Alexander1

Sydney Alexander

LAS 13525

Professor Drake

Annotated Bibliography

10 March 2017

Annotated Bibliography

1. Aroian , R. (n.d.). GMO. Retrieved March 06, 2017, from

http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/gmo.html

This source is dedicated to providing a better understanding of the benefits and

risks of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins and genes in GMO crops. The different ways of

moving genes and the techniques used are also discussed in this journal. In addition to

genetically modified crops, other genetically modified products such as insulin, thyroid

hormones, and Aspartame are introduced and briefly discussed. This source combines the

background of GMOs, the variety of products that are genetically engineered, and how

exactly this is done are some of the key points that contribute to the content.

The overall quality and usefulness of this source was successful. The intended

audience is scholars. The author of this source is a professor from the University of

California San Diego, which contributes to the overall authority of this source. The slight

bias that is shown in this journal is supporting GMOs and the potential introduction of

new products through the use of genetic engineering. The purpose of this source is to

inform other scholars of the findings regarding GMOs and the possible effect. This

source is important for the research being conducted because there is useful information

that is reliable and relevant regarding GMOs.

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2. Ahmed, F. E. (2002). Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. 215 -223.

Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://www.cell.com

This source is focusing on the regulation of genetically modified organisms put in

place by legislation. Protein and DNA-based methods are discussed in this article in

regards to genetically modified organisms. There have been new approaches introduced

to conduct research on areas of genetically modified organisms that have not yet been

explored. There are methods such as, screening, identification, and confirmation

strategies that need to be examined when determining the positive and negatives of

GMOs.

This source was published in 2002. The intended audience of this source is

scholars because of the overall vocabulary and content that is somewhat advanced for the

general public. The credibility of this author is substantial. The department of radiation

oncology, The Brody School of Medicine, and East Carolina University in Greenville

have all been involved in the contributions to the research of this journal. There is a slight

bias regarding GMOs and the need for further research on the topic before there is such

an abundance of GMOs used. The intentions of this source are to inform the intended

audience and fellow scholars. This source is important for the research of GMOs because

it introduced new information and also new methods for GMO detection that are

extremely useful.

3. Arvanitoyannis , I. S. (2007 ). Functional Foods: A survey of health claims, pros and

cons, and current legislation. Critical Reviews in Food, Science, and Nutrition , 45(5),

385-404. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://www.tandfonline.com

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This article discusses the appeal to functional foods by the public. Functional

foods are a relatively new category of food that have certain properties such as,

antioxidant, anticancer, anti-aging, low cholesterol, etc. A main concern of the public

regarding these functional foods is the lack of information on them that could have

unknown health issues associated with them. This article discusses the issues regarding

these functional foods and ways that these issues can be addressed.

The overall quality of this article is extremely useful. There is valuable and

informative information located in this article. The intended audience of this source ar

scholars. There is a slight bias towards the unknown risks associated with the functional

foods discussed. The purpose of this article is to inform the general public on issues that

could arise with functional foods. This source is useful for further research regarding the

topic of GMOs because GMOs are considered to be a functional food because of the

overall nature of GMOs.

4. Dona , A. (2008). Health risks of genetically modified foods . Critical Reviews in Food

Science and Nutrition , 49 (2), 164-175 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 , from

http://www.tandfonline.com

This source discusses the concerns regarding the safety of GMOs. Included are

results from studies of genetically modified foods and the possible health effects on

humans. Animal toxicity is one common concern of GMOs and this article suggests that

the several studies show that there may be a toxic affect on several organs and systems

from the result of consumption of GMOs. The prevalence of GMOs in the world today is

continuing to increase and this could be concerning because there has not been enough

research conducted over the health effects of GMOS.

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This source was written in 2008 so it is still very relevant to the issues

surrounding GMOs today. This article is form the journal of Critical Reviews in Food

Science and Nutrition, which contributes to the credibility of this source. The intended

audience is the general public. There is a bias towards the use of GMOs and the health

concerns surrounding them. The purpose of this article is to inform as well as educate the

general public about GMOs. This source is important and proves to be extremely useful

when contributing to further research.

5. Gil, J. M. (2008 ). Consumer acceptance, valuation of, and attitudes towards

genetically modified food: Review and implications for food policy . Food Policy , 33(2),

99-111. Retrieved March 7, 2017 , from http://www.sciencedirect.com

This source discusses the potential reactions of consumers when information

is released on genetically modified food. The uncertainty of the public is addressed and

acknowledged in this source. The acceptance of the public regarding GMOs is still

uncertain and this article attempts to explain how those uncertain attitudes can be

reassured through the information of the findings.

This article was published in 2008, so it is relatively current. The intended

audience is a scholarly audience. The credentials of this author are trustworthy because

the publishing of the information in a journal is credible. The author of this book is apart

of the Department of Agriculture and Food Economics and this contributes to the

authority because of the experience and knowledge maintained from being apart of this

department. There is a bias towards the lack of consistency in the research that has been

conducted. The intentions of this article is to address the public about the flaws in studied

of GMOs and how the general public can address the uncertainties of GMOs. This source
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has importance because of the different information addressed regarding the actual

reactions of the public to GMOs and this could be useful in further research.

6. Smith , J. (2003). The GE Process . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 , from

http://responsibletechnology.org/gmo-education/the-ge-process/

A GMO is the result of a laboratory process referred to as the genetic engineering

process. The transfer of genes from DNA of one species is forced into the genes of an

unrelated plant or animal and the result is a genetically modified organism. The foreign

genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals, or humans. This source

thoroughly explains the process that is completed in order for a GMO to result.

