THE

DICTIONARY
OF NATIONAL
BIOGRAPHY
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 DICTIONARY
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NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
KiNN&i 1 Llueltn
 PUBLISHERS' NOTE
This elevaatfa volume of a Re-issue of the Dictionart
OF National Biography oomprises the thirty-first, thirty-
second and thirty-third volumes of the original edition, viz.,

Volume XXXI (Kennett-Lambart) published in July 1892;

Volume XXXII (Lambe-Leigh) published in October 1892;
Volume XXXIII (Leightta-Uuelyn) published in January
1893. Errors have as far as possible been corrected, and some
of the bibliographies have been revised, but otherwise the text
lamams wiaHersd.

Three supplementary volumes, published in the autumn

of 1901, and now forming the XXIInd and last volume of this

Re-issue, supply (with a few accidental omissions) memoirs

of persons who died while the oritrinal volumes were in

course of quarterly publication. The death of Oueen Victoria

(22nd January 1901) forms the limit of the undertaking.

** Thb Imdsx AMD BpnroiiB of fth* DtcnoMAEV, wUch is pnb-

Itahed in a separate volume, pives. with full cross-refcrencas, U
alphabetical list of all memoirs io both the Dictionary (1885-1900) sad
tiw SvprunnNT to ^ DtcnonAST (1901).

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 DICTIONARY
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NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

KDITSD BY

SIDNEY LEE

VOL. XI.

Kbnnett Llublyn

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON : SMITH, ELDEK, & CO.

1909

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 V. II

LIST OiE WEITBBS

IN THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.
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A. A. 1 7V Oimn AnmsB. O. B. D. . Gk B. DtBBtSB.
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 DICTIONARY
or

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Kennett i Kennett
(nraiNETT, BASIL fl 674-1716), mis- translation by W. Sewel appeared in pt. ii. of
eellaneoTis writer. >>orn at Postlinp, Kent, on Seine's 'Bescnryving van Oud en Niow Home,'
21 Oct. lt>74, wa.s younger brother of White fol. 1704. 2. * The Lives and Ohariictera of
fltaiiett [q. t.], bishop of FMerborough. He the Ancient Grecian Poets,' 2 pts. 8vo, Lon-
WIS edowted under tlw can of his uothor don, 1697, also dedicated to the duke. 3. ' A
tt a school at Bicester and in the fiunily Brief Exposition of the Apostles' Greed, ac-
of Sir William Glynne at Ambrosden, Ox- cording to Bishop Pearson, in a new method,'
fordshire. In 1689 he entered St. Edmund 8yo, 1706; other editions 1721 and 1726.
Hall, Oxford, under the tuition of his brother, 4. < An Essay towards a Paraphrase on the
who was then vice-principal. In 1690 he ^\ ns Psalms in Verse, with a Puraphrase on the
le^ad scholar of Corpus Christi College as Third Chapter of the Revelations,' 8vo^ 1706.
aatiTe of Kent, and gradoated B.A. in 6. ' Sefmoas fswMdiad to a Society of
1693, M.A. in 1696. In 1697 ho became British Merchants in Foreign Part.>j/ 8vo,
bUaw and tutor of Goiptts. His leaminsr London. 1716; 2nd edit., as 'Twenty Ser-
sad amhble qnafitiea won him fha TCsaid (v mons,' 1797.
all partie. In 1706 he wa.s appointed chap- Among the Lansdowne MSS. are the fol-
lain to the British iiactory at Leghorn, being lowing works by Kennett: 1. 'Poem to
thefiiat to flU that office, and received the Qneen Anne' (MS. 723, f. 1). S. 'OoUeo
degrwof B.D. by decree of onnvocation. He tions on various subjects' (MSS. 924-34).
was at first much harassed by the Inquisition, 8. 'Oratio' (MS. 927, f. 19). 4. 'Lives of
aad had to aedk the interrention of the Eng- the Latin Poets' (MS. 080). 6. 'Letten to
lish g^oTemment. Hi-health, caused by the 5. Blnrkweir (MS. 1019). 6. Notes on the
climate and his dislike of exercise, obliged him Church Catechism' (MS. 1043). 7. 'Notes
to resign, aad he preached for the last time on the New Testament' (MS. 1044).
on 8 Jan. 1712-13. He returned home byway He translated from the French 1. Bi.shop
:

ofFlonnoe, Rome, and Naples, and thron^^h GK)deau's 'Pastoral Inst motions for an An-
Rane^oouieetiiigbooks, sculpture, and uri- nual Retiremoat of Ten Days [anon.], 8vo,
'

ofities. ; A
He rMumed residence at Corpun 1703 another edition in ' Plea lor Senflons
Chriitti in 1714, became D.D., and durinjr the of Spiritual Retirement,' 1860. 2. Pa-scal's
lame year was elected president of hiaooflige, 'Thoughts upon Rdii^ion Jinon.], 8vo, 1704;
" i

alibou^h he was * even then,' as Heame says, other editions 1727 and t74l. a La Pla-
'venr stckly .' He died of slow fever on 8 Jan. cette's 'The Christian Casuist,' 8vo, 1706.
mi-lb ( Bawl. M8. G. 916), aad was horied 4. ' Politics in Select Discourses of Monsieur
a the coUego chapel. Balzac which he called his Aristippus,' 8vo,
k. rmett was author of 1. ' Romas An- 1709, with a preface by White Kennett.
:

tique Notitia, or the Antiquities of Rome. 6. ' The Whole Critical Works of Monsieur
... To which are prefixed two Essays con- Raptn,' 8vo, 1716. Ho also helned to trans-
suming the Roman Learning and the Roman late Puffendorfs 'Of the Law of Nature and
Education,' Hvo, London, ln96. This work, Nations,' fol. 1710 (1729 and 1749), and
vkich passed through many editions is dedi- translated Horaoe'a Art of Poetiy' iBrit.
CMdtothaDnksof OloiioeBter. ADiiteb Jfitf. MS. Am. a87l8 t 178). Beams
VKb XX. B
^'iyr.- 't^Kennett 9 Kennett
states, on the authority of James Tyrrell, comium,' under the title of 'Wit against
that the third volume of White Kennett's Wisdom : or a Panegyric upon Folly,' 1683.
'
If Lstory of England,'foI. 1706yWMiimalitiy 8vo. In the following year he contributed
the work of Buil Kennett. the life of Chabrias to the edition of Cor-
KmMtt likewise edited Bidiop Vide's nelius Nepos, ' done into English by several
<Poetice,'8yo^l701. hands.' He commniced -M.A. on 2'2 Jan.
[Biofrrapliia Britnnnica ; I/tnsd. MS9. 9S7 16d4^ and having taken holy orders lie be-
f. SC3, m'i f. 156; Uearno's Notes and Cul- came chrate and assistiait to Samuel Black-
lectioiui (Oxf. Hist. Soe.), L 8M 20^ 811, 3S2,well, B.D., vicar and schoolmaster of Bicester,
ii. 179, 234.J Q. Q. Oxfordshire. Sir William Glyune, hart., pre-
sented him in September 16io to the neigh-
KENNErr, WiriTE, D.D. (1660-1728), bouring vicars^ of Ambrosdon (K?,\N'frrT,
bishop of Peterborough, bora in the parish Parochial Auitmdtiet, p. 676). Soon after-
of St. Mary, Doyer, on 10 Aug. 1660, was wards he published '^Address of Thanks
son of Buail Kennott, M.A., rector of Dim- to a good Prince ; present^ in the Panegyric
church and vicar of Postling, Kent, by his of ^iny upon Trajan, the best of Roman
wife Mary, eldest daughter of Thomas White, EmpeRna,'Xiondon, 1686, 8vo, with a high-
a wealthy magistratp und mnstor-ehipwright flown preface expressing his loyalty to the
of Dover. After receiving a preliminary eau- throne (Notes and Quenes, 2nd uer. ii. 441).
cation at Elham and Wye, he was placed at Kennett's political views were quickly
\Vestniin>;ter ' nbove the curtnin.'or in tlio modified by dislike of the ecclesiastical pnlicy
upper school ; but blu he was suti'eriiig from of James II. He preached a series of dm-
small-pox at the period of the election of ooursen agninst ' popery,' n fused to read the
scholars on the fiMuidation, his father re- * Declarat ion for Liberty of Conscience ' in
called him home. After liis recovery he spent 1688^ and acted with the niajority of the
a year at Beaksboume, in the family of Mr. clergy in the diocese of Oxford when they
Tolson, whose thxee eoos he taught 'with rejected an address to the king recommended
great eontent and soeoess.' He was entered by Bishop Parker. Heame relates that at
a batler or semi-coiumoner n{ St. Ediniiud the beginning of the revolution Kennett lent
Hall, Ox&trdf in June lG7b, being placcc Dodwell a manuscript treatise, composed by
imdw tfie tmtion of Andrew AUini [q. v.' himself and nerer pniited, oilbnng arguments
According to Hearno ln> sonu'tim^ WHitei for taking the oaths of allegiance and supre-
'

on Dr. Wallis to church with his slurlett,' m$cy to William and Ma^
(emark and
ead perfboied other meniel olBoee(JK0mffrjls CUMbM,
i. 71). BidMsqamtily Kennett
tmd Collection", i. 311), but, on the other openly aupportodthe OMM
of the revolutiun,
handi he associated with the geotlamen-com- and thereby exposed lumself to much oblcMuiy
mooen. Wbile bm nndeigra^uto lie began from his nrmer friends, who called
-
mm
Ids career as a writer by publishing anony- ' Weathercock Kennett (NiCHor.8,
'
Lit.
mously, just before the assembling of parlia- Anead. I 303 n.) In January 1689, while
ment e Oxfbird on 31 March 1680-1, ' A
shooting at MiddletonStoney, bis gun burst
Letter from a Student at Oxford to a Friend and fractured his skull. The operation of
in the Country, concurning the approaching trepanning was successfully performed, but
Parliament, in vindication of hia Majesty, he was obu^ed to wear a large olack patch of
the Church of England, and the University.' velvet on his forehead diuing the remainder
The whig party endeavoured to discover the of his life.
autliar, witli a view to his punishment, but After a few years'abeenee at Ambrasden he
the sudden dissolution of the parliament put n'tununl toOvfnr(1 tutor and vict>-principal
n end to the incident and occasioned the of St. Edmund liuli, and in Se ptember 1691
fttUication of Kennett's second piece, 'A was chosen lecturer of 8t. Martin's,00mmonly
*oem to Mr. E. L. on his Majesty s disaolv- called Carfax, Oxford. He wu^ also appointed
ing the late Parliament at Oxford,' 28 March a public lecturer in the schools, and iillud the
1681. About this period Kennett was in- omoe of pro-proctor for two successive vears.
troduced to Anthony k Wood, who employed He proceeded B.D. on 6 May 1694 (c^ -Life
him in eoltecting epitaphs and notices of of Wood, ed. Bliss, p. cxvii). In February
eminent Oxford men. In his diary, 2 March 1694-6 he was prc-s^Mited by William Cherry,
1681-2, Wood notes that he iid directed five es^., to the rectoiy of iihpttesbrooiu Berk-
iUlHngs to be girtfn to Kennett 'for pains he shire. He was created 0.D. at Oimrd on
hath tuen for me in Kent.' On 2 May 1682 19 July 1700, and in the same year was pre-
Kennett graduated B.A. (Gtt. of Oxford sented to the rectory of St. Botolph, Aldgnte
GnOmtm, 1861, p. 381), ami next year pub- (NswcovBT, eprtprnim, i. 9h). ]. B
Uebed n veition ^ EnumPt *Umm Bte-
'
tito vioMsgt of AafiosdHk tad did

uiyiii^ua oy Google
 Kennett
not obuin poaseariim of St.Botolph'a without
a Uwsuit. On 16 Feb. 1701 he was installed
in the prebend of Combe and Ilarnham, in
tike church of Saliabury (Lb iiMfB,FMti, d.
Hiffdj, u. 666).
Kennett's historical and antiquarian re-
ifmtrhcM had meanwhile proounHl him some
RDOtatiiOiL From Dr. George llickes [q. v.]
(aiterwardi nonjuring bishop of Thetford),
who lived for time in seclusion with him
k ArnhntAbOf h.9 nemTed instraetion in the
A iitrlo-Saxon and other northern tongues.
For several j[ean the two scholars were on
BMMt frieadly terms, hut eventually
tiMie was an open rupture betwe^'n them,
owiag to reli^ooB and political dilferences.
KewMtt eontnbiited alife of William Somner
to the Rev. Jamea Ilrome's edition of that
tntiquarv's Treat iie of the Roman Forts and
' sellers undertook a coUaction of the best
Forte in Kent' (1693), and the biography waa
enlarged and reissued in Somner's Treatise of
' of Charles II, and induced Kennett to write
(iavefkind,* 2nd edition 1726. His reputation
as a topographer and philologist was enhanced
br hid' Parochial Antiquiti{>s attempted in the
llibtory of Ambroeden, Burceeter, and other
adjacent parta in the counties of Oxford and
Bocks, with u rih>f<8ary of Obsoh-te Terms/
Oxford, lt>^, 4to, dedicated to hia Dauoo^ Sir
W.Qtymuu Anewedilian,ipsti7enliiged
from the author's manuscript notes, was
issued at Oxford (2 vols. IblH, 4to) under
the dilOldlip of Bulkeley Bandinel. While
engaged on this work the question of laj
impropriations had come much under his
notice, and he published ' for the terror of
eviMoeiB' the 'History and Fate of Saod-
lege, discovered by example! of Beriptnre,
of Heathens, of CfhritianH,' Loudon, 1C98,
8to, wxiMen by Sir Henry Spelmaa in 1632,
hat onitted from the ediltoo of that witho/a
'Posthumous Works.'
Kennett wse now chanlain to Biahop Qar-
tSmr of liaeoln, and en i5 Bfiy 1701 beeame
archdeacon of Huntingdon. Thoreupoa he
atecvd into the fiunous controversy with
Attatbury about the ririite of convocation,
and ably supported Dr. >Vake and Edmund
Gtbaan in their contention that convocation
hmlfawinlMirciiit rights of independent action,
fn Wirhurton's view, Kennett'fl arguinfut,^
ware based on precedents, while Attrbury'8
lartadon principles. OnAniibishopTenison's
r**:ommendation he was appointed in 1701
uske of tht) on^inal members of the Society for
tlmPnipafttieaof the Gospel in Foreign Parts.
In a sermon prpfu h -d in his parii<li church of
Aldgmte on Hi Jan. 17(X3~4, the ust day iof
dM martyrdom of Charles I, Kannatt ao-
knowkvlged that then* had boen some errors
m his reign, owing to a popiali q^uuen and
'
'
ft flofnpt aiabUy, whoie policy tended in
3 Kennett
the direction of an absolute tyranny. To
correct exaggerated statements made about
this sermon, Kennett printed it under the
title of * A
Compassionate Enquiry into the
Oauaes of the Civil War,' London (three
editions), 170-1, 4to.It elicited many anglj
replies nrom his high-church opponenta.
In 1704 he published *The Cub of Im-
ropriations, and of the Augmentation of
'
icarages, and other insufficient Cui|M|Stated
by History and Law, from the fliet tfaaipa^
tious of the Popes and Monks, toher Majesty's
Royal Bounty lately extended to the poorer
Cler^ of the CStmrdi of Sneland.' A copy
of this work, boun<l in two vols., with copious
additions by the author, was formerly in the
possession of Richard Oough, and ie now in
the Bodleian Ijilirary. In 1705 some book-
works on English history down to the
a continuation to the time of Queen Anue
(Notes and Qutriu, Sad mr.ym.SiS). Al-
though It apneared anonymously as the third
volume of tue ' Compleat History of Eng-
land,' 1706, IbLtthaftnkhof'a name kmmim-
came known,aitt bawes expo<ed to renewed
attacks from hie JacohUe enemies. A new edi-
tion, with corrections, w as published in 1719,
but it was
not until 1740 that there iippenri d
Roger North'iiE.vamen, or an Inquiry uito
'
the Credit and Veracity of a pretended Conk*
plete History, viz. Dr. White Kennett's " His-
tory of England. His jpopularity at court
was increased by the published denunciations
of his views, and he was appointed chaplain
in ordinary to her majestv (cf. Luttrkix,
Brifif lieUttion, vi. 207). He was installed in
the deanery of Peterborough 21 Feb. 1707-8
(^BOH, Lt/e of TWottm, ed. 1768, p. 919;
LuTTKBLL, vi. 223, J)- A few days previ-
ousW he had been collated to the prebend
of nareton St. Latmnee, m the church of
Lincoln.
A sermon which he preached at the funeral
of the fltft Duke of Devoaahive on 6 Sept.
1707, and wliich laid him op<>n to thf chnr^z-n
of encouraging a deathbed repentance, was
published by Henry Hills, witnont a dedioap
tion, in 1707. To a second edition, published
by John Churchill in 1708, with a oedication
to William, second duke of Devonshire, waa
ttpj)ended 'Memoirs of the Family of Caven-
dish,' a separate edition of which was pub-
lished by Hilla in the same year. A newadt
tion of the sermon, with the author's manu-
script corrections, was published by John
Nichols in 1707, hot fttj ftw flopiea waia
fire (NicuoLS, Lit. Anecd. i. m
sold, and the r<>TYiainder were destroyed by
n.) The
nniNrtathHi acilaot KMUott waa ftedi in tha
9
Google
 Kennett
memory of Pope when in the ' Essay on
Oritidmi' be wrote:
Thou unbelieving priestfl reformed the nation,
And taught more pleasing methods of salration
(see Jort in's note, Pope, ed. Elwin, ii. 68,
S29). Kennett'a subsequent pruferni' iit was
naturally connected by nis enemies with the
strain adulatory reference to l3ie eeeond
duke with which the SLTmon concludes.
In 1707, deaixiog more leisure for etudy,
he resigned tlie Tectovy of St. Botolplit Ala-
gat u, and obtained the \obs remunerative
xectozy of St. Matt Aldermarv, London.
During tiiis pemd im publiehea mtmerous
sermons, and his pen was actively enpnr^d
in support of his party. lie zealously opposed
the doctrine Off the inTelidity of lay baptism,
and his answer to Dr. Sacheverell's sermon
{reached before the lord mayor on o Nov.
709 nised estonni^ in^gnation. In 1710
he was severely censured Tor not joining in
the congratulatory address of the London
clergy to the queen, which was drawn up on
the accession of tie tories to office afttfr
Sacheverell's triaL Kennett and others who
declined to subscribe it were represented as
enemies to the crown and ministry (cf. Dter,
NewtletUr, 4 Aug. 1710). Dr. Welton,
rector of Whitechapel, introduced into an
altar-piece in his church a portrait of Kennett
to represent J udas Iscariot {^Lamdowne MS.
708, 1 101 ; Sharpb, Short Jitmarkg, p. 30).
It w-As stated that the rector had caused
Keimet t'd figure to be substituted for that of
Burnet at the sumrestion of the painter, who
feared an action oi toandalum ma^natum if
Burnet were introduced. A
j<nnt of the
pktnie in the library of the Society of Anti-
quaries is accompanied with theee manuscript
lines by Maittaire
To say the picture does to him belong,
Kennett does Judas and the Painter wroog.
False is the image, the ressmblanos liiint:
Jttdaa Qonpued to Kenoett ie a Saint.
Mttltitudos of pooplc visited the church daily
to see the painting, but Compton, bishop of
London, eoon ordered its removaL For many
years afterwards it is said to have orna-
mented the high altar ut St. Albans (Nl-
OUOLS, Lit. Anecd. viii. 800; NcU and
Querivi>, -trd "cr. iii. -109).
In order to advance the interests of the
Society for the Propegation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, Kennett made a collection of
books, charts, maps, and documents, with the
intention of compoeing a ' History of the
Propfltrntion of Christianity in the English-
American Colonie.s,' and on the relinquish-
ment of that project he presented his col-
leetione to the ooggonntioa, wd
Bennett
catalogue entitle<l ' Bibliotbene Anerieaiim
Primordia/ London, 1713, 4to, afterwards re-
published with additions by Henry Homer Uie
elder, 1789, 4to. He aleolminded an antiqaa-
rimi and historic^; ^ilirary nt Peterborough,
iii.
and enriched the library of that church with
some Bcaroe boobs, ineniding an abstract of
the manuscript collections mafic by Dr. John
Cosens, bishop of that see, and a copiously
annot^ed copy of Onnton't *'Bmarf of
Peterborongh. The collection, consis^ting of
about fifteen hundred books and tracts, was
placed in a priTnte room at Peterborongh,
and a manuscript catalogue was drawn up
and subscribed ' Index liororum aliquot ve-
tustorum qoos in eommane bonum congessit
W. K., Decan.Petriburgjiiwcxii.' (Nichols,
Lit. Anecd. i. 267). This library is now
arranged in the chapel over the weit porch
of the cathedral.
On 25 July 1718 Kennett was installed
prebendary of Farrendon-ciim-Balderton at
Lincoln. Ho preached vehemently Ofrninst
the rebellion of 1715, and in the two foUovtr-
ing years warmly aidvooated the repeal of
the acts against ocraional conformity. In
the Bangorian controversy he opposed the
froceodings of convocation against Bishop
loadly. By the influence of nis friend Dr.
Charles Trimnell, bishop of Norwich and
afterwards of Winchester, he was appointed
bishop of Peterborough he was consecrated
;
at Lambeth on 9 Nov. 1718, and had permis-
sion to hold the archdeaconry of Huntingdon
and a prebend in Salisbury m oommendam
(Stubbs, Itegi$tnm AnffUeanum,^. 111). Ho
aied ten years later at his house inSt. Jamei^e
Street, Westminster, on 19 Dec. 1728. He
wee boned in Peterbonwufa Cathedral, where
a marble monument with a brief Latin in-
scription was erected to his memory (cf.
NiOHOU, Lit. jitued. ix. 810).
He married first, on n .Tnno 1693, Sarah,
only daughter of Robert and Mary Carver
of Bieeeter (she died on 3 March 1093-4,
fineproU) secondly, on 6 Juno lOOo. Sarnh,
;
sister of Richard Smith, M.D., of l>ondou
and Aylesbury (she died in August 1702);
thirdly, in 1703, Dorcas, daughter of Thomas
Fuller, D.D., rector of Wellinghalo, Essex,
and widow of Clopton Havers, M.D. (she
died 9 July 174^). His second wife bore him
a son. White Kennett, rector of Hurton-le-
Coggles, Lincolnshire, and prebendary of
Peterboroufjh, Lincoln, and London, who
I
died on ti May 1740; and a daughter Sarah,
I
who married John Newman of Shottes-
brook, Berkshire, and died on 22 Feb. 175G
.(Howard, Mitcellanta Genealogica et He-
raldiea, new ser. ii. 287). Heame, writing
ion S6 April 1707, laya that Kennett'a ' pro-
Digitized by Google
 Kennett
!^nt Tiis third] wife wears the breecfu-s,
his haughty, insolent temper deserves
wtams amd ChUeetioiu, n. 9}.
His biographer, the Rev. "William Npwton,
admits that his zeal 85 a whig partisan acme-
tboMl carried him to extremes, hub be was
very charitable, and J ijiplayed great modt-ra-
tion in his relations with the dissenters,
He is now remembered chiefly et a pains-
taking and laborio\is antiquary, especially
in the department of ecclesiastical biography.
The Bomoer of his works both in pnnt and
manirscript shows him tohav'' V'- n (brmin-h-
out his life a man of incredible (iiligtjucuutid
s Kennett
a<j
"
in Foreign Parts, fstablish'd by tll0 Bojtl
' Charterof King William III/ liondoOi 1706,
\ taMKhtefl into Fronoh ty Claudie On-
tSte de la Mothe, l^otterdam, 1708, 8vo.
H. 'The Christian Scholar, in Kuli and
Directions for CQlildnn & Youth sent to
Enffli^h Schools; more especially designed
for the poor boys taiight Sc cloath'd by
' charity in the narish of St. Botolph, Aid-
gat,' London, 1708, 8vo; 5th edit. 1710,
8vo; 14th edit. London, 1800, 12mo; 15th
edit, in 'The Christian Scholar,' vol. vi. 1807,
12mo; 20th edit. London, 1811, IL'mo; new
edit. London, 1636, 12mo. 7. A
Vindioi^
'

application. Ue was alwa^ ttAj to com- tioB of the Church and Clafgy of Snfflaiul
municate the results of ms researches to from some late roproachos rudely ana un-
fellow-students. Probably his best-kuown justly cast upon tlicm,' Loudon, 1709, 8vo.
work, apart from his 'Ck>mpleat History' 8. *A true Answer to Dr. Sacheverell's
already noticed, was his 'Register and |
Seraon before the Lord Mayor, Nov. 6,1709.
Chronicle, Ecclesia.stical anddvif: contain- In a Letter to one of the Aldermen,' Lon-
taining Matters of Fact delivered in the don, 1709, 8vo. 9. A Letter to Mr. Bar- *

words of the most Authentiok Books, Pajpers, ville upoAOOcaMon of his being reooaciled to
|

and Reeords; digested inexact order of time. theChurdi of En|^and,' printed in 'An Ao-
With papcr.j, notes, and refertnces towards coiint of the late Conversion of Mr. John
discovering and connecting the true History Barvilie, aliat Barton,' London.. 1710, 8vo.
of Eaglaad from the Besnranitian of King 10. * A
Letter, about a Motion in OonTooa-
Charle.s II,' vol. i. (all published), London, tion, to the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL.D.,' Lon-
1728, foL The original materiais for this don, 1712. 11. 'A Memorial for Protestants
|

Tslnable woclcafe preserved in the British oollw of Novemh., containing a more fidl
Mu.eum among the Lansdowne MSS. 1002- discovery of some particulars relating to the
1010. The manuscript volumes bring the re- happy deliverance of King James I, and t he
,

giater to 1070. The published Tohmehegins three Ertatoa of the Realm of England from
'

with tfio Restoration, aad ODtyOOIIUS down the most trait ero us and bloody intended Mas-
to December 1662. sacre by Gunpowder, anno 1605. In a Letter
j

KsBDStt pablished more than twelve sepa- to a Peer of Great-Britain,' London, 1713.
late pennons preached on public occasions 12. A Letter to the Lord Bishop of Carlislt?,
*

between 1694 and 1728, and others in sup- concerning one of his predecessors. Bishop
port of charity schools (cf. The ExcelUnt Mfrks on occasion of a new volume (by
;

Jiauijhter, 1708; 11th edit. 1807) or of th.j George Harbin] for the Pr. teTidcr, intltul.'d
CHxriety for the Propagation of the Gospel The Hereditary Kight of tiie Crown of En^-
(ef. sermon iesoed in 1712). His addresses land asserted,' London, 1713, 8vo (two
to hi* clergy at Peterborough on his first tions in one year) 4th edit. London, 1717, ;

visitat inn were issued in 1720. Kennett was 8vo. 13. 'Tne Wisdom of Iv<x>kin^^ Back-
also the author of the following, besides the wards to judge the b< tt r on one side and -

worki* already noticed :

'
1. Remarks on the t'otliHr by the Speeches, Writings, Actions,
;

Life, D^ath, and Burial of Henry Cornish,' and otla r umtters of fact on both sides for the
London, 1699, 4to. 2. 'Ecclesiastical Synods, four last years,' London, 1715, Svo. 14. '
A
and Parliamentarv Convocations in the Second Letter to the Lord Bishop of Carlisle,
Church of England, Historically stated, and ujpon the subject of Bishop MerKS ; by occa-
juf-tly Vindicated frx>m the misrcprcsenta- sion ofseizingsomeLibe^particularlyaCol-
tioasof Mr. Atterbory,' pt. i. London, 1701, lectionof Papers written by the late R.Iteve-
i

8o. S. ' An Oocasional Letter, on the sub- rend George Hicke,D.D.,* London, 1716,8vo.
[

jcct of Engl ii-li Con vorni ions,' London, 1701, 15. A Tliird Lrttor to the Lorrl Bishop of
'

bro. 4. The History of the Convocation of Carlisle, upon the subject of Bishop Merits;
'
|

tbe Prelates and CHergy of the Province of wherein the Nomination, Blection, Inyesti-
Canterbury, eummon'd to mt't In ihc Tathe- ture. and D^'privaf ion of English Prelates are
f

dral Chorch of St. PauL London, on l^eb. 6, shew'd to have been ori|pna!u^ constituted &
170O. In answer to a NanatiTe of the Pro- govern'd \g the Sovereign Power of Kings
I

coedin^s of the Lower House of Convoca- and their Parliaments .

|
against the Pi^ . .

tioi^' Loadoni 1702, 4to. 5. An Account tensions of our nW Fanatick:*,' London,

'

of the Sodety for Propagating tho Gospel 1717, Svo. |

This and tbo two preceding

Digitized by Google
 Kennetl
ietten to the Bishop of CarlUle, Dr. Wil-
liam Nioholson, gave rise to a lusted eoii>
troTersy. 16. Br. Snape instructed in some
'
mattere, especially relating to Convocations
aad Converts from Popery,' London, 1718,
8vo. 17. * An Historical Account of thcTHs-
cipline & Jurisdiction of the Church of Eng-
land/ Snd edit. Ixindon, 1730, 8vn.
Heame published in his edition of Tvt'lnnd's
'Itinerary (vol. vii. Pref. p. xvii) a letter
from Kennett 'oonoeming a passsge ' in toL
iv. of the same work (1711). Some manu-
script verses by Kennett on * Religious and
Moral Subjects, translated from some of the
chief Itnlian Poets,' belonged to 8. W.
Kix
in 1855, and manuscript not8 by Kennett,
written in a Bible, were printed in Notrs'
and Queries' for 18H5. Sir Walter Scott
first printed, in his '
Life of Swift,' p, 137,
from a manuscript in the British Museum,
the well-known description by Kennett of
Swift's attendance in Queen Anne's ante-
ohamber (November 1718).
Manyof Kennett's nanvacripte. which
once formed part of the libnury of James
West, pre8i<lent of the Royal Society, were
purchased in 1773 by the Earl of Shelbume
(afterwarda Marquis of Lansdowne), with
whose collection thoy nassed, in 1807, to
the British Museum. They are now num-
hered 06&-1041 in the Lanedowne eoDec-
tion. Among them are: 1. ' Diptycha
Boclesie An^licann; sive Tabuln Sacne
in qniboa ftunli oirdine neenaentur Arehi-
cpi'-cnpi, Episcopi, eorumquo SufTnipfinei,
\icarii Qeneralee, et Canoellarii. Eccle-
steiuni inmper (Athednlinin Prions, De-
cani, Thesaurarii, Pnecentores, Canccllarii,
Archidiaconi, et melioris notsa Canonici
oontlnna eerie dedncti a Golielmi I con-
qusestu ad aiispicata Gul. TTT trmpora,' 9.15.
!i. *Diari< ana Accounts' (chiefly common-
place hooks), 936, 937. 3. ' An Alphabetical
Catalogue of English Archbishops, Bishops,
Deans, Archdeacons, &c., from tlie 12th to
eentniy,'9tH. 4. 'Biographical Me-
tlie 17tli
moranda, manr nf them relating to the Eng-
li.sh Clergy from 15()0 to 1717,' 978
5. 'Materials for an Ecclesiastical Ilistnrvof
England from 1600 to 1717,' 1021-4. 6. 'Col-
lections for a History of the Diocese of Peter-
borough; with Part iculars of all the Parishes
in Northamptonshire,' 102A-0. 7. 'Notrsaivl
Memoranda of Proceedings in Parliameut and
Convocation,* 1037. 8. ' Collections for the
Life of Dr. John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's,
with a Letter of Advice and Instruction to
Dr. Samuel Knight [g. v.], by whom they
were Digested and Published,' 1030. 9. Ma-
terials relating to the Histoiy of Convoc>
tiona,'1081. la 'Etymotogioal ObUecHona
( Kenney
of affliah Words and Provincial Ezprea-
tons,'lOS3. 11. *Tietteri to Bishop Kemett
from Dorcas hh witV, 1 70-2 58/ 1015.
lie also made copious annotations in an
interieaved copy of toe firate^on ofWood*a
' Athenfc Oxonienscs.* This copy wai* pur-
chased by Richard Gough| from the library
of James West, preudent of the Royal So-
ciety, and it is now prpfiorvfd in the Bod-
leian Library. Kennett's notes are incorpo-
iBted by Bliss in his edition of Wood. Tnej
consist chiefly of extracts from parifh regia>
ters and from other ecclesiastical documenta
(Wood, Atkeitm 0mm, ed. Bliaa, vol. L Ffenf.
p. 13).
His portrait was engraved in meirx)tint by
Fabcr from life in l7l9, and by J. Smitn.
There h also a portrait, engravt-d hy .Tamos
Fittler. A.R.A., prefixed to the second edi-
tion 01 the < Pavocliial Antiqnitiaa.'
[Life (anon.), London, 1730, 8ro, by the Rev.
William >'ewton, vicar of Oillii^haB, Banet;
Short Beauurka on aone Buaages la the TJH of
Dr. Kennett, by a Lover of Truth (J. Sbarpe,
M.A,, curate of Stepney), London, 1730, 8to;
Wood's Athenae Oxen. (Bliss), iv. 792, 1003;
Burnet's Own Time, ii. 81 ; Oeot. Ma^. bcxr. 971
(and genera! index) ; Btog Brit. ; Niduils** Lit.
A ni>oii. ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. ; Outch's Collec-
tanoa Cnriosa, ii. 403 ; AddiU MS. 6874,
f. 49;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Nichols's Atterhury. edit.
1789-98, i. 111. 401, ii. 145: ^,^tIllo^M^(! of MS8.
in Univ. I.ibr. Cambridge; Hackman's Cat. of
Tanner MS.S. p. 988 ; Walker's Letters written
by Eminent PenooB, i. 224, ii. 62, 74, 108, 118;
LuwDAafn Bibl.llMi. (Bohn); NoteeaadQneriea
(ppni ral irnkxes); Lo Neve's Fati (Hardy);
Qeoigian Kia, i. 203 ; Hollis's Memoirs, pp. ^8,
689.] T. a
KBNNET, ARTHUR HENRY (1776P~
1865), controversifilist.bom in 1776orl777,
was the youngcnt son of Edward Konney,
vicar-choral and prebendary of Cork, by I-'ran-
oes, daughter of Thomas Ilerlx rt. l*., of M
Muckross, co. Kerry (Bi'kkr, lAtmhd Gen-
try, 18(58, p. (58; Cotton, FantiI'>cL Hiltem.
i. (1K17), 221, 2,34). In 1790 he enterwl the
87. university of Dublin, was elected a founda-
tion scholar in 1793, and gradnated B.A. in
1795. In 1800 he proceeded M.A.,and was
elected to a junior fellowship, which he va-
cated in 180O for the college living of Kil*
macrenan, co. l>ongnl. TL- lx?cami" B.D. in
1806, and D.D. in 1812 {Jh./,lm Gradttateg^
lBOl-1868, p. 317). <1n 27 June 1812 he
was instituted to the deanery of Achonry,
which he resigned in May 1821 on becoming
roctor of St. Clave, Southwsrk (Cotton, iv.
' 105). He soon became popular among his
parishioners, but his living was eventually
ae^oaatatad on aoeoimt of pecnniaiy difieai-
Digitlzed by Google
 Kenney
And he wu obliged to reside abroad tions a complete reyolution waa effected in
lifl^
dmng^ th6 lut tsn ycfltt of Ub Hfea Hb fublic opinion, and be leeeiTed from Seyd
died at Boulofrne-sar-Mer on 27 Jan. 1865,
aged 78. lie was twice married, and had
iflsne by both marriages. Under the initialB
of A. H. K., Kennev edited the fifth edition
of Archbishop Magee's ' Discourses on the
Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and Sa-
cnfico,' 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1832. He also
wrote a memoir of Macee prefi-xed to the lat-
ter'* * Work*,* 8 vols. 8vo, London, 1842.
Kenney's own writings are 1 : An En-
.
' impromptu and satirical skits in rhyme upon
quiry concerning some of the Doctrines main-
tained by the Church of Rome: in Answer
to the Charge of Intolprance broup^ht liy
^fembt-r^ of that Church agaimit Members
the Church of England,' 8vo, London, 1818.
2. * Principles and Practices of Pretended
Koformers in Church and State,' 8vo, Ix)u-
don, 1819. 8. ' Facts and Documents illus-
trative of the nistoiy of the Period immedi-
ately precding the Accession of Wfllitm HI,
. . 8vo, London, 1827. 4. 'The Dangerous
Nature of Ptmish Power in theeo Countries,
eRMcmll^ 88 nltutrsted from AwM Records
or the Time of James the Second,' Sec, S\ o,
Ix)ndon, 1839. 6. ' AComment, Bxplana-
t ory ana Practacttl, on tbe Epistles and Go>
p. Is for the Sundays of the Ycnr, and on
those for Holy Dajs immediately relating
to Oar Bletaed SaTiour/ S Tob. Ifimo, Lon-
don, 1842.
[Gent, Mag. new b^t. xVir. 544-6; Taylor's
Doir. of DaUin, pp. 446, 490; Brit. Mas. Cat.]
G.Gw
KENNEY. CHARLES LA^fB (1821-
1881), journalist anrl author, son of Jamfs
Kenney [q. v.], dramatist, wn? bom at Bellc-
Tue, near Paris, 29 April 1821, and had
Charlpfi Lamb for one of hit^ godfathers. In
July he was entered nt the Merchant
Taylors' School, and in 18.{7 becamo clerk
ID tin- Hf-ncTal Post Office. He commenced
his Ltrary career at the ago of nineteen
assistant foreign editor, dramatic critic,
and scientific reporter on the 'Times,' con-
tributing at the same time to magazines and
writing pl*y*- In 1861 he aided in pro-
moting the Oreat Exhibition in Hjde Park.
ni-hesJth obliging him to give up his position
on tlif daily pres.**, ho bocnnie .secretary to Sir
Jo0^h Paitoa during his organisation of the
tnswpoitiervSeofer the Qrimeatn 1886. On
17 Nov. he wa.-^ called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, and waa aj^ointed secretary
to M. M-pe. Ho adToeoted the advan-
t>i;:. - of th>' .Suez Canal when th<^ rnti rprise
waa orooeed hy Lord Palmerston, and wrote
8 bow ontlM snlneet ontitled < TlioCIntei olf
t]M&u*(I8fi7> Vkrdy owing to hiB
f Kenney
*asha a letter of thanks accompanied by a
diamond ring. A misunderstanding with De
depn yed him of theaeeretaryship, and
I iCRseps
his connection with the Suer Canal ceased.
In 1868 he joined the staff of the 'Standard.'
In 1862 he was active in support of the Inter-
national Exhibition at Soutn Kensinf^tcn. He
belonged to a literary circle which included
Thackeray and Dickens, and was noted far his
the celebrities of the day. With the e.xccp-
t ions of Boucicault and Vivier, he was said to
bo the wittiest man of his periml. He had a
of prominent share in the int rod action ofmodem
opera-lKMilIe, hiivini; written tbo libretti of
the 'Grand l>uches,' the Princess of Trebi-
'
zonde,' and ' La Belle H6l6ne.' Some of hia
dramatic pieces were brought out in con-
jonction with Albert Smitn, Tom Taylor,
E^iiiey Brooks, and Dion Boucicault, but the
rate of remuneration at that time did not
exceed iOOL for a burlesque and 25/. for a
ICennejf tSgo wrote * The \'agabond
fareo.
and many other popular sunps. He .suffered
from an incurable disease,
for seyeral years
and 8 pwluruanoo far bis benefit was giTen
at the (iaiety Theatre on LH) .Tun.^ 1S77. Ho
died at Eldon lioad|Keu8in^on,ou 25 Aug.
1881, aged 60, and was buned in Brompton
cemetery on 80 Aug. By his marriage at the
English embassy, Paris, in 1869, with Miss
Rosa Stewart, he left two children, Charles
Horace Kenney and Rosa Kcnnrv, who made
her first appearance on the stage Juliet at
Drury Lone on S3 Jan. 1879.
Kenney was the author of 1. 'Mr. Phelps
:
and the Critics of his Correspondence with
the Stratford Committee,' 1864. 2. 'Wanted,
Husbands,' musical sketch, Drury Lane,
II March 1867. 8. 'Valentine and Orson,^
pantomime, New Holbom Thoatm, 84 Oee.
1867. 4. * Our Antumn Manoeuvres,' farce,
Adelphi Theatre, 21 Oct. 1871. 5. 'Memoir
of M. W. lialfe,' 1876. 6. 'Maid of Honour,'
comedietta, Holbom Theatre, 24 April 1876.
7. 'The Correspondence of H. do Balzac,'
translated, 1878, He contributed 'Covent
Garden,' pp. to Albert Smith's ' Ga-
yami in London,' 1859, and translated (with
others) Count Hamilton's 'Fairy Tales and
Komances,' 1849, and Demidors 'TraveU
in Sontbeni Rnsria,* 186S. Books of words
for the following op'ras were furnished by
Kenney: 'The Mock Doctor,' 1865 j 'Fair
Helen,'* 1866; < Princess of Trebisonde,' 1870;
The Grand Duchess of fierolstein,' 1871 ;
'Don Pasquale,' 1871 ;' 1a Figlia del Kranci-
msnto,' 1871 ; ' Lucia di Lanunermoor,' ISfl ;
<Lo None di Figuo^' 1871; *Un Bdlo in
Digitized by Google
 Kenney 8 Kenney
Maschera,' 1871; 'La Muotte de Poitioe/ 'The World,' which came out at DruryLane
1872; 'La Fuvoritn,' 1R72; Semiramide.' on 31 March 1808, had a rxm of twenty-three
'

1872; 'Le Domuio Noir/ 1872; 'Ali Baba,' nights, and was frequently played in the fol-
1878; *Tho A\ onderful Duck/ 1873 ; ' L'Eliair lowing season. Lord Byron, however, speaks
d'Amore,' 1875; and 'La Jolip Parfumeue,' harshly of this piece in ' English Bards and
1876. He alsowrute t he words to a Requiem
' Scotch Heviewers.' He wrote that
by Verdi in 1875, as well as nomerouB songs,
Kenny's Werldfah I whste is Eanny's wtt?
tne most jwpular of which were * Soft and Tiies
ths ssd gallstj.lells the listlsss pit
Low,' 1866 ' Ever my Queen,' 1866; The
*
'
;

Va^rabond,' 1871 ; and BuMtGloak o'er On 7 March 1812 a musical afterpiece, 'Turn
Motley Gear,' 1875. him out,' described by Qenest as tolerahle
[lUufitmteid London News, 3 Spt. 1881,
pp.
was acted at the Lycemn, was repeated
223, -'12; Illustraicd Sporting and Dramatio twenty-eight times, and still keeps the t^tagf.
News, a i5epl. 1881, p. 683; Em, 8 Sept. 1881, Before the close of the same year another ex-
p. 6 ; infoniation from IUm Bon Keonoy.] ceUent fiupoe, 'Loto, Law, and Physic,' added
G. C" B. considerahly to Kenney's reputation. It ran
KIiJ!iY, JAMES (1780-16^, dra- fortj'four nights, and was much indebted to
matist,WM mm in Inland in 1780. Hia theliulnn Loffor IJston for its popularity.
father, James Kennn'y, was for many years In 1815 'The Fdrtunf of War,' a fan e, was
miinager of Boodle's Oiub|St. James's Street, produced at Covent Garden, and in 1817, in
London, of wlii)h he was alto part pro- conjunction with Howard Payne, Keuney
prietor and institutor, and wns well known wrote a drama called * Tho Portfolio, or the
in the sporting world. The son when a Family of Anglade,' taken iiom the French.
youth was plioed in the banking-lmiie of This was pkyM stOoventGardenon 1 Feb.,
llerries, Farquhar, & Co., and while there the rival house, Drury Lane, producing an-
indulged in private theatricals. His first other version on the same night. 'Match
literary attempt was a small volume pub- Breaking, or the Prince's Present,' a drama
lislicd in 1803, entitled 'Society, a Poem in in three act,?, and John Buzzby, or a Day's
'

two parts, with other Poems.' He next Pleasure,' were attractive pieces at the Hay-
wrote a furue called 'Haising tho Wind,' market in 1821 anapl822.
which in l'^03 was produced at a perform- In 1821 Kenney was residing at Bellevue,
ance uf amateurs, he himself taking thepart near Paris, and he entertained Charles Lamb
of .jHrumy Diddler. The success Ot tMs nioo sad his sister at Versailles in 1 822. He st ill
induced him to offer it to the managers of continued his dramatic work, and for the
CJovent Garden, where it was produced on Haymarket on 7 July 1823 he wrote one of the
6 Nov. 1803, thecharscterof Jerem^Diddler, most popular dramas ever produced, Sweet- '

{ilayed bv Lewis, sectirinp an immediate popu- heart s and Wives,' which ran for fifty-one
arity. It ran for thirty-eiglit nighta, and Iiaa nigiub uud is still a great favourite. Madame
often been leinyed since. On 20 Nov. 1804 Yestris was in the cast, and Liston a^t Billy
Kenney's second piece, * Matrimony,' a petite Lackaday was at his very best. In July 1826
onera taken from Marsollier's ' Adolphe et his farce Thirteen to the Dozen' was played
'

Oaire,'waB given at DnuyLane, and repeated at the Haymarket, with Liston and John
tentimesduringtheseason. 'False Alarms, or Reeve in the chief characters. One of Ken-
my Cousin,' a comic opera in three acts, with ney's most fortunate pieces, Spring and
'

music by Braham and Matthew Peter King Atuumn,' came out at the Haymarket on
[q. T.J^had a run of twenty-one nights at the 6 Sept. 1827, and ran with much apnlause
same theatre early in 1807. Li this piece Ban- during the remainder of tiie season. On the
nister had a cmiiic song, 'Major M'Pherson,' opening of Drury Lane in October 1827 he
which was long chanted in the streets, and produced a most successful farce, ' The Illus-
Braham introduced for the ftst time his trions Stranger, or Married and Buried,*
popular bollml, Saul a Smile to a Tear.' Tho writfru expressly for Li?t :in.
' Tlii.s pn

piece was praised by^ Ueuesti in spite of ita which nrobably owed some of its incidents
poor underplot, and it was reriTed in 1810, to'Le ffianfrage,' by Lafont, printed in 1710,
with Foote, Russell, and Mmlam*.' V. ^tris in was received with great favour, and has con-
the cast. ' Ellen Rosenberg,' a melodrama, tinued to keep the stage. On 4 xMay 1829 he
first performed at Tknry Lane <m 10 Nor. brought oat at Dru^Xone an adaptation of
1807, with Elliston, Bannister, and Mr^ Anber's opera, *La dinette de Port ici,'w1ii el
Siddons as Rosenberg, Storm, and Ella re- under the title of Masauiello ' pleased the
'

spectively, was aJso Terjr sueoessful (cf. musical and theat ricnl world. For the Surrey
Monthlji Mirror, November 1>07, p|. .'551-3). Theatre he wrote in 1840 'The Sicilian Ves-
Keuuoy's next venture, an original comedy. pers,' a tragedy, in which i'owur subtuiucd

Digitized by Google
 Kenney Kenney
Um diief oharscter with great reputation. opera; 'Barbara, Macintosh, & Co.,' a farce,
Kenney's last production was a serioua drama written for I'owor ; and The Irish Ambas- '

entitle ! Infatuation,' a tale of the French

'
sador.' He abo wrote ' Valdi, or the libei^
empire, writt^ n In 1846 for Charlotte Cuah- tine's Son,' a poem, 1820.
maa, then acting at the l*rinoee8'8 Tbea^. fGent, Mag. January 1860, p. 99; Yon have
Kenney wag- a frequent ^est at Samuel hciird of them, by Q., 1854, pp. 347-8; Ge-
Bogeza'a breakiiasta and duinerS| and met nest's Kngliah Stae, yii. 613 stssq., Tiii.694
tbare flwtfc of <] notebQitiea of tlie day. et seq. ;
Clajden's Bogers and Bis Coatsmpo-
He long suffered from a nervous affection, rriricH.pii^ ini ; Ivcnnoy's cbrietian aame wrongly
which gare him such an eccentric appcar- in lf XL 1 as Juhn) ; Bukt rB Biog. Dram. i. 430;
BM Unt he was more than once taken for l a t h Drdiuaiik: List, 1880, p. 240; Dublin
an escaped lunatic, lie died of heart disease Uuiv. Mug. Jan. 1866, ppi.16>jMi Lucas's Life
at 22 oouth Terrace, Aioxander Square, ofL;mib.] Q. C. B.
Branpton, 25 July 1849. He had xeceived KENNEY, PETER JAMES (1779-
large smus for his writings, but was not in 1841), Irish Jesuit, was bom in Dublin on
attluent circumstances; a performance for his 7 J uly 1 779. While serving as an apprentice
benefit took place at Drury Lane on the day to a coachbuilder he attracted the attention
of his death, and ]>roduced 600/. for his of Dr. Thomas IJctagh [q. v.], whose evening
family. He married Loui^sa, daut:hler of school he attended, ana by whom he was
Louia Sebastian Mercier, the French critic, sent to Carlow College. He afterwards went
r rifl widow of lliomas Holcroft [q. v.] the to Stonyhurbt College, and entored the So-
dTiimatiflt. By her he had two sons, James ciety of Jesus on 20 Sept. 1804. He com-
and Charles liiunb Kenney [q. v.], and two pleted hib studies with much distinction, at
daughters, Vizginia and Maria. Mrs. Kenney the Jesuit college in Palermo, where he was
on 18 Oct. 1849 received a civil list pension ordained priest. The English, who occupied
of 40/. a year, which was continued to her Sicily at the time, formea a plan, which came
daughters on her death, 17 July 1853. to nothing, for liberating Pope Pius VU,
Besides theplavB mentioned, Kenney wrote then held captive by the French, and Kenney
for Coveut Garden, '
Too many Cooks,' a was selected to act U8 interpreter Ix tw ren
;
ranaical atce, 12 Feb. 1805 ' The Blind Boj/ the pope and his rescuers. Healsoministerud
a melodnuna. 1 Dee. 1807 ; ' Debtor and Ore* as catholic ehaplaio to the British troopa in
ditor,' a comedv, 20 April 1814 A Word;
'
Sicily, but was ordered to discontinue his
for the Ladies,' 17 Dec. 1818; and < The services by the governor of Malta, and the pro-
Green Room/ a oomedy 1 8 Oct. 189& For
, bibitton was denoonoed by Ghattaa in parlia-
the Lyceum hi wr(tti>, ()h'
this Loye, or
! ment. He returned to Ireland in 1811, and
the liasqjieradcrs,' June 1810, and 'The served one of the parochial chapels in Dublin,
Magie BaU.' For Drury Lane ha wrote, 'The where he acouired great renown as a preadieir.
Touchstone, or the World as it goes/ a His friend Dr. ^lurrny, who was then co-
comedy, 3 May 1817j 'A House out at Win- adjutor to the Archbishop of Dublin, on bo-
dowif^amasioal farce, 10 May 1817; Beny- <
coming president of Majmootfa College in
owsky, or the Exile of Kamsehatka,' an 1^*12, nominate Kenney as vice-president,
operatic play, 16 March 1826; 'Forget and wliich post lif held for about a year. Kenney
Forgive, or a Rencontre in Paris,' 21 Nov. wa.s mainly instrumental in reviving the
l^'JT, ivprodiicfd as 'Frolics in France* ji^' -uit niibsion in Ireland, and wa>* ita superior
16 March lb 2b; 'Peter the Great, or the Vur many years, becoming subseouent ly it
Battle of Pultowa,' 21 Feb. 1829; Hemani, vice-provincial after the Iriah nussion was
'

or the Plcd^'e of Tl riour,' a play, 8 April m^de a vice-province of tlie society. In May
Ifsil
;
'
A Good-li oiijiig Fallow,' in con- 1814,a few months previous to the restoration
junction with A. liunn and 'The King's of the Jesuit order by papal bull, he opened
;

i>eaV with Mrs. Gore. For the Haymarket Clongowcs Wood College, CO. Elildare, which
he wrote, * The Alcaid, or Secrets of Office,' has smce been the leading catholic lay school
a comic opera, 10 Aug. 1824 'Spring and in Ireland, and in later years he aided in the
;

Autumn, or Married for Monej,' a comic establishment of St. Stanislaus College, Tttl-
dmna, 6 Sept. 1827; and 'Loye Extem- labep, Kitig's County, and of thejesuit rew-
pon.-.' For Miidiuiie Ve.stris at the Olympic dence of St. Francis Xavier in Dublin he ;

Le wrote Fighting by Proxy,' a farce, 9 Dec. was also of much assistance to Mary Aiken-
'

1S3S, followed br 'Dancing for Life' and head [q. v.], the foundress of the Irish sisters
'Not aWnrd.' Other plays were 'Dominique ul" harity in the iustituti ui i>f her religious
i

the Possessed}' 'False Alarms,' an opera: congregation. In 1819 and in 16S0 he was
' Spirit of the Ball,' a oomic opera ; 'fiudir ent bj the fother^geaeral of tiha ocdor aa
'
diama; 'The Blaok Domino/ an Tisitor to the jeanit naissioii in tha United

Digitized by Google
 Kennicott
States, and in Julv 1833. during the period
of luB noaod ^irit, he pQUuhed the general's
decree conBtituting the American mission a
province of the society. In Ireland he was
oonaliaUy employed in conducting missions
and retreat*. Tic died in Rome on 19 Nov.
1841, and was buried in the church of the
Oeaii in that ditj.
Kenney was one of the most eminent
preachers and theologian*' in the catholic
ehtntih in KreSand in th> cttAj^attot this
century. His style of eloc^uence resemblprl
that of O'Connell, and waa, it is statod, much
admired by Grattan. Manuscript copies of
his ' Modifations' are prt^served. He be^n
several times a history of the jesuits in Jje-
land, but did not continue it. Theie is a
portrait of him in Maynoolh College.
[IIo;j;!in'8 Cliron. Cat. of the Irish I'rovinc-o
S. J,, pp. 86-6; Folpy's Records, vii. 414;
OHver'8 Collectiinpa S. J. Battorsby's Dublin
;
Jmiits, pp. 11.3-16; Mcaphor's Lif<' of Arch*
bislmp Murm}', pp. 89-9.); Life of ?>I .rr Aiken-
hesd, by S. A., bablin, 1879 ; Eighth Koport
of OomnlMioiMn of Irish Blnestlon Inquinr
Evidence of the Kev. Poter Kennev, Ijonaon,
1827 ; Irish Monthlj, XVU) 1, 2, 4, 6, 6, 0, 10;
LlT, xviii.
Itisli Bedcfliutieal Bsoofd, afdMr.xiL 794-9.]
P.L.N.
KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN (1718-
1788)^ biblical soholar, was ion of Benjamin
Kennicott, barber and parish clerk of Totnes,
Devooahire, buried L'8 >rarch 1770, and of
hie wife Slitabeth, buried 13 Jan. 1740-00,
over w}iof*e remains their son in af^er years
erect e<i a large table-tomb in Totnes church-
yard. He wae ban at Totues on 4 April
1718, and spent pf>ven years as a foundation
boy nt the grammfir wliool, under the Kev.
NieliolaH Hoe. When young he was very
fond of books and of music. The rcgulat ion?
which he drew up for the pnictice of the
Totnes ringers, and dated 8 Nov. 1742, are
quoted in Polwhele's * Devonshire,' i. 32(),
and he g^vo a brass eight-light candlestick
for the use of the ringers in the belfiry. His
first appointment was that of master of the
bluecoat or charity school at Totnee, where
he attracted attention by Hfmic short poems,
the chief of which waa * On the Recovery of
the Hon. Mre. Blit. Oomtenay ftmn Iter late
dmgerouf; Illness.' Thit* was printed in
1748 and 1747, and the manuscrints of aeveral
others are in the possesMon of Mr. B. Wfn-
deatt of Totnns ( Wci^fern Antiq. iii. LMH).
Subscriptions wore opened for bis support at
Oxfbnl, and, mainlj throoj^ the Oovrtenays,
Ralph All -Ti, and the Rev. William Daddo,
master of Blundell's school at Tiverton, he
matriculated m servitor at WadhamOoU^,
Oxford, 6 March 1748-4, whenoa ha wiole a
to Kennicott
warm tetter of tlianks to Daddo on 30 March
1744 (HARDnre, Tiverton, bk. ir. pp. 89-90;
Gent. Mag. 1 791 p. 222). He was Pigott ex-
,
hibitioner 1744 and 174/), Hody (i.e. Hebrew)
exhibitioner 1746-7, and bible clerk 3 May
1746. In order that he might be eligible for
a fellowship at Exeter College, and as he had
not resided long enough to qualify in the
usual way, he was made (in aecnrdance with
the recommendation of lx)nl Arrati, chan-
cellor of the university) B.A. by decree and
without'examinat ion, determination atl>5nt,
or fees,' 20 .Tune 1747, and waa duly elected
to a teli(>wHhip,wluch he retained until 1771.
His subsequent degreee were M.A. 4 May
1760, B.D. 6 Dec. 1761, and D.D. 10 Dec.
1761, and in 1764 ho was elected F.R8.
Kennicott was instructed in Hebrew by Pro
feasor Thomas Hunt (1896-1774) [q. v.J, and
the greater part of his Hi"' wa.H spent in the
collation of Hebrew maniuwripts. Uis ure>
ferments were ftir many years inooBsidsnlile*
He WAS Whitehall preacher about 1763, vicar
of Culham, Oxfordshire, from 21 Sept. 176^
to 1 783, chanlani to the new bishop or Ozfenl
in 1766, and lladclilTe librarian at (xford from
November 1767 to 1788. In July 1770 he
was appointed to a canoniy at Westaiiiister
Abbev, but soon resigned it for the foirrth
sUU at Christ Church, Oxford (1 Nov. 1770).
From 1771 to 1781 Kennicott held the Ticsiw
age of Menheniot, Cornwall, which was given
to him as a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford,
by the d^n and clmpter of Exeter, on the
recommendation of his steady friend Biehop
Iiowth. This preferment he vohmtarily re-
signed in 1781 in conso(|ucn( nf his inability
t'
to reside there. Afti^r a lingering illness
Kennicott died at Oxford, lb Aug. 178.3,
and waa buried in Christ Chondl Cat hiKlral,
close to Hishop IV'rkelev'R grave, on 21 Aug.
He married, on 3 Jan. 1771, Ann, sister of
Edward Cliamberlayne (afterwards secretary
of the tressnrr). Aiiother of Chamberlayne s
sisterswas wife of William Hayward lioberts
[q. v.l, provost of Eton. Mrs. Kennicott waa
very mendly with Richard Owen Cambridge,
]Cn.Oarrick, Hannah More, and Miss Bumey
the last of whom made her acquaint nnre in
1780^ and nraased her as ' unoii8 by having
studied Hebrew after marriage in order to
assist lier husband in his edition of the bible;
she learnt it so well as to enable herself to
aid him very essentially in copying, examin-
iiic:. and revising
'
(ZHViry of Madame cTAr-
O/ay, iii. 237). Bishoo Barrington left her an
annuity of 1001., ana from Bishop Portens
she received a legacy of r>00/. 3/. per cent,
stock as his ' dear and p1eju>ant friend Mrs.
Kennicott.' In memoiy of her husband and
for dwpromoUoii of tbesfcudjr of Hebrew she
 Kennicott II Kennicott
firanded two scholarships at Oxford, which brary, transferred to the BofUeian Library on
took eflTect on her death at Windsor, 25 Feb. 10 May 1872, and now rest in the new mu-
18.30, aad ber name is prpctuat<>d in the seum. Bishop BaniagtOB gave in 1820 to
bidding pravMr MBong the benefactors of the the l^odleiun Lilirnry a mass of Arabic tracts
oniversit J. iVimierous letters to and from her and T)ai>ers wliicli belonged to Kennicott.
are in Roberta's ' Memoin of Hannah More.' Johnson said of the^te investigations that
Konnicott's preat work was his * Vctus 'although the text should not bo much
Testament um Hebraicum cum Variis Lec- mended thereby, yet it was no small advan-
tionibus,' 1 Oxhtif 1776, foL ; Sad vol.
8t Tol. tage to know taat we had
aa good a text as
1780, fol. To the second volume wa." nn- the most, consummate industry and diligence
nexed a Diseertatio General is on the manu-
* '
could procure;' but they were censured by
scripts of the Old Testament, which WU aoniB antics forinaccitracy,and by thellutch-
pabiishcd separately at Oxford in the same insonians through the feeling that the v might
Tear and reprinted at Brunswick in 1783 by lead men to value the letter rather than the
Paul Jamen Brans, a native of Liibeck, who spirit of the biblo. A
volume called ' Tlie
waaem^bTOd bj Kennicott in collating manu- printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament
icripta at Rome and elsewhere. A cop^ of vindicated. An Answer to Mr. Kennicott*a
the entire work, the result of many jcars as- "Dissertation,"' wa-s writti ii byFowlerCom-
siduous labour, was prwentad byJimnicott i^ga in 1763 (Mbs. Velahy, Autobiograj^y.
in person to George tiT. tn 1768 be twmit ill. 696), and Juliva Bate j. v.] pntKahed
|

'The State of the print.d Hebrew Text of the 'The Tnlegrity of thf Hchn'w Ti xt vindi-
Old Testament considered, a Dissertatioui' cated from the Objections and Misconstnic-
and IB 1760 be tiiHMigiit out a noood diaasftap tiona of Mr. Kennicott,' 1764. An anony-
tion on the same siiliject. These volumes A
mous pamphlet, * Word to the ITutchin-
were tranalated into Latin by W. A. Teller, soniane, or Remarks on three Sermons lately
and pvUiahed at Leipzig, the ftnt in 1756, preadira before Haa UniTcnrrity of Ozfeid,'
the second with additions in 176.', Bishop 1756, was written by Kennicott, and George
Lowth inspired him with a desire to test Home [q. vj retaliated with
Apology
'
An
the aeearacy of the Hebrew text of the for certain Gentlemen in the University of
Old T< stament. His critical examination of Oxford,' 1756. Home
subseauentlv i.ssned
the mannstripts began in 1761, and when '
A
View of Bir. Kennicott's Metlimi of Cor-
Seeker, t ben bishop of Oxford, urg^d him in recting the Hebrew Text,' 1760 but in the ;

March 1 7."^ to undertake their regular colla- end the^ became nttarhcd friends. Thomas
tion, he yielded to the request. Ilia labours Rutherlorth,D.D., Kings professorof divinity
net with much support. Tlic subacriptions in Cambridge, issued in 1761 a letter to
made in Enplnnd for his aid amounted to Kennicott on bis ' Digsertntinn/ to which lie
9,U9iL7.6d. in l-ranoetheDucdeNivernois at once replied, whereupon liutherfort li t)uI>-
aWMttn^Sd hia dadgn* tad he was permitted lisbed a aecond letter, and the He v. Kictiard
to examine certain manuscriyit-j at Paris in Parry came out with ' Bemarki on Dr. Ken-
1767. By the king of JJenmark'g order the nicoii 8 i^euens,
nicott's X4w.
Letters,' 176iJ.
one of ix very ancient manuaeil^ was Kennicott met with ^at oppo!>ition
ition
offered,four quarto volumes of varioxis read- abroad. There appeared 1771m i.t ttn-a
8
'

ings were sent to him by the command of the de M. I'Abhe de ex-professeur

professeur en lie-
lle-
king of Sardinia, and the stadtholder of Hol> brcu . au 8' Kennicott,' purporting to be
. .

land nvc a yearly donation of thirty guineas.
Hii first report * On the CJoUation of the
'
Hebrew Manuscripts of the Old Te.Hfftment
was forwaided to the subscribers in Decem-
ber 1700, and a aimihv atatenent appeued
each year until 17f)0. Tlie complete tieries
WM issued in one volume at Oxford in 1770,
and Uia ffq^orta to 1768 wmtraaialated into
l^fin and include<l in the 'Bibliothecn TTa-
gana ... a Nioolao Barkey.' Kennicott was
twiea (1768 and 1709) veAiaad pemismon
la borrow manuscript." from the Bodleian
Library, but he sent to it on 17 Dec. 1760 the
annacriDt eollatioBa wludi ba bad than
TT!!i'^". The re^t of his collations, with his
correspondence and miscellaneoua codices,
it flnt depoaitad in tba Raddiflb Li-
printed at Rome and sold at Paris, and an
English translation was stmck off in 1 772.
In reply to this work Kennicott at oueo
wrote * A
Letter to a Friend ocennioned by
a Frendi Pamphlet [anon.],' 1772, statinjj
that itwa.s the composition of six Capuchins
in tbe convent of St. Honor6 at Paris ; but
it ia aud by Jones to have been inspired by
a Jew called Dumay, who had bet ti iin as-
sistant to Kennicott (Jones, Life o/* JlornCf
pp. x-xi, 84-109). Bnina pnblidied at Rome
in 1782 a Latin version of this letter by Ken-
nicott, and added some letters of hu own.
Another defence in Teplr to thia attack was
written in 1775 by the Rev. Georp-e Sheldon,
icar of Edwardston, Suffolk. In Italv there
appeared oenaure npoo Kennioott'a latten

Digitized by Google
 Kennicott Kennion
in '
Dts de la llevelation par
titres primitifs and in '
A Critical Dissertation on Isaiah vii.
Gabr. Fabiu^pltoDUB,' 1772, 2 vols. but his ; 18-16^ in which the sentiments of Dr. Kenni-
chief opponents were in nermoiiy, 0. G. cott are cordially and impartially examined,'
Tychsen pronounced his -work ingens. cui '
1757. A second edition oi the sermon, ' with
lumen adempt um/ and in the Bibliotneca ' a list of the falsehoods in tt Remarks,' came
Orientalis of J. 1). Miclmolifl, pt. li., there
*
out in 1767. 7. ' Sermon before the Uni-
aupeareil a severe criticiflmonhis first volume, versity of Oxford,' 1765. 8. ' Remarks on a
Kennicott then sent Qnt along Latin epistle Printed Paper entitled *' A
Catalogue of the
to Michaelis, which was printed at Oxford Sacred Yessols restored by Cyrus/" 17(Ju,
in 1777, reprinted in the same year at Leip- attributed to him by \\'att. 9. Remarks
'

zig, and inserted in the twelfth part of the on tha4Swd 48 Psalms' [anon.], n.d. [1765],
'
tiibliotheca Orientalis ' This was soon followed bv a similar trea-
with the criticisms
of Michaelis. After the publication of his tise on Psalms 48 and 89. These, when
second volume Tveunicott drew up a brief translated into Latin with an appendix by
defence ia laXm, ' Contra ephemehdum Goet- Bruns, were published by J. C. F. Schulz at
tisenaium erimfnationes^' 1782. A
M) list Leipzig in 1772. In 1791 the Rev. Henry
of the pieces aguinst Kennicott is said to Dimock published Notes on the Psalraf,* to '

have appeared in t he Catalogue of Eugliah correct the enors of the text in grammar,
'

Divinity/ 6old by the Dyers of Exeter in from tiie ooUattotts Keniuoott and De
1829. Rossi. 10. 'Observations on First Rook of
The four volumee of De Bosai, published Samuel, chap. xvi. verse 19,' 1768; translated
at PamiB, 1784-7, -with an appendix ial796) tntoFrcneli. 11. 'Oritiea Sacra, or a Short
form a supplement to the * Collations of Introduction to Helm' w Criticism' [anon.],
Kennicott.' On them are based the editions 1774. 12. 'Observations on Several Pas-
of Doederlein and Meisner (Leipzig, 1793), sages in P vcrfae. With two Sermons. By W
Jahn (Vienna, 1806), and Boothrovd (Wm- Thomas Hunt,' 1775; they wen.' edited by
tefract, 1810-16). Parkhurst, in his lie- Kennicott. 18, 'The Sabbatb.
'
Sermon A
brow Lexicon,' made much use of Kennicott's preached at Whitehall and before the Uni*
inquiries, and J. L. Rchulze translated into versity of Oxford,' 1781. 14. Remarks on '

Latin and published at Halle in 1782 the Select Passages in the Old IVstament. With
Hebrew interpretation of the books of Daniel Eight Sermons, by the late Benjamin Ken^
and Ezra, which Kennicott had first edited. nicott,' 1787. Published in consequence of
His other work* were 1. * Poem on the directions in his will. Kennicott also con-
:

Recovery of the Hon. Mrs. Elisabeth Cour- tributed to the Oxford verses on the death of
tenay' [anon ], E-Tcter, 1743 2nd edit. [Ox- Frederick, prince of Wales. His lihiaiy WaS
;

ford], 1 17.i Only a few copies were printed sold by Tom Payne in 1784.
of the first edition. The lady was the Hon. [Qent. ITag. 1747 pp. 471-2. 605, 1768 pp.
Elizabeth Montagu, who had married Kellond H7-9. 203-6, 251-3. 366-8, 1771 p. 620, 1783
Courtenay of Poinsford, near Totnes, and con- pt. ii. pp. 718, 744, 1785) pt. i. p. '289, 1830 pUi.
tributed to Kennicott'a maintenance at Ox- pp. 282, 374 Macmy'E liodleian Libraiy, 2nd ;

ford. Eenniootti'd sister was her lady's-maid. ed. pp. 118. 260, 263, 306, 372 ; Kichols's lUustr.
S. * On the Tree of Life in Paradise a Critical of ML iv. 656, V. 627 Nichols's Literary Aqo-
: ;

Dissertation on Genesis ii. 8-24,' ^747, 8vo. dotee, passim Bosnt ll's Jol;iJi-oii. eJ. G E IIill,
;

This provoked an anoiurmous answer called ii. 128, iv. 288 Diary of Mudamo d'Arblay, iii. ;

' An Enquiry into tbe Meaning of that Text 237 Miscell. Geaeal. et Herald. 2nd ser. i. 146;
:

Genesis with an Answer to Mr. Ken- Tnin=!. T>-^vnn. Assoc. 1878; information from Mr.
i. 20,
nicott's Interpretation of the same^' 1748^ E. Windeatt of Totnes, Jlr. T. M. Davenport of
Oxford, sad Mr. S, B. Oudiner of St. Paul%
and ' Bemuin on Mr. Kennioott'i DlsMNrta-
Richard
School.] W. P. C.
tion,' by Gifford [q. v.l 1748.
3. * On the OblaUon of Cain and Abel,' 1747 KENNION, EDWAKD a744-1809),
9nd of this andvreeeding volume, 1747
edit, artist, wasbom on 16 Jan. 1748-4 in Livw*
also. 4. Duty of Tnanksgiving for Peaee,'
*
pool, where hit? father, James Kenniou, was
1749. 6. * A
Letter to Dr. King, occasion'd engaged in business, llis grandfather^ John
by his late Apology, and in particularby such Eennion, was for many years minister of the
parts of it as are meant to defame Mr. Ken- (unitarian) Ancient Chap"l ofTdXtnth Park,
nicott,' 1755 ; a can-stic attack. [See Kino, Liverpool, and was a man of high education.
William, 1686-1763.1 6. Christian Forti- A kinsman, John Kennion, took ehuae of
tude. A
Sermon preached before the Univer- Kdward's '(lucation,pl!icinir Iiiin first at John
sity at St. Mary's, Oxford, 25 .Jan. 1 767.' It Holt's school in Liver|)Ool, and sending him
wasnrach critit i8ed,and was attacked in' Re- when he was fifteen to Mr. Fuller's aci^emy
iBar]ttonDr.lkaiiiucott'Sennou/n.d.[1767Jf in Londoot when be probabljr fink learned

Digitized by Google
 Kennion
drawing. In 1 he aailod for. Jamaica, and
7ti2
pooled ttie expedition agtdut tlw Hftvannah
under Sir (reoree Pococke and thn Earl of
Albemarle, in wuich John Kennion wa'^ com-
iiilwrjr Aftw the capture of the place he
fetumed to England for a time, but again
went oat to Jamaica in 1765 to superintend
Jobn Kmuuoii's estatee, and remained there
almost continuously till July 1769, when he
returned to England. By a commisaion dated
11 April of that year he was appointed an
aidtt-ae-camp, witli the rank of lieutenant-
colonel, to the commander-in-chief of the
idand.
On eettling in England he engaged in trade
in London. His marriage in 1774 with Ann
Bangoagfa, a Worcester lady, brooght him
onn^ pro|er{y, but he continued in business
till 17e2, when he retired to Kydd-Grfon,
OMT MalvoB. About 1771 ho luid made
the acquaintance of George Barret^ R.A.,and
in the following years accompanied him on
sketching tours. At Rydd-Green he occupied
himself in making drawings for a book on
landacape-painting which ne had long con-
templated. In 1784 appeared in 4to No. 1
of a wofk on remains of antt^tti^, which con-
toned Ato perspeedTeTiewaof aoeient castHes
on th- Welsh border, and tlinv pmund plans
engraved in line B. Qodirey, with fuil de-
enptiofie hy Keomon (tit, Ifotu otui Qustutf
4th ser. iii The winters of 1787 and
1768 were pas^ in London, where he gave
drawing lesMme, and in 1780 he nmoved
thither altocr tht'r, adopting the profession cf
a teacher and artist. He was admitted a
WMHiber of the Society of Artists, and was
a constant contributor of landscapes to its
exhibition.^, sonding in all twenty-four works.
He wa8 also a fellow of the Society of An-
tiquaries. Ho exhibited eight land^cnpo? at
the Royal Academy between 1790 and 1>07. 1 and well finished.
Meanwhile he continued to wolk at his book
on lanf]-r!ip>!^ during fnH|uent visits to the
Beighb'>ur!njod of Liverpool and the English
Ink 111 1790 he etched eight pifttes as ex-
amples uf the oak-tree, which were published
with a prtutace as No. 1 of Elements of'
Landscape and Picturesque Beanty/ oh. 4to.
The deatn of an uncle, Dr. Kennion, a Liver-
pool physician, in 1791, increased hi^ re-
aoarce,and in 1803 he issued a full prospect us
of the {vopoeed work. His project had ex-
panded into an exhaustive treatise on the
graphic art in 4 \ oIh. He laboured at it con-
edeatioaaly, and dnal anangemeote were
BMde for ttse pnhlieatlon of s first Tolome
early in 1809. But before matters wont
farther Kennion died suddenly in London on
UAntfl. HleftftwUowaiiafBttryidik ebess-player. He died on 16 Not. 1867, aged
or flfl KMuum'a ooOsctaoiM liw kb lugt niGtiU,Mtv, 401 mi,T,ll9l^ His
Kenny
enterwiae, ' An Eaaay on Trees in Landscape
was alone fbvmd veady finr press. Thb was
i.Mued in 1815, many of the plates being en-
graved or finished in aquatint and soft ground
etching by his son Charles [see infraj The
volume,whichi8infolio, contains fiftyotehed
and aquatinted plates, a preface, a biogra-
phical notice, uidlbrty-eignt pages of letter^
frees. With a copy in the Manrhostor Free
abrary ' four large unpublished landscapes
by Kennion, and six studies of trees beauti-
fully etched by H. W. Williams,' were bound
up in 1844. The four landscapes are soft ground
etchings after Kennion h^ ViTtxi,lwled on
guards. There seems no reason to suppose the
six studies were after Kennion 's drawings.
A soft ground etching (in the present writer's
collection), numbered plate xxi, and dated
1 Dec. 1796, waa publisned in the volume as
'plate XX, June 27, 1814.' It is signed ' C. J,
Kennion,' and is mainly by Kennion's son. A
small proof soft ground etching, on which
is written 'Oak at Northan, near Enfield*
(also belonging to the present writer), has a
figure and catue introauced, as was usually
the case in Kennion's fini.'ihed drawings.
Kennion seldom painted in oil, and his earlier
work was nsually exeeoted in Indian ink and
j)encil, but he sub.-^fMiuently tinted his draw-
ui|(8, and finally, unaer the influence of hia
ftiend, George Barret, painted with a ftill
strength of colour. Tic contended that it
was possible b^ the touch and manner of the
exeention to indicate the exact fbliage ve-
prcsento l, and ho practically illustrated his
opinion in his drawings. He had a veiy
thorough knowledge of the principlee of art,
and drew with great skill and accuracy.
Charles John Kent? i ok (1789-1863)
painted in water-colour much in the style oc
his father, and his drawings are interesting
He exhibited between
1804 and 1863 twentv-six landscapes at the
Royal Academy,and five at the SiifTolk Street
Gallery. He died in Robert Street, Regent's
Park, London, on 10 Stft. 1868 (<SW. Mpf,
185-3, ii. 638).
Memoir
i Toxteth Kenoioa's Ebms on Trees; Da*
in
B VaA Ohapel, 1884; Omyes's Diet
of ArtiHt; prirata information.] A. N.
KENNY, Sai.vt oO^ ?), abbot of
(r/.
Achodh-bo. [bee UAiMXix:u or CaimoDS,
Sam.]
KENNY, WILLIAM STOPFORD
(17tid-1667), compiler of educational workSy
DOin in 178B, kept for many years a ' elassi*
cal efitablishraent at o Fit7roy Street, Fitz-
'
roySqnare, London. llewasanaccomplihed
Digitized by Go
 Kenrick
pilations include: 'Practical CheflsQiam-
1.
mar/ 4to, London, 1817 ; 2nd edit, same year.
S. 'Practical Chess Exercises.' 8vo, London,
1818. 3. * Why
and Because, being a collec-
tion of iamiiiar Quaetiona and Ajiswers on
8ubje<*ts relating to Air, Water, Light, and
Fire, altered from the French,' 12mo, London,
1830; 18th edit. 1854. 4. 'The Manual of
Seienee,' 1 8mo, London, 1844. 6. 'One Thoup
suml Qui. St ions, with thfir Solutions, on Gold-
smith's Qrammar of Odographv,' 18mo, Lon-
don, 1868. 6. * TIm CNnmatlad Omnibus
or,& ^Methodical Arrangement of the Impro-
prieties fre^uentin Writing and Conversatiooi
wi1&OocTeefcunu/8thedit8TO,Loadon,1863.
7. 'Tlie Improved French Word-Book . .
revised by J. Duprat M6rigon,' 18mo, London
(1854). 8. < The Improved Italian Woid-
Book,' 18mo, Indon (1854). 9. 'The Im-
proved Italian Phrase-Book,' S2mo, London
(1864). 10. 'Improved French Phnae-Book
. . ruvisi'd by J. Duprat M^rigon,' 12mo,
. 1793, the year of his mother s death, he began
Ixjndou (1850?). 11. 'School Geography
. . . [with] a Trent ise on Astronomy, 12mo,
Ixjndon, 1856. Kenny edited educational
works by other writers, and translated, with
notes, A. Dunican Philidor's ' Ajulyaisof tho
Game of Chesa,' 12mo, ISlflL
[Kenny's Works.] O. Q.
KENRICK or KENDRICK, DANIEL Hews Bransby [q. v.] at Moreton Ilampstead,
and pout, son of Samuel
(Jl. l(J8o),uhyiiician
Kenrick ofLeigh, GloucestenhiN, was bom
about 1662, and entored as a sorvitor at
Christ Church, Oxford, on 31 March 166ti,
whence he proceeded B.A. 1669, and M.A.
1674. At tne age of thirty-two, when his
portrait was engraved by R. White, Kenrick
was town
Dcactising aa a doctor at his native
of Worcester, and was much esteemed there
as a man of wit and a jolly companion.'
'
Several poems by Dr. Kenrick appear in
'
' second and third ^ean at G laagow. The long
'The Grove. 01 a Gollectioa of Original
Fbems, hv W. Walsh, Dr. J. Donne, Mr.
Dryden, Mr. Butler, Sir John Suckling, and
other eminent handa,' London, 1721. Ken-
ricb'i 'talents,* It ia dedared in the jimltcc,
* set'ra equal in pan^'vprick, ^^atire, arul lyric.
There is a fire mui f^prightliness of thinking
which runa' through afl hie copies, and to
this perhaps he owcil that hnste in his writ-
ing which made him sometimes n^Ugent of
Hannony both in Rinue and Nmnmn.' Wo New OolkgB, Oz^rd), under
gather from the same sourcp that Kenrick
was on trma of intimacy with Mrs. Behn
and Fnrcell the musician, and that he died
before the publication of 'The Grove' in
1721. There are some verses signed by Ken-
rick in the fifth vol. of Dryden's ' Miscellany
Poems,' entitled ' Upon a Giant Anplinp.'
These, however, are said by Granger, ' ou the
m Kenrick
information of Dr. JolmWaU,' to have been
freely borrowed from a work called *Thts
Mocic Romans,' London, 1653, while in
Pratfa 'Oahinet of Poetry ri808) these same
'
lines are assigned to Dr. William King (166^
1712) [q. V.J The preface to 'The Grove'
declares that KenricK took degrees in divinity
as well aa physic. lie may therefore be
identical wita Daniel Kenrick, D.D., who
preachad tho
1688.
in ioiiiioo at WoONilir u
[Oranger's Btc^traphical Hist. ir. 826 ths;
Dean's Entrancfi Book, Chriat Church, Oxford
Dryden's Miscellany Poems, ad. 1727, v. 136;
Bnt. Mas. Gat., where, however, Kenrick is
.
entered without christian name.] T. S.
KENfiICK, JOHN (1788-1877), clas-
aical aeholar and lilafeoriaB,waaeldeat aoBof
Timothy Kenrick [q. v.], by his first wife,
Mary, whose maiden name waa Waymouth.
He waa bora at Exater on 4 Feb. 1788. In
his education under Charles Lloyd, LL.D.
[q. v.], and made aoch progress that in his
twelfth year he was admitted (1799) to the
Exeter academy as a student for the ministry
uadar hk father and Joseph Bretland [q. v.J
Thomas Foster Barham (l7m 1H44) fq. v.J
taught him German. His iirst experience
in teaching was as locum tenens for Jamea
Devonshire, in Xovomber 1804, when he had
Sir John BowringTq. v.] as a pupil. On the
disHolution of the Exeter academy (26 Mareh
lt*Oo) he continued his theolo^oU studies
under John Kentttfc [q* V.^ in whose honae
at Birminjs^ham he was a pupil from June
1805 till 1607, when he entered at Glasgow
Uiuversity on an exhibition from the Dr.
Daniel Williams trust. Sir Benjamin Hey-
wood [q. v.] was his fellow-lodger during hia
vacations gave him time for pedestrian touis
in the western highlands. He obtained dia-
tinctions in logic, classics, and physical
science, and gained Uie Gartmore goui medal
for an easayon the Rngliih cemtifiitiwi diM>
in^ the Tudor aenod ; Iw gWiAnilied ly, . on
1 May 1810.
On leaving Glasgow he aooepted a tntor-
ship in classics, history, and literature at the
Manchester College, Vork (now Manchester
Chailet Well-
beloved [q.
vj After a summer spent in
preachiM m Exeter a|id the neighboiuhoodt
be aettlea in Yofit, and at once made Ua
mark as a sohnlar and disciplinarian. The
duties devolving on a resident tutor rendered
his noeition anxious and irksome. He twioe
tendered his resignation (181 1 and 1817), but
in July 1817 be was relieved of all residential
Digitized by Google
 Kenrick 15 Kenrick
te8poasibiUty,ancl grunted a year's ab3uctifor reserve of power and force of character. In
study in Genuauy. He was accompanied Eerson he was of middle height, with a light
abroad by the theological tutor's second son, ut well-knit frame, and a noble forebpnr!.
John Welll;loTed, who died at Homburg. He died at York on 7 May 1877, having
During the winter eem enter bft studied Ustory preserved his faculties to the grreat age of
at Obitingen under Heeren, attendiiii^ also eighty-nine. He was burit'd on I'J ^!ay in
the lectures of Eichhom and Bliinu uljach ; the York cemetery his funeral sermon was
;

the following summer semester he devott'd to preaclied by Charles Wicksteed. 11 i.s portrait
claaical study at Berlin under F. A. Wolf, aaa been engraved. He married, on 13 Aug.
Boeckh. and Zucopt, and attended 8chleier- 1821, Laetitui (d. 27 Sept, 1879, aged 84),
BAohen coone ofithilosophj. He had val u- eldest dana^r of Charles WaUbalofid, hia
able introductions, includinfj one to the Duke colleague, but bml no issue.
of Cumberland, thuu residing at Berlin, of He published, bt^sideg seven single sermons
which, howi-ver, ha wae iinwiUing to avail (1814-36), including a8ennon(7 June 1827)
Limuself After a tour in southern Germany before tbo British and Foreign Unitarian As-
and Switzerland he returned to York in HociatioQ 1. A iraminar of the Latin Lan-
:
* (

September 1820. guage, by C. Q. Zumpt. Translated . . .

