near Gratiot, and is being replaced due
to vertical clearance problems; one beam
has been struck multiple times. The
steeleight W36156 beams that are 45
ft. 6 in. long and eight W36170 beams
that are 74 ft. 6 in. long, totaling 79 tons
of salvaged steelwill become available
next year.
the National Ready-Mixed Concrete
Association. His charity service included
roles with the Cashiers (North Carolina)
Community Fund (as president), Baylor
Health Care Foundation, Boy Scouts of
America-Circle 10 Council Foundation, the
Episcopal Diocese of Dallas Corporation
(as president) and several others.
Tommy is survived by his wife of 24
years, Lana Moore Valenta, son Stephen
Valenta, daughter Shelley Valenta-
Hood, stepsons Kenneth, Todd and
Neil Somodevilla, stepdaughter Alina
Williams, 12 grandchildren and one
great-grandson. He is also survived
by his siblings, brother John Michael
Valenta and sisters Valerie Faye Valenta
Prater and Margaret Ann Valenta Davis.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 61
 news
ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Second-Quarter 2017 Engineering Journal now Available
The second-quarter 2017 issue of AISCs
Engineering Journal is now available at
www.aisc.org/ej. You can view, down-
load and print the current digital edition.
Articles in this issue include:
Effective Length Factors of
Gin Poles
James L. Lott and Ernest R. Jones
An iterative numerical method is used
to find the first elastic buckling mode and
critical buckling load of gin poles. The
buckling loads are used to determine di-
mensionless, effective length factors, KL,
referenced to the total gin pole length. A
dimensionless, relative stiffness ratio of
the supporting structure to the gin pole
is defined and incorporated into a para-
metric study of the effective length fac-
tors versus the overhang distance above
the top lateral support. Other parameters
include variations in rigging of load lines
and two or three lateral supports.
Keywords: gin pole, critical buckling,
effective length factor, relative stiffness
Minimum Requirements and
Section Detailing Provisions
for Steel-Plate Composite (SC)
Walls in Safety-Related Nuclear
Facilities
Saahastaranshu R. Bhardwaj, Amit H.
Varma and Sanjeev R. Malushte
Steel-plate composite (SC) walls are
comprised of concrete walls sandwiched
between steel faceplates located on the
exterior surfaces. These faceplates are
anchored to the concrete infill using steel
SCHOLARSHIPS
AISC Accepting Applications for
201718 Scholarships
Full-time juniors, seniors and masters
students enrolled in civil engineering,
architectural engineering, construction
engineering or construction management
programs at U.S. universities are encour-
aged to apply for AISC scholarships for
the 2017-18 academic year. A total of
62 APRIL 2017
anchors and connected to each other us-
ing ties. SC walls have been used exten-
sively in the third generation of nuclear
power plants and are also being consid-
ered for small modular reactors (SMRs)
of the future. The American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC) has published
Supplement No. 1 to AISC N690, which
includes Appendix N9 for the design of
SC walls in safety-related nuclear facili-
ties. This paper presents the minimum
requirements for SC walls and the sec-
tion detailing provisions from Appendix
N9 along with their basis. The minimum
requirements include requirements for
minimum and maximum SC wall thick-
ness, faceplate thickness, and steel and
concrete material strengths. The pro-
visions of Appendix N9 are applicable
to SC walls that satisfy these minimum
requirements. The design provisions ac-
count for the effects of interaction be-
tween out-of-plane shear demands (in
both x- and y-directions) and the corre-
sponding interfacial shear demands while
accounting for the differences in behav-
ior between yielding and non-yielding
steel anchors and ties as classified by
AISC N690 Supplement No. 1.
Keywords: AISC N690s1, modular
construction, steel plate, SC wall, steel-
plate composite, nuclear, safety-related.
A Boundary Stress Model for
Fillet-Welded Connection Plates
Logan Callele
A common structural steel connection
design problem is to size a fillet-welded
$109,000, provided by the AISC Educa-
tion Foundation and various steel industry
organizations, will be awarded to students.