Comparison of traditional breeding and the process of genetic engineering is discussed in

order to contribute to the development of a better understanding of the genetic

engineering process.

This website was published in 2003 so the information is relatively current. The

intended audience is a scholarly audience. The author of this source has been credited

with improving government policies and influencing consumers. This source is apart of

the Institute for Responsible Technology, which is a comprehensive source of GMO

health information available on the Internet. There is a bias present towards the genetic

engineering process and the possible harm from human consumption and also the

accuracy of the process. The purpose of this source is to inform the general public about

the process of genetic engineering and why it can be a harmful way to create new

organisms. This source is important because it ties together the ideas about GMOs and

the harmful nature of them because it offers information on the process of creating these

organisms.
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7. Murnaghan, I. (2017 , March 6). Fact Sheet: Pros vs Cons . Retrieved March 8, 2017 ,

from http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk/fact-sheet-pros-vs-cons.html

The benefits and issues of genetically engineered foods are discussed in this

article. Genetically engineered foods can possibly produce higher crop yields, more

economical benefits, and improved food quality are just a few of the benefits listed. The

issues surrounding genetically modified foods are the possible harm to other organisms in

the ecosystem, potential allergy trigger, and possible the emergence of new disease. By

providing a fact sheet, this source familiarizes the audience with the pros and cons of

GMOs to make an informed choice surrounding the opinion of genetically engineered

foods.

The currency of this source is very relevant because of the updated version from

2017. The intended audience is that of a scholarly audience. There is not an apparent bias

in this source because the pros and cons are both discussed and then a fact sheet is

provided that reveals the truth of the claims made. The purpose of this source is to inform

a scholarly audience about both the pros and cons of genetically engineered foods and

why the previous opinions may be supported or not supported. This source is important

for the further research of GMOs because being unbiased towards GMOs and their

benefits and issues provides a different approach to the topic.

8. Weighing the GMO arguments: against . (2003, March). Retrieved March 8 , 2017 ,

from http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/focus/2003/gmo8.htm

There are various arguments against the use of GMOs in agriculture and the

potential negative effects on the environment. Some of these arguments are that genes

can end up in unexpected places, harmful effects that genes can mutate, interactions with
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wild and native populations, potential harm on human health, socio-economic effects, etc.

All of the arguments mentioned are supported with reasoning as to why this could be a

potential risk factor of GMOs. The lack of research and knowledge about GMOs could

fail to recognize the harmful effects on a multitude of populations. The combination of

the key arguments against GMOs is used to support the claim that GMOs could have

potential effects that are harmful to different populations.

This article was published in 2003, so it is relatively current. The intended

audience is scholarly because of the content of the information and the purpose to raise

awareness of common arguments against GMOs. The credentials of this source are

supported by the revision of the source before publishing and the research done on all of

these topics. There is a strong bias regarding GMOs and the reasons to support traditional

farming methods and not genetic engineering. The purpose of this source is to persuade

the general public to argue against GMOs by supporting the claim with common

arguments made against GMOs. This source is important for further research because the

discussion of arguments against GMOs will represent common reasons why GMOs are

not supported because of extensive research on these arguments.

9. Kuiper , H. A., & Kleter, G. A. (2001). Assessment of the food safety issues related to

genetically modified foods. The plant journal , 27(6). Retrieved March 9, 2017 , from

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Safety evaluation strategies are a key aspect in the safety of foods, especially

GMOs. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development released a guiding

tool for assessing genetically modified foods in 1993. The concept of substantial evidence

discussed is to serve as a starting point for a safety assessment, show comparisons

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between genetically modified organisms and its closest traditional counterpart, and

lastly, the identification of intended and unintended differences on which further safety

assessment should be focused on.

This source was published in 2001. The intended audience of this journal is the

general public who are not familiar with the issues regarding the food safety of GMOs.

The authors of this journal have a relatively strong authority because this journal had to

go under revision prior to publishing so the information is trustworthy. The credentials of

the authors specifically, such as education, are not included in this source. There is not a

strong bias present except towards the suggestion of performing more research on the

health of GMOs. The purpose of this journal is to inform the general public about the

strategies of food evaluation and how exactly these methods are supported or not

supported. This source is important for further research because the strategies of how

genetically modified organisms are assessed is vital in determining the overall safety of

these foods.

10. Finucane , M. L., & Holup, J. L. (2005 ). Psychological and cultural factors affecting

the perceived risk of genetically modified food: an overview of literature . Social Science

and Medicine , 60 (7), 1603 -1612 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 , from

http://www.sciencedirect.com

Presenting psychological, sociological, and anthropological research, this

provides a basis for understanding the cross-national differences in reactions to

genetically modified foods. There are many differences in the values and circumstances

of people from different parts of the world and realizing these differences can help in

understanding future research. The world economy and the quick globalization can be
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partly responsible for the need to understand cultural differences in the way people

perceive food technology.

This article was posted in 2005 so it is relatively current. The intended audience is

a scholarly audience. This journal has authority because it is scholarly and peer reviewed

so the information is reliable and accurate. There does not seem to be a bias that is

apparent in this article. The purpose of this article is to educate the general public. This

source will be extremely useful for future research because a different approach is taken

to understand genetically modified organisms.