In 1825 Thomas Belsham fq. v.], brother with Additions,' &c., 1823, 8vo; 4tii edit.
of his stepmother, endeavourea to secure him 1830, 8vo. 2. < Exercises of Latin Syntax,'
as assistant at E^sex Street Chapel, Ixtudon; &c., 3rd edit. 1836, 12mo (also ' Key to this).
'

but Kenrick had now iixed himself ia ac^ 3. ' An Introduction to Qreek jnwae C!oni!>
demie life, and though an able exponent of position,' &c., pt. i. Snd edit. 1886, Ifimo
Lis own tlveologu al position, had none of the pt. ii. 1^6,13mo (also 'Keys'toboth parts).
gifts of a popular raeachex. Ue remained in 4. ''HpoMrowalAiyvfrruMAeyok TheWypt
oOee tutor at York till 1840^ his place of HiModotaa,' fte., l&ll , 8to. ff. < An Kaay
being suppliinl by asMistaiit-tutors during his on Primjcval History,' iS:c., 1846, 12mo.
abewioe from iU-health in the two sessions 6. Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs,' &c.,
'

lfi87A. Ia 1840, when the oolleM Te?erted 1850, 8vo, 2 ToV 7. 'The Valnn of the
ftOBQ York to Manclit'stcr. and tooK the nam*? Holy Scriptures,' &c., 1851, 12mo. 8. 'Me-
at Manchester New College, he became pro- moir of Jonn Kentish,' prefixed to ' Sermons.'
iMsor of history, and held this ohidrtill 1660; 1864, Ifaao. 0. ' Fluenitia,' fte., ISHS, Bvo.
he continued to reside in York, going to Man- 10. Biographical Memoir of Charles Well-
'

eheater to deliver his lectures. In 1851 he beloved,' &c., 1860, 8vo (reprinted from the
was appointed one of the visitors of the col- 'CThristian Reformer'). 11. < Biblical Essays,'
lege, a post which he retained until his death. &c., 1864, 12mo (reprinted from periodicals,
Kenrick was, beyond question, the greatest the most important being 'On the Gospel of
tdholar of hk denomination, the equal of Mark,' ngaided as the pcotevangelion).
Elieer Cogan [q v ] in erudition, and bis 12. 'Papers on Archeology and Ilistoiy,*
superior in culture. His philological publi- &c., l8>4, 12mo. 13. * Memorials of the
oatkwa belong to the period following upon Presbyterian Chapel, St. Saviourgate, York,'
his studies in Germany his liistoricnl works iS:c., York. 1669, 8vo (originallv contributed
;

to his later years of increased leisure. Dr. to the Unitarian Herald in 1862). In 1882
' '

Martinem, vho baa sfolusi of Kenrick as he edited for Bishop Blomfiuld the fifth edi-
' the wisest man he ever knew,' describes his tion of t!i translation of Matthiae's * Greek
historical lectures as'
models of selection, Grammar," by lidward Valentino lllomfield
compression, and proportion,' and regards his [q. v.], the bishop'H younjfer brother ; and
volume on ' Phceuicia' as his most permanent published separately (lH.1ii) an 'Index of
contribution to history. He was a fellow of Quotations from Greek Authors' contained
theSociety of Antiquaries, one of the founders in it. His inaugural lecture in the chair of
ti the Yorkahixe Pbiloaophicai Society^ and history is in the 'Introductory Discouraea
cantor of thedepartnemt of mtiqnities in its ... in Manchester New College,' &c., 1841,
miL-if'um
; th Cook collection in the hospi- 8vo. lie contributed biographical and cri-
(ium was his gift, as also the cast of the obe- tical artidea to the ' Monthly liepoaitoty,
lUk ct Ninrod In the entruioe ball of the < Ohriatfan BefaoMr/ * VnapKldwB lUfiefr/
museum. His theology, while esMentially and other periodicals.
that of the older unitarian school, was modi- [Manusfript autobiography to 1810, bepnn
lad bi fta eonserf atism both by hia eritical 1870 and finished 14 Feb. 1872; Roll of Stu-
judgments and by the simplicity of hiB reli- dents, Manchester College, 1868 (with mauu-
giotts trust. In private intecoourse his cour- seript additions); Christian life, 12 May 1877,
I diauty^qparing aadMonrate speech, and lldBtU79; lnQirii.lMay 1877.*r~
iTfltnTtiff ImI ^itnnff in^iMMiiof

Digitized by Google
 Kenrick f6 Kenrick
1890. i. S97 sq. (roprintad ftom th Tlieotogical
1807, 8vo, 3 vols, (with ' Memoir' by John
Rsview) Palmer's Older NoDConf Drniit y <'f Kentish [q. v.]), a work of great ability, which
;

Wrexham [18891, p. A2; nnprioted letteis of well represents the exflgensof the older uni-
BeldMm. Wellbelmd, aadKenridE.] A. 0. tarian school.
KENRICK, TIMOTHY (1759-1801), KayRiOK, Qeorob (1792-1874), fourth eon
imitariaa commentator^ third son of John of the above, bom at xeter on 28 Oct. 1792,
Knridc of Wynne mil in the parish of became a pupil of Lent Carpenter, LL.D.
Uuabon, Denbigh sViiro, ^fary, daughter [q. v.], Studied at Gla.^gow College (1808-10)
of Timothy QuarroU of Llanfyllin, Moat< and Manchester Co11o|b, York (I8l0-l0isnd
flomerysIuTe, was bora at WVnne Hall on was unitarian minister at Ohesterfleld (181^
26 Jan., and baptised on 6 Feb. 1759. Ills 181 n, TTull (1815-21), Maidstone (1822-6),
ancestor, Edward Kenhck. was owner of t he Hampstead (1829-45^ and Battle (1845-7).
TUbotInn,Wfxliam,iaie72. In 1774 he He was a trustee of Dr. Williaini^i fimnda-
entered Da vontry academj under Caleb Ash- tions, 1833-60. In 1860 he retired in en-
irorthf D.D. [q.v.l, succeeded in 1775 by feebled health to Tunbridge Weils, where
ThoBMS Robins, while yet a student he he died on 3 Dec. 1874 He mazried^ Unt^
was chosen nssisfant-tutor in classics; dur- in 1817, the youngest daughter of Richard
iuff one session he read lectures for Robins, Hodgson, unitarian minister at Doucaster;
who lost his voice, and on Robins'a resigna- secondly, Lucy, sister of Sir John Bowring
tion (1781) he continued under Thomas [^(j. y.]; thirdly, Sarah (rf. 18S8), daughter of
Belsham [q. v.] as classical and afterwards as i homas Walters. He published sermons and
nsthemaucal tutor. In January 1784 he be- contributed to the'MontUjrBepoQtoiy'aod
came colleague to James Manning at Gfeorge's other periodicals.
Meeting, Exeter, and was ordained there on [Memoir prefixed to Bxpoaition, 1807 (re-
28 July 1 785. The two jpaston worked well printed in Monthly Repository, 1808, pp. 87 eq.)
together, though Manninff was aa Arian, Monthly Repository, 1818 p. 230, 1822 pp. 197,
while Kenrick Killowed Beuham in theology, 007 -iq March's Wst. Presb. and Gen. Bapt.
;

and drew up (1792) the preamble of the Cliurchcs in West of England, 1835, pp. AOS ,

Western Unitarian Society,exclitdingArians. 507 sq.; Inquirer, 12 Dec. 1874; Jeremy's Pres-
In 1798 he declined an inTitatioa to the byterian Fund, 1885, pp. 202 sq.; Palmt^sOMs
divinity chair in the Manchester Academy Nonoonfofnitj of Wxesham [1889], p. 76.]
(now Manchester New GoUege,Ojibfd). In A. Q.
the summer of 17M he opened a noneon- mmiOK, WILLIAM (17%P-17?9),
formist academy at Exeter, having^ .Tn^pph miscollaneou.s writer, born about 17*25, was
Bretland [a . .] as his coeiUator. He followed the son of a staymaker at or near Watford,
the Davenlrf model, and had the use of a Hertlbrdshire. Hewasbroughtupasaseale-
library fonned for tho academv carried on maker,or in some such emplovment hut eiirly .

(1(390-1720) by Joseph IIallett"(l(iod-1722J became a hack writer. He nad a strong love of

la. v.], and revived (1760-71) under Samuel notoriety, a jealous and pervene temper, and
Merivale. In Kenrick's academy, which was was often drunk and violont He became the .

finally closed on 25 March 1805, eleven enemy of eveiy decent and successful person,
students, including James Hews Bransby and so notorious as a libeller that few con-
[q. v.],
recoivf'd the whole, and four others, descended to answer him. His vanity led
mcluding Kenrick's eldest son, a part of their hira to fancy himself equal to any task with-
training. Kenrick died suddenly while on a out serious study.
visit to Wrexhfira, on '2'2 Aug. 1804. Ho was His first publication was a verso satire
buried on l^ti Aug. in the dissenters' graveyard called The Town,' 4to, London, 1748.
'
H
at Rhosddu, near Wiexhsm, where thaio is next edited a miscellany of prose and verse,
an inscription to his rapmorv. Ho married, ostensibly contributed by various writer.1,
first, in 1786, Mary {d. 1793), daughter of entitled 'The KapWion,or Vootical Ordinary;
John Waymouth of Exeter, who died ingiving consisting of great variety of Dishes in Proae
birth to her sixth child: John, the eldest son, and Verse recommended to All who have
;

is separately noticed. He married, secondly, a good Taste or keen Appetite. By Archi-

in 1794, Elizabeth (d. 1819), second daughter magirus Metaphorieus,' 8vo, London. It was
of James Belshamy and siater of his former published in sixpennj nombeis from August
tntor,bttt had no issue b^theseeood marriage. to December 1760. Re wrote a ' Monody*
He published four single sermons (1788- on the death of Frederick, prince of Wales,
1796), and there appeared posthumously: London, 1751 2nd edition,same jear. Under
;

1. 'DtseouTses on Vanons Topics,' &c., 180i5, the pseudonym 'Ontolo^os' he fmblislied

8vo, 2 V L>. '.\n Exposition of the Ilia- tract called 'The Gn\n:\ Qiu stion Debatedf
torical Writings of the New Testament/ &o., or, an Essay to Prove that the Soul of Miii

Digitized by Google
 Kenrick 17 Kenrick
19 not, neither can it be, Immortal,' 8vo, a favourable critique of Gold.smitli'9 'Citi-
Dublin, 1751 which was followed by A
:
'
zen of the World,' which apj)enrt'<l in the
Rf^j to the Grand Question Debated fully ;
* Monthly
Review for J une 1702 ( xxvi. 477).
'

ProTing that the Soul of Man is, and muat Kenrick (anonymously) translated Rous-
be, Immortal,' 8vo, London, 1751, dedicated seau's Eloisa,' 4 vols, l2mo, Dublin, 1761,
'

to the Archbishop of Cantorbury. Tbis was and ' miliu8,' 3 vols. 12mo, Edinburgh, 1768.
his first experiment in the plan of answering For the * Eloisa he received the degree of '

himself when no one else cared to do so (cf. LL.n, from Marischal College and tiniver-
Jkis Agfrnmade, p. Idn.) In 1762 htt pub- aitj of Aberdeen, lie also translated iioue-
IhM a barlesqne oalM'Ftta: a Bmidi- aenti 'MieeeUaneons Work.s,' 5 vols. IShno,
traei-romical Satire,' attacking Fielding and Ivondon, 17l)7,
Dr. John Ha
i (I 7ia f-17 76) [q. t.1 An in- Kenrick assailed Johnson's ' Shakesjpeaie'
tmded prlraito perfurmanee tit the Chvtie (pnMiriied Oetober 1765), not witlMmt a eer-
Tavern. Paternoster Row, on 1 Feb. 1752, tain coarse smartness, in A Review of Dr. '

was sopmroaood, at Fielding's deave, by a Johnson's new edition of Shakespeare; in

spaciriiMfuwliNMBthelopAiBayoFaiidooiift of wUeh the l^otenee, or laattenftion tS tbsit
alderraeu. It was anonym<Misl y printed, and Editor iixposed, and the Poet defended from
were presented to all who had taken the Persecution of his Commentators,' 8vo,
(Basss, Biof. Dmm. 181S, iL S6d). London, 17B6 (Bobwbli., lAfe of Joknmm^ ed.
Kenrick n'Xt attacked Hill (anonymously) Q. B. BLill, i. 497). A threatt ned continua-
in * T\m Pasquinade. With Motes variorum. tion never appeared, nor did a promised
Book tliFint/4to^Iioadaiit 1768. Aaeooad catigalloii or Johnson's 'Dictionary,' to be
book, apparently never written, was to have entitled* A
Ramble through the Idler's Dic-
lihalind Christopher Smart, with whom he tionary in which are picked up several
:

wm at the time inrolved in eontroverty . Ae- thousand Etymological, Ort.hogra.phiofel,and

ccwding to Kenrick's account, Smart had ad- LcxicngrnpliiCfd Blunders.' Kenrick's atten-
vertise an Old
' Woman's Dunciad,' directed tion wa. diverted by a pamphlet written by
a^minst Kenrick, bat Kenrick had innU' an Oxford student named mrclay, entitled
diately published a pie( under the same * An Examination of Mr. Kenrick's Review*
title, upon which Smart abandoned his de- [of Johnson's Shakespeare *
1766. He re-
aiy {A*qmnmi$f 80 n.) During the same talildwith < Defence of Dr. Kenrick's Re- A
V -ir Kfurick wrote an imitation of Dodsley's view. ... By a Friend,' subscribed ' R. R.,'
iic>nomy of Iluman Life' (which then 8vo, London, 1766. Johnson was displeased
naased for Lord Chesterfield'e ), called The with Barclav for doing what he disdamed to
'

Whole Duty of Woman. By a Lady. Written do for himse'lf {ib. it. 209, v. 278). Kenrick
at the desire of a Noble Lonl,' 12mo, London, again attacked Johnson in An Epistle to J. '

1753 3rd edition tiie same year. In 1756 Boswell, Esq., occasioned by his having traaa-
:

h" pabli-lied without his name a few copies of mitted the Moral Writings of Dr. S. Johnson
apmlosophtcal poem in octosyllabics, called to Pascal Paoli with a Postscript, containing
:

*WfiMm to Lraanxo,' 8vo, London, which Tlionghts on Liberty ; and a Parallel after the
'
obtained the praises of the Critical Review
'
manner of Plutarch, between the celebmted
(uL 162-7). It was republished with altera- Patriot of Corte and John Wilkes, Esq., M.P.
tions as ' Epistles, Philosophical and Mandi' By W. K., BsqV 8fO, London, 1768. At
^*To, London, 1759 [1758] ; 4th edition, as Johnson's request Boswell refrained from
'
Ensiles to Lorenzo,' 1773. Its sceptical answering that and another scurrilous bel by 1 i

toa* hann|^ been censmtKl in the Critical Kenrick, called *

'
A
Letter to James Ro.^well,
Review ( n. 428^), Kenrick defended him- Esq., on the Moral Svstem of the Idler,' 8vo.
'

in an anonymous pamphlet called <A Kenrick used to lecture at the ' Devil,*
Scrutiny, or the Gritieks entiois'd/ 9at^ 8vo, Temple Bar, and other taverns on every con-
Lowion, 1769. ceivable subject, from Shakespeare to the
In January 1780 KanHdr was appointed perpetual motion, which he thon^t he had
to sncceed Golil-mith as a writ'T in tb<; discovered. Soon after his attack on .Tohn-
*Motfld/ Beview,' and states that he con- son he issued proposals for a new edition of
tAsled Ae review of feteigu UlenilPttre fot * Shekeepeare,' vriOi a oomnentary in a man- '

vol-. Txiii. to xvxiii. He also reviewed ri(d(l- ner hitherto unattempted.' few people A
jButh'a * Enquiry in November 1769 (xxi. were foolish enough to subscribe.
' After
9BQ), naertittfr flw leqaeetof the ioprie- eight yean ludpasMd he informed tiiem tlu^
tor, Kalj fi nriffiithsrq.Tr|, > vile an attack in consequence of George Steevens's com-
Cioldsmith vSm even Griffiths waa mentaty, the ' intended publication ' was for
awrf oT ft Kesiidc mwtlimfoce in- the preeent^liidatfde.' lb ooaaole hie sab>
stmcteil to aigiaSn nvnij he neiSBted witb n thm
TOL. XI.

Digitized by Gdbgle
 Kenrick
instalment of liis public lectures, called an
'fiatiodttfitioD to tne School of Sbakeepeare.
... To which is added a Retort Oourteous
on the CritickB,' &c., 8vo, London [1774].
Kenrick wrote for the stage, and ibr a tune
WIS patronised by Gnrrick. An abridgment
of his comedv i abtafl^'s Wedding,' in con-
'
fJnnation of Shakespeare's < Henry lY' (pub-
i8 Kenrick
Keni^ck now oiiered his plays to Colman at
Covent Gkrden. Halifldltailtel708aTi<teit
quarrel with Onlman.wbo in his 'True State of
theDifferences, &c.,' 1768 (p. 60) had ridiculed
the ' philosophical experiments* of Kenriek,
and ninted that Kenrick was treacherously
trying to supplant him as manager. Kenrick
retorted witn a verse Epistle to O. CUniaii,*
'

lished in 1760), was performed once nt Dnirv Ito, London, 1768 ; 2nd edition same year.

\jaac, 12 April I7m (Genest, v. 95). Two By March 1771 they had composed their dif-
editions were issued in ITiIO; others in 1778 ferences (OoLMAN, Fonthnmotis Letter!*^ 1880,
and 1781. Onrrick's refusnl to risk a further pp. 158-1), and on 20 Nov. 1773 (Gbitest,
representation jtroduced Kt nrick's' Letter to v. 414) Colman produced Kenrick's comedy
David (larrick, Esq., on the non-perform- 'The Duellist,' of wUdl tluree editions mm
ancp of " Fal8taff''s Weddinp," &C,'4tO (two printed in the same year. The piny waa
editions). Another of his comedies, TLk *
damned at once, on account, says Kenrick in
WidoVd Wife' (printed in 1767 and 1768), his preface, of the resentment of theandi0MO
was acted mi 5 T>oc. 1767, and reached a nintli at Macklin's discharge. His comic opera,
night, though oul^ through GarricVHiudicious
The Lady of the Manor,' with music by
alterations {ib. iii. 405-7). Garrick is said James Hook, altered from Charles Johnson^
to have acted ungenerously in the division Cotmtry Laases,' failed in 1778 (ib. vi.
of the profits {European Mag, x. 19-2n, and 89). Three editions and an altered version
a quarrel followed. Kenrick cliHllengoa Gar- appeared in the same year. Another farce,
rick to a duel, but had not the courage to fight called 'The Spendthrift, or a Christmas
( Oarriek CbrrMCOfidfenoe, fi. 841). When in Gambol' (not printed), was a<^ed for two
1772 Isaac BiekorstHlTo [ci, v.] was driven nights also in 1778 according tO tho'Bio-
from BOcietT, Kenrick jproeBly connected it by gtaphia Dramatica ' (iii. 206).
aUusion with Ounnk in a aatire entitled It was perhaps with sons derire to piro*
*
Jjove in the Suds a Town Eclogue. Being
; fitiftte Kenrick that rioldsinitli eonsented in
the Lamentation of Roscius for the Loss of 768 to take nart in editing Giidin's ' Qentlo-
his Nyky,'fol.London,1772,oatenaiUlyedited maa's Jonntai,' in whieh Auenriek waa a lead-
for an anonymous author. Prefixed is a most ing writer. In 1771 Kenrick, having grossly
impudent letter to Garrick signed W. K.'
'
li^lled Goldsmith in the 'Homing Chro-
Despite Ovriel^a attempti to supnress it, five nicle,' was foreed h^ Goldnnith, upon n
c'dittonsof the libel were publisbeo during the accidental meeting m the Ohnpter Coffee-
year, eadi with additional papers and letters. house, to admit that he had lied. As soon
The last edition ooatains ' The Poetical Altev- as Goldsmith had left the room Kenrick
catinn Iwtwoon Benedick a:id Beatrice,' ex- abused him to the company, repeating yarious
tracted from the 'Morning Chronicle,' and slanders. He was probably also the author
written in deflBBce ofGanick by Joseph Keed, of the atrocious attack upon Goldsmith and
the ropemaker and dramntipt, though he had Miss Homeck, published in the London '

lumself quarrelled with (Jarrick (Ltbokb, Packet'in 1773, for whichGoldsmith thrashed
Environs, ii. 431 ; NUBOLS, LU. J^wed. ix. the publisher, Evans [see under Goldsmith,
118). Kenrirlc frave a minute account of his Oliver, where the date is misprinted 1771],
quarrel in A Letter to David Garrick, Esq.; Kenrick is said to have been in the house at
'

oocasioiied by his having moved the Court the time, and to have separated the com-
of King's Bench apainst the publication of batants, and sent Goldsmith home in a coach
"Love in the Suds," kc, 4to, London, 1772. (FoRSTEK, Life of Goldsmith, 1888, ii. 347-
'

Konriek finally inserted! an nhjcct apology in .351).

the newspapers for 20 Nov. 1772, with which Kenrick ceased writinf^: for the 'Monthly
Garrick professed to be satisfied {Garrick Review' in 1766, when he announced in the
Corremondenee, i. 477). Kenrick afterwards newspapers that he was about to establish a
told T^iomas Evans (1742-17W) [q. v.], the new literary review. The first number of
bookseller, that he did not believe Garrick his London Review of English and Foreign
'

guilty, but 'did it to plague the fellow.' Literature' did not appear until January
Evans never spoke to hun iigain. In 1773 1776. In the editing Kenrick was latterly
Kenrick publisned a e
nomotti anonymous assisted by his son, William Shakespeare
'Letter to D. (iarrick, E'^n., on his Conduct Kenrick, who carried it on after his father's
as principal Manager and Actor at Druiy death untilJune 1780. The review contains
Lane. With a FMfiMe and Notaa hf tbe ttaeki apan msnihen of every profession.
Kdhor.' 410, London [mS]. KmidA'OlMrfitiaw onS. Jei^t** Viir

Digitized by Google
 Kenrick
of the Internal Evidences of the Chri'^tian
"
Religion (voL iii., appendLx), was reissued
' Knr**k;,nodate).]
in an enlarg^ form, 12nio, London, 1776.
In 1770 Kenrick publish' d An Account
of the famous Wheel of Hosse-Caasel, in-
vented by OrffyTeus,'4to and in 1771 *T\vo
Lectures on the Perpetual Motion, as dis-
;
covered by the Author,' 4to. In 1774 he col-
l>cted in part the Poetical Works of Ro-
*
bert Llojo i& two ootaTO volumes^ with a life
of the antiior, TentBrUble tot \mnf^ written
nithout dat'^. la 1776 he romraencod a
tnuulatkm of Boffon's 'Natuzal Historv/ and
in 1778 tnaaltlloit of some of Toftun's
ft
works. His
last xindertaking wa.-' an anony-
mous translation of Millot's 'Elements of
Qmeni ICstory,' 2 pts. 8to, London, 1776-
1779. On 19 May 1779 he petitioned the
ttttomey-genoral for a patent for a mechani-
enl principle ci self-motion (Gent. Mttg. xVx.
He died on 10 Junf- 1779 (i*. xlix.
jftodwu buried on the 13tli in Chelsea
OU'Olnnch (Ltronb, ii. 141).
wus pn^raved by Worlidge
In his later years Kenrick seldom wrote
withont a bottle of bmady at his elbow.
Thoa^b a superlstire scoundrel, he was
clever, and especially ^roud <^ the rapidity
of liifl writing ; even his mors lerious works
seldom occupied hina more than two days
(Pasqyanade,'^. 20 n.) Ilia other writings are
1. 'Poems; Ludicrous, Satirical, and Moral,'
8vo, London, 1708 ; new edition, with addi-
tions, 1770. 2. 'A new Dictionary of the
En<?lish Lan^age. ... To
a jflhetoricafGrammar,' 4to, London, 1773.
5, '
An Address respecting an Applica-
. . . fusiliers).
tion to Parliament for the farther Encourage-
nent of new Discoveries and Inventions
with an appendix upon ' the late decision on
literary property,' 4to, I^ndon, 1774. 4. Ob-
<>'r\*atioiDa| GsrH and Oanonioal, on the Mar^
riagc ConteBel, w
entered into conformably
to the Rites ... of the Church of I'ndand,*
dfo^ London, 1775. 5. Free Thoughts on < Sir Charles (afterwards Lord) Grey's foiou in
Sednetion, Adultery, and Dimee/ Sro.
6. 'Rural Vcmm^, trantlKled finmi tM Ger-
man of Gesner,' 8vo.
[Prior's Life of Goldsmith. 1837, pp. 293-6;
Furt<>r> Life of GoUsmitli, 1888, {'ittaim; Chal-
mers'* Biotr. Diet. xix. 323 7 Baker's \\\f>\t.
hnm. 1812, i. 430-1 ; Faolkiiar's Cbalsw, 1829,
fi.1S7: Osorgian Aa. {8. 646-7; OoUbmith's
Mi'celkneou* Work5i. 1301, i. 103; Davics's
Liki of Garrick, ii. VM Murphy's Lifo of Uar-
;
rrk. ii. 32, 33; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. sl.
480, 4tb ser. X. 9, 5th ser. iv. 209, Gth ser. riii.
M7. 410; Ost of AdfOCatea* Library, iv. 331 2;
Th K-nr'ntion and Confession of Dr. Kmr k
(a satirical piece), 1773; Tho Kenrickiad (a satire
ty'Arisl'Xlfni Bsetisel Beviev
t9 Kent
tiricHi l)isplr\y of the literal CbamelerB of Dr.
O. G.
KENT^Knrasov. [8eeHBiranT,ii.488;
'
HoR>i\, a. 465, under Hekgist; iEsc, d.
; OciA, <{. 632 P ; EiHELBBBT, 552 P-
51*2 'i
616 BiU>BA], A. eHO; WlHXBID^
; 735$ A
SlOEKED,/. 762; EAOMStTi/L 796; BaIt-
DKrn. //. S03 825.1
'
KENT, DuK oy (1664 P-1740). [See
under Obbt, Hbsst, lfiM-1661.]
KENT AND STRATHERN, EDWARD
AUGUSTUS, DuKB OFa767-18)din,pcinoe,
fbttrtheon of George III, oy Queen OhBriotte,
born on 3 Nov. 1707 at liuckin^ham IToust*,
had his early education in England under
John Fisher, eoooessively bishop of Exeter
find Snli.^bury [a. v.], and fomjileted it on
the continent under Baron Wangenheim.with
whom he raent two jean(178o-7) at Iiiine-
hurg and Iianovcr, and two ycar.'^ nioreat Ge-
nu va. On 30 .M ay 1 7 d6 he was gazetted brevet-
His portrait colonel. Wangenheim treated him witli
in 1766. needless rigour, ftllow-'d him only a guinea
and a hall a week pocket-money out of the an-
nuity of 6^000/. provided for his maintenance,
and intercepted his letters home. The prince
accordingly borrowed largely, and the debts
thus contracted wcri' a burden to him through-
out life. In June 1790 he came home from
Geneva without leave. The king wa.s much
displeased, gave him pereraptorj' orders to
embark for Gibraltar, and saw him for only
five minutes on the night before he suiied
wliich is prefixed (1 Feb.) At Gibraltar no was put in com-
mand of the 7th regiment of foot (royal
A thorough martinet, he became
so unpopular with his men that in May 1791
. he was sent to Canada.
He was now in receipt of an income of
' 5,000/. a year, Imt out of thig he had to pay
the interest on his debts. In October 179>'i
he was adveaeed to the rank of major-general
and received at his own request orders to join
the West udiee. He arriTed on 4 Mneh
17SH at >rartiniiiue. In command of a bri-
Sade ot grenadiers he took part in the re-
uetion t/t thet iahmd, and also of St. Lncia,
was honourably mentioned in de.spatches,
and received t lie thanks of parliament. On
;
the close of the operations he returned to
Canada; on 16 Jan. 1706 was promoted
lieutenant-general, and iu October 17tfb|
Ixiing invalided, returned to England.
In -March 1799 jmrliament grantcjl liim im
annual income of l:i,0(X)/,, and on April
t'''>
he was raised to the peerage as Duke of Kent
and St rat hem and Earl of Dublin. On
10 May he was gazetted ffenerai, and on
. . . aS*. 17 Majr eoaraBtoMMMhiafof tto feraee in
08
Digitized by Google
 Kent Kent
British Nortii Amerioa. He tailed in July, birth of the child (Queen Victoria) on
but was campi IIpiI liv ill-licalth to n turn to 21 May, at Kensington Pahn-e, he took the
Enfliaud in the autumn of tlit< following yvar. duchess a tid the princess to Sidmouth, Devon-
On27 March 1802 he was appoint eJ go\ crnor shire, and applied t^ parliament for authority
of (librnltiir, wlit re ln^ iirrivtHl on 10 Miiy to dispost) ot his establishment at Euling by
with exvrvm instructions from the Duke uf lottery, a sale being unadvisable, for the
York, then ooaimandei<-in-chifif, to restore benent of his creditors. The petition vras re-
the discipline of the garrison, which was s. ri- fii'-i'd, rnirl till' dulcc Iiad made up his mind

ouelj demoralised. lie accordingly issued a to return to Amorbach, when he died sud-
general order, ibrbldding any but oommie- denly of inflammation of the lungs at Sid-
siont'd oflicerf to ont'-r t!i'' \vin('-.=;linp, half mouth on 23 .Ian. 1820. During his illness

of which there were ninety on the iiook he was attended with the utmost devotion
he raniBarny dosed at a personal sacrifice by the duchess, to whom he left his eatin
of 4,OK)/. fi vP!ir in licencing foes. Thf> in- l)roperty. Tie was buried in St> GeOlfe*S
censed wine-iM'Uers plied the soldiers with L"hapt4,Windsor, on 11 Feb.
liqnor gratis, and a mutiny, to which it was As a soldier the duke
never had an oppor-
thought 8onn' nf tlie oflircr were privy, Lroke tunity of gainintr biu'h diHtinetinn, and his
out on Chri.stnuis eve 1H)2. Tlie mutiny pediintie, almo.%t .superetitiuus, innistence
UttS promptly (fuelled, three of theringit^ers upon minutite of mditary etiquette, dio>
j

wrro shot, diK-ipline was thoroughly rpstorod, cipline, dre.'?'^, and equipm^-nt*', ninde him un-
and in the following March the duke was popular in the army. He wa.">, however, the
j

recalknl. On hin return to Eiufrad he d- first to abandon flogging and to establish a

iuan<lf(l !i invcMigation of liis conduct,
forivjnl regimental .school. He was extremely regular
which was n't'utsfd. He then atsked to be in his habits, a model of punctuality and
psmittd to return to Gibraltar; this also |
despatch in the discharge of duty, and sin-
was refused. He still remainiHl nominally cerely pious. He w(l'^ kriight of the orders
!i

governor, but without pay; the standing of the Garter, Bath, and St. Patrick, and a
orders he hnd issued while in command were '

knight grand cross of t he Bath and of the

pet ftide by the lieutenant-^vemor, Sir order of tlie Guelpha. There is a portrait of
'

IhomtiB Trigge, and the gamson relapsed the duke, together with his elder brother the
into its former condition. On 7 Sept. 180o i

Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV),

the duke was gazetted field-marshal, and on at Hampton Court. Palace, dated 1779. A
25 Nov. following keejjer and paler of Hamp- bronze statue by Qahagon is in Park Cres-
ton Court-. For some years lu' ri sided at ceatf Fortiand rkoe.
Castle Uill, near Ealing, taking little part [Life by Erskino Neale, 1850; obituary
in state afflurs. He was, however, the notices in the (lent. Mag. and European Mag.
fidunt and adviser of the Prince of Wales in I't>r 1820; Slduov Ijoc'h Life ot Queen Vii-toria,
bis matrimonial ditlioultiee. In 1810 he op- 1002. See also Nieolas's Hist, of British Knight-
'

posed the Ilegency Bill as nnconsMtntioaa). hood; 8neeton*s The Uniquo, vol. i. (with
In 1812 he -jiol;.' in favour of eatliolle emanci- portrait); Lonlnn Gas:. !tu f .r 1793. 1796, 179,
pation, and hecame a patron of the British and 1802, 1805; Auuual liegi-sler, 17ti7. p. 170,
\

Foreign School Society, the Anti-ShiTcry So- nod 1794 App. 68 t'
Commons' Jourtmls, i

rirt V. the Society for Promoting nirisTi[ini!-y liv. 311 Gi-nt. Mag. 1790 p. 80. 1818 pt. i.
;

among the JewSf and the Bible Society. In p. .562, pt. ii.p 79, 1819 pt. i. p. 479; and the
1816andl816htooktheohMrAtthe Literary I Ml k.- of Uadnngham's Menoinof the Rt-gency,
ii. :m.] J. -M. R.
Fund dinniT, Finding his pecuniary embar-
rassments increase, and gettmg no relief from KENT, VICTORIA MARY LOUISA,
government, he made in 1815 an assignment In c iiF.ss OF (17SG 1861), fourth daughter of
of the bulk of hit property in rnvtmr of his b'lniici^ FrcdiTie Antony, hereditary prince
creditors, and retired to JirusseLs, when' \u- (al'terwards duke) of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburi^,
lived in the >^impleslpoitfb1e Style. In 1818 by Augusta Carolina Sophia, daughter of
he mnrrieil, for reasons of state, Victoria lienrv', count Ileu.s-Kber.stadt, was bom at
Mary Liouisa [see Kknt, Viotouia M vuv
'

Coburg on 17 Aug. 1786, and married on

widow of Emich 21 Dec. 1803 to Emich Oharles, hereditary
'

LomsA, Duchess ok |,

CharlcH, prince of Leiningen. The marriage pri nee, afterward.^ prince ofLoiningen-Daclis-
was 8<demnised on 20 May at Coburg, and on nurg-Hardenburg, a widower twenty-throe
13 July following at Kew. Returning with years her senior. The marriage was happy,
his bride to the continent, le- rf"ib>d witli and on the death of the prince (4 July 1814)
her at her palace of .VmorbaLli, Leiniu^^Hn, he left his widow guardian of their only stm,
until the spring of 1819, when ho brought h;r (Minrl..^ William Krnest (1H14-
I'Vederick
n|^d 1856)y and regmt of Uw principaiity. Uv
[

to for her confinement. AAer the 1

Digitized by Google
 Kent St Kent
ouljr other child by th priuca was Auno Edxuhd, Eaul)j G&Bf, Henby, ninth
first
Feodorowin AnffnitA Ghsnotto Wilhelmiiui Eabl, 16M-1661.]
( 1K)7-1 who resided with licr mother KENT, Earl 09, [See William OF
till her marriM^ on 18 Feb. 1828 to Ernest
Vpkrs, d. 1166, erroneouslj styled Eabl of
Clifiiitiaii ClttTW0, prince of Hohenlohe^Lsn-
Kknt.]
fwiburg.
Princess Victoria Marv married ia 1^18 a KENT,GoirirTfi88 0Jr. [See Q&by, Euu,-
MOOod husband, dwara Augustus, duke of BRic,l61>1661.]
Kent fourth son of Ocorg^e III. Tli-'
[q. v.], KENT, Maid OF. [Sw BiSIOII Bsmi-
fliarriage ceremony took place at Coburg on
S9 May, and was rej)eat<-d at Kw on 1 3 .July. KENT, JAMES 700-1 77(i), organist
(1
By tho l)nk> nf Kent she had an only iiiul cduiposoT, born at Winchester on
tJauchter, Aloxaudrina Victoria, queen ot
13 March 1700, was admitted in November
England. On the dake's death on 28 Jan.
1711 as chorister of Winchest^'r Cathedrul.
1820 th' dnchejw was in straitciu'd circum-
From 1711 to 1718 he was a chorister of the
stances, having only a jointuD' of ti,000/. and
ChajH'] Unyal, under Ihr. William Croft [q.v.]
an allowance of 3,000/. mad" her by her
In 1716, through the influence of the sub-
brother L'npold. In 1>-r> howcvt-r, parlia-
dean (the Ker. John Dolben), he was ap-
ment ifoted her an annuity of 6,0CK)/. towards pointed organist to the parish church of
the support and education of bur daughter 'An organ
Fiutxlon^ Northamptonshire.
Victoria, and a further annuity of 10,000/.
stool, still preserved at Finedon, on which
wai gniut<>d hur in 1831. In the previous
Kent carved " J. K., 1717/' proiMiUy movde
year had hven appointed regent of the
an anticipatory visit (6niitnB). Tn 1781 '

vealm in the event of ht;r daughter succeeding

to the throne while yet a minor. She rei^idcu
at Kensington Palace, devoting herself to the
edocation of her daughter, and during the
retgn of Oeoree TV saw little society ; but as
th*^ Princess Victoria tjn w up she took lior
from tiiDe to time to visit most of the places
of Interwt m
England, and gathered roand
her at Knsing-toii u <ma\l h\^\\\y iiitcllectual
coterie. She regretted the princess's accession
to the tfmme ra 1887a8 deprhriog her of her
f^nf inttTtst and occup.iti'^in.
she accompanied the court on
nnicrBtioiis.
^'li cancer at Frogiin 'r.^mi inMurch
']] <\ nf
IbBl.and was buried in 8t. UuotKo's Uhajwl,
^t^ndaor, on 35 March, irhence her renurns
itnnsfi rrt'dtothf Frogmore mausoleum.
[QaeD VictorisH Lettsra, 1837-61, 3 vols.
1907; S. Le' I^fe of Queon Virtorm. l'J02
Almanach deCtutha for I 7'JO, 180A (1, M 7, IK'i9;
Commons Journals, lxu.i7 If UaavLpt ii.pJ'^7;
he was elected organist to Trinity Colli ^jc,
CambridgOf and held the post till 1/37, when
he succeeded John Kshop [q.v.] as organiet
of Winchester Cathedral and College. The
latter wppointment he resigned in 1774 to
Peter Fnaeell, and died in Wiarheeter on
6 May 177(). He was maniodto EUhMi,
daughter of John Freeman.
In 1778 Kent pnUiriied, in London, aeol*
loot ion of twelve unthtims. He also wrote
services in C and D, and assisted ih:. Boroe
Thenceforward
in the ooopiktion of the letter^ 'Ontfaeaml
its periodical
Music' Iiis anthems were n-pabliahed in
London by T. (iresham in 1844. Eight of
them, together with Kent's two eenrioMf
were edited by Joseph Cnrfi-.
Kent's music never rose above medim^rity,
and he unacmpnlovalj plaglMrised the works
of til.' Italian composers, especially Rassani,
; and alsK> of Dr. Croft, whose style ho closely
1
followed. Hetodctho chorus 'Thy Righteous
ne88,'in tlt>' nnthcni I-ord, what love,' from
'

OrarillA ICanom, 1S37.U, i. 1<; Gent. Uag. Bassani'-s '

iMnguiticat' in<i minor, with little
1 96 1 p. 456 Sir Thtodom Uartin'a Life of
pt. i. ;
,
alteration ; and the
' Hallelujah in the '
the Prince Consort.] J. M. R.
anthem Iltarken unto this' is trjiiiJ^crihed
'

note for note from liassani's A Ima Mater.' '

KENT, Earls of. [Siie Odo, d. 1097;
BUXGH, HtTBERT DP., d. \'2i3; EdMUND 0 ' [Orore's Diet, of Music, ii. 60, and i. IM;
WOOMTOCK,' 1301-1" IIoLLAM), SlU '.() :
Ri>mroso'a Choir Chant Book, App. p. xxii
;

TBOMA^first Eael (of thu Holland line), d. Hogarth's Masieal Hist. p. 299; Winchester
Caiaptsr Boolee.] B. F. 8.
1300; HOLLAJH), THOMAS, second Earl,
13oO-1397 H<ii,i,\.vi>, TiiiiM \s, third Eakl,
; KENT, JOHN, or Sion Cknt {J. 1400),
ad DrK of Uukbei. 1374-1400 ; Uoir also called Joux of Khxtouuuch, Welsh
LATV, EDMxriro, fourth mm, d. 1408 (under bard, is said to have been bom at Cwm
Hoi.LAXD,TaOXAR, fefCoiirl K\KI.); N f:\ II.LK, Tridwr in the parish of I-'gUwisilan, or, ac-
William, d. 1403; (tuby, Eomcnd, hrst cording to othersi at Kiigerran, Pembroke-
Easi. (of the Grey line), 1120 P~14flO ; Obbt, ahin, M wm
eouoattid by an nttda oMned
Omnma, Moond Eau, d, 1608 (imdw Gbbt, DaiTdd Ddu o Lwyn Bavydd Ddo, who

Digitized by Google
 Kent
lived afc Pentyrch, and wu lAerwaids a
farm-gerv.int near Caoqjhilly, but being ill-
IrualedHed toKeutcburcbjIIereford^hire, and
entered the servioe of the Scudamore family
there. His patrons sent bim to Oxford, and
eventually be became a pariah priest, first at
Newcastle Emlvn, and then at Kentcburcli.
He is said to hnve lived to the ago of a
hundred and twenty. The popular legends
make Kent a maf^icum, and many stones of
Ilia power aro atill current in Mnnmouthsliin)
*aa preat as tlio devil and John oi" Kent is
n local proverb. One legend relates that be
outwitted the devil by being buried half
within and half without the church at Kont-
cliurcb. Anotlu r toiiilistrme, without an
shown as iient's at Grosmont,
acriptioui is
Konmonthahixe (Stvoma, Diary, p. 204,
ruunl. Sue.) In the p')sses5ion of the Scudu-
more family at Keutchurch there ia an an-
cient portrait, supposed to represent Kent;
it is engTiived in Uoxe's 'Tour in Monmoutli-
shirej'p. 3^. The Scudamores are descended
firaai a dangrhter of Owen Olendower, and
hpncp 8ni;it>navc conjeotimd that Kflnt was
Glendower in disguise.
Kent anparently ajrmpatlkited with Old-
castle, and has been CMn-ccttUTiJ that he
it
was the pretended chniihiin John, whose
ervices at tiielollard leu ler's house in Kent
excited the censure of Archbishop Arundi-l
(WiLKiNs, Concilia, iii. SiiO-1); hut for this
there is no sufficient authority. Kent sati-
rised the clergy and friars ; but there seems
to be no evidence for describing him as a
lollard. He is one of the best of the AVelsh
poeta, and one of the fiiat and moat auooess-
fulcidtiTatonof *oontiniied*vene. Numer-
ous Wt'ls^h p'ifinsare extant under his name.
Wilkiusgivesaliatofforty-fourpieces. Four
an printed in the <Io1o HSS.,' pp. 286, 286,
200, 304 (Welsh Ar?;S. Soc. 1848). Out; of
Ilia poems ia a ' Lamentation on the Condi-
tion of the Welsh under Hrary IV/ and in
another poem he alludes to the death of Sir
John Oldcasfle. Poems by Kent are to be
found in Additional MS. 24960, and in the
Myfyr MSS. (Add. MSS. 140C2, 14966-7,
14972, 14974, 14977-9, 14984, 14988, 15004-
16008, 15010^ 16038) in the British Museum.
Besides his poems, Kent is said to have bpcn
the author of a grammar, of * The Apologue
of Einiawn abGwalcbmai,' 'LlyfryrOfieren,'
'
Araith y Tri Brodyr,' of a version of St.
John's Gosjjel iu Welsh, and of some fublus,
besides Latin theological treatises.
The suggestion that John Kent is identi-
cal with John Kxtrt or Gwhht (f. 1S48) is
impossible. The latter was a Franciscan,
and doctor of theology at Oxford, where he
was divinity reader v hia ficder. He was
i Kent
twtAtieth provincial of the Frnndacana in
Knj^'lntul, is said to have worked miracles,
ami was the author of a oommentary on the
'Sentences ' of Peter Lombard. He died at
Hereford, and was hnried there (^on>ni^rt
Fmnciacana, i. b'<i6, biA ; LLASI>, (JominuU.
de Seriftt,'^. 870-7).
[Information supj'l-iJ by theRcr. M. G. Wat-
kins ; Wilkias's Uist. of litoraturu of Wales, pp.
511 -9 lolo MSS. pp. 919-1, 682, 687 ; WiUiainAi
;
Eminent Wolshmcn, pp. 268-9; ("nxc's Tour in
' Aluumuullifihiro, \>[). 3oG~8 Ciiiubriau Journal,
;
Touby, lH5n. pp. 268 76; PbiUi^^'a Hittory of
Cikearzan, p. 161 \ two biographical sketehes in
Weldi are oomtalBiBd In 6irlyfr By vgrapbiadol
in- 0 Enwogion Cyniru, pt. ii. and Gbiriadtir Byw-
gi-atfyddol o EawogioD Cymrtt.] 0. L. K.
KENT, NATHANIEL(1787-1810),huid
valuer ail J aijricult urist, bom in 1737, was
firstemployed in the diplomatic aervice aa
aocretarv to Sir James Forter at BiubmIb.
During his stay there he set himself to study*
the husbandry of the Austrian Netherlandai
which waa at that time held to be the heat in
Europe. Some of Kent's letters to Sir James
Porter dated 1765 and 1766 are in Brit. Mus.
MS. Egerton 9167. Betorning to England in
1706, he drew up an account of Flemish hus-
. bandry at the reuuest of Sir John Gust, speaker
of the Houseof Commons, and was persuaded
by him to quit diplomacy and devote himself
to agriculture. He shortly afterwards made
the valuable acquaintance of Benjamin Still-
iugfleet fq. v.l the naturalist. Kent pub-
lished in 1775 'll in ts to Gentlemen of Landed
Pro^rty,' London, 8vo (3rd edit. 1793), coo*
tainmg, among other valuable suggestions,
gome designs for labourers' cottages, which
were greatly in advance of hl time (DoNALn-
oN, Agricult. Biojf. p. 59). The book brought
bim employment on a large scale aa aneetate
agent and Ituiil valuer, and be did much to
improve English methods of land manage-
ment (of. Qmt. Mag. 1811, jpt. i. p. \SS).
His work lay chiefly in Norfolk, tlie farmers
of which county presented him in 1808 with
a silver goblet m acknowledgment of hia aex^
vices to agriculture, but he also suggested
extensive embankments in LincoUishire,
which were successfully executed. Besides
the Hints ' he con'rihuted
' '
A
General View
of the Agriculture of the County of Norloik '
to the ' Survey issued by the boasd ofani-
'
cultuPB in 1794, with supplementary remarks,
Norwich, 1796, and several papers to vols. iv.
V. and vi. of Hunter's 'Georgical Essays,*
York, 1803. Kent waa for a ahort time bailiff
of George IIPs farm in the Great Park nt
AVinil'Jiir. Particulars conrrrning the king^'s
furm, communicated by him to the Society
01 Arts ia 1796| wffaau1iM^uently publiahea
Digitized by Google
 Kent S3 Kent
ID pamphlet form. He died of apupkxy at upon 20 Sent. 1407, when he made arrange*
Falliam, M iddle6S, 10 Oct 1810. !
ments for tne marriage of Charles the Bold
^'ATHAInEL Kbjit {Jl. 17.'?0),
.Ajiofhi-r with Margaret, sister of Edward IV (i*. p.
j

^cholar, bomat Weedon,Northamptoushire, ,

390). II is sulary when on an embassy seems

was educated at Eton and King's Oolleffe,
Cambridpf. He proceeded B.A. 1729, A.M.
1753, and became a fellow of King's CoUege.
Ib 1744 he was for a time deranffed, but re-
eorered, and in 1748 was head-master of
|
to have been 20is. a day (i'6. p. 604). Mean-
while, on7.T fin. 1444-5, liehad been appointed
Bub-cuii>luble of England, at a salary of one
hundred marks a year from the cuatoms of
j

|
Southampton {ib. p. 76). A
Thomaa Kent,
Wigbech school, and afterwards curate of i
who may have been the sanM as the ambas-
Ken-ev in Suffolk. While at Oambridge ho |
sador, resisped the rectory of St Dunstan-in- .

published 'Excer^ta qoaodam ex Luciani
namosatensis Openboi. Li usum Tyronum/
(^nmbridge, 1780, 8vo. Latin notes and a
Latin Tvnioa aooompany the tacU The
woflr WW
nvwal tinea reprintod inliondon
tho-East, London, in 1443, and was pre^nted
to the rectory of "Woodford, lOssox, 22 Aug.
1458.
[Tanner's Biog. Brit; Pite, Rel. Hist d Rb.
Angl. p. 914 Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of Univ. of
;

the third I'dition prioribus auctior et emen-

'
Oxf. e<l, Gutch, Ai>p. p. 203 Brodriik'.s Memo-
;

datior' app< nn'd in 1757; another ed. 1788.
[For the laod valuer beo Gent. Mag. 1810,
rials of Merton (Oxf. Uist. 8oc),pp. 87, 64, 241.
For the ambassador sea authorities quoted ; Kew-
court's Bepert. i. 883, ii. 662 and for hia other
;

pi. it pp. 896, 452 ; Kent's books in Brit. Mus.

embassiMflee Rymer's Fo U) ra, pp. 138, 186, 187,
Cat.; ami anthoritiM qnoted; for the scholar see
189, 229, 233, 241, 29, 272, 274,304, 415.424,
Hanrood's Alumni Etonenses, p. 816; Cat of
Camlridge GraduHft* Cooper'8 Mcnioriala of 604, 624, 641, 642, 663, 666. 676, 676, 6V0.1
;

Oambridge, i. 220; Brit. Mas. Cat]

w. A* J. A
E. B.
KSNT, WILLIAM (1884-1748), painter,
KSNT, ODO ax {d. 1200), abbot of Battle. sculptor, architect, and land'^cnpe p^irdener,
[See Odo.] was bom in the North Riding ot Yorkshire
KENT, THOMAS mathema-
(d. 1489), in 1684, and was apprenticed to a coaehp
tician, was elected fellow of Merton College, painter in his fourteenth year. Five years
Oxford, in 1480. According to Tanner and afterwards he left his employer without
Fit% ht had no nnall reputation as an astro- leave and came to London. There he made
nomer and mathemfif inan, and iMued pre- some attempts at portrait and historical
dictionii us tu the severe winter and famine painting, winch, says WalrKjle, induced some
of 1490. He disd, hawtmtf of the plague 'gentlemen of his country (countjP)toaaiid
7 Spt. 1489, and was buried in the Merton him to Rome, lie went to Home in company
bunrin^-ground. He is said to have written with John Tulnian [{^. v. J, the first director
a traatue on Mtooaoniy, but if be did ao it of the Society of Antiquaries, studied under
the Cavalier Luti, and gained a second prise
Another Tbomas Kbht \460') was in the second class at the academy. At
clerk to the privy council. He graduatod Rome also he met with other patrons. Sir
as * doctor of civil and canon law, probably William Wentworth allowed lum40i. ayear
t Onabridge, and waa elwk to tne privy for seven years, and in 1716 he attnetea the
council as early ftH Mil. Ili.s iiuint' conse- notice of the Earl of Burlington [see Botle,
quently appears at the foot of many acts of RiOHABO, third Eabl or ButtLorfliOKl, who
the pnvy oouncil (e Niooub, Prveeedinfft brought him to Eaglaad with him, ana gve
of the Priiy Council, vi. 31, 37, 38, &c. liirn aj)urtnif>nt^* in nis town liousf for the re-
;

SzsmsoK, LetUn and Faper* illuttrative mainder of his life. Through the influence
nf tkf Wan ifikt BnffUA Fnmee during of the earl he soon ohtainea eztensiTe em-
the T!<hv /Henry r/,i.490,498,&c.; forlus ployment in portrait-painting, mvX cov. r. il
signature see Urit. Mm.
CoUtn. MS. Golbsj the walls and ceilings in the houses of the
B. L161% Kent was ftoqvently employea arlatoegaey w lthhiatoriealandallegOTiealanb-
as an ambassador to various countries. On jects. Amon2:theworksmentione<i bvlloraoa
4 Julv 1444 he was appointed, with Sir Hunii- Walpole are full-lengths (ioT the Right
' '

frey Suflotd, Willinm Pyrton, and William Hon. Henry Pelham [o. v.]) at Esher, Surrey;
Cotfabrokf, to trpat for comniorcisl inter- frescoes in the hall at Wanstead House (now
course with Holland and Zealand (RniEB, destroyed), Essex; ceilings and staircases for
" e7> On 90 July 1469 be was Sir Robert Walpole at Houghton, Norfolk;
of several commissioners, amonp whom and a staircase at Faiinlintn, "Nfirfollc for
I

the Bishop of Durham, to treat with the Lord Townshend. But liis talents did not
kinff of Scotland aboot a truce (ib. xL 484) lie in this direction. ll' gurth'aTerdict, that
kia laat anboaar aaanw to bnvo baaa antaiad neither Rngland nor Italy ever pcodiioed

Digitized by Google
 Kent
mora oontampttble danber tlwn Kent, has
not been revfnsp<l fuico. WilliRm Mason,
in the ' English
(iordeu,' ptains Kent's lund-
Bcapc gardeninf^f at the aatMnaa of his paint-
ing ; and uven norace"SVafpole, who rejfarded
him as a genius in other blanches of art,
tdls m tibat B^nt^c pottratta 'boie little re-
st-rablftnce to the por.sons who sat for thiim,
and the colouring was worse/ and that in
hia oailings Kent's drawing was as di^eotiTe
as the colourinfi^ of hie portraits, and as void
of evenr merit. He adds that Sir Robert
Walpofe would not pemit 'him to work in
colours at Houghton, but restrained him to
c h a rcMicuro.
i H
is portrait-painting was oIbo
the Lhameofawittyepigram bjLaroOhMter-
iield:
An to Apolles, Amnion's bod
Would only dcipn to sit
8ob to thy pciiieil, Ksotl akma
WUlfturaitk'a ter
JBqnal yoor obtM wolkteaf lava
This difforoncc fee,
One would no other pointer hare
No othar wonU hava thaai
Hogarth did not fl|Mure him or his patron.
In two plates,' Masquerades andOporaf ,T5ur-
lingtonQate (1724). and < IlieMan of Taste
' bttildinss (the central pmrtion of a deaisn
(1782)the Han oif Taate was Bmliogton,
not Kent he introduced the stntue of
Kent aurmouutiug the gate of Burlinfton
Qoose, and aumwted on a lower lerel hj
those of Kanhael and Michael Angelo and ; seat of the Karl of Leicester,are alfso examples
in his Burleeque on Kent's Altar>pieoe at
*
fit. Clement's' (St. Clement Danea In the
Strand, 1725) he cnricatured without mercy
the feeble composition and bad draughte-
nanahip, which nad already led Bishop Gib-
son to order its removal fromthe church. But
Kent was able by his influence at court to re-
taliateup<mHo^Uthby preventinghimfrom
exf!cut ing a portrait group of t ho royal family
and other works (see * Notes by GeorgeV'ertue
in the Brit. Mm. Add. MS. 23076, p. 66).
Nevertheless Kent easily madphis wny in
high Bocioty by his winning mannurB and the
authority with which ln' spoke on questions
of art, and he soon became the fashionnble
oracle in all matters of taste. His skill in
design was so prized that, according to Horace
\Valpole, ' be was not only consulted for fur^
niture, as frames of pictures, glasses, tables,
ehaizs, fte., but for plate, for a barge, for
a emdla. And so impetuous was ushion
that two grmt ladies prevailed on him to
make designs for their birthday g^ownt*. The
one he dressed in a petticoat decorated with
columna of the five ovdera; the other liha a
bronze, in a co^paiHsokrarad satin With orna-
menta of gold.
i4 Kfint
When he fitat aerioosly turned hia aMen-
tiou to architecture is not clearly ascertained,
but be probably began at an early date to assist
the Bill of Builingtan in hia awhitsotnial
designs and in 1727, with the assistance of
;
his lordship,' he published two folio volumes
of the ' Designs of Ini^ Jones,' with a few
by the earl sjod himself, and one by Polladio,
' the master and guide of them aU. Kent's
deatgna in this volume were mostly of chinH
neypieces and doors, hut included one for a
royal art gallery, in which panels f< >r {>aintinga
altematoa with niches for sculpture. Mtmjui
the nobility and some of the rnynl familv wor_>
amongtheeubscriliersto tliie. Uaiidsume work.
Kent went a second time to Il<ime, before
1 719,and in 1730 he paid a third visit there to
study architecture and buy pictures for Lord
Burlington. It was perhaps on thia oooasion
that he acquired the collection of engravings
formed by his old master Luti, who had died
in 1724. After his return he added largely
to his reputation as an architect and a lan^
scope gardener. He altered and decorated
Kensington Palaee, of which the staircase
waa thought \>j Horace Walpole to be ' the
least defeetiTe work of hii pencil.' Helmflt
the Horse Guards and the oIdc I: of frofisury
nover nllv exoented) arhish oreilooir l&e
parade at Whitehall. Devonshire TTonso in
Piccadillv, the Earl of Yarborough's in Ar-
lington ^reetL nd Holkham, Norfolk, the
of his skill in the Palladian style, and do more
{
tliananyotherofhiaexisting works tojustify
'
the high patronage which he enjoved.
Despite his poor ability he was 8elect<*d
to execute the statue of Sliakespeare for
Poets' Comer in Westminster Abbey, and
i was appointed principal painter to the crown
I after the death of Charles Jervas [a. v.] in
1739. Beaide.s tliis office he held those of
master-carpenter, architect, and keeper of the
picturo8,au of which, together with a penamn
of 1 00/. a year for his works at Kensingt^m
Palace, brought him an income of 000/.
' Kent's st^le, says Walpole, ' predominated
authoritatively during his life.' He was still
engaged on his most important and favourite
work (Holkham) when ne died at Burlington
House of an attack of inQammotion in the
bowels on 12 April 1748. He was buried ' in
a very handsome manner' in Lord Burling-
ton's vault at Ohiswick. ' His fortune/ savs
Walpole, 'which with pictures and books
amounted to alxiut T),0(.K)/., he divided be-
tween his relations and an actress, with whom
he had long lived in particular finendship.'
It is only ns fin aroliitoot that Kent's
artiitic reputatiou now survivea. Xf as liaa
Digitized by Go
 Kent 5 Kent
Wen averted, he haduny liaii<l in defii^^niiig ut Hampton Court Palace, ihe interview of '

the beftutifiil colonnade of liurlington Uouse
{aow lying neglected on the embankment
tt Bfttteraea), thU reputation might stand
higher, but there appears to be no piifficient
MMon for depiiving the Earl of Burlington
of the full merit of this work. On the other
hand, there seems to be no doubt that he
waa the real daaigner of Holkhanii although
the plans pnUiihed after Knitfa death
h\ fiis pupil and a,s.sist.uif Matthew I3ret-
,
ti ngham , without Any mention of Kant [see
Henry V and the Princess Katharhie' (784),
and the marrinpc the same persons (788)
and a model by Iveut for a palace in Hyde
Park is also to be seen there. A portrait of
Kent by himself was lent by the liev. W, V.
Harcourt to the Loan Exhibition of Portraits
at South Kinnngtoii in 1807.
[Walp'Mc'- Anc-olntcs of Painting; 'RcdgTavp's
Diet. Ur3an'H Diet. (Graves and Annstrong);
;
Hedgravee' Century of Brinten; Gnmiin^iSls
Lives of British .Artists, 1R31 Tho English ;

Umihwhaii, MiRinnr, the elder, and Grardon, by W. .Mawm, Commentary, (!tc . by W.

Bbbtttxouam, Robert Furze]. He was a Bargh, l"8;j ; FerRtLsson's History of Arthitoc-
fiuthful follower of the PaUadtan at jle, the turs; (}wilt'a Jslnejrdqpdia of ArchttsoUue;
principlee of ^Hiieh he nnderrtood, and hie Saieteld Taylor^s Fme Arts in Orsat Britain and
DaUding8,csp.'ciall7the Horn' fJuards. havo '
Irclanil; Cat. of r,uin Exbil-itii.n uf Pi.rlraits at
the merit of tine proportion. A a decorator ;
South Koiisiii-tnti, 18G7 ;
Jiiogniphie Univentello,
d designer of ramitoie he wae heavy, hnt ,
article 'Luti, IJenuit
;
'Nichols's Litemry Anec-
not wtihout Ptyle. dotsm T. 929, vi. 159 ; Chalmem's Diet. Gould's ;

UiiiHf worka of Kent which are praised by j

8kstdl6s of Artists ; Pyo's Fktronage of British
NValpole are a stoircafio at Lady Isabella [
Art Scgui. rs Diet.
; Nagler's Kiinstler-Lexi-
;

'
kon; Hi8t.MSS. Comm. 12th Bep. (1891), App.
Finch's in Borkelpy J^qnure, the 'Temple of
pt. hb pk 191 i Dobwm's Ewuth (1891).]
Veuu at Stowe, and the great room at the
I

'

BIgfat Hon. Henry Pelhem'e in Arlington

CM.
I

Street. For this >jtftteman he also built a I KENT, WILT JAM (17/^1 ^1812),capfain
Q<Hhic house at Kaher ; and other works in t ho in the navy, born in 7ol, sou of Henry Kent 1

me style wmthelawcowtB at West m n^ i t <>r of Newcastle-ou-Tyne, and of his wife Maiy,

and a choir screen in Gloucester Cutln dral sistorof Vice-admiralJohnHunter[(}.v.], was
but oil theee have been demolished. II is mont pnimot^'d to the rank of lieutenant in 1781,
important ' gardeD.<) were those of Sir Charles and after contimums service in the Channel
'

Tottcrel Dormer :ind of Carlton House, but and North Sea was appointed in 1795 to tho
they no longer exist. Walpole calls hiiu command of the Supply, iu which, on 15 Feb.,
the * father of modem gardening^' ' the in- he sailed for New South Wales, in company
ventor of an art that renliff^s pHintintr mvl with his uncle. Captain Hunter, in the Re-
inproves nature. Mahomet imagined an i'^ly- liance. The shipa arrived at Sydney on
aium, but Kent created many. His claim 7 Sept., and for the next five years Kant
to be the ioTentor of that more natural stylo was employed in the service of the colony,
of gardening and planting which was a^r- making several voyages to Norfolk Island
wards derelopid so greatly by Ciipability
* liii lie Cape of Good Hope, and surveying
l I

Blown [see BmuMfljAXCBLffT] and others poru of the eoaat of New South Wales. In
aesBis to he weU femided, although Bridg- October 1800 he sailed fiar England in com-
man, who invented the ' haha,' wn8 to some mand of the Buffalo, and on hi8 arriviil was
extent his predecessor. The pritwiplcs Kent reappointod to her, June 1801, for the ro-
Mloved were those Uuddoim by i'ope in his tom Toyago to Sydnoy, where, in Oetoher
' Epifitle to Ml.' Karl
of Bodington/ and had 1802, he was proniutt d by the governor,
buea illustrated by r<^hiinew in his famous Captain Kin^, to tlie rank of commander.
gwdbn t Twichenhem. HaMB,in his'Eng- In the Ibllowing April he was ordered to go
lith Oardon,' speaks of Kent as Po])eV bold to Norfolk Island with .stores, and tlir nee
'

assnciata.' In connection with John Woottou throiigh the islands examining their capa-
fq. .] Kent designed eome Qhiflntieiu to hilitiea as to the supply of eatde and forage,
Gay'n 'Fables/and ho exw^iitod the vijinetti-^ lie was afterwards U) go to '\ilcnit;a und
to the large edition uf I'ope 's ' Works/ and bring bock as many cowd as possible of the
plat4^<>tol^aiMi'e* Fairy Queen,' 1751. All best meed. On 19 llay he made the eoath-
of thed* are poor, and the last are execrable. west coast of New CiiledoTiia, ami discnvf ri J
Kent designed the decorations of liechapel- a beautiful and >!.\ten>ivo harbour/ which
I
'

loyal at the marriage in 1731 of Princess he named Pbit St. Vinoeut, where he re>
Anneand the Prince of Orange, and published mnined for wvenil wn lvs Kknt, Jounial, (

an engraving of the scene. He also publishwl 3M)t>:d in 'Qiturterly lieviow,' iii. 32). In
a print of Wolsey's hall et Haiiijtlou Court. aiiuary 1K)4 he was at Caloutta (Addit.
Two pictufea by Kent are atill '^f'^'H*^ M&
13753, tOQ), ntnmed to Port nd

Digitized by Google
 Kentigern
JitdoNin in June, briDginir back s supply of'
dtdtand other stores. lie was aftor\s anl-
mored into the Investigator, which had
undergone a thorough repair [cf. Fusdebs,
Matthew], (unl in 1805 wus sont home witli
important information about the state of
Ftom. The Biveetigtttor was paid off st
Plymouth on 22 Dec. 1805, and on 22 Jan.
IbOO Kent was advanced to poet rank, in
November 1806 he was appcnnted to the
Agincourt, and from her was moved to the
Union of 9S guns, in command of which, off
Toulon, he died iS9 Au^. 181S.
In 1791 Kent married his con-in Kliza,
daughter of William Kent of Newcustle-on-
Tyne, and left issue one son, horn at Sydney
in 1799. A portrait of Kent in pastel is
possession of his grandson Mr. Charles Kent.
[Informatiou from Mr. Charles Kent; Gent,
Mag. 1810 pf. i. p. 288. 1812 pt. ii. p. 400 ;
O'Bymc's Naval Bio^. Diet. i.n. 'Kent, William
George Carlile ;' ColJmaV Account of the English
Colony in New South Wales, ii. 306; Flinders's
Voyage to TeiTO AuU^is; oflldal ]Ucn. &&,
m the Public Record Office ] J. K. L.
KEJNTEN C^. 686), AVest-Saxou King.
[See Onaw ma.]
KUMTiGEBN or St. Blinreo (518.^-603)
was the apostle of the Strathcl^de Britons,
There is a fragment of a life of Kentigern by
n unknown author of the twelfth century,
andabiography written near the close of that
century by Jocelyn, a monk of Fomess, who
tells us that he had befun' him two lives of
the saint, one used in the church, and another
in theveniaeahur; that in both cf these there
A\ aj fiomLthin^' dintrary to sound doctrineaud
the catholic faith, and that his purnose was
to compile s lifSs free from these blemishes,
and to season what had been composed in a
*
barbarous way with lloman salt.' The main
frets given by these writen of the twelfth
century are regarded as historical, and are
to some extent confirmed hr the records of
Wales, Adamnan's'Life of St. Colamba,'and
the dedication of churches to St Kentigern .
in the locidities associated with bis life.
Kentigern was bom probably in 618. His
inntlier, Thenaw, was the daup-hter of Loth,
a British prince, after whom the I>othiaus
are called, and whoee teat was at Traprain
Law, then named Dunpelder, halfway be-
tween Haddington nud Piinbnr. Frinr to
that time there had been a church at Dun-
peld'^r, iiiid Loth is de-icribed as a
thon^-h
semi-pagan, his daughter was a Christian, and
perhaps a nuu. She was sought in marriage
I)y Owen or TCwen, a Briton of the nohle>t
stock, but bhe refused his oiler, preferring a
lifeof virginity. Her father was so indignant
that he handed her over to the charge of
s6 Kentigern
swineherd, who was secretlj a ChritiUan.
Her Buitor mot her by Ptmtugcm in a wood,
and having violated her ahehecameDC^jipaiit.
>
When her fiither heard of her oonaition, he
caused her to be hurled from the tMj> of a hill
called Kepduff, but she escaped without in-
iurv. Uethenputherra a eonMsle,orhofttof
hidfes, in Aberlady Bay, nnd left her to the
mercy of the winds an^ waves. The boat was
.
|flnteained out h^fond the Isle ofMay, then
driven up the Frith to Culross, where she
landed, and where her child, a son, was bom.
Mother tnd son were brought into the pr-
;
senceof a Christian pastor, nn enrlier St. Serf,
or one to whom that namo was afterwards
^
erroneously given, who on seeing the dk9d
in the exclaimed in Celtic, 'Munpo/i.e.mydcarone.
Mother and child were bupti.'<ed by bitu, the
latter receiving the christian name of Kenti-
gem, or head chief, in allusion to his descent.
jle was trained in the monastic school at
Culross kept by the saint, and became one of
chief favnurite*. In earlvmanhr,,>,l he left
^is protector to become a inissiouary to the
^ up -^^^ ^j.
Sence at Cathures (now Olasffow), beside a
cemetery aud a church founded by St. Ninian
fq. v.], but then in ruins. There he was chosen
bishop by the king, clergy, and people who
remained Christian, and was consecrated, ae-
cording to Jocelyn, by a bishop summoned
firom Ireland for the purpose. ^ Alter sonie
years he suffered such perseetttion from be-
thens in the neighbourhood, the kindred of a
King Horken, that he removed to Wales. On
'
the way be stopped fer a time in tbeCumber-
land mountains, where lie convrrted many
to the faith, and then went to .Menovia (now
|
St. Davids). HaTing obtained a grant oHand
from the kinp of N urth Wales or the king's
son, he founded the monastery of Llanelwr
|
(afterwards Bt. Asaph's) in the Tale of Qwyd,
and pit lu red around him 9(15 monks, some of
wiiom were employed in agriculture,other8 in
'
education and the conducting of divuie sor-
vice,whilethc more experienced accompanied
|
Kentigern onhismissionarv tours. Theoattle
|
of Arthuret,iiearOaxlisle,n>ught in 578|eit^
bliahedthe supremacy of the Christian party
umong the Britons of the north, and Redde-
rechthe BountifrHyWliOtlMn became hi ng of
Strathclvde, pent iiie-ssenfr-Ts to recall Kenti-
i
gern. 'fbe latter appointed Awaph his suo-
cessor in the monastery, and returned to the
north with many of his monks. Redderech
and hi.s people met him at Hoddam in Dum-
friesshire, and welcomed him witb great joy.
There he fixed his see for some years, found-
ingcbundies aud ordaining clergy; and at this
period be visited Galloway, and reclaimed its
a j rictish inhabiUuUs from' tlie idolatry tnd
Digitized by Coogle
 Kentish
8T iuto wluch they had fallen after the
death of St. Ninian. Afler this Kentigern
monwd to Glaegow, wiuch becune hwce-
fath tlielnadqiuirtn ofOhristianitT among
the Strathclytle liritnns. IK wu.h tue great
mmtxs of plaiitiO|g or restoring CkrisUanity in
Art large diatnei whidi tllerwards fornad
the diocese of Glasgow. He alao viaited
Altea, L. Scotland aortb-eaat of the Forth,
nd me dedication of MOW dnsdMS in Alwr-
dMHliire bear.- witneaa to Lis laMursin that
wutor. lie IS also anul somewhat doubt-
tol]j to bare sent mi^ionaries to OrKner,
Norwar, and Ict-land. In his lati-r yvass ot.
Columba (of whoee intercourse with Kiui;
Biddert-i- h we have t ruceit nAdamnan's'Life')
i in George Street (opened 27 April 17W by
came from Tf>nrv with man\ followirs to visit
hinL Kentigeru went out tu meet him willi
a larr^ retiniM^ and aa the two baada ap*
proaclied they sang alternately appropriate
T;nsea of tLc i'ealms. The two veueruble men
exchanged crosiers in token of mutual affec-
tion. Rentigem died on 13 Jan. 003, and bis
grave i shown in the ciypt of Glasgow Cathe-
dral^ nanrn^Hl from him St. Mungo ^. .Tim r'.yn
aay;> he lived to tbe ageof i87,buthistohatt8
are a^Teed in atrilditf off theeentury. Many
niirucle* were in after times attributed to
him ; e^. be plouffbed bis fields with a stsf
and a wolf from tne forest, sowed saad aaa
n&ve^l wheat, caused tlie Clyde to overflow
its banks, and to bring the bams of the king
vho persecuted him to his own dwelling.
Wher. w me of the highland clergy who
came with St. Columbii stole one of hia rams
and cut off its head, he caust d h- decapitated
f church of the Messiah, Birinin;]^hanL ffis
aiimal to run back to the flock, and turned
the bead to stone in the hands of the thief.
When a b>3y at Culroaabe restored to life a
jv' r |)in which hia eompanions had torn in
v p*)rtly figure, and old-fashioned costume with
rt*-es, and kindled a tire with a frozen oak
braoch. K ing Kedderech found a ring which
hi bftd given to bis queen on tbe finger of a
ptng knight, threw it into the Clyde, and
t}i*-n J' manded it of his spouse. In her distress
lbs Applied to tbe aaiuty and be sent a monk
l the rirer to fish, who caught a salmon with
the r. ill its mouth. Hence the bird, tree,
kihy axtd ring in tbe arms of Glasgow.
[Bi^bop Farbcs*B St. Kentigern in rol. r. of
ti< Hi*tond;i!i of Scotland ;
Sk' no's T. Iric ni
kod, ToL ii.; Notes and Querien, 2nd Keriee, i.
IH, . IS, M; Diet, ef Christian B.otr.]
W
G.
KEimSH, JOHN n76S-1863), unira-
rijuidivine, on]y son of John Kentish (d.
1814), lira* bom at St. Albans, Hertfordshire,
on 26 June 1768. His father, at one tiui*- a
druer, waa the joungest son, and ultimately
the h^r, of Thomas Kentish, who in 1723 w n
high sheriff of Hertfonlshire. Uis mother
Kentish
was Hannah (d. 17f>3), daughter and heiress
of Keaser Vanderjilank. After jwissing
throuffb the school of John W'ordley at Hert-
ford, ne was entered in 17S4 as a divinity
student at Daventrv acadi iny, under Thomss
Belsbam [O'V.], \Villiam Bruadbent ^ v/j,
and Elieier Cogan [q. v.] In September l7w
be removed, with two feilow-studentf-, to the
new college at Huckneji in consequence of
a prohibition by the Ooward trusteea of any
u.^( of written prayer- n* Dm
entry. In the
autunm of 1790 he left lluckney to become
the flnt minister of a newly formed unita^
rian congregation at Plymouth Doi 1< fnnw
I )evonport), Devonshire. Achajwd was built
Theophuua Lind.-^- y [q. v,]), and a prayer-
book drawn up h\ Kent ish and Tliomas Porter
of Plymouth, hi 1704 he 8uccei>ded Porter
as minister of the Treville Street congrega-
tion, Ply moutb. In 1795 he removed to liOn-
don as afternoon preacher at tbe Gravel Pit,
Hackney, adding to this office in 1802 that
of morning preacher at St. Thomas's Chapel,
Southwark. On 2.1 Jan, lso;3 li.' undertook
the pastorate of tbe Mew Meeting, Birming-
ham. In ISH) he declined the enwoment hut
retained the office of pastor, and continued to
preach frequently till 1844. He retained bis
ncultlesto a jmat age, and died of pneumonia
on Sunday, 6 Man h l^^l^^, at his residence.
Park Yale, Edgbaston. On 15 March be was
buried in Kaye Hill cemetery, Birmingham.
A mural tablet to his memory was placed in
the New Meeting, removed ni 180a to the
portrait, painted in 1840 by Phillips, wb.s en-
graved by Lupton ; a full-length silhouette,
executed in l8ol, exiiibits his short ststure,
knee- breeches. He married, in )ctober 1805,
(
Mary (b. 21 March 1776, d. 9 .March 1864),
daughter of John Kettleof Birmtngliam, but
bad no issue.
Kentish was a man of groat personal dig-
nity, and his weight of (maiacter. eztennve
learning, and ample fortune munraoentlj ad-
ministered, secured for liiin n Ciiiii^idiTtltion
rarely accorded to a nonconformist minister.
His fsTOurite itodj was biblical exegorix
hi' wft.a a."scholar of aoUd attainment, vt rs^'d
in oriental languagse, and amiliar with the
labours of German erttics. In polities an old
whig, he wa. in religion a unsliiriati of the
most conservative type, holding elo;.ely to
the nuraenloiis ba.sifl of revelation. 1 1 in iofw
mon? were remarkable for beauty of style.
Tie published, in addition to 8'j)nrate ser-
mons (17'.m; 1M44): 1. 'Letter to James
White,' &e., \7'n.R^n. 2. Reply to Fuller's
'
EAuminatiou ot the Galviuibliu and Souiiuau
Digitized by Google
 (Kenton iCenton
Systems/ 2nd edit. 1708, 8vo. 8. ' Notes
ftc, rolled a member
of the Vintners' Company
and Comments on Passages of Scriptunf'&c, 8 April 1784, and was elected master iu 1776.
1844, 8vo; 2nd edit, 1846, 8to; 8rd edit. A portrait of him in their court-room shows
1848, 8vo. 4. Bioffraphical Notice of Kev. that he was a man of solid proportions with a
0onn Wiche/ &c., 1847, 8vo. 'Semum^' alight inward equint. He was married end
5.
iDCf Birmingham, 1848, 8to 3nd edit, "mat had one son, whom he bred a dmggist, butwho
;
* Memoir' by John Kfnrick [q.v.j), 18'>1, 8vo. died younp, and one daughter, who became
Hia * Memoir of Timothv J^ennck ^a. T^lis attached to hia clerk, but died before her
'

ticeftsed to Ae tatter's 'EhmMiti(m/ lw7, Ihther woaM dlow the marriage. Thedlgrk
8vo, 3 vols. To tL Olontlilv Repository' behaved in so honourable and con.^iderate a
-

and Christiaa Beformer he was a frequent manner in the difficult circumstances of tlie
' '

oontriliutory mnallj ivitli the 8ignatan>< N.' engngemratthat Kenton made him hia eWef
[Biographical Dictionary of Liring Authors,
friend, and bequeathed to him nOO^fXXV. Tie

1816, p. 187; Murch's Hist. Preeb. and Geo. was a liberal benefactor of the parish school
Bapt. Cburches in the West of England, 1835, where he was educated, of Sir John Gu^a
pp. 004 s<}., o26eiq.; Inquin-r, 19 Miirch IR.'i.'i, school in Portsok> is, nri I of the Vintnefh'
p. 180 (article by John Kenrick, reprintoi from Company. He gave O.UUO/. to St. Bartholo-
the BindaglunB Mercnry) ; Christian Beformer, mo^s Hospital, of which hia IHend Hsilfly
1858 pp. 262, 2651^1. (memoir by John Kenrick, was treasurer, and a eurcrirul ward in the
reprinted with BormunB, 1864), 1854 p. 228; north wing is called after him. lie waa
Unitarian Herald, 18 March 1864, p. 99 ; Addit. btnied in Stepney Ohuxdi, whsfe he has a
118.24870; ptrsonal reooUection,] A. G. monument by \S estmacott, and the master
KENTON, BENJAMIN ( 1719-1 800J, and court of the Vintners attend an annual
vintner and philanthropist, was bom inFiela- sermon toeommemmrate his benefactions. A
Street, Whitechapel, on 19 Nov. 1719. street near Brunswick Sqnani LondoOf is
Ste
is mother kept a greengrocer's sliop, and named after him.
he was educated in the cmritf Mhool of the [Herbert's History of the Twelve Great Liveir
parish. At the age of fifteen ne was appren- Coiu|';inif.s, ii. C'j I, G37 l><'njaiiun Standring^
;

ticed to the keeper of the Angel and Crown B. Kenton, a Biogiaphicul Sketch, London,
Inn, Whitechapel, and when ho liad aervod 1878; Monthly Magazine, 180S; information
his time became waiter and drawer at the received at Tlntnec^ Ball.] K. H.
Crown and Magpie in Aldgate. A
large crown
of atone surmonnted W
a magpie of pear-tree KENTON, NICHOLAS (d, 14G8), Car-
wood was the sign, and sea-captains wore the mclite, bom at Kenton, near Framlinpfhnm,
principal cuatoraers. The ownerwantonly let Suffolk, became a Carmelite at lp?<wich,
the hugfOB decay and changed the name to and studied at Cambridge. On 2 March
the Crown. Custom fell oti"; he died, and 1419, being then resident at Whitefriars,
the buaintvss pa&ied into Kenton's hands. The London, he was ordained sub-deacon, and oa
aea-captains who hid previously purchased 1 Dec. I Jl'O priest. In 1444 he was chnseik
their alo for long voyages at the tuvcm still twenty-fifth provincial of his order in Eng-
bought it of Kenton, who woe fuuiuus as an land in a council held at Stamford, and re-
ttentive waiter. It often excited their ad- tained bis office twelve years. He died in
miration that, when they were dining above London i. Sept. 1468, and was buried at
stairM,the waiter below in the bar knew when Whitefriars. Weerer quotes his epitaph
the candles wanted snuihng, and his explana- {FuwniU Monuments, p. l.SS). Leland
tion that his knowledge was due to noextraor- wrongly gives the date oi death as 1460.
dinary instinct, butmereljr to the observation Kmton is credited with a commentary on
of a contemporary liffht in the bar, d'jus not \
the ' Song of Songs ' and a variety of tlieo-
.seem to have diminiued tUoir oviniou of his lo^<l treatises. He is also said to have
sagacity. He rartored the sign of the magpie, written liyes of saints belonging to his order;
and became possessed of a secret which mad(> among thera was a 'lafo of St. Cvril.' Tbtj
hi8fortune,thatof bottling ale so that itcoold Bollandists suggest that this coUectiou of
pan through the changes of climate on the lives may po.si^ibly heidentical with an anony-
voyage to TnfUii round tlu; '':^1^<', witliout flu: mous collection in their possession ( Acta
cork flying out of the bottle. Thomas liarley OcuKtorum^ January, iii. 688). Bale specifies
[q. v.] wsldemiofPoft8ohen,theward in a number of letten of Kenton's with some
wnich Kenton took a house, and pave him exactness, and in TJrlt. '>riis. llurleian MS.
jodicious advice aa to investments, ile thus 1 8 1 >,
!
196 6, gives the purport of one. Ken-
i'.

attained to great wealth, and on retiring from ton is also ereditedwith 'Carmen yotivum
active Imsiin ss went to live in Gower Street, ad dominum Albcrtiim Carmelitam et do-
and tiiere died^ii May 1600. Uo iiad been en- minum Andream cpiscopum' (i.e. St. A.n."

