YONDRE J.

YONDER
Agr,l. Center Chief IV

Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Plant Industry

GUIMARAS NATIONAL CROP RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT &

PRODUCTION SUPPORT CENTER
San Miguel, Jordan, Guimaras
5th most consumed fruit in
the world
Important component of
Philippine agriculture
Leading in area and volume
of production
Provides income for many
stakeholders
It can be processed into
unique products
Among the top export
commodities
Competitive advantage
Based on one
variety (Carabao)

Predominantly
backyard system

Dependent on
pesticides to
control pests and
diseases

Domestic market driven rather than export

Declining Fruit Yield and Quality
Ave. Yield: 4-7T/ha

Poor fruit quality

Occurrence of destructive
pests and diseases
yield/quality reduction

excessive pesticide use (residue)

very low margin of profit

High cost of production
60-80% Crop Protection cost
(40% Disease management cost)

Low margin of profit

Unsustainable production

Environmental constraints
Frequent typhoons
Excessive rainfall
Misuse of Flower induction technology
Aggravate pests and disease problem
 IPM
Holistic farming Ecologically based
approach pest control
combines the best of strategy
modern technology
Decision
business-oriented
(profitable) making process
sensitive to the Integral part of
environment and society
crop production
system
 ICM IPM
Profit Economic sustainability
Safe and affordable
Environmental
food soundness
Environment and Food safety and human
social sustainability welfare
 Soil/
Water
Nutrient
Mgt.
Mgt.
Disease
Mgt

Cultural Weed
ICM IPM Mgt
Mgt.

Insect
Mgt

Waste
Others
Mgt.
Integrated Crop Management for Mango
Flower
Canopy Devt &
induction &
Pruning
fruit set

Nutrient Pesticide Application

Management
Sanitation
Water Management
Shaking Bagging
Flush induction

Paclobutrazol Harvesting
application

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months

Production Timeline
 Recommended Farming Practices
to reduce pests & optimize mango production
Recommended Farming Practices

Practices to improve
plant health and fruit
yield
Practices to protect
yield components

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
Production Timeline
 Farming Practices to Improve Plant Health
and Fruit Yield
Canopy Devt & Flower
Pruning induction &
fruit set
Nutrient
Management

Water Management

Flush induction

Paclobutrazol
application

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
Production Timeline
 Farming Practices to Protect Yield
Components

Pesticide Application

Sanitation

Shaking Bagging

Harvesting

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
Production Timeline
 PRUNING

Philippine mango trees are seldom pruned . . .

. .while Australian mango trees are pruned regularly!!!
LINK
Why should mango trees be pruned regularly?

Agronomic reasons

to form desired canopy

shape, size and height
to develop a strong frame
to increase branching
complexity
to synchronize shoot
growth
to prevent toppling down
Why should mango trees be pruned regularly?

Pest control reasons

to remove infested
and diseased
branches

to create
unfavorable
environment for
pests
to enhance pesticide
spray efficiency
What pruning methods should be used?

For bearing trees

Corrective Sanitary Open Center Canopy

Center Canopy
Pruning
Improves
light penetration

Improves
air circulation
When and how to prune bearing mango trees?

Should be done
immediately after
harvest

Prune out unnecessary

or overlapping
branches (corrective)
Open the center of the
canopy (open center)
Additional benefits of center canopy pruning

Reduce pest
and disease
pressure
Improve
pesticide
efficiency
Improve
flowering within
the canopy

Open center
 How to prune and train young trees?
Formative pruning
Cut 80-100cm above soil line to
encourage development of side
shoots

Select 3-4 well-spaced

branches
Cut primary branches
after 2-3 flushes
How to prune and train young trees?

Canopy should be spreading

inverted umbrella shape with
open center

Prune new shoots growing

toward the center

Remove lower branches

reaching the ground

LINK
Sanitation

Remove infected
fruits, leaf litters and
other plant debris.

Remove weeds and

other unwanted
plants around mango
trees.

Sanitary pruning
 Nutrient Management
Mango trees need nutrients for growth & development.
Proper nutrition keeps mango trees vigorous and
healthy.

Poorly nourished trees Well-nourished trees

Why should mango trees be fertilized?