For the full eligibility requirements
and online application, visit www.aisc.org/
scholarships. Applications are due by
May 1, 2017.
plate boundary for an eccentric shear
and/or normal force. Three common de-
sign models for dealing with the design
of the fillet-welded plate boundary are
reviewed, and a new model is presented.
The new model is derived to produce de-
signs similar to the instantaneous center
of rotation method; however, the model
offers an explicit solution by assuming a
stress distribution on the boundary that
designers can easily confirm or modify in
daily practice.
Keywords: fillet weld, instantaneous
center of rotation, welded connection,
plate boundary, eccentric shear.
Ring-Shaped Steel Plate Shear
Walls for Improved Seismic
Performance of Buildings
Judy Liu
Recently completed work on the in-
novative ring-shaped steel plate shear wall
(RS-SPSW) is highlighted. The research
was led by Dr. Matthew Eatherton, As-
sociate Professor at Virginia Tech and
an AISC Milek Fellow. Featured here is
the research conducted at Virginia Tech,
with a brief discussion of the RS-SPSW
concept and behavior; a summary of the
large-scale experiments; and selected
nonlinear response history analysis results
comparing conventional SPSW and RS-
SPSW prototype buildings.
INTERNSHIPS
AISC Unveils New
Resource for Students
Seeking Internships
AISC has developed a new webpagewww.
aisc.org/internshipsto connect students
looking for internships with structural steel
companies that have available positions.
Students can view available internships and
link to the appropriate company sites or
contacts. The service is free to students and
the companies posting their internships.
Companies looking to post their op-
portunities can complete the form in the
Post an Internship Opportunity area of
the page.

STEEL DECK
Steel Deck Institute Updates Five Standards
The Steel Deck Institute (SDI) has updated
five standards and made them available
for free at www.sdi.org. These standards
are included by reference in the 2018
International Building Code. The updated
standards are:
ANSI/SDI C-2017Standard for
Composite Steel Floor Deck Slabs
ANSI/SDI QA/QC-2017Standard
for Quality Control and Quality
Assurance for Installation of Steel Deck
ANSI/SDI T-CD-2017
Test Standard for Composite Steel Deck
Slabs
ANSI/SDI RD-2017
Standard for Steel Roof Deck Slabs
ANSI/SDI NC-2017Standard for
Non-Composite Steel Floor Deck
SDIs updated suite of standards
reflects recent research advancements
and correlates with diaphragm design
references in AISI S310-16, North
American Standard for the Design of
Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, said Bob
Paul, PE, managing director of the Steel
Deck Institute, also noting that AISI
S310-16 is available for free at www.
aisistandards.org. The updated SDI
standards include:
Specific provisions to ANSI/SDI
NC-2017 for situations where
non-composite steel deck is used to
carry all dead and live loads without
a structural concrete slab. This
commonly occurs when gypsum
concrete or other nonstructural fill is
used as the floor surface.
Harmonized construction loading
requirements in the non-composite
floor deck standard (ANSI/SDI NC-
2017) with the composite floor deck
C standard (ANSI/SDI C-2017).
news
Revision of the permitted upper
flexural strength limit for composite
steel deck-slabs from the yield
moment to the ultimate moment,
reinstating the long-used ultimate
strength model for composite steel
deck-slabs.
A change in the maximum deck
support attachment spacing from
12 in. to 16 in. on center to reflect
current practice.
Editorial changes to clarify intent
and improve usability of the
standards without changing their
requirements.
SDIs suite of standards has been
approved by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) and is
intended for use in the U.S., Canada
and Mexico.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 63
 news
SAFETY
National Construction Safety Stand-Down Scheduled for May 812
OSHA's fourth annual National
Safety Stand-Down will take place
May 812. Its a voluntary event for
employers to talk directly to their
employees about safety, including
FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT TNEMEC.COM/THERMALBREAK
OR CALL 1-800-TNEMEC1.