Digitized by Google
 Kenulf 29 Kenyon
drew of Fiewile) : Andrew is
said to havt>
St. themsalves the offices of hia suite, Kenyon
workKi a miracle for Kenton's benefit (^U/. .selected tixat of master of the horse, and made
Jaouftiy, m. d87). all the neces.sary arrangementa for postii^.

[ly-Lirui's diiimont. de Soriptt. p. 469 Bale, Meeting Browning at a dinner-Mur^, be dia-

;

2S llarlci;in MS. 3838. ff. 91 a-9'2 a (Hal.'.s

-.
coverMT in htm the son of one of his school-
fellow."* nt Fort Bristol, wliom he had lost
Ueliadea); Pits, p. 658; Davy's Athense 8uf-
folri(?nin Addit. MS. 19165, ff. 7-')-6; C. da sight of. This was the beginning of a warm
Villiers s Bibl. Cj.rmelit. ii. 499-501.] C.L.K. and dole frtendahip brolien only by death.
Kenyon first introduced Binwninr, at the
KENULF or CYNEWULF (Jl. 750), houae of her parents, to KUzabeth Barrett,
Aaglo-SMcon poet. [See Kzmnnur.] a dietant xdatiTO and toi-dtmnt oooein oc
K EN in d. 1008), biehop of Winahes. Kenyon, who became Rrownini^'a wife. To
Kenyon Browning dedicated iu * Dramatic
Ilomaneea and Lyrice.'
KEN WEALH i,d.672}, king of the West Fltdling to proenra
fur Kenyon a cojiy of t!if>, picture of 'Andrea
Smumm, [See Cbrwaui.j
del iSarto and his wife in the Pitti Palace^
'

KBNYON, JOHN (1784-1866), poet and Browning wrote and aent to him from Flo*
philanrhropist, was born in 17R4in tin- |);irih nmce the poem Andrea del Sarto.' When
*

otTrelaw ney, Jamaica, w Lore hm father o w iwd the Brownings visited England, Kenyon's
extenm Vf )tugar plantations. Hie mother was house was their home, and here in 1866 Mrs.
a daughter of John Simpon of TJounty Hull Browning finished 'Aurora I^igh,'and dedi-
in the same parish, also a sugar planter. Both cated it to Kenyon in grateful remembmnce
farentM died while Kcnyiiii was a boy tt of n friendship 'far beyond the common uses
'ort Hrftol 8rli(M)l, Bristol. Thence he went of mere relation.'iLij) and sympathy of mind.'
for a time to the Charterhouse, and after Kenyon wa.s uarly left a widower, and in
eooM deaoltorj dabbling in experimental 1823 married Caroline, plster of John Curteis,
acience at Nicholson's Philosophical In.stitute, a wealthy bachelor, whose residence, 89 De-
Soho, proceeded in 1 802 to Peterhousj, Cam- vonshire Place, he shared when in London.
bridge. Kenyon left Cambridge without a He had also a villa at Torquay, and others
d<<rrf-> in 1 married, and settled at Wood- in later life at \Viiiibl- Ion ( Lime Cottage)
lands, Ixl ween Alfuxden and Nether Stowey and Cowes. Hid second wife died on 7 Aug.
IB 6onier*!t.. Here he iimdc the ncnuaint- 1835, and her brother on 27 1840^
anoe of Thomas Poole [a. v.j, and through leaving Kenyon the bulk of his property,
him of Coleridge, Woroaworth, Southey, amounting to 100,000iL, great part of which
CWllfti Lamb, and an over-widening circle with clmracteristic generoeity he made over
of nen of letters. Rich, and without ambi- to the next-of-kin, aome distant zvlativee of
tion, he spent hiB life in society, travel, di- the testator.
l.'ttdnli'U). dining, and diHp nsiiii,' cliiirify. Crabb Robinson ;-av8 that Kenyon had
Amnng (he fint topTofit hj uis oluianthropv ' the fiwe of a Benedidiine monk and the
wen Coleri^^^ nmily. In later life he joyous talk of a good Mlow;' other of his
distribuf hini alms in a .'y^lemutic manner friemls saw in liim an idealised inuifi-soiui-
throogfa the medium of sisters of charity, tion of the Mr. Pickwick of Seymour s plates.
who tnyes^geted eveiT eRe. At Puie in He was the hean ideid of a host, his exnhennt
1817 Kenyon met TirKnor, tlio lii.-itorian of geniality commiinirnt inp itself as by a con-
&iaiush literature, who corrcaponded with tagion to bis gue8t.s, and bringing people of
luua tar yean, anA mtvodueed to blm many the most opposite ofaamcters into sympathetie
Americans, to whom his house was alway.'* accord, lie was also, like his friend Philip
open. Among these were Bayard Taylor and Courtenay,Q.C., a thorough gastronome. On
I

AaweT.FMde. one occasion he commended to his gueetsP at*

|

( nli'-rof Kenyon's friends nhout this period tention one of t!ii> earliest brace of oanvn.'*-
were Bryan AValler Procter Barry Cornwall baeked dui lfs ever .seen in Europe, with an
q. v.], AneruMus William Hare [q. v.], Julius exhortation not to talk, but to eat and tbink.'
'

jnarleii ifure q. y. j, and Crabu liobineon He died after a lingering and painful illness
a. v.] At t lesole in 18.% he met Landor, who at Cowes on 3 l)*c. 1856, and was buried in
wnen in Bnglend was frequently his guest, the vault l>elon[ring to his wife's faiiiiiy in
and wrote part of ' C)res-tes at Delphos ' under Lewi.shamrhurfliyard. By his will hedivided
his roof. Kenyon was one of JSoutliey's travel- his properly between liis t'rituidii and various
ling cnmpenione on hit Fremeh tour in 1^8, cliaritif H, the largeat legacy, IO,(KK)/., being
and wh'n, to procure him complete relief, taken bv Hrownitijf. .\ portrait of Kenyon in
they persuaded him to play, as if in je6t,the oils by %Villiam Fisher, once the property of
pavtof*pfiwi^wUI# tiugr dtrided among Sir Oeoige Sehatf [see Svppl.^ ii at the

Digitized by Google
 Kenyon
National Portnut GkUery. Another, by the
^amc artist, a companion picture to the Lan-
der ill tho is'ational Portrait GiiUery, was in
the poftseflsion of Sir George Scharf, and was
exliifiif.'d in thf \^it torIan Exhibition (No.
223) held in London in 1802. A
marble buBt
ofhsni, don at Rome in 1841 by T. Crawford,
wa"* in tht' pon^cssinn of Brnwnine". A litho-
Saph of a hAlf-length in water-colours, by
oonifWaB presented by him to hia friende
and n fine cameo profile of him was executed
30 Kenyon
younger ^on, he was at soventeon years of aga
articled to a solicitor of Nantwich, Cheshire,
named Tomkinson, in whose office he re-
mained oven after his elder brother had died,
and he had been entered as a stud^-nt of thf
Middle Temple on 7 Nov. 1 7oO. His meutal
alsrtatHiOon showed itself, and he madegreat
uponToml<in.son"s refusal to
])ropre89, so that,
lake him into partnershii), hu left Nantwich
in Fabraaiy 1766 a rapia and accurate con-
v<vftnoer. He proceeded to Ijondon, and was

by Saulini at Ilome. railed to the bar on 10 Feb. 1756. (Lord

Kenyon published *A Rhymed Plea for Campbell, however, rightly points out that his
Tolp-mce,' London, IB-'^H, 8vo ; ' Poems, for reports of cases begin with Easter term 1753,
the most part occasional,' London, 1838, and thence infers, with some probability, that
8vo and
;
'
A
Day at Tivoli, with other he must have been r^siJont in London from
Verses,' London, 1849, 8vo. T)ice produc- that time.) For some yeaxB he had no prac-
tions hardly pass muster as poetry. The tice. He lived on tlm 802. a year ftnm&hed
'
Rhymed Plea is a didactic dialogue in the
' by his father, lodged frugally near the Temple
heroic cotiplet on the duty of tempering re- in Bell Yard, by day took notes of Lord Mans-
ligious zeal with charity. The other two field's iudgments (tirom 1763 to 1769) in the

volumes contain some graoefol verses. kinfj's bench, which were published posthu-
mously by J. W. Hanmer in 1819, and read
[Many interesting reminiscences and anecdotes
of Kenyon are collected by Mrs. Andrew Crosee law sediuonslyby^ night, t last he obtained
aHttleconveyancing,and contrived to pay the
in Temple B-ar, .\pril 1890, Jatumry 1892, and rr-
foNBMS to taam occur in Southey's Life, Ticknor's expenses of goinff the North Wales circuit and
life, Lettwi, and JoorDala, L'Bstrange's Life of the Stalferdf Oxracd, and Shrsfwsbuzy sassioiiB
Mary Russell Mitford, Hnrne's I/ tf^r; of Eliza- bv thp briefs procured for him by friends. Tho
beth Barrett Browning, lugram'n Life of Eliza- friendship of John Dunning (afterwards Lord
beth Barrett Bwnming, Cm bb Robinson's Diary, Ashborton), wiiieb he obtained in 1769 and
Clayden's Bomm and his Cootempocaries, Mao- kept tilir)tinnin:r'.! death in 1782, first brought
ready'e ReminisoBneM, Field's Old Aeqaaintance. him regular employment, and while acting as
Si t 111 J Forstcr's Lifeof Landor; Sharp's Life of
Dtmning's ' de^' ne obtained a junior prac-
Roljert Bn.wning; Mrs. Sutherland Orr's Life
tice of nis own. He was retiiined for the
and I^elters of l\ol)ort Browiiing, pp. 106, 145,
164, 209; Sandford'a Thomas Poole and his
Duke of Portland in election contests in
Friends, ii. 312 Gent- Matr. 1836 pt. ii. p. 331,
;
Cumberland, was introduced to Thurlow, and
1849 pt. i. p. 664, 1857 pt. i. pp. inS. 309; supplied by his industry the defects of Thur-
285 Edinburgh lt)%v'rt indolence, and in his turn became tho
Notes and Qtiories, 6th ser. rii. ;

Rafiaw, xlviii. 401 at seq. Blackwood, zliv. natron and helper of John Scott (afterwards
;

779 et seq ; North American Koview, xlviii. 401 Lord Eldon). His fee-book shows both hi.H
et seq. .Material for the present tketcb Wiis rise and the gains of lawyers in his day. Till
furnishpJ by Sir George Scharf, formerly of the' 1764 he made nothing. In that year he re-
National Portrait Gallery.] .1. M. R.
ceived 80/.: in 1770 1,124/.; in 1771 2.1^7/.:
I

KEIs YON,LLOVL), tirsLBAUox Kenion in 1772 3,134/.; in 1775 4,22.'./. in irrtJ

! :

(1782-1802), master of the rolls, thn second 5,008/. ; in 1780, the year in wliich he became
j

son of Lloyd Kenyon of Gredington, Flint- a kinT">< eonnsel, 6,359/.

'
;in 1781 7, 137/.
shire, a landed proprietor and farmer of ^ood and in i782,haying become attorney-general,
education but limited means, by hiswife-Tane, 11,038/. HBadff80yOOOJLiniixleenyein;
eldest daughter of Robert Eddowe.'? of (ire- his foes for opinions on cases alone were in
1

diugton and of Eajrle Hall, Chester, wa.s bom 1780 2,578 guineas, in 1781 2,936 guineas,
|

at Gredington on 5 (.)ct. 1732. IT<> was edu- and in 1782 3,020 guineas. On the death ot
[

cnted under lir. Uughes whom in after-life his father in 1776 he succeeded to the family
ho appointed preacher at the Rolls Chapel estates at Ghdington, and, marrying his
I

at first at liis (lay-sclinol in the neighbouring cousin Mary, daughter of George Kenyon oi
|

village of llaomer, and i^'terwarda at Ruthin Peel Him, Bolton, Lancashire, went to live
Ijrammar school, of which Hughes became in Lincoln's Inn ^elds. On the death of Sit
'

head-nia.'<ter. He loamt n little Latin R. A.Htoii in 1778 he was sounded by Thur-

though his bad Latin was always jeered at low and Wedderbom about takingthe vacant

when he was a judge and enough FVencb judgeship, bnt on the advice of Thurlow re-
'

to bo subsequently unproved into toL nililf fu.sed it and he ng-ain declined a similar offer
;

French schoWahip, but no Greek. Being a j in 17bU| on the detAh. of Sir William J31ack<

Digitized by Google
 Kenyon 3 Kenyon
toae. H WM now loader of his circuit, ever pnt in chancery, and cleared dII' luany
feoeived a silk gown on 30 June 1780, and arrears of CHiHe.s. lie avoided enunciating'
WAS the same ^-ear appointed chief just ice of principles, and was content to decide each
(Tiegter, a post which he much coveted and case barely on its merits. Retaining his right
prired. On the trial of Lord George Gordon to sit in parliament, and being returned for
(6 Feb. 1781) he was briefed with Erskine, Tregoney in Cornwall, he was entrusted by
and, thoagh the latter had been called only Pitt with the task of justifying the conduct of
two jaan, Kenyon yielded to him, M the the high bailiff in the case of the Westminster
firet orator at the bar, the lead in tbo cnsc, scrutiny, and in the result the previous ques-
and aapplied him with learning and experi- tion was carried b; 233 votea to 136. During
opened tito defenoe in a speech the debates upon tne motion for iJie impeach-
w!,i."Ii l>tr(l ('Hrnjibell calls 'very honest but ment of Warri II Ha.stinq-.'^ he was a con^Uint
jerj inefficient,' and oroea-examimed most of speaker in his defence, and especially (May
Che witneaace, hnt left to Erslnne the reply 1/86) resisted the motion tot tnrodneHon of
fve Sfatf Tn'aU, vol. xxi.) At tlie perioral Hastings's correspondence with Middleton,
elactioii of 1780 he was letorned, throuj^h minister at Lucknow, upon the ground that
TkwAam'9 iniveiio^ for tihe horough of Hin- in a quaai-eriminal proceedfaig oiaooveTT of
flriTi in Wiltabire, and took hh seat on documents ought not to be ordeied. His best
31 Oct. He acted with the opposition, 8p^ech was made in defence of hia old friend
hot until Lend Norths iUtl only spoke once, Sir Elijah Imney [q. v.] On 98 July 1784
rn a motion to expe>Tite thr h<mring' of an ho was created a baronnt, anrl was already
election petition, lie was, m fact, a very bad understood to be designated as Lord Mans-
ipeakar, thick and hurried in his utterance, field's successor; but Lord Mansfield, who
nirin^arr] in delivery, obscure in expression, wished Buller to have the chief-justici'.ship,
irritable under opposition or interrup- clung to oflire until 1788, when on 9 .Tune
WHh some heAitation, and in ting a^ Kenyon wus sworn in M chief justice, with
usual upon the adviro of Dunninj^ and Thur- the title of Raron Kenyon of Gredington,
low, he accepted the ofl'er of the attomey- and wa.s Installed in N'ovember. The ap-
genvirabihip which Lord Rockingham made pointment was not popular. His manners
him on tAkin<r office (-23 April 1782). He set were rough, blunt, and somewhat boorish,
himself, a^ram.->l t ho wi.ih oi his colleagues, to ' Little conversant with the mannen< of polite
iHMdy the abuse which permitted the re- life,' says Wraxall (Jlfnoirs,lst aer. p. 16C^,
ceivCTS of the funds in the different povem- ' he retained all the orip^inal cnar*e nomeli-
ment ofBces to retain balances in their hands ness of his early habitii. Irascible, destitute of
for long periods togetiier without accounting 11 nfinement, parsimonious even in a degree
for them, and proposed resolutions calling approaching to avarice,' he was the subject of
on Rigby, late paymaster-general, and Wel- innumerable jests and stories. It was said of
bore Elli., late treasurer of the navy, to file him by Lord Ellonborough that the words on
statements of the balaneea^ said to amount his tomb, ' mors janua vita,' were not the re>
to 1,100,000/., whidi were in their hands on suit of a blunder, but of an attempt at thrift
quitting oflSce. His resolutions were rejected, bypparingthecxpenseofu diphthong. But his
bat he preaaod the matter till a subsequent life was, and had been from youth, strict and
ministTT introdnoed a 1^ to pay exchequer temperate, uid his integrity wsaas ondonhted
audit and tellers by salary and not by l< s. as his leanimg, qnickroaa, and indmtry wore
<

When Lord Shelburne came in, Kenyon ad- great.

Wend to him, and, quitting office with him, He was nraeh consnlted hf Pitt and Thniv
rwlirned on 15 April 1783. H" r< .9iimp<l it low upon the regency queption durinrr (lu
reloctantlj under PiU (26 Dec. 1783), for he king'aulnefleinl788,audwas even summoned
d2bed both the hnnneas of his omee and toftttendeaUneteouiieils. Hisprincipaltriala
tLe duties of parliament. His health was were Rex v.StocMii]e(Stnt4fTn/iU,x\n 2r>.?\
impaired, and accordingly, upon the death in which be ruled in favour of making the
of oawell, master of the rolls, shortly before ^aeetion of libel or no libel a q^uestion for the
perliament was dissolved, he yieldea to the jury, a view which be tenaciously opposed
pswsure of Pitt and Shelburne, re.signed his m the subsequent debate^ on Fox's Libel
ctiaifj ostioeBhip of Ohester, accepted the Act in 1792 ; the trials of Frost and of the
tersbip of the rollf^, small as it>* emolu- publisher-i of the ' Morning Chronicle ' for
ite were, wab sworn in on 30 March 1 7&4, seditious libels in 1794, in which he pre.ssed
I a member of the privy coundl 2 April somewhat hardly upon the prisoners, though
1784, and was kniphted. As master of the in the year followin^^ he voted with Thurlow
foUs, and sitting often for tiie lord chancellor, against the Treasonable Attempts and the
htwiswAof thn Boit taqeditioua jiklgMiHio ftditiont Hoetings BiUt; Om Baem
trial of

Digitized by Google
 Kenyon Kepgh
in 1796 for libellmf tlie ooMtittttion hj de- |
rarely wronf?. but rarely rentixrinfr on iy
scribing the HnnKo of Comnioins ft men- M |
hrooA exposition of the law. hh alwn\>-I

adjunct of monarchy (ii&.xzvi.600); the trial
of Hiomm Williams in 1798 tor pnUiHhinir
Piiiiii 's Ag< of licason' (/A. 703); nn<l the
'
i ItiAning to the atrictnMss of law rather than
I to the flexilnlity criP equity. N<> jii.l're wVo
prenithMl so iDii^i in the king's bench hii> n 1

trial of iiadeld for atttimuliug the hfe of
George in. Like Mansflcld, Holt, Lough-
borough, and Kyre, he attended tlje exami-
nations before the privy council of state
prisoners, whom in many instaaeet h after^
wards trit-d (TjORU CorruKSTrn, Dirin/, ii.
A2). lie took up the pjsition of a judicial
censor of public morals, denounced gaming,
directed heavy damages in actiims of crim.
eon., and in 18UU charged grand juries, by
wy of remedy for the pirevailing scarcity,
to present intliotmcnts under the long obso-
lete laws a<,':iiii.-t rt'gr.itin;^'
n& seldom overruled ; yothe hardly ever con-
I snlted a book, and could dUgptm of a aooM
of cases in a day. He was no Btatosmaii and
;
disliked politics. Uis gains, which were
I large, and his savings, wlndi wsM
lai^ger, he
iuvfst 'd in himl in Wnh.'s, often buying es-
Uiim on indilferent titles; for, as he said, if
he bought property he would find taw to
keep it till twenty ym*" ncriipation gave
liim a title better tlian deeds. He became
loid-lieuteiuBtofFlmtshiTeinl797. Tlmv
are two porfeiaita of him Eoomey and one
luid foruRtalling. by )pie.
<

Koth a.s 111 Li-ti r of the rolls
jiwtice he set his face acjnitist the ])raetiee of
stdling offices in his gift, by which his salary,
which during the fourteen years that he held
the ehief-juMtice<<hip averieed only
might have injexi much increased; and thougii
he suooeesfully urged Pitt to raise the salaries
of puisne judges to S/KXV., he refused any
increase ot his own, and hmi.-eir brought in a
bill toabolish sinecure clerkships ox assise.
He bestow valuable sinecures
did, however,
those of custos brevium and of filnzer of
the king's bich>lipoai his two eldest sona
as they attained their majority. George III
honoured him with his particular friendship,
constantly asked his advice, and visited him
at his house at the Marshgate, Uichmond
Park. He was commismonea bytbe king to
endeavour to make peace Ix'tween Pitt and
Tbudow on several occasions between 17bd
and 1792, and -mM muh
eoiuidted by him
in ITH') on the extnt to which the corona-
and as chief [The principal authority is G. T. Konyon'a
Lit', publishdtl 1873, which corroi-t tho Li rurji
of Townshond's anmiotic life in the Lives of
Twehre Eminent JndgM, and of Lord Oarapbell's
, very hostile life in Th<> Iiivos of the Chirf Jus-
tices. See, tixt, Fo^K s Lives of the Judges; Es-
pinasBc's Noto-book of a Retired Barrictflr;
Twiss's Life of Lord EUUm; OssfipbeU's Litss
of the Lord Ohaaedlon, toI. t. (Lotd Thar-
low's Lift); Wrix ill's Posthamous Memoirs;
Stevens's Mcinuirs oi Ilorno Tooke^] J. A. H.
KEOGH, JOHN (1860 P-1726), Irish
divine, horn at Olooncleagh, near Limerick,
about lt>r>0, was son of Denis Keogh, of an
old Irishfamdy,which had lost its possessions
in the Uromwellian wars, by his wife, the
|
widow of a clergyman named His
|
mothffr's maiden name was Wittington.
Keotrh entered Trinity Collef,'e. Dublin, in
1 1669, and proceeded M.A. in lu7tt. Ho
! obtained some repntatton fbr bis skill in
raatheniatics, wjis appointi d to a livitii; b\ Iiis

tion oath would forbid the royal assent to |

kinsman, John Hudson, bishop of Elphin, and
any relaxation of the taws aminst Boman |
settled down to asehotat^slifeatfliroHeato wn,
catholics. Attendance in the Iiouff of T.n iU en. PnxMminon. The prebend of T- rinon-
beoame increasingly distasteful to him, and harry in the church of Iphin was conft<rred
i

he almost ceased to sneak in debate. In 1794 on btm in Vebraary 1 678, and be appears fbr
lie pre^id. d in the llouse of T^nrds durinif nome itiif have kept a school and pre^iann]
t 1 1 >

l^iOitiLoughburuogh'sillnessandatliastinga's
trial, which he in
pupiLn for Dublin University ( F>M<tca^uni
M
vain endeBVO edtoshorten Anliquitienof Irtiintd,yA3i). TTisfcvooritft
^
^
and bring witliin n^asonahle hounds. Tlie stndieH Kr rn In have been Hehn'wandthe ,

death of his eldest son in IbOU so distressed application of matiiematics to the solution
him that he was all but eompelled to resign of mystical leltaioas problems. Among fata
|

the chief-justiceHhip. In the autumn of IHOl wnrk^ was .A. E^monstration in Latin Verse '

his health failed ; he in vain tried to sit in of the Trinity,' which he was often heard '

court during Hilary term 1802, and, dying to say was as plain to him as two and three
|

at Rath on 4 April, was buried at Ilanuier make five.' Keogh's son, durinc a visit to

Church where there is an elUgy of him by London, showed tliis work to Sir Isaac New-
i

Baeon->iid was sttceeeded in Um barony by {ton, 'who seemed tc; approve of it mightv
his eldest survivinp' son, fieorp-f. well,' In his Scala Metnphysica Keogh ' '

In person he was about live feet ten inches demonstrated mathemntieally what depend- '

in height, .spore of figure, etem m

oounte- ence the several degree.s of beings have on
nane^oharyof spseeh. &wa8pnrelawyer, Ood Almighty, from the highest aagel to
I

Digitized by Google
 Keogh
the lowest insect.' A
large number of other
' ingenious treatises' from his hand were un-
fi>rtunatly destroyed by an accidental fire
at his residence ; but his ' Hebrew Lexicon,'
book ' De Orthographta,' Latin and Greek
nBunars, and an 'Analogy of the Four
Goepels' still exist in manuscript in Trinity
College Library. He died in 17^5. Kc
BMrriad in 1679 Avis Qlopton, daughter of
Jh, Bone Clopton, of the d Wsnrielnhira
ftmily. He had twenty-one children.
Theeeoondson^Jofls KboqHjDJ>.(1681P-
1764),aitleB8d the ohnrch and after acting for
, of 1798. The meaann owed mnnh to the
som.' time as chaplain toJame^ Kin^?, fourth
lord Kingston, obtained the U vingof Mitciiel-
Unm^oowCoHc. H6weeth|morof1ihMe
enrolls works: 1. ' Botanologia Universalis
Hibrmca' (a list of medicinal plants growing
in belMid>,Ootk, 1735 (lee Pvumr, Pre*
gre^ '/ Botany, u. 201 cf. Addit. MS. 25586).
, the great triumph of Keogh'a life. When it
2. 'ZooiogicaMcdica Hibemioa,' Dublin,1739.
8. *A Vindication of the Antiquities of Ire-
land,' Dublin. 1748. He married Elizabeth,
daoffhter of Ur. Henry Jennings, a cousin of
ttePBcheeB of Marlborottriiyhy whom he had
thTf?^ sons and three daughters. He died in
1764, at the age of seventy-three.
rWabbra OonpfndivB of Msh Biog. ; Walker's
Hibernian Msg. 177H,p. J27; Cotton's Fasti, iv.
\55; Aecoont of the Keogh or MacBochaoh^
Cunilj in Viadicatioo Of Ike ADlinttic8 ir -
: Irishmen, and shortly before the French ex-
knd, AwejidU.] Z. 8.
KEOaH,JOHN'(17 lO 1817), Irish catho-
bom in 174U, tiie son of humble
lic leader,
?arent, bL'gan life ae a small tradesman in
>ablin. He prospered in business, and ac-
qnited,as a leuoui Boman oalhoUoi oonsider-
able inflnenoe tmoi^rbtt eo-religionistt in the
frl-!i III 'ropolia. In 17','0 or thereabouts ho
vas elect4id a mumber of tjto catholic eom-
mitlee, at that lime under tha leedenhip of
Lord K' ri:u.'tro. His efforts to promote a more
actire agitation on buholf of cathode emanci-
naliatt wn not at first soooessfiiL Early in
1791 he obtained the sanction of the com-
mittee to lav the grievances of the Iru^h catbo-
fieebeforetneEnglish ministryyUd after three
months' sojourn in Eni^land he returned to Ire-
land with a favourable answer to his petition.
Meeirwiiile, howw^'the Kenmareites,' act-
in?. as was supposed, under the influonc'j of
the Irish government, had resolved to refraiu
fnr thfi time from further petitioning, and to
leavethe matter in thebands of the Irish par-
liament. To tbia policy Keogh was altc^etber
oppoead, and on a vote in general committee
be sucr.'^^^lAd in carrying the majority with
bun. Tiie df feat of tho Kenmareites was ful-
lowed by their secession, and hgr the recon-
struction of tJm wmmittm
VOL. XI.
it wider and
Bt Keogh
more popular basis. Keogh himself, by every
means within his power, strova to KHMe the
catholics from their lethargy, and it wns
mainly owing to his enthusiasm that the
catholic convention assembled in Dublin on
3 Deo. 17Q2, Acting under his advioe, the
convention appointed a deputation, of whidi
Keo^^i w!i.i member, to present to the
)i
kinff a statement of the gnevancea undmr
wfansh ^eottholiee of Ireland bboured. The
deputation was favourably received, ami a
direct oonseauenoe of it was the Kelief Act
judicious management of Keoo-h while it vrttf>
passing through parliament. Notwithstand-
ing his sympathy with the olijMie of tiie
United Tnslitnen, he steadily refused to allow
the catholic claims to be compromised by any
oonaeotion with them. The Relief Act was
had passed he ielt that Uie convention had
done its work, and farlhwith pranpted ito
dissolution.
Koo^h had several ardent firiends among
the Untied Irishmen, and Wolfe Tone speaks
in h'la letters of sympathetic meeting with
Keogh at the letter's house. The Irish go-
vernment had long possessed certain infor-
mation that Keog'h was in the habit of attend-
ing the meetings of the committee of United
pedition Bailed in December 1796, he and
otliers of the United Irishmen on whose co-
operation the French had counted were
plaoed under arrest. He was subsequently
uberated, but the rebellion of 1798 greatly
diipreseed him. Bodily infirmity also con-
fiaed him to his residence at Jdount Jerome,
and he i^radnally oeaaed to take nyactive
part in public afTairs, tboughho occasionally
spoke at catholic meetings, lie lived to
the revivft! of tho oathoUo mgiMam hv
O'Connell, but was strongly impressed witn
the impoasibtlitj^ of obtaining complete
emancipation wml the eatholiee eotdd seewe
the return to parliament of one of their own
bodv. He died on 13 Hoy. 1817, and was
bttned in St. Kevin'a elmrehyard, wider a
stone eroctrdto hif fp.t'i r nrnl mother. Kipht
years later his wife wan laid in the name spot.
Keogh WAS a man of rough msnaM(%>lNlft
possessed much nut ural ability. He was sorae-
wliat vain of his personal appearance, and his
conduct on the oocaaion of the catholic depu-
tation t<)T>ondou caiised much merriment tohis
companions; but 'when he returned home he
laid aside his court wig and his court manner,
and only retained his Irish feeling.s.' His
enemies chained him with insincerity, but the
charge was unfounded. To Kec^h's boast that
it waa he that had mada n of the catholics,
Digitized by Google
 1

Keogh 34 Keogfa
(yOomMllrepUedfi ith some trath:'If you did, m inent part fai opposition to the Ecdeeiastieal
the V are such men as realise Shakespeare's idea Titles Kill pn-smH] by ly^rd John Russell.
of Nature's joumevmea having made them, His action largely increased his reputation
and made themi badly.' But the Relief Act of and popularity in Iielaad. He was the
1708 waflverylargelydut! to his ?f>neral8hipof principal speakerata ma8-meeting of Roman
the catholics at a timu whtiu they were sunk catholics held in Dublin in AugUit 1851 to
in tffttiiy &d deaptir. protest against the measure, and was one of
[Webb^t Oompondjatn Wjne'n Catholic Abwo- the founders of the rntliolic Defence Asso-
;

tiation, i. 188, 137, H* ;T. Wolfe Todb's Auto- ciation eetabliahod in consequence of it. He
biDgraphv, i. 48 ; Orattan's Lifs, iv. 81; Mae* also took fMirt in the tenant-right move-
Nerto's Pieces of Irish Htstoi^, p. 18 ; Fits* mtnit, fpt-aking at various meotintrs h'Ad in
Patrick's Oorrespoodenee of Daniel O'Oonnell, t support of it, and in the session of Ihol*
160, ii. 430; LeckvV Enplaivl in the Eighteenth seconded in the House of Commons the Tenant
Ceotory ; DubUn ETeoing Post, 22 Nov. 1817.] Right Bill of William Sharman Crawford
R.D.
[q. v.] At the general election of 1852 he was
KEOOH, WILLIAM NICHOLAS again returned for Athlone. In December
'1817-1878), Irish Jud^e, belonged to a lo52 Keogh and the bulk of the Irish party
Roman catholic family formerly settled at voted in the maiority which upset Lord
KeoghriUe, eo. Roscommon. He was bom Derby's ministry. Inthenewministryof Lord
at Qalwa^ on 7 Deo. 1817. His father, WU. Aberdeen Keogh became solicitor- genercl for
M
liam . Keofh, was a solicitor, and sometime Ireland (December 1852). His acceptance
clerk of the crown for the county of Kilkenny of office gave ^eat offence to the extreme
hit mother was Mary, daughter of Mr. Auatm wing of the Irish party, who considered it
Ffreneli of Rahooo, oo. Qalway. He was inconsistent with the speeches which he had
educated at the school of the Rev. Dr. Hiid- made in Ireland during t he preceding eighteen
dard in Mountjoj Sqoare, Dublin, then in months. He was bitterly assailed oy Qftvan
hirh repute, enterrf Trinity Collt [je, Dublin, Duflfy in the 'Nation ' and hf liuoaa in the
in 1832, and obtained honours in science in 'Tablet,' find his re-election fur Athlone wa>i
his first and second years. He left in his opposed. UissjppoiaUnent was also distaste-
IliM year without navii^ takeii a degree. fttlto the ooaserrmtives, and was attacked by
While at Trinity he was a fireauent speaker !
Lord Wrstmeath in the Hou'v> of Lords.
in the debates of the Historieai Sodety, and At Athluue he was supported by the catholic
was awarded tihe ftnrt vriae ibr oratory at I
bishop (Dr. Browne) and clergy, and waa
the age of ninet<<pn. In Michaelma-t term re-eleeti'd by a lar^e majority. In January
1836 he was admitted a student of the Kind's I
1866 the Aberdeen ministry resigned i a new
Inns, Dublin, and in Michaelmaa teirm 1^7 I
ministry waa fbnned by Lord nlmerston.
of Lincoln's Inn. In Hilary term 1840 he Ki'ogh was appointed attorney- general for
was called to the Irish bar, and joined the . Ireland and was sworn of the Irish privy
Ck>nnaaght circuit, where his famuy conneo-
I
OOlUOMttL He was re-elected at Athlone with-
tions lay. In the same year he published, in out opjMjsition. In April ls.'>6, on the death
conjunction with Mr. M.J. Barry, <A Treatise j
of Mr. Justice Torrens, he waa appointed a
on the Practice of the High Court of Chaaoery iudffe of the court of common pleas in Ire-
land. Among the remarkable cases in which
I

in Ireland,' but he never obtained any con-

siderable practice in that court. His natural j
he was counsel while at the bar were Birch
gifts were Ihoieof an advocate rather than r. Somerville (December 1861), an action
I

of a lawytT a powerful voice, an impressive

;
'

by the proprietor of the ' World' newspaper

face, and impassioned delivery were com-
bined with a leady flour of vigorona and ot^
nate language.
He soou acquired a tair practice, princi-
pally on circuit, where, as a jimior, he held
leading briefs in the most important ca-ses,
and his powers of advocacy wer considered
BO formidable that special counsel were some-
times brought down to oppose him. At the
general election of 1 847 ne was returned for
Athloneasan independent conservative,being
the only Roman catholic conservative elected
to that pariiament. After a tfane he was
ranked as a Peelite. In 1849 he was made
aQ.0. In 1851 he took an active and pn-
against the Irish chief secretary on an alleged
I agreement to pay him for supporting law and
1 order in his paper; Handcock v. Delacour,
in the court of chancery (February 1865), a
I
case of a painful iiature, involving the title
to alarge estate in Galway, in which Keogh's
reply tor the plaintiff was so touching and
; eloquent as to draw teaia from the chancel-
lor; and Reg. . Petcherine (December 1865),
the trial of a Redemptorist monk on a charge
of profanely and contemptuously burning a
'
copy of the authorised ver8i<m of the Bible
j
Keogh conducted the prosecution asattomey-
general.
I
On the bench he soon acquired the rspo-

Digitlzed by Google
 Keogh s Keon
tAtion of a judge of ability and diftcemment. married, in 1841, Kate, daughter of Mr.
Though not profound lawyer, he never Thomas Roney, suraeon, by whom he had a
failefl to appreciate n It^gal argument, and son (called to the Irish bu- in 1871) nnd a
hU judgments were clwar and to the point, daughter (married to the Hon. Mr. Justice
lie exc;lled in the trial of nisi priu0 cases Murphy). Both survived him. In addition
his ptTwption was auick, he grasped the to the' uhanoeiy Practice already mentioned,
'

{at t of the caae rapidly, and presented them he was author of two pamphlets, 'Ireland
to the jury with clearness and proci-^ion. In under Lord de Groy,' 1814, and Irelund Im- '

1 S6r> he was appointed, with Mr. Justice Fitz- perialised,' and of 'An Essay on Milton's
gerald, on the special eommiiwion for tiie trial Rose Writings,' 1888.
of th Fenian prisonera at Dublin and Ci^^]^, [Ijiw Miif^ftKino and Review, November 1878;
and before them JLubj, O'Learr, O'Donovan Aon. iieg. 1878; Times, 2 Oet. 1878; Hansard,
Roasa, and the other pnndpal eone^ratore 1848-ff5 and 167S; New Iiehad. 1877: Itfe of
w-re tried. Luby, in nis speech after con- Frederick Lucas, M P., 1886 Oalway County
;

viction, acknowli'di^ed thefaunesaof Keogfa*s Election Petition Judgment, and Minutes of En-
emiuning-up to tli^' jury. In 1873 the eele- dsoee, Parliamentary Papers ^2 U
) of 1872,

xlviii. information from family.] J. D. F.

b rated Galway cmuity elecfioTi p* titiini was ;

tried before iiim. The candidates at the KON, MILES QEIiALD a821-1876),
rieetkMH wete Oa^tatn J. P. Nolan (home novelist and eoknial aeeretary, last male d^
nil'-r) and Captain Le Poer Trench (con- =:cendnnt of an old Irish family, the KH>n.s of
eervative^; the former was returned by a Keonbrooke, co. Leitrim, waa bom on 2U Feb.
laiff* majority. Hie return was petitioned 1821 in the paternal castle on the banks of
ft7 ,in9t mainly on the ground of nndiic in- '
the Shannon, which was built entirely of
fluence exercised on his behalf by the lloman white marble quarried on the estate, and still
.

catholic ckrgy. The trial lasted from 1 April known as Keon's Folly. Miles was the only
I

to 27 May, and resulted in Captain Nolan son of Mylf8 Gerald Keon, barrister-at-law,
being unseated, and three Roman catholic by his second wife, Mary Jane, fifth daughter
bisbopeandthirt) - III-' priest sw^re reported to of Patrick, count Magawly, and of Jaaa^
the house as guilty of undue induenceand inti- daughter of Christopher Fallon of Runny-
midation. That Captain Nolan was properly mcde, CO. iioscommon. His father having
nnenatnd on the evidence could hardly bie died at Eeonbrooke in 1>^24, and Ida mother
oontted, but the judge in the course of his in 825 at Temora, he and his younger sister,
1

judgment commented on the action of the VAhn Benedicta, were left to the care of
niTf* eatholie bishopa and priests in terms their matornal gmndmother, CounteiB Ma-
ofuniMnal *ererity. His remarks were deeply gawly, and upon her death to the care of
neaented, rmd aroused much popular feeling. their uncle, Francis Philip, count Magawly,
Maetiii.'^ \vere held at which he was de- sometime primu minister of Marie Louise in
nounced, he was hnnit in effigy in numerous the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Qua-
places, and the excitement beieame so great stalla. On 27 March 1832 Keon was entered
that special precautions had to he taken as a stuiltmt at the josuit college of Stony-
by the govenuneat for his protection. In hursty then under the president of Father
the House of Oomnunu Isaac Butt [q. v.], Pbriief. He won many prizes, inetndhif one
the homo-rule It-adtT, broni^ht forward a for a poem on Queen Victoria's arcensiou,
otioD in^ugning the conduct of the judge; reprinted in tha jubilee year, in the thirtj-
it waa dmtkBi ^ a large majority, only seeond nnmher of the ^Stonyhunt Maga-
twenty-Uiroe voting in its favour (9 Aug. zine.' On quiftinir Stonvhurat ho made a
187S> For the remunder of his life Keogh pedestrian tour through l<'rance and crossed
was iIm ant^ eC flonataiit attack by the to Algeria, where he served ibr a siuvt tine
hom(-rule party. In 1 H7H hi.1 health begun to in the French army un ^>r nupmud. He
fail, and he dieid at Bingen-on-the-Rhine on afterwards became a law student at Gray's
SO Sent, of that year. During the greater Inn, but soon ahandoned law for littntara.
part of his tenure of ofBce he had been one In 1848 he published at Dublin an octavo
ef the most conspicuous figures on the Irish pamphlet entitled (see the Toilet, iv. 632)
hcBok. Genial and good-natured, he was ' The Irish Revolution, or What can the R**
popular in private- life, when- hii ready wit pealers doP And what shall be the NaW
and convtjrsational powers made him a most Constitution P His earliest success as a
'

agrueable oomjiaaioa ; ha possessed an un- writ^-r ww a vindication of the jeeuits, pub-

amiAlly retentive memory, and his fund of lished in the third number of the 'Oxford
aeodote was varied and enu^rtaiuing. and Cambridge iieview September 1845.
'

In 1867 the oaiTersity of Dublin conferred Appearinji^ in the nominal organ of boHh
lymthahoiiomjdsgiiaof LUO. Ha uniwaitua itfcorolud aamart oontrovar^*
93

Digitized by Coogle
 Keon
'file antlior^ name was
revealei, and the
Eaper itself was reispned as a separate pub-
cation. Messrs. Longman announced as
in preparation liialory of the |e8iiit by
Keon, which never appeared. In September
1846 Keon began a xeries of contributions
to Colburn's ' United Service Magazine,'
The
pp. 59-71, entitled Late Striii^Ldes of
Abd^l-Kader, and the Campaign of Isly.
By one who has served in tke French
Army.' They contain vivid sketches of Abd-
el-Kader, Horace Vernet, and Lamoriciore.
Two other instalments appeared in the July
and October numbers under the title of 'An
Idler's Journey on Foot through France.'
From April to November 1 848 ne was the
editor ot 'Dolman's Magaiine.' In 1847 he
published ' The Life of Saint Alexis, the
Koman Patrician.* Shortly aftens-ards he
secured an appointmaat <m the ataff of the
'Homing Pot,' with -whieh ha iraa eon-
nected for twelve years. In 1S50 lie wi'nt as
Ua reprasentative to SU Peteisburg, whence
he wrote ' A
Letter on the Gveek Question.'
Between 2l> Feb. and 32 Aug. 1861 he oon-
tnbuted a series of twentj-aix 'Leaaons in
VtmA * to Oaaaall'b WmUtag Maa'aFriend,'
which afterwards came into extensive use
in the United Sutes and Canada. In 1852
Kaon wrote in tha< London Journal' a serial
novel called 'Hardinp, the Money-Spinner,'
which was posthumously
publislied 1879 m [Wood's Athens Ozod. (Bliu).
hi three volumes, in 1B56 he was sent
for the second time by the Moniing Post'
'
to St. PeteiTsburg, to describe he coronation
( Earl op
of the empeiaB
,
Alaatander II. He there
made the acquaintance of M. Boucher de
Perthes, who, in his Voyage en Russie
'
(1810)^ has written pleasantly of their Hlter-
oourse. In 1858, under a mistaken arranpo-
ment, Keon went out to Calcutta to adit
tha< Bengal Huikani.* He returned in 1869,
and was appointed in March the colonial
secretary ut Bermuda by the then secro*
tary of state for the cdlonies, Sir Fid ward
BuiIwer Lytton. He held the post till hia
death. In 1 866 he published in two volumes
octavo Dion and the Sibyls, a Iloraance of
*
the First Contuiy.' In the winter of 1809
he obtained Inave ol afcaenoe, and yiaited
Rome at the opening of the council of the
Vatioan. la 1897 he had deliveied in the
Meehaitics^ Hall at HaniltoaaoeafBe of lec-
tures on Government its Source, its Form,
'
; camp at Promelles. In 1()98 he u as made
and ita Meana.' Ue was invited to lecture
in the TTtdted Statea, hnfc deeltaed on ao-
eount of his official position. On 8 June
1876 he died at Bermuda. On 21 Nov. 1846
Kara nuuriad Anne de la Pierre, third
daughter of Hajpc Hftwfcaa af the Slat light
dcagooiUi
36 Keppel
[Personal reooUectiona of thn writer; Hawit*
son's Stonyhurst Present and Past, 8vo, pp. 244-
246 Hatt'R two papers on A Colonial Scctotary
;
io the .Stotiyhun>t Magazine for Mamh and .Tune
1 886 Burke's Peeiafte, under Foreicn Titles of
; '
Nobility,* p. 1686, S(L 1890 ; Boaeber da Perthes'
Voyage' n T?uN'-ie en 1866, 12mo, Msim, 1859;
j
Gillcw's liibl. iJlct. vol. iv. 1891.] C. K.
KEPER, JOHN (n. 1580), poet, appears
to have been born at Wells, Somerset, aoout
1647. He entered Hart HalL Oxford, in
1564, and graduated B.A. on 11 Eab. 1668-
1509 (0.^. Umr. 72<>y..Oxf. Hist. Soc,i. 268).
He waa atill in rer^ideuce at oollece in L572.
On 8 July 1680, being than MX
of Lou-
vain, he petitioned to be incorporated at Ox-
ford,but the grace was refused, aa he waa
suapoaed to he a Boaanist (A. toL iL pt. i.
pp. 35, 156-7, 377).
Wood, on the authority of Bishop Bar-
low, aasigna toKeper the authorship of 'The
whole Psalter, tran.slated into Englisa Metre
(1567 F), which is known to have been written
by Arohbishop Matthew Burkar. Kaper ia
author of three complimentary poems, be-
sides an address to the reader, in Thomas
Howell's 'Arbor of Amitie,' Bwo, 1668.
J. K. (who, as BHbs conjectures, mny be
John Keper) translated from the iiaitau ot
Count Annibale Romei 'Tha Oonrtiaia Aea^
demie,' 4to, London, 1598.
416-18; i.
Tanner's Bibl. Brit-Hib. O. O.
p. 464.]
KEPPEL, ARNOLD JOOST van, fir^t
ALBKMA.Hi.B^l<k)9-l718), stated to
be descended from Walter van Keppel ( 1 179-
1223), lord of Keppel in the Low Countries,
was born in Holland in 1669. He was son of
Oswald van Keppel and his wife Anna Geer-
truid van Lintfilo. Nothing is known of his
early history ( Vau dhb Aa., vol. x.) He came
to England in 1688 with William of Otaoga
as a J>aff<? of honour, and after the accession
of W iliiam and Mary was made a trroom uf
the bedchamber and master of the KMbes. By
letters patent of 10 Feb. 1696 he was creatt^d
Baron Ashford of Ashford in the county of
Kent, Viscount Bury of Bury in the county
palatine of Lancaster, and Earl of Albemarle,
the latter being a town and territory in the
dukedom of Normandy (cf. Notea and Queries,
let ser. iL 466). Ue was ja majoMsiianU
16 Jnoa 1687, wlmi he waa red ia tha
colonel of the first troop of British horse-
f;ruard8,whiflb ha laaignaa to tha Earl (Duke)
of Portland 'for a vnluable consideration'
in 1710. He introduced the Polish eavoj to
King WilBaiB at Loo, wUoh seat William ii
doubtfullv K!ud h ive presented tohiitt* Ott
t >
UMajr 1700 ho was Blade K.a. lalTOl ha
Digitized by Coogle
 Keppel
was appointed colonel of the first regiment oi
Swiss in the Dutch wnriee, nid some years
later deputy-foreater of Holland, colonel of
the Dutch carabineere, and ooyenior of Bob-
l4>ie. He was WiUlaai^ oonstant eom-
panion, and shared the royal favour with
PovUsiid. Diiruif William^a last UloeaaAI-
bMuiile mm sent to ooaBimfaMte Us Ibtctre
plans to tho rlnputy HeinsiuH at the Hftcue.
On hU deathbed WiUiam handed to Albe-
msile tlie keys of his eaibiiMt and private
drawers. You know what to flo with
'
them/ he said (Maoaulat, v. bl-'d; cf.
IfifliirAft CMiMii.VKhRep. v.l9d). After
William's flrath (8 March 1702) Albemarle
returned to his own coontiy, took his seat
w OMOiber of the noiijlity in the Stated-
general, an was made a general of horse in succeeded to the title, and a daugntcr.
I
37 Keppel
was so mnrh taken up with his own plea-
sures thut Lt' could acarcely submit to the
restraints of a court. H ehared in all the
recreations of William 1 1 1, which broug-hthim
under the lash of Swift ; but he was equally
esteemed by Queen Anne and George 1; and
his handsome person and openhandedness,
his obliging temper and winning manners,
in marked contrast with the cold reserve of
his rival Portland, rendered him a general
IhTonritewith the English people.
Alfxmarlo marrii d, in 1701, Oecrtruid
Johanna Quirina van der Dujn, daogfater
oP Adama yA
der Duyn, loid of 8t. Giave*
moor, governor of Bergen-op-Zoom, and mas-
ter of the buckhounda to William HI. Bj
her he had a son, Willkm Anne [q. v.], who

the Dutch army. William beaueathed him [Van der Aa's Bing. Woxdenbosk der Ksdsr-
am of two hundred thonsaBO guilders and landen, Ibarlem, 1862, vol. x and Dvteh antho-
the lordship of Breevorst. A Dutch manu- ritits tl;ero :;ivcn I'o.-ti.'r's Pcomgu, un^lcr Al-
; '

ernt in the British Museum shows that he bemarle Doylo h Official liaronago Macaulay's
;
'
;

iMlil Ml nd AMiit against the Princess-dowager Hist, of England, partacularly vol. v. MaH- ;

of Nasan in respect of the lerracy (Egerton boroagh Despatobes, vols. ii-v. Georgian Era* ;

M8. 1708, f. 104). In 1706 he paid a visit ii. 462. Collections of Albemarle's letters, te.,
to Eagiand, and, attending Queen Anne on aro noticed in Hist. MS8. Comm. Reps. ii. 188-1^
a visit to C'ambridg-p, sain to have recoived
I.'j
iii. 193, viii. (i. ii ) x. (v.) 193.] H. M. C.
the honorary degree of doctor of laws. His KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS, Viscocnt Kep-
name does not appear in ' Graduati Canta- pel (1726-1786), adminil, second son of Wil-
brijri<'n!i^.' Soon aftx^r his return home he liam Anne Keppel, second earl of Albomarle
left the Haene to join tlie array under Auver- [q. v.], was bom on 25 April 1 725. After a few
MMBfttB. Marlborough, who appears to have years at Westminster Schwl, he entered the
been on the best terms with Albemarle, navy in 1735, on board the Oxford, in which
court^usly expressed pleasure at his rejoin- he served for two vears on the coast of Guinea.
ing the army (Afar/6. x)8fp. iL 437). Albe- He was afterwardsfbrthroo years in the Medi-
marle waspresent at the forcing of tne French terranean, on board the Gloueeater, carrying
Itttea at Tirlemont, at Kamilliesin 1706, and the broad pennant of Commodore Clinton.
at Oudenarde in 1708. During the pi' gp On his return to England in the summer of
liels^MarUxnoiigh detadbed hun with thirty 1740 he was appointed to the Prince Frede-
sqaaaroBe to cover a oodtov of gnns and rick, and in September "was moved to tiie
ammunition which tht- ein'iny were trying Cvnturion, under the command of Commo-
to intercc^ a service he successfully aooom> dore Anson [see Akboh, Gbobob, Lobd Ak-
pBsied. He was made goreraor of TouniSf bof]. In her he served daring the odebrated
in 1700. ITc wa? f-mplovsnl at the siege of voyage round the world, and is specially mcn-
Bonchain. and commanded at the siege of tionea as having been landed at the sackiug
Am. fa ITIS he eommanded and was made and hnming of Payta, 18 Nov. 1741, where
nri^nor at th' battle of TVnnin, but was re- the peak of his cap was shrived ntT dosf (o
'

leaeed, and entertained the Prince Eugene
during the winter season in hii hooae at the
Hajrue. On the death of Quern Annp, All;t'-
maiie was sent to Hanover by the States-
general to congratulate George I on his ac-
cession to the British throne, and aftrrwnrds
his temple' by a musket bullet [Mt Brett,
STBPnRcr]. In March 1742 he was promoted
hy the commndnr to be acting lieutenant, in
which rank he was confirmed on the Cen-
turion's arrival in Kigland and his passing
hi.s examination, on 26 July 1 744. On 4 Aug.

received the new king and the Prince ot" lie w!is appointed to the treHdnought, on
i

Wales (George TI) on the Dutch frontier. 7 No\ u a.M promot^nl to be coiBiBaader of
.

A of Albemarle's claim
r;*oluti()n in ffivour he Wolf sloop, and on 11 Dec. was posted
to a m^i in the Dutch assembly in 1716 is to the Greyhound frigate. In February 1744-
in the Britinh Museum Addit. MS. 10880, 1746 he was apiiointed to the Sapphure of M
f. 242. He died 30 May 1718. I'uns, in which lit cruised with some success
Bishop Burnet describes him as a cheerful un the south coast of Ireland. In November
I, ^riio had the t to pleMe^ hat 174G ho WW nofodtothoMaidstoiioirf flO

Digitized by Google
 Keppd Keppel
fnuu, and in her was tLgmn employed in con- In January he aat as a member of the oour^
tinu jus crulsintj in tlu ^^oundings and in the martial on Admiral John Byng [ij. v.^, and,
Hvr of Biscay till, on the morninff of 27 Jium finding that the reoommendation to mercy
1747, harin^ chawd an enemy's snip in-hoTe was not likely to reeeire attention, he vainly
off Belle TpIi', he rau aground, and tlie Mald- exerted himself to procure the interventi ni
Btone being a total wreck, Keppel and hia of parliament. In September 1757 the Torbay
were made priBonem. Afteraibwwedn was one of the fleet under Sir Edward (after*
he wfi8 permitted to return to England on wards Lord) Hawke [q. v.l in the expedition
parole, and, on beinff exchanged, waa tried to Basque Roads, and continued attached to
by court-martial ama honourably acquitted the grand fleet, undr Hftwhe and Anson,
on 31 Oct. He had tiln aJy been promised till in September 1768 Keppel was appointed
the command of another skip atill on the to the command of a squadron of ships of
atoeb) whieh was launched in October and wr sod transports sent out to feduoe the
chri8tone<l the An?oii. He was now formally French settlement of Goree. The service
appointed to her, and on 25 Nov. and foUow- was effected with little loss on 29 Dec. and,
tng days sat as a member of theeourt-martial having reinforced the garrison of Fort l^ouis
on Captain Fox of the Kent, notable as the on the Senegal, Keppel returned to England.
iir8t in which depoeitiun.s taken beforehand During the summer and autumn of 1759 the
were disallowed. Torbay was again attached to the grand fleet
The Anson was employed in active cruising off Brest under Ilawko, and <ni 20 Nov. wai
till the peace of 1748, and, being then made the leading ship in the battle of Quiberon
aguardsuip, Keppel with his oiBcers was trans- Bay, and was clo.ely engaged with the Freneli
ferred to the Centurion, reduced from 00 to Tlifesfie, which ultimately sank, tliough
60 guns, and in her was sent out as commodore whether from the effect of the Torbay'ii lire,
to Uie Mediterranean, with a special mission or swamped through her lower tleck j>ort6,
to treat with the dey of Algiers, nr, if neces- has been dnubte<l. The Torijiiy iierseli took
sary, to compel him to restrain tlie insolence in a ffrcat deal of water thruugii the lee^orts,
of his croiMvl. The etory goee that the dey and for a short time was in danger <tf&amiilar
onprily express/'d surprise that ' the king of fate.
Great Britain should have sent u ixjardiess oov In March 17U1 Keppel was moved from
to treat with him to which Keppel replied, the Torbay to the Vauanty sod appointed
Had my master supposed that wisdom was to command the squadron co-operating with
measured by the length of the beard, he the troops sent to reduce Belle Isle. This
would have sent your deyship a he-goat.' squadron, supported by another off Brest
Thereupon the dey threatened nim with in- under Captain Buckle, and a third under Sir
stant oeath, but Keppel, pointing to the Tbomaa stanhope off Bochofort, completely
squadron in the bay, said tliere were Eng- covered the military operations, andthe island
iUahmen enough there to make him a glorioua surrendered in June. Keppel continued in
fimeral pile. Tlie dey then consented to command off Brest and Belle late tHl
treat; but it was not till June 1751 that the following January, when a violent gale forced
^
Sointa at ieaue could he anangod, and in him to bear up for Torbay. Most of his
uly the Oautavkm returned to England and shipe were much damaged ; the VeUant, in
was paid oA particular, was making a great deal of water,
In the latter part of 1754 Keppel was and had to go round to Portsmouth for
ordered to hoist a nroad pennant on board the r])airs. Almost at the same time war was
Norwich, and to take commaiul of the .^liips declared "witb Spain, and Keppel was ap-
on the I^orth American station. He arrived pointed commodore and second in command,
in Hampton Roads in Febmary 1766, and under Sir Qeorgfe Poeock [q. v.l, of the ex-
during tlie next few months co-operated pedition against Havana, hi>i bmf Ix r, n(>orL'''
with General Braddockand the governors of Keppel, third earl of Albemarle [q. v. J, being
the several eoloniee in the meesores for the tlie commander-in-chief of the land forces
summer campaign The arrival of Bwcswen employed. The fleet arrivi rl nfT Havnnn on
.

on the station with several senior captains 6June,tli>lani!ing waseiiHctedonthe7lh,aud

necessarily superseded him, and be returned after a two lUMntas' siege by sea and laiM,aB
to England with the intelligence of Brad- which the climate proved thedeadliest enemy,
duck'a defeat and death. Keppel was then the place surrendered on 14 Aug. The prize-
appointed to the Swiftsuro of 70 guns, and money was estimated at upwards oft lirL-e mil-
in June 1766 was moved to the Torbay of 74, lions sterling, of which nearly 25,000/. fell to
in which, in command of a small squadron, Keppel's share. His younger brother, a genera I
Im oniised off Cape Finisterre during the officer serving on the staif, probably received
Mitumn, rataniiiig to Sfitheadiii Deoembar. the SMBtk wfiiU the eUer brother nosivwl

Digitized by Google
 Keppel 99 Keppel
about fire timea aa much. Notwithstandinff much master of, to throw it on your shoulders.*
tihe blow inflieted on the Spaairii navy and It waa, however, mom than a jrear before
on Spain, it was not unnaturally said that Keppel wa? called on to serve. On 29 Jan.
' tbe expedition waa undertaken eolelj to put 177ti he wad promoted to be admiral of the
noney into tbe K^pela' pocketa.' unmodi- blue, and on 82 March received his com>
atelj miter tbe redaction of Havana Pocock mission as commander-in-chief of the grand
returned to England, leavinff the command fleet. At Portsmouth everything was still
of the remaining ahipa with Keppel, who on unprepared and in spite of Sandwich's boaat
;

21 Oct. 1762 -was ndTanced to oe rear-ad- in the House of Lords, lb Nov. 1777, that
miral of tbe blue, the promotion being, it ia 'there wore thirty-five ships of the line com-
itaid, eztnded 86 m to mdude hia name. pletely n ued and fit for sea at a lOBMntfi
;

At the peace Havana waa restored to the warning,' iseppol found ther*^ were not more
Spjioiards, and the troops were sent home; than six tit to meet a eeaman's eye.'
'
The
but Keppel satnned the command at Jamaioa dockyard, too, waa depleted of stone, and it
till tbe onioning of 17(^, when he waa re- was only by the most unremitting exertion
lieved bj oir William Bumabj. In May he that by the beginning of June twenty ships
aailed for England. could be got ready. With theee he sailed
Fkom July 1766 till Noyember 1766 be from St. Helens on 1 8 J une, with instmetiooa
waa one of the lorda commiaaionera of the to preyent the French fleet in Breat fiom
a/lmiralt y, and in September 17(56 hoisted his putting to sea, or the Toulon fleet from join<*
flag <n board th Gatberina racbt, to oonvey ing it. To either of these singly he waa tap-
tte yrfnoMa Ouo&is Ibtilda to Rotterdam, paiad to he saperior. PrassnUy, however,
on the occasion of lier unfortunate marriage on detaining the French frigates Lioome and
to tbB long of Denmark. He aeema, too^ to Pallas, ha obtained certain intaUigenoa that
hawatlaoned liiouetf doeel^rtothe political the fleet at Breat eonaitted of Uurt^^twodina
party of the Marquis of Rtxlcingliani and the of the line ready for sea, and acting on tne
I>uka of fiiicbmondj and during tbe years im- spirit of his instructionS| he fell back to Spit-
wwwKaiely fcillgwiiig tohaveidaatified himieilf head, S7 Jnna^ to wait for ninftcMmenta.
with the intrigues and schemes of which they His instructions were kept strictly secret
wa tbe ceolxe. On 24 Oct. 1770 he waa but to naval men it was clear that, under
pranoCod to tiie rank of Ttoe-adininl, and the ciwwimstatieea, ao other line of oondaot
^vas nominated for the command of the flert was open to him, and the admiralty tacitly
httiing oat againat Spain ; tbe dispute waa, admitted as much by continuing their efforts
boweveTt aaugedtaiMl Koppel did not boist to Strengthen the imt. The govenunsnt,
bie fla^. howeyer^wasmuchenra^^at the imputation
During the following years, in wbichparty which his return to Spithead cast on them,
oumoaity raged with great Tiraknee, Kappel and, as the Earl of Bristol said in the Hooaa
was doeely aaaociated with the opponents of of Lords, 28 April 1779, Instead of applause
'

the goTenunent) and the relations between and testimoniee of approbation for his con-
hiBB and tbe Earl of Sandwich, then first lord duct, the tools and aenbblers of power were
of the admiralty, would ms;m to have been employed in every quarter of the town to
tbe reverse of friendly. btill| hia standing whisper and write away his exalted character.
is the service waa ao luffil tliat H mB im- . .The pensioned yahicles of infamy, de-
.

poKi^ible to pass him over, and as early as traction, and villany poured forth the dictatea
November 1/76, on the probability of war of their more infamous and profligate pro-
with Vxaaatf he was asked by the king in tectors and paymaster, not only by asserting
peraon to undertake the command of the that Admiral Keppel's return to port was
Cliannel fleet. Keppel felt bound to accept in hopes of ruining the ministry, but also by
it, but he represented to his majesty tne a constant abuse on all those whose experi-
hostility with which the ministiy regarded ence and whose judgment in naval matten
hon. Hehadan unMsyfeelinfftluittmofier justified the adnman ooadnet.'
might be a trap of hitt jwlitioal enbtny. '
If On 9 Jrily TCi ppel again put to pea with
Lord Saodwiai has but a bad fleet to send twenty-four aiu^ of the line, a fleet which
it)' wrote ihb Ikdn of Rudunoiid to him, was raiied to thurty two days later. On the
''tu dciii^r him no injustice to suppose he 8th the French fleet of thirty-two sail, under
would be gUd to put it under the command Count d'Orvilliera, had also nut to sesn aroa"
uf a mu wbom no doat not lom, and yet rently on the report that the Englisli Beet
whose name will justi^tho ohoica to the r i.-;>t(>d of only twenty shipp. The weather
natbn. If we meet with a misfortune, he was very thick but on the afternoon of the
;

hopes to gat oft ... Uune is to be borne, 23rd thefw clearing disooyeredthetwofleetfl
hawinaMsafonr hj^wyvthiiabnttoo to aaeh vmu, diitaat mlj aoma four ot five

Digitized by Go .,1^
 Keppel
miles. Both formed line of batt le, and nn en-
ganment tLjffearei imininent ; but an D'Or-
viliivrsmade out the numbers of the Enpli'-h,
ho ftctt'd more cautiously, und, aided bv a
slight shift of wind, while Kepiwl was lying
to for the nipht, succeeded in pns.sing ahead
of the English line and obtaining t lie wt'at her-
ga^, tiiough in the m&noeuvre two of his
ships were part ially dismasted and obliged
to return to Hrest, At daybreak on the 24th
the fleets wore still in sight of each other;
but Keppel being now to leeward was unable
to bring on the engagement which D'Orvil-
liers no longer offered. And thus in foggy,
t^ualW, unsettled weather tbe fleets con-
tinued in presence of each other till the fore-
noon of the 27th, when a sudden shift of
wind enabled Kepp^ to lie up for the French
line and to engage it, m
the two fleets passed
pach other on oppcsite f;icks. 'Our van/
wrot Jervis, who commauUed the Foudrov-
ant, next astern of the Vietory, Keppei's
flagship, 'passed the Frenili liiif witliout
receiving heavy damage; but this firing
brought tlie enemy down eo nraoh that moat
of their centre and rear pr.>i,sed the greatest
part of our centre and rear within musket
hot, aad the wind having been quite abated
by the concussion of the air, a very sharp
cannonade continued on the centre till near
oiiieo^dodr,Dd on the reartiUiiMrtymiiratee
after one, when the firing ceased.'
Aa the two lines drew clear of each other
lyOrviUien made the aigwd to wear in
suocession. The signal was not obeyed, a
blunder which popular report attributed to
tha cowardice of the Due de Ohartres, who
commanded the van. On the side of the
English a part of the van, under Sir Kobert
Harland, hadtaoliedaftoiioa,and was standing
towards the enemy; the rest of it was too
much disabled, and dropped to leeward. The
diips of the centre also were much dtaaUed,
those of the rear perhaps still more so; and
though hr)th Keppel in the Victory, and Sir
Hugh Palliser [(y v.l who commanded the
rearfin the Formidable, wore as soon as they
wefrewvU etecr of the enpmy'8 line, it was nt
once u]>pari iil lliat the fleet coiild not be got
together for an immediate renewal of the
and they wore hadr tmSn.
aetioB,
About three o'chx-k the l-nMich fleet )\iu\
got round, and was standing to the south,
with the apparent inteotioii of cutting off
five phips niuoh flisabled, whifh liad fallen to
leeward. Keppel, seeing the danger, hastily
foimed 80 maeh of hit Inie as he coald, and Falliser waa one of the knds of the admiral^,
.st<iod tfnv;ircl>: llieni, a maiioMivre which was and hi collf'a^iics had no hesitation in com-
afterwards described as dying before the plying with his request. Uis ottieial letter
French. The action was not renewed, for waa &ted 9 Dec, and tiia veiy came day tiie
theF^renoh box* away to leeward and formed flBorelaiy of tha ndaunlly feotillcd fha
Keppel
their line, waiting for the attack which
not made. It vna in Tain that Keppel made
the signal for the line of battle, and forships
to windward to come into the admiral s wake.
Palliser did not obey. The Fox frigate was
wnt with a distinct message to Pnlliser that
the uduiirul was only waiting for him to re-
new the attack, but it was not till after
dark that Pallif^eraiid liis division 1x)re down.
The uext morning, 28 July, the lleet wtis in
line of battle, but the French, wan no longer
there. They could only be seen from the
masthead, hull down to the eastward. It
was clearly useless to follow them, for Brest
was under their lee and oifered them a ready
shelter; while in the uncertain and sqnally
weather it might be dangerous to t;iko so
many onp]^ed' ship* near a hostile lee shore.
On theSSth the French went into Breat, and
Keppel, leavit tVw nliips to orui6e for the
ri
protection of trade, drew oock to Plymouth,
whew he ancftond on the Slat.
Tlio fleet was ordered to reflt withmit do-
lav. Keppel waa deeply hurt by the cond uct
of Palliaer on the 87th, but the emergency
called for haFte, and ho con reived that to
iuatitute an iuq^uiry or to hold a couri-mar>
tial would deatroy the poaRibility of unaai-
mons exertion. He tlieretbre expresspd no
dissatisfaction, and even wrote to the admi-
ralty in praise of ' the spirited conduct tit
Vice-admiral Sir Hugh Palliser.' T do not *
conceive,' he said aftenvards in his defence,
'that a commander-in-chief is bound to dis-
close to all Europe, in the midst of n critical
service, the real state of his fletjt, or his opi-
nion of any of his officers.' There can, how-
ever, be no doubt that he ought to have re-
ferred the matter at once to the admiralty,
and hie failure to do so was mainly, if not en-
tirely, due to hifi diptrnst of Lord Sandwich.
But the real circumstances were known to
too many to admit of any |><>8.sibility of OOD-
cealment. On ilS Aug. the fleet put to se,
cruised vainly off Ushant for a couple of
months, and anchored at Spithead on 2o Oct.,
when Palliser, learning that a full statement
of the case had appeort'd in a I^ondon paner,
wrote to Keppel,* requiring' him tocontraoict
;
the ' scandalous teporc ' and aa he received
no reply he called on him tofnriston his doing
sii An angry quarrel was the re,snlt; other
letters appouredm the papers; thesubjectwas
mentioned in theHonsaof Oommont and
Palliser applied for a r ourt-martial on Kejpel
on a charge of misconduct and n^lectof duty.
M-
Digitized by Google
 Keppd 4t Keppel
m fboard to Keppel. The eondnot
of tho aJininilty in thus onlerinff the trial
triumph of innoeenoe ewr rice and fraud,
it was a triumph of the popular |>arty over

of the commaoder-iu-ohiel' ou chazges ex- the unpopular miuistxy. 1 he admiralty ntee

lAilid hfUk iaftrior, fiv montiit after date,
and under circumstauce^ which were stronplv
tOfgetUn oi a personal mofciyei called forth
m ugfnmian of surprise ham Keppel, and
flf diMpproval from the Umist of Uommona
were torn down ; the windows of the ofBdal
r.'^^idcnces were smashed;Pallisi-r's house in
l^ali Mall was gutted, and his effigy waa
burnt. Bonfiiee blawd in Keppel'a homonr;
the rioters drank Koppel's health and the
;

ad the country at large. A

memorial to publicans painted Kefpel'a head on their
the lune ctfect was eddwMaod to the king signs.
Lord Hawk'.' and most of the senior aami- On the conclusioTi of the court-martial
nls; but uo notice was tuken of it^ and the Keppel addre8:>ed a letter to the king per-
court aMcmbltHl at Portsmouth as ordered, sonail V, relating the Cuts of the ooMWSt of
on 7 Jan. 779 for the first day on board
1 ; the admiralty towards him, and imploring
ihe Britanuia, and afterwards, through a his majesty's permission not to so again to
pericKl of five weeks, at the sroTernor's house sea imder men on whom, as he had wariMid
'ni hore, in considcmtidn ot Kepjwrfl infirm by experience, he could rot depend for sup-
* 1 am ready,'
and in aoconlance with a special act
, port. he wrote, * to quit my
oommaad to-day, or to preaerre it aa long
was charged with not raarshallin^ hia na may be convenient for your majesty's
&3et, going into the tight in an unofiicer* arrangements and consistent with my own
Wm mmMTf louidaloua haste in quitting it, honour; but I trust your majesty will see
mnisinjr away, and not pursuing the flying my reputation cannot continue safe in hands
Oi- ajv each one a capital oftence. Palliser who have already done all they could to
ia peaon was the prosecutor; Sir Robert ruin it.' The king would seem to haw
Harltnd, Kear-edmiral Cnmpbcll, most of handed the letter over to the admiralty, who
ihe captaiufi, t^omii lituteimnts, and several wrote on 12 March expn'-ssing their desire
nu?t^r8 Mtre the witnoMoa. Of these, to know with certainty whether he intended
wktUr called for the prosecution or de- to continue in his pres^ent command. Keppel
fcaM,the unanimity was remarkable. With replied that he hud laid hia situation and the
sf^rcely an exception they were agreed that treatment he had received befoce thakiQgi
if admiral had waited to form his fleet in and after a further exchange of acrimonious
bakaeould not hare brought the enemy to letters he was ordered, 18 March 1770, to
uttion at all; that the enemy was very far strike his flag.
^baingiaftpedectline^ that after paaaing He had naturally no further service under
thaiMmy ihiB adnuiml liad tamed townds Loid Sandwich. But he had long been a
ihena* toon as he could do so without block- member of the IIou.*e of Commons, being
ing the ooune gf the ahios aatem ; that he elected for Windsor to the parliamenta of
tszaad from them and batUBd down the signal 1761, 1768, and 1774, and for Sumy to the
forbittl*' only when it was evident that many Earliamcnt of 1780, ainl from his plaee in the
of Jim ghiye were too ahatteied to renew the ouae he lost no opportunity of critioiaiug
^ at enee; that hia ateadinir towards the the mieoondnct of naval affidra. On the ihu
-t!j a j\i Jiciou? mancDuvre, and neither of Lovd North's admiuistration, 20 March
*Uk i>or had the appearance of beingf a flight 1782, Mid the formation of Kookingham'a)
Am tte enemy ; and that any ehaae on the Keppel was appointed ftnt lord of the ad-
oraing of the 2^th -would cerfiiinly liavo miralty, and on 26 April was raised to the
b^n Daavaiiingy and would probably have [>eerage as Viscount Keppel and Boron Elden.
htt dan^wa. And after examining and After the death of Bockingham Keppel waa
eonadetiog an enormous body of technical succeeded at the admirnhy by Lord Howe,
f^ideoeejthe court, on 11 Feb., pronounced but resumed offioe on the formation of the
tle charge tobt; malicious and ill-founded
*
coaUtiou miiuatij. On its downfall, 80 Dee^
;

tilt Kt'piiel had behaved as became * B^u<fi- 1783, he was again succeeded by Howe, and
om, brave, and experienced officer; and retiredaltogetherfrompubliclife. Hishealth,
tiwniipon rniammomiy and honouimbly ae* which had sofoed seiverely ftom the tiiitit
of Havana, had never ljet;n quite re-esta-
Kapei became t he iiero of the hour. It blislied, and during hiti lat*T years was very
*M boDMtly believed that he wottld have much broken. In the aut umn of 1785 he was
a victory had not Palliser prevpnted advised not to risk the winter in ICnj^hmd,
and I'alliser" backwardness
hiai, as attri- and weivt to Naples, from which he returned
Uu^d to the malign infinenoeof Lord Sand- in the Hprinj^ of 1786. The change, however,
kL Kafgefe ao^wittal waa thna not only efieated no laaliBg goodf and he died, a lew

Digitized by Google
 Keppel I Keppd
montiii later, on 9 Oct. He had not muried, deaoonry of Exeter and a prebend al stall in
and the title on his death became extinct. that cathedrnl, and he also obtained tho
His portrait| by Keynolds, in 1768, formerly promise of translation to the more lucrative
belonging totne&rl ofAlbemarle, WM
bought bishoprio of Salisbury on the next Taeaney.
by Mr. Agnew in 1888. It is engraved as tlie He refused the deanery of E.xoter in 1763,
ficontiapieoe to bia Life.'
'
After the courts but relinquished this pronuse of the see of
msTtial IteynoMt again painted bis portrait Salisbury for the deanery ofWindaor, iriueh
five times. Three of these were presented to became vacant first, and to it he was ap-
the lawyers who had agisted him in his de- pointed, with the registrarship of the order
ftnoeJobn Donning (afterwards Lord A^ of the Garter, in 1766, the general comment
burton), John Lee, and Thomas (afterwards beinpthat 'all thincs are crowded into three
Lord) Erskine ; the fourth was presented to or four people's pockets.' He spent largo
Edmwid Bnrke; tlw fiiUi was bought by sums of money in improving the episcopal
Agrnew in 1888. Dunning's copy is nnw in palace at Exeter and mrelieving tti-^ i.eeds
the National Portrait Gallery; Burke's is in of the poorer clergy in bis diocese. Keppel
the National Gallery ; Lee's was lent to the enjoyed good living, and Ids portrait, a half-
Guelph Exhibition (1891) by tba Hon. Wil- length, in the palace at Ereter shows him
liam Massey-Mainwaring. as a jovial muu with homely teat iires. Pol-
[The Life of Keppel, by his grandnephew, the whele says that ha oonferred favours in the
IleT. Thomas Koppel, is comprfhrnsivn. and on most handsome manner, and it is to his credit
the whole fair, though with a natural hms ; the that Jonathan Toup the philologist [q.v.]
memoirs in Chamoek's I3iog. Nav. t. 308, Ilalfo's was among those whom he promoted. After
NaT. Bi^g. i. 86, and Nar. Chxon. riL 27 7f coo* al^^ill'iPS'' he died nt the deanery, Windsor,
tain Uctle or nstbnig additioDsl ; oAeial eons* on 27 Dec. 1777, and was buried inot, George's
spondciicr and other documents ;ire in the Public
Record Office the minutes of the court- martial
Chapel, Windsor. A post-mortem examina-
tion showed that he died from dropsy in the
;

and those of the subsequent court-martial OttBsl^

lisar have both been pablii^ed. The circum-
stomach. He married, on 13 Sp])t. 1768,
Lura, eldest natural daughter of Sir Ed*
staoese of the trial, and its bsneftil effects, gave
rise to many pamphlets, of which tho most im-
ward Walpole, who left her in 1784 Lacy
portant is Conttidcrations on the Principles of House, Isleworth, and most of his fortune.
Naval Discipline, 1 781 8to. See also Walpole's The issue was Frederick Keppel of Lexham
,