Maintain consistent annual bearing

habit

Promote regular vegetative growth

and reproductive cycle

Improve pest and disease tolerance

Produce high fruit yield and quality

Healthy terminal branches

beget healthy flowers beget
quality fruits.
What methods and type of fertilizer should be used?
Basal application Foliar application
Nutrients needed in large amount Nutrients needed in smaller
(NPK, Ca, Mg, S) amount (Bo, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn)
Urea, Complete, MOP, organics Crop Giant, Albatros, Nutraphos
Super K, others
 When is the best time to fertilize?

Basal Basal Foliar Foliar

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
How much fertilizer should be applied?

Dependent on: Therefore:

Soil type No recommended
Climate universal fertilizer
Tree size/age program is applicable
to all situations.
Nutrient status
Other factors
 General Fertilizer Recommendation
Based on crop removal
Assumptions:
Fruit yield: 10 tons/ha or 100kg/tree
Absorption efficacy: 20%
Amount to be replaced Fertilizer
Amount
Nutrient (kg) equivalent
removed (kg)
(20% absorption) (kg/tree)
Nitrogen 0.123 0.615 0.684 Urea

2.14
Phosphorus 0.06 0.3
Complete

Potassium 0.214 1.07 1.27 MOP

Total 4.10
Split application:
2kg NPK mixture = after harvest or immediately after pruning
2kg NPK mixture = 4 months after pruning or before flower induction
How should fertilizer be applied?

Fertilizer should be placed in the

active root zone

Tree Age Distance (m)

(yr)
12 0.2 0.4
4 15 0.5 2
> 15 2.5
 How to check if the amount of fertilizer
applied is enough?

Leaf Nutrient Level Analysis

Elements Optimum Range
Nitrogen (%) 1.0 1.50
Phosphorus (%) 0.08 0.18
Potassium (%) 0.30 1.20
Calcium (%) 2.0 3.50
Magnesium (%) 0.15 0.40
Sulfur (%) 0.20 0.60
Boron (g/g) 50 80
 When and how frequent foliar
fertilization should be done?

Application Time Formulation

1st 18 to 21 DAFI 30-15-15 + TE

2nd 35 DAFI 15-15-30 + TE

3rd 45 DAFI 15-15-30 + TE

4th 55 DAFI 15-15-30 + TE

 Organic fertilizer
Take advantage of available organic matter in the
farm or from other sources.
 Water Management
Why there is a need to irrigate mango trees?

Assist in early
establishment of young
trees

Enhance early vegetative

flush

Increase fruit yield and

quality
What should be expected when water is limited?

slow vegetative growth

excessive fruit drop

undersize or misshapen fruits

low yield and quality

 When is the best time to irrigate and why?

WATER WITHHELD WATER

Irrigate Irrigate WITHHELD

Promote flushing and Allow slow growth Prevent fruit drop Increase dry
matter content
vegetative growth and dormancy Increase fruit size

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
How much water is needed for optimum fruit
yield?
600-
400- 1500 800-
1000 L/wk 2000 400-
L/wk L/wk 1000
L/wk

Dormancy after Growth &

harvestafter
Dormancy Flushing maturity
Growth & maturity Flower
Flowering Fruit
Fruit growth
growth Harvest
Harvest
Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
 In other countries, irrigation is an integral
part of mango production system.

In the Philippines, irrigation is seldom practiced.

 Flush Induction
Why flush induction is necessary?

Dormancy is too long

after harvest.
Strong and uniform
flushing
Early flower induction
Breaks pest/disease
cycle
Guidelines of Flush Induction

Flush uniformly
at one time to
break
pest/disease
cycle.
Intermittent young
flushes provide
continuous food
supply for :
Anthracnose, Leafhopper,
Cecid fly, Thrips,
Other pests
How can flushing be facilitated?

Pruning

Irrigation and
N fertilization

Foliar spray of
KNO3 or Urea
Flower Induction &
Fruit set
 Flower Induction
What should be expected with flower
induction technology?

Benefits
Breaks normal fruiting habit
Bears fruit anytime of the year
Revolutionizes mango industry

Drawbacks
Enhance pest & disease problems
Weak and undernourished trees
How to recognize readiness to flower?

Leaves dark
green, coppery &
brittle
Buds prominent
and dormant
Terminal branches
6 to 7 months old
How to induce mango trees to flower?