Tnemec Companys fluid-applied
thermal break coating, Aerolon,
reduces condensation by insulating
structural members that transmit exterior
temperatures through the building
envelope. Aerolon is a low VOC, water-
based coating that can be easily spray-
applied, in the shop or in the eld, providing
signicant cost-saving advantages over
structural thermal breaks, limiting design
restrictions for architects, and reducing
application and labor time for contractors.
64 APRIL 2017
hazards, protective methods and the
company's safety policies and goals. It
can also be an opportunity for workers
to talk to management about hazards
they observe.
Aerolon
Uncoated I-Beam
Tnemec Primer
Other advantages of Aerolon:
Corrosion under insulation
(CUI) resistance
Thermal conductivity (K-Value)
of 35 mW/m-K
Compatible with select
reproong and sealants
Excellent substrate bonding
and durability
High-build lm for faster
application
The stand-down is primarily focused
on preventing falls in construction
but can be used to address any safety
issue. While its intended for job sites,
fabricators looking for ways to emphasize
their safety programs can also use the
event to present a current safety issue or
recognize the safe actions of their shop
employees.
Companies can conduct activities
such as toolbox talks, safety equipment
inspections, developing rescue plans
or discussing job specific hazards
whatever works best for their workplace.
Suggestions for preparing a successful
stand-down, as well as highlights from
past stand-downs, can be found at www.
osha.gov/stopfallsstanddown/index.
html. OSHAs Events page also shows
events that are free and open to the
public to help employers and workers
find events in their areas. OSHA is also
providing certificates of participation to
employers that provide feedback about
their stand-down.
OSHA is partnering with key groups
to assist with this effort, including the
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), the
National Occupational Research Agenda
(NORA), OSHA-approved State Plans,
state consultation programs, the Center
for Construction Research and Training
(CPWR), the American Society of Safety
Engineers (ASSE), the National Safety
Council, the National Construction
Safety Executives (NCSE), the U.S. Air
Force and the OSHA Training Institute
(OTI) Education Centers. The Steel
Erectors Association of America and
IMPACT also promote this event.
More information about this year's
stand-down can be found here. For more
information and resources on safety for
the fabricated structural steel industry, visit
AISCs safety page at www.aisc.org/safety.
 marketplace & employment
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ProCounsel, a member of AISC, can market your skills
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pays the employment fee and the interviewing and
relocation expenses. If youve been thinking of making
a change, now is the time to do it. Our target, for you,
is the right job, in the right location, at the right money.
Buzz Taylor
PROCOUNSEL
Toll free: 866-289-7833 or 214-741-3014
Fax: 214-741-3019
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Connect with AISC on
SOCIAL MEDIA
facebook.com/AISCdotORG
@AISC @AISC
youtube.com/AISCSteelTV
LATE MODEL STRUCTURAL
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Controlled Automation 2AT-175 CNC Plate Punch, 175 Ton, 30 x 60
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
 structurally A SNEAK PEEK
sound AT SOME BRIGHT IDEAS

Tim Griffith Jesse Kuroiwa

THESE THREE STEEL-FRAMED PROJECTS, in different scales and locationsSan Jose, Denver and New Yorkall incorporate
attractive means to bring in natural light.
Theyre also all winners in AISCs 2017 IDEAS2 Awards program. The annual awards, whose name stands for Innovative Design
in Engineering and Architecture with Structural Steel, recognize buildings based on aspects such as creative design approaches,
impressive aesthetics, unique use of architecturally exposed structural steel and innovative design and construction methods. All of
this years winners were showcased at last months NASCC: The Steel Conference in San Antonio.
Want to see and learn more? Check out next months issue of Modern Steel Construction, which will provide full coverage
including lots of great imageryof the winners.

66 APRIL 2017
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