Tjettera, ed. Cunningham, vii. 86 et seq. ; Beat- Hall, Norfolk, who died in 1880, and tfaraa
son's NaT. and Mil. Memoi, i?. 466 et seq., iv. dau|rhters.
41 1 ot 8oq.
; ('liKvalicr's Hist. <] la .Marine fnin- Keppel contributed a set of verses to his
caiae peodaat la Qnerre de I'lndipeodaoce am^- oniTersit^'s collection of poems on the death
tiesiBs. lim n.] J. R. L. of the PnncQ of Walee ml7dl, and pablithed
KEPPEL, FREDERICK (1729-1777), iwo sermons. He was a whig, of sufficient
bishop of Exeter, fourth son of William Anne courage in preaobing before theldng in March
Keppel, second earl of Albemarle [q. v.], was 1776toreooinmend a peacewith tha American
bom on 19 Jan. 1728-9. He wa'^ ndmltted colonies, and on hi.s deathl)ed he *tbnnk'-d
at Westminster School in 1743, and matri- God that he had not given onerotefor shed-
eiihted at Oluriat (Xiafdi, Oxibra, on 96 June ding Ajnericaa Uood?
1747, graduating B.A. in 1752, M.A. in 1764, [Wal pole's Letters (Cunningham), iii. 155,
and DJ)., by diploma, on 19 Oct. 1762. Hav- iv. 38. 40, vii. 18. viii. 372, 450. 487} Wal-
ing been ordained in tihe Englisb chnreh, he pole's Jonntal, 1771-88, ii. 27-8, 178 ; Chatham
soon obtfiinod ample preferment. He acted Corresp. ii. I3i-6; Corresp. of George III and
as chaplain in ordinary to George II and III, Lord North, ii. 61 Admiral K^ppel's Life, i.
;

and mm 19 April 1754 to 1762 enjoyed a 424. ii. 7; Grwmlle Papers, iii. 91; Oliver's
rnnonry at Windsor. Hia father-in-law, Sir Bishops of Kzster, pp. 163, 273; Qeot. Mag.
Edward Walpole, wrote to Pitt in August 1768 p. 452, 1778 p. 43; Trans. Devon. Assoc.
1761, asking whether it was 'agreeable to xvi. 130; Potwhele'e Devon, i. 314 Cnrthows ;

him to make Mr. Koppel n bishop at this Laooditeh, pt. iii. n. 361 ; Aongier's Isleworth.
~
juncture,' and althougn this application was p. sw; 283; Wdeh'b '
Aramoi Westmon. d.
weioni JOi ' PhilU-
unsuccessful he was consecrated bishop of
more, pp. 327, 340, 341 ; Le Neve's Fasti i
I'oster'.s .Alumni Oxoii.] W. P. C.
Exeter on 7 Nov. 1762, when it was ru-
moured that tho preferment was bestowed KEPPEL, GE(JR(JE, third Eakl oP
upon him (ni iiccount of the capture of Albekablb (1724-1772), general, colonel
Havana by his brother; but Horace Wal- :^rd dragoons (now hussars), was the eldest
pole says that the mitre was prumised to son of William Anne, second earl [q. v.], and
nim the day before the news came. With his wife, the Lady Anno Lennox. He was
this saa ha bald m
commmcUm tha axcb* bom 8 April 1724, and oa 1 Fek 1738

Digitized by Google
 Keppel 49 Keppel
upointed ensign in the Coldstream guards. his right to levv. He
waa consequently
He was prom^ed to ettaui1irateDaii( in obliged to reftuid the money. He
refcnmed
the 1st royal rJmponns 25 April 1741, was home in Fehniarv 1763. He waa made a K.B.
tnnfemid to the (JoldtitrMm guards 14 April in December 17&4,and a in July 1771.
174S, and became captain and lientanant- In poUtiea his views tme very liberal. He
colnnt'l tht-nin 27 May 1745. Albomarle, difitinp-uished himself by his opposition to
then ixird iiuTj, was the favourite aide-de- the Royal Marriage Act and the rescinding
camp nf WflluuB,dii]n of Ciinibc)Mid, wiUi of the jBaat India dividends, and hi 1770
wh"m he was present nt Fcmtmnv nnd at by pledging himp!f, with forty-seven other
Culloden. On the moniing of Culloden peers, to oppose any future infringement of
ke liad a narrow escape from death at the popular rignts at elections.
hands of a highlander, who had found hid Alhemnrlo married, in 1771, Anne (d.
way into the camp, and, Rnatchin^a miieket 1824), daughter of Sir John Miller, bart.,
from a soldier, fired at Bury point-blank, of Chichester, by whom he had an onlv son,
hr!i'viner liini from his showy dresA to ho the William Charles, who gucceeded him. I fonice
duke. Bury brought the Culloden despatchea Walpole, who was Albemarle's iutiuiato
to liondon f by sea from Inverness), receiv- friend, speaks of his marria^ as disappoint-
ing from theKingagift of l.OW/. Ilf wusnlso ing ' his brothers and my
niece.' AlWmarlo
made aide-de-camp to the kiug, and a lord of died 13 Oct. 1772, aged 4i<, and was buried
the bedchamber to the Dnke of Cumberland. at Quiddenham, Norfolk. His official cor-
Lie was returned as member for Chichester, respond'^nce, 1740-1768, is in the BoL Mna.
which city ho represented imtil his removal Addit. MSS. 32708-33072.
to the upper house. On 1 Nov. 1749 he was [Cdlins's FBsrsgs, 1812 ed. voL iH.; Boyle's
apuMi inted ooloael of the 20th foot. Wolfe, Ofucial Baronage ; Foster's Peerage, under Al- '

I Kentenant-eolonel of the regiment, calls bemarle;' Georgian Era, ii. 7'2; Wright's Life
ij'
'
of til"-'- tliowy mt'u who are seen of Wolfe, London, 1864, chap. ix. Campbell- ;

in palaces and in the courts of men. . . .
He dfldrea nerw to see his raiment, and
wifheg that no DfTicor wouM ever leaTB it'
(WKieHZ, chaj^. ix.) Jiury, however, after-
wards joined his regiment at InTomees, and
i^alised himself bv vt ry high-handed deal-
Madaehlan's Order Book of William, duke of
OOmberland, London, 1 876 ; Bsatson's Naval and
Military ^rnmoirs, Lnndon, 1794, vols, ii, and iii.:
Geor^ Thoma^ sixth cujrl of Albenuurle's Lord
Itoekmgham and his Contemporariei^ Loodoo,
1852, voL i.j Honoe WalpoU^a Letters, vob^

ing with the magistrates, who invited him i-vii.J H. M. a

to an entntanment on the Duke of Onm* KEPPEL^ GEOBOB THOMAS, sixth
rl iT'l's birthday. He insisted, undrr j^nin Eabl or Albemartt: (17f^ 1891), second
ot repruais from the soldiers, that the ban- son of William Charles, fourth earl, by his
quet should be deferred till we anniTenaiT first wife, the Hon. Elizabeth Southwell,
of CuUfKlen (ib.) He succeeded to thf_ etirf- dauphtcr of Lord de Clittbrd, and grandson
dom on the death of his father iu 1764, and of George Keppel, third earl of Albemarle
the sme year was transferred to theoolonelcy [q. v.], wat boni 13 June 1799. His child-
of the 3rd flmfjixinji. Uo became a major- hood was passed with his grandmother, the
{reneral in 17 (Ai, and lieutenant-|pBneral iu Dowager Lady De Clitibrd, who at the time
1760, and a privy counoiltor and governor waa governess to the Princess Charlotte of
of Jumey in 17itl He was a member of Walos. The priiir('<, three years his senior,
the court-mariuii of Ix)rd (Juorge Sackville often 'tipped'him liberally. Ho idled at
(alterw arda Gennain) [q.v.], and was said Westminster School from the ageof nini- until
to have shown much animus against the nearly sixteen. When Dr. Page, the head-
prisoner in the cross-examination of the wit- master, had pronounced him unfit for any
neMB. On n March \7i'i2 ho was sent with learned profession, an ensigncy was obtained
a force of ten thousand troops on board Ad- for him mthaold third battalion of 14thi'oot
miral Pooock'fi fleet to attack the Havana. (now West Torkshire r^ment). The bat*
The conquest was achieved by the capture talion, consisting chiufly of raw recruits, was
ef Moro Castle^ in the face of difficulties in Be^um, and young Keppel, whose com-
oppoaed to be insormountable, on 80 July mission was dated 4 April 1815, joined it
17t2. Albemarle's share um c<jmmander-in- in time to be present witu it at the buttle of
efaief waa 122,000/. His conduct as a con- Waterloo. Footsore and ra^ed, he marched
w
u nerof aa alleged to be harsh and eiacting. wHb the vietosiona tooopa to Pliria. He re-
I?, b r.:^!i- >\ fht- Bishop of Havana to Florida turned home with the battalion at the end
for appointiug clergy without his approval, of the year, and when it was disbanded
and M MCtelad oontribatione ftan the mar- aerved with the second battalion of the regi-
" ^-^
iwbieh dbegOTenuaantat home daoied in the ' '

Digitlzed by Google
 Keppet
ditlwnded at Ghicheiter in 1818, when
Keppel was appointed to the 22nd (^Cheshire)
foot| with which he wMtnAUuriUiia nd at
the Onpe, Tetnmiii^ hoae witt the ngiment
in 1819. For a time he was txiut-rry to (he
Duheof Smeex. In 1831 he wm
promoted to
a lieiiteBUM^iB the 9Mi foot, wm
tnuisfhmd
the l?Oth, and ordered to Tndia, Then^ he
served aide-deK^amp to the ffOTenior|rane-
nlytlia llbaqnif of HaetiagB, hut ii|Km Eta^
ings's resignation in 1828 he obtained leave
to return home overland, liely i ng on a acanty
feook of Tm&KU aoqimed duruur the long
and weary passage out, he visited the ruins
of Bahy Ion and the court of Tuheran, thence
joameying to England by way of Baku,
Ast mkfiti, Moscow, and St. Petersburg, a rare
feat in those daja. His published narrative
ia an intecettia|p irolume. He next served
as aide-<l*^anip to the Marquis Wellealey
when lonl-Iieutenant of Ireland; obtained
a company in tilo 0Siid foot in 1825, and
after studyinf^ at the efnior d'-pftrtmcnt ot
the Royal Military Colleee, Sandhurst, ob-
tained a majority on half-pay unattached,
20 March 1827. Ho was not on full pay
again, but he rose step by step, finally
attaining the honorary rank of fuU general
ioahalf-opay of his former commission), 7 Feb.
874. ux 1829 he paid a visit to the seat of
war between the Busainns and Turks, was
with the Rngliiih fleet in Turkish waters,
^nted Onwtantinople and Adrianople, and
etossod the Balkans. In 1832 bo wa8 re-
tamed, m the East ^ot-
irtiig interaety for
fclk, mtiio flnt ffefiiruiod poxlmuiit, and
sat until 1836. In 1846 be became one of
the private secxetariea to Lovd John Kuasell,
tlw ttew premier, and in 1847 wu
ntunied
for Lymington, for which be sat until 1849,
the year of his father's death. On the death
of his btother, Aunstos VMflriek, the fifth
earl, 16 March 1861, he succeeded to the
title. He was appointed a trustee of West-
minster School in 1864, in succession to
the (first) Marquis of Anglesey, and was
long the father of the trust.' Few men
'
have been longer known or more generally
popular in London societv. He retained his
taculttee to the end of his life, during the
latter put of triiich he held receptions on
earh anniversary of Waterloo, at hi8 daugh-
ter's house in Portman S<iuare (see Broad
Arrow, 28 Feb. 1891, n. S78 and 18 June
1891, p. 749).
Albemarle died at his London re^ideucii in
Ptortman Square, 21 Feb. 1891, in bis ninety-
iecond year, and was buried at Quiddenhnui.
Norfolfc He married in 1831 Susan, third
daughter of Sir Coutts Trotter, hart., and by
hor had a son, the seventh earl, beat imown as
i Kq>pel
Viscount Bury, who died in 1891, and ia
noticed the SuppLBMBin: to this Dic-
in
tionary. sixth earl's four dau^ten,
Of the
two predeceased their parents. Lady Albe-
marle died in 1885.
Albemarle was author of: 1. 'Personal
Natntive of a Jonnief fum India to Eng-
land . .,' London,
. 182.'3, 2 vol^^. A Ibir.l
edition of this work appeared as Travels in '
Babylonia, Media, Assyria, an d Scyt hia,' Lon-
don, 1827. 2. ' Narrative of u Journey acrosn
the Balkans . . . and a Visit to . . . newljr
disoovered Rnina in Asia Minor,' London,
18^iO. Avolume of extract? trom the narra-
tive, with added letters, appeared in Dublin
in 1831. a
'Memoirs ortho Marqnia of
l^ckingham and his Oont^mponiries/ T^on-
don, 1852, 2 vols. 4. Fifty Veara ul iny
*
Life,' Loildon, 1876. A third and revift il
edition appeared in London, 1877. Some of
Albemarle's speeches in the llou^ of Lords,
as on the Marriage Bill in 1866 and on 'Tor-
ture in the Madras Pre*idency in the aHBO '
year, were printed in pamphlet form.
[Doyle's Baronage, rol. i.
Official Fostei's ;
Peerage; Albeoiarle's Fifty Years of mj Life
^rev. ecL), and other works ParL Debatss nndar
;
dates Timoa, February 18 M
; U. M. C.
KJIPPELt WILLIAM AJSNE, second
Eakl of AlbbxabIB (1702-1764), lieute-
nant-general, colonel Coldstream guards, son
of Arnold Jooat van Kennel, fiiatearl {.g.v.J,
and Ua wife Qeeitniid Jraaima Qotran ywtk
der Duyn, wa.s bdrn at Whitehall on 5 Juno
1702iwas baptised at the Chapel Koval,Qtteea
Anne being bis godmother; was eaiie^(Bdm
Holland and on bis return to England (as
;
ViscountBui;jr)waa appointed. 36Aug. 1717,
captain and lientenaatiWloBel of the grena-
dier company of the Coldstream guardn. In
1718 he succeeded to his father's title and
estates, and in 1722, at his unily seat in
Ouelderland, entertained the Bishop of Mun-
ster. In 1726 he was made K.B., in 1727
aide-de-camp to the king and on 22 Nov. ;
1731 was appointed to the colonelcy of the
29th foot, tlien at Gibraltar, which he held
until 7 May 1733, when he was appointed
colonel of the third troop of borse-puards,
!
He was made governor of Virginia in 1737,
II brigadier-general Julv 17S9, major-gene-
ral February 1742, ami was tmnpferred to
the colonelcy of the Coldstream guurda in
October 1744. He went to Slanders with
I liOrd Stair in 1742, and was a general on the
htaff at Dt'ttingen, where he had a horse shot
I under him, uulI at Fontenoy, where he was
wounded. He commanded the lirst line of
Cumberland's army at CuUoden, and was
again on the staff in Fhuidcrs, and present
I at the battle of VaL At the peaoe of 1748
Digitized by Google
 Ker
liewas sent as ambassador extraordinair and
MDiatr plenipotentiary to Paris, ana was
Planted commandor-in-chief in North Bri-
teta, and in 1749 wat; made K.G. The year
of the tfeole and a
firivA-rouncnior, and in 17-"l' was otif* nftlif
duriiifjf the kiug's absence iu
'inj.s jLiBiuiLt!
Hanover. In 1764 he was sent back to
I'aris to demand th<- liboration of some Bri-
tish subjects detained by the French in Ame-
rica, and died in PuiB suddenly on 22 Dec.
1761. His remains wera brought over and
buried in the chapel in South Audley Street,
London.
Albemarle mtmbd in 172d Lady Anne
LflWMkz, daiightor of (%arlet, flnl duke of
liichmond, and by ber had t-ig)it sons and
0VB daoghten. Hia aont Qeorge, the
tIM aarl, Ancrustus, vMeomi Kep^, the
admiral, and Frederiok^ birfMf of Bau/tm,
Bt aepMmtely notioed.
Hone* erila Albemidb *tbe daaiTe right by theSail
WftlMle
spendthrift rarl, says that the British of Ker was submitted to the decision of
embassy in Paris was kept up Ibr his benefit arbiters. The final deciaioa of the arbiteta,
iLetitn,lL9n\ Welpole adds that Albe- girenoii 948ept., waatbetKoreiidbieftiflBMb
marle had 90,000/. in the funds when he was should for their lifetimes take the Earl of
jsarriedf and his wife brought liim 26,000/. Arran's trew and afuld part,' and in ^)ar>
Mre, of which, with the exception of
ell
abont 14,000/., he snuandered, without leav-
ing a penny for liia debts or for his children,
legitimate and illegitimate, who were many App.
ii. 420-1). George II conferred a pension
of 1,200/. a year on nis widow. His corre-
spondence in 17d2-M it ia Brit. Mae. Aid.
MSS. .mS7 3:^06.
[Coilins s Peemge, 1812 od, iii. 728 et seq.;
Foster's Peerage, under 'Albemarle;' Delia's
OSsial fiafoeeae; Mackinoe's Otigts and His-
tavyef the CdUUtmm Onaids, London, 1893,
n,; Cumpbell-jMarLu-hlan'.', Order Book of
Wntiam, dnke of Cumbsrlaod, London, 187'i;
Georgian Era. ii. 49; Hones Walpole'a LotUra,
T^'f. i. and it.] H. M. 0.
KER [See also Kbml]
KER, Sib ANDREW (d. 152fl),of Cess-
flnd or Ueesford^ Scottish borderer, was the
eldest son of Sir Robert Ker of CaTerton,
Rcncburghi^hire, cupbearer and master of
artillery to James IV, by his wife Christina,
dee^itar of James Rutherford of Rutherford.
Bs was aenred heir to his grandfather 30 Sept.
1611, being then of lawful age. Shortly after-
waniB, to enge the death of hie &thexv who
aoae yeen prerionsly had been aUn by
S'^rKe I and two other Englishmen, Ker sent
two of bia vassals, who entered Starhed's
bim, and brought his head to Ker. Ker A^nt
itto Edinbeicb. wbete it was set on in a
III uTiHwii mSmm OMuu*,
Ul tBL
ftsmi) MiMiMiKirtegbtvidarlAA
4S Ker
Home with the other ' merch-men,' who, after
defeating the English Taaguard, dispersed in
search of pillage. Hrt wftJ! one of thoHe who
signed the letter to the king of France, 15
Bwy 1515, proposing th:it. Scotland sliould be
compri'hended in the treaty with Kii;:,'land
(KvMKU, Fa dfira, xiii. .'^09). In August of
the same ytmr he was appointed warden of
the middle mnrches (Albany to Dacn?, Cal.
State PaperSfHea. VIII, vol. ii. entry 795).
Dacre expreosed suiprise at the appointment
of Ker, ' a young man without wisdom and
;
substance ' but two years afterwards con-
fessed that he had no fault to find with him,
* bat that he is some fingitfyll and rakles
(A. entry 8898). In January 1S90 Ker de-
feat^ a force of four hundred Mersomett
who, under Sir Jame^ Ilamiltou of Finnart,
were bastening to support Andww Ker [q. v.]
of Ferniehirst in his assumption of thf power
to hold courts at Jedbuigh, claimed as an ex-
Angus. nieaetioB m
'
tieular sbonid baneeforth assist him against
the Earl of Angus and his party (Hamilton
Manuscripts, Hist. M8S. Comm. 11th Bap.
pt. vi. pp. 32-d). On 22 Jan. 1521 Ker
was appointed one of a commission for a
treatT with England (Fcedera, xiii. 736),
which waa signed on Uie 30th {ih. p. 7<'^)).
In September 1624 he and Scott of R luxleuch,
'
on account of a variance with each other,'
wece called before the council and committed
to prison (Cal. State Papers, Hen, VIII,
iv. 661). In 1626, he with Lord Home
accompanied tbe king to Melrose when he
went to hold jmtioe eyies in the southern
shires. Shortlyaftertakingleavethey learned
that Bcott of Boocleuch with one thousand
men was approaching to deliver the king
from the power of Angus. Returning imme-
diately, tney succi oded in turning the tide of
battle against Bttccleuch; but while in
pursoit of the ftw, was abfai, 9S Jan., by a
Hpear hurled at him by one of Bucclouch's
servants, Bj his wife Agnes, daughter of
Robert, aeeond lotd Oicbton ofSanqvhar, be
had three sons: Sir Walter [q. v.], Mark, com-
mendalor of Newbattle [see Kjbbb, Mabx],
and Andrew; and two daughtos t Oatb^
rine, m irrii to Sir .Tohn Ker of Femiehirst,
rl
and Margaret, to Sir John Home of Colding-
[Histories of Buchanan and Leslie; Rymor's
Ftedera; Cal. State Papera, Hen. VIII; Hiat
I. Obmm. lltb Rep. App. pt. ri.; Doaglas*B
CWood),(i.4i,} T.F.S.-
Digitized by Google
 Ker 4fi Ker
KER. ANDREW (1471 P-1545), of Fer- I
He soon e8cape<l, and in November c .m-
niehint, border chieflain, was eldest son of manded under the J>ake of Albany at the
Thomas Ker, eighth hura of Kenhengh in nnsnoceesful of Wark CRouanaaa,
Toviotdale,by h'u wife Cat harine, daughter of Scottish Chrnyu'rlr, p. .Til ). At tnc beginning
Sir Robert Colvill of Ochiltree. Thomas Ker of 1 624 he was reckoned as one of the cliief

hoiHftlioiisetn themiddleof the forest of Jed-
burgh, a ud gave it the name of 1 Vrriicliirst ,hy
which title this branch of the Ker I'amily v> as
Aftsrwards known. Andbraw wmt probably
boni ahoiit 171, for-\vp find him appearing as
1 middle marches Ker promisorl hi.^ all< ^^iance
bail for men charged with border robbery in
1488, and he can nardlj bsvie done so l>efare
he was of full ac*^ f PrTCAlRjr,Cnmina/ Trials,
vol. i. pt. ii. pi). 1/-18, 28). In 1499 he suc-
eeedfd liis father as laird of Femiehirst, and
in loll inherited through lii-^ niother the
barony of Oxenham and had cuutirmation of
the lands of Femiehirst from lus feudal su-
tenor, A -rliibald, earl of Angus. In 1612
f
le (iat nt I'.diuburgh on an as-nize forthe trial
of 8Yt'ral borderers accused of theft (ib. p.
88). The disturbed state of Scotland after
the deleat of Flodden Field seems to have
inspired Ker with a deaire to secure for him-
self a strong position on the Scottish border.
On 9 Sept. 1518, the nigbt flftr the battle,
he broke into the abbey of Kelso, then held
in conunendam by Andrew Stewart, biahop
of OaithneM, tamed raperior out ofdoom,
and set up in his stead his bruther Tliomas,
who Udema to have maintained the position
tlmi ftoreibl^ won, and on the death of the
Bishop of Caithness in 151 bf came abbot of
!^
supportam of the Earl of Lennox in hil
nipt to govern Scotland (Calendar,\f.4St).
i>ut when Angus returned at the end of the
yi*ar and was made warden of the east and
< PiTCAIRK, p. 127). A feud soon brok-; out
between him and Angfus, and at the begin*
ir)2t) he joined Arran, who wn^ m-^ing
ning of
forces aguiust Angus {Calendar, iv. itt78).
I He was accused of treason, but the proeaia
was abandoned. After that hn mnib- peace
with Angus, and rendered hiui signal service
in July 1626, when Scott of Buccleuch ude
an attempt to seire the young king, wlio was
with Angus at Melrose. Ker and the Homes
had departed, but returned in answer to a
summons, fell upon the Scotts iu their Hank,
and routeid them (Drummoxd, p. 189). The
death of Andrew Ker of Cessfurd in this en-
counter was the beginning of a feud between
the Kers and the Scotts which long con-
tinued, in spite of attempts at pacification,
one of which waa aignea by Ker in 16iiO
(Wimi, HUt. ofMdrote, p. oS). After his
agreement with Angus, Ker settled (Imvn to a
more orderly life, and busied himself in re-
storing Older, for whieh he waa praised hj
the English warden in Septcmb r '')27 l

Kelso (MoR'ioir, Monastic Annals qf Teviot- imdar, iv. 3421). On the forfeiture of the
daie, p. 96). In the struggle hctw ecu Angus Eailof AngoflhereeeiTed a miit of Femie-
and An-an which arose after the marriage of hirst from the crown nn 5 Sept. 1528. He
(^neen Margaret with Angus [see Dovei^s, undertook the rule of Teviotoale, and was
AORiBas>, rixth Eabl or Amira] Ker one of three eonmiflrioBen enpowerad to
joined Lord Home in helping Angus, and make an agreement with Ensrland, which
when Margaret took reftige in England in was signed on 2 l>ec. (iivJiJiK, Foedera, xir.
Beeemhw 1616 Kav mm
one of hSt esoort 276). In 1690 James took the manage- V
f Hrkwbh, Calendar of State Papers, vol. ii. ment of the borders into his own hantlfl and
Mo. 1360). He was arrested in Edinburgh committed Ker's eldest son, John, to prison.
tHAHbme fan October 1616 by the orders of He was soon released, and seems to ha'W
the gftvernor, the Duke of Albany. Hume acted for his frither in military uudcrtakinga.
wab beheaded, but Ker contrived to escape In UiM it wa.4 computed that the Kers, tne
(Dbuilhond, Hist, o/^of/rtnrf, p. 168). After Homes, and the Scotts could together brin^
Mar^'uret's quarrel with .\ngus the EJarl of into the field five thousand men. When, in
Arntu wa made ward'n of the marches, and 1643, war broke out between Scot land and
Ker took advantage of the conflict between England, Ker found it irnpossible to with-
the two to claim for himself the bailiwick of stand the superior rorccs of the Entrli.^h. He
Jedburgh forest {ib. p. 174). For some time made promises to help them, and lus eom
be was a source of disorder on the borders, John assisted them in their raids upon his
and in IWl the English warden, Lord I >acre, neighbours (Hatjtbs, Burphley Papers, pp.
joined with Andrew Ker of Cessfurd iu com- 48-51). In UctolKT ir>41 Ker made a coves
plaining of his lawlessness (Calendar, iii. '

nant with Sir Ralph Eure to serve England

1 1 71 ). In September 1 62.3 I.ord I )acre led his {State Papers of Henry VIII, v. 308), and
forces against Femiehirst, the lord whereof
' in November wa mreceipt of English pay
waa hie mortal enemy/ and after e teeolute ( LoDOE, Illustration*, i. 79)|. Ik Beptem t>er
d**fenoe captured it and made Ker prisoner i 1646 he pleaded hia aervioee affamst the
( EjbUB, Original Letters, lat aer. i. 216-17). \
threateneu ravagea of the Earl of Hertford

Digitized by Google
 Ker 47 Ker
aad made submianon to him, tlnnby MTing was soon afterwards sppointod. 7or som^
his landA. He died soon afterwards. year? !io wa.-? recDrdcr of' Aiido\>'r.
Ker manied Janet, teoond daiufhter of Sir Ker was an axdent advocate of popular
Plalridc Home of Fbtwutli, hy wSom lie had education, and of the diffosioo of Uteratnro
time soii> nnil two daugbtt rs. ITIs snnJolm and art. CharlfK Knipht, in 'Pas.'^ages of a
socoeeded him aa lord of i*oraiehiri>t, and Working Life/ ii. 120, 121, says that he was
bed ft MB Sir Thomas Ker [q. v.] His 'the most fertile in projects any member w
daoghtar laebel nnud
Sir Walter Ker ot committor' of tlie Sorioty for the Dif-
of tlio

Ceft^fiiTrl fq. y.] of Useful Knowledge, and suggeeted

ftiHion

[Aotburities in text; Douglas's Poomga of

many publishing schemes apart from the
Seotland, ed. Wood. ii. 182 Jeffrey's Hist, of
;
socii^tv. Two nf Kusi lake's most beautiful
BesbosMiir^ L 261-6 ; Armstzoiig's fiiat of works were painted for Ker. He waa himself
IMilmMK pp^ 81S-80i Marqiiis ef Lothian's a contributor of woodcuts as well as lives of
-
latNevbetttoAhfair.] X.O. Wren and Michael Angelo to the Penny '

Magazine.' He was an original member of

KEB, CHARLES HENRY
BELLEN- the Arundel Society, was much mterested in
DLN (1786 P-1871), legal reformer, son of the foundation of wlmolsof design, and helped
John BtfUenden Ker [q. v.], was bom about to promote the establishment of the Depart-
1786. He was called to the bar in Lincoln'^ ment of Scioiee and Art. He was one of the
Inn in Trinity term 1814, and obtained a first private growers of orehids, and he wrote
larg^.' practice as a conveyancer. Active in aseries of articles under the pseudonym Dod- *

ptooaotina^ perlkiMntary reform from 1830 man in the '(hardeners' Chroniele.' He was
'

to 1832, ne was a member of the boundary in early life a fellow of the Royal Society, but
commission ( J7oum of Commotu Papers, 1 835, resigned his fellowship when in 1830 the
vol. XXXV.), and contested Norwich unsuo- Duke of Sussex was cnoaen president. In
CjMsfull y in the whig interest. He was a 1 860 he retired from practice, and lived during
member of the public records commission^ and the rest of his life at Cannes, where he died
in 1833 he was appoint<>J one of the royal 2 Nov. 1871. Charles Knight speaks warmly
cenmissionert to report upon the eipedienqr of his diam in all social relations. He
of diffBstinf the eriminel vkw and consolida^ Bumed Efialietli Anne, daughter of Edwnid
Ing tile other branches of the etatiito law. Clarke) a SoUoitor, but had no issue.
Vanous bills for the amendment of the cri- [Anthoiftiss eitsd above; personal know-
dael lew ivere fbonded OB the reports of the ledge; hiftimwtiott ftem Mr. M. I. Vnrtassne
c rnml-sion. In 184.'. wirli Mop^rs. TTiivi r Hri.<kdalo.l J. S. V.
and Chhatiei Ker drew for Lord-chancellor S&, JAUEiS 1NNES-, fifth DvxB or
Ljnidliiirst e short bill irhidi, ^en passed RoXBVBSV (1788-1828), InneeWn fe
into an irt A: 9 Vict. c. 106), wiis a most ITou^^e, Elginshir.', in 1738, was second son of
valoabie amendment of the law of real pro- Sir Hanr Innee, fifth baronet and twenty*
oerty. In 1888 Lord Oranworth appointed eighth uird of Inaes, by his wife Ami,
K- r .h*^rl nf n board nomintled to consider danght/T of Sir James Orant of Grant, anfl a
thecoofeolidat ion of the statute law, and whtin sister of Jean, first countess Fife. During
tkflt board was replaoed in 1854 by a ro^al the insorreotion of 1746-6 Elginshire was
-mrtr -ion, Ker became the chief working held by the Jacobites, and to escape fulling
m^iiib..r (Lord (yranworth's Speeches, Ann. into their hands younglnnes was sent across
Ay. 18SS p. 4, 1854 p. 142; Mr. hW^ First the IBoray Firth to Dtmrobin Castle. He
Report, la Amj' IHnA, Apji. JOD HoxjMof
]i.
; was captain of the 8f^th regiment of foot in
CommoTu' i'ajtcrt, p. 4.% ib. 1854, voL xv.)
; 1 759, and of the 5bth regiment in 1779. Un
The aetioB ot the board and conunieiioa led the death of hii father in 1762 he, as the
to tb#* rpvtsed edition of tho <<tatutes, the suo- eldest surviving son, was served heir to the
aMive Statute Law lie vision Acts, the issue baronetcy 7 Foo. 1764. His family claimed
of the chronological tables of the statute law, tohttveheld Innes since 1 160, and at one time
and to the Criminal Law Actji of 1861. Ktr possessed the whole territory between tlie
alaoaueg^ed and prepared the useful Least^s Spey and (he Lossie, besides estates in BantT-
and Sales of Settled Estates Act of 1866, and shire but for a century their fertttnes had
;

Lord Oan worth's act of 1860, which were
fioAlly superseded by the Conveyancing and
Setth d Lhii 1 Actrt, Tiii>dellt'd to a great ex-
teat upon Kar a work. In 1862 the office of
master in dmaeei^ wae abolished, and that
ot' (^'Jti veMincinp counsel to flif court nf
chaaoeiy waa instituted. To that poat Ker
been ebbing, and in 17U7 Innes was obliged
to sell his ancient barony of Innes to his first
cousin, the second Earl of Fife. On 19 April
1769 he married his first wife, Mary, eldest
daughter of Sir John Wray, hart., of Olent-
worth, Lincolnshire, by Frances, daughter of
FaidkxNoceliffeof Langtoo, Yorlishue. His

Digitized by Google
 Ker
wife inherited the Langton eiteto WKm after-
wazds, and Innesthproupon assumed by royal
license the additionul aurname of Norolifie;
but on his wife's death without iesne, on
20 July 1A07, tlie Lanffton pistate went to
her nephew jand Innes dropptxl the name of
Korcliffe. ESffht days later he married his
second wife, Harriet, daughter of Benjamin
Charlewood of Windle8ham,SurTt'y,by whom
he had an only son, James Henry.
Meanwhile William Ker, fourth duke of
lloxbur^h, had died on 22 Oct. 1805, with-
out surviving issue. Innes's great-grandfather,
Sir Jamee Innes, third baronet, had married
in 1006 Margaret Ker, granddaughter by a
second marriage of Sir Robert Ker, first earl
18 Ker
husband, who theroupon assumed tfao title
and arms of Ker of Kersland. Between 1 689
and 1704 Knr became so overloaded with
debta that he found it neciOBSsry to gmat
irredeemable feu charters to sundry mort-
ii^es to the extent of half the property,
f
lis iuipecuniosity was probably the cause
of his shameless abuse Oi his position as the
rt-cognised leader of the Camcronians. The
sup^nt o this sect being claimed both by
the government and the Jacobites, he set his
wits to discover how best he could prey upon
both parties, or, failing this, which party he
could prey upon to most advantage. Lock-
hart states that he tried to gain credit with
the Jacobites by opposing th union ( Paperjt,
*

of Bozbui^hf^.v/] Onthegxoundof tliLidi- L a02). Knr's vezsion is that the Jacobitua

tant relationship Innes, who nowcaUed hhik- oonoealed their own ivtentione hi fkyooF of
eelf Innt's-K( r, claiiiu J to succeed to the duke-the Pret t'nder, and trii' J to persuade the Caiiio-
dom and its estates. His pretensions were rooians to a rising against the union by argu-
M
dlBpnted hy Lady Rwwg Kor, by ajor^neral mente suited to the principles of the seet
Walter Ker of LittledeaajRoxburgLshirtvand (Memoirt, 1726, pt. i. ]>. L>8). Ho moreover
br JohnBellendenKerrg.T.], in whose favour affirms that against hu own conviction he
taehskdalieluidODtaHMtheproperty. Lord- was so be^nilM by *11ier1wtorioal* (a gloai
chancellor Eldon took thrfjp daya (1 1H, and for pecuniary) 'arguments' of the Duke of
20 June 1809) to state in the House of Lords Queensberry, that he cajoled the Camero-
tbe gimmdson whkh he preferred Sir James nieaa into peeoe (tb. pp. 30-4). He profewes
Innes to the other claimants. The litigation deeply to regret his action in favour of the
continued till 1 1 May 1812, when the House onion {ib. p. 37 ). At the same time he naiyel
of Lofdt ilnally granted the title to Innes- ooaftsses that his main motive was as as-
Ker, nnd in the allowing year the deeds by snrancf of the queen's favour fbom the duke.
which the fourth duke had attempted to be- Immediately after the union he says that
qoMtli to BelkndBB Ker the greater part of he was sounded by some Jacobite agents ss
the property were set anide. The duke died, to his terras.' Feigning to tftke the bait, he
'

aged o5, at Floors, near Kelso, on 19 July endeavoured to gain their confidence in order
1 Hi'3, and was buri^ in tiie family vault at to betraytiiem. That he was simply a govem-
Bowden. His widow re-married Colonel ment spy may be held as proved, if we accept
Walter Frederick O'Reilly, C.B., of the Ust as ^enume the royal Ucense of 7 July 1707
regiment of foot (d. 1844), and died 19 Jan. (printed as a frontispiece to hie Memoirt),
18r>5. His only son, JnTnes Honry (181d-- permitting him to associate with disaffected
1879), succeeded as scveutU duke. persons. He boasts ibab he bad spies and
[The Familie of Innes, edited for the Spalding agents in all parte of the country. Look-
dab bgr Oosao lanei; Doo^as^s Peann ; Re- hart affirms that, as ' Ker was known to be a
ports of CMea decided in Uie Homier Lords person highly immoral and gpilty of several
l^ion Appeal from Scc>t!;ind, vol. T.J J. C. base actions, 8\ich as forgery and the like, no
KER, JOHN (1(373-1726), of Kersland, person of the least note would have the least
Ayrshire, government spv, eldest son of intercourse with him {Papen, L S02). This
'

Alexander Crawfurd of rergushill, second is partly confirmed by the Hooke Corre- '

on of John C^wfurdL seventeenth laird of spondence,' as is also the Matensent that ' his
OrawftudlandjbijrElifMeth, daughter ofJohn onief correspondence mm ^th the Ihiehess
Maxwell of Southbum, whs born, according of GK)rdon and some catholic priests.' He
lo the preface to hit ' Jiemoirs,' in the famihr figures in the ' Ckwreraondenoe' under the
house of Orawfbfdiand on 8 Aug. 1678. ui naiiies of l%oaiasT^ii8tte, Wlllts, Widu, and
1693 he married Anna, tlio yovuiger of two the 'Cameronian mealm uis-er.' On 20 A]iril
daughters of the deceased Robert Ker of 1707 Mr. Strachan, a catholic gentleman,
Kofslatid. OnthedeaiihoftlMsronlybrother, trsatsd witii him as wpnsentin^ the Oame-
Major Daniel Ker of the CnmrTnman?^, at the ronians of five shires. Ker in their nnmr;
battle of Steiukirk in 1692, the estate had offered thirteen thousand men for the king's
lam nttled Mth* ddhr aiitw Jean, nan^ ssmoe, and volunleeted to go to 'FVanee and
to Major William Borthwick of Johnst in- remain there as a hostage U)r the fidelity of
born, out in 1687 aho sold it to her aiater's his party (Hook H, p. 309). Strachan also gave
 Ker
ll'>>k^ a memoir' from Kit on the dispoi-
'
tion of the prebytpriftns (printed ib. pp. .S70-
371) ; hut on 18 Nov. the biichess of Gordon
wrote that 'Mr. Wicks is tumod a knuve'
{ib. p. 617). The praliability is that before
his trpacherywBfl iijicoverpd he hnd w or mod
himself into some Jacobite secrets, uikI there
is reason to suppoM that he hoi pod to frus-
trate a plot to seize Edinbur^jh Castle in
1707. In the latter end of March 1709 ho
nuM to Lon<lon, and according to his own
arcount the lord treasurer upon his arrival
49 Ker
London, whore Leibnitz told him that hia
presence would be * very necessary,' in Hardl
1715 (ib. p. 110). His offers of service were
declined, and ho only received *a hundred
dollars from the king.' He now oflfored ld
services to the East India Company, to nrmnge
matters between them and the emperor of
Austria; but disappointed here also, he in
1721 directed his efforts ' to form a scheme and
charter for erecting a new companv of com-
morco in the Austrian Netherlands.' The
afl'air came to nothing, and henceforth ill-luck

Said all accounts due to himself, but would continued to dog his footsteps till his death,
o nothing ' in the mutter of the Camornnian which took phvce in the King s Bench debtors'
arrears* (Memoirst p. 66). Lockhart, how- prison on8 Julv 1726. He was buried in St.
f^er, printu a copy ma ratter of Kr to the George's chnrenvard, Sontliwark. On his re-
tt i1i- of K<.\burph, diitfd 4 May {Pupers, turn from abroad in 1718 ho sold the estate of
L awJ-Q), simply asking to be repaid the ex- Fergushill to John AsgilL [q. y.l and liobert
lie had incurred m
' managing of theae Hackett ibr 8,800/., and in 1791 Haekett
p. j.l>\' T\\U h tter, according tn Lockhart, conveyed his moiety of the estate to Asgill,
was shown to certain Jacobites by a kept which moiety Asgill afterwards mortgaged
auitrem cf Ker's, wbo allowed them to make to Ker for 9,600t, 'which remained at his
fteopv. Lockhfirt 5tato=: that Ker obtained rh nth' (tb. pt. iii. pp. 63-4). Durini^ liis
m ail firom the government about 500/. or absonce on the continent his wife had been
0001,, and finding that Gtodolphin ' would obliged to impropriatethe plate and fbrniture
gir*^ no mon .' hf> tacked f\hi mt to the whigs
'
of Kor-'lnnd to tnrce friends wbo iirnh rtook
and tories,' and, on the promise to give evi- to support her. After Ker's death she tried
dence of Oodolphin's connection witti the to save the estate from creditors by pro-
Jarobites, obtain'^d at len^^f two thnnsand ducing a forged deed in the name of her eider
g-oineas from the leaders of bothparties un- sister Jean. I'ltimately the property, with
known to one another (A. p. 90S). tho superiority uf tlie barony, was sold in
Tn 171 3 Ker was, according to hi.s own testi- 1738. Ker h it three daughters: Elizabeth,
mony, sent on a private mission to the em- married to Jolin Campbell of EUangieg, Ar-
Morof Austria in eonnectionwith a scheme gyllshire, and Anna and Jean, m whom
tat employing buccaneers to harass the trade nothing further is known.
of France and Spain (Memoirs, p. 75). On The * Memoirs of John Ker of Keraland,
his arrival in Vienna in January 1713-14, he part i published by himself,' appeared in 17S8
. ,

toM hi* 'storv'to L^'ibnitz, who privately and parts ii. and iii.also in the same year. The
arranged with the emperor an interview pubfisher of all the three parts was Edmund
tot w BBtt Ker and the emperor's secretary. Ourll [q. v.] Part ii. was published by Ker^a
The enterprise being nnfavourably receivM, 'express direction,' and though part lii. was
Ker thereupon ' drops* it, to inform pos- published posthumously, it claimed to \>e
'

terity tint 1 employed my Hpnro hotir.^ at 'faithfully printed from the original manu-
Viimna in sending to the' Electresa Sophia script of (be said John Ker, Esq.; and other
all the light T got.' For the ill-mccem of authorities serving to illustrate the said work,*
his mujsion he was consoled by a pn unt of andal.so to bo proparod for the press under his
'

'
the emperor's picture in gold set round with exMess direction.' Part iii. contained'Mazima
diamonos' (tb. p. 87 ). He arrived in Hanover of TVade,' and there wae also added by CmU
in July 1714, and tnus, according to his own the indictment for piiblishingpart i. For pub-
aooount,was oseful in securing the ilano- lishing the 'Memoirs,' which contained pro-
vetian moeeeaion (tb. p. 93), besides giving fesaedTTeTelations leilBCtin^ on the govern-
gool advico to the elector as to the method ment, and for other similar ofTonces. Curll was
of ruling the Enulish nation. He asked the fined twenty marks, and had to stand in the
govenunent of the Bermiidas as a reward, pillory an hour at CSiaringCross (^Stofe Triah,
hut, as hf -irnrnrd tn bribe officials, it was be- xvii. UK); ynffiA and (iiwriet, 2nd ser. iii.
stowed on another. He professes also to have 143-4). A third edition of part i. appeared
ghm important information against the Ja- at London in 1727 {Catalofftte of AavoeatB^
enbitfis in l?!.*), but no notice wns taken of Library, Edinburgh), and anr)thcr edition
his communications. Ik'ing disappointed ' of of part ii. in the samo year
*
'Ca8tr>
all his * endeavours to prevent the rebellion,' tions of the Memoirs of John Ker of Kera-
h- tmhrtrked tox Holland, bnt letumed to land 'altoi^peued in 1727. (Thereiaaeogj
TOL. XI.

Digitized by Google
 Ker Ker
IB the Grenville Library in tllB British Mu- 1708, and again in 1716 and 1 722. Dissatis-
seum.) His Memoirs' wen* f rjinsluted into
'
fied with the influence exercised by tlie Duku
Fieuch under the title, Memuires conlenant * of Queensberry iu the management of ^cot-
des rdflexiom int^resaant'es sur le cnmmcrco liah business, Roxburgh, after the u]iion,agaia
et iiiH' histoire abr6g6e de I'ilo de Miijorque/ set himself with other nobles to oppose his
Kolturdam, 1726-8, 3 vols. Ker'd portrait admuiistratiou and to carry the elections in
by H&mmoiid is prefixed to pork i. of hit Scotland against him, but with very indif-
' Memoirs. ferent success. Roxburgh was one of the
[Lockbort Papers; Ker"* liemoirt, and pv- council of regency appointed in 1714 before
Am to parti.; Hataaniel HooWs OorrMpond- the arrival in England of Gfeoige I, by whom
onee ^AbUjtsford Club) Politicil State of Great
;
he was, on 24 Sept., named keeper of the privy
Britain, 182G, xxxii. 97 ; Faterson'a lluA. uf the seal of Scotland, and also appointed lord-
Oooiity of Ayr, i. 426-0.] T. V. H. lieutenant of lioxburgh and Selkirk. On
14 Oct. he was sworn a privy councillor. On
KER, JOHN, fifth Eabl tad &ak Dvn the oatbreak of tbe rebellion in tbe following
OF Roxburgh 1741), was brother of Ro-
{<1. year he accompanied the Duke of Argyll to
and sucond son of Roberty
bert, fourth earl, SootlancL and in a troop of hone Tolunteeea^
third earl, by Lady Margaret Ilay, eldest composed duofly of BentlMtteii of position^
daughter of John, first marquis of TwrTilrlalc. specially distlnpuishea lilmsflf at the battle
He ytoBf according to Patten, carefully oda- ot Shenffimuir (Paxxbn, Mistorg qftke Uebeir
Uoh). He was also alue to raiso about fiv
and >fiio]cy n for8 to him fts '
a young gentle- hundred men in support of the Hanoverian
man of great learning and virtue,' who succession. In 1716 he was reappointed one
'knows II the ftneient languages thoroughly, of the secretaries of state for Scotland, and
and spealts most of the modern perfectly well' during the king's absence from England in
{Secret Memoir.^). He alao describeB him 1716, 1720, 17^, and 1725 he acted as one
as brown-compU'xioned and 'hudanmo.* of tliolofds j ust ces. He sealously supported
' '
i

Lockhart calls him perhaps 'the best accom- Carteret and Cudogan in their opposition to
pliahed younjof man of Quality in urop<>' Townsend and Walpole. Walpole triumphed,
(JISMloir, p. 95 ). He haa also great personal but for some time he was unable to fliottm
charm. By all that are so Imppy as to be Roxburgh's removal. At last, however,
'

acquainted with him,' writes Patt^>n, 'he Roxburgh was dismissed on 25 Aug. 1725,
guns their aflbefcion and applause.' He 'had on the ground that he had used his otKcial
clmrminpa way of expros^infrliis thoughts,* position toencourape the discontent in Scot-
laments Lockhart, that be ulen-<t'd evon'
land on account uf the muk-tax. Roxburgh's
those agninat whom he spoke. On 22 Oct. opposition to this tax seems to have been
1690 he was served heir male and of entail quite sincere. His dismissal arose, in fact,
of his brother in the earldom of Roxburgh, Sartly from a constitutional difficulty the
when, according to Ijockhart, he made his ' iificulty of harmonising the discharge of the
first sppearance in the world to the general functions of the office with due suboroination
satisfaction of all men.' In 1704 be was ap- to the cabinet. Consequently, no one was
point<^^d one of the secret nries of state for immediately appointed to succeed him, and
Scotland, and the same year he accomnanied although subsequently the office was nomi-
the Earl of Bothee and Batllie of Jervis- naUy held by Lord Selkirk and the Marquis
wand as a deputation to London to prot?8t of Tweeddalo, Roxburgh was the last t<5 \- i

ugainst tlie payment of Scots troops from the ercise the full functions of the office until its
English treasury (MarekmoiU Paper$, in. roTiyal in modem timea. Roicburgh spcmt
20}). Tlio deputation wereassardl thtit no his subsequaot jears chiefly in retirement on
purpose of this kind had been coutemplattxL his estates; but *t the coronation of Qeoxgell
Bnbsequently Roxburgh joined the <ffuad!nMie, he offiekted aa detmty to the Gountees of
and n?! otK- of its principal leaders he took a Errol, high constable of Scotland. lie was
very prominent part in the debates in favour a fellow of the Boyal Society, and acted aa
of we union and the protestant succession. a pall-bearer at tbe nineral ofSir Isaac New*
On 2 " A ])ril 1707 Roxburgh's great services to ton in Westminster Abheyon 29- March 1727.
tbe .v rnraent were recognised by creating
u: He died at Floors 21 beb. 1741, and was
him 111 Scots peerage I)uke of Roxburgh, buried at Bowden.
MarqiuH of Rowmotit nnd Tes^fiird, Earl of He marneil. on 1 Jan. 1708, Lady Mary
Kelso, V iscount Broxmouth, and Lord Ker Finch, only child of Daniel, earl of Winchel-
of Oeasfiud and Caverttm. The same year sea and Nottingham, and widow of William
he was chosen one of the sixtffn Soottish re- i
Savile, marquis of Halifax. She died on
preaeutative peers, and he was rechusen in |
19 Sept. 171o, and was buried in Westminster

Digitized by Google
 Ker
Abbey, leavinf^ one nm, Robert, seeoad duke
of RoThnr^h, who befriended Fielding, was
kther of John Ker, third duke [q. v. J, and
died k Bath S8 Aug. 1766.
[Pattao't History of the Rebellion Lockhart
;
ef GkmvaUi'e MeniMre; Maol^a Soerat Mi^-
eba ; ICMdunoat Bkpera; BozMt'e Oim Time
CQx'd Life of Wal polo; Doiiglai^SeottiahPeer-
,W.K>d). ii. 451-2.] T. F. H.
KER, JtHIN. third Ui kk of RoxHUHtiH
(174O-1801), book-collector, born iu Hanover
Bqnare, London, 23 April 1740, was elder
Kon of Robert Ker, second duke, by his wife
Eeex (d. 7 Dec. 1764), daughter of Sir
Roger Moetyn, bart. In 1755 he succeeded
hie father in the dukedom, and in 1761 paid
lui eddreesea, while travelling on the conti-
Ker
and the dulce was rarely nnaneeeesfttl in sneh
contests, lie secured an unrivalled collec-
tion of books from Gaxton's press. Scott de-
scribee him as'aeorious and unwearied leader
of romance,' making 'many observations in
writing,' including a genealogy of the Knights
o f the Round Table (Lockhart, Life of8eott,
1839, iii. 35). He possessed the two rare
editions, dated in 1566, of the Scottish acts
of parliaments ' of the five lint Jameses and
Queen ]\riir\-,'nnd printed separately the few
statutes omitted in the later impression for
insertion in that impression. His splendid
library was housed in his residence in St.
James's Square, London (now No. 13, the
Windham Club), and was dispersed by sale
there during forty-five days, 18 May to B July
1 81 2. The lota numbered9,353,and t bough the

nent, to Christiana Sophia Albertina, eldest duke is said to have only expended 5,000/. on
dandier id the Duke of Mecklenburg-Stre> the collection, 23,34Ui was realised. Brunet
titc/M' ^* lady's younger sister, Ofaulotte, asserts that the sale mariced the highest point
wag afEanct'd \<'Ty .sixm afterwards to reiicht'd by 'tlio thermometer of bibliomania'
Oeosge III (September i76L)L nd it was in England. Valdarier's edition of Boccaodti,
deemed neeeMMfy, on politieel grounds, to for wnuii tlM aeeond Bake of Roxburgh had
br-ak off the match between the duke and paid one hundred guineas, was sold to the
ChrirtiAn&. 'Bothnertiaa,' it ie Mid, 'evinced Atar^uisof Bhtndfoid fbr2,260<.,aflter a severe
the etrength et tfieir atteehment mr devot- competition with Lord Speneer, and Gaxton's
ing tb. rifter-livea to celibacy.' fhe dis- 'Recuyell of the Historve of Troyo' foil to tb^
^pointmeut induced in Roxburgh a 're- Duke of Devonshire for l,070l 10. {GetU.
mrwed nehneholy which prefen letlmneiit Moff. 1819, pt. iL ppi. 119--16). Roxburgh
to splendid scenes of gaiety' (Sik Waltbb possessed a rare collection of broadside ballads
Scott). Koxburgh'a sisters, Essex and Mary, oound in three volumes. Two of these had
hoth acted as hrideamaida at the king^s originally formed part of the Earl of Oxfbidls
marriage. George III showed much friend- lih-Ttry, and after passinp into the pos-session
ship for Roxburgh, and appointed him a ttucceiiiji vely of James West and Major Thomas
I

lord of the bedcham b< r n 1 767. He received Pearson, had been bought by the duke at

i
I

thf knighthcxxl of tlm Tbistlo on '2\ Nov. Pearson's sale in 1788 for36A 14*. 6<l. Vmr-
1768, became groom of the stole and a privy sou had, with the help of Isaac iieed, made
j

eouncillor 30 Nov. 1796, and was invested valuable additions to the collection, but the
on 'j June IrtOl with the ord(r of the (inrter, duke devoted himself to perfecting it, and the

which he held a very rare distinction number of broadsides iu his hands reached
along with that of the Tliiethk He died at 1 ,340. They fetched 477t 15, at the sale in
his hoHS47 in St. .lamex's Square on 19 March 1812, and were acquired by Benjamin Hey-
ItiOi, and wa8 buried at Bowden. His Bri- wood Bright, after whose death in 1843 they
tiih titles of Earl and Baron Ker of Wakefield were purcha>ted by the Kitish Museum in
heeame extinct at his death, but his Scottish 1845. The whole collection has since been
honoors devolved on a kinsman, William, carefully edited for the Ballad Society by
seventh lord Bellenden, bom about 1728, William OhafpeU and tha Rmr. J. W. Eba-
laiw succeeded as fourth duke, and died with- worth.
out rarviring iasoe 22 Oct. 1805 [see Kjbr, To celebrate the sale of the Booeacmo on
J^ES In.vks-. fifth Dckb]. 24 June 1812, the chief bibliophiles of the
The third duke was a man of many accom- day dined together in the evening at St.
pli.-(haaeBta. Aoeording to Walter Soott, Aiban's Thvem, St. Alhan's Street, under the
who "^"i-i Wi ll arouaintt'd witli him, bis 'lofty presidency of Lord vSpencer, and there in-
ncaaenoe and iielicitoua address' siusested augurated the Koxburghe Club, consisting
LordCliesterfield. WbeninScothuidbBwaa of twenty-fevr membna (Gmt. Mag. 1812,
to arvl^ent f<portsman, but his time in f.oniJon pt. ii. p, 70).
was chieflv spent in book-ooUectingi and he A
portrait of the duke by Thomas i'atchi
devoted 'hoius, nay, days, in collating' his in the manner of an Italian caricaton, was
rir" erJitifin*. Onorge III and he were oft^^^n presented in 1884 by Sir Richard WalliOetO
eompetitorsfor the purchaaeof the same book, the Nations^ Portrait Uallery.
S

Digitized by Google
 Ker Ker
[DoagW* Pwmge, cd. Wood Oent. Mng.
; 1 886. Beadea the volume of aermons already
1804, pt.i, p, 388; Sir Walt. r Kc-ott in Quar- III' nt ionod Ker published various sermons and
terly Review, xliv. 446-7 Chiimhers's Eminent
; piimphlet.8. He contributed to the * Ignited
SeotsmeD, ii. 440-1 Loekhart'8 Life of Scott
; ; Presbyterian Magazine ' articles on Iv lioes '

Edwaxds's Memoirs of Libnuriei, iu 132;
Lowndfc's Bibliographec's Munui d. Bohn
G. and W. Niciil's Siile Catakgna of tlw Duke of
Bozborgh's Library, 1812.] S. L.
of the P.^salms in the Experience of Life and
Death,' 1884 (^afterwards p(iblihed an a
volume entitled * The Psalms in History and
Biography,' 1886, 8vo) and on The Revoca-
;

KER, JOHN (1819-1886), divine, was tion of the Edict of Nantes,' 1886, &c. There
born in the farmhousi? of Bield, in the parish iippeared posthumously Scottish NatiooaU^
'

ofTwocdsmuir, Feeblesahiro, on 7 April 1 819. and other Paper.*,' 1887; I^t^ctures on the
'

His parent* moved snocearively to f^llysido, History of Preaching,' IBSS; and an interest-
between Leitli ;uk1 Portobello, and (o A!)bey- ing volume of bis letters in 1890.
biU. Ker was much imDreBaed aa a child by [Sec .Scotsman, 6 and 11 Oct. 1886 Christian ;

the preaching of Jobn Brown (1764-1858) Leader, 28 Oct. 1886 (' Dr. John Ker us Projichcr
[q. v.] He was educated at the Edinlmrgh and ProfeNSor,' l>v Hu> Ki-v. W. Dickie, M..\.,
Uigli School, and in 1835 he became a stu- Perth), and 18 Nov. 1886 ('Dr. Jobn Ker as a
dent in the nniverrity of Bdinbargli. Ho Faator ') Biogr iphieal Sketdi of the lata Rev.
;

giiined the first prize in Sir Willinm Tlrimil- Dr. John Ker. by the Kev. Dr. I/eckie, Ibrox,
ton's claasiand was aeoond in both the moral Glasgow, in United Presbyterian Mn^zine, De-
nliiloeopby and natiaial philoaophy elaaaea. eambar 1886; and otimnoticMaDd revir wa.]
T. h. J.
In 1838 ho ontored the divinity hall of the
united secession clinrch. During the recesses KER, JOHN BELLENDEN (1766 P-
hestndied the French andQerman languages, 184S>, hotaniat, wit, and man of faahion, waa
getting the whole German dictionary by the itld.'st pnn of John Oawler of Rninridge,
heart. He also learnt Hebrew and Arabic. near Andover, Hampshire, and of the Inner
Heapentaix nannthsat Halle onderTholuck, Temple (A ! Bath 24 Dec. 1803, aged 77).
and attended Neandnr's lectures at Berlin. His mother wa.s Caroline, eldest surviving
He was well read in history, and fond of daughter of John, third baron Bellenden (d.
.Seottiahionga and romances. In February 1740). John Gawler (as he was at iirst called)
184o he was on! (lined in Alnwick, Northum- obtained a commission in the second regiment
berland, as minister of Clayport Street of life-guards was appointed captain 20 .Tan.
;

CAiurch, in connection with the aaaociate 1790, and was seniorcaptun in the regiment
prf'sbytPTy of Edinburgh. Hia congregation in 1793, when he was compelled to quit the
rapidly increased, and he helped to found a army owing to his displays of symnathy with
raggedschool, beside.s giving literary lectures. the French revolution. On 5 Nov. 1804
He was called to Barrhead in 1849. and George III,out of regard forGawler's mother,
he was inducted in East Campbell Street and at the instance of his second cousin, Wil-
Oburcli, Glasgow, on 19 March IB^l. He liam, seventh baron Bellenden and fourtb
became known aa a preacher and platform duke of Roxburgh, granted him a licenae
orator. 9if large church becane crowded, to take the name of Ker Bellenden in lieu
and the cent rr' nf uKuiy !itj:ciirit'S. Ho dfclitn-d of Gawler; but he was invariably known as
a call to Bristol in Itidd, and an offer of the Bellenden Ker. William^ fourth duke of
TNWt of the first hone miaaion leeretary made Roxburgh, died in 1805 without direct heir.
hv thr Hvnoil (now the United Presbyterian During hislifetime he sedulously endeavoured
Synod) in 1857. On 28 Nov. 1857 hia con- to divert the aucceaaion in favour of Ker, and
ffreffatiOD removed to a new church cracted entailed hia estates upon him. But both the
in Sydney Place at a cost of over 8,000/. Tn entail and K r's claim to the title were, after
May 1858 hia health broke down from over- much litigation, set aside bv the House of
work, and he had to apend many winters Lorda in mvonr of James Innes-Ker, fifth
abroad, not being able to resume full work duke of Roxlmiu^h [q.v.]on 11 May I^I J
tni 1872. A volume of his
Sermons ran
' (cf. 2 Dow'a Jieports). Ker was long known
through thirteen editkma, and is remarkable as a wit and man of fashion in London. Many
l>oth for Pt vie and power of thought. In 18C9 storie-S were told rif tli^. charm of his rotiver-
he received the degree of D.P, from Edin- sation, and he was the hero of some ati'oirs '

burgh Univotfty. In 187* Ker was eboaen

> of gallantry.'
pjrofesst^r of practical training in the reron- 11 is attention must, Imwevrr, hnve been
atructed thcoUigicttl hall of his church. His early turned to botany, for in he brought
weakness obliged him to limit hia labours ; out anonymously his ' Recensio Plantanim,*
hut. ill -pile of niucli Ruilering, he performed a review of all the plants fignr. d up to ffiat
hisdututttuccessfully till his death on 4 Oct. time in Andrews's ' Botanist's Repository.'

Digitized by Google
 Ker ss Ker
About the Barae date he began to contributo ber of snirrnoiis rhymes and aiiagrame on
oocaaional descriptions of new plants to Oliver CromweU. The Luttrell Collection ot
CmtiB* 'BotamMl Ibguine/ then undw Broadridea at the Britiah Mvaeum oontuna
th*' .-litorship of Dr. Sims, who highly com- two elegies on Charles II, one dated 9 Feb.
mended Ker in the preface to the fitteenth 1 685, and signed P. K., the other dated l6Feb.,
Yolnme. In 18G4 lift printed an important as well as a ' PanegyriekFbam on the Coiona-
memoir on a group of plants, the Iridaci'a', tion of James II,' all of which are by Ker. In
ill Konig and Sima s Annals of Jiotany.'
' In 1 090 appeared his ' Map of Mans Misery, or tho

1813 the 'Botanical R^gister was started in '

Poor Man's Pocket Book. Being a Perpetual
Cj>po5itiou to the al Magazine [see
'
Botauif '
Almanack of Spiritual Meditations, or Com-
Edwakis,Stpenha>i Teak J, and Ker became pleat Directory for our Endlesse Week. * . .
the first editor, lie held the office till about To which is added a Poem, entitulad The
1623, when Dr. Lindley too1c sole control. Glass of Vain Glory. For Jn. LawTpnco at
When freed from botanical journalism, he the Angel in the Poultry,' ItiOO, 12mo. The
nviaed his memoir on the Iridacete of 1804, author's tory tendencies are here suppressed
and brought out hi.s Iritb rinnn Genera,'
* the ^\^rk being dedicated to Rnchel, lady
Brufisela, 1828, 8vo, which yvaa hid la^t im- Ruh8ell,and subscribed P. Ker, 24 .Ian. 1680
portwrt mnk
on botany. An illness supcr- (O.S.J In the following year was P}'b-
vened. and on resuming work he busied lishca ' Aoyofiaxio, or the Conquest of Elo-
bimBelf on ' An Esjiav on the Archieology auence: containing two witty orations (in
flfPopular English l*hrasi'.s and Nursery oggerel verse) as they may be read in Ovid's
Rhymes,' SouthamptOQi 1834, 8to, which Metamorphoses," lib. xiil ByP.K.' This
reached a second edition, London, 1836-7, is attributed in Hebei's * Catalogue ' (p.
2 vols. 12mo. Supplemental volumes are 109), followt-d by Lowndes, to P. Kirk, but
dated 1840 and 184^. Until within twenty there is no apparent foundation for thia
jeers brfore hit death he wrote occasional theory of authonhip. The last worlc trace-
article in the gardening pniRrs. able to Ker appeared in 16tU. It is called
I

the later period of uis life Kez lived 'BoKtrudts firyiv. The Grand Politician^ or
I>uxin||[ 1

at Bamndge, where he died in Jmie 18^. | the Secret Art of State Policy diseorared
The geim*' Bcllmdena commt iiMiutos him. Written iriginnlly in I. fit in by Cnnradua
(

He was married. His son, Charles Henry Reinking, Chancellor to his Electoral High-
BeDenden Ker, is separately noticed. nees the Buhe of Brandenburgh, and now
.\ paintinff by Sir Josh uu Re) nobis nf K'^r done into English.' The so-called translation
and his broUier Henry (iawler (afterwards i hupjplementary to Mach iavelli's well-known
af liaeoliiPa Inn) as tmys, was engraved by treatise, being addreaaed for the moat part to
J. K. Smith. The picture was sold in 1887 statesnion imd instructing them 'Howto Dis-
for 2,415^ (7Vm, 5 May 1887). semble,' How to abrogate Privileges,' How
' '

rfioose of Loids, Boxhorgfa Sneessakw, Kr to reveal a secret without giving offence to

arA Ler^ ..pp Hants, fzc, 1808, &c.; Dou;;la8's him who did inform you of it,' ' How to
i

l')trAgr of Scotirttid, od. Wood, ii. 453-4; Uent. collect taxes without oflending the subject^.'
Msg. 1842, pt. ii. p. 220; information kindly llie writer dedicates his small treatise or '

ropplid by Mr. M. I. Fortoseue Brickdale,aiia wandering meteor' to the Earl of Notting-

Mr. J. BHTill Vaizoy of Lincoln's Inn.] ham, and subscriljcs innieeU" * Pat. Ker.' This
B. D. J. volume waspublished by Thos. Howkins, the
KER, PATRICK(^. IGOl), poet, has been publisher oi the ' Aoyofiaxla* with which
auppoeied, with some support mm
internal work it wa in some cases originally bound
iaaiiee, to have been a Scottish episcopa- up. There seems little reason for supposing
Can who mifrated to Loudon during the that Patrick Ker wiw identical with a Rev.
nign d
Charlee II. ' Flosculum Poeticum. Dr. Kerr, an eminent schoolmaster of High-
riWBiS ^Uvine and humane. Fanegyrical, gate^ who ia nfetred to hy Dnnton (I4fft md
atjrical, ironical, by P. K. .'.(London, Errors, pa.'^simV
.

lfiH4, 12mo),tt volume of ultra-loyalist verse, [Notes and Queries, 2nd sar. i. 281, 4tb oei*.
though assi^ed by Lowndes to P. Kirk ii. 102 Hazlitt's Bibl. CoUectiouH, 3rd ser. p.
;

(BiU. Man. ii. 1262), omy be safaly attributed 132 Ker*! works in BxiU Mus. libiarj, aata>
;

to him. Facing the title-nage appears the logued nnder K.. P.] T, &
triariirle symbolical of the Trinity, whioh ap-
pears in another work, ' The Map of Mans
KER, ROBERT, Eabl Bomnr
(A
1646). [SeeOaxs.]
Misery,' witih the authoi's name, P. Ker, in
folL The 'FloHculum incliidei* a grotesque
'
KER, ROB ERT, first Eabl OF KoiiirKnH
cot of Charles If in the oak, accompanied bjr (1670? lefjO), eldest son of William Ker of
VMW> equally grotesque (p. 19), and a num- Ccsafurd, by Janet, daughterof Sir William

Digitized by Google
 Ker 54
Douglas of X>nuiilumg, wm bora about 1670. meter
Hn ntlwr was grandKm of that Sir Andrew
Ker [(]. v.] of ('t ^sfurtl \v)io
Marie kerr [q. v.], abbot of Newbattle. Ue
had charters of lands in the barony of Caver-
ton on 22 Marcli 1573 {Heg. May. Sig. Scot.
1 5^6-60, entry 2213 K and also on tlie same
date a enarter of the liarony of Oessftnd and
other lands {{b. 221 1). It was Sir Robert Ker s
father (not himself, as stAted sometimes) who
in 1686 assisted the banished lords in driv-
ing Arrnn fmni power, nnfl towanls the close
or l^^? wa#, at the same time as Scott of
Bnrcleiichjcommitted to ward, at the instance
of Lord Ilunsdon, for making' excursions on
the borders. In 1590 Sir Robert conspired
the murder of William Ker of Ancrum,
which was committed in Edinburph 'under
silence of nieht (Jlist, James the ^'^rt, p.
' burgh. Douglas and others state that the
245). He fled
to England but on 18NOT.
1591 obtained a remi.e*iion under the great
seal (JZro. May. %.
Scot, 1580-0.3, entry
1961). lie was an adherent of the Chan-
cellor Maitland of Thirlestane, whom in
1592 he succeeded in reconciling with the
queen (Stk James SIblville, Memoirs,
405). In October 1593 Ker, with two or
three hundred horse, joined the king at Lin-
lithgow to sunport him against the Both-
well party (Motsie, Memoin^ p. 106), and
while retorning homewards in December,
accoii]panii<d by nnly one servant, accident-
ally encountered JiothweU, who also was
aooompanied by only one attendant. They
^Vttght on horeelmck two by t^x-o f"r scverul
hours without decisive result, until at length
both parliee were so exhausted wiA tmnr
exertions that they sepamted by mutual con-
sent {ib. p. 111). On 27 March 1594 Ker,
as warden-depute of the middle maivhes,
received a commi.s.^inn from the privy coun-
cil for the pursuit of Bothwt 11 {liea. P. C.
SboO. V. 187), and fai August Ker of Femie-
hirst snrl others were ornered into ^vnnl for
declining to subscribe an aasociatiou to assist
him in the pursuit (ib. p. 161). On 16 Oct.
following he was denounced a rebel for
failing to present before the council Andrew
Ker of Newhall (t*. 2.)). On 2 Dec.
the Earl of Morton complained that Sir
Hobert had evaded the act by formally pre-
senting Andrew Ker before some of the coun-
cil in Edinburgh (ib. pp. 240-1). On 5 July
1596, for neglecting to appear before the king
and council to give advice regarding the
means to be used for the ouieting of the bor-
ders, he and others were aenounced as rebels
(if/, p. 300), but on the 24th lir found cau-
tion that he would keep good rule (ib, p. 742).
IlMcliwf nuon ftr his BoiMmeazaiiM was,
piobably, that he waa Umfelftlie pfime pio-
Kcr
of the diaorders. Sir Robert Carey
fq. v.l, afterwards mA of Monmouth, who
wa-s fatlior of aescrfbes as a 'brave, active young man'
Ker
(Memoirs, ed. 1808, n. 67), gives a graphic
description of his e.xpIoits, and of the manner
in which he eborKniated bim by the rapture
of Geordie Bourne, one of Ker's most daring
subofdhmtee. In December 1606 a settle*
ment of tbo disptites on the borders had been
arranged, iucluaing an exchange of priijoners,
and Ker, having niled to deliver up some
Entrlif^b prisoners, surrendered him.self in the
following year to Sir Robert Carey, by wliom
he was courteously treated. Not long after-
wanl8 he was released, and on 24 July 1699
he wa8 admitted a member of the privy coun-
cil of Scotland (Jtep. P. C. 8ooa.\. r>n7). In
the following year he was created Ivord Rox-
date of craation is onoertun, all that is
known being that it was previous to that of
Lindores (created 31 March 1600-1). before
whom his name appears in the lanldng of
the nobility in 1606; but, according to Sir
James Balfour, the creation took place on
p. 29 Dec. 1600 (Annah, i. 400). His name
appears as Roxburgh in the council sede-
runt of 10 Feb. 1601 (Reg. P. C. Seotl. "ri.
203). On 3 Aug. 1602 a cunimissidn of war-
dency was appointed for the middle marches
in Tiew of Hoxhniigh's intention to go abroad
f'/7;. p. \ Tie aroomprmied K .T:ime
itij^''
in his journey to London in 1603, after his
suceasMon to the English crown, and sob-
aeqnently retained a position of influence in
hia counsels. At tue parliament held at
Perth in July 1604 he was appointed a com-
missioner to treat with the English commis-
sioners regarding a union with England. On
24 July 1006 he was served heir to nis father,
and suDsequently he received a large num-
ber of charters of other lands, including
(15 Aug. 1630) that of the burgh of Canon-
gate, united into the barony of P.roughton.
On 24 June 1606 the council ordained that
a deadly fend between him and the Kers of
' Ancrum on acconnt of the slaupliter of their
father should he subnnttt-d to arl)itration
(ib. viL 815), and on 20 Nov. the Kors of
Ancrum, although declining to submit the
lend to arbitration, agreed to be reconciled
(t*. vii. 27l').
In October 1607 Roxbuigh was sent as the
king's comnrissioncr to the synod of Merse
ond Teviotdale, to urce its compliance with
the enactment of the Linlithgow convention
by admitting one of the * constant modera-
tors of the presbytery to be mtxlerator of
'
the synod, but 'got anato<ttitw'(CAJj)iBB-
wooD,vL 660). Ha WM
letained a member
of the ptivy councU cm
Digitized by Google
 Ker
ro^al letter 20 Jan. 1010 ( 7?^P. C. Scotl.
;.
Till. 815). On 18 Sept. IGlti be was created
Earl of Roxburgh and Lord Ker of GeMftird
and Gaverton. He was, however, disap-
pointed at not obtaining the place of cham-
berUin to the prince, and about the same
time his lady lost the favour of the oueen
ad left the court {Cat. State I'apers, horn.
S.r. 1011-18, n. 415). In the parliament
which met at Edinboigh on 25 July 1621
lie waa dmen lord c? the srtielee, and in
the same parliament he voted for the con-
firmation of the five articlee of Perth. He
WW a member of tbe committee appointed
fcy King .Tan -. ]<) May 1623, to sit every
week for the purpose of hearing nievances
(GuJOBwooii, Til. 676). In 16S7 lie waa
made Inrd privjrseal of Scotlanrl. After tho
afternoon eervice in St. Giles's Church on
23 July f tiiia ywr, which followed the die-
tnrbanre caused in the forenoon by the reading
of tbe servio;, Koxbui^^h drove the bishop to
hislodgings in hie carnage amidst the etone-
thmwin^ of an enrng^ed mob (GoKDOy, Scots
Afain, i. 11 Spaldino, MemoriaUf i. 80).
;
Sobsequently he favoured a confersBM with
the ministers in order that tlu' iiuiffcrs in
dilute might be arranged, although )ie \s a^
Wfposod to bo a secret supporter of t pinco-
MCy. In Novembor he wns pent from Lon-
don fay the king with secret instruct ion.s for
fhe oonncil to take decisive action (king's
letter in BAr.Potm, Annals, ii. 237), the re-
sult being that all meetings held in opposi-
tion to the senrice4>ook were discharged
nader pain of treason (Gordok, i. 32). Rox-
bnifirfa was one of those who, on 22 Sept.
H i^, subscribed the king's covenant at Holy-
rood {ib. p. 106). He was one of die six
sMssso re named hy the Wng to rit in the
pneral assembly held at Glasgow in Novem-
ber (aft. p. 144 ; SPALPure, p. 118), but not
Bowed l>y the assembly to take part in the
buines<i. On the nuthri'uk of the civil war
in 16S8 he joined the king, but his son having
joined the eo^renanterSihe himself was ibr se-
curity commit tefl on 15 May to the mayor's
houwat Newcastle (CW. State Papers, Dom.
8r. 1639, p. 173). In June he, however,
tgain ki8ed the king's hnnrl'? {ih. p. 265), and
s little later was received into (p-uat favour
(ii.
p. 208). After the pacification of Ber-
^xhe returned home. As he luid not wub-
acriUfd the covenant, he was not permitted
to enter the Scottish parliament when it was
opened by the king in 16-11, but, alon;? with
othernoblemen under similar disabilities,
room' (B&UX)rB,^nfuz/>,
'ftsyed in the next
iii. Havin?, however, subscribed on
44).
18 Aug., he took his seat {ib. p. 45), and
BSfimp hie office of privy teal mmi-
55 Ker
firmed to him, served on several important
committees. Ue also took a prominent part
in most of the discusnons, supporting so far
08 possible a policy consonant to the wishes
of the king. When Charles in 1642 at-
tempted the arre.st of the five members, Rox-
burgh kept the door of the house open that
members might see the inadvisaUlity of
si.stance. In the following year he was stated
to have been concerned in the writing of a
letter to the queen ftmn Derby, informing
her of the intention of the Scots to tnko up
1 arms. He remained, however, practically
neutral until in 1648 he supported the 'en-
gagement for tilt' king's rescue. For doing
'
t SO ho was on 13 Feb. of t be following year
|
deprivedoftheolBeeof privy seal. He died
18 Jan. 1050, in his eightieth year, at his
house of Floors (now known as Floors
,
Castle), near Kelso,and was buried in Bow-
,
den Church on 20 March.
Roxburgh was thrice married. By his
j
first wife, Margaret, only daughter of Sir
William Maitland of Letnington, he had one
son, William, lord Ker, who graduated at
Edinburgh University 28 July 1610 and
died wliiTe travelling in France in 161 and
three daughters: Jean, married l(ii5 to Sir
William Dnimmond, fourth son of Johu,
second earl of Pertn Isabel, married to
;
James Scrimgeouri second viscount Dundee;
and Maijr,]iianied first to James Haly burton
of Pitcaim, and secondly to James, second
earl of Southesk. By his second wife, Jean,
third daughter of Patrick, third lord Drum-
mondf be had a son, Harrv, lord Ker, who
died mJanuary 1643, and whose daughter,
Margaret, wiff of Sir James Innes, third
baronet, was ultimately great-grandmother
of James fones-Ker, fifth duke of Roxburgh
[q. v.j^ I?v his third wife, Isabel Douglas,
nnh daugbter of William, earl of Morton,
Boxbuiffh had no issue. Having no hf
male, the titles and istafi in jicnirdanco
-;,
with a new destination obtained in 1643, re-
newed l^durter nnder the great seal 81 July
1616, and executed 23 Feb. 1648, passed to
Sir William Drummond, the husband of
Roxburgh's eldest daughter, Jean.
[R^p. Msg. Sig. Sc)t. Tol. ii-iii,; R*g. P. C.
iScotl. vols.v-ix. Cal. 8u>to PaperB. Dom. Ser.
;
ruigns uf James I and Charles I ; Hist. Jamus
the Sext, Sir Janss MriviUe's Hemoiie, Bdbsit
PnillirV Lettew and Journals, and Mojaie's
Meiuuirs (last four Biuinutyno Club); Gordon's
.Scots Affiiirs and Spaldiug'H Memorinlk of
the Troblw (both SjDaldiiig Club) ; Sir James
j
(
Balfoer^s Aonals; Caldflrwood's Hist, of the
Clnirrh uf .'^,\')t l;\nri Sir Robert Cartjy's Monioinj;
;
Ilouglas's 8cottiiib Peerage (Wood), ii. 447-A.]
1 T.F.H.
Digitized by Google
 Ker 56 Ker
KER, ROBERT, first Earl op Axcuitm nated a menil)er of the commission on cot-
(1578-1654), eldest son of Willinm Ker of tages, and also of that appointed to inquire
Ancrum, by Margaret, diiugliter uf Alexan- into breaches of the law against the taaing
der Dundos of Flngask, who afterwards be- 1
of excessive usury (tft. pp. 6(^2-8). On 23 Sept.
came wife of Sir George Douglas of ^^o^ling- he made a complaint regarding certain grants
ton, was (see Correspondence, p. 371) ) bom out of hia perquisites to others, cxpluiuing
0 I^BO. 15/8. William Ker of Ancrum was that his diligence in encouraging the starch
grandson of Andrew Ker f>f Fcmiehirst trade had raised the value (ih. 1638- 9, p. 24),
[(i.
v.] He succeeded to the lumily estates and the matter was referred to the attorney-
on the assassination of his father in 1690 general {ib. 16a9Hl(Vp.88). On 28 March of
by Sir Robert Ker of Cessfurd, afterwards the following year a pension of 2,000/. por
first earl of Roxburgh [q. v.] In 1603 he annum was assigned to him and his wife for
was appointed groom of tne bedchamber in both their lives {ib. 1638-9, p. 020). Ho
the household of Prince Henry, and shortly seems to have retired from the oflice of privy
afterwards knighted. On 1 Oct. of the same purse in the end of February of this year,
year he signed, as provost of Jedburgh, the lor in April he received a discharge for all
mineral bond against thieves and robben of sums received by him up to the previoua
the borders (JRcff. P. C. Seotl. -vi. 836). On Maxeh {ib, 1689/p. 100). In Oetofer 1640
24 June inoC he consented to drop the feud his wife received a gift of 1,7(X)/. in recog-
-with lioxbuigh [see under Kjbh, Robsbx, first nition of her services as govexucss to the
Eabl or RoxBVBen}. He was one of tbe three princesses and alM to the Duke of
conunissiouers appointed in 1 607 to see to the Gloucester {tb. 1640 1, p. 172). Although
acceptnnee of ' conatant moderatora' by the Aucrum's son William, bird earl of LothiMi,
t

presbyti ry (Of. 876). After a foreign joined tlra eovenanting party, Ancrum him-
journey he was appointed one of the (jentle- self continued faitliful to the royalist causo
men-iu-ordinary to Henry, prim e of Wale*. during the whole of the puritan conflict. He,
Hie WM aim freauently employed on special however, vemdned aloof fimm public allaiiB
missions to Scotland. On IS Nov. 1613 he from 1041 to lO.'O. On the deafli of Charles
resigned the captaincy of the guard in fa- he retired to /Vmsterdam. He died there iu
vour of 8ir Andrew &er of Ozenhame, in great poverty towards the close of 1664. His
order to attend on the king's 8on, Charles. dead body was arrested in May 1655 by his
In the beginning of Febrtiary 1620 Charles creditors to secure payment of bis dbQbts,
Maxwell of Terrcglcs accused Ker of saying but through the intermediation of Cromwell
something about the Dtike of Buckingham, with the Dutch authorities direct! uis \vero
which led to a duel at Newmarket. Max- given that the funeral should not be dicj-
well waa shun. Maxwell wsa clearly the turbed.
oB'ending party, and a verdict of mnn.'-lau^.li- .\ncrum was twice married. By his first
ter having been returned at the coroner s in- wife, Elirabeth, daughter of Sir John Mur-
quest, Ker, after six months' banishment, re- ray of Black barony, he had one son, "WiUiana
ceived a fii)ecial pardon on 23 Oct 1620. In Kerr [q. v.], who married Anne, counfefis of
1623 Ker joined Prince Charles in Spain as Lothian,and was created third earlot Lothiau
gentleman of the bedchamber ( Verneff Papers, 31 Oct. 1631. By Ills second wife, Lady
Cftradeu Soc. 18o3, p. 107). In April follow- Anne Stanley, daughter of "William, sLvtu
iu^ a pension was bestowed on him and his earl of Derby, by Elizabeth Verc, he had one
wife* On the accession of Charles in 1625 son, Charloi, oail of Ancrum, and aevoTBl
he was promoted to be a lord of the bed- daughters.
chamber. Subeequently he was made mas- Ancrum was a man of cultivated tastes,
ter of the privy purse, and on the occasion of and lived on terms of intimai^ with soma
the coronation of Charles in Scotland was of the most famous literary men of bin time,
in 1633 created Earl of Ancrum, Lord Nis- including John Donne and Drututuoud of
bet, Lan^tu \vton,andDolphinton. On? Jan. Ilawthomden. His Sonnet in Praise of a
*