KNO3 / Ca(NO3)2
Concentration
1 to 3 %
Application
spray (p.m.)

Follow-up spray
(low dose)
 Managing Mango Flowers LINK

Pest control for

important insects
(dry season),
diseases (wet
season)

Foliar application
of liquid fertilizer at
15-25 DAFI may be
done to promote
flower growth and
development.
 Enhancing Pollination

Avoid spraying
insecticide during full
bloom

If infestation occurs,
spray insecticide after
10 AM
Hang rotting materials
before full bloom to
attract flies (e.g. fish,
toads, etc.)
Maintain bee colonies
 Why shaking is recommended ?

To remove water
droplets
To get rid of
infected flower

To improve
pesticide efficiency
How is shaking in mango flowers is done?

Shaking is done on
mango flowers
during post bloom
stage
Shake trees after a
rain or early in the
morning
LINK 1 Fruit bagging LINK 2

Fruits are bagged

at 55-60 DAFI using
newsprints, old
newspaper,
imported
newspaper, waxy
magazine or other
pre-formed bagging
materials
Benefits of Fruit Bagging

Improve fruit finish

Protection against
pests & diseases

Minimize rejection
(windscar, latex burn, etc.)

Accurate estimate of
production
Harvesting and Postharvest Handling

Maturity Indices

Proper harvesting

Proper Post-
harvest Handling
Integrated Pest
Management
 Strategic Approaches of IPM
Types of Mango Pests

Leafhopper, tip borer, cecid fly, fruitfly, etc.

Key pest
Pest Population

ETL

Thrips, twig borer, webworm

Occasional
Pest
Leafcutter, corn silk beetle, gall mites
Potential
Pest

Time
 Strategic Approaches of IPM

Primary IPM (Cultural, biological, etc.)

Measures

Present Popn
Pest Population

Remedial IPM Equilibrium

(Chemical)
Measures

ETL

New Popn
Equilibrium

Time
59
 The Pests and Diseases of Mango
Tip borer Leafhopper
Scale insect Tip borer
Twig cutter Mealy bug
Die back Thrips
Anthracnose
Scab
Sooty Mold

Cecid fly
Corn silk beetle
Scale insect
Thrips Fruit fly
Tent caterpillar Cecid fly
Anthracnose Capsid bug
Scab Scale
insects
Sooty mold Mealy bug
Pulp weevil
Anthracnose
Scab
Termite Sooty mold
June beetle Stem-end rot
Gummosis
Diseases Affecting
Vegetative Stages
 Anthracnose
Gummosis /Leafspot Dieback

Vegetative
Stages
 Diseases Affecting
Reproductive Stages
 Blossom blight

Fungus (anthracnose)
Sudden
blackening/blighting of
panicles
Crop failure

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Sooty mold

Fungus
Leafhopper, mealybugs
and scale insects
Black fungal mass.
Reduce fruit quality.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Scab

Fungus
Immature fruit
Brown & corky spot
Damage skin deep
Reduce fruit quality.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Stem end rot

Fungus
Lesion at peduncle base.
Pulp soften and watery.
Unpleasant odor.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Anthracnose

Fungus

Sunken black spots

Fruit rots and turns

black.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Pests Affecting
Vegetative Stages
 Cecid fly

Insect pest
Adult, mosquito-like
Lay eggs on new flushes
Circular or gall-like spots
Spots contain larvae.

Vegetative
Stages
 Tip borer

Insect pest

Damage: shoot
wilting & drying

Purplish larvae
inside shoot

Vegetative
Stages
 Corn silk beetle

Insect pest.

Yellowish beetle.

Feed on young
flushes.

Irregular holes.

Vegetative
Stages
 Twig borer

Insect pest

Adult beetle cuts or

girdles the twig; lay
eggs.

Terminal branches wilt

and dry-up.

Vegetative
Stages
 Scale insect

Small, stationary, convex, scalelike

organism.

Eggs are laid under a protective scale.

Waxy covering

They do not move during the remaining

part of their lives.

It attacks almost all parts of mango at

different stages of development.

Vegetative
Stages
 Pests Affecting
Reproductive Stages
 Leafhopper

Very small, yellow,

wingless
Withering of flowers
honey dew
Sooty mold

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 3 4 5 70 110
 Cecid fly

Insect pest
Circular, brown gall-like
spots
Yellowish larvae inside
gall-like spot.
buti, kurikong,
armalite, nora-nora

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Capsid bug

Insect pest

Nymph & adult - destructive.