1634-0 he obtained a grant for seven years ot Solitary Life,' sent in 1624 to Drummond,
the ten-shilling impost on the ton of forei^ was published in Drummond's works, and
Btarch, and of the four-shilling impost paid reprinted in 1876 in his own * Correspond-
by the makers of starch in the kingdom to ence.' While abroad he also wrote a metrio
Uie king, 200/. a year of the grant being re- cal version of the Psalms, to fit them to tunoa
served for the king(Ca/. State Papert, Dom. he bad heard them sung to in the Low
Ser. 1634-6, p. 454). On 28 June 1638 he Countries. These have been also published
received powera for thirty-one years for the In his ^Goirespondenee.' His portrait, by
discovery of ainl)ergri8 and things lost at sea Blyenbach, is at Newbatfle Abbey, and haa
Ci^l638,p.627). On22 Aug. he was nomi- been engraved in his 'Correspondence.' Xhero

Digitized by Google
 Kcr
is an engraved portrait in Walpole's others at Glosgow, whence they sent a letter
tlso
*Boyal and Noble AutLurs,* and in FinkeV" to Morton declaring their ignorance of the
ton's ^ Iconographia Scoticn.'
[Reg. P. C. Scotl. vi-ix. ; Cal. Huxte Papers,
iKiin. Ser.. reign of Charles I ; Sir James Bal-
foor'a Aanala of Sootland; CorxMpoodeiiOD of
Sir 1tol)ert Ker, Bart of AnennD, and hie eoD,
Willi.im Kor. third Eiirl of Lntliian, 1875 WrI-
polr'b Royal and Noblo Authors, cd. Park
kerton'sIconographia Scotiea Douglas's Scot-;
Iwh Peerage (Wood), ii. 13-7.] T. F. H.
KEB. Sis THOMAS {d. 1686), of fernio-
80B of Sir Jolm Ker of Femie-
birgt, by his wife CiitlK riiio, daugbter of Sir
Andrew Ker of Cesafurd y.l succeeded his
firther in Jnlj 1603. His &ther was Mcond
foa of Andrew Kcr of Feiniebirst [q. v.]
Sureties were given in August of the same
Tear for bis appearanoe before tlie oouicil in
Kovember (li^ff. P. C. Scot!, i. 216), in con-
sequence of the feud between the Kers and
the 8cotts of Buccleuch, but on 6 Dec. ho
WM fineed from all blame (if>. i. 227). Tn
iWember 15()4 he was warded in the castle
of Edinburgh for the aon-paTment of certain
tfinds to the commendator of Jedlmrph (ib.
L 304). He was one of the memUtrs of the
|rify cnvincil specially chosen in 1565 on ac-
crnnt of the ruoellion of Moray and his adher-
ents at the t ime of tlie Darnley marriage, and
m October attended the ^ueen in the * ftound-
boat Raid ' to Durofnes. While in the
toutbem diotricta the queen coiiuimuded
him to rai*e the royal standard ut the head
of hifi followers, and placed herself under his
immediate protection. On the escape of the
q:ttn from Loch 1 even in 1568 Kfflr joined
her at Hamilton. Although he signed the
loBdof Trriotdale, 10 Api^ 1669, in support
of the authority of the regent on the boraers
1651^ his maintenance of border thieves
emBpellea the regent to make a special ex-
eur-i in into Liddesdale in the following Sep-
tember (CALDEBWOoDt ii. 505). He made no
coBeealraont of the protection given by him
to the Earl of We^f morhuul on his flight
from F.ngland in ^'ovember. and Douglas of
Given told Sir Ralph Sadler that *his
iiia.=tcr'[Sir Tlioinfi.s Ker] 'cared not eo much
for thf regent as the regent cared for
(Bai'Leb, State Papen, ii. 114). Cavers also
affirmed that Ker was well able to miHe three
tiotissnd men ' within his own rule.'
and ^>tt of Buccleuch wer supposed to
bavf Lad some knowledge of the conspiracy
sfiiiiat the regent, and on the night of the
marder made an excursion into the English
fcorders, 'not so much for greediness of booty
Si to provoke the English (Caldebwood, ii.
'
US; alio Hbebibb, Memoirt, p. 131). In
Immj he tu/t with the Hamiltona and
57 Ker
agent in the regent s murder, and professing
their willingness to consult with the rest of
the nobility forsecuringj u.stice (CalsbbVOOO^
p. 529). Ker also about the same time wrote
a letter to hie fathor-in-law, Kirkcaldy of
; Grange, offering to quiet the borders if the
; Pin- queen of England ' would sUv her army ' (ib.)
In April, Sussex and Lord Himsdon entered
Scothmd, urul, besides ravaging thr Iiinds of
Ker, demolished his castle ot Femiehirst^
which remained in ruins till 1696. In 1670
Ker con.spirod, alurifr ^vjili Lord Ilerrles and
others^ to surprise Kdiubu^h, but the nro-
iect miaearried (Hbhbibi, Mtmeinf p. 180).
Subsequently he jDliied Kirkcaldy of Grange,
in the castle of Edinburgh, with 'seventy
spears or thereabout ' fOaLDHSWooD, iii 76).
Ho also brout;ht with him his charter chest
whidi (It the surrender of the castle was de-
stroyed by Morton. By the party of the
queen Ker was chosen provost of the city
of Edinburgh {K^VMXW, Memoir, p. 188)*.
He was one of those forfeited at the parlia-
ment of the opposite jiarty held at Stirling
in August 1671 (Cai.dehwood, iii. 136). Ker
took part in the raid of September, in which
Lennox was slain. The borderers under
him and Scott of Buccleuch began to pillage
prematurely, and a sally put the rainers to
flight (Hekribs, p. 118). In the following
()ct<jber Ker assembled a force to attack
Jedburgh, and on account of complaints
of the inhabitants a bond was on 12 Feb.
1671-2 subscribed for his pursuit (iZey. P. C.
Scot I. ii. 117). Some time before the sur-
render of the castle of Edinburgh he sought
refuge abroad, but through the influence
of Esm6 Stuart, earl of Lennox, he ob-
tained license to return home at the close of
1679. Although believed to hare been di>
rerfly imulicated in the murder of Darnley,
Ker, at toe execution of Morton on 2 June
1681 on the charge of having been ' art and
part in the raur ler,' stood 'in a shott over
against the scatlold, with his large rulilee,
delighting in this spectacle * (Oauibbwood.
iii. 575). Shortly afterwards he was restored
lum to his estate.^, and on 26 Nov. 1583 he re-
ceived from parliament a formal and full
pardnn. lie continued to be ouenf the chief
Ker supporters of Lennox^ accompanying him
after the Ruthven raid to Glasgiow. On
30 Nov. Ker failed in an attempt to scixo
Edinburgh {id. p. G91). At the general as-
'
sembly of the kirk held in Oetomr of this
year the sespifin of Haddington were en-
I
loined to call before t hem the Laird of Femie-
hir8t,hiswifo,and his daughtMr,on theohaig*
|
of going to SUMS in Fnam and other parti
Digitized by Google
 Ker
bojond and ako to require them to sub-
sea,
scribe the eonfeMJon of faith {ib. p. 682).
In 1584 Ker was appointed warden of the
middle marches ana keeper of Liddesdale.
During a meeting held by him on 27 July
1586 with Sir John Forster, the English war-
den, a fray arose between the Scota and Eng-
lish, in which Francin, lord Ru8eD was
fatally wounded. The English sii?])ec!ed
this to be a deliberate plot of Ferniehinst,
loompted by Arran, to break off the confer-
ence. The Scott ih king talked for a time
of Bending^ them into England to be tried, but
afterwards clinnged his mind. On 18 Aug.
Femiehirst appeared before the council and
made a declaration abeolving Arran from all
connection with the murder (Iteff. P. C. Scotl.
iy.4). Shortly afterwards Ker was committed
to ward in Aberdeen, where he died some
time in 1686. He is described bv CamJrii
as a stout and able warrior, readty for any
* nathised with the ^ueen-regent, but in April
gnat attmnpt and undertaking, and of an im-
moyable fidelity to the Queen of Scot^s and
the king, her son; having been once or twice
turned out of all hia laMB and lbrtuneB,and
banished the sight of his countrjr and chil-
dreUf which yet he endured patiently, and,
after to manj crmms iGUling upon him to>
gether, persisted unshaken and always like
himself. He was twice married. By his first
wife. Janet, daughter of Sir William iCirkaldy
of Grange [q. v.], he had a pou, Andrew,
who succeeded nim, and two daughters:
Janet, married, first to Sir Tat rick Ilume of
Polwarth, and secondly to Thomas earl of
Haddington; and Margaret, married to Ro-
blBVt) aecond lord Melville of Monimail. By
nis second wile, Janet, sister of Sir Walter
Scott of Buccleuch, he had three suns Sir
James Ker of Crailing; Thoma.s, who inherited
from his father the lands of Ox.'uhame; and
Robert [see Carr, Robert, I'-.\kl of Somkr-
8Et], the favourite of King James and a ;
daughteri Janet, married to John, lord
Balgy.
[Sadler's State Papers ;
Reg. P. C. Scotl.
Lord Henies's tfemoir8(AbbotafordClub);
l-iT. ;
CaldafWMd^ Hist, of Ohwdi of Scotland
DoQglaafa Seottiih tmnn (Wood), 33-4.]
ii. 1
T. F. H.
KSB, 8iB WALTER (d. 1684
Ccssfurd, eldest son of Sir Andrew Kor of
C^furd [q. v.], bv his wife Agnes, daughter
of Robert, second ford Griehton of Sanquhar,
was served heir to his father 12 May 1628.
He had charters of various lands on 23 April
and 21 Sept. 1542, and in 1643 he received the
lands and barony of Ces^sfurd, with th castle
of the same and their annexes (iiVy. Maf/. Siff.
1613-46, entry 2786). In Octtber 1562 Sir
WaHtr Soott of Buodauch wai JdUad in th
5 Kef
High Street of Edinburgh in a nocturnal en-
I counter with the Kera, headed by Sir Walter
of Cossfurd. On 8 Dec. they petitioned the
privy council regarding the unhappy chance,'
'
offering to submit to anything to save their
lives and herifnges (li/'ff. P. C. Srofl. i. 133).
It was decided that they should be banished to
France, but on 16 May 1663 they received ft
full pardon (t6. p. 141). On 9 Aug. of this
I
year Cessfurd, with John Ker of Femiehirst
and Andrew Ker of Hirsell, siif ned a bond to
be Mi ill and trew men' to .Tnhn Hamilton,
arehbirihop of St. Andrews, urid James, earl
of Arran, &c. (Hamilton MSS., Hit. MSS.
Comm. 11th Rep. App. pt, vi, p. '^9). On
28 Aug. 1559 he was appointed one of the
commissioners to treat for the ransoming of
prisoners taken by the English in the late
war {Cal. State Papers, For. Ser. 1558-9,
entry Um). Cessfurd as a catholic sym-
i660 he came with Lora Home to the
camp of the lords of the congregtition
Scott. Ser. p. 140). On the return of the
youngQueen Mary to Scotland Oessfurdwaa
reiipnoirUed to his old office of warden of the
miaale marches {It^. P. C. ScotL i. 169).
When the diiefii of the border dam were
ordered in 15fi7 to enter tlie castle of Edin-
burgh on the pretext that they misht hinder
the success of BothwdPa expedition into
Liddesdale, Cessfurd, 'a weill-meaning man,
suspecting nothing,' was the only one except
Ker of Femiehirrt whoobcyed (cTalderwood,
ii. 360). Hp wa.s one of the chief leaders
against the queen at Carberry Hill p.
8(), find i\.\m at Langside, where he fought
Ride by side with T^ord Home (SiK Jaues
: Melville, MeiiMrs, p. 201). On 3 April
1669 he signed the bond of Teviotdale, pro-
mising obedience to the regent {Pey. P. C.
I. 658), and he serv ed under Morton at tho
f^iege of Edinburgh. When Ker of Femie-
hirst and others of the queen's pnrty ad-
vanced to plunder Jedburgh in 1571, the in-
vols. habitants sent toCes-sfurdfor assistance, and
by his aid and that of Lord Ruthven they
were cfjmph>tely routed (Caloerwood, iii.
inny Cessfurd wn,"* one of those who, under
Atholl and Ai^gyll, took up arms againat
P), of Morton in 1678. In 1582 he rigned theboad
which resulted in the raid of nufhven. He
died in 1684 or 1585. B v his wife Isabel d augh-
,
ter of Andrew Ker of Femiehirst [a. v.], he
had two ponp : Andrew, who pred' easr d l
him, and William, warden of the middle
marches ; and two oaughten : Agnes, married
*
to John Edmon>i1onnt' nf Fdnionstounc, and
Margaret, to Alexander, fourth earl of Home.
[Reg. Miig. Sig. 8eot tdI. i.; Reg. P. C.
BootL Mil. 1. and ii,j CaL State P^i% For.
Digitized by Google
 Kerckhoven 59 Keroualle
8w.. ri 'gn of Elizabeth; Calderwood's History the dt>clfirf\f Inn of war against the Dutch, in
flfthe Church of Scotland ; M8S. of the Earl of accordance with the treaty of Dover, was not
Hone (Hit. MSS. Comiu. 12th Rep. App. Tiii.); long in comhiff (March 1879; cf. HliB. db
Sir James Melrille's Memoirs; DongUs's Scottish SAvifjyft, ed. Monmerqni'-. iJ^fi?, ii. nifi).
Peenge (Wood), ii. 446.0.] T. F. H. On 29 July 167:2 Louise bore the king a
SEBOKHOVEN, OATHERINE Lkvr eon, Charles Lennox, first duke of Riehmond
Biiyunrr nr\<\ CoisrvjiS OV OHaBnODIBLD [q. V.J But for a time her po.'^ition was un-
(rf. lt'>17). Set' KlRKHOVE!?.*] certain (cf. ib. iv, 128-9). Although univer*
m]\y unpoDularin England as a Frenchwoman
KEKNE, SiH ED \V AKD {d. 1661), diplo- \

and catnolic, she ntncrthfless contrived to

tiit. [8eG4Bn.]
hold her own^aud having Wen, ut the request
KEROUALLE, T/)UISE REN^E dh, of Louis XIV, naturalised as an English
DVCUMM OF PosmCOVTH AMD AXTBIOKT subject, fhe wa on I5> Aug. Ifi73 crpfitod
(HHI^17M), wM the ldr of tbe two daugh- Barone.sa Petersfield, Countess of Fnreham,
ters of Oulllfttime de Penancoiit, sieur de and Duchess of Portsmouth (Dotlb). Th0
X^Q&Ue.a Bretcm gentleman of very ancient ducal title at first grnnted to her, but imme-
Ihwife, w liooe wife wm
through her mother diately altered, is said to have been that of
er<tinH?ted with the De Rieux. Evelyn, who Pendennis. In the same year she was sworn
mide tlie aoquaintence of her p&rvnte on lady of the bedchamber to the queen (ib.)
IhairTMit to KngUnd ia 1075, ffireeapleuant In 174 Oharles induced Louis XIV to
acconnt of them {Diary, ii. ^510 ). Her only grant the duchess, who was obliged toseelttde
brother, Seboetian, took part in tho campaign herself at the time, the fief of Aubigny in
IB Candm mder the Duke of Beaufort in Berry, with remainaer to such of her natural
lrt69 (FoRWBBOiO. Before this date Louise chile Iren bv Clmrles n s .should be designated by
d<' Kimualle haa become mud of honour to
him. The^fhadrevertedtotheFienchcrown
Hciirif'ttA, duchess of Orieut, the sister of in Deeemher 1079 by the death of Ghutee
Charles II. In l^iTO she ftccompnnied to Eng- Stuart, duke of Richmond, on whose family
land the Ducheeis of Orleans, who was nego- it had been first bestowed by Charles VU
tbtb^^ t he first treaty of Dover. Hun
no of TVaaee hi 1499 (Cvtivn, 1. 169; Dona,
proof of the existence nt the time of any iii. 127: LiNOAim, 0th edit. 1855, ix.
design to establish her as the mistress of 257). The title of Duchess of Aubigny, canj*
Charles II. But he was ffrowing weiT of ing with it the coveted right of a teAovttt
Lsdj Castlemaine. The effect produced on at the French court, was for the present with-
bitn by bis sister's attendant was at once held. Tho diwrace of Buckingham at the
obrioos, and probably contributed to a pro- time was widehr attributed to her influence
hmntion of the negotiations. A coldness (Rerksby, pn. 192 3). In Dcrt'mb.'r IH?)
OB the part of Charles towards Louis XIV re- an annuity of 10,000/. was settled upon her
sulted from the sudden death of the Duchess out of the wine licenses. In the same month
flf Orleans alter her return to France (June), tilt! kin^' cinlnwtMl the 1>^lche?^^ of P(rtO-
ad Lomse db KCfOiulle was thereupon sent nioiith'8 youngersister, Henriet ta, on her mar-
W k to England, Charles ordering a roynl riage to Philip Herbert, seventh earl of Pem-
nchi to meet her t Calaia. On arriviiig in broKe [see under IIertikrt, Pmr.ip, fotirth
Lmdaa riw was aaawd maid of honour to earl]. In Augiust 1075 the ducliess's son,
Qneen Catherinf. Charles, was created Duke of Richmond.
Mile, de K6rouaUe at first played hor During the administmtion of Danby tbe
m
gne to oratioiialy to ditpirit tiw Fimncb Duchess of Portsmouth consistently exerted
ambassador, ColhTt de Ordissy. In No- herself to keep Charles in dependence on
naber Ereljm fint saw the new 'famoua France, notwitlistanding his outward pre-
hsaatj ,bot ia mjopiiiiaiiofaehildith, simple, tences to the contrary; but she was anxious
M'l h&by face' {uiary, ii. 25?^). Gradually, to keep on g^nrxl terms with Dnnby (ib.
p.
kowerer, her charms and her coyness pre- 165), to whom it is said that she at one
nM,iid the mmiaten began to pay court time granted a tbarc of her fiiTonrs. Her
to b<T. Dtiring a sojourn of the king at ascPTKi'^ucy over the king, which s' tn 1 as-
N'-wmarket she was, in October 1671, in- sured by the retirement from court of the
cited to Lady Arlingtoani oountry seat of DuefaesB of Cnereland, was imperilled bv tbe
En.toii, where, with the co-operation of the arrival in Enplnrul, about the enti of 1^75,
Frvnch ambassador and others, she wuh efta- of Hortensia Mancini, duchess of Mazarin.
Uhd as mistress en tiin {A. ii The rising inlhienee of Monmouth was also
2IJ7). Loui? XIV s'nt hf'f conprntularioiifs ii'ird n;^ninit h<T. Yt't in the contest which en-
sod though, notwitiistoudmg her entreaties, sued (see WALLKK'spoem, The Triple Combatf
CbilMdelqMbitpnAMMMofoithoMe^ ie76; AMterter^f JHrnweir, 1680), although

Digitized by Google
 Keroualle
she found little support either at court or in
Uie public at large, the duchess was in the
end altogether 8uece>>fiil (sec Forkekox, p.
143). At the close nf lt77 she fell seriouKly
ill, but maintained herself in power, with the
help of Barillon, the new Freiicli amliasjiudor.
On the outbreak of the Popish plot troubles
*
' quarrel with Halifax (Hi:iuj<ii v, pp. 272, 270 ).
the duchesB was th<m>ughly frightened, and
inclined to fly to France. On 2o April 1679
fthe was reHected on byname in both houses
of parliuinent, but no further etcp was taken
affaiust her (liKESBT, p. 1(S8 ; cf. A. SiDKET,
Letters to JI. Savtlle (1742), p. 46; but see
Fo&NEROV, p. 177 note). ]ij way of pro-
cantion. she hereupon made advances to
ShaftesDunr, and sought to ingratiate bei^
Felf with Monmouth, with tin help of her
confidential serraut, the notorious Mrs. Wall
(ct H. Simrar, Diary, ii. 23, and i. 190-1,
and note. Forneron regards tht- supposed
letAen of the duchess to Monmouth in the
Brttiah Mvseum as forgeries). At the mbw
time eh.' U<o]i .'^pt-cial pains to secure the
confidence and goodwill of the Prince of
Onnge rH. SimniT, Disry, L 10, ftc. ), and
contnvea to remain on good terms with the
Duke of York i. 176, 189). ^Uthough
she was never more unpopular, her influence
over the kinjr remainecf unbroken despite his
60 Keroualle
court. She abo paid a vi^it to her estate of
Aubigny. On her ret urn to Englondahefound
the king and the Duke of York on cordial
terms, and contrived to bring about the reap-
pointment of Sunderland as secretary of state
{ib. i. 736). She sided with Roche.ster in hia
Nothing could now shake her sway over
the enervated king, not even his jealousy of
[
her intrigue with Philip de Vendome, whom
'
Charles proved unable to drive out of the
I country, till Louis XIV, anxious for the
| maintenance of the duchess's ascendency, had
brought about his return to France (Forhtb-
. m
bok; see Haicbarj), FarHo miary Zhbatet,
I xxxW. 087). Treated hy hoth king and duke
as a mt'inbi-r nf the royal family, hhe took part
in negotiating the marriage of the Princess
<
Anne with Pnnee George of Deumaik. Tiio
erection of the estate of A iil)i;^niy int o a duchy
1 was granted her by Louis iu letters patent
'
of Janvary 1684, and a year later the Duke
of RichniontI wa.s naturalised in l-'rarico. in
order to be able to succeed to her eetatee and
[
title there.
,
Tier splendid apartment at the end of the
gallery at Wliitehall (Eveltk, ii. 314, 419-
420; cf. H. SiDKBT, I. 208) was, according
to Kvclyn, twiee or thrice puU'd down ana
*

periodical mlideUties. In December 1679 rebuilt to satisfy her iirodigal and expensive
the VBonoval of herself and Sunderland from pleasures;' it was ultimately burnt down,
court was onee more dcnifinded by parlia- with all the building.s adjoining, 9 April
ment, and she deemed it prudent to disjuiiiui 1691 (KvELTN, iii. 93; cf. AutolHOffrap/uf^
hm catholic servants (ib. p. 217). There Sir J. /I'ramsfon, Camden Soc., 1H4o, p. So6|.
seems no floubt that ]n' was brf>ught to When the post-ofrici- joh fnile<l, slit- had been
favour the Kxt lasion liiU unavoidable in
as* allowed 10,00<J/. a (juarter out of the privy
itself and likely to advance the inlere.-^t of purse (MaiIVHEBson, Original Paperi^, i. 1 ?A) \
tht' Duke of Kichmond (Burnet, ii. 2698efiq. but the sums paid to her varied, and iu 16H1
cf.Clarke, Life of James II, i. 645). Both |
amounted to tne enormous toUil of 136,668/.
she and Nell iwyn were at Oxford during
( None of the king's other mistrest>es appear
the parliament of 1681 (Luttrbll, i. 71). 1 to have approached her in rapacity (see J. .
During the remainder of the reign she was |
AxFRMAN, Secret Serrices of Charles II and
not exposed to any serious rivalrj- (II.Siditey, James II, 1679-88, Camden SoC, ISO, and
iL SSSnmM,) Her feeling of securitv is beet the comments of FoBHioojr).
i

ahown hywt Tint to France from Mardi to During Chaile^s fatal iUnees she was ex-
July 1682, which was at first represented by eluded from flic ro) al cliamln'r hu(, accord- ;

her enemies as her final withdrawal, and was ing to Barillon (cf. 0. J. Fox, History of the
i

altribated to the Dukeof YofVa zeientment. Reigji of Jamet II, edit. 1808, Appendix, p.
She had air. idy, in November 1681, presse l xii),it was .she who iuf irinedhinioftheking'ii
for his return from Scotland, with a view membership of tho church of liome, and thus
1

to his settlinf^ on here nufe-dhaive of 6,0001. ohtained for him die last oonaolattons jof his
on the revenut' of the post-orace for fifty faith. She is said to have suspected Jnmr- of
'

years, to be made up to him out of the excise, having poisoned his brother (t6.p. 67 and note
j

and, though the plan fell throngh, hia reeall a. HAuax, CbmtUuHomU JSRM. 10th edit,
'

followed (Macpiikrsox, Orvjinnl Papers, i. ii. -IflH note). Immediately, however, after
129 Je(iq. Life of James II, i. 722 seqq.) In the death of Charles II she was visited by
;

France she not only benefited by the waters James, and received assurances of protection
of P>ourl> >ii, where she spent part of May and from both him and Loiiis XIV. A sura ex-
June with l^jr Pembroke, but also ttlrength- ceeding 12,000/., probably due to her on her
ened her podtum ife Venullee. St.-Simon pension, was at once paid. But, notwiih-
deaeritwaker wumleception at the franoh ^^Aixiitiy coBctesies of (he king and thn

Digitized by Coogle
 Keroualle
gocMlwill of grvw
ii<jch'tter, tilu uiioai-} , hikI
WIS fiirthur dLsquiet&d bj the dismistfiftl
Richmond firom the mastfrruhip of the horse.
Hhf df^sind that thr pension of^3,000/. offered
toller mi^ht be u(Mi d to that of 2,<K)()/. pro-
posed for uer son Iisit claimed in vain llie ful-
: grapher terms her eitpnt frmd, and to her
filment of a suiipos' d promise by Charles II
of a Irisli estate or interest. Fully
mra of the genmd hatred a^inst her, and
appiehenriTe of a direct attack in parliament,
Hi*' cro-st-il to I'rance, where she bad Ivge
iarestmenta, in August 1685.
! France she met ^th a cold welcome.
Althougli ill II ]t' r-,)nal intervit w I/iniisXTV
destrojred a formal sentence of banishment
gainst her, ahe soon retiinied to England,
and remained at Wliitthall (Ellin Corre-
lytondenee, L 176) till the end of July 1688,
when her evdden departure to France gave
fie to '^Toat ronjfctiirp-' (if}, ii. 78, KW).
At New Vear lttt<y the Duke of llichmond
gave explanations to Louis on behalf of him-
ielf ana of his mother, who was charged
with <ein<l:ilou ufteraiice^s about the birth
of th"- IVince of Wales (Danobau, ii. 28G);
tLnn.' liad b t-n nn ctld ^^ru(lgn between her
and t^u- n Mnry of Modena. At the same
time sh'- ma le vain endeavours to recall to
William III her former (supposed) services
to his interest (cf. ITenrt Sidney in
Diary, StCf ii. 307-8). Her pension was
witbflrawn ; in April 1691 a firo consumed
W
lated m
u^yartm<?nt8 and the tn'Rwun s accumu-
them ; in the previous yt-ar her father
had died, and early in 1692 Uiclunond left
France to rec<jncile liimself to the new regime
in FingUnd. His allowance was generously
tflntinaed to his mother bv Louis XIV.
The rem^der of her lira, chiefly spent on
her t--(tatc Jit Aubigiiy, which *ihe managed
with much care, was a struggle against pecu-
nisry diflieiilttes, a royal c^cree year afti>r
year staving exc<'Utinn. In 1(107 slie riceivt-d
wfllian m
permisBioD from Louis to visit London, but
fofhede her landing. In 1704
the estates of Brittany reluctantly paid h. r
a compensation for her father's manor, appro-
priated by the government for the harbour
tt Brest. Unuf'r the repency her pension
was raised to twenty thousand livres, and
r^nvf-rted into an annuity. St.-Simon in
17lH tpeaks of her as old, embarrassed in her
sffiira, and ' very converted and penitent'
(Mfmoirt$, edit. 1863, x. 48). In 1723 she
]<ys* worthless son, the Duke of Rich-
mond. She died on 14 Nov. 1734 at Paris,
whither she had journeyed to consult her
fhysicians. FJhe was buried in the church
the Barefooted Carmelites, in the chapel
belonging to the De Hicux famUj. Among
Umss wlw saw her in her old age were V^*
6i Keroualle
t aire, who thought her still very Ix'nui iful, her
of great-granddaughter (the mother of Charles
Fox), the first Lord Holland, and George
Selwyn. The influence of the duchess was
due in part to her courage, to what her bio-
business capacity. But the chief source of
hur powi r lay of course in her personal
beauty (EvfiLXir, Diary, ii. 263). In coatssst
to tlie Duchess of Cleveland, snewas ssid at
times of difficulty to rely chlffly on di'' Influ-
ence of tearaTil. I^NT, Diarjff ed. Blencowe,
it. 114 n.) Tmm
is no reason to summse that
she had any literary tastes, though 7*Jatliani.'l
Lee dedicated two plays to her. Albeit reck-
lessly extravagant, she does not appear to
have carried the vice of gambling to the same
extent as the Duchess otMaiarin. The people
detested ' Madam OarwelV or 'GarewdL'ss
she wasfamiliarly colled, more heartOjuaa
any other of the Icing's favourites.
The portrait of the Duchess of
earliest
Portsmouth is a miniature by Samuel Cooper
[q. v.], who died in H572. Other portraits of
her remain by Lely, Kneller, H. Gascar, and
.Micnnrd (at the National Portrait Oallery).
i'^agravings of her appear in several series of
portcaits of ladies of the court of France (Foi^
KERoy.p. 19r, note, and I'A. p. 237). Her motto,
his '
I'^n la rusti ju ileuris,' is still bume by her
descendanta, the DiikiaB of BichaMmd aad
Gordon.
[II. Fomeron'.s du Keroualle, DachoMe
Ixjiiisn
de Portsmouth (^Pnri^, 18Si;),i8 an excellent bio-
graphy, of which an Eoglisb tnmslatiun has
been published by Mrs. (Jrawford (1 888). Cape-
fl^'ui''s La Dache(s<< do Portemoutli i t la Cour
Quiante dm Stuarts (Paris, 1861) is valueless
and blundering. See a.h the brief accounts of
>
Mademoiselle de K^raaaUs, Doebessc de Ports-
month, et le Due de Riehemont, son fiU, in Merits
Iniditiido St. Simon.od.P.Faugi'T-f Pnris, 18S0\
iv. 485-7: and in Letters of Willmm 111 and
Louis XIV, be, ed. P. (irimblot (1848), vol. I.
App. i. .1. H. Jesse's Kngland under the .Stunrts,
vol. iii.
;
Diary of the Times of Charles II by
;
Jlenry Sidnny, ud. Blencowe; lunvshy's Memoirs,
ed. Cttrlwrigiit; Burnet's Hist, of bis own Time;
Ltttres de Mme. de MrignA. Of the semrUoas
attacks upon the duehcss in verse, sp ifimcns by
Kochestr and others are contjiined id Poems on
State Affairs (1697); aho was also attacked in
the Essay on Satire^ ascribed at the time to
Dryden. Of the sttaclcs in prose, the most
nota>'ln is Th> Secret Hint, of the Dnchess of
I'ort.imouf h, I/mdon, 1690, of which a Frwnch
translation was published in the same year. It
was foUowsd bya seooadBaglish edition, entitled
The Life, Amours, and Secret Hist, of Prancelia,
D. of P li, Loi don, 17.11, and Fonic-fiii stalos
that H s.ound French edition likewise appeared.
It is r >niaaes in the New AUlantis style, eon-
t
taioing, howsrer, moss liMts than ftctioa. All
Digitized by Google
 Kerr
the wvrlier part is Bheer invention; the re-
mainder is (livtTsified by sach charpeB mi thiit of
compli' i! y in the deaths of Sir Kdmund Berry
Oodfrejr itnd of Charles II himtelf. The proper
names an slightly diegoiied. The Mimoirea
Sfcrots de la Duchease de Portsmonth, pnbl. avec
Am Noted historiquee, 2 vols., l'rit, 1805, nnd
ascribed to J. Looombe, are a more ehiboratioa
of the above, with a Rood deal oi padding and
some original additions (e. g. Monmouth here
appwirs as the son of the Duchoas of Porta-
mouth). A virulent pamphlet against her, under
the title of Articles of High Treason, &c., against
tlio Ihichess of Portiimimth, IS printed in Somen
Tracts, viii. 137-4(t.] A. W. W.
KERB or KEJR, MARK (d. 1584), abbot
of Newbattle, wu the seecnd eon of Sir
Andrew Ker of Cessfurd [q. v.], by Agnes,
dau|^ter of Robert, second lord Cnchton of
Saaquluur. lBl646iiewM|>roinotedabhotof
Newbattle, and on renonnrinp^ popery in 1500
continued to bold the benefice in commendam.
He was one of those who, on 26 April of this
year, signed at Edinburgh the contract to
defend the ' evangell of Chrint (Knox, ii. M).
Subeequently he was presented to the vicar-
age of Tjinton, Peeblesshiro, by the abbot and
convent of Kelso, and his pre^'otation was
eouflniied hy the eonuDisstoners 4 A ug. 1M7,
in opposition to one made by the crown.
At a parliament held at Edinburgh on 15Dec.
of this year he was appointed one of a com-
miHsion to inquire into the jurisdiction that
should pertain to th*: kirk. On 20 April 156U
be yns nominated an extraordinary lord of
Bession, and he was also chosen a nipmber of
the privy council. By one of the articles of
the FkeifleetUMiof Parth in February 1572-3
he wa nominated one of the judges for the
trial of all attempts committed against the
' of Newbattle, he was created a lord of parliar-
abstinence be south the wator of Tay {Reg. '
P. C. iScott. ii. 195). At the fall of Morton
in 1578 he was one of the extraordinary
council of twelve appointed to carry on the
Svemment in the Jong's name (Motsds,
ttnowt, p. 6 ; Oi^mntwoon, iii. 897). He
wa also one of the four delegntas deputed on
28 Sept., after Morton had seised Stirling
Ototle, to meet Morton's delegates ibr the
liurpnsc nf arrnnt^in^ the terms of a recon-
ciliation. Receiving in 1581, after the second
fUl of Morton, mtifteation of the oommett'
datorship of Newbattle. he continiiccl to be a
steadfast supporttT of EsmS Stuart, duke of
Lennox. Cm 16 Julj 1681 he was app<iintod
to hear and report on the ca^e of Sir .Tames
Balfour, who was endeavouring to get rein-
stated in his rights of citiMoship (Rep. P. C.
Srutl. iii. 463). After the raid of Ruthven
the commendator was, with Lord Herries,
dsapatehedhj LeuoK withoflbmoroonciltft-
63 Kerr
tion to the now dominant party. Theproposals
were rejected. Kerr died in ir)84. l3y liis
wife, Lady Helen Lesley, secon< daughter of
I
George, fourth earl of Rothe.N, he had four
sona: Mark, first earl of Lothian [q. v.l;
Andfsw of Fenton; Oeoi|[e, the cathouc
emissary, in whose possession the ' Spanish
blanks ' were found, and William ;and a
daughter, Catherine, married to William,
lord Herries. There are portraits of Kerr
and his wife, ascribed to Sir Antonio More
[q. v.], preserved at NewbatUe.
[Histories of Knox and Calderwood ; Moysle'e
Memoirs (Rannatyne Club); Hist King Jamee
the Soxt (Uiinnatyne Club) lu i,'i--tyr of the
;
Privy Coancil of Sootland, toIs. ii. and iii.
I)oaghMrs8eottidiBsMge(Wbod), ii. 130.]
T. F. H.
KERB or KR, MARK, first Ejlkl op
LoTHiAir (d. 1009), master of requests, was
the elcL'i^t *on of Sfark Kerr, commendator
of IJew battle [q. v.T. bv Lady Helen Lesley,
second daughtw m Qeorge, fbvrth earl of
I
Rothes. He was appointed master of re-
quests in 1577, and the office was confirmed
to him by King James in 1581. On the
death of his father the reversion of the com-
mendatorahip of Newbattle granted him by
Queen Mary was ratified to him by letters
under the great seal 24 Aug. lo81. He was
also, on 12 Nov. of the same year, appointed
to succeed his father as an e.xtraordinary lord
of session. On 28 July 1587 his binds of
Newbattle were by charter erected into a
barony, and on I Aug. of the same year he was
chosen by parliament one of hia majesty's
'
ordiuer and daylie privie council. On
16 Oct. 1591 the baronies of Prestongranj^
and Newbattle being united into the lordship
ment. He was l^ppmnted, 4 March 1590-7,
one of a commission to arrange for the issue
; of a now coinage P. C.Sootl. v. 369).
He was one of the commis.Hioner8 for holding
j
the parliament of 1597, and the same year
I
was appointed collector-general of the tuc
'
of two hundred thousand nuTk-i levied in
connection with certain foreign embassies
(.^ela Fiart Seat. br. 14S-S). Acommission
was appointed,* 2 March 1598-9, to examine
Newbattle's accounts {Itfg. P. C. Scotl. v.
534), the result being entirely satiafiutor^.
Notwithstanding llio attempt of the king
to influence the court of session to an adverse
decision agiunst Robert Bmee, minister of
Edinburgh, in regard to his life pension out
of the rents of the abbey of Arbroath, New-
battle, with tihe other judges, declined to bo
influenced in their judgment, either by en-
treaties or threats. Newbattle was one of
the special nwmbem of the privy eoun^
Digitized by Google
 Ker
diosea on 8 Dee. 1696 to ait in the palace of
Iloljrood on Tueadayt and Thursdays to as-
tift the king in the discharge of buHiness
(CAI.DEBWOOD, V. 727). On 10 July 1000 ho
VM i^poiated one <^ commLssion to con-
oderineanB for the more effectual concur-
rence of the lieges with the sheriffs and ma-
netzites in the execution of their ofiioee C^v*
P. C SeotL vt 66), and, on 1 April of the
t'fUDL' year, one of a commission for reporting
00 remediea for ftbuaes in cloth-makuig (ib.
p. 9S). In order more eflbetaany to carry
out ihvact of 1567 for the pur-uit of thieves
lie was, on 28 Julv 1600, ordered to repair
toud mida withm bb etitle of Neidpath
(1 p. 138> On 19 Sept. 1604 he waa nomi-
nated to act as interim chancellor during the
itaiiee of tha Earl of Montroee in England
i a commiaaioner for thv union (ib. vii. 15).
He waa one of the assesMira chosen at Lin-
lit^fow in January 1605-6 for the trial of the
miniAterg imprieoned in Blackness (Caldek-
wooD, vi. 375). On 10 Feb. of the same year
he was created Earl of Lothian by pat<>nt to
him and heira male of his body. On 11 July
he rtatigQc'd the office of master of requests
in Robert (Jteg. P. C.
ftTour of his eldest son,
ScoU. vii. 226).In 160S Lothinn acted as
aaseseor to tlie Eurl of Dunbar, the king's
commiafiioner to the assembly of the kirk
(CiLDBRWooD, vi. 752). On 0 Feb. 160a-
1609 he was appointed one of a commission
to adrise the king as to the best means of
Maring the peace of the lales and planting
'leliffion ana dvilitie therein (Ileff. P. C.
' sioner of the king to the general assembly
attviii. 742).
Hb died on 8 April 1609. By
Xtepret Maxwell, daughter of John, lora
H'-rrie*, li.' liad four sons: Robert, second
earl of Lothian, Sir William Ker of Black-
IwM^ Sir Marie Ker, and Hon. Henrv Ker,
acd -^ yfix daughters Janet, marrieu, first
: kirk.
to Uobert, nuuter of Boyd, and secondly to
David, tenthearlofOhnrfora; Janet,marriad
to William, pi;,'hth earl of Glencfiim Mar-
etret (founder of Lady Yester'a Church,
Edinburgh), married, first to Jamei, seventh
lord Yeiter, and secondly to Andrew, ma.itcr
of Jedburgh Isabell, married to William,
;
6rt earl of (^ueenslxirry
Lilias, inarrie<l to
;
J'j'un, Mury, married to Sir
lord Bortliwick;
JaioeeRichard.-on of Simeaton ; and Elizabeth,
arried to Sir Alexander Hamilton of Timer-
wick. Scot of Scotstarvet affirms that in all
the Earl of Lothian had by his wife thirty-
one childrun. The statement is probably,
bowevf^r, hs baseless as i>* Srot's story that
wils addicted to tho black art,
tlie (^o^ntas.4
wid that, ' being vexed with a canci r in her
she was healed by * a notable war-
hrea&t,*
lod^' on condition ' that tlie sore should
Kerr
on them she loved boat : * her hwlMUid H^rfl
of a boil in his throat.
[Acta i'iirl. S<'ot. vols, iii.and iv. ; Refr. P. C.
Scotl. vols.iv-viii.; Calderwood's Hist. of hurdi
(
of Sootlaod Moysia'a MenoixB(Baiinaityne Club)
;
Seolfa Staggering State of Seottish Statesmen
DoagWaSeotttdiPeangaCWood), ii. i3o~i.l
T. F. H.
KSBB, ROBERT, fourth Eabi and first
Ma HQUis OP LoTTiiAJT (1636 170.'{), bom in
16^6, was the eldest son of William, third
earl [q. v.], by his ^fe Anne, ooontess of
Lothian in !ier own right. Tn 1673 he served
as a volunteer in the Dutch war. He suc-
ceeded his fiither in 1671^ and on S8 Oct.
1678 a patent of the earldom of Lothian was
gnntea to him and heirs male of hia body,
with the original {weeedeney. On 4 Jan.
1680 he was sworn a privy councillor (Latidkb
of Fountainhail, i/i.sY. Notice:/!, p. 686), but on
14 Sept. a letter was read in the council from
James 11 removing him and four other privy
councillors (tb. p. 750). He was a supporter
of the revolution, and on 25 June 1689wrot6
to the Earl Melville suggesting ' some return
suitable to the capacity 1 think 1 can best
serve his majesty in' {Leven and MieUMt
Papers, Bannatyno (^lub,p. 7^)). lie was ap-
pointed a privy councillor to King William,
and in August was also constituted justice-
general. Chi the death of his brother Charles,
second earl of Ancrum, in 1690, he unitea
that earldom to his other titles.
In 1692 Lothian was appointed commi.<i-
of tlu' kirk of Scotland. The occasion was
hia wife. notable, on account of the recommendation
of the king that episcopal ministers who
were prepared to accept the confession of
faith and submit to the authority of the eccle-
siastical oonrta ahoold be leeeiTed into the
The royal recx)mraendation was en-
forced by Lothian in a speech the liberality
and kiiialineaa of wfaioh tended rather to
; awaken than allay prosbyterian prejudice.
After a month spent mroutine business the
assembly still fenatned lirom taking into con-
sideration the subject prcs'^ei:! upon their at-
tention, and it was uissulved by Lotiiiao,
who declined to fix any date tat tlw nut
assembly. Thereupon the moderator, not-
witiistandiuff the protest of Lothian, ap-
pointed the uiird Wednesday of August Ifiis.
Ko assembly was, however, held on that date
I
(see narrative in Bumoit'a Hist. o/Scotl.vu.
I
45(J 3, founded on the EeyUter of the Actingt
and Proceeding;/* of tha Astmbfy, printed Mr
private circulation).
Lothian wa.s creiited marrjuis by patent on
|
23 June 1701. He died on 15 Feb. 1703. A
f^ , portrait of him, attributed to Scougal, dated
Digitized by Google
 Kerr i Kerr
1664, is atNewlMttle. He married Lady Jean Serpents' (firom the French of Lacep^de),
Cainpbell,iViconddaugliternf Arcliibaln.mar- Tyondon, 1802. 5. ' Stnti.'*tical, Agricidtural,
quisof Argyll. Hiseldi'st soil, William, second and Political Survey of Berwickshire,' iHOi),
marquis Of liOthian, was a lieutenant-general 8vo. 6. Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and
*

in tbc Jirmv, was olncfecl represent nHvo peer Correspondence of the late Mr. William
tor Scotltuul in ITlTi, ditnl 28 Feb. 172-2, and Smellie,' Edinburgh, 1811. 7. 'The History
wrasburied in Wostminster Abbey (seeMACKT, of Scotland during the reign of Robert f, sur-
Memoirs of Secret LServiWs). Iho first mnr- named the Bruce,' Edinburgh, 1811, 8vo.
quia had four other soas Charles (d. 1735),
: 8. Essay on the Theory of the Earth ' (from
'

who was made a director in chancery in 1703; the French of Ouvior), 1813, 8vo. Ker com-
John (//. who for some time had the com-
1 72^*) , piled vols. i-z. of ' A
General History and
mand of hf 3 8t regiment Lord Mark Kerb
t 1 ; Collection of Voyages and Travels,' London,
(d. 1762), who became captain in the army 1811-24, 18 vols.
tf Juno 1G93, was wounded at Almanza on [Scots Mag. 1813. p. 880; Irring's Eminent
SISApril 1707, actd as brigadier-general at Scotsmen, p. 264 ;
Timpcrley's Anecdotes, pp.
Che capture of Vigo in 1719, was governor of 788, 935 ;
l)imaldsoirs AprifuUunvl Biogniphy ;

Huemsey in 1740, obtained the rank of general Foster's Members of Parlt. Scotland; Watt's
in 1743, was made governor of Edinburgh Bibl. Brit.; Brit. Mas. CSat. ; Gent. Mag. May
Castle in 174^. and died in London 2 Fob. 1814 (pt. Up. U4), when tba data of death ia
wrong. T. S.
1752 ; and Jfimes, Of the first marquis's five
daughters, Mary anried James, marquis of KERR or KER, WILLIAM, ffaird
Douglaa. Earl of Lothian (1605
P-1075), eldest son
of Robert, first earl of Aucrum v.J, by
[Barton's Hist, of Scotland; Douglas's Scottish
T. F. H. Elisabeth, daughter of ESr Jolm Hurray ot
Peerage (Wood), ii. 139-40.]
Blackbarony, was bom about 1605. He was
KERB, ROBERT (1765-1813}, scientific at the university of Cambridge in 1621,
writer Mid translator, was bom at his fiither'e but be did not graduate, and probably com-
sf-at, Riic:htridpc, Roxburghshire, in 175/5. pleted bis cdut'iition in Paris. On H Xov.
His father, Jamos Kerr, oonvoner of the 1620 he set out from Paris on a tour through
tra^ (1746) and BLP. for Edinburgh from France, Italy, and Switzerland. A journal
1747 to 1754, was great-grandson of Sir of the tour is preserved at Newbnttli' .Xbhey.
Thorn j< Ker of Redden, brother of Robert In 1027 he accompanied George, duke of
Ker, first earl of Anenim [q. v.] His mot hor, Buckingham, in his expedition to the Isle of
EUrabeth Kerr, Wii.** grand-daughter of Ro- Rh6, and he witnessed next year the duke's
bert Kerr [q. yA first marquis of Lothian. murder by Felton. He also joined the expedi-
He stndiedat Edinbvrgh ffigb Sehool and tion in aid of the States-genoial against tba
at thf nniverfiity with a view to the me- Spanish forces in 1629, and was present at the
dical profession, and became surgeon to the capitulation of Bois-le-Duc to the Prince of
Edinburgh Foundling Hospital, but relin- Orange on 14 Sept. He returned to Scotland in
quished a sucees^iful medical enror-r for the 1630, and about January 1631 married Anne,
management of a paper mill at ^i.yton, Ber- daughter of Robert, second earl of Lotiiian,
wiekuuro, which eventually proved a failure. and countess of Lothian in her own right.
He retunied to Edinburgh about 1810, and On 31 Oct. of the game year he was created
occupied himself with historical and biogra- third Earl of Lothiau, and the next brother
Ehical work. His valuable translations from of Robert, second earl of Lothian, Sir Wil-
layoiner and Linmcus procured his election liam Ker of Blackhope, on laying claim to
as fellow of the Royal w>ciety of Edinburgh the title as nearest heir male, was prevented
in 1805, He was also a ni* luber of tlie by the lords of the privy council from as-
Scottish Society of Antiquaries. Ue died suming it (8 March 1832). The earl was one
at Edinburgh II Oet. 181S. of the suDpliants against the senrioe-book in
The following is alistof his %^ ork-. I Fle- lC;i8, and on L'H Feb. sijjned the uational
:
.

'

ments of Chemistry ' (from the French of covenant in Old Qrey Friars Church, Edin-
LaTOtsier), Edinburgh, 1790 ; 2nd edit 1798. burgh. He aim, on 3 Oct., attached his
2. E.'^y on the New Method of Bleaching sifrnature to a complaint against the meana
'

bv means of 0:^genated Muriatic Acid t^u to force the people to sign the kinc^
(mm the French of BertboUet), Edinburgh, oorenant (Gomoir, Scot* AJ^n. I 193).
1790. 3. ' The Animal Kingdom, or Zoolo- He was a mrmhor of the assembly of the
gical System of Linntsnfl.' A
translation of kirk which met at Glasgow in October of
part i. of the ' ^atema NatorB,' with addi- this year, and he supported the action there
tions, Edinburgh, 1792, 4to. 4, 'Tho Xrt- taken against the service-book. Ho was also
tural History of Oviparous (Quadrupeds and one of the most prompt to lend aid to the

Digitized by Google
 Kerr
C0Tenflnt^>rs when, in tho of the fol-
Etprincr
lowing year, they resolved to take up arms.
OBSSAfarch the dar succeeding theaeisure
of Edinburgh
he and other leading cove-
OAQtets marched out from the city to l)al-
katli HbOM, and compelled the lord trea-
mnr Traquair to deliver it up (Balfour,
Annals, ii. 321). "With a force of filtoen hiin-
dred men he also joined the army of Leslie
which advanced into England in August 1640
{ih. p. 383; Cal. State Fapfrt, Dom. Ser.
I'l
p. 447 : Robert Baillle, Letters and
",
Jaumali, i. 257). Ue was present at the de-
feat of the royalists at Newbury, and on the
arrival of the Scottish army at Newcastle he
wii appointed governor of the town, with a
turiMMi <^ two thomand (Bauoitr, Armab,
li. 388; Oil. State Paperx, Dom. Ser. 1640-
1641, p. S7). Loth tin was the supposed
i clined to accept the commission when thrown
Mtthur of ' AIVne Kepn^-sentation < the
Proceedings of the Kingdome of Scotland
Boe the late Pacihcation, by the Estates of
ikt Kii^fdoine, e|re<nst mmahings in the
Ute DrcliniTi.in,' 1>1(). On 7 .Tune 16tl he
left ^'ewcastltj to attend the meeting of tho
periainent in Edinhurprh. On 16 July ho was
chosen a member of rite committee for the
ndsringof the house (iiALF0DU,iii. 9),and on
tkeaoth one of the committee of the articles
{A. p. 21). On thu conclusion of a treaty
with the English ou 25 A\xg, the Scottish
&rmy d bmided, illd iMhian > guvirnor-
i .h ' statement he never received tlu; nionoy (Cal.
ihip of NVw(\i>tlR came to an end. Hf was
ooeof the t-oinmissioners appointed on the
kiag'anent the preparing of matters left by
the treaty' (i6. p. 53), and alao aenrad on
other important committees.
IbIMI XiOtllian was named one of tlio
fcer cmnmissioners of tho treasury. In Oc-
tober he was appt^int^d to the command of
oae of the rt*giments sent to Irelund, and ac-
cording to hia own statement was lieutenont-
fS^nend of the Scots army in Ireland, bnt
mthout iiAvmvnU ('al.StatfI\fjii rs, Dom. Ser.
1656-6, p. 296). 11 is regiment remained there
t3l Febraarj 1644, but be appeara lumself
to have been in Irrlnrul for only a short
period. In November 1(^1 his name was in-
arted the eatatea in the fiat of the privy
council in ^lace of one of tlin namos which
thej had deleted from the king's list (Bal-
VOVK, tii. 149). On 6 March 1643 he obtained
a ch*Tler of tijt' lordship of Jodburph, and in
December of the same year ho was sent by
the privy eouncil of Scotland, with the ap-
priivil of Charh's T, on a ral'^sioii to the court
bf Frtoce in r'!ati<ni to the position of the
Ssala guard in Fmnrc. On his return he
went to the king at Oxford to give an account
of his embassv, but the king would not re-
65 Kerr
afterwards to he unfounded, that he had been
engaged abroad in treacherous designs, he
was, after heing' kept for some time under
restraint at Oxtortl, sent a prisoner to Bristol
Cast le. As his health, weakened by a severe
attack of fever in Vance, suHored u'OineloBe
confinement to one room, the king granted
him ultimately tho liberty of tho town
(BkiLLiK, Letters andJoumals, ii. 124); but
he did not receive his freedom till tho follow-
ing March, and then only by exchange with
Sir Charles Goring. Lothian was present at
the parliament which met in June 1644, and
on 17 July the house approved of his conduct
and vot eu a sum of money to defray his ex-
penses (BiXiftiuB, iiL 222). In the same year
ne joiitM Argyll in commaBd of the unsne-
cessful ex]) dirinii against Montrose. lie de-
up by Argyll (Baillie, LettenandJmmmltt
ii. 2t)2). H'' was one of the commissioners
sent to treat with the kinr at Newcastle iu
1647, and, with James HcDouall of Ghirth-
land. was specially appointed by the Scottish
parliament toattend on the king on hisjourney
to Holmby House, where they continued
him for some wppka. The parliament of 1617,
iu payment of his expenses in the public
service, apportioned him 1,500/. out of tlw
20,000/ ii^f^H'ed tobepiiid to the Scots f.rn.vby
the parliiiineutarians, but according to h is owii
State Pavers, Dom. Ser. l65r>-6, p. 20). He
protested against the * engagement of 1&48,
'
and aftav it had been condemned by parlia*
ment was appointed to the othce of secretary
of .state, in succession to the Earl of Lanerick,
who was deprived bi^tha Aet of Classes. Ba
was one of the commissioners sent by the par-
liament of Scotland in 1649 to protect against
proceeding to extremities against tha Idag*
According to Clarendon there was a sccref:
mideratanding between Lothian and Argyll
(Hist, of llehellion, Oxford ed. iii. 384r-5), but
there is no tangible proof of any such under-
standing. The eommisatoners were, accord-
in^'^ fi) tlieir orders, proceeding to Holland to
communicate with Cnarles II, when they were
arrested at Oravesend by a troop of Orom-
wf ll's Itorso (R \LFotrn, iii. 388). They were
treated with courtesy,and8ent under a strong
escort to Berwick, there to be detained unm
tho estates of Scotland should own their ac-
tion. This being done, they were permitted
to proceed to ^inburgh. Lothian was %
member of the second commission appointed
by the estates to proceed on 9 March 1650
to treat with the king at Breda. On the ar-
rival of Charle.H in Scotland in 16.'>0 the kirk
desired that Lothian (who apparently de-
dined) abodldbeniada genera] orthaSoottiA
9
u ijui^.o l
y Google
 Kerr
lbieM(WBITiax>QIX||J|tf<marV//j;). OaO Aug.
fie was sent by tho commlftoc ofthe array to
the king at Duufcrmllue to iiulucc him to
sign a declaration in I'uvourof the coTnantera
(ftAi-FOXTRjiv. 77). When, on 1 Oct. follow-
ing, t'he king esciipcd ffoiu tUu thraldom
of the Qvenunter8 at ?lrt]| joiiied the
northern loyalists, Lothian waa appointed
one of a commission to induce him to return
(ib. p. 115). They succeoded, but had to
make U'rma with tlie strictly lojralist party
and pass an act of indemnity wr them on
12 Oct, This procedure was severely blamed
\tjr the synod of Paith Ci& Du 119). Alpng
with Argyll, Lothian tolt an aethre but
unsuccessful nart in inducing the extreme
covenautoirs of tho wet qjf Scotland to como
to teiqu with the noitheni loyalisea. SuV
sequently ho. acted generally in concert with
Argyll. On H Oct. he waa appointed one
of a eommittoe to arrange for the hing'a
coronation at Scone (!?>. p. 1"2:^), Acronling
to hia own account, ha intended to havu
joined tbeDukeof Hamilton in his expedition
info Eii.?lnnd in the following year, but could
not i^et ready in time. He was about to sail
to jotnth^ king %v}ien he baaed of the battle
at Wnrcpsti r. lit! also states that when he
ct osed \n ]Hi secretary on the triurai)h of
"
Cromwell, " Im5
'
retired to his own Lnii.>je at-
'
JsewKittlc, and never pa.-ist.'d any \\ v\v< unil'-r
the great seyl, which h! preserved until nhic
tci oner his service.s to the king (Correspond-
encc, p. 431). The Lriird of Brodii-. however,
relat's that Argyll told him that Lothian
had bt'* !! tampering wit h the Protector (Diary
of the Laird of Brodif, Spalding Club, j>.
1^). In any case, he endeavoured in l6oo
toobtainnot merely payment for hia expenses
'ip the cauae of the covenant, but also com-
pensation fbr having been deprived of the
office of secretary of state in 10o2 (Cal. Slate
Papert, Dom. Ser. 10a5-(>, p. 20). At the
Keatoration he went to Ix>ndon and pre-
sente<l u vindication of his conduct in tho
n^t (Q>rrepondenoef pp. 431-8). The king
promised him some reward, and according to
Sir Ot'orge Mackenzie he received a grant of
1,000/.; but he himself affirmed that Im re-
eeived more promises than revenue. Having
refused in IW-J i.i t;ik'> flic rilijurati iii oifli,
he was fined iifiWi. Scots, and hia tiuuucca
having been previously in a crippled condi>
tion he found it necfssnr}' to part with liis
paternal estate of Ancrnin. lit- died at IS ew-
battle in October 107"
By his wife ho had five sons Rolu rt, fourth
; did so purely from a cJiivalrous desire to be-
earl of Lothian [q. vX Sir William Iver,
CSiailea, Hanry, and John; and nine davgh-
tors: Anne, niarrlfxl to .MexMnrler. ma=ter of
iaUoii i Uzubcth| to John, lord Borthwick;
66 "Kerr
Jean, died young; ^fargaret, died voungi
1 Mary, married to James Brodio of iJrodie;
Margaret, to Jame^i Richardson of ^maaton;
I Vere, to Lord Neill Cuopbell of Ardmaddit{
llt>nrii tta,to Sir Francis Scatt of TUirlestane;
'
and i.iUa8, died unmarried. A
portrait of tha
Earl of JU^lu^tt )iy JMUMoniiaMNv1lltUJ
Abbey.
[Sir Jami RUfour'a Auimla of Scotland;
Robert Baillie a ly-Uers and JoumalarBaniiatyne
Clob) ; Oocdoa'a Seota Affiiin (antding Club);
]
GIttttloB*9 Hutory of tlia lUbellioa ; Piarj of
j
Lairda of Bn Ji^ (Spalding? Club); Corre-
'
apondence of Sir Robert Ker, carl of Ancrum, by
! his son WiUiam, third oari <.f l^ithian. i876j
r)'*"?^" v-'- r-TAge (1^ ood). ii. 137-8.] T. 1 H.
.
i WILLIA3I, second JkU;Mui OJ
! Lothiaw (16|^P-1722), eldest eqn Qif HoboTtf
tir-t marquis [q. v."|, and grand.'!on of William
. Kerrj t bird earl of Lothian q. y. vra bom
<
ahout 1603. On the death of hia ktnaman
Robert Krrr, third T.onl Jt'(ll)urgh, in IHOi?,
he auoceeded to that title, and sat in {uirlm-
mODt as Lovd Jedburgh. He was colonel of
the 7th reffinunt of dragoons, 1 Oct. lOOG, and
a stout aonerent of the revolution. On his
father's death, ISFob. 1703, he became Mar-
quis of Ijothian, was created a liuight of the
I I'histle in 170o, cordially 8up))or ted the union*
and waa cho-sen a repreaeatative peer <rf Scot-
land in 1 708. On account, however, of somo
informalities this election was cancelled, but
he was re-electod in 1715. He obtained the
command of the ."ird fiK>t-guar<1, 'Jo April
1707, with the rank of lieuteuuul -j;vH ral,
1708, and was deprived of bis r.^^aiuent on
cliansro of administration in 1713, but after-^
Wiinls became major-general on the North
British BtatT. Macky, the court spy in tho
time of (|ueuu Anne, dosoribea him about
the date of his succesMon to the marquisate
j
in the following terms: 'lie Init); ii]undaneo
of fire^ and may prove himself a man of buai-
neas when he applies htmaeilf that w%y;
laughs at all revealed religion, yet seta up
iot a pillar^ of presbytery, and prov^ tho
RUTOst card in their ttack, being very sealous
thou^di not devout ; ne is; liravi- in hi.H person,
i loves his country ai^d his bottle, a thorougU
|
libertine, very haadaame, black, with a fine
fVf. forty-five years old' {Afemin'r^t, pp. 1^>7,
i
1U6). This character gi.neruUy bora^ uut
|
by refereneea to him in letters uf the period.
lie married his first cousin, Lady J<*an Ta uij>-
,
bell, daughter of Archibald, ninth ewl tif
Argyll, who was beheaded in 108."), and ho
l friend those who lie believed were sufleriu^
I wrongfully (if'.). The marquis died at Iwon-
don on l'"^ I'r 1> \7'J'J. ;\L'''d 60, and was in-
tvrred in Uiug Ut-iuy \ li s Chi^pvl iu \Voatr>
^
Digitized by Google
 Kerr
Binst<?r A
full-length portrait of
Abbev.
LM>LJin, attriovtod lo Soougal, is at New<
WAf. Be was 6uccpded by hia aqn Wil-
liam, and ivii lour daughters: AnnQ, married
loAlMuodur, Mventh earl of Home; J^an,
ii&nil to William, fifth lord CranHtoa ;
Klizabt'th,married to Geu(tf9 twelftb lord
Ho>; and Mary, miTie4feo4JMnderUMiul*
iMiof Balliucritjf.
(Boulaa's Baeraga of Sootlaod (Wood),
Kerrich
wife, Barbara, elder daughter of Matthew
Poatlethwayt, archdeacon of Norwich. Ho
was educated at Magdalene CoUegft, Cam-
bridge, graduated il.X. in 1771 as second
senior optime, and was ek>ctod onootWoiCite
travelling bachelors. Kerrich was accom-
panied in his travels by a Pupil, John Fetti-
ward, fellow-commoner of iVmity, and jour-
neyed through France, the Low Countriee,
ii.
and Italy, residing at Paria for six months

MH) H.F. and atUome for two yoars. At Antwerp the

Acade my of I^unttng awarded to kiaa a sdver
WtLLUM HENRY, ftnnth medal for the beetdriirinii^. Dnringhistennre
MiEQCis OP Loth UN {iL 1775), the elder of the travelliiiir ft'llowship ho dovott'd inn>t
WiUiam, ihird maiqH^ mi4 Murgarefe
lOA of of his tinje to artistic pursuits and antiquarian
NiiholMD of Kempney^ w* ft CftptetQ in iho reeaatdi, and made a fine oeUeetionor dra^
fir^t ri cement of foot-guards in 1741. TTe iiiir-^ from old moniment.

HAui as aidd-<i-<mp tQ the Uuke of Qumber- li<*tumii^ to Cambridge he piooeeded M.A.

IndatFoiiWiioj, 30 April 174i6,vhenlio wm in 1 77ft, and about the aanio time wae elected
f v. n ly wninfli'd by<i '<hntin the hi'nd. TTc a fellow of his college. In 1784 bn was pri--
idm attendi'd the duke at Uolloden, having K>nt ed to the vicarage of Deraingham, whioh
oommand there of the cavalry on the extreme had previously been held by hia father; and
lft wing of the royal aitey, afttT wliich he to tht' vicarage of Henii-Hby, Norfolk, in 178^1.
tit&yhuomi for a short luqia in chnrge uf all In 17^3 ho Rervi'd the university office of
^ farc4 on the east of Scotland.
f>TrJ> r 17 h5 he again accompnui'
lu J)o-
tli^ duke
taxor. On 21 Sept. 1 797 he was elected prin*
1 cipal librarian of t hts univwreity on thocU'iith
to liie cuatinent. On the death ol uugraod- of Dr. iiichiird I' ttrnier [tj. v.] (OoOPHVLfAwtaU
oadis Lord Mark Kerr, he was promoted to Ounbridge, i v. 460) . In the sajae yegk* he
f c orif ufhirt regiment, the 1 1th dragoons,
>I 1 was elected a fellow of the Soriftv of Anti-
ak>i was, tv^ iieuteuant-general, with the duke qimriuH of London. He was collHted to a
i|k bifl expedition ttk the OUat coaHt of i< Vance prebend in the church of Lincoln in 17UH,
ia 1768u H; wa styled Lord Jedburgh and to one in the church of Wells in 1812
oatil hiii m^riage in 17^, when he assumed (Lb Nbve, Ffuti^ ed. Hardy, i. lur, 200, ii.
tW titk of rl of Ancyum. He v^roaonted 216). He died at his residence in Free 8aluwl
Htchmond in pavlientent in 1747, and w^n- Lane, Oambridge, on 10 May 1828.
tleeted by the same constituency in 1754 and He nuuried Sophia, fourth daughter of
1761, but resigned in 17Go. He succeeded Richard Iliiyb's, M.D., of Cambridge. Bv
M who died on 38 July 18^6, he had
OH'
AwrUi llarattia of Lothian on Urn fothar'e
MonSSJvfyirar. IniraSbewaechoeeQ
tht sixteen rL'pres;nf^tiv(3pet.'rjj of Scot-
one
that lady,
aad two daughters, one or whom,
Frances Margarutta, became the wife of the
Iiad, Dd on tbw seme day* OvU., wa in^^ Kev. Charias Henry Uartshome [q. and
ited IS a Iraiglit ef the Thiatle at St. /^nee'a dted3Jan.l88S. Tfao eon, Riehnd Edvaid
Pkliict'. He waa promoted to the rank of gene- Kerrich, ILA^of Ohriell^GblhfgayCamVndge,
^U to the anay m
1770, and died at Bath on died in 187fii
liApnimS, BenaniedmirWCyoluie To grei^ atiquariaa nod orehitectuml
(TAicy, only daught*'r of Robert, third eurl laiowl 'dge Kerricn un?tnd the most accuratfl
of Uoldernees. The q]rchioneaa died in .skill aa a painter and a draughtsman. He
kkkm
( 1778. By
her Lothian left a sun was abo a iniDiatuie<rfaiiiter and a praetiaed
tnd iucce8i>or, AVillium .folin, fifth inarqui:*, etcher, contributing soint' highly finiahed
kud tvo daught**!^) Louiha, uiarriud to Lord drawings to Gough's * Sep u c h ra I Monu meuts.'
i

ihatf^ Hmuy Lennox, and Willielmina He was one of tM earliest lithographers, and
Vmdi^ WMried to J^ohii Mackwd, cqlonel executed tho portrHit^ of llonry VI and
iLA. Ilichard HI for Feun's l^ii^ton Letters.' His
'

^^l^bi^ PtaMfe ef Mla&d C^^^ very onrions collection of early royal portraits
he Wqueathed to thu Soripty nf Anfiquarifs.
A
list of them is priiit^'d in iNiclyjla'a 'iliua-.
KERWCH, THOMAS (174^1828), li- trntiena of Literature,' vi. hi 8, and a oata*
knriaa of the uniTeraitr of Uajnbridge, born loj^ue raisonn6 by (Sir) G. Scharf in the
4Fl^l748,wa9 son of Samuel Kerridi,D.D., * Fine Arts Quarterly Review' for IBU^. To lUo
vicar of Pcrsisgham and rect or of Wot&rlon British Museum he bequeathed hi.s extenvive
Md tivrtm ModUk hi iMood maninrriyt iwllaetinas and #katfthefi in iUiiB*

Digitized by Google
 Kerrich i B Kerry
timtion of ancient costumes, consisting chiefly Nichols's Lit. IlluHtr. NichoLsy Lit. Anecd.f
;

of drawing from monuments, sepulchral Wilson's Miscellanies (Raines), p. 16 J T. C.

1.
brasses, stained windows, seals, and armour. KERRI80N, Sib EDWARD (1774-
These are contained in fortv-eipht volumes ISo.i ), general, only son of Matthias Kerrison,
of Tarioassises,Addit.MSS. 0728-73. The by Mary, daughter of Edward Barnes of
Tolnmes 6700-78, which form part of the Bartiham, Suffolk, was bom at his father's
legHfv, contuin the oollections of Jameft Essex seat, Hexne Hall,
near Bungay, in 1774.
[q.v.}, architect, of Cambndgu The toL 6735 He entered the army as comet in the 6th
contiM dniwingB and phwa by Kenrieh of dragoons on 'J'.i .lune 1796. He attained the
TftriouR eoclt siiistical buildings, and of Eng- rank of captain in October 1798, and was
lUh caatles and cam^ illuatrative of military transferred to the 7tb hus^arf in the same
afdiiteetttra. Kemeh* son pfesentad his year. With the last-ment ioned regiment he
father'fl large rollect m
ii of coins to the Society .served in the Helder expedition
of 1799,
of Antiauaries, and bequeathed to the Fitz- taking part in the acfioriM of 19 Sept. and
wQUaiB MuMnm fttCunoridge eeven pietam, 'J and 0 Oct. In October 1808, being then
two hundred volumes of bo()lv>', and muy lieutenant-colonel, he embarked with his
valuable portfoUoa of early prints. regiment for Spain, and in the following De-
To the * ArduBologia' Kerrich contributed cember was severely wounded on tbe plains
1. '
Somt- Observations on the Gothic Huild- of Leon. He commanded his regiment nt
ings abroad, particularly those in Itnly, and the peasage of the Oleron, in the action of
on Qothic Architecture in Qeneral,' 1809, Sauveteme, and at the battles of Orthes and
xvi. 325, illustrated by eij^litfen platt's Toulouse. At the buttle of Ortbes the charge
of sketches and sections of cutbedrulrt. 2. 'Ac- headed bj Lord Edward Someree^ in which
count of some Lidsof Stone Cotlins discovered Kerrison with the 7th hussars took tiie cliief
in Cambridge Castle in 1810,' with two plates, part, was highly commended by the Dlike of
1813, xvii. 1^28. 3. ' Observations upon some Wellington {JJetpatoke^f viL 440).
Sepulchral Monumenta in Italy and France,' KeiTwon nt serred in the enmpaign of
1814, xviii. 18(J-9t), accompanied by eight 181 -5, and was .tlightly wounded at Waterbx),
plates either etched by Kerrich or copied where his horse was shot under him; but ha
uom his etchings. 4. 'Observations on the continued with his raiment, and took part
mt^ of the mysterious figure called Vesica in the occupation of Paris. On his return
Pis<'i8 iii the Architecture of the Middle Ages, to England he was nominated a commander
and in Qothie Architecture,' ISJO, xix. of the Bath, and knighted 6 Jan. 1810. Hs
366, accompanied by tifteeu plates containing wa.0 subsequently created a baronet by patent
no fewer than sixty-five drafts of the ground dated 27 July 1821. He ropre-ented the
plana and arches of ancient ecclesiastiotl edi- borough of Shalleahury from 181 l> to 1818,
fices, both abroad and at home. that of Northampton from ISls to IH-il.and
A posthumous work of his it entitled 'A Eye from 1824 to 1852, in the conservative in-
Catalogue of the Prints which have been en- terest. PromotiMi to the imnk of lieutenant-
graved after Martin Heemakerck ; or rather, general in 18^17, he became generid in 1851,
an towards such n Oatalogue,' Cam- and died at his hou!<e in Great Stanbupo
bridge, U'J<1 8vo. Street, London, on j .March 1853.
The portraits of llobertQlyuu (afterwards Kerrison marritnl, on 20 Oct. IHl.'i, Mary-
Cloherv), M.D. [q.v.], Thomas Wale ofShel
IT onei- Martha, daughter of Alexander Ellice of Pit
ford, l)r, NS'anng, Josepli Browne tencrielf, Fifeshire. By her he had issue one
Isaac Milner [q. vj, William Paarce>[a.v.i, son, Edward Clarence Kerrison (A. 1821),
Junes Bentham, Kohert Meaten, Dr.r. Hill, present baronet, and three daughters, tha
and William Cole [ij. v.] wore engraved by second of whom, Emil^ Harriet 1873),
the brothers Facius, from drawings by Ker- married in 1834 Philip Henry, viscount
ridi. A portrait of Kerrich, painted I^H. P. Mahon, the historian, afterwards fifth earl
BriggfS, R.A. [q.v.], and formerly in the po- Stanhope [q.v.]
sesaton of Mrs. F. M. llartshurue, was en- [Ann. Keg. 1853, p. 219 : Qeat Hag. 1863, i.
fftaTed by Facius in folio, and is copied in 542 United ServiroGaa. 1858 ; Fosters Peerage
;

Nichols's Literary Illustrations

' TleTc is a
'

ami BaronetJii^e CaiiDon's Hist. Reoordt* of Itri-

;

replica of Briggs's portrait in Magdalene Col- tish Army (7th Uu88ar), pp. 75, 7B.] T. S.
lege, Oimbri^^ KERRY, Kniohts op. [See Fitzokbald^
[Private information; Addit. MSS. 5824 f. Maitrice, 1774-1849 ; FlTWBBAfJ), Sim
ntbt 6866 pp. 108, 109, 6874 f.09 6 ; Cooper's Pktkr OnoRnK, 180S-1880.]
Annata of Oanibvid|M, W. 667 ; Oent. Mag. seViii.
pt ii* p- 185, new sprip?i, ir. 332; Graduati KERRY, BAR059.
[See FiTzifAumca,
OUIabr.j Qonoing'i ]Aada\Mtaie9f U, 76*8 j Tuonui, 1502 -1690, aixtoanth JUumti Fits*

Digitized by Google
 Kerseboom Kersey
VAfBfCB,PATBiCK, IMlh-ieOO^ WTwoteenth 8ir Alexander Denton of Hilleedon House,
Bixnx FiTZMAURic^ TJiOMAa^ 1674-1680,
: Buckingliamr^liire, 'whose family,* he writes,
'gave both birth and nourishcnent to hit
mathematical ttudies' (JBementt, Ded.; eC
KfiSBOOM, FREDERICK (1632-
Hearne, Co/l. ii, 11). To his pupils Alex-
1090), ptunter, born in 1632 at Solingen in
ander and Edmund Denton he dedicated
Gfnnanj, studied painting in Amatordnni,
his ftrst and principal original work, ' The
udinl&50 settled in Pariv, where he worked
Elements of Muthematical Art, commonly
ndvCWtne 1j$ Bmn. He tabeeqiiently called Algebra/ in two folio volumeSp dated
r.r tf> l'. im<>, and rnr.ained there for four-
.

teen jean^ two of which he spent under

n>8pectively 1678 and 1074. A portrait of
thf niitlinr, by Faithome, was prefixed to
Kieeba Pcwwsin, apparent ly enga^'inl in land-
the tirst volume. Both Wallis and Culling
Kape-painting. On leaving lininc he came
wrote in 1672 in the higheet terme of their
to England, where he devoted himself to por-
antiripntions of thix work (cf. Cnrre-^p. of
trait-painting. Hie hcMt-linown portntt ia
Scientific Men, ii. o54; and NtCHOi^, Lit.
that of RcK rt l^iyU- 'ij. v.], of wnich there
Hbuttniioiu, vr. 46), and on it.s publication it
iretereion'i at the National Portrait Qaller^,
became a standard Ruthnrity. It was Imnour-
the Royal Society, and Hampton Court; it
ably mentioned in the 'Philosophical Trans-
^tf pH;nt.<l ill ]fiS9. I'cjiTS. in n hotter to
actions' (viii. 6073-4), and was commended
John Evelyn, dalt d ;iO Aug. Uif^U, writes that
by Hutton. Kersey's method of algebra who
Boyle had * newly bet;ne prevayled with by
employed in Cocker's Arithmetic of 17Uu.
'
Dr. Kinp to have his head taken by one of
Kersey is said (BrbslbT, Hit. qf Bembury^
nmh lea>e name than Kneller & a Strang*',
p. 485) to have died about 1677, but the date
our Caiuabon.* It is this letter perhaps that
must be later, a.s the eighth edition of Win-
has led to th* notion that Kerseboom was
gate was edited by him in 1683. In the tenth,
delated to the gnat scholar, Casaubon. He published in 1699, he s{H>kcn of as 'lato
psisted a portrait of Sophia Dorothea, wife
teacher of the Mathematickd.'
of G^orye I, from whirn thvre is a scarce
meaofint engraving by Williiiin Fiiithorne,
JoHS Kebsey the younger ITiO ), lexi-
cojrrapher, son of John Kerrey the elder, with
jnn. A
few other portraits by Krrseboom
whom ho has been much confused, revised
vweengra^'ed. Kerseboom died in London
the work of bis father in the fourteenth edi>
and was buried in St. Andrew's
tion of Wingate (17^), and he, more pro-
CbiRh,IIlboni.
bably than his father, contributed the l)is- '

'Walj^j-V, Anecdotes of Paintinp. o<V Wor- course to an unlearned Prince' to the 'Trans-
f^iia: Ke igriive s Diet, of Artists; Alx^'fdario lation of Plutarch's Morals," which appeared
^ P. J. Marietto ; Chaloner Smith's British 1684-5 (republished 1870). He was mainly
Hvaitiato PortimiU; Puns'sDianandCorre- occupied with lexicography. The sixth edi-

L. C.
tion of PhiUipa'a'New V^orld of Words,'
KBR8EY, JOHN, the elder ( 1 61 6-1600 P), which was publithed in 1706^ was edited 1^
irifith^matician,pon of Anthony Carsaye or him (Pref.to Diet. Afi;/hi-Tiniannicumy 1 7()i^).

Kcney and Alice Fenimot&, was baptised
nmx
Bnbwf, Oxfordshire, on
?^N"T. 1616 (cf. Hearxk, Coll., ed. llubb',
0x1 Hist Soc, ii. 11). Kersey earlv came to
Uidon, when Im eeenu to hare had relativee
{<lKltX90X,/?7. '^f^rchnnt TntjlorK' Srhwl,
1 101 Cbesteb, London Marriagt LiceruM,
; first edition is said to have appeared in 1 702
^7W),and gained n fivdihood aa a teacher.
At fint (16o0) he lived at the comer house
(oppocitetothe White Lion) in Charles Street,
am the piazza in Covent Garden, but after-
wird* rr.nvfd to Clinndo? Stnet, St. Martin's
La*. He was acquainted with John Collins
[l-^.^the 'aAtomev-general for the mathe-
He ffreatly added to the number of words {(d,
II.B. WHSATunr, ' Chronolo^fical Notice of
the Dictionaries of the English Langunpe,'
in Froc. I'kiL Soe, 1865^, and published a
etventhedittoiiialTSO. Another dictionary,
the * New English Dictionary,' of which the
(2nd 1718, 8rd 1781, &c.), was also assigned
on the title-page to J. K., but Ker.'^i-y's re-
sponsibility for the work bos been que>t ioned.
In ITOSwas printed his' Dictionarium Anglo-
Britannicum, comprehending a brief explica-
tion of all sorts of difficult words;' a new
edition in 1716 contained woldanid phrases
'

tic,'whoper<?UQi^<'d bim to writo bi work made use of in our ancient statutes, old re-
^{ebrt. He was a friend of Kdniund cords, charters;' the third edition appeared in
^Hijirte Tq. r.], and edited the second edi- 1721. The date of his death is unoertam.
tion of his 'Arithmetic' in ICTK), and Huh- I'Voin K'r><"y'.s ' Dictiunnrinm ' Cbatterton
*piit issue* till 1663. Kersey obtained u ,
Ixjrrou ed part uf his archaic vocabulary (cf.
reputatioo as a teacher of mathematic.o. I'ROFE.<soR Skkat's essaj in Ckattrt4m*
At OM toM 1m wm tutor to the aou of
J
Fiieau, Aldioe edL^ iL xxxaq.)

Digitized by G<ibgle
 KersbaW to tCerslake
[Granger's Biog. HlMOty, it. 81; iofbmation commenced business as a aeoond-
kfndty BfippHed hy tht A. ShOft; Mt3iori Aellet in fiartou Alley, together with lull
tifi qiloted; De Mofgata'ft Arithfntteieal Booki, brother-in-law, Samuel Corniah. Itt 18^

pp. 4d. 68, 73 : BioR. Briu (Suppl ), p. 83;

Noto
And Quories, 4th hvr. Vii. 323.]
KERSHAW, JAMES (l7flOP-1797),
nu thodist pr^hor, a natn-e of Halifax, was
botn aboat 1730. He joined a Socinian
in Halifax, whoae mombcre daputed him and
another, in !761 to att^d a sermon to be
delivered by Hftnry Vpnu [q. t.] nt 11 mi l' rs-
iield, in or^r ' to t'nmish matter of merriment
fbr the next ttfoetinfr.* B*lt KeTshAw left the
fehurch aft*r Ih*' fo'itnon fXi Iaiininr;, Surply
*
God b in this place ; there ie no matter for
Iftogbterliere.* He enbeequentlr onlled on the
was cntivcrl t'd, and nccfiTni"' nn>^ o1
pru;lit'r,
Yenn'e constant correspondente {Life and
Letter* tf Omtyf VmH, pMnm>.
Kershaw soon nft'Twards became Krtnwft
e to itineiunt methodist preacher, and accom-
panied SiAn VfeAej on more than one occa-
sion in his fapid journey* about the nort h of
England. I le settled down at Gainsborough
^boltol1770, and was famous in the nfipli-
bortrhmxl for his quack intHlicines. He still
continued to pn-ach, but only at irregular
initirals,and oocupied his leiaure in writing.
the {lartnership was dissolved, and Kenlam
removed to a shop nt the bottom of Pnrk
Street. A
disastrous fire occurred here^ id
1 800. Kerslake continiieJ on ifcft Wime fite,
club however, until 1870, Nvh. n )u' r>ninvod \6.
Queen'a Boad, and sbortlv afterw ards retired.
For over twenty years after his retiWnletathte
devoted himsflf fo aiirniuarian Controversy.
Kerslake died at his private repidenre, Wyn-
fred, Glevedon, on 5 Jan. 1801. His wife,
Catherine Morgan, a native of Bath, prtod^
ceased him in 1887. He had no issue.
Previous to the in wtiieh many WorMi
of great value and ecarcify were destroyea,
Kerslake had amassed a collection especially
valuable in its ant^uarian and archie<ilogi-
ciililrimrtmenta. ite was also (risMnpnished
as an antiquary. Thou{?h .s- lt-tatight, lie had
a good command of Latin and of moderh Ifttt-
puHpt s, and His scries of articles and pfttrt-
phleta on antiquarian .subjects is remarkabte
alike for shrewdness and originality. Kers-
lakeV iiiilividuality is well exempliliod in his
stunly (1. fence of the historic phrase AnplO-
Saxoti* (see infra). 'His pamphlet were .s

H fl'pl ftt Aphby-de-la-Zouch in 1797. usually published at his owt exoense' ^cf.
Besides .some tract* Kershaw wtote 1 . :
* An Proc. Somerfet Anhtrolotf. ^MOC. lBft2).
Esaav on the PritMMpal Paris of the Book of The following are Kerslake^s rli;r.f ^vorks:
the AerelationS, in a series of Dialoj^iea bo- A 1 .' Vindication of the Autographs of Sir
tirten Didaskalos and l*h v lot heos,' Stockton, l^jger de Coverley's "Pertewe Wi*m'*4na
178(), 2 vols. l2mo. 2. '"Ilie Methodist at- her" Jf alicious Confident from a disparnfrin^
tempted in Plain Metre,' a sort of WeritmUi Statement throt^Ti out in the " Athenseum,"
epic, published at Nottinphnffl m
1780, mft Bristol nsSSl 8to. 2. * SeintEti^, Bristol,
not approved by Wesh'V, who feared it mii:li( and the Welsh Border, circiter A.D.
.577-92fl,'

deter the elect from potusi^ more edifying Bristol, 1876, 8vo. 3. A Primeval British
works, and detertriiniid henoefcirth to exw- Mtftro^liR, xvith NdCM oh the AlOtent Ms
cise a cenwrship ov
i

m t h od si piihl on t nn ^ Tujincnqihv of the South-Westem Penitwulft

i- i i i

8. The G hind Mid l:^xteasive Plan of Human

of Britain,' Bristol, 1877,8va Revised ami re-
Redemption, ftom the Rnins of the Fall . . ed!toii,#ith additioBk nlider the title of Caur '

in twelve familiiif Dialofiues,' Louth, 1797. Pc n A f r o t u o n g-l oftt Un

<i rom an ted B ri t .h
1 1 '1 i , 1 i i

A note appended to thia volume etatee that Metropolis; London, 1882, 8vo. 4. 'Tracer of
KetOsKW died 'efaiortly after lihii ^f&A wm
the Andsot Kinfipdom of Damnonia, outside
put to pn s<= rornwnll, in remains of Celtic HMiolopy,'
AbMUB KR8HAW {jft. 1800), anparently London, 1878, 8vo. 6. Vestiees of the S u- '

Jtnce Kcn^w't }n, was oduoatea at Wes- premacy of Mercia in the Soutii of Englhiid
ley's school nNir Kinpswood. Me contributed durinff the Eighth OentutjV Bristol, 1879,
to the' Monthly Magazine,' and was employed 8vo. 6. 'ThBWord"Motjropoli8.'"
The An- '

hy IjOndon bookteUeirs in t ho enlargement of cient Word "Anglo-Saxon.^' 'Anglo-Saxon

^Vfilker's 'GaJTtteer' and similar work at Bristol and Fossil Tauntoft.* Three essays,
the beginning of the present century. Bristol, 1880, 8to. 7. ' The Celtic Su^
f AtOMMfb Meth<dirt Meftiwrial, p. 128 Tye^ ;
stratnm of Englaadi' London, 18h:1, 8vd.
Aak^ Wesley, u 531, iii. 862; CpfswelPs Hist. 8, ' Th*' Lihertv of Independent HistOnoai

r Pfintlng in Xottinghain, p. 37; Biog. Dirt, Research,' London, 1886,ev<K Thisifc*W-

of LitinR .Authors, p. 1I8{ KeiAai^ works in
Biit. Mua. LibTOrT.]
KERStiAKB, THOMAS H 812-1 891),
^Oobclfer.Wh in Exeter in .Tuly 1812,pro-
oeeded in 1828 to Dri^)aad socm afterwarda
what caustie attack upon the office of her
T. S. mni*'sty's in8|)ector of anoieat. laobwnentSy
ani on a preliminary re|>slft SBtilbd * Ekea-
vations in the Pen Pits, Penstlwood, Somer-
seV issood bj tha fiml h<Adex of the office^

Digitized by Google
 Ketch
OcTieral A. Pitts-Rivers. 9. *Qyfla, the Sclr
or Pagtts of the Ivel ValUy/ Somerset, 1887,
8to. 10. ' Saint Richard the king of Engliah-
in^n and hig territory, a.d. 700-720 '(privately
ft tCetch
that Lord Russell 'did not dispose himself
foffcoefiviag the futal stroke in such a posi-
tion as was most sutable,' and that ho moved
his body, while he himself receav'd some in*-
'

printed), 1890. terruption just as he was taking Aim.' Ketch

[Inffjrmntion kindly snpplied by Mr. "William Bucceaafully struck for higher wages in 1082
O^fKe, Bristol; AthcnrPTim, 10 Jan. 1891; action to which allusion is made in D'Urfet'fc
Kerl^k< V WiM'k-. (for n full nt' wtiii^h .nrr p.^pular'Butler'sGho6t'n082). Inthe 'Suj>-
ladei Catalogue of the tiomeraet Archaeological plement to th^ last WiU and Testament of
8oatiylJlbmry,Ttmuum,\9t,f.99y] T.B. Anthony, Earl of Shaftoibury ' ( 1683, foL
KETCH, JOHN, coninionl;^ kn nwii IIS p. 8), Ketch if; n ftTred to under the mime of
' Jack Kbich '
{d. 1686), execationer, u sup- Uatoh as a person of established reputatioil,
posed to have wen the itnnifldtate ^accessor and in the epilogue to Dryden's vDidca of
m the office of hmigmnn to Edward Dim, Ouiaa' lie is l rm d an '
xrollent phvsician.'
'

who had in his turn succeeded Kichard From the fact that the manor of tybUrd,
BraiHlon ' where felotas are now and f time Out tff
[q. v.],thexeetittoRef of CSharlwt.
Tlio Ktiovrn reference to Squire Dun's*
' mind have b. n rM-ciitfd,' was leased for a
.

ofiicial activity is in a curious pamphlet courtiderablo time during the seventeenth

dfttd 1609, mod Mtltled * Qui cfaetat eheta- century to the family of Jacquet, Arthur
MtW, tK Tvb'irn rlmatod.' It is belioTcd Collins, in his ' Memorials of the Sidneys,'
tlttt Ketch took oilicc in tiie following year, a&aumes that the name ot the executibner
'

Knt BR> print' d notice of the new hangman has corruptly been called Jack Ketch.' Bat
occurs until '2 Dec. DJT'^, \\lit>ii a hroadside tlii?, which was wrift<'n in 1740, can hartlly

appeared called ' The Plotters BuUad. hcing 1x1 regarded as more thun uu ingenious theory

Jadt K(eb*t ineointanble Receipt for the (Collins, i, 86).

Cure of Tmytoroiis H*>cn.ftntp, or Wliolosonie
Physick for a Popish Contagion.' On the top
of the sheet \ n wo<jdcut, in -wrhich is repre-
tented Edward Coleman [q. v.] drawn in n
sledge to the place of execution, exclnimiit^^,
'I am sick of a tniytorous disease,' while
Jack Ketch, with a hatchet in one hand and
a rope in the other, is saying, Here's your
core, sir.' In 1679 it anpt-ars from another
pamphlet pwrportinff to be written by Ketch
inmdelf, and Mititled ' Tha Man of IJestiny's
Hurd Fnriun<\' tlint the linn^raan was con-
fiaed for a time in the Marshalsea priaon,
'fihurfhy hm hopeful bannest was filte to
havf iK't-n hlH.t.'n.' A sli' rt fnlrv in flin
aatobiography of Anthony a Wood lor
31 Aof^. 168*1 states how Stephen College
was h)\n^red in the Castle Yard, Ovfnrd, and
*wheu he had hanged about half an hour,
yn* ct down by Cfatch or Ketch, and quar-
t<^d undiT the gallows' (cf. Hist. MSS.
At Mnnmouth's execution, 15 July IG.'^.'),
Ketch pliiyed ftpromiiH iit part. Alonmouth,
in his address to him ou tlu: 8ca Hold, alluded
(o his tretitmcnt of Ku-i^ell, and this appears
to iiavo totally unnerved him. After three
ineffectual blows he threw down the axe with
the words, * I can't do it,' and was only in-
*
duced to ^ofnplete his task by the threats of
the sherifis. Sir John Braniston (Autobiog.
192) and otbersconflnn the fact that Ketch
S.eatt at leatt five strokea, and even then, sc>
conling to iMrtcanliiy, he hud rccour3e to a
knife to completely '8e\'et the head from the
trunk (Mao&viat, ift#f. ; 8omtr Tract*, .
201-5). Tn January l^^^H Kftcli, fnr aflrnnt-
ing the sherilT, was turned out of his place
and oommitted to Bridewell, on6 Fasefaa
Rose, a V)utchor, taking his place. But oii
2S May following Rose himself t^ as hanged
at Tyburn and Ketch wa minMaled.
Hts belin^ nir at the executions of Ro^ppU
i

Comm. 1 L'th Rep. A pp. vii. IB.'i). In a pnm- andMonmouth,combinetl with the prominent
fldet pmhnbly written h^ Ketch himself, posititin ho oeenpiad in carrying out the hnr-
and entitled 'The Apolo^^e of Jolm Ketcli, bnrous sentences pftssr'd on Titiis Gates and
Es^oire' (the title of 'e^qu^re' being still his fellows (cf.TnoM.^ofr, Jjnfal Poenu, 1685',
alaiaigd bp the hangmen in confirmation of j>.291), Ipnatly increased Ketch's notori*ett.
ffw antra granted to Richnrd Brnndnn), in This was pcrpctnaf ed hv the natural applica--
' TindicHtion of himself a.-< to the execution
ot" tion of liii* nume to tlie executiotter, who
the Ute Lord Russell, 21 July lft88,' KaCeh regularly figured in the puppet-show drama
fcpadiated the chatye that he had ben given of 'Punchinello,' introdiiCfd into Encrbind
*tw"eifty guenoies the night before that after {"ust alxkut this time from Italy, and popu*
the first blow my lord should say, " You arise|(l bv Robert Powell [q. t*] and othei*
did I give yott ten gnenaies to use me during the reign of Anne. letter ' Front A
otdhnmaAiyP"' attributed iht bun- Charon to the Most niustrions and High
gling of tlie xecution (described by Evelyn Born Jack K(tch, F<ore.,' in Tom Brown**
i

a done ia a ' buteherly fsahion'} to the liftct ' Letters from the Dead to the Living ' (1709^

Digitized by Google
 Ketel 7 Ketel
p. 48), shows that the office of executioner quished by Wisdom,' and tliat Im thus ob-
WM very soon specislly identified with his tained an introduction to court circles. lie
name. That Ketch deoerved his reputation undoubtedly soon obtained a high reputation
and inhuman barbarity is ren-
for excessive among the English nobility as a portrait-
dered Teryprobable by a letter from Ih-. painter. He painted Hatton at full length
HnttontoTnomasOoaioer,!).!). [q. v.], dean more than once ; examples of the portrait are
of Durham, datod 4 Dec. iBHft, in which it is in the cnlb'ct ions hot li of the Earl of Win-
said 'Mr.^Samuell Johnson[164d-1703, q. v.l chiUea (Tudor Exhibition, ItidO, No. S46)
wu whii^Md on Wednesday, but ctvillT uiea and of Viscount Dillon at Ditchley Park,
hy the new hangman, Jack Ketch heing buried Oxfordshire. He also painted, among others,
two dajs before.' It appears, therefore, that Henry Fitzalan, earl of Arundel (one is in
Kcteh died towards the eloae of Noirember the oollectjon of the Duke of Noffolk at
168(1. Arundel Ca.stle (Tudor Exhibiiion J 0O, No.
A Autobiography ' of Ketch,
fictitious * 211), and another in that of the Marquis
wtA Ulustratioiia from designs by Meadows, of liath at Jjongleat, Wiltshire); Edward
was rublislied in
18.'in, .ni n Life of Jackl ' (Clinton, first earl of Lincoln (in the collec-
Ketcii with Cuts of hit". wn Mxecutioa* was tion of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn
nraong the humorous tith\s furnished by Ton Abbej); James Hamilton, second earl of
Hood for the Duke of Devonsliue'c Ubmiyat Arran (in tlio rnllfcfion of tlie Duke of
Chatsworth. Hamilton at liamilton ralace); Edward
[LuttreU's Diary, 1. 271. SS8; VtAm and Vere, earl of Oxford ; Sir James Gresham
Qneries. lirt ycT. xii, 293. 2nd ncr. xi. 161. 256, (1679) (in the collection of G. W. I^icveson-
314, 447, ."ilh net. xi. 349, 610; Butler's Hudi- Gowcr at Titsev); and Sir George Penrud-
hms, od. Zach. Grey, ii. 341 Evelyn's Diary, ii.
;
docke (Tu<l<.r Exhibition, 1890, No. 22-2). In
182; BorDit'tt Own Time, i. 646; MaeattUy's 1677 Ketel was employed to paint for Queen
Histoiy, chap. v. p. 306 (popular ed.); OrifBth^a Elizabeth and the Cathay Company portraits
Chronicles t" Newpi'to, i. 155; Whoatloy and of Sir Martin Frobieher fq. v.] and the Esqui-
CunningbAm's London, iii. 418; Hone's Table maux brought back by him to England fmm
IkK>k, p. 605 ; Brit. Miis. Cat. Pogge, in Cnrialia
Greenland: as well as of Frohisher s ship, t be
HiaoeUuMa aignw that etcb'.s real name was Gabriel. The jxirtriiil nf J Vidiisbor is now in
Cbtflh; aad Gmt in hia Oanting Diet calls him
the Bodleian Library at Oxford (Tudor Exhi-
Kiteb.3 T. & bition, 1890, No. 827). In 1678 tbe Dndieaa
KETEL, CORNELTS (1548-1010), i.or- of Somerset received Elirabitli in state at
trait-poiuter, bom at Gouda in Holiaua on H&nworth, Middlesex, andher son, the Earl
18 Mareh 1M8, was the illegitimate aon of of Hertford, employed Ketel to paint a por-
Govert Jansz van Proven, and of IHizult.'f 1i, trait of the queen to r- li brate the occasion.
daughter of Jacob Ketel. His father's daugh- Ketel returned to HoUimd in 1681, having
ter was married to "Wouter Pieteras C^a^ married in England Aeltgen (Adelaide) Ger-
l>eth, the famous glass-painter at Gouda. rits,by whom he had a t^on, Kaphael| baptised
Ketel showed an early aptitude for jwinting, at .Amsterdam on 16 Nov. 1681.
and was instructed in the art, especially in Ki-tel now settled at Amsterdam, where be
glass-painting, by his uncle, Comelis Jncobsz Juickly became the lending portrait-painter,
Ketel, at Uouda. There his work attracted le was esjiocially patronised by the guilds of
the notice of tl ic glass-painter Dirk Crabeth, marksmen, for whom he painted Some lar^
brother of Wouter Pietersz Crl ih. In f groups of porl niits, and wiis tlipforf runner in
1665 Ketel went to Delft, to study under this iiueol i ranb li al.s and V an der ilelht. Two
Anthonie P.ln' mdt, and thence in 1666 to
I I of thase portrait-groups are now in tbe Ryks-
France, where he was associated with other museum at Amsterdam, one, painted in 1588,
youug artists from the Netherlands on work showing a group under the corporalship of
at Fontainebleaa. He resided for some t imo Dirk Kosencransj the other was painted in
at Faris with the court glass-painter, Jean de 1596. Four similar pictures in the same
laHam6o. In 1668 he returned to Gouda, to museum are attributed to Ketel, and por-
ftToid the religious wars in France, and prac- traits of .Tarob Bas, bur^master of Amster-
tised there for six yeacs.^ In 1673 he came dam, in 1681, and of Qne^e CkMldenhis wife,
to England, and worked in London for eight Fainted in 1686, an in tbe same collection,
years. He lodged with a s( ituary, who was 'our portraits by Tv. t-I are in the collec-
It friend of his uncle, and received commia- tion of Mr. Hugo Gevers at the Hague.
siona from tbe Hanae merdiants at tha Steel- Carel van Mender, tbe intimate friend aad
yard. It is stated that a nifrohant friend pre- biographer of Ketel, who wrote while Ketel
sented to Sir Christ j]>h*>r Hatton [q. v.J an was still livinff, gives a list of the principal
(ik^rical painting by him of 'Fonse Van- irorkaeoBecntea bgr Ketel in Amsterdam, tn-

Digitized by Google
 Ketel 73 Kethe
eluding his allegorical and poetical produc- tbe original edition it was printed frotn a
tioDs. From him we learn that Kotcl in transcript supplied by LeanderPritcbard in ;

ht later years took to modelling in wax, the last edition this version is collated with
ptinting entirely with his fingers instead of a copy in Col ton. MS. Faustina H. iv. ff. 164 A-
bni-ilu'!^, and tinnlly in l&X) paint in<r with 178 rt. It is al-so printed by Mr. Kaine in
hl^ {'ft ul-ne. Ketel died at Ani.t('rdara in *
Historians of the Church of York and its
1616, and waa buried on 8 Aug. in the old ArchbUhops,' i. 2H1 91 (Rolls Ser.) Ketel't.
church there. In a will dated 16 March style is pious and diffuse, niul bin work is of
IblO, to which he added numerous codicils, little interest ; he is named as the author by
he mentions his wife, Aeltgen Jans, appa- a continuator of slightly later date. Bate
icotly his second wia, and a ion Andnes, ascribes to him two other treat ises,*l)e Rebus
who died young. Bererlacensis EcclesiiB ' and ' Vita S. Joannis
Ketel frequently painted Ills own por- Bcverlacensis ; ' bat iuB atatement it aoi
tait: ooe, at Hampton Ck>ttrty was engraved Bulxstnntiated.
W H. BuTj. Two allegarieii! iwcttiwfl by [Ix'land'sCointncnt.deScjiptt. p. 17'5; Halo, v.
hm, '
Triumph of Virtue and Tlit;
Thf' '
5 ; Pits, p. 41 1 Tanner's BiW. Bnt.-Hib. p. 17B;
;

Iriofflph of Vice,' painted for an Amsterdam UisL Litt. de U

Fxaooe, viii. 317-18; Hardy's
wrhant, were BnlwequeBtty in tbe collec- Dseeript. Oat. BHt. Hist. iii. 809 ; Bonandistd*
tion of the Duke of I^n Ivincrlmin. Idtrl wn^i A Ct rl May, 172-D, and Apj*. Itune's
Siinct. 7 .

oae of the meet remarkable portrait-paiuters liiftiuriaos of the Church of York and ila Arcb-

of Ids tine, and anch works of hie as have bisfaopi. L p. Ht.] 0. L. K.

^ar^iT<H^ are of the highfj't inters st. Pietrr KETHE, WILLIAM (d. 1608?), pm-
Imac^x, the famous painter in l>enmark| was t extant divine, gonerallT believed to have
is
hu pupil. been a native of Scotland. He was one of
rrsrcl ran Mander'a Livre dea Peintres, e<l.
the congregation of prut ist;int exiles at Frank-
fort during the Marian per^ution in Decem-
Bjaaas, 1 845 ; BrKlins'sMeisterwerice des JiyVn-
MsmMsttAnsterdain; BrsdituAiCataIog:uo of ber 1554 (^nVjf 2)Mootirs, p. 26). During
the RjksmuBeam; Taurel'M I/Art nhn-tifii nn the ritualistic cnntrovorsics among the exiles
BolUnde, ii. 176; Ood HolLn.d, iii. 74; Olirwiti's in November 1550, Kethe, with William
Architf roor Ne<lerl.in' indie Kiinstgcjicliiodenis, Whittingham [n. v.] and others, removed to
in. 62, &c. ; Vertoe u MSS. (Brit. Mus. Add. Geneva (tV;,) Here ho was frequotitly em-
MS. 2306S ) ; Sfharfs Catnlogue of Pictures at ployed by the English congregation as a dele-
Wobcrn Abbey; IawV ('ntalogii* of the Pic- gate to the exiles in other partaof the cotutr^,
tansst mptoo Coort ; Tudor Ekbibitiun Cata- and when Mary died (1558) was sent to vi.sit
lK>.3 I- 0. and confer with various bodies of refugees,
KETEL or OHETTLE, WILLIAM (Jl. fnr the purpose of bringing about XWMNIp
1150^, hagiograpber, was a canon of Bever- ciliation and unity of action. He seems
ley. He wrote a narrative ' De Miraculis to have remained at Geneva till 1661 (cf.
Sancti Joannis Beverlaceneis,' wherein he lA.p. 187; Livingston, p. 66). He returned
says that he had only entered things of which to England in that year, and was at once
V bad personal knowledge or which he had instituted to the rectory of Okeford Superior,
Wirr.r from others worthy of credit. Almost in tlie pnritili of Child Okeford, Dorset. He
aii pUce duriog tbe reign
timt lie relate* took aocomnanied Ambrose Dudlej,earl of Wax^
efWniiaiB 1 0066-87). Ketel dedicated Bis wick [q. v.], on tbe expedition to Havre in
'^rk. according to tho vi rsion in the Acta '
loG'i, as 'minister and prriiclier of tlic Mii^'-*

Sanctorum,' to Tburstio, prior of Beverley in lish armj, and in went to the 'north
1 1 01 , or, aooordini^ to Leiand, toThom as, prior partes' as one of the preacbera to the troops
cf li^-Tf-rl^jy. One Thomas was prior in 1 OUi' wliieh wi^rc cnpa^^'d in siilKluing llm pipiab
sad another in 1 108. But Mr. Kaine points rebels. His sermon (on John xv. 22) made '

entlhat tho treatise containa qnotationa from at Blandford Fomm

... at tbe teeinon bolden
Af\Tf<l of B4'vt^rl( y, -whose chronicle was there 1571 ,' was published byJobnDaye
. . .

written about 1150, and that there was a
Trior Thanrin who died in 1168 or 1154.
Tarrw^r clearlv mistaken in giving Ketel
tbe date 1320. 'Xhe editors of the Ilistoire
Littfraire* consider that Ketel (or Kecel as
tber fp*n it) was a Norman or I'"rench name
Inland suggests that it is a corruption of
A'^iietf 1.
in 1572 (8vo), with a dedication to the Earl
of Warwick. A
sucoeisor waa appointed at
Okeford Superior in lOCI^*, wliirli may be as
'
fiumed to be the date of Ketlie's death.
Kethe is now remembered chiefly for his
metrical psalms, e.'p'cinll y for his version of
the 100th paiilni. 'All people that on earth
do dwell.' 'r\ir ilterwas in some careleMly
l

The l>e Miranili.^ given in the 'Acta

'
revisetl early p^ulttTS ascribed to Hopkins
guctonmi/ 7 Maj, 17^-9, 3rd edit.; in (Warton attributes it to Whittingham), but

Digitized by Google
 Kethe 74 Kett
the publibhed versions afe eigiid
enrliefst fq. v.],was probably bom at Wyriiondhafny
with Ketbp'p initial?, hitI all the later and rorfolk. He was admittfxl of Corpus Christi
best authorities agreu in assigning it to him. College, Cambridge, proceeded B,A. l<~j()9,aud
Kadie wrote in all twenty-five metrical M .A .1 573 and w as elected fellow in the sams
;

ftsalniB them were lirfct printed in tli<i

; year. On 27 Dee. 1575 ho joined in a letter
isb re.alter issued at Gieueva in lotil, and of thnnks to Burghley, as chancellor, for a
were subaequentlj transferred to the com- settlement of college disputes. In 1580 be
plete Scottish Psaltor (lom), ten Only beinpf resifrnedhisfcllowship and left the university,
adopted in the Engiii?h r^uller A probably for some preferment. Though <h^-
renuerinff by Ketho of the 94th psalm wuh seribed as of Wymondham, be doee not at>-
published in I008, attached to a tract called pear to have been vicar of that parish. Jio
* The Appellation of John Knox,' Kethe's has been identifi^xl with the Krnncis Kett,
'

100th pgalm appeared in the appendix of
the &nt complete English metrical Psalter
(1662), but was admitted into the text of the
edition of I660. Wnrton describes Kethe as
doctor of phisick,' ^\ho jniblished 'Tho
Glorious and Beautiful Garland of Ma&^s
Glorification' (prose) in 1585, with a dedi-
cation u Quwn Klizahfth. In 1588 Edmund
f

*ao unready rbjrmer;' and if regard be had
to the difTenmt elementt of variety, fidelity,
energy, and elegance, ho is entitle(i to a hiph
place amon^ the psalterTeraifiers. Hia'long'
and ' peenbar' metres are superior to tnost of
Scambier, bishoo of l^orwich, sununoned him
to his oonrt, and condenined him oit ehaj^ea
of heresy. Scambier in a letter (7 Oct. 158H)
to Burghley, as lord high treasurer, urged hts
speedy exeention,' as a ' danferona' fta/mm,
'

his daj. of 'blasphemous opinions.' The -\rtirles '

Besides his psalms he wrote some popular of Heretical Pravitr ol))eoted by Sc&mbler '

reliffioaa 1m11m8{ the uoel noted waa 'A against Kett (in Leaud, MS. 969, f. 162),
Ballet, declarinp-i! tlie fal of the Whore of and the Blasphemous Hercsyos of one &)tt
'
*

Baby lone, inty t uled Tje thy Mare, Tom-boye, (^Bccord Uilice, ccxvii. f. 1 1), arc both printed
with other and tbenrnto annexid a FrologuiB in Storofenko's ' Life of Greene,' and ade-
;

to the Reders.' A
copy of this Tery ran* quately disjKise of the allegation, sometimes
tract^ consisting of sixteen leaves in black brouplit fifTuin.st Kett, that he indoctrinated
letter, belonged to Ileber. The Ballet ' ends Greene and Miirlowe in atheism.
'
W'illiam
'Finip, quod William Kyth ,' rtnd n Con- Burton {(L \(]W>) [a. v.1, who classes him with
cluding exhortation to the jmpist.-*,' * Finis, Arians, correctly describes him as a sort of
'

quod Wyllyam Kith.' Another of Kethe's millenarian, holding that 'Christ wyth his
broadside poems bore the title 'Of Misrules Apostles arenowppersonnlly in Tiidci rn'her-
contending with Gods W'orde by name. . .ing of his church,' and that the faithtul mwt
.

Quod Wyllym Kethe '(I^ondon, b^HnghSin- goe to Icrusalem,' there to be * fed vHth
'

ffleton, n.d.), twenty-two four-hno stanzas. .fVngelles foode,' Underlying this theory w-ns
While with the exiles he acted as one of th a view of Christ as not (Jod, but a good man,'
'

translators of the Geneva Bible. lie also pro- who sulFored once for his owno sinnes and is
'
*

dvoed' WilliamKethe, his seetngGlasso, sent to'sufior againe for the sinnee of the world,'
to the BOhles and gentlemen of England, and ' be mane God after hissecondreirarredtiu.'
whiTennto is added tlic rraier of Daniel in It sci ins proluiijle that Kett was a mvstienf
meeter (MAUnraiiiLt'a Cat.) ; and contributed the type of Johamn Schetiler (ltj^lb77>
'

an English j)oem to Ohristoi^ieir Gooditon s Strype thinkt he may hare belonged to the
' IIow iSiiperior Powers oght to beobeiyed Of family of love.' Burton notp how lioh ho
' '

their Subjects (Geneva, 1558).

' would seemeto bee . thosacred Bible almost
. .

[BHeff Ditfco'srs of the Trouble* b(ponn#i at nener out of luB handes, kimaelfe al wa ves ifa
Fmoekfoid, I-tT,'); Notrs un<i Qiipnes. 4tl>
,
prayer.' He was burned alive in the cat<tle
wr. ix. t9, 170 Wfirlon's H ist. of English Poetry
; ditch at I^orwich on 14 Jan. 1089. Burton^
Hber's Cat. ed. Collier Uutchins's Dorset, tr. who witneeeed the execution, and deemed
;

84 8f rypo's AnnalN; Holland's Psalmists ofOmif Kett a deuill incni-Tintej'says th;it '^vheh Ho
; '

Erttaiu, 184;i; Notices n'gartling the Motricd went to the tiro he wa* clothed in .vjckecloth,
Versions of the Psalms in Itaillio's Lettors and he went leaping and dannorng: beintr in the
Jouroals, editad by Laing, iii. 627 (BaouHtyno fire, nhoiie twenty times togethfr, clnppim;
Ctttb), l841->2; IHssertation prefixed to Living-
his hand.s, he cried nothing but ble.^#e<l Ix'ft
stone'H r<?print of 1 635 Scot \<h I'-aUor (Glasgow,
t

Gkfd . . . and so continued vntill the fire hnd

1864); Julianas Diet, of Hyinnolugy; Ames's
consumed all his neather partes, and vntill
T>|er. Aati^. ed. Eeibert.] 1. a
H.
ho was stilled with the smoke.' The pre-
KETT or KET. FRANCIS (d. sentation of his surname as 'Kniffht' Miaet
cleii^rman, executed for heresy, son of Wil- from a mere blander, Ket harittg heea vuA
liam Kt^ and grandson of Kobert Kett Kt.

Digitized by Google
 Kelt 75 Kett
[BurtoQ* Daatd't butdenve, pp. 124 lines of Viil ending with ' eqao ne ctedite
BhNBe4l)d' VatMkt 1806 iL 608, 1806 Tedatl' ffifepelwaikUntitablf tocarioatiiM,
f.;
til. SOS sq. Brrypc's Ann&lB, 1824, iii.pt. and in June 1M07 ho was depict '^d hy Digh>
ii. !>. 73; W:ilUi:e'( Antitrinitnrian Btog. 1850, ton in * A View from Trinity as & tail maa
'

i. 38 6q ; Hoy wood and Wright' Cambridgo
VmTusitvTraiUNWtimM, I8t>4, u 190 sq.; Gabrittl
HaiTT* Work*, ad. GroihTi ; Oooperv Athense
CintHhr. 18fil, ii. 38. 543 Sforojenko's Lifo of
;
GreDb, in Gre-ne's Works, ed. Qroaart, i. 42-5,
aad AppL pp. SM-61.] A. &.
KETT, nEN'nV n 761-1 82.-5), niisc.-l-
laaeoud writer, eon of iietgamin &ud Marv
Kett, wu bom in tbe psnsli of St. Peter b
MautTOff , NorwicL, 12 Peb. 1761. His father
was a cordwainer and rman of Norwicb,
and be himsdtf wm
admitted to the freedom of
the city oil -\<if^. 17'^l. Tlfwaa educated
at Norwich grammar i+chool by ihe llev. Wil-
liam Lemon, and matriculated as commoner
inf. ord. of Trinity fnllcj^^e, Oxford, on
18 March 1777, gra<Uutliiig H A. \7^0, M..\.
171S3, BJ}. 171K1 He was elected liloiiiit
exhibitioner '26 ]\fay 1777, scholar 1" June
1778, and leilow o June 17i54, retaining hi^
^lowahip until 1824. His name occurs as
th*? tutor of various nndt rgraduate'f from
17e4 to 16(10, but the periiKl during which lie
acted as cnllege tutor probably range<l from
179f to 1808. In 1789 Kett, who was fond
of travel, visited France, to observe the first
ferment of the revolution. He was Bamp-
ton Ivcturer in 1790^ and in the same year
vas chiefly instrnmental in raising a sub-
B(7iption for the venerable scholar, Dr. John
Unity y.l when the latter was discharged
liy tne oelefatee of tiie Chnodoo l^ress firom
hir \^'-\ii<jn a catahiguer of thi' ('ri
JdUiS. in the Bodleian. He was select
with bia hands beUnd hia back. In hie
younger days Kett was f^onspicuom for gra-
vity, but ho afterwards became a beau, leanit
dancing, and sought a reputation (orfftSkuor
try. lie rejected many college livin;f8, and
twice missed the college headship. Through
the kindness of Dr. Chapman, tho president
of hh college, he held tho incutnrMMicy ot
Elstielti, II. (ir Oxford, from 22 May 178o to
28 June 1804; from July 1612 to' 1820 ho
was vicArof Sutton Benger, Wilt.shire, and
in 1814 he was nominated by Bishop Tom-
line as perpetual curate of Hykeham in Lin-
colnshire. He was hIso king's preacher at
Whitehall ; but thesp upp<iintments did not
compel him to leave Oxlunl, and ho resided
in college until hia marriafe at Charlton
King^, (Tloueeetemhire, in Decembw 18S8,
to Miss AVhifr. Kett was independent in
principle, but of extreme vanity, and aul^ject
to fita of dapreation. Hia mind beenne un-
liin^'od, and ho was found drowned ftt St.it!-
well, Middleaex, on 30 June 182a. His
wido# ttafried at St. Jamea\ Piccadilly,
on i?M Nov. 1828, the Rev. Thnnins Xichofl.
Kett gave to his college, in addition to large
suhsottptiona to varioiia buildinga and aoUM
plato, portraits of William Pope, earl of
jbowne, and the tirst earl of Clmtham. Tlw
bulk of his fortune, about 25,000/., was left
after his widow's death to three public chari-
ties, one being the Radclille Infirmary at Ox-
ntal ford.
Kett wa* the author of: 1 Rampton Ser- .
'

mea^iev 1801-2, and dtotcal examiner mons,' 1791, fonsislin^of A lii'})ies<'ntation '

during lSa^-4. On 31 Oct. 170.S h,- nu<\u- of the Conduct and Opmions of tho I'riinitivo
oesafuULy contested the professorsh m o \y n' ry Christians, with Remarks on Gibbon antl
i t

at Oxnra against JTamea Hurdis [q. v.] In Priestley;' 2nd edit., with corrections and
lW):i h'- cnnviL'^.-f rl Ji^ain for tin* ^nuu! post,
but refrained Irom going to the poll. On
the first oosa^m he published, as hie ere*
denrial^ for tho profcseorfhip, n volume of
'JuTemle Poems, most of which had ap-
peared in the 'Gentleman's HagaJ^e/ Iwt
DP afterwards endeavoured to suppress It as
beneath the proper dignity of poetry. On
It has l)een suggested that
additiona, 1702.
Parr assisted him in this work. 2. 'Juve-
nile Poems,' 1703. 3. 'History the Inter-
preter of Prophecy,' 17JM), 3 vols.; and nume-
roua editions in later years, it waa dedicated
to Bishop IVctyman, afterwarda knomi aa
Tomlino, to wliom Kt tt on his death left the
copyright. 4. Elements of General Know*
'

tbM prodnetions Tom Warton compo.<ied ledge,' 1802, 9 tols., forming the aub%anea
tke epigram in aUuaion to their aathor'e of a cont^e of lectures which hfi had read to
laiyenase :
his pupils during the previous twelve ^cars.
Our Ktt not peel, The sjbpetidix ofnfty-two pages eolitained k
Why how can you HQTaO? list of booK-s, in tho cl<lS8icaI pnrt of whicli
for il he's no Ovid, Poraon was consulted. There were numerous
I'm ann ba'a a Naao. aditioBa of ^ia woric^ the eighth appearinfr in
The length of Rett's (ace also led the wtt^v to 1815. Some of its blunders were pointed out
mifknnm^ hia ' Honle Kett, and Copleston by John Davison [a, v.] in 'A Short Account
'

iannad wanA tmmn by reprinting, on the <^ certain Notable Discoveries contained in 4
tititfaga of bit falnpkiat ^ptort Jiim, tie Bacaat Work,' pt. L 1608 [by Philabuthemw

Digitized by Google
 Kett
Orielensisl, pt. 1604. It was defended, pro-
ii.
bably by Kett himMlf in the disguise 01 ' S.
>.'obody, of King's College, Oxford,' in 'The
Biter Bit, or Discoveries Discovered in a Pam-
phlet of certain Notable Discoveries/ 1H04
and bj Frederick Nol&n of Exeter CoU^, in
' ALecter to Pliileleutheros Orielensis,* 1804,
ii]>hol(!iag the view that Kett's errors wore
due to CArelessness rather than ignorance, and
liid been imdiilj magnified (see Cfent. Ma^,
1805, pp. 41-ri ). 5. '
Emilv, n moral
2nd edit. 1609. 6. ' A Tour to the Lakes of
Camtwrhnd nnd WeetmoreUind
1798.' This waspublished in Mavor's 'British
Touriate'Companion/ v. 117-67. 7. *IjOgic
made Eavf,or short View of the Atiatotelic
System of Rr-nsniiin;::,' T^OO. very se%'ere A the lead from the roofs and carried away the
attack on it was made in J'lie Kxaminer '
Examined, or I^gic Vindicated. By a Gra-
duate |"i.e. Bihliop Coplestoii \ '^OO, and it
' I
was afterwards ripidly euppresMfd by Kett.
8. The I'ldwers of Wit, or a Choice Col-
*
lection of Bim Mots,' 1814, 2 vela.
Kett contributed five papers (4, 22, 27, 39,
end 42, all signed Q.') to tlio Ollii Podrida
'
' a riot at Attleboroug^, and fences were torn
of Tlioma.s ^fonro. His life of William Ben-
well (^q-v. was appended to n voliune of
]
'Poems, Odes, Prologues, and Epilogues
spoken at Reading School,' 18(>4, pp. 205-23;
and his memoir of Henry Ileaoley [q. v.],
with some verses on Ileadley's death, was
inserted in the ' Select Beauties of Ancient
English Poetry' (1810 edit., pp. xx-ii).
To Shoberl's translation of Gluiteniibriand'.s
* Beeutiesof Christianity ' he supplied a ^re-
ftoe end notes. His transletions of JorttnV
poems were reprinfi-d in Jorliirs
neous works; numerous pieces by him ap-
peared in the ' Oentlemfui's Magnsine,' and
several letters to and from him are
Stone's Parr,' i. 328-^1, vii. 677-93, viu.
and in T. F. Dibdin's Remi.
niscence.s,' ii. 791-2. lie left many manu-
scripts, including an edition of Greek pro-
Terbe ogr Lulnnus, with English tunnslation
ad notes, on which he was long eng^iged.
[Gent. Mag. 1812 pU ii. p. 81. 1825 pt. ii. pp.
184-6, 1828 pt. ii. p. 658 ; NotMand QueriM, 4th
ser. ix. .380,448,617 (1872); Amiunl Biojt. 1826,
pp. 16-2.5; JohriMtono's Parr, j. 282. vii. 653;
O. V. Ccix.s Kecolk'ctions of Oxford, n. IC
infomuitioD from the Eev. William HudiiOD of
Vorwiflb, and from Trinity College, per the Rev.
H. E. D. Blakistnn.] W. P.
KETT, ROBERT (d. 1549), rebel,
nieml)erof an old Norman family, whoso name
passed through the forms of Ia: Cliat ,( 'ut,Kptt,
Ket, and Knight. A
branch of this family
settled at Wymondham, Norfolk, and held
I. in.l- tli. r.' in 1 IM.'5. In 1549 Kolx-rt Ki-tt
calltxl a tauuerj and his brother William a
16 Kett
butcher or mercer; but boti were landowners
and men of some position in the neighbour-
hood. Robert held the manor of Wymondham
from John Dudley, earl of Warwick, and other
;
lands H.s well. He belonged to the class of
landlords, and only through accident took
the side <n the people. This accident arose
from a loeal quarrel. Tlie parish church of
Wvmondham was joined to tue prioiy churdit
ana after the dissolution of the monasteries
Tal-,' the men of Wymondham in bought
from the crown the choir of the prionr
in August chnreh and other parts of the monastic Duila-
ings, In sp'fi' of this the tenant of the
royal grantee, S-rjennt Flowerden, who lived
at Hathersett in tne neighbourhood, stripped
bells (Blomefield, Hi.it. of Nurfolk^ i. 7^33-
734). The Kelts, as the chief people in the
town, resented this, and a feuu grew up in
consequence. There were many hardships
arising from the harsh oondnct of the new
landlords, e.pecially in the fnrlosure of com-
mon lands; and on 20 June 1549 there was
down. On 7 July an annual festival, with a
Elay in honour of St, Thomas of Canter-
ury, was held at Wymondham. Tlie gather-
ing of excited rustics ended in the destruc-
tion of more fences, among them some erected
by Flowerden at Hathersett. Flowenleii
ffave the rioters money to puU down Kett's
fences as well ; and Kett, in his anger at
this treatment, helped them to level his own
fences, and then led them back to make a
clean sweep of Flowerden*s. In this Kett
iiii;-r>'ll;i- Avas helped by lii hrother W^illiam, and the
riot became important when it was headed
by two men of position. Hie excitement of
in John- leadership awakened in Kelt's mind a sym-
pathy with popular aims. lie led the rioters
to Cninglefora, and thence to Bowthorpe,
where the sherifl". Sir Edmund Winrllmm,
boldly ordered them to disperse. He was
assailed, and fled to Non\ich, where the
rioters followed and pulled down the fences
of the Town Close. The mayor of Norwich
sent off a messenger to London, and trnd
moanwhile to snve the city. Kett oerupied
Mousehold Heath as a camp, and his fol-
; lowers soon reached the number of sixteen
thousand men, who scoured the country for
provisions and blockaded the city. Yet Kett
a maintained order. He established law oovrta,
was* which sat under an oak-tree; there were
chaplains,who said daily prayers and preached
to the people ; among others Matthew Parker,
afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, ven-
tured into the camp and addressed the rioters.
I.'* A petition of grievanee.H was drawn up and
signed by twenty-two deli^g;atesof the hun-
Digitized by Google
 Kelt 77 Kettell
dreds of Norfolk and one of Suffolk. The
Only ho and William were brought to trial;
dwnands were singultirly mcxierate, and they pleaded guilty, and were condemned tO
aimed at redreftsiog the hardships of the death as traitors. On 29 Not. they were
feudal system by diminishing the power of handed over to the sheriff, and were taken
lords of manors as regards enclosures, out- back to Norwich, where Robert was executed
goiiigs which were unjustlv thrown upon on 7 Dec 1649, and his body was hanged in
tenantB, restrictions of rights of fishing, chains from the top of the castle. William
kf*-j>ing of dovi-cota, and such liko. The was sent to W^ymondhmn, mid wasainiilarijr
only general principle laid down is, * We hanged from the church tower.
vmy tfant all bondnien ma^ he made flree [RnssoU. Kelt's Rebellion in Norfolk, has eol-
fur (hul made all free with his pncious lected most of the doenneote nlatiag to the
bkfodahieddin^/ There is no ground tor iind- riMIu^ Tbeie are two eontanpoiary aeeooats,
inr in dua rising any sympathy with the NeriUaTs De FUroribns yorfUoeRsiam. first pub-
old form of the church clerical residence lished 1675, and Southerton'a The Commoy.sim
;

and diligence in teaching are the only de- in Norfolk (Harl. MSS.). 1676. Besides the8:
aiida OT a religioas naturi. On 91 July Hayward's Reign of Edward VI; Holioshed's
came a royal herald, ofTt-rinp pardon, whom Chronicle; Sti^pe's Ecclesiastical Memorials
Kett answered, Kin^ were wont to pardon and Life of Parker; Blomefield's Hist, of Nor-
'

wicked persons, not innocent and just men.' folk, ii. 160, &c. Of modern writers: Fniude's
Aftr being thus treated as a rfh^'l, Kett
b^n the siege of Norwich, and William
Parr, marquia of Northampton, was sent
with 2,500 men to its succour. Among his
truups were some Ituliun mercenuries, who
wpre wontted in a skirmish, and on 1 Aug.
Kelt attAckM Norwich, slew Lord Sheffield,
and drove the royal tnx>p8 out of the city.
The privy cotinol was in great anxiety, and
not till 16 Aug. was John Dudley, earl of
Warwick, named commander against the
rebels. On 23 Aug. he reached Norwich,
and sent a herald offering pardon to all ex-
cept Ktt. While the herald was delivering
hit men^age onf of his escort shot a boy who
affronted hinif and the herald was almost
torn to pieoea. Kett interposed to save hira,
and for a moment hesitated whether or no
be should accompany him to Warwick. But
Ilia fenowen srid lua bridle^nd the diances
of peace were at an end, Warwick forced
hie wav into one end of Norwich while the
ntMBb mM the other, and there was confused
fi.rh^insj in the strp^ts till, on "20 Anp., War-
wick was reinforced by eleven hundred lanz-
knedits, and was Strang enoogh to meditate
an attack on the camp at Household. Moved
by a local prophecy, which foretold that the
country gimtles UMIlld fill up Dussindtile
-with blo^,' Kett moved from Mousehold to
]>uj(sindale below, and there awaited War-
wick']* onslaught. In the open Held tr
Hiitt. of ngUDd; Dixon's Hist, of the Church
of England ; Rye^ Ibpohir Hist, of Norfolk.]
M. C.
KETTELL, RALPH (15C3 1043), third
president of Trinity College, Oxford, bom
in 1663, was the third son of Jolm Kettell,
gentleman, of Kintj'a Lantfley, Hertfordshire.
He was uomiiiat^i to a scholarship at Trinity
i CoUege, Oxford, in 1679 by Lady Elizabeth
Paulet of Tittenhanger, the widow of Sir
Thomas Pope, knt., founder of the college
and was elected fellow in 1683. One of his
contemporaries and friends was Sir Edward
Hoby [q. v.] The Christopher Kettell who
became a commoner of the college in 15B3,and
the George Kettell who became a commoner
in 1688, were Ralph's younger bnrtJiers, and
John Kettell of King's Langley, whose family
bible is in the college library, was his elder
brother (King's Langlev reg. ) Ralph Kettell
gniduated B.A. 1582, M.A. 1580, B.I). 1594,
and D.D. 1597, and, after fiUiug various col-
lege offices, was elected proetdeot in 1606-9,
11 the death of Dr. YeMard. Among those
who as young men were tmder Lis care while
he was either tutor or pre.<ii(lent were Arch-
biflhop Sheldon, Bishops filemham, Lucy,
*
Ironside, and Skinner, Sir John Denham,
.lame.s Harrington, Ludlow, Ireton, Geofgn
and Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, William,
earl of Craven, and Sir Henry Blount. Many
iifii I document s drawn up in hisveiy curious and
.

sc.Mi Ts f <v.sily prerailed ; the Innzknt-chts
fired a volley, and charged the centre of the
mhela, who gave way, and their forces were
thai cnt into, and fled on different sides.
At least 3,ri00 men were slain on the field,
afld so fulfilled the propliecv. Kett rode
mqr to Swannington } but lua horse waa
weary and he could go no farther. He was
taken and brought back to Norwich, whence
W waa Mat wiw three brotbsn to London.
marked handwriting remain in the college
archives. He exen-ised gr?at vigilance in
dealing with the college estates and college
discipline, rebuilt the college hall, and added
attics or ' cocklofts ' to the old Durham Col-
lege quadrangle, of wliicU the east side still
remains. About 102U he built for the use
of commoners, on the site of ' Perilous Hall.'
the fine ntone hotm; in Broad Strsetwhiai
is still known as Kettell UalU

Digitized by Google
 Kettell
Ktltell was one of the older keada of
houses "who, without beinp inclined to the
'
factious in religion,' disliKt'ti Laud's high-
handed reforms. He was a right church '
of Kneland man;' saved the old paintinir.s in
the college chapel from the puritan cunimin-
ioner, Lord Say and Sele ; lectured on the
Thirty-nine Articles, and talked of roodlofts,
wafers, and the old rile* which he could juL
remi'mlH^r, Outside Oxford Kettell held the
rectory of Garsington, which was attached
to his office of prebideut, and was private
WaUingham's widow
cltaplain to Sir Fraucift
adtoBuhopBilaonolWinehMter. Aubrey,
wlio <fTriattf
1042, and km w Kettell in his old ngo, niir-
rates m&ny anecdotes of his ecoentrioitiea,
anil qttotes speeimens of his qtuunt lemarin.
Aubrey also meutions his sttTft charity to
poor Bcholan, and his CQ^temutuQU8 trefit-
nent of thb atran^e visitoiw wnom tbe civil
wars brought to the university. His diMUh.
In Aubrey's opinion, was hoMt^aed by * the
dis8olutiene of the tiiue.' He died about
17 .Tuly 1648,aadwMbiiii8dat Ottfiiigtaii
on 6 Aug.
Kettell's portrait, pre-terved at Trinity, is
a mere daub, but agret-s fairly with Aubrey's
daseription of him as 'a very tall wuU-grown
wail, with a fresh ruddy eoBirieKton; Kawas
s<M>ji M'liite ;his gowne, and surplice, and
hood being on, lie had a terrible gigautique
aspect, with Ua sharp graj eies. 1'be onii-
i>ary gowne he wor** was a russet clout h.'
He does not seem to Juive published any-
thing. A larga book of manuscript pieces in
his handwriting, given by President Bathurst
to Wood (now Bodleian Library MSS. Wood,
f.31), probably contains nothing originaL
Aubrey atates that ' he had two wives, if
not tbree, but no child,' and that his second
wife wius the widow of Edward Villiera of
Uothorpe, Kortbamptonshiie, whose daogh*
ter EKiabeth married Oeocve Bathnnt, and
was the mother of Ralph IJathurst Ui v.],
ptesideut of Trinity College, Oxford but
there are probaldy'some inaeoaracies bate.
His wi^iwas biirit'.! ut fJarsinL'ton in lO'JS -1,
and an infant daughter iu ItJOti^ one, 'Mrs.
Barbara Villiers, widow/ was the yrih of hu
brother John Kettell.
[Regilrsand oth^r documents in llio nrrl ives
of Tri!iity College, Oxford notes iu W;u uj'a
; i
Liv(,s of Popo and Bathurst Life bv 'iitj I
;
Aubrey, printed in Bodleian Lottois, ii. 417;
PopWy Lrfb of Seth Ward; tnibnimtien fW>m
King's Lsnpley and Oar(in<jton parish regisrors,
kind It communicnted by the Rt. A. B. Stret-
and tlie Rev.' David Thomas, rector;
tll, Ticar.
Clark's UatrcRdtj Registei^ yoL ii. pts. ii. nod
iii.] it . D. B.
78 Kctterich
KETTBBICH or OATRIK. JOHN
1419), successively bishop of St. Davids,
Lichtleld and Coventry, and Exeter, woa
lobably educated at one of tbe uaiverqitiaai
since he is dfscrilu'd a? LL.B., and 08
licentiate in decretals (NicuLas, J^rge. i*rivy
Cowneiif ill. 6, 20). From his later o|ieer it
may be conjectured that he became a clerk
in the royal service, but the first mention of
him is on 1 Jan. 1402, when he obtained the
prebend of Brampton at Liucoln. He sub-
sequently receivea a variety of preferments
the prebends of Croperdy.Luicoln. on 14 July
imt of Stow Longm Uiwlu. ^ ApfU 1406^
m and QfOsbaldwiok,York,90 Jan. 1407. 0
25 March 1400 he was mad*; tre;isurer of
Lincoln, but ^changed this post the
aaatership of St. Ifary MagYHIea'sHoepital,
Sando>vn,Surrey, on 14 Nov.rdlowing. From
1410 to 1414 he was arohdeMQu of Surrey
Between 1400 aad 14U be wea frequently
employed on emba<sie.s to the French king
and the Duke of Burgundy (i-kat^dro, vui.
439, 604, 546. 671, 58M, 036-7, 077,
0<M). On 22 May 1413 hf whs appointed
kiufi^ proctor at the papal court (t^. iz. 12).
On S7 April 1414 he wa.s papallypiOvided to
the see of St. Davids, was consecrated by
John XXIII at ]3ologna on 29 April, and
received poasession of tle temporalities oq
2 June. I'.at on \'i Oct. he received custody
of tliQ tempuraiiti^of LioUiieid and Coventry
during a vaeaney, and on 1 Feb. 1415 waa
translated to that see, thoqutitHlUitiea being
restored ua - I June.
Meanwhile, on 20 Oct. 1414, KattMieb
was appointed one of the English r^presenta-
tives at the council of Constance, And wu^
apparently present throughout its sittings.
He took part in the pro<ediQgs which at-
taded tbe depoaition of John XXIH, being
oneof the ouiuiu;s8uri(.s for receiving evidence,
afrainsttha&pontiii'. Uowus also one of those
iippointed to eleet Uie new \>o\vi, Martin V,
11 Nov. 1417 (H. vojr obk Hauux, iv. 171,
1^2, V. XOj WauuMmAH, Umh AnoL vu
31 8). In 1416 Ketterioh was eoneenied in a
varit ty of negotiations with th^ \)\ikv of Bur-
gundy, with Alfonso of Arragoa, the prince*
of Germany, the Hants, and Oenoa {Fvdtro^
ix. MT l, 110-15). After the death of Robert
Hailam [q. v.] in September I417i the Car-
dinal des Ursms wrote to Hmury V raoom-
Tueuding Ketterirh as his suooeesor at Salis-
bury on account of the judgment and learning
he had shown during the council (t^. ix. 4^).
On the conclusion of the council he accom-
panied Morun V into Italy at the boginninflr
of 1418, and apparently vesunied his old
po?iti<mat tlit^ y)vv.\\ court. In Ajiril 1419
he had uulhurtly bo takt) aU iSv^rtwaus
Digitized by Google
 Kettle 79 Kettle
Uie cotut of Boine into tlio king's favour (A^ ill by Richard d Lederede, bishop of
is. 730). On 20 Nov. of that year he waa Osaory,' in Latin, was editel by Tlioma*
{lOdtuUted to the ane of Exeter. But before Wripht for the Camden Society iu iiHa, from
the tnneUtiou could be oompleted he diexl, Ilarl. .^IS. (Ml, I lB7i % tlMiaoii|il ift
on 28 1 4 19, at Floronce, where the pupal Slo:uie MS. iS(X).
court had bi t;n since the previous i^'cbruury. [Wright's edit, of the Procewdings; Cid. of
In accurtlance with his will he buried WW Carcv MS;3.,Book of Howth (Holla Bar.), pp. 147-
in t!iL- ch nrrh of Sa^nta Crocc, whfre a marblu H8 ; Cbartul^riM of St. jdaiy'a Abbpy, Xtablia
>lab still luarks bia tomb iu thecoptrL' of tin; (U(jUs 8r.), ii. cxxxiii-r, 362-4; Holinshed'e
jiaTe near the choir. His name is vuriini ly I'iiron. yf Jriland, p. 69; IritJi Eoclt. Jouro,
(Octt^ber 1843), ii. 261, whore is another latter by
fp-lt Cutnk,Cutr) k,C;itt(;rIoh, or KfettcricU
tLe tirst is th>> form tluit ujipi-ura ou his tomb,
j

J iraee Heathoni Todd, D.P.] ^ (. B.

jid is probably the best. XETTLB, TILLY ay40?-1786), por^
[U Nevt>' Faati ccL Angl. i. 296, 373, 5j|2, born in London about 1740,
traitn>nai]iitrf
ii 89, 117. 140, 214, iii. 2U, 207. ed. Hardy; was toe son of a houae-painter, apparently
Il/ajt-r"> FoHleni, orig. edit. WLarto:i" An^lia
; llrnry Kettle, sen., who in 1772 was re-
iiAcra. i. 462; Oodwin* De Prsesulibum pp. 621, ^idin^ in Silver Street, Wood Stavel. aad
412, 8i, BichardMHii II. von der llardt'a exhibited at the Society of Arte o^lisdrieal
tini itienaa; Lttbb&'s Concilia, vul paint ing. Kettle learnt tiftst from his father,
Hfii C, L. K. then 8tu<liod iu the Duke of iiichmond'a
J
KBTTLE or KTTELER,
reputfd witrh, lived in Kilkenny
l.Tid),
Dm ALICE gallery of eu.'>t8, and later at the academy in
St. Martiu'fi Lane. He practised as a ]n<r-
in th fiuurteenth century. Her relatives were tr)ut-puiuter,and w
17U1 exhibited a portrait
wealthy. Robert leKjteler was a trader with at the Free Society of Anista. In 1769 ho
Flan krs towards the clo.se of the thirteenth was employed to repair Strentpr's painting
cf jiiury. She is frequently referred to iu the ou the ceilintr of the theatre at U.xford, in
history of the Engltah Pale. According to ITUu he exhibited at the Society of ArtittSi
ITuIin.-hed shti was ncoHi rl in lu24, by Ri- of which !; aff'-rwards became a fellow, a
cljard de Lt-derede, bi'-lMi) ul U.-;sory, with full-lenglh portrait of Mrs. Yates as Muu- "

twvi at'oompliees, Petronillu of Meath and daui',' and a kit-cat portrait of Mrs. Powell,
I'd-sIUii luT flsiut^'htpr, of holding' niirhtlii: ' wife of tb<' actor, in Turkish dreas. In 1707
couJer<.uc; with a >pirit culled Uubert Artis- he e\htbit<^ a portraitof Miss Eliutas Junu.' '

OO^tO^'bome she sacriflfiid in tl^e higli wiiit and in 176t$ *Dead Ctamei.' He eoBtiBie&
B>n* n-*! cocka and nine peacocks* els.' The to exhibit portraita and conversation-pieces
aicuf d persona abjured and did penunce, until 1770, when ho went to India, lie re^
but w< r<' afterwards found to have rt-lupxtMl. maint-'l there soveu ye{ir8, and ac^ittiied 4^
f >De of the ^niplice w{m bwnit at Kil- comiiderablti fortune. He sent home many
kenny, and at her death declared thftt Lady pictures for exhibition. One contained full-<
Kt't"!' son was an accomplice. He was im^ length portraits of Muhomod Ali Cauu, nabob
SriAoned b^ the biahop for uiue weel(f, but of Arcot, and hia five eons in 1771 Another ;

elivered by Arnold 1e PoviTe, eeneschftl of in 1772 depicted native dancing girl^. In

Kilk**nny (a r^dative of Lady Kettle's fourth
huebaodji* Lady Kettle'4 aojA then bribed
le Tupww to inpriaoQ the hiahop. Lady
Kettle was a;^ain citi-d to appear at Publlu
before the lA;an of St. I'AtrickV, but some
1775 he exhibited u piiinting representing
Suiah Dowlahf viier of the Nggul J&mpire,
and hia fiMir eont meeting Sir Robert Barker,
bin two ii'il.- de-camp and interpreter at
I' yzabad, iu ord^ tq o(m el ode a treaty with

qf the nobility Aupportea her, and got her the Bast Indm Oompany in 177)1. Thia
Qv&r to England, wiuth no umre was heard gri)ii]>, pnititi'd for Sir Kol)ert Barker [q. v.],

of her. in her clot^et was found a sacra-
Bevfal wafer, with a print of the devil, and
ftom^ oinTin'nt which coiivcrfed a staff into
a practicable tteed. \\ rijflit gives Lady
Krttl four husbands: 1. \Villiani Outlaw
of Kilkenny, 'banker.' L'. A'l:irn ! Hlound
of Callan, whom she married about I'^yj.
3. Kichard de ^tH.^^^l>m she married about
I'-'Al luid 4. J"lin ! I'oer or Powre, to
; vounj^er dau;^hter of .liunes Paine, senior
u houi th*' was married in 132L She bore a
SOD to William Outlaw, ah>o cjtUed William*
A '
Narrative of the Proceeding against
Dane Alice Kyteler, prosecuted lor sorcery
W^ afterwards placed at Bushbridge Pf^rkt
near Godalaaiaf, Sumiy. In 1770 Kattlo
forwarded to the Academy 'The Ceremony
of a (.ientoo woiuau taking Itwve ul' her re-
lations, and dit'tributing her jewels prior to
amending the funeral pil ot' In r di rmsvd
husband.' Kettle returned to lOngland alxnit
1777f aettled in London, and married the
[q. V. the architect, iu 1779 he exhibited
a portrait at the Koyal .\cademy, and in 178l
with otherportrait>,'The(Jreat iMo(^ul,Shah
AllMiUj reviewing tt>e lUud Bri^adi; uf the

Digitized by Google
 Kettlewell
a8( India Company's Troops at Allahabad'
(now at Buahbridm Ftek). In 1789, the
last year but one that he exhibited, bo sent
a full-length portrait of Admiral Kempeu-
feldt (now at Qreenwioli Hospital, engraved
by J. H. Robinson aa tkreo-nimrttra for
Locker's 'British Admirals'). Kettle built
a hoas for himself in Old Bond Street,
opposite* Burlington ni;rdt>Tis, but fell into
financial diniciilties, bt'cume bunknipt, and
Tetired to Dublin. In 1706 be started on a
et'cond visit to India, which he deteniiined
to r;ach overland. He was taken ill near
Aleppo and diad there. He left a widow
and two children.
Kettle's portraits show g^at mi-rit
colour and orawin^, and havo been mistaken
for the work of Sir Joshua Reynolds. lie
often apparently placed bis sitter witb the
light on a level with the face. In the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery there is a portrait of
Warren Uastings by him, and in the Bodleinn
Library one of Sir William Blackittone. He
also painted for Sir Robert Barker of Bush*
bridge a lAr<^'f picture of 'The Mother and
her seven iSons martyred by Antioohus,*
1 Maccabeea chap. vii. Many of his portraits
were engraved.
[Edwards's Aneed. of Painters; Redgrave's
Diet, of ArtisU; OeaL Itfag. 1786, pt. it. 1091.
114ft; OraWs IMet. of Artita 1760-1880;
Catnloi^nuB of the Royal AcaJyiny.&c; informa-
tion fiuni Ueorgi! Schiirf, esq., CB.] L. C.
KBPnXWELL, JOHN (1668-1695),
nonj\iror and devotional writer, second son
of John Kettlewell, a merchant at North
Allerton, Yorkshire, by his wife, Elisabeth
Ogle, was bom 10 March 1653-3, and wna
educated at North Allerton school under
Thomas Smelt, a lealous royalist. Among
other pttpila who attained distinction ^v>>rti
Bean William Palliser, archbishop
llidies,
ofOithel, Dr. Thomas Burnet of the Charter-
house, Thomas Rymer, editor of the Foedera,'
*
and Dr. Radclifl'e. Kettlewell matriculated
at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 11 Nov. 1670,
and graduated B.A, L>0 Juno 1674. On Rad-
cliffe's resigfnation of a fellowship at Lin-
eoln College, Kettlewell was elected in his
place in July 107 6, largely through the in-
fluence of Dr. George Hickes [q. v.], then
himself a fellow. For about five years he
Rptfld as tutor in college, and proceeded M.A.
a Mav 1677, by which time lie had, we are
told, in preparation for his ordination, ' laid
up a larve fund, near one hundred, of
mons ' of his own oompoution (L^e).
was ordained deacon by the Bishop of 0.x-
finrdin Christ Church' Cathedral 10 June
1677,aiidinieit84FebL following {lUnftuuan
JI9.J.6d(Bodl.Iibr.) Hie lint boolt/Tho
to Kettlewell
Meaauiea of Christian Obedienoe|' a summarj
of dhristian raonle aa inTolTed in obedieDoe
to the laws of the Gospel, was written be-
tween Christmas 1677 and Easter 1678, but
was not published imtQ 1681, when, at
Ilickrs's sugfTPstion, Kettlewell dodirated it
toUompton, bishop of liondon, but this dedi-
cation he suppressed after Compton bad
appeared in militnry ftrrny on behalf uf the
Prince of Onmge at the revolution. The
reputation which the book secured for him
lea to his appointment as chaplain to thn
Countess of iJedford, and to his prosontatiou
by Simon, lord Digby, to the vicarage of
Coleahill, Warwickshire (December 1682).
in Through the countess he became known to
Lord WiUiun Russell, who, despite political
differpnces, esteemed him so bij;fhly that he
sent him a message of remembrance from
the scaffold. At Coleshill Kettlewell was
exemplary inattention to bis pastoral duties,
and supplied all the poor families with copieti
of the Bible and the ' Whole Duty of Man.'
By his influence with the patron he procured
the restoration to the living of great tithes to
the value of 100/. His second publication
resulted firom his parochial work; he waa in
the habit of preaching preparation-eBrmone
before udrainistoring the holy communion
(which he did eight or nine times in the
year), and of these he printed a snmmarr in
1683 unib r the title of ' An IT'lp and l^x-
hortatioa to Worthy Communicating,' dedi-
cating the hodkto Lord Digby. He resigned
his fellowship at Lincoln College on 22 Nov.
1GS3, and thenceforward devoted himself en-
tirely to his parish. Here, in prospect of the
disturbed times which short ly followed, lie
frequently inculcated passive obedience, and
shortly after the suppression of Hoomouth's
rebellion preached aHormon ad clrrttm, which
was printed after his death in his collected
works with the title of 'Measures of Chrie-
tian Subjection.' On the death of George
Downing, archdeacon of Coventry, in 1&84,
Kettlewell made unsuccessful apftlieation
to Archbishop Sanrroft for tliat post and for
the prebend of Alrewas, which Downing
held as chancellor of Lichfield ; a copy by
Bishop Thomas Timnfr of his letter, dated
15 Nov. 1684, is in liuwlinson MS. Letters,'
'
XXX. 27, in the Bodleian Library.
In 1685 Kettlewell married, and gave to
Coleshill Church a service of commuuiuu
plate,which was solemnly consecrated by
ser- Archbishop Sancroft ; a formal record of the
He act, drawn up at the time, was printed in
1703 (witb the omission of names anddate),
together with the form of service used. Ae
a nppUmient to his flirt book, that on
'ChffMtian Obedienoo/ he inUiahad in VW-
Digitized by Google
 Kettlewell Si Kettlewell
bniary 1687-8 his Tmctical Believer,' treat- some of t!irm. Several charities were estn-
ing of doctruies. This book became very blisbed by hia means at Coleshill, througU
popular, and passed through many editions. gifts from Simon, lord Digby, Mrs. Rawlins,
During the confusiona of the revolution year and himself. He exhibited in his character iv
he pr?ached strongly against rebellion upon perfect pattern of quiet Christian devot ion and
any pretence. He adhered consistently to unfailing charity in the midst of heated coiH
Ihia principle, and vras deprived of his vicar- troversies. Ken said, in a letter to Nelson,
age in 1690. No notice of hia deprivation is ' He was certainly us saint-like a man as ever

found in the pariah books. lie then remove<l
to London, where, or in the nel^'hhourliood
(for a letter of Ii'la of 2G Muy 1094 is dated
from Bafshot Park, liatclinton MS. D. 373,
f. 100, Bodl.), he quietly spent the short
remainder of his life, occupied in the com-
position of devotional books and of a few
oontroverslal tracts. He wrote firam Lon-
don, on 4 Bee. 1694, a letter to Sir William
Boothby, on behalf of Dr. William Sheridan,
I knew.' In Heariie's pencil note quoted
abi)ve, JVishop Henry Gaudy (from wliDm th
note seems to be derived) appears t o be quoted
as saying; * His books snow him to ha a
very pious aa well as learned person, and
will outlast any monument his friends cau
bestow upon bim. He was, as far as eyer I
could perceive, of a sweet and courteous dis-
position and very communicative.' His chief
recreation lay in music he was skilled in
:

the deprived biahop of Kilmore (a copy exiaUi
iaBrnfioiui MS. ' Biifflisli Hist'd. (. 137).
Shortly beforu his tli a(L he proposed to
Bishop Kea tho estabUshment of a fund for
A* relief of the suffering deprived clergy.
The propoeal was adopted, and circulars
aidiu^ for aubecriptiona were issued. })ut
die meritable scheme was regarded by the
gOTf'mm'nt as a s*'clitiou-i n^^nrpation of au-
thority, and prus?cutions were instituted.
Kettlewell died at his house in Cray's Inn
Lane on 11? April 1605, at the nj-n nf forty-
two^ and was thus exempted from pro-secu-
tioo. His warm friend, Robert Nelson [q. v.
J,
Las given an account of his last days, whicii
waspenttoUickes. He was buried on 15 April
the theory, and performed on the violoncello,
ba.4e-viol,andvioUii. Hisporteftitwas^inted
by Henry Tilson,and engravings by Vander-
and J. Smith are iound jjire-
fzedtoVertue,
ucht,
some of his books.
Kettlowcll's works are: 1. 'Measures of
Christian Obedience,' 1081; 2nd edit. 1683-
1684, 3rd 1606, iOk 1700, 6th 1700 (with
portrait), 6th 1714. 2. 'Help and Exhorta-
tion to Worthy Communicating,' 1083; eight
editions up to 1717, the fourth printed at
Cambridf^e in 1701. 3. ' A
Discnurse ex-
plaining the Nature of Edification,* in a visi-
tation sermon at Coventry, 1084. 4. *A
Funeral Sermon for the Lady Frances Digby,'
;
1684. h. The Religious Loyalist ' a visi-
'

in the church of All Hallows Burking, in tation Coleshill. KJ^O, 6. 'Sermon

sermon at
the same irruTo in which Laud had henn in- on Occasion of the Death of Simon, Lord
terred, and is counuemorated in a Latin in- Digby,' 1686. 7. 'The Pnictical Ueliever;
scription on a marble tablet erected by his or the Articles of the Apostles' Creed drawn
ifiow at the east end of the rliureh. ITeame, out to form a true Christian's Heart and
ui tt pencil- writ ten memorandum preserved Practice,' two parts [unun., with iuitiala
in a Bodleian MS. (Jtawl. D. 800, 144), gives J. K.], 1688; publislu d by William Alleii,
an account of Kettlewell'a funeral. Ken, D.D., fol. 1703; 3rd edit., with a preface by
who officiated for the only time in public Itobert Nelson, and atlditions, 1712-18; trans>
fter his deprivation (cf. Eawh'nson MS. lated into \\\ sh by llichard ap Robert, 1768.
I

Ittttn, BodL XTiL 35), 'performed the ofKce 8. * Of Chri^tiiLu Prudence, or Religious Wis-
iu his lawn decTes,' and ' prayed for the dom, not <it generating into Irreligious Crsfli-
klng- and the queens' (.w), Sic. 'There ness in Trying Times' [anmi., with initials
were besides Air. Gascarth, the minister, J. K.1, 1691. 9. ' Christianity, a Doctrine
between thirty and forty clergy and as many of theuross ; or Passive Obedience under any
of the lalry, some of them of good quality.' pretended Invasion of Legal Iti^rhts and Li-
Kettlewell had married at Whitchurch, berties 'janon.], 1691; 1695, with the author's
esr Readinf, on 4 Oct. 1686, Jane, daugh- name. 10. * The Duty of Allegiance settled
ter of Antlinnv r,yKh of Hardwick House in upon its True Grounds ... in Answer to a
the parish of Whitchurch. His married life late Book of Dr. Will. Sherlock, entituled
was one of great happiness; his wife, by The Case of the Alleinaiiee due toSovereign
whom he had no children, snrvivt J him, but Powers' [rinr)n.'', 1(591. 11. 'Of Christian
the date of her death has not been found; it Comumniun, to be kept on in the Unity of
e^ms, however, to have occurred about or Christ's Church . . and of the Obligations
.

bffor*^ 1719 {Notes and Querif, 3rd ser. i. both of faithful Pastors to administer Or-
91 ). liis papers were entrusted by his thodox and Holy OUices, and of faithful
widow to MoMTt lidaoo, who pnbuslied People to Ooipmuiucatd in tho sauM^* fhim
xi.