Black & corky spots on peel.

Kurikong, armalite, buti

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Thrips

Tiny piercing-sucking insect

Scarred fruit (chico-chico)

Leaf and fruit drop

Fruit
Stages

DAF 3 4 5 70 11
5
 Seed borer

Insect pest

Enters fruit apex

Fruit apex burst.

Fruit eventually fall-

off.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Fruitflies

Insect pest.

Two species.

Female destructive

Feeding larvae cause

fruit damage.

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Mealy bugs

Small, white, oval, soft-bodied

insects with cottony filaments on
their body.

Feed by sucking the plant sap.

Excrete honeydew

Ants

Sooty mold

Fruit
Stages

DAFI 35 45 55 70 110
 Pulp weevil

Brownish black, hard-

bodied weevil

Crawler, short distant

flier

Eggs are laid singly on

the fruit peel.

Larvae feeds on the pulp

leaving dry tunnels

Fruit
Stages

DAF 3 4 5 70 11
5
Major Insect Pests and Diseases of Mango
requiring pesticide application
Leaf Spot (Anthracnose) Cecid Fly

Dormant Flushing Leaf

Stage Stage Maturation
Stage 10 17 21 28 35 45 55 70 110
DAFI

Vegetative Stages Flower Stages Fruit Stages

 Major Pests and Diseases of Mango
requiring pesticide application
Tip Borer Leafhopper Blossom Blight

Dormant Flushing Leaf

Stage Stage Maturation
Stage 10 17 21 28 35 45 55 70 110
DAFI

Vegetative Stages Flower Stages Fruit Stages

 Major Pests and Diseases of Mango
requiring pesticide application
Cecid Fly Thrips Scab Seed Borer Sooty Mold

Dormant Flushing Leaf

Stage Stage Maturation
Stage 10 17 21 28 35 45 55 70 110
DAFI

Vegetative Stages Flower Stages Fruit Stages

Major Insect Pests and Diseases of Mango
requiring pesticide application
Fruit Fly Fruit Rot (Anthracnose) Stem-end Rot

Dormant Flushing Leaf

Stage Stage Maturation
Stage 10 17 21 28 35 45 55 70 110
DAFI

Vegetative Stages Flower Stages Fruit Stages

 Essential Components of Effective
Chemical Pest Control
Appropriate and well-maintained spray
equipment
Healthy trees and well-pruned canopy
Effective pest/weather monitoring system
(crop stage, pests and weather)
Knowledge of pesticides
(target pest, application rate, mode of action and
safe use)
Important Rules to Remember

The correct pesticide must be

selected
Pesticide must be applied at the right
time and frequency

Pesticide must be properly applied to

the target
 Critical Stages for Insects and Diseases of Mango

Scab
Cecid fly Anthracnose/SE
Blossom R
Leafhopper Blight Seed Fruit fly
borer

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Common Pesticide Spray Windows for
Mango

1st spray 3rd spray 4th spray

6th spray
(Sugat) (Pabaon) (Hugas)

2nd spray Optional

5th spray 7th spray
(Pasingit) spray

10-12 17-18 21-25 27-28 30-35 40-45 50-55 70-80

Days after Flower Induction
(DAFI)
Pesticide Management Encourages:

need-based spray
program

judicious use of
pesticides
pest and weather
monitoring
Weather Monitoring (Satellite Imaging)
Weather Monitoring (Satellite Imaging)
 Why calendar spraying is not
recommended

Waste of money if pests are absent

Mango can tolerate low level of infestation
Kill many beneficial species
Increase of risk of pesticide phytotoxicity
High pesticide residue
Greater risk of pests developing resistance
 Fungicide Management Strategies

Mancozeb
Protectant Protectant propineb
Fungicides Fungicides copper fungicide

Azoxystrobin Tebuconazole
Systemic Systemic Difenoconazole Thiophanate methyl
Fungicides Fungicides Benomyl Carbendazim

Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Mancozeb
Protectant Protectant propineb
Fungicides Fungicides copper fungicide