Digitized by Google
 Keugh
Jputa [anon,], 1693 ; reissm d in 1696 with
m geoenl title of Four several Traota of the
'
"Sm. Ukn Kattlewcll/ witbouft ipoeification
of any others. 12. * A
Companion for the
Persecuted ; or an Oflice for those who SulVer
for Big-hteouaness/ 1694. 13. ' A
Companion
for the Penitent and for Persons troubled in
Mind,' 1694 ; of this Kettle well sent down
Copies to ColeshiU, to the people of which
parish it was addressed, for distribution; it
WtiM reissued in IQW>, togithtir with the
' Companion for the Persecuted '
dated 1093.
14k ' Jieatk made Oomfoitable^ or tiie Way
toDi* ynU,* 1005; with an office for the
sick 1702, and 2nd edit. ]722. 15. De- '
oluation and Fixtfaanon mode bjr numlat the
MedTiii^(^ilieHoly8MrameiitOTtheXotd*s
Spptf, 33 March 1G94,' priiitt d, Wood savs,
in a half-flbMk ia 1686; reprinted in Wta
w
*L{fr.' 16. 'Five Pioco wmi on to many
important Points of Practical lleligion,' with
a ireftca viug some account of his life
^bjBobert Nelson), 1696; 2nd 6dit.,irith
four sermon.^, two p^irffl, 1708. 17. 'An
Offifte for Pxiaonert for Crimes, togetlier with
w
aaothtf for P^iaoue for Debt ' (with a pre<
face by Robert Xolson), 1607. 18. 'The
Great Evil and Dat^r of Profueness and
Rrodigvlity' CpubluiiBd by NeiMm), 1706.
19. 'Works' e vol... fol. 1710, with 'Life'
scefixed ; the several tract* liave title-pages
fitted 1718. SK). * The Trae Chtueh of Eng*
land Mnn'fl Companion' (a mamirtl rf devo-
tion compiled from his worka), 1749. 21. A was nevurtbeless executed on the bridge on
tnatii* 'of the ne# oaths' was left by him
in manuscript, but never printed*
[MsBior(KettkeU's)Iife . . eaminled
^NNM tfc# OTilectloBe of Dr. Oeorpie SHAss and
Robert Nelson, and editod luion vmously l>v Fnui-
eiu Lee of St. John's College. Oxford, and M 1 of bir Jonah Barrington.
of tho university of Padua, 8vo, London, 171^
Wood's Adiease Oxon. ; Secretan's Life of Nel-
son, 1860, pp. 60-62 private iuformatlon from
; den'H United Irishoion ; Luck^v's ii(;latid in the
the vimr nf Cn'.eshill and rector of Whitoluin h.
A letter from Kettlewell to Bishop W. Lloyd,
the deprived Wsbop of Norwich, dated 20 Dee.
1G94, upon soniliiif; Lluyil i\ copy of bis Com-
Juiiiionforthe IVni'.otit.anddcscrihing his schiine
or eharitablo relief, is printed from the orii^nRl
ia Hi* iMnemoa of the late Br. D. Williams,
%Bfdett of Kw College, (hctttd. te 9. L. Andw-
don's Hfe of Ken. 18.')4, 2nd ^dit. pt. ii. p. CGC.
Some letters to Colonel JampH (iruham (brother
of Lord Preston) are arnoac the inanascripta of
Captain Bagot at Levens Hall, Weetmorcland.
and a letter to Sancroft, dated 16 Oct. 1684,
among the manuscripts at StonyhurBt Collego
(Hist. M63. Comm. 10th Bep. pU iv. p. 327.
aid Bp. p. S40).) v. D. H mouth. In lebruury 1843 he joined the
KKUOH, MATTHEW (1744M798X
jfovprnor of WpA-fonl, l>om of a protestant
iamily in Iruland about 1744, rose hy his, transierrud to
i Key
ability during? the Ampriran war from the
position of private to tliat of eii.sigii, being
gazetted in the 60th or royal American regi*
ment of foot on 31 Oct. 1703. On 14 July
1769 he was appointed lieutenujit in the
45th regiment of foot llrelandV from whi(^
he was transferred on 14 March 1772 to the
27th or Inniskilling regiment of foot (Ire-
land). Ob retiring from tha maoj it 1774
(Army Lintt) he went to live upon his pro*
pertv in the town of Wexford. He became
a J.P., but was deprived of his oommission
in 179G for his revolutionarv aympathies.
Upon the occupation of Wexford by the iB
surgents on 80 May 1798, Keugh was chosen
by them militaiy gorecnor of the town.
Though he endeaTOored to protect such of
the royiili-sf-! as remained, lie was powerless
to prevent the piking on the bridge onSO Juno
of 97 ont of the S60 prisonere who 'wevs
cluirgf>d M'lth having- wronged the peasantnr*
Wim the ca^ure of Wexford by tha aS&
taiy was ineTitajble, Keugh fonnallypUMed
tho pfovornment in the hands of the lojnJiPt
L<d Kingaborougbf hoping thereby to *ave
the town from naatacre end plnnder. Hb
was ultimately brought to a drumhead trial.
Lord Kingsborough, Colonel Le Hunte^ and
other ifritneaiM Mgood eoeial ttaa^ng etated
that Keugh had acted on all occasions with
singular liumanity, and had tried to pre-
vent effusion of Mood, and that they owed
thoir lives to his personal LjittTferenc^".
25 June 1708; his body was thrown into
the river, and lii.-^ bond placed on the cotirt-
hou.se. In private life Keu^h watt esteeuu'd
for his many amiable qtaliUot and accom-
p1is]iiii'>nt0. He marriea anauntof (ha wiia
; [Webb's Oompendimn of Irish Biof(raphy;
MusfTTive's Hist, of tlie Irish KebiMions Mnd-
;
Eighteenth Century, voL ViiL; Barringtou's
Personal .Skctrhes.] G. O.
KEVIN, S4UiT (498-^18). [See Cock-
oEsr.]
XE7. fBea abo Oittn.]
KEY, Sib ASTLBIT COOPER (1821-
IBWK). admiral, sOn of Charles Aston Key
[q. v.l entered the navy in 1833, passed hta
exaauaation in 1840, and on S3 l)ee. 18tt
was awarded the lieutenant's comralsfiion, at
that time competed for in a s])ecial course of
study, on board the Excellent gunnery-ehip
and at the Eoynl Naval CJollege at iPort*-
Oua^oa going out to the east const of SoMth
Anir^rica, wbcro, in February 1814, b'> waa
tlie Gorgon, with (Japtaiii
Digitized by Google
 Ksy. Key
Chtfle* Ilotham [q. v,] On 10 May the Key as prfiMt3"nt, was opened {n Fefarnary
'

^
Gorm. Oifin at ftookot off Monte Vidvo, 1673. Cla Ajnil 187^ he waa adtanoed
i

5artel htm i%l8 in tMent gale, and waa tt Ini Tia^diniral, aad on 94 May was domi-
I

rivea on hore, far above high-water mark. natMdftKXXB. He continued atGroenwirh

Wkea tbeaearemunMd to i(*4WMal lavelth till Ifat bogbning of 1S76, when he was ao-
,

Aif drf to within a few feat ot her pointed eotainiaiMer4n<4)1usf oA tin Vonh;
!

fitem-poiit, and imVilded in tlie snnd to u Amoricuti aiul Wn-t Indian station. On ot-i
t^>th of ih^rteea f^ntt. Jb^ay waa onlj thu taiuing the raiik of admiral. 2i Maisch
i

j liuior lieutensnt, bat hla aeiMitifle trtuningr i

he rathrmd to EnftUnd, and fcr a oonple or
.iiuble-l liim to take a prominei^t Bliare in the months in the summer had cimmand of nn
|

work of i^^iiig hw atloat(,ao(l atonce marked evoltttiotuu^ squadron in the UbanneL In

hiflim mhg m i4&* He waa appointed t# JoAe 1879 Bfl was appointed priacipalnaTal
ri:>mm:ind the Faiiny tender, and titer the aide-de-camp to the queen, and in Auguet
aeuoa at Obligado (20 Nov. 184d), in which iirat naval lord of the adauralty, ia which
ba waa alightly Wonaded, he waa promoted poet he ratiained till the ehanfe of niofttry
I

to the rank of cximmandfr, his coninii.iion m

the snnimor of 1 "^Rn, wlien lie was granted
hung aAtedated to ii^ 2Sov. From li^7 to a special })nBiou of 6U0/. a year, ia addition
|

I^BO h eeeMnanded the Bulldog steamer in to his half-pay. The G.G.B. was eonfeoed*
the Me<literranean,and on 1 Oct. 1850 wnn on him on
1 , Nov. 1882, and on 11 Aug.
aiivaaed to poet-rank. During t he Kiis.siHti 1 Sd^i he wsH appointed to member of t he privy

warof lH54-d he commanded the Amphion council. He was also FJtS., F.R.Q.S., and
ftigate in tht> lialtif, tookpnrt in the reduc- D.C.Tj. nnd was author of 'A Narmtive of
;

tion of Bouaniuad and in the bombardment the Recovery of U.M.S. Gorgon, stranded
of Sveaborgy aad waa Tepeatedly engaged in the Bay of Monte Video, 10 &lay 1844,'
ifith the enemy's batteries, eapiv;ially in tho 8vo, 1847. After hia retirement he resided
golf ^ Viborg. On 5 July 1855 be \va ut Maidenhead, and there he died on 3 March
n iminated % C.B. In 1857 he went out to 1 He waa twice tnarried, and left issue.
C^hina in command of the screw lim>-fi(-bjittlrt A portrait, presented by tlit* siil>!cribers in
ship Sanspareil, in which he was at once sent is in the library of the Iboyai Naval
with a detachment of marines to Calcutta CbUege.
Slid, briniriug thtjm back wImmi tlif iirg^cnt (O'Byrno's Naval Biog. Diet.; oWtitm y notices
attsi hail pass^'d, he cotnuiaaded a baltuliou ill Times, b, 7, and 8 March, and Mutiaog Pust,
ajfthe naval brigacb- at the capture of Can- 6 Munch 1888; infornwOioa from the fktaily;
ton C-'^-C D.'c. 1S.')7), and a few days later pcr^^nal knowledge. TheoQoialconNepoiidsoos-
with his own hands soi/.i-d Yuh, tlic Chinese in Julv 18W relating to the speeiat petwioa was.
governor, as he was seeking to eacape in the publiiihed as a parliamentary papr,J J. K. L.
dtrni*e of a coolie (Oliphaxt, Narratire of KEY, CUAIU.ES ASTON (1708-1W9),
ti* Earl uf IClgiiii MUfion to China, i. 141) surgron, born in Southwark on 6 Oct. 1703,
[see Setmouk, Sir Michael, 180"2-1887]. was eldest son of Thomas Kev, medical prac-
~
From 1858
' ' Key was a member of titioner, and Margaret Barry, Thomas Hewitt
to l8tX)
|

the roval commission on national defence; Key l^q. v.] waa a half-brother by a sectnid
in IStfD he was i^pointed captain of the <aarria^e. Astou Key was educated at Buut-
t^am reser^'eat Devonport, and in 1803 cap- ingford grammar aohool, Hertiotdabirev and
tain ui the Excellent and superintendent, of was nnprentioed to hla ftither is 1810. He
the Eoyal Naval College. ( )n 20 Nov. 1 806 attfuili'd tlif lH'ture8 at the I'niteil Burou^rli
h was promoted to he raf-admiral; he had Hasuitala iu liU'Jf and bauie a pupU at
aln^y been consnlted by tbe adn^ulty Guy sin 1814. In 1816 his apprentircihip
about the organisation of the now depart- to his father was cann lli mui h became
ordnance and was now a
\t of naval ordnauc^and ap> pu|ul of Aatley Cooper at a Uu^ti premium*
1

pointed to tiie oAoe of director, wbicb be In 1817-18 he lived witb Cooper, and in
t

uiimi. r of 18B0. when

field till the suiimi. whi.n lie ac- 1818 married CoopersCooper's mere,
niece, .^une Cooper,
.\une t'ooper,
cwpted the post of superintendent of Ports- Key .became demonstrator of aiuitcmiy atSt>.
mouth dockyard, fropi which be was ahortly Thoiiuui'a Hospital, hut resigned t he post in
afterwards moved to Malta, at onrc a<; super- February 182;i, thcmpli he gave some of Sir
i^qi^p^ p{ the dockjrani and second in Astley Cooper's surgical lectures for two sea-
cooimaad ra tbe Mediterraaeaa. In 1872, sions afterwards. Key bad qualified at tbe
when it was determined to establlslj the lloyal College of Surgeons in 1821, and in the
iEoT'^l Naval College at Greenwich on a much autumn of the same year was appointed the
abirfad plaoT Key was called home for the first assistant surgeon to Qvy'a, anooeediag
purp ^*- of or^anl.<mg it. The wlmlp scheme to a full aiurgeOncy In January 1821. In tln.-t
4r%in|k out \j]f
hus^ tfl^ the coUej^ej wifh j year h^ it^taodt^ced the u|ieratton |br ^ith^*

Digitized by Google
 Key
nwith tbe stniglit staff, rmng only a honour of
5 knife all through ; the succ^-^.^ of bis
operation* eatabliithed his reputation as a
surgeon. He ffBioed l^rge practice, and
was elected a fellow of the Roynl Society.
In lb26. on the aepamtion of CtuVa from St.
ThomtarB mca1 wdioolB [see Ooomk, Sn
AsTLET Pabton], Kev was appointed lec-
turaron surgery at Ci^uy's, and his oUsms
were for many years very popular. He Te>
signed the lecturesliip in 1844. In 1815 lie
ytm one of the fint elected fellows of the
Royil College of Snraeons, and in the same
year hecanie a memoer of it.-j coimpil. In
1847 he was appointed surgeon to Friuoe Al-
bert. He dtMof cholera on 38 Aug. 1849,
leaving nine children. His son Sir Astlej
Coraer Key is separately noticed.
Key ma a great suigical opemtor and
lecturer, his lectures being lnr;,''ly the ri -
Sttlts of his own expehenoe. He was not a
wel^read man nor a sdentifio pathologist.
He was one of first surgeons in London
to use ether as an ansssthetic. His dexterity
with tibe knife was remarlnUe; he was
never known to make a mistake through in-
attention to details. In person he was of
eomnanding presen ce, thin, and rather tall,
'with a slightly at^uiline no.se.
Key contributed to tbe ' Quy's Hospital
Reports' some Taluable papen on hernia,
lithotomy, and other subjects. He also wrote
1, 'A Short Treatise on the Section of the
Pnstate Gland in Lithotomy,' 4to, 4 plates,
London, 1824. 2. A \I moir on the Advan-
'
tages and Practicability of Dividingthe Stric-
ture in Strangulated Hernia on tne outside
of the Sae,' 8vo, London, 1833 and he edited
; Stafibrdshire, and for about two hundnd of
the second edition of Sir Astley Ckwper's
woik on hernial 18S7.
[Brit, and For. Med.-Chlr. Review, it. 572-7;
Lancet, 1840, ii. 300, 41 1 Wilks and Beitany's
: the Uev. Samuel Dewe, Latin, Frenrh, and
Biog. Hist. ofOny's Hospitui ] 0. T. B.
KEY, Sir JOHN (1794-18f>8), lord
mayor of Ix>ndon, eldest son of John Key of
Denmark Hill, Surrey, was boni on IG Aug.
1794. He entert'd his father's business, that
of a wholesale stationer, about 1818. The
(inn had been established in the lost century,
uiul then traded as Key Brotiun Sc Son, at
HO Abchurch Lane. After several changes
of abode the business was finally removed to
87 and 108 Newsate Street. Key was elected
alderman for the ward of Langboum on
8 April 1823, and served the ofhce of sheriff
of London and Middlesex in the ensuing
year. He ser\-ed the office of master of the
Stationers' Cocnpany in 1830, and in the
flsme vear was elected lord mayor. He was
one of the leading supporters of the Reform
BUi in the dty, and received the unusual
h.
4 Key
I le^leetion to the mayoralty to
the following vear.
During his second
mayoralty, when William lY and Queen
Adelaide nad arranged to Tisit the city in
order to open new Ixjndon Bridge, Key suf-
fered some loss of j^pulority by advising the
king and his ministen not to oome to the
city on account of the supposed unpopularity
of the Duke of Wellington. The visit passed
olF satisfhetorily, and Key was created a
baronet bv William IV on 17 Aug. 1831,
He was elected member of parliament for
the eity hi 1883. He removed in 1S61 from
Langboum to the ward of Bridge Without,
which he represented until 18&3 In that
year he was elected chamberlain of London
after a poll, his opponent being Beniamia
Seott Iq. T.], who afterwards succeedea him
in that office.
K< y died on 15 July 1858, leaving by his
wife Charlotte, youngest daughter of I'rancia
Qreen, esq., of'^Dowing, Surrey, a son, Sir
Kingsniill Key, who suci-ecdt d htm ill the
baronetcy, and three daughters.
[Records of the Corporation of London City
;
Press. ISfiS ; Orridge's Citizen'< ut" London and
their Kolen ; Foetar's Psenige and Baronetage
j
Keat^s and Post Oilee Lendon Dirsetorics.]
C. W-H.
KEY, THOMAS HE WITT (1799 1875),
Latin scholar, born in iSouthwark, Loudon,
: on 20 March 1799, was the youngest son of
Thomas Key, M.D., a London phy?<ician,
by his secon J w ife, M ary Lux Barry. Charles
Aston Key [([. v.], the surgeon, waa his hsJf
brother. The family of K^y was an old one,
settled for six hundred years at Staudon in
them at \^'eston Hall. Thomas was edu-
cated fur n*!irly ten years at Buntingfurd
grammar .school, Hertfordshire, where, under
mathematics were especially well tauKht,
In October 1817 he entered St. John's Col-
'
lege, ("ambridge, and was elected a scholar,
but in the ."Jpringof 1819 migrated to Trinity
College, where he also obtained a scholarship.
He graduated B.A. in 1821 (as nineteenth
wrangler), M. A. 1824. At his father's desire
Key .studied medicine(1821 -4) at Cambridge
and at (Juy's Hospital, London. In July 1824
he met in Praed's rooms at Cambridge an ao*
complished A iii'-rican, Francis W. Qilmer^
who had been deputed to select professors for
the newly founded university of Virginia at
Charlottesville, U.S.A. Key was inwiced to
accept the professorship of pure mathematics,
and entered on his duties 1 April l82o. Ha
taught successfully till the antumn of 1827,
when he re^igiu-d on account of the unsuit
ability ui the climate, and returned to Engm
Digitized by Google
 Key 5 Key
land. In America Key liaddevoted part of syndics of the Cambridge University Press.
hit leisure to the etymological study of Latin The letter A
is tolerably complete^ but only
m
(Tbent, 'Enjflish Cnlt lire Virginia,*in JbAnjJ portions nf t}ie remaining letters are finished.
I^pkuu Univ. Siudus, 7th sor. vols, v-vi., The work displays wide reading and origi-
18W; H. B. Adams, * T. Jefferson and the nality, though the etymologies have bMB
ITnir. of Virjrinia,' in No. 2 of U.S. Bureau partly superseded by later pliilological know-
of Education Circular qfJn/vrmat ion,' Wash- ledge (see Acadenit/, Satuvdoy Iteneic, and
ington, 1888). In the autumn of 1828 K y Spectator, nil of 5 May 1888; Athetunmp
iras ajrootntcd professor of Latin at the 21 Sept. 1889). Key's chief works are:
newly founded London University in Gower 1. 'The Alphabet,' <tc. (partly a reprint of
Street (now University (College). In 1842 his articles from the Penny f 'vclopsedia,'
'

lie resigned this professorship for that of 18:J3-43), London, 1844, 12mo; 2nd e<lition,
comparative grammar, discharging the duties 1849. 2. The Controversy about the " Var-
of tne latter chair without salary until his ronianus " ' (between Key and J. "VV. Donald-
doath. In 1833 be bad been appointed, son, five pamphlets reprinted), London, 1 845,
jointly With Professor Henry Mnlnen (his 8vo, privately printed. 8. * A Latin Gram-
contfni])Orary at St. John's ('"llfp;o), lu'ad- mar on the System of Crude P'orms,' Ixindon,
Mster of tbe new school attached to Uni- 1846, 12mo 2nd edition, London, 1858^ 8to ;
;

Tmity College. From 1819 till Us death 8rd edition, 1862, 8to. 4. 'A Short T^tin
K- y wji-; snlt; lii'iid-masl cr. l^ctvveen 1868 Ornminar,' I.oiHlnii, 1R.")2, 12rao. 5. 'Philo-
and 1 b75 the numbers of the school rose from logical Essays,' London, 1808, 6vo (partly
ahovt foar hondred to orw six hnndred. As incorporating papers contrihoted hy Ikey to
a s<:lioolmii5tt'r Kt?v was a man of idt^ns. Hf 1lie Philological Society). 6. Cicsar's Hel-
'

lAtroduced the cru^e-furm svatem of teaching vetic War,' with translation and notes, pt.
tho dassical 1an(ruag>s. ana his school was i. oc. 1-29, 1879. 7. 'Language, its Origin
one of the fir^t in l]nj;Iiiiul to include iiatu- and Development lyondon, 187J, *^vo. 8. A *

imi ictence in the ordinary curriculum. Key l^aLin-Knglish Dictionary,' Cambridge, 1888,
Miatnined the diseipltne firmly bnt without 4to.
8-v.^rity. Jlf difd of lirojichif is. aft'T a fort- Knv wan a fellow of the Royal Society
night's Ulni^^, on 29 Nov. ItiiO, and was (elected I860), and for some years president
hiuied in Hi^hi^atc cemetery. He married, of the Philological Sodety of London, to
OB 28 Sept. 1h24, Sarah Troward, vonnpor whoso ' Transactions he contributed more
*

daughter of liicbard Ironmonger 'Iroward, than sixty-three papers. He was one of the
vho had heen solieitOT to the prosecution in founders of the IjOndon Lihiwy, and for
the Warrpn Hastings trial. Kflj'a i& and some years a member of the committee of tho
seven cbildren survived him. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know-
Key was an enthusiastic and widely road lodge. For the atlas of this society he pre-
Ijitin 8<:holar, and had especially a )iiin\it> p.'irrd flic mrips of ' Gallia' and f''rance in
'

acqaaiiitance with IMaulus and Terence, ills Provinces,' and was a contributor to its
heet-known work is his l^tin Gfammar' ' Quarterly Journal of Edocatioo,' 1881-3.
'

(puhli^hed in 1816). a l>ook nxjoni mended

' Ab a politician, Key was a zealous supyorter
Mr. liobiusou lillis) by its simplicity,
' of the Keform Bill, of the rejM-al of the corn
the newness of itssxamples, and tliecleameiis laws, and of the abolition of the paper dnty.
with which it prrg'ns tho elementary or He also took an w;t ive part in the movement
crude forms of l^tin words apart from their which result efl in the forumtion of the volun-
inrtexions.' In January 1831, in reviewing teer force in l^oSA
Ztunpt's 'Latin Orammar' ( Qnarfcrh/ Jni/r- A marble bust of Key hy T. Woolner,R.A.,
tmJ vf JEducation), Kf)}' had uindo t)ui iirwt subscribed for by old pupils and friends as a
proprtiMil in print to apply the metliod of the testinonial a few montlis before his death,
o*n!knf grammarians to the study and teach- was presented to University Colle^re, Key
ing of i^tin and Greek, but jtrcviously to was tall, and of striliiiig )>ersonal ajun-arance.
Iwl the crude-form R>-stem had been ex- Professor George Long, his contemporary at
pounded in his classical lectures. An ac- Trinity roUege and his intimate friend
count of the systt-m is given in Appendix i. through lite, spcakaof him as a man of hinclly
in the second and third mlitions of the Latin
' temperanient, unaffiscted and modest, though
Grammar.' About 184() Key had Ix'gtin to hold in his opinioDBy Mid as ' a teaoher beloved
prepare a Latin dictionary for schools; hut by his pupils.'
ne abandoned this work, and abont 18r>6 Idndly fbmislied by Utomiw
[Talionnatiott
undertook a large dictionary, the manuscript Key, son of ProfrK<)r Key, and hy J. Pow cr
esq.,
9t which, left incomplete at his deulh, was Uicks, esq., of Liooola College, Oxford, an old
lafcliiM withoftt iddttiooB in 1888 by ths pupil and fiiend cf Kqr'e; oUtiuvy nolies
 Keyes
Ckw^ LoBg in ftoafldfagB of Rtqr. 800.
169. 1876; nrt.'T. Jl. Key* in Knight's Engl.
Cydop. Btogntphy, 1866 (ior this Key topplied
infodxuAion) ; K. lli in tb Academy, 4 Dec.
lB76f pw 676 ; Alheneum, 11 Dae. 1876, p. 791
Wud'aMen of the Roign. 1836 ; Briu Ma. CnU]
W. W.
KEYES or KEYS, "ROGER (d. 1477),
andiitect a ad wardeu of All SouU' College,
Oxford, is first mentioned in 1437, whon, to-
rether -vrith John Druell, aftrrwards nrch-
aettcon of Kxter, ho waa nrchite^t and in-
spector of works at the bnildinff of All Souls'
Colleffe, Oxford, by Archbisliop Chichole
KeyAes
KEYWE8,GE0RGE, aUtu Kpffrt (MJW-
1669), jeeuit, son of Edward Keynes of
Comptott PauBcdbot and his wife, Ann Br0tt
both of old Boman catholic finniliM residi^t
in Somerset, was born in 1630, and entered his
novitiate as a jestiit at Home 2 Jan. 1040. |le
studied atfit.Ottier.and.havtnf^beenoTdalnsd
priest, sailed for the C^in.i mi-sinn in Dcci'm-
Der 1654, but died at tlie l*hiiippiae Islands
in 1099. He -pnMlslMd a translatkm of ttfo
'
ftniniiii M;Lrtyriilo;,'y,' of which a spcond and
much enlarged edition was printed at St,
^
Onrar ht 1667.
[Foley's RfTonls, iv. andri. 3*1 Olirer'e Col-
I

[q. T.j He was one of the orif^final fellows of

;

leitions, p. l'2o ; ViaitatioD of Somerset (Harl.

fene obllege^ and succeeded Richard Andrews
Soo.), vol. xl] T. S.
as warden in 1442, hnldinp: that post for three
years. In 1448 Keyes was summoned by | K.EYNES, JOHN (16S6?-1697), Jeenit,
mary VI to act as ck>rk of the works for bom atOompton IHitttteelbot^Soinenet, about
th now mral Ibitndatinn of Eton Collopr.
16"Jo, was probably brother of Geor^^ Kt-ynt's
with a fiukry of biil. a year. For liig sorvic^s After 8tudyin|[ humanities in the
[q. v.]
at filcm fall and his brother, Thomas Keys, collegB of tbe EnglnAi jemdta at 8t. Omer,
rect'ivt?d prantof armK and patcntof nobility he remf>^ <d to the colleffe of St. Alban at
from the king un 19 May I t iii, and he waii Valladolid, and entered the Society of Jesus
collated to tlio atohdeaconry of Baaatspla,
*Jo
on 30 July 1646. SnbeeauenCly
Jan, 1419-50. K^es acted as precentor philosophy at rnmpo^ttdlH, and thpolojT\'
taufHit m
of Exeter Cathedral in 1107 and 1469, and for nine years at ValladoUd, Salamanca, and
apparently held the post till his death. In Pampelnna. Ho was made prefect of the
14B9 \w made a preauut of books to Exeter hiirhnr studios at Li5fjt>, and obtained per-
CollejrH, Oxford- Keyes died oa 11 Not. mission to devote himself to the care of thfl
1477, ami waa baried at Exeter. English soldiem in tho Low Ooontries whilo
[Diet, of Architecture; BnrrowHH Worthica of tlie plagno was mging among them. In
All SouIb; BeutlHv'u Excerpta Hisforiwi ; An- this service he caught the infection, and
tht.ny a W(KJira HiHt. of Oxford; Willis and for the recovery of his health was sent
to
Churk'a Aichitcoiaral Hist, of Cambridge; Lo I'ngland. He was professed of the four vowtt
Kava'R FiMti EeeL AngL f . 407. 411.] t.0. on 15 Aug. 1662. At the time of the pre-
KEYL, FRKDEHIOK -NVILLlA^r tended popish plot he was superior of hja
(FBiBSBica Wiuuuji) (1823'1678),animal brethren in the 'college of St. Ignatius' or
rainter, bora a* FitiiMbrt4ip1ih*Ha^ on London district, and although the govern-
r Sept. 1823, showed at an parly age a taste ment diligently searched for him, he suc-
for dxawiug animals, and became a pupil of ceeded in escaping to the continent in March
EtifrMMVarboedcho^atBranelfl. Tn3fny 1678-9. His name is in the list ot" the in-
1H45 hff cpme to liOiidon for the puqwse ot" tended rictimsof Titii.* Ontes, who freqaOBtljr
etudria^ ttmder Sir Kdwin I^ind9f>er [q. v.] mentioned Keynes. In IH*/) he waa ap-
lisndMef ffMtxTod Keyl as a pupil, ana be- pointed rector of the college at Lie^fC, and
ramo niiieh attached to hiin. Throiig-h Land- three years later provincial of the English
j

aber Keyl wa^t intnxlucod to Queen Vic- 1)rovince, in succession to John Wnmer. Ho
toria anil the prince consort, an^ olM^ed wld the latter office for six years, being suc-
many commissions frf)ni fho royal fainilv. r.vded in 1689 by William Morgan. Df.
,

Keyl was a firequeat exhibitor ut thn lioy&i Oliver states that he governed the province
AMdtmj and Briliah Institution, thouirh he 'with singular ability, prudence, ana credit.*
j

waa naturally averse to exhihitini: his work?!. The eetablishment of the Jesuit college at the
He died in London on u Dec. IH7^, and was Savoy Hospital in the Strand in 1687, and of
iMVMd in Keiisal Green cemetery. There the smaller college near the residence of the
are three pleasing druwintrs by Keyi in the Bavarian amba.<isador in the city of London,
print room at the 13ritih .Mu8eum. was eflected by Keynee, who also witnessed
I

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists GniTus's Diet, of the destruction of the two colleges at the
;

Artists, 1760-1880; Bryan's Diet, of ruinf. rs

I

outbreak of the revolution In 1688. Keynes

ed. Graves; Mon of the itoiga.J L. 0.
then withdrew to the continent, and died at
KEYMia^ LA.WRENCB(ii.l618X n>l Watten, near St. OUMTi OB 16 May ICkTJ, ia
 keys
composed *A Kational Comjwudiona
l!
Way to Convince, without any dispute, all
Persons whatever diasentin^ from the true
Religion, by J. K.,' nite loco, MuA, Vimo.
Thia work was translated into I^atin by the
aotlior, IMf^, 1()84, and into rreneh by
Qonnean, under the titte of La Cuide des ' August 1667shewa8tnui8fen:edtothe charge
Croyana,' 8t. Omer, 1688, 8vo. It was an-
wmted br Dr. Gilbert Burnet, afterwards
ktdjop irf Salisbury, in < A
Rational Method
for proving the Truth of the Ohriatian Reli-
gion,' London, ld76J|T(K Keynes was the
principal Mitbor of *lfoniB Anc;k>-Bataricv8
Sereni.-'sinio Prineipi MHximiliaiio lOmma-
aveli Doci Bavarie. &c. ot Murira Antoniie
LespoUf Ceesarls fflfe, auspicate Nuptiannn
fird' rc cniijunotis insi ript iif,'
4to, 207. The first part of this
cQotauM SB seeottni of thofbmidiitron of
English jf-joiil Cf)llei;' at Lit'go. with a brief
history of that institution, and ti^e iwjcond
pint p^ives a eurions history of Oates's plot,
.tVi io<rrphif>s of thn Erigliph jeeuitS who
l whence ho implored Archbishop Parker to
were alleged to be implicated in it.
SwHtiTBllerroHeousty attributesto Keynes
the authorship nf two pnTTiphlt-ts HttncKing
SuUingfleet, oated ]()71 and 1673 respec-
tively. Bothwers by the jesuiti Jobs Warner.
[!' B ii'lier's Bibl. de In Conipagnie de ihsws;
Ikxld j* rhurch Hist. iii. 315; Foley's Reconlfi,
V. 296, rn. 416; Oliver's Jeaait Collectiona,
p. ; SoQibweU's BibL Soiptonun Seo. Je^u.
p. 48.]
UT8, Lat MARY (1&40P-1578), third
nrvivinffdauR^hter of Ilt'nryGrey, third mar-
auie of Ilorset [q. v.l, by liia wife Frunccs,
OMlgktflr of CStarles i3randon, duke of Suf-
folk, was bom at Bnwlpato Hall, T^elcostcr-
shire^ probably in 1540. Her sister Lady Jano
fsee DuDLET, JTaitb] and father were beheaded
in 1654, and her mother died in November
1669. It would seem that Queen Elizabeth
DOB after her accession took the two remain-
ing daughters, Mary and her elder .if;tt'r,
Catherine, who were the last renrewntativfs
flf the Brandon line of thft Tudor hou8e,
sa maids of honour into ber court., that she
mi^t kep close watch over their mutri-
lonial plans. Great was the dismay of all
tiM nunisters when, ia August loQo, it became
faiova tkat Lady Msry Grey had secretly
married Thomas Keys, the qu< n's seijeant-
Mftar (Letter of Ooil in Wkioht, Qwen
JfcdktfSl. i S07). The matter was ludicrous,
brt'Au^*' .Xf.Hrv Orey wa^? almost a dwarf, and
Kflfs, wiio had been chosen for bis odlce for
Usstaa, was of Iwge proportiow.
Was the disparity of w^ti and station.
th<'r' Derby factory. John Keys (1797-1825) be-
came a skilled flower-painter m water-colonr,
kiy> *f ss a i)stive of Kent, probably related
to llUbuk S^offUlBBatoMy^nceived and teacher of that art. Edward Keys lei^
to Qmij VlII gnat of tba iBoiiiatMgFof Derby, d eahw^Matly wsnt to woik 111
81 keys
Bh Rhadegund tuwu. Ha had becu
in tbut
twenty-two years at court, and wasawidoartr
with several children. Elizabeth sliowed her
anger by committing Keys to the Fket> and
fending' Lady Mary to the care of William
ila wtrery at Ohaquen, BHokinghamshire. In
of the Powager Duchesa of Suffolli, anil in
June lu(i9 to Sir Thomas Gresham. Mean-
while the htokleea Keys was pestered by a
lawsuit which lie had on Imnd at the timu of
hie committali and pleaded vainly for rsleasey
The qui'stion of the legality of the nuurriage
was referred to Orindal, bi.shop of Jjoudon,
wl^o reported to Cecil that it was impu<:.^iblo
to aecefit a sentmektion <Mf the marriiige if ;
T>ic|r<:', H),^r>, its viilidity wh->^ ijup^tioned, he must jn<lge
work according to the evideuoe. Elizabeth se^Mut
rare
^ to have thought it bei^ to keep the culprits in
custody. Keys was liborutca from prksou iu
ir)(t8, but was ordered to live at LewisbjUIki
in May 1570 he was at Saudgate Oastle,
intercede on his behalL Q9 8 :H>pt*JL67JL he
died, and Gresham had to write to GecU fbr
permission for his wiilow to wear mourning.
She grieved over her huaband's death, exr
pressed her determination tO hsep an^ bring
up his children, and from that time forward
signed hurtK:lf Alary Keys. As she was (he^
harmless to the queen, she was allowed te
Icuvc, Gresham's cutito<ly iu 1573, and died
T. C. in a lit lie house in London on 20 April 157^.
She was buried in the church of St. Botolpb
Without Aldersgnte. IL^r will ja given i|l
Strypo'a 'Anuala,' 11. ii. 210-11.
[Burgou'a Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, H.986r
41$; CsL of State fapen, Dom. Elisabeth.]
M. 0.
KEYS, SAMUEL QTa-im), ehipa-
paintLT, born in 1771, was one of the prin-
cipal gilders and china-painters in the ol4
Ici bv china factory under WiUtamDuesbury
the elder [q. v.], to whom Keys was articled.
He was an excellent workman, and much of
the succe.'vs of the china, espedaily the figures
in the I)rfsd-n style, was owinpr to hi-? skill
in decoration. Keys quittetl Derby some
years before the close of the factory, and
went to work imder Minton at Stoke-upon-
Trent, He returned later to Derby, wnere
.
he died in 1850, in his eightieth year. Kevs
f)reserved his delicacy of execution to the
ast. Ho collected materiida for the histoiy
of the Derby china factory, whieh fttm tiho
foundation of subsequent accounts.
Further, Keys left three sons, all apprenticed at the
biyiiized by Google
 Keyse
Messrs. Minton, Danipll, and otbcrs in the
Potteries. Samuel Keys the vounger excelled
in modelling small figures; he left Berbj in
}9.p,0, nnJ -went to the Potteries, where he
carried on a small manufactoy of his own,
besides working for the leading msnnfho*
turers there.
[Hsslen's Old Derbj China Faetoijr.] L.a
KBYE THOMAS (1722-1800), si ill-
life-painter, and propriet or of the Bermondsey
Spa, bom und a self-taught artist,
in 1722,
was a niembr of the Free Society of Artist?,
and exhibited with them from 1761 to 1764.
He painted skilful imitntiotis of still life,
flowers or fruit. From 176.5 to 176S be was
an occasional exhibitor at the Society of
Artists, and twice sent pictures tothelvoyal
Academy. In 1708 he obtained ftpiramium
from the Society of Arts for a new method
of setting crayon drawings. About 1770
Keyse opene<l a toa-parden in Bermondsey,
where a chalybeate sj)riiig bad boon found,
which was known as the Bermondsey Spa,
Here, among other attractions, Keyse kept a
permanent exhibition of bis own drawingp^.
Obtaining a music license, he made the gar-
dens a kind of YBOzhal], open in the even ng i
during the summer months, and provided
fireworks, including a set-piece of (be siege of
Gibraltar, constructed and designed by Keyse
liimsclf. Keyse died at his ganbrns 8 Feb.
1800, in his seventy-ninth year. Tiie gardens
remained open for about five years longer, and
their memory is presen'ed by the Spa Ilond,
Bermondsey. A
portrait of Keyse, painted
by 8. Drammond, A.ILA., wss engnTsd.
(TvodgraVfB Pi.-t. of Arli-.f_s; Gent. l^I^g.
1800, pu i. 284 ; LyeoiiK'n Jhn irons of London,
i.6o8; Catuloguosof the Free Society of Artisi.s,
fee. ; Whe at b y and Cunniogliam's London l^ast
and Present.] I,. C.
KJIYSER, WILLIAM db (1017-1602?),
IMinter. [See Db Kbybbb.]
KEYWORTH, THOMAS n762-lS.'>2),
divine and hebraist, son of Thomas Key-
worth, a bookseller, of Nott ingbam, wii> Id u
in that town in 1782. Going to Lontion us
m young man, be was converted from uni-
tarianism by the pn'arbinrr of ]>r. Draper,
and entered Cheshunt College t o ]i: x jiare bim-
eelf for tlie congrsgational ministry. Called
in the first instance to Sleaford, Lincolnshire,
be was afterwards minister successively at
Runoorn, Wantage, Favershanif and Nott mg-
jiam He also occupied for .short periods the
pulpits of several London chapels. From
l&a to December 1851 be was charge ofm
pongK^tioo at AMoii Xin(9ld in Berkshiia,
<8 Kiallmark
He retired at the close of 1861, and disiat
Cheltenham on 7 Nor. 1863.
Keyworth was distinguished for modesty
and simplicity of character. He was an
active advocate of a scheme for uden allot-
ments to the poor, and while in jLondon was
nn able promoter of missionary work. In
addition to bis hebroicol knowledge, he was
BO mean scholar in general literature. His
chief works are: 1. ' Principia Hebraica,*
London, 1817, 8vo (written in conjunction
with David Jones). 8. ' A Diuly Expontor
of the New Testament,' London, 1826, 8vo.
3. ' A
Practical Exposition of the Kevelation
of St. John/ 8va 4. 'A P^t
Ex-
positor of the New TBStanwnt/1881| ISmo;
2nd edit. 18^5.
[Congregntionat Tesr-Beok, 185S, p. 91S;
Liverpool Congrogational Mag. April 1882,
p. 66; Eclectic Kericw, November 1818; Brit.
Mus. Cut. information from the Itev. Thomas
;
K. jworlh.l T. S.
KTAIiLMARK or KILMARK,
GEOROB (178U1886), musical composer,
born at King's Lvnn in 1781, was the son
of John Kiallmark, an otiicer in the Swedish
navy, and of Margaret (or Harggrit, as it is
written in the parish register) Meggitt, a
Y^orkshire heiress, who lived at Wakefield
and wss a descendant of Sir Joseph Banks.
His parents* marriiipe took jibiee in St. Ni-
cholas's Chapel. Lvuu^ 4 Oct. 1776. Shortly
after Qemff&B inrm his Ikther, who had run
tbrongli his property, disappeared and soon
died. Thereupon his widow married her
butler, a man named Pottle, andGeorgo was
ndo]it('dby bis mother's family. He began
his education under the care of a Dr. and
Mrs. Oardtner (n^Meggitt) but he showed
;
nt nn onrly ngc a stron;.'- taste for niu.*;ic, and
be was placed under a German professor for
purposes of musical instruction nom179Gto
17y8. For some time after 1798 Kiallmnrk
maintuined Jiimself by teaching the violin
and piano, and when he hod oeeumtdated
sufficient funds, took further lessons from
Barthelcmon, Cobbom, and Spagnoletti in
viol in-playing, and firomymiE^uul (later)
ri from Logier in coniposltion. He hold many
important posts, was a member of ail the
vri nci pal concert and theatre orchestras, and
of fbi; jnusic at Sadler's Wells.
b'in!' r In
]803 he married Mary Carmichael, a cousin of
the Countese of Rothes, and settlMl in Isling^
ton, London. Here he devoted himself ir
teacbine the harp, violin, aad^iano,and aooa
acquirea a large and lucrative connection.
He resigned liis public engagements, and de-
voted itimself entirely to his pupils and to
composition, entering into arrangements widi
GbaffnU and D'AUnaina to supj^j tk9
Digitized by Google
 Kiallmark 89 Kickham
with a fixed number of composi- leogtliflife size. There is also a bust of the
Iv
tions, lie died an March 1835, leaTing a younger Kiallmark by Edward II. Baily
krze family. [q. V.J, 18 jo, comj>anion to a bust of Thalberg
fiia chief works were: 1. Introduction and by the same sculptor. Those are in the poss es -
Tariations to ' Kny's Wife.' 2. Introduction 8ion of the det^cendanta of Kiallmark.
10 Lat liosc of Summer.'
' 3. Variations on [Georgian Era. Goulding and Chap-
iv. 619 ;
*
Home, sweet Rome.' 4. Lea Ileura do pcU's Gatalofrnes; Mns. Times, Jamuoy 1886;
*

I'rintems,* in six book''. Also a number of Dram, nn.1 Mus, Kev. 17 Doc 1842; Ni>ck*8
conps, of which the only one that survivus is Chopin, 1888, pp, 280-1 notes ; Mus. Keepsake,
' Maid of Athens.' Many of liis compositions 1884 i paridi ;
private sooiees.] S. H. L.
Tf Still extant in manuscript.
His eldest son, Gfx)Rgi: pKKDKRirK Kiall-
KIABAK, Satkt (5I6^) of CIobp
roacnoisc. [See Ciauax.]
iiark(1 804-1887), musiciiui,l)orn iitCfuudi-n
Street, lalington,? Nov, 1804, was educated KICKHAM, CHARLES JOSEPH
at Margate. lie began bis musical career at (18i'U-1882), journalist, was bom in 182fi at
the age of fourteen, assisting his fat her in the MnUinahane^ go. Tipperary, where his &thflr
work of muaical tuition ; afterwards he studied was a prosperous snopkeeper. He was in-
tmder Logier and taught his system. At six- tended for the medical protession, but a gun-
teen he went to Rouen and thence to Paris jKnvder accident, when ne was ret uming from
to place himself successively under Zimraer- shooting, so injured his sight and hearing that
mann and Kalkbrenner. Returning to Kng- this career became impossible. He took part
l&nd in 182.5 he became intimate whh ('le- in the 'Young Ireland movement,' ana in
i, by whoso advice he sought further 1848 busied himself with the preparation of
lion from Moscbeles. In 1^9 ho pikes at Mullinahone for the use m the forces
msrried the eldest daughter of Dr. Bryant of of Smith O'Brien.
tiae 4gwar Road, and gave his first public He became a Fenian about 18G0, and in
coaoert at tlie Kino's Theatre in 1839. 1865 James Stephons.theFenian head-centre,
Whon in I'aris, Kijillmaik formed a groat appointed him, l\ C. Lubv, and .lohn O'Leary
frieDdship with Thalber^, uponwhose mothoil the supreme executive of his Irish repubUc,
and Stjle he moulded hu own. Ilis playing and editors of the ' Irish People* newspaper,
wag remarkable for di lit-acy of touch, and Kirkh&m and his associates were not, liow-
be was a superb player of C/1iopin's works. by nature for the business of re-
over, fitted
On hearin]^ Kialmark play, Mendelssohn Tolutiott.Their honn >])aper was suppressed
Mid: 'A fine sketch of wlmt piano-pl living the supremo exi cutivo was taken into cus-
hoold be, and what he will one day imiko tody, and tlte riaing miserably failed (cf. W.
it* Niechn, ia his 'Life of Chopin Tpp. ' O^BXBir, When we were /v^.). Kickham
25?0-l), writes; 'Kiallmnrk was arrested at Fairfield House, Sandymount^
is p"id to Inivo
had a thorough appreciation and under- Dubli n, on 1 1 ICoT. 1865, was tried for treason
;
standhig of Ouopin's genius and he took felony, and was sentenced to fourteen years'
'

f^p^cial deliglit in plajriqg Chopin's 'Xioc- I'.rd servitude. His friend.'s assorted that he
]'

tunies.' w as grossly maltreated in prison, and J. V.

In 1843 Klallmailc opened an academy for Maguire, M.P. for Cork city, called the at-
the study of the piano nt his n'sidrnco, tention of parliament to the subioct in 1807
( Times, 8, U, 11, and 27 May
29 Percy Strcot, During his long life he 18t37), After
wu aaeociated with ever}- gn^at ])ianiet from serving four years in Woking and in Port-
Cl'nienti to llubinsN-iti, uinl at tlio np-e nf land convict prisons, he was pi l at lil>r rty.
seventy-eight he studied the sonatas of Gado AVhen the election of O'Donovan liossa tor co.
and Rubinstein. At eighty he was still daily Tipperary in 1869 was declared void. Kick-
rti^ing dementi's Gradus.' He dii'd on
'
bam was brou^lit forward as the nationalist
Dec J 887, having only a week before candidate. He was returned, but upon a
plhV' fl a Thai bt-rg traixscript ion with much scrutinyhe was defeated by Mr. Il-ron, Q.C.,
of ] (11 fire and brilliancy. lie wa? a fine by four votes, 20 Feb. 1 87(). He t lu iieoforth
eit^^aipore ]>layer, but his compositions have confined himself to literary work. About
not lurvived. 1878 a Kickham Tribute ' was collected for
'

Of the Kiallmarks, father and pon, there his benefit. He died at Blackrock| BOOr
f tift several p<jrtrait,i. Of the father, one by Dublin, on 21 Aug. 18S2,
W. Siaqnon* 1820, half-length, life size. Of K ic kham was the author of several poems
one by J. Slater, in Musical Keep-
the Ron :
*
and btories dealing witli Irish subjects and
18^4 another by H. C. Selous, 183G,
wlie,' ; scenes fi-om a national i.Hl jMjint of view. These
tkree-quarter length, life size ; and a third were collected in 'Poems, Sketches, and
J. P. Kniglit, RjLf 1845, throe-quarter Nanatim UlustraUTO ni Irish Li* 187a

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 Kidbrooke 9 Kidd
Sir CIuurTet GTtn Duffy puts liim * next prcaclH>4 for above a qnarter of a century to
after Carloton, GriflBn, and Hanim,' and far one of the most numcrons congregations in
buforq hev^jc Aud Lady Morgan aa a painter Scotland. Uis nopularitv as a preacher con-
of lurtaonal manners. He alao pubUfllied tinued undimin^Ml to the end. He was at
Sally Cavanagh, or theUntcTntnted Graves,' pains to secure variety and freshness in his
a novel, 1869^ritten in priaon) ; * Knock- preaching, constantly looking out for nfjw
agow, or the Homes of Tipperarv/ a norel, illustrations, and keeping up hif ttadent's
1879; and 'For the Old Land,' a Tale of habit of rising at three o\doek every morn-
Tfvonty Years Ago/ 1880. His portrait is ing. In October 1818 the College of New
pfefixed to 'Sally OavBiMgli.' Tersey conferred on b im the honorary degree of
D.D.'(Hew Scott, liuH^oeL Se^L YoL iii.
[Times, 24 Aug. 188 J Ch;(rl. s r,;iTaa I>tfffy'8
;

Young Ireland; latroductiou to JamaaDHffV'H

pt, ii. pp. 489-90).
aditioB ci Ki^ockagow, Dublin. 1879 ; 7w*tt H.
Kidd 8 powerral preaching and vi;TnrouH

HeCaathy'sIreliaoaaiiieetlMlTnkuit] I>A.H. rhnrarter overcame violent npMopitiuii, and

iiltiuiately gained for him an extraordinary
XWWQOKEf Baboh HERVEY op popularity. It hecame so ertiiile of popular
belief that no one who ever resisted * tho
(411612). [See Hbrtbt, WiLUAH.]
T)octnr had prospered. Stories of his courage,
'

KIDD, JAMES 1884), prosbv- l eijevolence, and eccentricity are numefOttS.

tf'iian divine, born on 6 Nov. 1761, was tho
}Oungtvst fcou of poor prtjsbyterian parents
residing near Loug1il)rick1aad, co. Down.
His father dyin<:j foon after his birth, the
family rt'inovrd to Broujjbshanc, co. .\ntrim.
Afriendly hm r >oathMi|to a good classical
gchool, and licfore long oniibltHi liim to open
a school of hia own at liiginy, a nf'ighbour-
ing farm-town. The flcbool Was suceesaful,
bnt Kidd found means to go to ]'>lfast to
study English. He next set up a school at
Kfldownie, twenty milea fSrom Belfast. Jl.-
ataycd th' f iibont four yfars, and marrierl
i Kidd did on 21 De<;. IRIM. By his wife,
Jane,SPConddauglitcrof llobert Boyd, farmer,
of Carulea, near Ballymena. Kidd and his
wife emigrated to Am(rica in April l?"^!;
Le soon joined Littb", a ft Uow-i-oiinl rynmn,
in a aohool at Philadelphia, and next be-
came usher to Pennsylvania Collog*', Avhrre
he abio titudied ajid convcted for tho preji.s.
On the acce.siou of George IV he prayed h\
niblic that he 'might be u better king than
1ic had been a prince regent,' and when the
local authoriti'S ro!nj>lained, asked, 'And
where's the man tiiat can't improve ? ' Kidd
not only lectured on vaccination from the
puljiit, but employed a irudieal man toracri-
natu his converts, and tiually forced hundretbi
into his own hou-;e and vaccinated them
himself. He is said to have given a stimulus
to the study of Hebrew in the north of Scot-
land, but was not a verj' proff)und hebraist.
who died on 4 June 182^, he bail two sons
and three daughters. Ho was a strenuous
supporter of the .\ nti-patronago Society, and
eagerly advocated the popular election of
mmisters. Ho was author of 1.' Course
: A
of S- rniMiis; v<\ Aberdeen, IPOS. 2. * An
I'liisay on tlie J'octrine of the Trinity: at-

The siffbt of tho Hebrew character set him tempting to prove it by reason and demon-
upon learning the language ; he bought a str ition, founded upon duration and spnco
Hebrew bible, and with the help of a Portu- and upon some of the divine perfections;
guese Jew,and by dint of attending the .Tew- '

some of the powers of tiie human soul ; thila

ish syjingogne in Philadelphia, acquired some language of scripture and tradition among
;

fluency in the langiioge. Oriental tongues all nations,' London A b rdeen (printHl ),
8vo, ,

became thenceforward his favoinite study 1813. 8. A

Short Treatise on Iniant Bap-
He retunicd to Edinburgh, became astudovit tism,' 8vo, Aberdeen, 1^22 (also appeiuled tn
at tho university, read chemistry and ana- I'eter Edwanls's Candid Reasons lor Ko-
'

tomy, and ^'oineel the theological classes of
the university, supporting himself by form-
ing extra-collegiate clas^^ei in the oriental
languages. In the au; umn of 1703 hew
/ deen, 1822 (now edition, with an iiif r" luetioii,
appointed professor of oriental languages in
Mari.chal College, Aberdeen. He there com-
pleted his thflog|cal courses, obtained for-
mal license a preacher from tho pre^liyterj'
of Aberdeen ou 8 Feb. 1706, and was aj)-
pointed evening lecturer in Trinity Chapel
in thi' .Shiprow. On 18.Tuuf 1K>1 he beeanie
luinisler (U'Qilconqston Chapel of Ease, in tl^e
'immediate aitlnirbi o( Abecdee% wbara he
nouncing the Principles of Ant ipfedobaptimn,*
8vo, ,\berdeen, 18S0). 4. 'A Dissertation on
the Eternal Sonshij) of Christ,' Hvn, Aber-
bingraphical and tlM ii]<i;_nc;il. hy K. S. C'nnd-
lish, 8vo, London, Aberdeen (printed), 1 872).
5. ' AOstednsm fn Assistmg the Younf^
preparing to Approach the Lord's Tabb*
for the fir.st time,' 18mo, Aberdeen, 1881.
6. ' Rights and
Liberties of the Church vin-
dicated against Patronages,' 8vo, Alwrdeen,
1834. 7. ' Sermons and SHelutons of Ser-
moBfly' 19mo^ Abeideeii, a^AFato.

Digitized by Google
*rell A4dree <IleooUectiOB6)/ ISmOj Aber- *i(idd ia a modest and unassuming man^ and
ifcni;WK. He lilso edited FuVb 'Rights la not to he attadced with atieka and stonoa
anfi '>r the rhurcli,'
LiVwr*' nnd wrote like a savage (Smiles, Memoir of J >h a Mvr~ '

the etf>coQd part of the preface to Memoirs, ray, L 162). AVith the assistance of some of
*

Dnrv. vn^ dtiiflrr 'Wnnnffi of Alexander hia friends he eonsiderahly inereaaed the
V 12mo, AWL'on, 1818. peohig^ical colli-ctioii in tlie Aslimolo.ui ^lu-
IProf. l>n<l KaaeoQ in HamiUaD*s Mag. iz. scum, and olso the anatomical and uatho*
Ul-4f ; Chsillili's Meg. Introdactien m ft^e logical specimens in the Christ Oburen Mn-
tttWe in Aberdeen Etroinf; Gactttc, '28 M^rch scum, when he wii'i appointed T-ee's reader
W W; U*w Seott'a Futu v. 491.] U. O. in anatomy in IQl^. in 1817 he wait ad>
KUKD, JOHN
(lf7B-1861% pbTsleiim, mitted a candidate of the London Oollbsfe of
Vmi in lx>ndon 10 Svpt. 1776, son nf Physicians, in 181 he wns (dected a fellow,
John Kidd, captaia of ameichant vessel, thu and in 1890 he delivered the liarreian ora^
Bwdlvir, -wlileli conTeyed Lord Corawallis tion. In IBSSf on the dmth of Sir Ohria-
out to InrliA as povernor-j^neral in 17H<J. toj)her Pegpe, regitis professor of physic at
Uie moihec waa the daugiiUsr of Ssmutsl C).\ford, Ix)rd Liverpool, on the recommenda-
Bttdem, vicar of Ktw^, near Derby ; sbB tion of Sir Astley Cooper (Life of Sir Agtlfjf
at left a widow in early life with tlirwi Cofiper, ii. 200), appointed Kidd his .!ticeessor.
not to bring np. John wns first sent to the In thia office his principal service to the
aehool at Bury St. Kdmundn, but in 1789 ntf^ical profession was the active part he
obtainrrl a king's scholursliipnt Westminster. tnnk in the enactment of what was popidariy
There he attracted tho Fpecial notice of tho called after him, *Dr, Kidd's E-xamination
iHed-naeter, Dr. IrVillium Vincent [q. v.], Statute' for the degree of M.B. Hedil nit
afterw.-nrls denn of Westininsff-r, who con- lecture as rejj'ius pn>fessor, but continue<l tin?
tinued bis lifelong friend. Ho was elected practice of his predecessor of giving conrs'.-(
to agtudnntsbip at Christ Chu rob, OxfcMd, m of non-profeaaional lectures on anatomy and
l/fO. I'he exct'ptional ability of Kidd and physiology occ!i5!nnally, l>ut not often, he
;

tl^ schoolfellows elected with him to ?cbo- procured from Loudon a subject for dissection
Ursbipg at Oxford and Cambridge securwl by the few medical stndenta tlui were then
frr the election the epithet of 'polden' in at (Ixford.
tl annals of Westminstrr Selinol (Welch, Kidfl was a deejdy religions man, and in
(/tiffn'f Scholars at Wfitmiiiftfr, p. A'-M). 1Sl*4 iiiilili.'ilit'd An introductory Lecture to *

Kidd graduated B.A. in 1707, M..\. in \m), a Course iu Comparative Anatomy, illustra-
JI.B. in 1801, and M.D. in 1804. He studiwl tive of Paley's " Natural Theology."' Ho
t Chi/a Hoapital for font years, 1797 to undertook a simibr work on a larger scale
1^1, and was for a time a punil of Astley when, on the recommendation of Archbishop
Pacton Cooper t.], with wuom he con- William Hinvley [<j. v.], he waa selected to
ciMwd om mt]0Mte tenns for the rest of his writt' one of the eight Bridgewater Trea- '

fife. tises ' (see xvii. lf>5), for which he received

On lea-vinff Ouy'a Kidd took up his resi- a thousand pounds. Its title was 'On tho
deaee in (Oxford, where ho was appointed Adaptation of Kxtemal Nature to the Phy-
chetnteal render in 1801, and first Alaricbian sical Condition of Man: priudpallj with re-
prof?>*rir of chem isi ry in 1 803. He was very ference to the Sujpply of his Wants and the
ocr^6fnl in his chemical experiments, and MxercisH of his Intellectn.d Frtcnltits.' Tt
r .ii
t
d the profeeaorship till 1622, when he was published in 1883, and was one of tho
.

r 1 i n favour of Dr. Charles Giles Bridle

1 . most popular of the series, reachinp a sixth
lUubt'nv Tq. v."^ Tie wns nl?n one of the ]hy- edition in Tt is not an origintd or

ucii to the KadcUii'e Infirmary from IBOtj to Strictly acientitic treatise, as be bimaelf ad-
109^ and at one time had a 1 arj^e pr %-nte pra<y mits in hla preface; hot the intsnttott of the
i

^fl^cihlt'fly among luenilxTs of t hf imi vt-rMf v. tt'-lnfor 'm'hith><1 f.i liiiu to require a pojHilsr
Tor floreral yean before the endowment by rather than a scientific exposition of lacts.'
^ prinee regetit of the dtaiM of nfaeralogy Tn the appendBx he gaTO an interesting onm-
T; ! i:<>i ilf)Ln I\ idd delivered pul)lic courses
, parison m paraHel colTinin!* of some points
of lectorea on those sciences. In Lb09hepub- of the zoology of Aristotle and Cuvier. In
fUhed Ma <OntlIpea of MiMralngy (2 vols. 1834 Kidd was appointed keeper of the lUd-
'

**ro, Oxf<'rd\ which were reviewed hy Dr. cliSe Library, lie superintended the com-
Tbosoas Thomson of Edinbnxgh in the <4nar- pUation of a classed catalogue of the sei-
'

terf? Iterletr* (roi IL) i& aa aitlele which mtiflo part of the collection (Oxford, Svo,
Oiffird, the editor, altered in some parts 18.'').')'), nnd lir in.id-' flit? library us convenient
aa betitf ' verj splenetic and \&cy severe, as poiisiblu to the lew readers who then made
bA mim too WBMMify ao/ Giflbfd added* nae of it. Thk olBee (for which h WM

Digiiizeo by Google
 Kidd
Admirably suited, both by his learninr and his
exact an(\ studious taste) lie retained till his
death, which took place, after a lew hours' ill-
ness, on 17 Sept. 1851 , at Oxford. He mar-
ried Miss Savery, dauplitrr of tlte chaplain
of St. Thomas's Hospital, who survived him,
and by her had four daughters.
Kidd wa 'gifted witli a real scientific
insight,' and took a prominent part with
W. Buckland, Pliilip Jiury Duncan [q. v.],
and Charles Giles Bridle Daubt-ny the m
promotion of ftcicnce lit Oxford. His ndnii-
rabli; behaviour during the two outbreaks "f
cholera in Oxford in I'^.'U) and 1H48, Avhich
is specially commemorated in the printed
aocoonta of both those visitations, illustrates
Ms prnctiral benevolence. The mastership
of the hospital at Ewelme, near Oxford, is an-
nexed to tne office of regius profe^r of medi-
cine. The restoration of the hospital, and of
euch part of t he parish church as belongs to it,
was carried out during Kidd*a mastenbip
and he introduced some wise re;^iilation for
the comfort and welfare of the Imdesuieu.
He was a fellow of the Uoyal S'k i(.ty, and
contributed to the ' Philosonhieal Transac-
tions (1815) an ' I'lssay on the Sijontaneous
'
Production of Salt-P.;! re ' and (1825) an
; In April 1824 he married Hannah, seeond
elaborate paper on the 'Anatomy of the
Mole-cricket.' lie was eminently straight-
forward, somewhat hasty and hot-tempered,
and averse to all show and pntteuce, so that
lie is said to bave been the first physician in
Oxford who laid n^ide the trnoitmnal wig
end large-brimmed hat and gold-headed cane.
Ilesidee tlte worlra already mentioned Kidd
wrote: 1.' AOeological K.ssnyou thelniju'rffct
Kvidence in support of a Theory of the Jb)art h
deducible either from its Oenernl Stmcture,
or friuii the C'liauges produced on its Surface
by the operation of existing Causes.' 8vo,
Oxford, 1816. 2. ' An Answer to a Ghargo
priiii-t the Knglish TTnivrr.^-ilii s in the Sup-
n
plcmcnt to the " Edinburgh l:)Qcyclopicdia,' >
SrOf Orford, 18ia 8. ' Obaervationa on
Medical Er-form,' 8vo, Oxford, 18il, with
Further Observations,' 1842.
[Picture of the J'resout Stato of the College of
PhyfiifianH in London, 1817, j'. 43; Munk'CoII.
of 'fhjs. iii. 178; Oxford Chronicle. 20 Spi.
1881 ; TAoeet, 1881, ii. S88; Medieal Times.
1851, iii. 315; Daubeny*B Inaugural ("'licinical
lA^cture, 1823, pp. 7, 8; AclanU's 0.\furil uiid
Mo<lern Medicine, 1890, pp. 12, 14, 17 O. V. ;
Cos's fifCoUectiona of Oxford, pp. 133, 431;
Fantheon of the Age, ii. 468 private iDforma-
; at the end of tliat term, but the condition
tion.] W. A. G.
KIDD, .70SKPH BARTHOLOMEW
(ltjlW-l6MJ), painter, Umi in lbU8, perhaps
it Sdinburgh, \\ >is a pupil of the Rev. Joun
SlMNDtim[9.T.JofDudiidingstoii. Oathefoiui-
9 >
Kidd
dation of tlie Royal Scottish Aeftdenay Itt
] 82fi Kidd was elected one of the original asso-
ciates, and became &n academician in 1829.
He practised painting at Eldinburgh till about
18H(), whon he came to London, resigning his
membership of the Iloyal Scottish Academy
in 1886. He then settled as a teacher of
drawing at Oreenwich, where he resided
until his death in Mov 1889, at the age of
eighty-one. Kidd ehieflypuiited Ihe scenery
of his native country, and executed a few
etchings of highland views. Some of his
picture's were engmved. Not long before his
death he pniuted a portrait of the qu<'en for
the Koyal Hospital Schools, Greenwich.
[RedgTave'IHct.ofAitttts; AtbeBseom, 26 May
im ; aoeen. 18 Magr 1680.) L. a
KIDD, SAMUEL (1801-1843),
ary at Malacca and prnfe.sj^or of Chinese at
L'niversitT College, J^uulou, boru 22 Nov.
18()4 at Welton. near Hull, was educated at
the village school of that place. In 1818
he was sent to Hull, w^herc his thoughts
were directed towards a missionary career,
and in 18l!U he entered the Ix>ndon Mis*
sionary Society's training college at Gosport.
daughter of William Irving of Hull. At the
end of the same month he sailed under the
auspices of the London Mi.ssionarj' Swiety
to MadraSi and theuoe to Malacca, where ha
arrived in the Norember following. ITe at
once began tlie .study nf llii- l-'ulikicii dial'M f
of Chinese, and under tho advice and direction
of theRer. David Collie made rapid progress.
In the conr.M' nf 1820 ho publi;<he(l sevci fil
email tracts inChinebe,anduitheTearfullow-
ing he was appointed urofessof or Ohinese in
tlie Anglo-Chinese College of Mahifca. From
this time he took an active part in missionary
labours, preaching constantly and ]!reparing
tracts for publication. In 1829 Mrs. Kidd
was obliged to return to England on account
of her health, and three vears later attacks of
epih'psy, to which he had become sulyect,
compelled Kidd himself to adopt the some
remedy. He bad fully intended to return to
Malacca, but the state of his health forbade
him, and in 1833 he was appointed pastor of a
chttrdi at Manningt ree in Essex. In 1 837 he
was appointed professor of Chinew atUni\ er-
eit y Col lege, 1 ^ondon, for a term of iive years.
It was understoo<l at the time of his nomioa^
tion that his appointment would be renewed
was disregarded, and it was while the matter
wa.s in debate that ho died suddenly on
12 June 1.S43, at his residence in Camden
Town. IWtiides a number of small Chinese
tcact^ Kidd wat the author of * Qrilicfl
biyiiized by Google
 Kidd
Notices of Dr. Robert Morriaon's Literary
Labours ' in Memoir of Morrison,' 1838, ii.
'
1 87; an inaugural h'cture at University
College on the Chinese language, 1838; a
Ctfalogue of the Chinese library at the Royal
Asiatic Society; and China, or Illustrations
of the Philo90jhy, Government, and Litero-
tmof Ihe Chinese,' London, 1&41, 8vo.
fErani^eHcal Hagazltic, 184^. p. 58.5 Gent. ; ticum' (i. 194), and wrote in the 'Cltissionl
1848, pt. ii. p. 209; infurmation kindly
MBpHed by W. O. B. Bwe^ n., of Hull ]
R. K. D.
KIDD, TUOM.VS (1770-18GO), Greek
ehoibr And tehoolmaster, bom in 1770, was
ttiftton of Thomaa Kiild of Kidd, Yorkshire.
After U ing educated at GiggUiswick school
und^r Paley, he was entered as a sizar
of Trinity Collego, Cambridge, on 14 Dec.
1789, where he took the degrees of A.U. (as
fifth junior optime) in 1794 and A.M. in
17y7. lie was for some time second master
of Merchant Taylors* School, and iu 1818 was
appointed luaa-master of Lynn school; he
next became master of Wvmondham school,
and lastly of Norwich. Having taken holy
orders, he was successively institut^id to tho
lectory of St. James, Gairlick Hythe, Lon-
don, in 1802 ; to that of Croxton, Cambridgt;-
th'in, in 1813; to the vicarage of Eltisley,
Cambridgeshire, in 1814; to that of Bed-
ingham, Norfont, in 1881 and, for a Mcond;
liiuf, to both the vicumge of EltidAJAIldthe
ndCLwj of Croxton in 1836.
At Cyunbridge Kidd beeame aoQ^uainted
it!i Porson, who w;i- nisiderably his senior,
( recen.slonis Bentleiana; pl< rtiiuqiie erutuuiata
and hi* afiction and reverence for him in-
flaeoeed his whole life. Though himsetf a
g<rnu'uie Greek scholar and steeped in GrL^k
uteriture, he is chiefly remembered
cdith^ the critical worm
of others. Thus
he tnlited Ruhnkt'ti's minor work^, Dawes's
' Miiwellanea Critico,' as well as tho very
valnoble Tolnme of Porw>n*8 'Tracts and
Critlci^un.* lie took espt'cial interest in
eoUectiiig lists of the works of several of the
chief English and Datch scholars, tn his
pr^fac; to Opusrula Unhnkeiiiann tlu n;
' '
a complete list of Tyrwhitt'a works, whiK?
Us collation of Tyrwiiitt's smaller pieces
ia in thf Dycc r-olli rtidn at South Kensing-
ton Museum. In his review 4jf Sluiter's*
fioaes Andocidene' in the 'British Critick'
for October 1805 he catuloj^ut'S Valckenaer s
criticums and classical editions. It was due
to bim that the collection of Btintley's books,
which had lain neglected at I.itckingtons,
wa* in 1807 rescued and otjtuitied for the
nation 3/<7y. November 18<J7,p. 1047).
Atone time h" contemplated an edition of
Homer, and a series of ver^ elaborate cri-
'
the QieavUle editioii tnm his pea
^ for the work [sm Oomm, Riokabo, East qt
Kidd
will be found iu the 'Critical Review' for
1808 and 1804. He xeriewed P. Knight^ R
Analytical Essay on the Greek .\lphnbet*
I
in tho 'Gentleman's Magazine' for October
and November 1797, and Valpv's ' Gredc
Grammar in the British Criticlc' for June
' '
180G ; contributed some * cuno novissimw*
of Bentley on Horace to the * Museum ('ri-
Journal,' among ot her articles, M )n ht? Quan- t
tity of a final .hort Vowel Iw-fon? sc,' &C.
(i.71, 283), 'Ionic Temple in Blenheim Gar-
dens' (ii. r)21, 897), notices of Bishop Pear-
son's minor works in vols. vii. ix. xii. xiii.
xvii. and 'Litemry Coincidences' in vols. xvii.
,
and .x.xxvii. His Eu^'^ii.sh style is sometimes
confused, and always (juaint. His 'imper-
fect outline of the Lile of R. P.,' was pre-
'
fixed to I'orson's 'Traits and Criticism.".'
Beloo, in his ' Sexagenarian' {i. 138), in a
short account full of errors, calls him the *
modern Parson Adams.' He married, in
1801, Miss Smith of Hoxton Square. In
1842 Lord Melbourne gave him a civil list
pension of 100/. A
strong testimonial to
his merits as a Greek scholar and to liis gene-
ral character, rom the pen of Dr. Parr, will
be found in BaiWlB * Parriana,' i. 872. lie
died 27 Aug. 1860^ and is buried in Croxton
churchyard.
His published worits are: 1. 'Opuseuln
Ruhnkenlanii,' London, 1807. 2. 'Tracts and
Criticisms of the late R. Porson, Esq.,' Lon-
don, 1815. 8. ' Horatii Opera ad exemplar
et hrevibus notis instructa,' Cambridge, 1817.
4. * Rieardi Dawesit Miscellanea Oritica,'
Caml n lp H17; 2nd edit., 1827. 6. 'A Ser-
,
for mon preached at the Visitation of the Arch-
deacon of Norwich, May 10, 1831.' Letters
from him will be found in Parr's Correspond- *
ence' {IVor/UfOd. Johnstone, viii. 215 -Itf)
andPorson's 'Oonreepondenoe ' (Canbr. Ant.
Soc), p. 113.
[Gent. Mng. 1850, pt. ii. 667; F(stT*9
p.
Index Eccl. 1800-40, p. 104.] H. K. L.
KIDD, WILLIAM (d. 1701), pirate, it
said to have been a native of Greenock, to
have setthjd in Boston, Massachusetts, to
have commanded a trading vessel in the
West Indies, and to have distinguished him-
self in 'lininand of a privateer during Wil-
I
liam III wiir with France. In 1095, when
the 1.1. 1 nt Ik'llumont was appointed gover-
1
nor of 3lH<-^af'lint'tts Bay, with especial
iii.Htnictions to suppress the piracy which in-
tv >ti d the coast, Robert Livingstone, a man
of good repute in the colony, brought Kiild
to the earls notice iu London as a fit man
Digitizer uy v^oogle

BKLroMoyrT. Brllnniont's su^":^r^tinn to tho
i^miialt; tbak Kidd uhoulU be appofoted to
tlM conuoaad ot a tnall liip of war Was
judged irregular, and it was determined to
aeoa him out in command of a privateer,
with, in addition to t&e ordinwy letter or
marniUf, a spoiial rommission iituIit tho
great aeal empowering him to seize and bring
m sttchptfatea w he diould meet urith on
the coast of America or elsewhere. Eidd
and Livingstoiie undertook to pay one-fiTih
of tbB expanna ; Bellonwnt -pnid the other
four-fifths, in conjunction with Orford, tlien
first lord of the admiralty, Somers, the lord
ehaiioenor, Romney, a aeogrelary of state, and
Shrew^ibury, one of the lords justices.
vessel named the Adventure was accordingly
fitted ont, and sailed troth Plymouth in May
lOOf). After visiting New York, where 8h
Eftised hev complement of men to loO, the
Adventure proceeded to ICftdagascar, then
known as tlie haunt of pirates. In the course
of 1U9S and the beginning of 1099 com
plaints reAehed the government that Kidd,
mstead of capturing or destroying tho pirates
and preying on the king's enemies, was him-
self a very active pirate, seizing and plun-
dering native, ships belonging to fri iidly i
powers. Orders were sent out to Lord Bel-
lomont to apprehend Kidd if he should ts>
turn to North Amerii:a fiml accordingly,
; violently on the hoad with a bucket.
hen he returned to Boston in July lUU^,
I waa thrown into gaoL He admitted that
acts of piracy had been cnmniitted, but
f^leged that he at the time had been over-
powered hv a mutinous erew and imprisoned
intho culnii. Otliers of the ships taken wore
tiailing under French passes^ and were legal
prizes, but the desertion of his men, who had
joined the plrats prevented his >>nfliriL:^
';, h id
them in to be condemned. He alhrmed,
monovtr, that the Adventure being no
longer seawovtliy had been destroyed, and
Kidd and the few men who had remained
loyal were (according to his own account)
on their Way h'>nu" i!\ the Qnoila Merehant,
a richly laden ship ot some 400 tons, which
bad a iPVendi pass and had been captured
under Freni'li colours, when, toiu liin^ at the
land of Hispauiola, he heard that he hud
ren proclaimed a pirate, and that a warrant
was out for his apitrelieiisian. Leaving the
(^ueda Merchant, he bought a small sloop,
fnd came on to Boston to know
the truth.
5. llomont was anxious to learu wliero the
Kueda Merclmnt had been left ; her cargo,
I white to England, was, by the best com-
putation he could make, wortn about 70,0(H)/.
Jkidd, however, declined to give any infor-
inatio% and tha ship was apparently never
^111)4. Soipa aiuui ^iMit m
the treaaure
Kidd
was seized in the sloop; a portion that he
hid buried in Gardiner'a laland wfa not le-
09vered by the govenmeut; but. IQre tha
larger amount L ft ia the ship, it was pro-
bacy at the disposal of Kidd'a |riend.^ Popu-
lar tandiliont which reoount tU oanal, md
the failure of attempts to recover it, enor-
mously ezacnrerate its value; even of the
eafitaated 70JXiOL the greater part waa in
perishable hale goods. In the spring of 1700
1 liCidd and hia companions wore seat to d^-
|
land in tlie Adnce frigate, and on their
arrival on 8 April wert- tdkeu in charge hy
the marshal of the admiralty, who aUo
Kidd*fl papers (Admiraltv Mmufe^
oaed
A 14 April 1700). The enemies of the govern-
ment now char^i^ed the subecribera to the
AdTentvre*8 equipmenfe with having fitted
out n notorious pirrifr-, and tittempts wem
j
especially made to implicate SomerSi >>lui
had not only suheeribea, but had alBxad tha
great seal toKiddV conimii>8ion. The charge
was formally preferred in the House of Com-
mons. and waa deflated with all the vird-
lence of fact ion, but wtie too evidently absurd
to be atiirmed by a majority. In the follow-
|
ing May, Kidd, with several of his crew, was
put on his trial at the OM
Bailey. ITe was
j
charged Avith the murder of one Moore, tlie
|
gunner of the Adventnre, whom he had hit
His
defence was that Moore was mutinous and
insolent, and that he had Iraoekedhim down
in a fit of passion hut the judge Jin; t' 1 tlie
;
jurv that It was done with malice prepense,
ana was therefore murder. He waa further
charged with pirutic-ally s.'/iiig and pluu-
,
deriiig six diOerent ship.^. 11 is defence was
tthat the ahipa were sailing under FVench
]i;>-^<-s,and were legal prizes iiceording to
the terms of his commission. Tiiese piis.xes
) he said, he had preserved, but they had
been t;il -n from hira, and Lord Bello-
, mont and the admiralty had rtMused to nt-;
store them. No further inquiry waa made
for thorn by the court; he had no properly
constituted legal adviser or counsel; the
only witnesses against him ware two < th^
Adventure's men, who were nreepted as
kiujc^'s evidence. The judj^e summed up
against him ; he was found guilty of nuirdes
and piracy, waa with several of his coin-
1
isclear that he had not a iair trial, fnd way
found gu ilt y on inauAcient evidence. KidcTf
efVecty to the value of A, J7'2/. I.f. were for-
feited to the crown, and the money was given
by Queen Anne to Oreenwidi HqapiUl
Digitized by Google
 Kidd 99 Kidd
[JohnsoD** General Hi!>lory of th Pirates 5 to the Ceatuiy of British Art Exbibtticn)
])lACMlar'sHistory of Kngland (Cab. ed.), viii. at the GfOifenor Gallery in 1888-0 (No.
MAcaulny's .iceuiinr is more th;ir\ ii'-n iMy 39).
io-vcoraie. Kidd was brought to Lord ik-lio-
[Fi'drrrave's Diet, of Artiste; Gmres's Diet
moQt'a notied ia London, uot in New York ; and
of Artists, 1760-1880; Catalogue of Century
ih'^ vliolo ntory, 85 toM in brilliant languii^o
of British Al* fisllibil^oa, OlOWMmr GaUetyi
irith jictun-stjup deuiil, i very doubtful. The
coBtcmpi^ry pamphletii, vhic-h rive t!io com-
Molj aeeqpud aoDOOtit. an Atticles of Agree-
Mftttad* tM \9th of
:

OtMme KM be-
KIDD, WILLIAM (1800-186?), natu-
tveeo the R'eht ITononrable Richard. Karl of ralist, born in 18U3, was apprenticed early
B*Uoiiioot, un the oun i-at f and Robert Levini;'s-
,
in life to Baldwbi Graddock ft Joy, a firm
tm. Esq., and Ca^n. William Kid of Uiu otiior of London booksellers. He afti rwanb en-
put (printed 17U1); The Am^nMOtt, Trial, tered business on his own account, and had
uti Coodemnation of Captain WillfMi KIddfbr shops BueceesiT^ in Chandos ana Regent
Kurkr ami F'iracy. . P<^ruso<l by the Judges
. . Str t?. While nt Chandos Street he pnb-
ud Cooucil (ful. 1701): A Tme Aocoaot of the lished a * Guide to Gravesend,' 'Popular
Bcharioiir, Coofemi 11. ui last Dytag Speechei
1 LittloSoOfete/andother short essays written
of (^piiiin Willifttn KiM and the rest of the by himself. Between May and Oclober l8.'J."i
Fr.t-s ... (I70I ) ; A I'uH Account of the Pro- he published twenty-four numU'rs of a
t-'-L'^gs in relation to Capt.-iin Kidd. in two weekly ' London Journal ' dealini; with na-
Letten vritUn Iff a Person of Qoalitj to a tuml l"ii.>fnry from 1852 to IS." In- brmir^lit
: I

KiMBtn of lilio 3uri of Bellomoat . . (4tn, .

out a bitnilar monthly periodical calieii
1701). Lonl BpllomontV dffieial Crtrresp incl, v.co
'Kidd's Own Journal,' which wa* aubflo*
in the Public Record Office (Coloirial, pKwrd of
quently reissued in live volumes, royal 8vo,
Trii^f TTi m Pogliind Till h) gives a fall account
Kidd'e arrest on paper, 24 JM
is a
and during 18C3-4 he iBSued ten numbers of
iMtar fnm Kidd, apparently written oiid aii^ncd
' Essays
and Sketches' on miscellaneous sub*
Cf. Adnnr .li v Minntrv 8-15 April jecf s.' By that date !ip Imd sold his business,
l|f Uanelf.
imi WfttaoD'a Aunaia uf Pluladtilphia (ii- 212) uiid dL\ oted himself entirely to his luvourite
iimy iBaeeoimte.] J. &. studies. He was alwajaanaarnest stndent
of nature, nnd he possessed an astonishinij
KEDD, WILLIAM (1 790 ?-l 8G3), pain t er, gift of undeariuff himself to animals, lu
lora abotit 1790 in Edinburgh, was Arst ap- the Inter years <nhis life he resided in tfaa
prentice J to a liou.sc-painf er, out on thocom- New Koud, 1 lamni'TSinltli, (uid set up ii fint

])btion oi' hia term mudu his way

which wa.s burnt down auii never
to London aviary,
10 ttodj punting; Hot^a^ an Kidd wan an independent and SOf
eutbuitia.sttc rebuilt.
a-li; '-vr r.f the worlcs of Alexander Cor.se centric thiuktT and tnlker on religious and
[tj. V. auJ of Sir David Wilkie, and deter- .HK'ial suhjectf*, and delivered many lectures
ain<<'^ to paint dOBMtic scenes fi-om Scottish in various parts of the country on such euli-
hfe in their manner. He first exhibit^jd at j.'cts as Hienial Gossip,' 'Fashion and its
the RujaJ Academy in 1817, and at the \ iclims,' 'Tlio Value of Little Things,' and
Briti*h Institution in 1818, and \v;ls from Ilapuinees made comparatively eiwy (24'rr-
* '

that time a frequent contributor to Ijoth ex- pool Slercuty, 8 March 18r>6\ He died at
Utitions, and also to the Society of British Hammersmith,? Jan. 1807. He was married
Arti*t4 in SuiFulk Stn-ct. Kidd was vory suc- and his wife sun'ived him.
eesfal In depicting the patUos and huinour Asa naturalist Kidd's chief works were:
f mtic life, and his pietUTes Itare main- The Canar>-,' lx>ndon, 1854 *The Aviary ;

tained their popularity. Many were t-u- and its Occupants,' two parts, 1850, and a
PkTed, such aa 'The Poacher Detected,' by number of small books on the goldfinch, Uw
Lnpton, the same picture u
'Le Bncon- linnet, and other British songsters, which
aiwPris' aii'l aiidllicr, 'Lt' P>:ii-cr Siirpris,' in are .^ti^ vnlnable. lie also wrote an intro*
quatmi by P. Jazet at Paris; 'Indulging;,' duction to Weatcott's ' Autobiography of a
lyJ. a. watt; 'The Poaehet^s Snare,' by Oomaroer Spider,' 18t)7, and, in conjunction
i. Stewart, &f. In 18-19 Kidd wns olccted witli V. BueliliU.'l, ficVHral jpers ill 'Ptirds
ta Lcmoraij member of the Itoyal Scottisli and liird 1663, besides contributing
Life,'
Aeadtm^. Kerer oblo to mana^ hit own papers on birdu snd kindred snljeets to the
A&In, Kidd f> 11 at the end of bis life into Gardoners* C'hrouiclo and similar |)eriodi-
'

kfl(elea financial embarrassment, and was
IBpportiS finally by hit Mendt and a pen-
licm from llrf l'o\ al .\raderay. died in
London on CbrL><tma8 eve. 1863. picture
kj ^'Oontcmplatinfp tw ^nmei/ was 1nt
cols. Along series of trscta and essays
which h paMished on -vorjr miseallaneon-
Ho Mtb-'n ts arc either wealily imitative of Lelg-h
A Huut, or characterised only by ignorance
I and aaperflciali^. HbB ohief of thssc iiam>
 Kidder
'The Heart's Proper Element.*
Tihlets are: I.
2. 'The World and its Two Facos,' 185 i.
3. 'Honest Thoughts for Plain aud Honest
Baople.' 4. 'The Strange Spirits of the Day,
or a Rap for tha Rappers.' 5. ' Frlt-ndly Ap-
peals to the People (^onlv two numbers pub-
' ciated there for a while, and was much
lithed). (J.'
Example, its Power for Good
or Evil; 1855. 7. 'The Charmed King.'
8. 'Mau, viewed with Reference to his Words,
his Deeds, and hia Motives.' 9. 'lafy, its
Tints aud its Shadows,' 1856.
[Qmt. Mag. 1867. pt. i. p. 217; Atheosnm,
12 Jan. 187; KMd'H^Vwks.] BL O. W.
KJDDER, RICHARD (1633-1703), bi-
shop of Bath and Wells, was bom at East
(rrinptpiid in Sussex in 1033. His father
belonged to the class of yeonirn or le-'^ser
gentry. His mother was a wonum of greiit
pif^ty, of puritan sympr\thit s. He was edu-
cated at a grammar school in ihu neip^h-
bourhood under the mastership of a Mr.
Rnyner Harman, of whom he spi in the
highest terms. He was sent to an apothe-
cary at Sevenoaks to study medieiiM ;
his friends raised a sum of innticy to send
him to Cambridge, and iu June 1*U1) he was
admitted as a sizar at Emmanuel Colle^.
Samuel Cradock [cj. v.], then a fellow of tlie
college, directed liis studies, encouraged bira
in S religious life, and helpe<l him with money.
He graduated 1^ A. in 1652, and in in,')")
was elected fellow of Emmanuel. In l6ub
he was ordained deacon and priest, in
day, by Dr. JJrownrigg, the dlJ>^iv^*d bishop
of Exeter. The ordination took phice in a
priyate house at Bury St. Bdmund.s. In
\iV)9 the vicarage of Stanground, Hunting-
donshire, which was iu the gift of hia college,
fell vacant, and Kidder was appointed to it.
In 1C62 ho was ejected by the nartholomew
Act, because hu did not think fit to sub-
'
scribe to what he never saw,'that i8,of coun^e,
the amended Book of Common Prayer. He
declares that he had 'never taken the co-
venant or engagement, was entirely satisfied
in episcopacy, and with a liturgy; hml no
hand in the late confusions, and wa^i so far
from it that he lamented them, and wa.s de-
priv'd nf his living only for not suhscrihing
to a book that wnii not, as it ought to have
been, laid before him.' For a time he took
chance duty in London aud the country', but
in 1664, having by that time ' conformed,' he
wts appointed by Arthur, earl of Essex, to
the rectory of Raine (now spelt Rayne), near
Braintree. He found the people ' factious to
llwlssldsgree,' and used to call the ten years
lie spent among them ' the lost part of his
life.'
i]ifi4 to Eun m
The great plague of London in 1605
added to hia traublet;
96 Kidder
and he also lost (not through tha pWue)
three children there. In 1674 he was of^^red
the li vingof St.Helen's in London by Sancroft,
then dean of St. Paul's, who had known him
at Emmanuel College ; but though he oHi-
pleased with the people, he would not \m
instituted on the terms of refusing the lioly
communion to those who would not kneel.
He was appointed also in 1674 preacher at t he
Rolls by Sir Harbottle Grimston [q. v.], the
master, and in the same year was presented by
the Merchant Taylors' Company to the rectory
of St. Martin Outwich, the next parish to St.
Helen's. Soon afterwards he was also chosen
to be a week-day lecturer at Blackfriars. In
1080 he lost three children by the small-pox.
He was now a popular preacher, and waa
offered various preferments. In 1681 he was
appointed to a prebend at Norwich by the lord
chancellor, the Earl of Is'ottiughaui, and a
few years later was twice chosen lecturer of
Ipswich, but declined both times, fn ItjSH
his old friend Sancroft, now orchbiahop of
but Canterbury, oflered him tha living of Sund-
ridge, Kent, and he was also recommended
by Robt^rt Nelson to Tillutson, then dean of
St. Paul's, for the living of JBanss, hut ha
accepted neither preferment.
In 1 069, soon alter the accession of Will iam
and Mary, he was made one of the royal chap*
j
lains, without his knowledt^e, und was also
appointed on thoroyal comnu.s.siou to consider
one such alterations in the liturgy, &c., as might
give sntisfaclion to the dissenters in connec-
tion with the Comprehension Bill. He pre-
pared a new version of the Psalms, but the
ooramissiou had not time to examine it. In
the same year, on the elevation of Dean Pa-
trick to the see of Chichesi' r. he was ap-
pointed by the crown dean of Peterborough,
and finally, through the infitrunienfulity of
Tillotson, now iirclibishop of Canterbury, wivs
offered th.> I ishopric of Hath and Welb, of
which Thomas Keu had been deprived. Ha
says that he was very vnirilling to accent
the see, but after some days consented. He
afterwards thought that he had not been wise;
for 'though he could not say that he had
acted against his conscience, he did not con-
sult his ease,' and often repented. He was
consecrated at Bow Church on 30 Aug. 169 1
and pr 5rntlv took up his residence at Wells.*
'
1 am
sure, 'be says, ' no man living could
come into a place with a more hearty desiXB
to do good than I did.' But his position was
most unfortunate, for the whole sympathies
of the diooese were probably with his deprived
predecessor, Ken. Ken himself greatly dis-
liked the appointment, and spoke of Kidder
U* ' latitttdinarian tiaditor/ a * hireling,*
Digitized by Google
 Kidder
vbo, ' iiuktead of keeping hin flock withiu the
1M, meomnged them to stray/ *almigr
tivtginf; his flock.' Kidder seems to have
beeo coutinually in troublo with the cathd-
dnl chapter ; they refused to attend his Of^
dilutions, thinking that he ordained noncon-
fonnitii without having properly ascertained
tkat they had really bemme churchmen. The
whole tone of his charges to the clergy, and
91 Kidder
London clergymen for the use of families. It
was to have embraced the whole of the Old
and New Testnmpnt?5, but the scheme fell
through because the attention of the writers
was diverted to the Homan controversy. In
1692 he published * A Charge to the Clergy
of his Diocese at his Primary Visitat ion be-
gun at Oxbridge June 2, 1692.' In 1698 ap>
peared his Life of Anthony Homeck [q- v.]
'
'

aUo of his autobiography, shows his false
positum. Kidder and his wife were both
jolled in their bed in the palace at Wells by
ttifcllingof a stack of chimneys through the
wf in td great storm of 26 Nov. 1703.
Few men were more obnoxioiu to high
An^men than Kidder, bnt it ! hardly fur
to ch&rge him, as he haii been charged, with
beiag a nara Um4erver. He refused manj
aim of proferment, melttdiiiif at leaat (me
bl-Lopric, tliut of Peterborough ;and his lite-
nrf work, nothing else, certainly |^ointed
if
Ub out for advancement. A. story is told,
mucL to his cn dit, thut in 1G96-7 it was in-
ilis lastwork was a posthumous one, 'Critii
cal Remarks upon some Diihcult Passages of
Scripture, in a Letter to Sir Peter hjogj
1719 and 1796.
Kidder also published a vast number of
sermons, tracts, and fugitive pieces. Of the
sermons tiie first was entitled ' The Young
Man's Duty; h Di-^course .showing the ne-
cessity of seeking the Lord betimes,' &e..
which was pnblisned as early as 16C0, and
became 8o popular that it n'ached a tenth
edition inl7oO; ''llie Christian Siitferer Sup-
uort>^,' 1680, a sermon preached at Ouild-
hull Chapel on 16 July lOHi* a fiinenil ser-
;

timaUid to him that he must go u^ to the
HiNiw of Lords and TOto for the attainder of
Sir John Ft^nwick, and upon his replyingthat
he must wait to Imow the merits of the case,
k was uked, ' Don't you knowwliose Imad
you art rating?' To which he replied, ' I eat
mon on Mr. W. Allen, a London citiaen
who wrote in defence of the ehnvdi of Eng-
land, on 17 Aup. 16^0; another on Thomas
Fakeman in 1681 ; one * On the Reeurreo*
tion,'16M; 'TwelTe Sermons preached upon
several occasions,' 1697 and
; A Discourse
'

ao man's bread but poor Dr. Ken's/ and, to oouceming Sins of Infirmitpr and Wilful
ahow bis principles, wen t up and voted against Sins,' and another *0f Restitution,' which
the bill. Tilt- story that he made the deprived were to be distribute amonc the poor of hi.s
hahof an allowance from the see is apo- diocese, and were sent to the press a very
cmhsL short time before his death, llis 'Tracts
Kidder was a most indii'-trious and, in again.st Popery inrludi' A Second Dinlog-ue
' '

naoT respects, valuable writer. His first between a new Catholic Convert and a Pro-
work of any importance wa.s entitled Convi- testant, shewing why he cannot believe the
'

viumCodeste: a Plain and Familiar Dittcourse Doctrine of 'IVnnsubstantiation ( 1 086^ An ' ;

'

cooceming the Lord's Supper.' It woii pub- Examination of Bellarmine'.sThirtoentnNote

lished in 1674, but was a reprint of what ho of the Church, Of the Confession of Ad-
iuid j/rearhed to his rt,'Cal oil runt jari.*thioinTs versaries' (IHH7)j
<
The Judgment of Pri-
M hjiinf some yearw before. In lti64 he vate Discretion in Matters of Keligioii De-
publuhed the first part of hi* 'Dmnonstra- fended' (1087) (this was originally preached
tiot of ih MesJiiaa.' Other parts wene puf>- as a sermon at St. PhuIV, Covent Garden,
lbLd at differt^nt times, anu the whole was 16861; 'Text* which the Papists cite for
ot completed until 1700. In lOdS he was proof of their Doctrint of tlu- Sacrifice of
tppointi^ Boyle lecturer, and he inserted the the Ma-^s examined '(ltJ86) ; Retlertinns on
'

autanoeof the lecturer he then delivered in a French Te.stament printed at Bord. uux in
tke * Demonstration.' It was imtaided in the 1686; pretended to be translated out of the
Int tn^tanoe to promote the conversion of Latin into French by the Divines of Louvain'
the Jews, and Lis knowle<lge of Hebrew and (16(K)). Among his tracts on other bubjecta
tksorieatal hinguages well qualified him for wert^ Charity Directed, or the Way to givo
'

the task ; but it was also directed against Alms to the greatest advantage, in a I.<etter
the arguments of the deists. In 1684 be to a Friend' (1677); *A Discourse of the
undertook thH tran-liitir)n of Dr. Lightftxjt's Sacraments,' with some heads of examina-
woriu into Latin. In lb94 he published * A tion and prayers (1684); 'Help forChildren's
Oooiiaentary on the Five Books of Moses, understanding the Church Catechism ' (un-
with a DiM^^rtation concerning the Author dated). He also collected a number ot
ol the said Books, and a general Argument Hebrew proverbs, which were published in
toieh of tlMm.'3 vols. Tliis was part of an appendix
ippe to Rsy's 'CUlleciion of FtO'
s joint wofk wUdi mmt lie vtfonMd bj fariii.' Some IsCtcra passed hetwMV
H

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 Kidderminster Kiffiri

Iiim and LeCIerc on the meaning of GeneMS tohave died in flanders (Bratlbt and
xxxvi. 31. Both IjC Clerc and Du Pin had Brittojc, Surrey, iv. In J une 1766 th*
ft high opinioji of Kidder's powen. churchwarden of Home instituted proceed-
[Avtobiagmphy of Bitbop Kkidtr. firat pab- ings agiailost him in tht flsuit ot anshes fM<
Itiuiod inCuH-^in Livesof the Bishops of BHth niu\
.'* iiDii-residence, but the canse, as being *im-
Wells; Plumptr'8 and nthur biojErmphies
l)<5iiii begun,' was dismissed
j>rop<.*rIy * for the pre-
of liiithoi) Ken Hunt'* Bdigioiut Thought io
; sent' (Ann. JUf.ix. 105).
JiugUnd; Kiddrr'K own writings.] J. JI. O, Kidgell was author of 1 * The Card
: .