Azoxystrobin Tebuconazole
Systemic Systemic Difenoconazole Thiophanate methyl
Fungicides Fungicides Benomyl Carbendazim

Shaking Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Reproductive stages
Need-based fungicide spray options

Spray No spray
fungicide

Vegetative stages Vegetative stages

 Protectant
Fungicides

Systemic Systemic
Fungicides Fungicides

Shaking Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Reproductive stages
 Insurance spray

Protectant/Systemic Systemic
Fungicides Fungicides

Bagging
Shaking

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Spray guide for insect pests

Effective
Effective insecticide against
insecticide against Cecid fly, seed borer,
tip borer/leafhopper Capsid bug

Effective
insecticide
against
leafhopper
Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Population
Population Growth of leafhopper

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Sample spray regime for leafhopper

1st spray 4th spray

2nd spray 3rd spray Thiametoxam/
Thiametoxam/ Thiametoxam/
Dinotefuran/ Pymetrozine Dinotefuran/
Dinotefuran/ Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid/
Population

Imidacloprid Buprofesin
Pymetrozine

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Recommended Preventive Spray Program
for Cecid fly

Early Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Why pesticides fail to control pests?
Pesticide is not appropriate for the target
pest
Inappropriate dose (underdose)

Pesticide fails to reach target pest

Wrong timing of application
Very high pest pressure/population
Pests develop resistance to pesticides
 What is pesticide resistance?

Change in sensitivity of pests to pesticides

Repeated failure of a product when used
according to the label recommendation
Result of over-use and mis-use of pesticides
 Population Level

Physiological Level
Population Level
How pesticide resistance develops

Profenofos

Pests
1st Pesticide survive
application

Multiply

thrips

Resistant Susceptible
 Population Level
How pesticide resistance develops
Profenofos Profenofos
Pests
2ndPesticide survive 3rd Pesticide
application application

Multiply

Profenofos is no
longer effective.
Resistant Susceptible
 Physiological Level
Pesticide
Quickly excreted
Easily detoxify
Not absorbed

Pesticide
 Strategies to prevent Pesticide
Resistance

1. Follow appropriate spray regime

program

Rotation/alternation of pesticides of
different mode of action

Mixture of pesticide (premixed or tank mix)

 Rotation/Alternation of pesticides

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Mixture of pesticides
(premixed or tank mixed)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Strategies to prevent Pesticide
Resistance
2. Apply at-risk product at the most critical period

P P 3rd S P
1st 2nd 4th

At-risk
pesticide

Critical
period

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Strategies to prevent Pesticide
Resistance
3. Use product at their full recommended doses

Do not Overdose/Underose
 Strategies to prevent Pesticide
Resistance

4. Reduce number of spray through proper pest/weather

monitoring
 Strategies to prevent Pesticide
Resistance

5. Minimize selection pressure by adopting cultural practices to

suppress pest population
Canopy Management

Nutrient and Water Management

Sanitation

Timing of flower induction and others

6. In the event of control failure, do not reapply the same class of

pesticide
 Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)
Mode of Action for Fungicides Registered for Mango
Trade Name Active ingredient Chemical Subgroup Pests Remark
1 (Cell division: Mitosis Beta-tubulin assembly)
Agchem Benomyl 50 WP, Agenomyl 50WP, Agromyl 50WP, Benleaf 50WP,
Anthracnose,
Benlight, Benomax, Ben-On-Time, Benostar, Fundazol 50WP, Hyper 50WP, Benomyl
powdery mildew
etc.
Avert 50WP, Bavistin 50DF, Goldazim 500 SC, Minx 500 SC, Benzimidazole
Carbendazim Anthracnose High risk, positive cross
Radizim 50WP & Sundazim 50WP
resistance, resistance
Tantor 250 SC Carbendazim + Tebuconazole Anthracnose management required
Armor, Bonita 700WP, Fungitox 70WP, Miltop 70WP, Precur 70WP,
Scope 70WP, Tango 70WP, Thio-Met 70WP, Tiptop 70WP, Topper 70WP, Thiophanate methyl Thiophanate Anthracnose
Tops 70WP & Topsin-M 70 WP
3 (Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI) demethylation inhibitor)
Saprol Triforine Piperazine Anthracnose Medium risk, positive cross
resistance, resistance
Score 250 EC Difenoconazole Anthracnose
management required
Anthracnose,
Folicur 25 WP, Folicur 430SC, Orius 430SC & Tebucoz 430SC Tebuconazole Triazole
stem end rot
Tantor 250 SC Tebuconazole + Carbendazim Anthracnose
11 Respiration
(Complex III of fungal respiration: ubiquinol oxidase, Qo site)
High risk, positive cross
Amistar 25 SC Azoxystrobin Strobilurin Anthracnose resistance, resistance
management required
 Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)
Mode of Action for Fungicides Registered for Mango
Trade Name Active ingredient Chemical Subgroup Pests Remark
40 (Phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition - proposed)

Low to medium risk,

Anthracnose, stem
Melody Duo Iprovalicarb + Propineb Valinamide carbamate resistance management
end rot
required

M (Multi-site contact)
Agri Blue 58WP, Cuprivit OB 21 & Vitigran Blue 58WP Copper oxychloride Anthracnose, scab
Funguran-OH, Hidrocob 77Wp, Hydroxide Super 77WP & KOP-Hydroxide Anthracnose
Copper hydroxide Inorganic
77WP
Champion WP, Champ DP, K-101 Wettable powder, Kocide 101 & K-3000 Dry
Cupric hydroxide Anthracnose, scab
Pill
Dithane M-45, Fungufree, Mancotex 80WP, Manzate 200 Fungicide,
Manzeb 80WP, Marzeb 80WP, Radisson Mancozeb 80WP, Vanzeb 80WP, Mancozeb Anthracnose, scab
etc.
Antracol WP 70 and Protocol WP 70 Propineb Dithiocarbamates and Anthracnose Low risk, No cross
relatives resistance, resistance
Anthracnose, stem management required
Melody Duo Iprovalicarb + Propineb
end rot

Thiram 80WG and Banguard 80WG Thiram Anthracnose, scab

Captan 50 WP Captan Phthalimide Anthracnose, scab

Agronil 720SC, Daconil 500 SC, Protec 720SC, Syntax 720SC, Transonil Anthracnose,
Chlorothalonil
720SC etc Chloronitriles diplodia rot

Eminent Star 31.25 EC Chlorothalonil + Tebuconazole Anthracnose

 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action for Insecticides Registered for Mango
Chemical
Trade Name Active ingredient Pests Remark
Subgroup
1 (Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
Carvil 50EC, Convoy 50EC, Diacarb 50EC, Hopcide 50WP, BPMC, butylphenyl
Mango hopper, tip borer
Hopcin 50 EC and Hopkill 50EC methylcarbamate
Baryl 85WP, Chopper 85S, Elite Carbaryl 85WP, Phantom Mango hopper, tip borer,
85WP, Sevin 85 WP, Superseven 85WP, Transocarb 85WP, Carbaryl twig borer, fruit fly, mealy
United Agro Carbaryl, Zacarb 85WP, etc. Carbamate bug
Cecid, black borer, Positive cross
Leads Marshal 200 SC and Posse 200SC Carbosulfan resistance.
leafhopper, fruitfly, thrips,
scale insects, seed borerWhen cross
Mesurol 50 WP Methiocarb Thrips resistance is
absent,
Chlorpyrifos +
Azudin EC, Blink EC, Bombard 275EC and Nurelle D, Mango hopper carbamate and
Cypermethrin
organophospha
Diazinon 60EC, Diazol 40EC, Drexel Diazinon 600EC, Neocidin Hopper, twig borer, tip te can be
Diazinon
600EC, Parapest 400 EC and Parapest D 600EC borer, stem borer rotated if there
Perfekthion 40 EC Dimethoate Leafhopper is no other
Lebaycid 50 EC Fenthion Organophosphate Hopper, fruitfly alternative.
Mango hopper, tip borer,
Pennant 50 EC Phenthoate
twig borer
Elite Profenofos 500EC, Kilabot 500 EC, Profecron 500EC,
Proven 500SC, Seleck 50EC, Selecron 500SC, Transofos Profenofos Blossom thrips
50EC, Ultimate 50EC, etc.
 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action for Insecticides Registered for Mango
Chemical
Trade Name Active ingredient Pests Remark
Subgroup
3 (Sodium channel modulators)
Bulldock 025 EC Betacyfluthrin Mango hopper
Chix 2.5 EC Betacypermethrin Hopper, twig borer, tip borer
Baythroid 050 EC Cyfluthrin Hopper
Big Shot 5 EC, Cymbush 5EC, Cypermethrin 5EC, Elite Cyper 5EC,
Leafhopper, twig borer, tip
Magnum 5 EC, Quali Cyper 5EC, Supermethrin 5EC, Tipid 5EC, Tirador Cypermethrin
borer, fruit fly
5EC, Top Kill, etc
2 Fast 2.5EC, Agrodeltamethrin, Decide 2.5EC, Decis 2.5 EC, Decis R,
Delta 2.5EC, Deltamet 2.5EC, Redisson Deltamethrin 2.5EC, Ryder 2.5EC,
Deltamethrin Hopper, tip borer, twig borer
Sharphil Delta 2.5EC, Squadron 2.5EC, Superquick 2.5 EC, Suppress
2.5EC and Whizz 2.5EC
Mango hopper, twig borer, tip Positive cross
Legend 2.5 EC and Sumi-Alpha 2.5 EC Esfenvalerate resistance.
borer
Pyrethroids Rotation among
Check 2.5 EC, Dash 30EC, Polido 2.5EC, Trebon 30EC, Trebon Excel 10EC, pyrethriods should
Etofenprox Mango hopper
Trebon 10EC and Trefic 20WP be avoided.
Mango hopper, tip borer, twig
Fenracidin 30EC, Kilpes 3EC, Leadmark 3EC and Sumicidin 3 EC Fenvalerate
borer
Mango hopper, tip borer, twig
Pro Axis 15 CS Gamma Cyhalothrin
borer
Bida 2.5EC, Biggboss 2.5EC, Deliver 2.5EC, Elite Lambda, Jackpot 2.5EC,
Karate 2.5 EC, Karate with Zeon Technology, Super Lambda 2.5EC, Lambdacyhalothrin Hopper
Terminator 2.5EC, etc.
Lambdacyhalothrin+Thiametho
Alika 247 ZC Leafhopper, tip borer
xam
Corsair 5EC, Kafil 10EC and Pytox 10 EC Permethrin Mango hopper
 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action for Insecticides Registered for Mango
Chemical
Trade Name Active ingredient Pests Remark
Subgroup
4 (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists)
Milan 3EC and Mospilan Acetamiprid Mango hopper
Hopper, tip borer, floral
Dantop 16WSG and Dantotsu 16WSG Chlothianidin
thrips, cecid fly, capsid bug
Oshin 20SG and Starkle 20SG Dinotefuran Mango hopper Positive cross
Admire SL 200 and Confidor 100 SL Imidacloprid Leafhopper resistance.
Rotation among
Imidacloprid + Neonicotinoids
Solomon 300 OD Mango leafhopper pyrethriods
Betacyfluthrin should be
Provado Supra Imidacloprid +Cyfluthrin Hopper, tip borer, thrips avoided
Lambdacyhalothrin+Thiam
Alika 247 ZC Leafhopper, tip borer
ethoxam
Actara 25 WG Thiamethoxam Leafhopper
5 (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Allosteric Activators)
Success not
Success 480 SC, GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait and GF-120 Naturalyte registered for
Spinosad Spinosyns Fruitflies
Fruitfly Bait mango
6 (Chlorine Channel Activators)
No registered product - Avemectin -
 Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)
Mode of Action for Insecticides Registered for Mango
Chemical
Trade Name Active ingredient Pests Remark
Subgroup

7 (Juvenile Hormone Mimics)

No registered product - Fenoxycarb -
9 (Selective Homopteran Feeding Blockers)

Chess 50 WG Pymetrozine Pymetrozine Leafhopper

14 (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Channel Blockers)

Care Top 50SP, Cartap ES, Extreme 50SP, Gemtrak 50SP,

Megatap 50SP, Padan 50SP, Patrak 50SP, Prevent 50SP, Star
Cartap hydrochloride Cartap Leafhopper
Cartap, Super Cartap 50SP, Texicon Cartap, Top Rank 50SP,
Tsunami 50SP, Unitap 50SP, etc.

16 (Inhibitor of Chitin Biosynthesis Type 1 Homopterans)

Applaud 25SC Buprofezin Buprofesin Leafhopper

17 (Molting disruptor, Dipteran)
Trigard 75 WP Cyromazine Cyromazine Cecid fly, fruit fly
Fruits bagged with imported news paper
Additional Information
on Important
Insect-pest of Mango
Cecid Fly : An Important
Problem on Mango
Geographic Areas of Severe Infestation

Guimaras / Iloilo (2000)

Bulacan

Batangas

Davao del Sur

Nationwide (2010)
Characteristic Damage
Young fruits

Cecid fly
Capsid bug
Older fruits

Cecid fly Capsid bug

Most Vulnerable Stage of Infestation

Young flushes

Young developing fruits

 Pest / Damage Nomenclature

Gall midge Armalite

Cecid fly Buti

Kurikong Nora-Nora

sak-sak Gloria-gloria
walis
General characteristics of Cecidomyiids

Gall or blister forming

Mosquito-like appearance
Short-live
Male --- 12-18 hrs
Female --- 3 days
Short life cycle
egg --- 3 days
larvae --- 3-5 days
pupa --- variable
adult --- 1-3 days
Habit / Behavior

Crepuscular
Highly attracted to light

Females mate once, lay eggs and die

Lay eggs singly or in group on young

leaves or fruits
A female can lay 100-200 eggs
Conditions Associated with High
Cecid fly Population

Overcast skies and drizzling rain

August to November - peak of damage

Poorly managed mango orchard

Closely spaced mango orchard

Integrated Cecid Fly Management Interventions

1. Clean Mango Culture

- good sanitation practice
- good weed management

2. Proper Tree Canopy Management

- center canopy pruning
- formative and sanitary pruning
- thinning out of trees if necessary

3. Follow good cultural management practices

- uniform flushing time
Integrated Cecid Fly Management Interventions

4. Pesticide management
- protect young flushes with insecticides
(pyrethroids)
- protect young fruits (35-60 DAFI) with timely
application of insecticides (pyrethroids and
carbamates)

5. Early fruit bagging (45-60 DAFI)

6. Rigid Cecid fly damage and weather
monitoring during early fruit
development
 Critical Stage for Cecid Fly

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Recommended Preventive Spray Program

Early Bagging

CROP
STAGE

DAFI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
 Appearance
Adult
Wedge-shape, light green
to brownish-green
3.5 to 4.0 mm

Female lays 100-200 eggs

Nymph
Very small, yellowish,
wingless
 Damage

Withering of
flowers
honey dew
Sooty mold
 Life Cycle
Adult

F1 Egg
2-3 d Nymph
14-23 d Adult

Egg
F2 Nymph

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Population Growth
Population

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Population Growth

1st spray 2nd spray 3rd spray 4th spray

Population

Flower
Stages

DAFI
10 17 21 28 35
 Preventive Measures

Pruning (Center canopy pruning)

Early flower induction (Off-season)

Proper tree spacing

 Red-banded/Mango Thrips
Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Red-banded
thrips); Scirtothrips dorsalis (Mango Thrips)

Has piercing-sucking mouth parts

Favored by dry condition

Eggs
kidney shaped,
embedded in the leaf
tissue
6-8 days incubation
period

Nymph
Creamy in color or with 2
characteristic red band
6-7 days incubation
period
Prepupal and Pupal
2-3 days incubation period
Inactive, found in the soil or
leaf litter

Adult
Over 1 mm long
Dark brown to black
Ave life span of 11 days
(max. 22 days at 28 C day
and 21 C night temperature)
Fecundity: ave. 17
eggs/female
 6-8 days
11 days

Completion of the life cycle depends on the

temperature
MGT: 24 days

6-7 days

2-3 days
Early Sign
Silvering of the leaf
surface and fruit

Severe Infestation
Yellow-brown
appearance on
leaves
Scarred fruit

Leaf and fruit drop

 Routinely monitoring

Clean mango culture

Good sanitation practice
Good weed management

Early flower induction (off-season)

Irrigation

Pesticide management
HARVESTING: Maturity Indices
105 - 135 days after flower
induction
Flattening of shoulders and
fullness of cheeks
Light creamy - yellow pulp
Flat shoulder at stem end
Full cheeks
Sinks in 1% salt solution
TSS (at harvest, 7-8 oBrix,
while at ripe stage, 15 oBrix up)