[ttnun.J, 2 voU. 12mo, London, 1755, a series

KIDDERMINSTER, RICHARD,
id. 1531), ab bot of Winchcombe.
KflnmintnL]
KIDGELL, JOHN
(f. 1766), divine,
baptised on 28 April 1722 at St. Mary Wool-
noth, London, wait son of John Kid^ell of
St. Mary Woolchurch {RtgiiUr*t ed. Brooke
and Ilallen, p. 100). He -n'a.s admitted to
"Winchester in 1733 (Kikbt, Winchr-iter
Ikkohrg, p. 2>38), matriculated at Oxford
nom Hertford CoUe(?e on 21 March 1740-1,
graduated H.A. in 1744, and M.A. in 1747
(FonBB, Almnm O.rou. 1715-1888, U. 782),
and was elected fellow. He was a roan of
Bomo talent, but dissolute and dishoneHt.
James Douglas, earl of March and Uuglen
(afterwards the well-known Duke of Queens-
berr}'), appropriately appointed him his chap-
lain. In 1756 he was assistant-preacher to
the Bishop of Bangor, in December 1758 be-
came rector of Woolverston, Suffolk i^Addit.
Ms. 191 Oo, f. 250), and by 1761 was morning
freacher at Berkeley Chapel, London. On
4 May 1762 he was instituted to the rectory
pf Qoostone, Surrey (MASXiifo and Bbay,
$urrey, ii. 337), and on 24 June following
to that of Horne in the same county (t^.
ii. 320-1). He habitually neglected his duty,
and lived a a man about t^wn. under the
auspices of Lord March. Walpole describes
him as a ' dainty, priggish parson, much in
TOguo among the old ladie.4 tor his gossiping
and quaint aermons' (IteU/n of Geurge 111,
i. 311). When in 17(i3 the goTemraent
D.D.
of tales part ly in t he epistolary form. 2. ' Ori-'
[See
ginal Fables/ in English and Frencli, 2 vols.
12mo, London, 17i>.'l. Both were printed for
private circulation only. In tlie 'Ozfid-
Suiisage' (ed. 17(it. pp. 119-24) are .<<<nne
urausiug lineM by huu, entitled ' Table Talk,'
which were written in 17411.
[KidgoU's Works; pfniiphlcts in nnRWfr t<t
hiNarmtiT6, 1763; i'or^ter's UharlesCbuivhiU,
M
UW, p. ; Gsnt. Haf. 1768, p. 613.) Ow
KIDLEY, WILLIAM H524\ poet,
C/7.
was son of John Kidlej of Dartmouth, De-
onabire, where he waa bom in 1606. In
matri< ulat inif iit Oxford he pave his name as
K id ley, alia* Pointer. 1 1 e entered at Exeter
College on 16 July 1626, and gradniited B.Ar.
12 Xdv. 1<I-J7. Ilr ^pt aks, in a margiiinl
note interpoluted in the work noticed below,,
of retnming to the college aAvr a twrfve
years' absence, appnnnitly in 1639. In 1624
lite composed in his leisure ' A
Poetical Rela-
tion of the Voyage of 8* Richard Hawkhis
[q. v.], Knight, unto Maiv dt-l Zur,' and
*
History of the year 1688, w'" other His-
torical Pbssftges of theae Tymes (during the
K.ii^ni.' of the B. Q. Kliziilx'rh).' HawkinJ's
account of his voyage to the South Sea
had hen irahUalipd hi 1633. Kidby's poem,
which is now unumc: the niatmscripts ut the
British Museum (Sloane ColL 2024\ and
baa not been inintcd, la entitled 'Ktdl^'ii
Hawkins.' It was th'^I-^Mi.'d fd ht^ in t^i^'hr
books, but six only were completed. Kidlej
\

refers to other tttenip(i made by him faiTMrae,

wanted a second copy of the famous ' Essay j both nt Oxford and at Dartmouth.
on Woman (which was printed by Wilke*
'

[\V(ji>rs Atlx iue Oxon. wi. Bliss, ii. 367 74

and probably written by Thomas Pottor ;
Fybter's Alumni Oion. 1500-1714.] T. B. S.
l^>(lg*>ll corruptly obtained it from
\Rf ,

one of Wilkes's printer.^. This he handed KIPFIN or KIFFEN, WILUAIt'

to Lord March, who was in secret consulta- (1616-1701), merchant and hiipti>.i minister,:
|

tion with Lord Bute and l^rd Sandwidlu He was bom in London early in 1^,16. Hin
then attempted to defend his conduct and family appetrt to luiTe ben 4lf Welali de*
,

plenish his purse by publishing * A

genuine scent. Both his parenta died of the plagiM
and succinct Narrative of a scandalous, ob' which brokiB out in June 16f2d Hia fttnmt
8ceue,and e.\ceedingly profane Libel, entitled left propertj which was ittTeaftad bf nooid
" An Essay on Woman," ' &c , 4to, Loudon, relatives in their busincs,-* ; on then failttrci
j

1 763, whichcomple te ly blasted his reputat ion. little was aav^d. Jtiiiflin waa apprenticed m
AnaMempk on the part of I^ord Sandwich to iaS9 to John Lilbttroe (1618-1667) fq. y.I,
Qj^ainforhim the wealthy rectory of St. James, then a brewer; he left Ldbume in 16ol, nnd
vVestminster, failed (Sitmoi^, Literary Aneo- seems to bave been anientieed to a ffloref.
4oU*t iz. 659), and Kidgell, who was deeply In that yaerhnttlenM theMniiOM of nuMjr
1

i)l 4ebt,M 10 fl^ idto coitntiy, tod b aftid pniilMi diviiw% intlHdlng' Jolm Owrcwport

Digitized by Google

[t^. T.] and LewM da Moulin [q. v.], Imfi
Uch<i kimsalf next year to John Goodwin
[q. v.] the independent, lie joined a religioas
(ocietT of apprentices, and became (1638)
a maaber m the separatist oongregation
(idwnd in Sottthwwk hj Hetlay Jacob
\Io63 IG24) [q. v.], and then ministered to
Igr Joiw Lotluop or LatiuioDrg. vj Kiffin
yrea^ed occtonally. In 16il-9, dvaing
thf ministry of Henry Jersey [(^. v.l, he and
otbeti became bantists, but nmained a mem-
kr of Jeasey** oliicfa tfll 1044 (Goitld,
BaptUtt of Norwich, 18(50, pp. cxxviii it Htjii.
tr^ in i&ll he was actested at a South-
wan conventicle and oommitted by Judge
Mallet to the ^^'biTt' Lioa prison, bail being
nfuaed. Mftllet was himself conunitted to
tbe Tower in the foUdwtng July, whereupon
Kiffin obtained his release. On 17 Oct. ItU'J
he a one of four bapt ist disputants enroi n-
lered at Southwark by Danid Feadey [q. v.
In 1613 Kiffin began buitinees in woollen
doth on his own account with Holland. He
becaiM fidi. In 1 647 he was parliamentary
iwessor of taxes for Middlest'x. In ]>349 he
vude good use of the live weeks" grace befuro
the coming into force of restrictions upon
tLt import of foreign goods. In 1 <<')!-', on the
outbreak of the I>utch war, he gained money
sad nrivilegea by furnishing requisitea for the
Kri^!)..!: flc't. Meanwhile he was pursiiincr
r:l:giou.i labourx. Ills name heudH
1644 the signatories to a confeaaita of faith
(Ifhwri up by seven churches * cotninonly but
uxuu*ijy)cailt;d anabaptists.' Joshua Kieraft,
SfnibytBriaa merchant, tittucked him (1045)
'the ^rand rinj;le!ultr of the biiptists. '
ThomtJi Ld war Jh 1 oi>U 1 ti47) [q. v.j usatuled
him 1646 as a ' mountebank, and as adopt-
in
ing the atheistiral prarfice of unction lor
'
' II in his fnvour, and gained him the goodwill
the recovery of the sick {^(ianyrct'na, iii. lU).
Kiflb had offered in vain (15 Nov. 1644) to
diti matt#T publicly with Edwards in hi^
Aurch (St. IJotolph's, Aldgate ). He joined
Hatuerd KnolIvB [<]. v.] in a puUic disputa-
tion (1646) at Trinity Church, Coventry, with
John Bryan, D.D. [q. v.], and Obadiah (iJrew,
Di). [q. T.jIn January 1649 jNtrliament, in
MpoBM to a petition from Ipswich, gave him
likerty to preach in any part of Su ttbiK, where
hatnTclled with Thomas Patience, his as-
Mlaai. H coneanonded (16^ with the
by irt eh wehea itt Ireland and WbIbs.
i^ettlfia^-nt with the congregation, which, on
His
1 Marth 1087, opened a meeting-house in
VMtaif>toaae rai4, Devonshire Square,
Ixndon, is usually dated in 1653. Hut
mly as 1643 KifGnandPattanoaininistandto
tkii congregation, which ooaaiatadc^nOBders
fr.mW apping practi.-irig cloae communitm.
lie^gnsa the declaration of 1601. On 12 J uly
Kiffin
1056 KiiHn was brocurht before Chrisiophcr
Pack, the lord mayor,forpreachiDgthat infant
baptism was unlawful, a heresy visitod With
sflvero penalties under the * draconick ordi-
nance of 1648. The execution of the peilalty
'
Was indefinitely postpouifd. A pamphlet
('The Spirit of Persecution agam Broke
Loose,' &&, 16r>5,4to) oontcaatatuis leniencjr
with the severity used! towards John Biddle
[q, v.]He was M.P. for Middlesex 1 656-8. ,
l^tween 1654 and 1659 Kiihn is spoken
of aH captain and llentenant-eolonel in the
London militia. This may account for his
and the seizure of arms at his house
arrest,
in Little Moorfields, shortly before the
htoration, in 16G0, bv order of Mnnck, who
was quartered near him. He was released
by order of the eomitton oonneil, and the
arms were restored tO him. A more sfrinii?;
i t rouble befell liim hrfnr in the year. A forged
letter, dated fil Dee. 1060, and pTDfeafling to
come from Taunton, implicntrd liim in an al-
leged plot, following the death of th>- IVin-
ceas or Orange (24 Dee.) He was arr. st ed on
Dec, and kept in the guard -house at \\'hite-
hall, but relea.sed on 31 Dec. by Sir liobert
Foster j|q. v.], the duef justice, the date and
other circumstances proving the h tter i\ for-
gery. On 7 Jan. 1661 Venner's insurrection
broKe out. Kifiin at once headed a proieBt**'
tion'of London baptists, but nevertheless was
m arrested at his meeting-house and detained
in prison for fonr dayt.
( About 1663 ho gave evidence before a
committee of the House of Commons, and
before the privy council, against granting td
the Hamburg Company 'a monopoly of the
woollen trade with Holland and Germany.
Hit* evidence permanently impressed Charles
of Clarendon. A year later he was arrested at
the instanceof George Villier8,8econd duke of
Huckingham [q. v.], on suJfpicionof bMng cou-
uerne<.l in an anabaptist plot againtit the king's
life. He wrote toCla>iaulon,and was at once
released by the privy coancil, and though a
prosecution was threatened nothing came of
It. In 1669 his meeting-house was in Filis-
bnry Court, Moorfields. On two occasions, in
1670 and 16B3, Kiffin, when prosecuted for
conventicle-keeping, successfully pleaded
technical tlaws. On two other occasions
(one in 1673) he obtained interviews ^)Hth
the king, securing the suppression of a libel
against baptists, and the pardon of twelve
Aylesbury baptists who had heen Sentenced
as to death under 35 Eliz c. 1. Crosby
relates tliat Charles wanted & loan of
40,000/. fttm Kiffin, who made hfm a pfe-
st-nt of lO.CKX)/., and said afterwards tliat he
had thus s4ved ^,000/. In 1675 he took part
Digitized by Google
 Kiffia no Kiffin
iu a scheme for ministerial education among died on 29 Ihc 1701 in his eightv-sixth
WptiBts; and in the following year went year, and was buried in Bunhill Fields the ;

into Wiltshire, to aid in dtialitifr with the inscription on his tomb is given in Stew's
Socini**^"teudeuciea of Thomas Collier [^q. v.] Survey,' ed. Strype, 1720. llisportrait was
In 16B8 bis house was searched on suspicion in 1808 in the poeeemon of the Rev. Richard
of his complicity with the Rye House plot Frost of Dunmow, E.wx, a descendant; Ml
his aon-in-law, Joseph Hayes, a banker, w&a engraving is given in Wilson, and renrodttced
tried for remitting money to Sir Thomas in Orme and Ivimey. He marrieo late in
Armslron^r Oj. v.'', iind narrowly eijcaped with 16^ bis wife, Hanna, died 6 Oct. lft8-_>, a^-ed
;

bis life, a jury of merchants' (Bu&>'Et) r&- 66.

* His eldest son William died 31 Aug.
fiistiig to convict him. Treasonable letters 1669, agad 90 ; hiaaeoond eon died at Venice,
were forwarded to Kiffin he at once placed and was supposed to have been poisoned;
;

them in the hund^ of Judge Jeffreys. Two Harry, another son, died on 8 l>ec. 1698,
of his grandsons, Benjamin and William aged 44. His daughter Priscilla (d. 15 Maxth
Ilewling, thf f )niu'r bailiff just of ape, were 1679) married Robert Liddel.
executed (Benjamin at Taunton on 00 Sept., Kiffin published : 1. ' A
Glimpse of Sion'a
WilEiBni at Lyme Regis on 12 Sept. IfiSj) Glory,' &c., 1641, 4to. 9. 'Tbe Gbristian
tor having^ joint'd the Momnonth n bt llion. Man'^s Trial,' &c., 1641 (Angcs). ^. 'Ob-

Kiffin offered 3,000/. for their aajuittal, but servations on Ho8i ii. 7, 8,' kc, U)42 (lA.)
' missed the right door,' not haviaff gone to 4. 'A Letter to Mr. Edwartls,' &c., 1644,
Jiffn y?. The latter is said to have remarked 1 L'liK dated 1 o Nov.) 6. * A Briefe liemon-
i (

to William Hewling: 'You have a graud- strance of the . Grounds of .

. . Ana^ . .

^tbor who deserves to be hanged as richly baptists for their Separation,' &c., 1645, 4tO
as you' (cf. MaCAULAT, cnp. v. popular e<lit. (an.swered by Ricrart in 'A Looking-glass
p. 316). Though his near
relatives were thus for the Anabaptists,' Sec, 164r),4to). 6. * A
uivoIvd,KUBnbiniself was neither a plotter Dedaratioaconoemingthe Publicke Dispute,'
I

nor, in any active sense, a politician. &c., 1046, 4tO (by KitRn, Ilan^erd Knollya
On the revocation (1685) of tbe edict of [q. v.], and Benjamin Cox [q. v.]) 7. * Wal-
Nantes, Kltfin maintained at his own ex- wyn's Wiles,' &c., 1649 8. Letter A
Ernse an exiled Huguenot family of rank, to the Lord Mavor, by Lieut.-CoL Kiffin,*
oth on cuubtitutionol and on anti-popish &c., 1659, fol. '9. 'A Sober Discourse of
grounds he refused to avail bimself of Right to Obureb Oomnranion,' &c., 1681,
James H's declaration for liberty of con- rjtno (af?ain.t open communion, in reply to
science (April 1687), and did all in his power Banyan). He wrote prefaces to an editioa
to keep his denomination from countenancing of Samuel How's 'The Sufficiency of the
it
; not a -injj^le baptist conprepit ion admitted Spirit's Teaching,' &c., 1640, 4to, and to
the di^puuMiig power, thuugli prominent indi- The Quakers Appeal Answered,' &c, 1674*
*

vidual baptists did, e^. Kuhemiah Cox. In 8vo; and edited, with a continuation) the
Aurjust 1687 James sent for Kitfrn to court, 'Life of Hans^^rd Knollys,' 16fV2, 8vo.^ He
and told him he had Included his name asan spelt bis name KiflTen and (later) Kiffin,
alderman for the city uf London in his now which is the form given in the 16/7 dive(>-
charter. Kiffin pleaded nt'e and n tirc- tnrv Featley calls him Cnfin.
;

ment from business, and reminded the king [Kiffin wrulo hia uuloliiugniphy to 1693; tho
of the death of bis grandsons. ' I shall find,' manmcript was used by 'Wilson, Diasentine
said Jame^, n balsam for that sore.'
' Kiffin Churches of I/Tnrl in, ISUS, 400 ^q ,:tnd O'^itm
i

was put into the cum mission of the peace and l>v Onne as Keniitrkublu I'dsjuiges in iho Life of
tbe lieutenancy. He delayed four months William Kiffin, 1823 it is also incorpomtad in ;

before qualifying as aklerraan, and did so at Ivimcijr'a Life of Kiffia. 1833. 6ealsoDisoon*
length (37 Oct. 1687) because there was no between CHptain Kiffia and Dr. Obanberbrin,
1654 the Life and Appr>JiirliIu>^ Death of Wil-
liiut to the fine -wbidi night have been im-
;

He gave .'O/. towards the liam KitHn,16d9(an abusive pamphlet); Bumot'a

posed on him.
Own Time, 1724, i. 699 sq.; English Prwbj.
lord mavor's feast, but would not have done
tcrian Eloquence, 1720, p. 141 Pike's Ancient
so bad txe known tbe papal nuncio (Count
;

Mooting Houses, 1870, p. 68'J Crosby's Hist, of

;

Ferdinand D'Adda) was invited. For nearly English Baptists, 1738-40, i. 216s<j., ii. 180 aq.,
a year be held otHce 03 alderman of Cheap iii. 4sq.; XiucUon LibarlT of CofuieieDce, 1846
ward, being succeeded on 21 Oot. 1088 by p. 316; Baeoids of Brondmead, Bristol, 1847,
Sir Humphrey E lwin ''q. v.]
pp. xcii, 123, 149, 359; C mfosions of Faith (th
After tbe dealh of Patience (1666) he was ia-it three Hanserd Kuollys Soc.), 1854, pp. 17,

aftsisted in bis ministry by Daniel Dyke 23, 26, 310, 386; AfAcnuhty's History; Londott
(1617-U5S8) [q. v.] and Richard Adfims'C//. Directory of 1677i 1878} AogQi'f ^ly mptiat
lie reM^iea |iis charge in 16'J;i. He Avithors. I886.3 A. a.
1J16).

Digitized by Google
 Kilburn tot Kiibye
KILBUaN, WILLIAM n74f>-lB18), and division every of t he said Parishes
. . .

ttiat and calioo-prtiitar,baini in Capel Street, is ... ; the day on whidi any Market or
Dnblin, in 1745, yrtis onlj pon of Snmnol Faire is kept therein ; the ancient names of the
Kilbam, architect, of Dublin, and Sarah Parish Churches, &c.' (oblong quarto^ it is
;

JolMton his wife. He abowed n early exceedingly rare. Two years later Kilbume
Ufte for drawing', and was apprcntict'd to issued his pronii-o'l larger survey 'entitled'A
'

John Lisson, an English calico-printer at Topograpuie, or S urvey ofthe County of Kent,

Leixlip, near Dublin, bnt devoted maoh of with . . . historicall,and other matters touch-
ki roare time to drawing and engraving. ingtho same, &c.,'lfo, London, 1 059, to which
Thenmilv was in embarrassed circximstances his portrait by T. Cross is aiHxcd. Although
at the &tiier'8 death, and Kilburn came to mostly a meagre gazetteer, the book contain*
I/inflon, whpTB he obtained a good snle for much curious intormation about Kilbume**
his calico designs. lie also became acquainted own parish of Hawkhurst (cf. ib. v. 69^,
vHh William Curtis [q. the botanist, and Kilbnme was al.so author of ' Choice Preai-
ewntedthpexqtiisitcpliitfsof flowt^rs, drn'wn dents upon all Acts of Parliament relating
inden^vMl from nature, for Curtis's Flora to the office and duty of a Justice of Peace
'

Lmdinensis.' He was able to return to Ire- . . a.s al8o a more usefiill method of making
.

Ur -in fffcli his mother and sistor, settling up Court-Uolls than hath been hitherto
'
1

wiiii liitm in Page's Walk, Ik'rmond.ry. known or published in print,' of which a

Soon afterwariln h*> accepted the manau't - third edition, 'very much enlarged,* was
laent of Newton's calico-printing factory at *
made publick by (\. V. of Ttrny's Tnn, Esq.,'
Wallington, Surrey ; after seven years he in 1685, 12mo, London. An eighth edition
w m id ed the businen. Tli* beauty of his fipiteared in 1715.
OMgBS established him as one of the most Kilburno died on 15 Nov. 1678, aged 7."?,
eaiBRit calico-printers in Europe, and he ac- and was buried in the nort h chancel ofTIawk-
quiivd grreat wealth. He induced Edmimd hurst Church, where there is a flat (sfone to
onlw to introduce a bill into parliament to his memory (Hasted, Kent, fol. ed. iii. 71 ).
tone to calico-printers the copyright of llomarried, first, Elizabeth, daughter of Wil-
oripnal designs. He died at AVallington on liam Davy of Bockley, Sussex, by whom he
88 Dec 1818, aged 73, Kilburn married had six sons and three daughters, and se-
Ike eldest dnugliter of TlioniM Brown, an condly, in l(}r>C, Snroli, daughter of James
Fi India diiwor,lqr whom he left a laige Short, and apparently widow of one Ttirchett,
'

ikmilr. who brou|;h( him no issue ^cf. Kilbume'*

[Gml Mag. 1818. di. 222; Webb's Com- will registered in P. 0. C. 6, King). A por-
^ tnit of Kilbuni'' was cnirriived by Cook
(EvAKS, Cat. <(f Eitgraird rortraits, i. 196).
KILBtnEtNB, RICHARD (1(>(>5-I6r8),A few of Kilbume'* letters, prt^served anon^f
K-ntih topographer, bom in 160.5, was the the Frewen MSS. at I'rii kwall, Nortliiam,
&ftii and youngest son of leack Elilbunie of Su8.ex,haTe been printed in Sussex Ardueo-
'

l/don,by MBrr.dnnghterofThoniae Clarke logical Oolleettons' (xtI. 902~4').

">f Saffron Wal^lfn, F.^t-cv ( Vi-iilnf!<,n nfjAtn-
[J. R. SrnithH Bibl. Cantinnn, p. 4; Sussex
Aw, 1633-^, liarl. 8oc. ii. 31 ; Kilbourxr, Arch. Coll. ii. 167, ix. 295 Granger's Biog. Hist,
;

ni^ibf STtlBmfm, petligreee fkeing p. 8), of Engliiad, 2nd edit. iii. 118 ; Marvin's Legal
Hp was bai.ti>^.-l. H IGH.-. at St, Sfarv Bibtiogiaphy.] Q. O.
Wooldburca Ilaw(i2<^'ter. cd. Brooke nud
HalleB,p. 814>. Ho entered Staple Inn, l>o- KILBTE; RICHARD (1691M690)
cme an eminent solicitor in chancery, niul biblical scholar, boni of liumMc prirentago
vaiftve times nrincipal of his inn. By 1631 at Hatclitfe on the Wreak. Leicestershirei
W Ind entered into poeaeeeion of Fowlers, about IMl^matricnlatedatOxford ftotn Lin*
an wtat.' in the parish of Ilawkhurst, Krnt, rnln rnlU'pn on 20 Dec. 1577, and wn-< elected
vUeh begreatlj improved. As a J.P. for the fellow on IH Jan. 1677-8 (Oj/. Univ. Jiet/.j
eoaatf he was deputed fat three or fbnr Oxf. Hist. Soc., ro\. ii. pt. ii. p. 75, pt. lii.
year? ?!nrlnjj' tho rnmninnwerilf!i tn rr'lchrate p. 77). He was admitftHl B A. on 9 Dec.
weddings at Hawkhurst without sacred rites, 1578, M.A. in 1682, B.D. and D.D. in 1596
Vot married only two couple* {ArekeBoloffia (tb. vol. ii. pt. i.pp. 189, 198, 2a3). On 10 Dec.
Vnntinvrj, ix. i^tt.*?). In Ifi.'O he appears aa 15r>0 he was elected rector of Lincoln Col-
t*ward of the manors of Bredo and Bodiam, lege (Lb Nevb, Fati, ed. Hardy, iii. 657),
Sosaer. In 1667 he published as an epitome and became prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral
of a larger work * A Brief Survey of the on 28 Sept. IfiOl (,7a ii. In 1610 ho
County of Kent, viz. the names of the was appointed regiua professor of Hebrew
'^'^'liathAaHna; in what bailtiriek (.ui.14). He died on 7 Not. leSO, and

Digitized by Google
 '
KiBarc
v>-tie burifd in tlif collcr;^ chancel of All
Saiuto' Cbuxch, Oxford. By his will l^e^ve
to tiie pariah donble-gilt ebalioe
to buy a silver-gilt paten. Botll Utnuib
are atiU ia U6e in. the churcb.
KObye, wiio waa aa aUe pnaebpr, pub-
li^hod a funerfll sermon on Tbomnp Tliillaiic!
id. 1612) [q.v.j, 4to, Oxfoni, Itiid. lie vfoa
one of the tranditbmof Ae Bible appointed
by James I in 1604, and took part in tln^
veraion of the prophetical booka. lie wrotti
alao Latin oaaainentaries on ' ExodiMv* pait ii
of which came into the poiiSHr-sion of NV illinm
Gilbert, fellow of Lincoln, and prepared a
continuation of John Mevoer^ oonunentary
on Geneaia' (1M)8) hut waa not allowad to
< cnit. lie repudiated AVesley'.^ {n>rsi)nal dio
print it.
[Wood 8 Atlmm Oxon. (Bliss),
KILDARE,EARr,soF. [See Fitzthomas,
JoKX, d. 1.*11H, first Earl; Fitzoerat.p,
TuoMAR,<f. 13i*8, second Earl; Fitzgerald,
Mahkice, 1318-1390, fourtJi Earl; Fitz-
ofTRALD, TnoMA, d. 1477, Seventh Earl;
FlTZQBALD, Grrald, d. l-'ilS. eighth Earl;
FmoBBALD, Qerai.I), 1487-1534, ninth
Eari. FiTznr.EKi.p, Thomas, 1513-1637,
;
tenth Earl; FxxziiKRALD, Gbealu, 152o-
1665, doTenth Banuj
KILDELITH, ROBERT (A 1278), chan-
eellor of Scothmd. [See KBUUBEsni.]
KILHAM ,A L K X A XDET?
founder of the methodist new
'
connexion,'
waa bom of methodist parents at Epworth,
Lincolnshire, on 10 July 1762. As a lad of
eighteen he worked at Uwston Ferry, Lin-
ounahiie. Betarning to Epworth be joined
the Methodist Sorii ty, during a local rrvival
of methodism, and b^au to preach in his
twenty-first year, his first sermon being at
Lnddington, Lincolnshire, Inl7^-'^'InMva4'n-
^oged, as travelling companion .&ud o^ii^tant
in preaching, by Robert Carr Biiaelienbuiy of
Haithbv Hall, Lincolnshire, n gi^ntlomon of
rortune indelicate hcalt h, and one of Wesley's
followera. Kilham travelled with Bracken-
bnry in Lincoln'hiro,and accompanied him to
Jersey, where Brackenbury conducted a mis-
sion. Li June 1764 they returned to England.
Brackenbury* was admitted on the reirnlar
lii^t of itinerant preachers at the conference
in July. Kilham, on the adrice of William
DufTfon, had npnlifxl (6 Jimo 1784), and ho
was regulurt}- admitted at the conference in
JuIT ofthe following year. He wae employed
in tlio r;rin3.by cin uit, where he encounUired
oMiQsition from ius patron's brother, Edward
Brackembnijy vicar of Skendlebj, lincoln-
aeonzi^ hia paaitini ha x^giatend
t09 Kilham
himself under the Toleration Act. Uh
?)intmeniU for the next few jean were m
wd oifcahixv.
On
Wesley's death (2 March 17!>1) Kil-
ham, though under thirty, at once became
an energetic leader i tha party oppeaad t
thf restriction, in the inteEests of the estar
bl ished church, of methodiat operatiooa. In
May 1 791 the Hull eiiCHlar, offideUy immi
by t.liat circuit, advised metliodi.'^f k not tO
rank themselves as diseentsrs, but to meet
only out of dnreh houn, and to leeeivn the
Lord's Supper only in the parish churches.
Kilham prepared a resly (anonymous), whioh
was adoptea by the MewcaBlMH)n-Tyne
tatioo, on aoriptural grounds, and argued
that niethodiatB wen i/ael0 m8Mnilefa,an4
ii. 287.]
0. o. their preacli'rs rjualified to administer all
Christian ordinances. The conference at
Manehealer fn July passed over Tfamnaa
Coke, 1).CI>. [q. v.l, tin- cnti^ervative leader,
and elected as president William Thompson,
a uMderate man. Kilham was appointed to
Newcastle-on-Tyne, where ho was onlained
by Joseph Cownley. The latter had been
ordaineahyWealey hunaelt Tliepwnchara
in this cirnrif, liefran (.January 170:?) to
administer the Lord's ^supper. An angry
controversy ensved, to which Kilhnm eon-
tributed a printed ' Address.' He waa sum-
moned to the 1792 conference, held inlxtndon,
and censured tar lus pamphlet by a largo
( 7n-2 1 7J>8), majority. Coke even moving his expulsion,
llie conference transferred him to Aberdeen^
where he was stationed ibr three years. The
conference of 1793 conceded the rip-ht, of
preachers to administer the Lord's Supper
under certain rertrietions.
In 17W Kilham wrote, but did not publish,
a pamphlet, si^fned Martin Luther,' de-
'
nouncing the hierarchical scheme drawn up
at a private meeting in Lichfield [hoc Cokk,
Thomas, D.C.L.J, and was e^^eciallv severe
on AIe.xander Mather, whom Woslev had
ordained in K.'**^ as a * 8U]x*riaten<leiit .' The
1794 conference was marked by herc de-
bataa; an address on th sacrament questioo
presented by Kilham was ordered to be torn
up by the president. The resolutions actu&lly
arrived at wont too far in their conceaaiona
to snit the conservative leaden^, and a stormy
agitation wiis raised throughout the body.
Kilham published a pamphlet, signed ' Aqui la
and Pri.( illn,' poing over the whole proun^
of controversv. Shortly before the cooiieiy
ence met in Manchester in 1795 he isauad
his ' Martin Luther pamphlet.
' Piiriug t he
meeting of theconiezen/co he printed another
in)Ianchestar,aig))Md'PtouIand;SUas,' vuuU^
catiitg the |irogn*s|.vn natnre .ft Weale^r'^
Digitized by Google
 Kilham Kiiham
pnnciplM of organisation. The eonfeirenoe drawn firom the conference, met a nvmberof
ttJ >pt;c! u 'plan of piitifiLation,' whicli Kii- laymen in Ebeaerer Chapel, and formed a
ham thoujrot iiad 'aa appearaaoe of du- 'new melbodist oonnaxion,' Kiiham becom-
nlicitj/ He widied to reiiudn ra Seotlnnd, ing the aeepetMry. The total number who
Diit tliH conferenct' (ipiiointtcl him to A]ii- ioin-dthe new aociety was about hve thou"
frick, Northuiuberlood. iiere iia piiuLud a sand. Kiiham waa now atationed at ShetliekU
Mwr pamphlet., 'The IH-ogrwa of Liberty/ In January 1708 hia aaagaiDne appeared a
pleadinjf lor the ri'Copnitlon of popular rights the Methodist New Connexion Maguzinci
*

IB ihe organieatiua of /uathodiiD. I'^or this The oiganiealion of the new body waa oomr
hm amugned hefeve tuooeMiw dislnct pleted at ite oonference bald in Shofield at
eelailg8,but dt?ci.sion was referred to the con- \VhitUDtido 1798, when Kiiham fr WW
terencf}. Kiiham meaawhiU issued iH;%erui moved to Nottingham.
pampbletS, IBcludillg aS ' Ap])cal to ' Late in 1798 he undertook a Journey witii
Kis cin Hit (lil Maj 179t)). a view to extending hi> cnnnoc turn in Walt*.
The cuulf rtaice of IZUti, held iu London, lie returned to Not t ingham at the end of Nor
at once proceeded to try Kiiham on charges vembar, completely esuianated, yet atrugi^led
foundnd on Lis various publicMtioDS, which on with some of bin pnjfHgenjfnti?. He died
otutainlj contained an undue proportion of at Nottingham on 20 Dec. 1 7i!S, at the early
otveetive. Such exprvtwions a ' pert^cuting age of thirty'-ebc. He waa buried in Hockley
N' -rM>,* ap]lied to inptli(Hlist leaders, he was chapel (now primitive methofliet), Notting-
prepared to explain, but not to withdraw. ham. A marble monument to hia memory
(>n the other hand, his agitation waus viewed, was removeil (before IS'-iS) to Parliament
absurdly enough, an in.-jim'<l by tlif political Street ('liaju'l, Nott iriL^hnm. Ilia portrait,
nciaciples of Tbomuii I'uine. A tier three engraved by W. Col hud from a Ukenenn taken
sp^ tfial he whh onKiemned by a unani- in 1797, ia prefixed to his Life,' i^i\S. '
An
moii- v'lfe, ami )lemuly expelled from the
*
earlier engniving, from a drawing taken after
coojiicxion/ all preachers (about one
the death, i.s Kws Hati^factory, He married, firtU%
Inaadied and fifty ) standini^ up, and euch one at EhsUt 178i*, Sarah (Irev of Pickering,
atte.<tinp tlw jiistitt; of tne procetulinpr hy North Kldin;; of York.shin' ('/. ITJir), hy
fipning a papi-r which wa** placed on tlio whom he had, be&idfs children who died in
commiinKm-Ublo. Effoita were made to in- infan<^, ft daqriitr Sarah, who became Mra.
due* KilhaiQ to oxpre,-is p^nitenoe and apply Biller; wcondly, on 1 1' April 170S, Hannah,
f<ur xutoration. bix dtiy--^ after his expulsion daughtiT of Pet^ir Spurr ot Slieliield, by whoil)
he wmle to the president nnUing whether the he had a posthumous dauglitt r, wlio died
feaUfnre removed him from the society, and iiil'iini-v. His widow, Hannah Kiiham, wliA
trhcther he cx>uld retain a plncc among the became a (juakeretiH, i-s separately noticed.
'lneal'udiitiiiet&onithe itinerantpreachers. Kiiham pubhcation.s have only a denot*
'ri

The reply was an offer to confer with him on minationai interest. Had he lived it ia not in|f
cooditioa that his letter might be taken as an probable that bo might have brought hia new
acknowledgment of fault. He made a von- connexion (now numbering over thirt.y thou-
ciliatory re^oiue, and met a delegation from sand members) into reunion with the main
conference. Negotiation waa at an end aa body. The subsei^nent course of methodij>ia
soon tM he wa^i informed that he niuat bind may b tjiken as vindicating his cause. He
kf .aif by tho ' plan of facificatioo.' injured it by an occasional virulence of nspurr
Kilbam spent the next tew montha in sion that waa not in harmony with his general
viiuting his ymj>athis<'rrt in the north of chnnM^.
f'-gl""* In' October, acting on the aug^ [Life of Mr. Alexander Kiiham fl7l>9], an
m'mm of Moir of Aberdeen, he begaa a autohiography with additions; Life, 1838, )<>ud
aaonthly magaxine, 'The MethoiVi^t Monitor.' on origioal materials furnished by his widow
Utt filsrt. ct4 towarda a aeparation from the ad daughter ; Xomisenda AiezaiMlBr Kilhwa
ttMB body of methodismwaa taken at Leeda, riS89l: M.vWaChronolericilHiat.ef Uatb^
v.L' r. E}>i U< zer Chapel, puix-hnaed from the dists [ ] TDf)] ; Tyerman'*! Life and1imH of Juhjf
hartMrt*. waa opened bv Julham on 6 May >VAley, X6]l, iii. 408, 604.] A. G.
tSVT, In JalytheeoafereaeeiaetatLeeda.
Kiiham hfl<l bx>n appointed a lay delegate, KILHAM, Mrs. HANNAH (1774-
hat ^d not preaent himiMilf. The conference lH.'i2), missionary and student oC African

definitely decided againat the admtawon of
lay r>'pr <f'ntative8, eitlwr to it own met't-
or to diMrict meetingfit or to form * a
jamwd hotue of Iqgiflature*' On 9 Aug.
thp* pE^MM^ who hli4^(v>
Kil)i|9^ ivitb
languages, bom at Sheffield on 12 Aug. 1774
Avu!< Mjvi ulh rhild of Peter and Hannah
Spurr, n"-iK'ctable tradespeople of ShetlieUh
.Vl'booj^h brought up aa n nuin)l)er of tbf

biyiiized by Google
 Kilham
attend Wesley's earij morning services, and
at the ag of twenty joined tbe Wesleyans.
Iler mother's death when she was twelve
(1786) placed her at the head of the house-
hold, which cnnsistofl of her father and five
brothers. Two vfurs after her father died,
and (the was sent to a board ing^cliool at
(liesf^rfield, where she made more rapid
progress thn her master approved. On
l2 April 1798 she becnrnf tlit- siecond wifo
of Alexander KilhRtn ''q. v."', founder of the
'
methodist new connexion,' who died at Not-
tingham eight months later (20 Dec. 1798).
Mrs. Ki!hm thereupon opened n dnv-school
104 Kilkenny
charge of all children rescued from slave*
!
shipf4, Mrs. Kilham, with the aid of a matron,
founded a lai^ school at Charlotte, a moun>
tain village near Bathurst, and spent tte
rainy season there with her pupils. She then
proceeded to Liberia ( the Free State), visited
the schools in Monrovia, and arranged for
sending the rhildren of the most influentiol
natives to England to be trained. About
i.*:^ Feb. 18^V2 she sailed for Sietn Leone.
The vessel was struck by lightning, and put
back to Liberia. Mrs. Kilham never re-
coverinl from the shock, and died three dayi
aftervvanls, at sea, on 31 March 18.*VJ. There

in Kottiugham, spending the vucationM at F.p- is a silhouette portrait of her in the Friends'

WOrtbylrar husband's early home. There she
became acnuninted witli the quakers, nnrl in
1802 joined their society. 8ne returned to
Sheffield, and though still teaciiing, busied
herself in philanthropic wnrl<. She
nated a Society for the Bettering of the Con-
ditMo of the PooTi whidi proved a model for
many others.
In 1M7 Mrs. Kilham commenced toetndy
pict ure galleij at Devomliire IIoiiee,Biaiio||-
gttte Street.
Be.id'8 the works above mentioned Mrs,
Kilham was the author of several smaller
origi- educational lK>oks ;'Scripture Selections,'
1/ondon, 1817; 'Lesi<ons on l>anguage,' 1818;
Family Maxims,' 1818; 'First I^essons in
Sp4Hin!T,' 'Report, on a Recent Visit
to Afr ica,' lH27 ' The Claims of West Africa
;

the beat nennn of reducing the unwritten to Christian Instruct i(ni,' 1H,S0, &c. Her
lanpnsgps of Africa to print, ho that the na- 8tep-dangliter,Mrs. Sarah Billerof St.Petere-
tives might be in8tructd in Christianity, burg, edited her memoirs and diaries in 1837.
and produced an elemeiltary grammar for fUfe of Alexander Kilham, Nottingham,
the cnildr*n in missionary Rcho<iI> nf Sierrs 17^^^: Memoir of Mr^. H. Kilhnm.bj Ik r sti p-
]>eone. From two native Afriean ^fti!or8 dau^fhter, S. liiller, lyondun, IS.'J?; a Ski'tcli of
who were beings educate<1 at Tottenham Mn*. H. Kilham hv Mrs. C. L. Balfniir. L -n.inn, I8,5t
Kilham acouiref! s p-or>d knowledge of the Letters of li. K., repriuted from tho Friends*
.laloof and Mandingo languages, and in 1820 Mttgazine, London, 1831 ; Smith's Catal^iie.]
{>rinted anonymottsly *Fuit iMeoos in J*- G. 8. K
oof.'
In October 1823, under tlie auspices of the
KUJAN, Saikt (d. 607), apoetle ot
Franconia. [See Ciuak.J
Friends' committee for promoting African
'

instruction,' she sailed with three of their KILKENNY, WILLIAM de (d. 1256),
missionaries and the two native sailors for bishop of Ivly and keeper of the seal, was
St. Mary's, in the Gambia. Here she at once possibly a member of the Durham family of
starte<l a whotd, and made herself readily Kilkennv, but was no doubt of Irish descent-
understood! in Jaloof to the natives on the (SirRTKW, Iluit. Durham, ii. 229; ZTCsf.
coast. She taught also at Sierra l^eone, and Jhtnrhn. Scn'pf. Treit, pp. Ixxii, Ixxiv, bcxv,
in July 1824, after thoroughly reconnoitring Surtees Soc.) He is first menfione<l as one
the fields of labour, she returned to England of the royal clerks in ll'tS.'), when he was Sfnt
to report to the committee of Friends. ( \n by Henry III on a mission to the emjKTor
her arrival she at once proceeded to Indand, Fre<leric (Shirley, Jtoijal and Nintoricat
and sp^nt Beveral months at work under the /W/er*, i. 40.S, 47'>). Sometime previously
' British and Irish I jidies* Society ' for relief to 1248 he was made arclidt nc onof Corentfy;
of the famine. On 11 Nov. 1827 she once he also held the prebend of Consumpta per
more started forSierrn Leone, taking with her Mare at St. Paul's, London (Lk Nbve, Ftt/tfi^
a number of 'African School Tracts '(Ijondon, i. 608 ii. 379). In 1261 the abbev of Tewkes-
;

1 827),which she had published in the interval. bury had to provide him with a benefice
She visited Free Town and the villages round, worth forty marks (Ann. Mon. i. 147, Rolls
and in little more than two months pnt into Ser.) Between Michaelmas 1249 and Fe-
"writing the numerals and leading words in bruary 1262 he attests the accounts of Peter
twenty-five languages. The state of her health Clmceporc, one of the keepers of the ward-
soon compelled her to return home again, robe. In 1250 Kilkenny and Peter de Rival lia
but on 17 Oct. ] 8.10 she set out on her third were temporarilv entrusted with the seal {Rot.
and last voyage to Free Town. Having ob- Ciawi. a4 Hen. itl, m. 16). Short ly afterwards
ttioed penaiieioii from tho govenor to telw ly xeehd the aoto ehaifii^ aoeoKdlii^

Digitized by Google
 Kilkerrati
to Matthew Frb in the same ymr (1250)
(ir. ISO), bttt certainly bafiue May 12o3,
when it was entru8t<l temporarily to Peter
Chaceporc and John de Ijtuuugton, becaubo
William de Kilkenny waa Vy (MbL J&i. 37
Hen. Ill, m. 9). Kilkt-nnv wasngwin insole
poMesaion in the loUowing July (MadoX,
reAequer, i. 69). Matthew Paris speaks of
him in \2<>i ax acU>rk and special councillor
of the king, who was then lionourahly dis-
charging the duties of chancellor (v. 404).
At Michaelmas of this year Kilkenny was
chosen bishop of Ely, and the royal assent
was given to his election on i!o Dec. He
tkawnpon resigned the seal on 5 Jan. 1256,
md (m 15 Aug. was consecrated by Ardi-
bishop Boniface at Belley in Savov the n.'r-
farwwmce of the ceremony abroad ia saia to
hmt9 magend the la!io|M and tbe canons of
Cant-^rburv v. 4(>4, 485, o08
( Lk Nk\ e, ;
i. 329). Kilkenny made peace with the abbot
of Remser respecting the bonndariee of tbe
ab>jpv ana the episcopal pro|H?rtv in the fuiiH
^Matt. Paris, t. 570), and save the monks
tbeebordiesoiPMelboumandSwaffhun. In
.Tun*- ll-'ofj KilkrnTiv \vft'* aj)])ointed to go
on a mission to the king of Ca&tilu, and seems
tolwTe departed next month (Fo'drra, i. 343,
Reconl td.1 He died atSurtrho in Spain on
22 bepu, and was buried there, but lus heart
WM bftraght back to be interred hie own
rnt^i. riml ( ^r^TT. PvKls, v. 5HRy
Kilkenny left his church a copt*, nnd wo hun-
dred naika for two ehajilains to pray for his
f^m\ (AVhaktox, Arif/ha Sacra, i. tV-W). ITe
waa also a bont'tiictor of the hospital of St.
Jdn the EvangirliHt at Cambridge (Mitl-
UXHZ1L, Hut. r'fiit . Cambr. p. 2.*i3).
Matthew Paris calls Kilkenny 'cancol-
hriae,'bot Foes says that he had only found
two in<itanw in which he is called by that
tiUe, both in 37 Ht n. IH, 1253-4 (Fadera,
i. SU; AMrer. Placit. p. 133) ; while in the
quittance granted to him at tlif lnse of liin
errice he is described as ' Cu^to8 t^igitli
nostri in AnglMl*(MaiK)X, rcA77j^r, i. 71).
It thfrr'ffr seems probable that he wa.s
simply k'H-pcr, and not chancellor. Matthew
Pans describes him as ' a truly modest,
faiThfiil, nnd well-read man, skilfwl in the
canon and civil law, handsome in person, and
loqiMttt and nnident (t. ISO, 464)i. It does
not appear wnether or no he was a relative
of the lawyer. Udo de Kilkenny, who was
oaeemed m
Ch riot al Qzlbid in 1388
uL 4a'^).
rSlatthev Paris (Bolhi Sor.); Yasn'n Judges of
BiglBad, ii. t7-7 ; e ltoHJ ee quoted .]
KILKJSRRAl^, liOKs (168&-1759),Scot<
(8m tavM, 9m Jimi.] In 1869 ha heeaaa
Killen
KILLEN, JOHN (rf. 1803), Irish rebel,
kept an eating-house at the oomer of Thomas
Street, Dublin. Killen was arrested for parti*
' cipatinn in Kmmet's movement of 23 July
1803. His trial commenced on 7 Sept. before
Mr. Baron Daly. Two informers, Michael
Maliaffey and John Ryan, pedlars by trade,
swore that on the nig^t of 23 July they were
met by an armed mob, of whom Ki lien waa one,
and were forced to take pikes in their bands
and join the insurrection. They also testified
to a definite act of cold-blooded murder com>
mitted by Killen himself. On the other side,
I
however, numerous witnesses, among them
JamesCroebie,aninypenaioner,8wore posi-
tively that on the eommeneettent or the
; outbreak, at nine o'cltK-k in the evening of
23 July, Killen had locked hia dowr, and had
not only not gone out himsell^ but had triedio
jirevent others from doing so. He and several
of tbe witnesses, in fact, had, it was stated,
renuuned in the oellar at Thomas Street till
the morning of L*4 July. James Smith, Kil-
len's landlord, moxeover testified to his cba-
taeter Ibr loyalty. The eridenoe in KiUen's
favour was ably sumninrised and commented
on by Curran, who defended him. Thepudge,
however, summed up against the prisoner,
and the jiirv bronpht in a verdict of guilty.
A careful readins of the whole case points to
m the oondosion that this deoinon waa entirely
By liL-^ will unjust.. Killen protested bitterly from the
t dock aninst the verdict, but no reprieve was
granted. HewaaezeeQtedmil08aft.l80S.
[Hibernian Magazine for 1803 KilleoVTrial,
;
in Howell's Stats Trials, vol. xxviii.l
O. P. M-T.
KILLEN, THOMAS YOUNG (1826-
18H<)), Irish presbyterian divine, son of Ed-
ward Killen, n inerrliurit in Ballymenn, co.
Antrim, was Ixtrn at iiallymena on JiO Oct.
18M. His boyhood was spent at Glen-
t
wherry, to whicli his father removed in 1832.
He was principally taught by a private tutor,
and in 1842 entered the old lielfast College,
where he took sevornl prizes. At the close
of his fifth session he was sent by the mission
board of the general assembly as a misf^ionarj
to Camlin, co. Roscommon, where he la-
boured for two years. On IW .May 1848 he
was licensed to prf^nch by the presbytery of
Carrickfergus, and on 2o Sept. 1860 was or-
dained by the presbytery ot Letterkennv
as minister of Srd Kameitoo, ooi. Donegnf,
where his pastorate proved very snree'^r^ftil.
In 1857 he received a call from the coiijTn.'-
gation of Ballykelly, co. Londonderry, and
C. L. K. was installed there on 31 Man-h. He took
a leading part in the Ulster revival of 1859.
of th afaiiatan d
Digitized by Google
 Id6 Kiltigrenlr

Bnlfiwt, being instAUed on S6 Feb. te tlie ntnlKQIijiP^rev^eotteelioninlTST. Beeides

ftvt minister of the new Dunrnirn Cliurch, Becket'.s enpravini? of Anne Killijrrcw, an
iwiiich procpered so much under his care that engraving was made by 0 ham hers from her
it iTM tww* enhNirecL He tow to be one of own piunting for WalpeWe *Anedoteii tjf
;
tlu^ fnrt'mnsf eccl*''sitLKttcs nf tli. Irish general Painting and lit re is a scarce merz it int from
' t

Msemblv, o( which ia 1(^2 he wm elected the same painting by Blosteling^. Lowndes

nodfenmnr. In -188a tho A9frn of I>.D. ws nenttons UrKi'-paper (folio) copies of Anne
tOKftnred on him by the pr^phvtt'rian theo- Killipjew'ri PfM'ins.'wif h n pvirtmit dUffetenJb
logfioel fiiculty (Ireland). lie died suddenly from that in the ortlinary copies.
OB SI Oct. 1886, leaving a ^riiaw end wren [BalliinrH Memoirs of ."M Vcral I^iuliew of GreKit
cbihlrtni. Britain, 17*2, pp. .137-45; WwhI's Atheu.Tj
He was author of ' A Sacramental Cat*>- Oxon. cd. Bliss, ir. 623; LofUe's Wstaorials.of
^hwn' (SeUhtl- 1874>, whieb mn dnou^h the Saroy, 18T8. pp. 199-%04l; Cibhert LIrA
and whs rvpuhlishf-d in Ann'-
s^'Vt'ral edit ioHR, of the Po- ts, ii. 224-6; Oranci-r s Riof? Hi>t.
rica. For four years he edited a monthly 1775, Tol. IV. cla.< X. p. 129; buiise ami Court-
iiiagluitte, the' Tanffelical Witneee/aoMl on ney's Bibliotheca Corfiubieni>iii, 1H74, i. 286;
tlic pptflblishment of t1u' Witness 'uewspawr Walpole'ii AneGdotei4 uf Paintin;;. IHi9. ii. 4M,
in liulfnit he wrote much in its columns. He 457 : Miss K. C. ClaytoD's Euglinh Female Af-
Abo pufaliabed eereFul eermone and traote. tiata. pp. 591.70.) Q. A. A.
'
(VsfMMal knowledge.] T. H, KILLIGREW, r.XTIIKRINE or KA-
TIIEKINE, L\OY (ir>.iq:Mo8.3). a leame^
KOIilOBiftW, ANNK (1(300-1685),
lady, wife of Sir Ueury Killigxew [q. vj, was
{xete(i and painter, dauphter of l>r. Henry
the fourth dau;iliter of Sir Anthony (;ooko,
Kiliipn'w [q. v.], master of the Savoy, wjw*
Iviit. fq. y.], of liiddv Hall, Ivsse.x, by Alice,
Ixtm in 1(i(iU in St. Martin's Lane, Lon-
dauf;litHr of Sir William Waldegrave, knt.,
don, .shortly before the Ke,-*torMtion, nnd was
of Siilfolk ( I'iV//ff//" f^f Esfcr, Harl. Sot.
christened privately, as the otticei* of he oom- I
Publ., xiii. 39). Her elder sister was wLfo
mon prayr were not then publicly allowe<l.of Sir Nicholas Bacon [q. v.] She is .'aid lo
Her father was chaplain totne Duke of York,have been proficient in Hebrew, Greek, and
and in due course she became maid of honour
Latin. She married Sir Henry Killigrew on
to Mary of Modtma, duchess of York ; but in
4 Nor. 1565. Sir John Ilanngton, in the
her twenty-fifth (or t wenty-sixth P ) year she
notes to book xxxvii. of his translation of
was at tacked by small-pox, and in June IttSo
Orlando Purioeoj' has preserred some Latin
'

she died in her ather*8 rooms in the cloisters

lines in wbicb ebe asked her aiater )Ii]dred^
of Westminster Abbey. She was buried
wife of Cecil, lonl Burghley, to u.'*e her influ-
15 June 168o in the chancel of St. John the
ence to gut her husband excused from going
BairtiBt's Chapel in the Savoy (entry in re-
on an embassy to France. The vc ea were
sister, communicated by the late Kev. Henry
printed in Fuller's 'Worthies,' On iM I)<r.
White). Adeorfinif to the copy of tbe in-
she gave birth tfx* still-bom child^und
acnj'tion ii\wn her niomiinent, (since de-
on 27 1>ec. ehe died. She was bnried in the
.sUoyed by iiie), and stveu in her pooma of
chiu-ch of St. Thomas the Apo<t1e, T,ondou.
166tt.bdiedo16ifmi.
It was burnt down goring the great tire, but
In ItJSn ft quarto voluin*-. Toems bv Mm.

Stow, in his * Surrey/ has pi<arred the four

Aune Killigrew,* was published, lo the TjHtin inscriptions on her nioTiunieTil includ- ,

jbundbvd pages of Torew there wa^ pretixed

ing f.uie by herself and iiue by .^Vi^drew Mul-
jameuotintengravingof the author by Bccket,
viVle (15>-ie22) [q. v.]
after & painting by herself, and by way of in-
[Sir John Ilaringfon's iNotis to Orl.iinI(>
jtrodnctioB thme wtm Dryden't ode 'To the
Furioso; puller's Wortliiuh Ballarvl'.s MeiuuifV
;

nUS memory of the jw;complihed younjj^

of Learned I^iulics ; .*'t')w's Loadr^n ; Harl. 80^
jf Anue Ktlligrew, excellent
Mrs. in the
Registan^ roLri.: Archulog. xviii. IOO.I
i^rorieterarteof Poev and Painting.' John- T. F. H.
son cnii.sidi-rrd this Me to be the noblest in
otii language
a judgment then bold and KHiLIGREW, GHAltLES ( 1 (i^.o 1 72o),
warn eoaroeor intelligible. Her own verses master of the revda, bora At Bluest neht on
are forgotten, but me teems to hare been a Dec. 16fi5, wa.^ son of Thomas Killigrew
woman of sincere piety and much charm of the elder [q. v.], by his second wife, ChaT*
ohnneter. Dryden alludes to paintings of lotte, daughter of John de Hesse of Hol-
Jatnrs II and his (jueeu by Anne Killigrew, land (BoASR. Collectanea Comubiewtiaf s. r^
find to pictures Ol country scenery. Thrfi< He wjis gentleman of the privy chamber to
gf her pnintiqge tre mentioned in lu r p<t>uis, Uharle! II, 170, Jamei U, IfSf), and Wil-
iili^ <)IJm) Aft hnr hvotlier Aip and Mjuy,imp oMilw lof ipttJt

biyiiized by Google
 toy Killigrew
delivered to her ' in a dark chamber iib, p. '

Uat^taa eoawMmr f print io 1707. 243). On 90 April 1979 be waa elected

)10 li^-^ at Somerset Uoufie, London, and 31. P. for Truro. In Scplomber \Ty7'2 he \\'&&
llKHnliam HaU, Saffolk. His varied ac- again sent to Scotland, in connection with
piiwwi ii te iroB hiai the fiimdihip f Dry den the negotiattoos for the nmnder ef Ijhe
(cf. l>dication of Juvenal, p. xxiii), (,>M(H)n of Scots to the ])rnt<'ytnnt lorda.
Humphrey Prideaux, and otL^s. lie -was They came to nothing, but Killigrew ttlti-
Vuriea in thn Savoy on 8 Jan. 1 l'2A-h, leaving mately raooeeded in pernuading ^cabetb
hr hi- wife Jemima, niece nf Richard Boken- to send an English force to as.sist in the
Iwm. mercer, of ix>iidoi), t wo aons, Charlee sie^ of the castle of Edinburgh He rt-
(/. 17ot>) and Guilfonl (will r>eg^tred in mained in Scotland till the castle fell, and
F.C. C. 13, Homney). Uk libnuy WUwld in nunierourt letter.** to T5ur;;]iloy inimit' Iv
in December follow iog. described the siege, and t Ije negotiations; con-
fBoua and Conrtnfly'g Bibl. Cornnb. Mal- ;
nected with it surrender ( //>. Soott. 6er. and
p<;lt ' Aneodot**, pp. 427, 431 Notes and ;
For. Ser.) Subsequently he was employed
Qurie, 1st tier. i. 204, 219; GenU ]la{,^ 1833, in simihu" diplomatic missions iu Scotland,
i. 27 ; DowMs'a Rosdiu
Anglicaau!. pp. 16, (lermany, France, and the Low CHjuutriee.
3?; Moneys fur Secret Services (Canul. Soc,), While in attenflance on the ICnrI of I'yS.'^ex
p. .)4 Af-aieiuy, 2o .\pril 1874, p. 4.jH
; I'lU- ; in I'Vance he waw knighf'(l on 22 Nov. lui>l.
prmM's HUt. of the St-ige; Cal. ytute Pa^)frs, He died in tht- ^pring of 1603-3, bia will
TiMcSer.i AddiU 12201, 20726 fi. 16. being proved on .'\]>ril.
t7- tl2S7 f. S2 ; Cbeatr*a London Marringe
iiloydeulogiseb Kilii^rewinhia* Worthiea*
Lk-er-ces -'f r). rol. "92.] G, G.
for hie learning and hia artistic aoaomplidi*
KILLIUKKW. IIKNUV (V/. mr.\), menf.s. He stiite.s that, while a good rau-
fl)pi)>mati>tami auiba^^adur, was tiie lourtb siciau, hi; wu .spuciuUy .^killed aa a piiiuler^
MB John Killiffrew of Arwenadt^ o an
of being 'a Diirer for proportion; a Goltaioe
M Comiah family, by Elizabeth, second for a bold touch, variety of posture, a cnrioits
daoffhter of Jamea Truwenard of Trewenurd and true shadow; an Angelo t'nr hU happy
(peoi^p^in VlTlAir'e ViMtntioruofComtpall,
B. He wa. probably educated at Cam-
fancy, and an Ilollx m
for n\\ wl>rl^^,' but
authenticated Avork of bin bruhh u known.
W
liri<i|^, but there is no definite information Killigrew gave ]40/. to Emujiaouel College,
oii thf point. On 18 Feb. 16'>2-3 he was re- Cambridge, for the purchase of St. Nicliohus
member
tamed of parliament for Launcee- Hostel, t he materials of which were applied
^ (Membera qf the Parliament of England, to the construction of the lodge for Dr. Lau
ItLp. 378 ). He aaaiMtvd Sir I'eter Oarew renoe Chaderton [q. v.], the first master. Uia
uftif.J in oecapiny to the continent in JauiMij London residence was in Lothburjr.
ImM, and dunng' the remainder of Hary% On 4 Nov. 1565 Killigrew married in the
ttij^ amK'aDK to liave been in exile. lie church of St. Peter-le-Poor, London, Cathe-
u at Pariii in July 1660, when he waa de- rineii fourth daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke
eribed by the English autiioritiee as a lehel [see KrLtiQBXW, CATHEitiXB]. She iii
[Cal. Htate Papers, For. 8er. 1 ;V
p. 2:38). 1 68.3, and on 7 Nov. lotM) he was marrieil
iur JamoD Melville states thnt Harry l^illv- '
in the aamo chuieh to Ja^ de S^mfpa, /a
(rn**. an Erifirlia ^entilman, my anUI frieno,' Frencbwoman. Shewas natuTalnadin J^ane
fc-j'l li< ir> while he got lii^ wound dressed
i i-. 1(K)1 {ib. Dom. Ser. KU)]-.!. p. and im
>^er im eacape from St. (^uentin (^Menioirs, 19 April 1617 she married (ieorge l>owu-
f aS>, KiUigmw y waSM
to England ham [q. v.], biahop of Derrv (JIioasb, Collect.
the acoeaaion nf Eliiabeth, and she um- Coi-nuhieufin, p. 4o4), t\\- his tir^L wilj-
^OTed him on various diplomatic m^siooay JulUgrew had four dauxhtera : Anne, mar-
niftii^eBe loOennan^ ineomiMfcum'witli ried first to Sir Henry Neville, and secondly
ef:)tiatjons for a defensive league. In July to (Jeorge Carleton [q. v.J, bishop of Chiches-
lU) he went for a short time to assiat ter; ElisabetJifman'ied hrat to Sir Joivithau
HmcIboKob io France. In June he 1^ Trelawny, knt.rseeondly to Sir Thomas Begt-
* ent on a mission from Elizabf;th t.n tin- nell, knt., and thirdly to Sir Thomas l^ower,
WiMtsB f Soota, for the ' doclarat ion o f ^ andry knt. ; Mar>', to Sir Reginald Mohun ; and
ivMiaaeMiaiy to be reformed between them Dorothy, to Sir Edwin Seymour. By his
^ roe preservation of their amity (In.-tnu-'
.'=^erond wife hi' had a djinphter, Jane, and
^oa to Heary Killigrew, Cal. Utate PapetM, two sons, Joseph and ilenry, the former of
^Sntt. Sar. t. 335). He returned in the foUow- whom, only ten years of age at bis iiuMier^
July, nnd a}t'r the murder of Diinili^y dejith, succeeded to the estate,>i,
afiam tt to ijcQtlaud with a aptHiuU [A JKinb]!anoe ,of iJLasfy Kyl|egn\v' Jqi
to |h f ^fioluff ^hiflk hp ipgP: jn }ait If^mIjX Mnies^ ffid epauar'

Digiiizeo by Google
 168
meat fttMB Lorde Trvwmrer, from the lHt jenre
of QueoDo Marye, is printed in Leoimrd Ilowaixl's
Collectioo of Letters, pp. 184-8, from the Britiith
Moseum Laned. MS. 1U6. There are nnmetotui
diplomatic lettent by him in the British MuKonm,
the Record Office, and elttewhero, the miyority
of which hnre now been calendared in the State
PlapM MriM. ]^at tha facta of hia life see
V{Tiaii*aVtMeationsof Ooniirall, 1887, pp. 268-9
Boase'a Biblitjthcca rf)rnubit'risifi anil Collec-
tAnea Cornubien.sia Panw liial Hihtory of Corn-
;
wall, i. 397-400; Wootton's ]iiin)iietage ; Peck's
Dondarata ; David Lloyd's Worthies ; Sir Jamea
Vfltnlle'a Memoba ; Cooper's Athens Oaotalir.
IL MA-ff. Ma.] T. F. H.
KILLIOBXW, HENRY, D.B. (1618-
1700), divine, the fifth son of Sir !; ilc rf
Killigniw [q. v.], by Marr, daughter of Sir
Heoiy Woodltoafle of Kimberley, Norfolk,
WHS bom at the manor of Hanworth, near
Jiampton Court, on 11 Feb. 1612-13. He
WM educated under Tliomaa Fkniaby [q. v.],
entered Christ Church, O-xford, us n com-
moner iu and soon atterwardii became
a student. Two years later he eontribtited
Latin v(Ts"< to a voliimp, ' Rritannup Xa-
talis,' published ut the university. He gra-
dmtea B.A. on 5 July 1(^2, and became
one of the quadragesimal collectors. On
4 July 1638 he wa created M. A. On 13 March
1638 a play called 'The Conspiracy' was
entered ut Stationers' Hnll (Akber, Tran-
script the Jteffiftrrif, iv. iBb). It was sur-
Teptitioiuly paUished in quarto form from an
Killigrew
of the affairs of his chapel, prebendary of the
twelfth stall at Westminster, and rector of
Wheathamsted in Hertfordshire. Killigrsw
resigned the rectory in 1673 in favour oi Dr.
John Lambe, husband of his daughter Eliza^
beth, who died on 28 Oct. 1701, in her fiftj-
firstyear. Killigrew had a eaUrroflOM n
year as chaplain and almoner to tae Duke of
York {Hut. MSS. Comm. 8th Ren. pt. i. p.
278),uid m 1668 he was appointea masterof
tileSavov, in siicc'ssion to Sheldon. Killi-
grew'a sUter, Lady Shannon, was one ot
harlee IPs mistressee.
According to some writers the final ruin
of the Savoy Hospital was the result of Killi-
grew's improvidence and greed. A bill was
passed in 1697 abolishing its privileges of sanc-
tuary. The hospital was leaded out in tene-
I
I ments, and the master appropriated the pro*
fits; among the leases grantea was one (1699)
to Henry Killigrew, the patentee of Druiy
I
I LaneT{ieatre,forhisiodgingstntheSavoy, at
a rent of 1/. ayenr for forty vfars. Killigrew
and other masters mranted licenses of mar-
riage. Each of the mar chaplains had 26/L n
year, and when Killigrew au'd all of them
were holding pluralitiea. Among them woa
I
his son-in-law, Dr. Lambe (appointed in
1677). In 1702 the chaplains were deprived
[
of office, and the hospital dissolved. The
chaplains pointed out that about 1674
Charles TI nad taken for other uses ptfta c
the hospital allotted to the master uiapooier
persons in the hospital. Killigrew, afker
I

imperfect tmnsoript from the original copy,

j
vainly trying to get them back, compensated
which, with its author, was then in Italy. some of the sufferers by pensions and dolea.
It was to be performed b>fore the king on I
He had also spent money on the chapel of
occasion of the mnrriafre of the eldest son of the hospital and Henry VII's Chapel at
the fourth Earl Pembroke to the daughter Westminster. Killigrew gave 60/. towards
of the first Duke of Buckingham, and it was the completion of the building of C9trist
afterwards acted at the Blackfriars Theatre. Church, O.vford, finished in 1G<V> (Wood,
In 16o3 Killigrew published a corrected ver- Antifjuitien, kc, 1786, iii. 448). He di^ on
sion of the play, in folio, with a fresh title, 14 March 1699- 1700 (Luttrell, Brief Mebt"
Pallantus and Eudora.' The preface states ti'on qf State Affair*, 18.')7). Killigrew's
that Ben Joiison had praised it; while, ac- wife, Judith, was buried at the Savoy on
cording to LangbniuBy Lord Falkland de- 2 Feb. 1689-8. Ua dMigfaler Anne ana
fended it against some critics by saying that sons 116017 and Jamas an ooUoed aepft*
the author was only seventeen ( really twenty- rately.
one) when he put language suited tor a man Killigrew published: 1. 'Sermons [22]
of thirty into the mouth of a lad of seventeen. preached ... at Whitehall . . and ... at.

The play shows some skill for a yotitliful au> the Chappell at St. James,' London, 1685.
thor. Sir Charles Sedley's ' Tyrant King of 2. *Twentv-fiTe Sermons preached before
Crete' was an adaptation iiom KilligTuw'a the Kinff, London, 1696; published hy
play. Bishop Patrick (Lowii, Btbl. Manual),
Upon the outbreak of the civil war in and some separate sermons. He contributed
] Killi^w became chaplain to the kiiufa Latin versea to the Oxford collections : ' Bri-
army, and tn November be was created D.D. tanaim Natalia,' 1680; 'Mtisaram Oxonien-
at Oxford. Immediately afterwards he was sium proRegesuo Soteriu,' 1633; *>ruKarum
appointed chaplain to Jamea, duke of York, OxoniensiamChari.HteriaproSermussima Ke-
adatthnBMlontlio&mieOO * ' siaa Maria/ 1688; nrntrAua An^l>BatnTa,*
to tlw Siiktt of YoAf aaporinteDdsnt 16A1* A
poem Iqr ICilfignW ia among tbo
 KtUigrew 109 Killigrew
Malooe JiSS., Bodleian Library, No. 13, he was rehtting at Cadiz after a stormy pub-
fi.71. aage^ when he Teamed that Chiteau-Renault
was at sm, with ten ships of the line. On
the loth Killi|prew, havmg been joined by
ionie of his ships firom Gibraltar, was able to
F:LstiOxonieiw, 1816, i. 45, 606; Wood's pursue with fifteen but they were foul, and
:

Aihetue OxoniensM, 1820, ir. 621-3; Walker'a sailed badly, and Clmteau-Renault, having
Nuiaben and Snfferings of the Clergy of the waited to ascertain tlieir foiw, oaiOj MJled
Chanliorwlaad,L7U,pt.iLn.M0; Malcolm's awny fmni tliem cf. IIerbekt, AbthUB,
laafiaran dhrfram. ItOt. m. 4uo. 408, 412- Kaul of ToHiu.vu ton]. Jiy the next momiag
413. 420 Rev. \V. J, Loftie's Memoriab of the
;
the French squadron was hull down from tibo
aaroy. 1878, pp. 162-3, 166-8, 209; Lang-
English van, which itself was hull down from
bane's Dranuitick Poets, 1698, p. 82 ; Clutter<
the rear ; and Killigrew, judging further
buck"* IlertforvUhire, 18 1'), i. 517-19; Pepys'a
pursuit ueless, returned to Cuii, whence,
IKu7, 22 Nov. lG63i Lc N'eve'a KuighU. HarL
aftr arranging for the several services in
8ms. PabL Tiii. 39.] G. A. A.
the Mediterranean, he sail- d home. Bud
SILLIGREW; HBNK7 {d. 1712), ad- weather still oppod hiSL He was thirty-
aiial,aoii of Henij Killigrew, D.D. fq.v.], five days on the passage to I'K mouth, and
ad brother of James Killigrew [q. v.J, was when he arrived tue battle of Heachy Head
made, after some service as a volunteer, lieu- had been fought, and the Frt tich for thetUBO
tOMBt of the Gamfaridge in 1666 ; from her were masters of the ChanneL On the super-
1m was moTod to the &ppbire, and in 1068 session of the Earl of Torrington, Killigrew,
to the Constant Warwick. In January 1672- Sir Richard Haddock [<\. vJ, and Sir John
167S he wa made captam of the forester, Ashb^ [a.T.l were appomted ioint comman-
km whidh be wmi vioyed to the Bonadven- der8-m-<uuei till December, when they were
ture, and afterwards to tlu' Monck, one of 8u^)ereded by Admiral Edward Russell
tike ahipa with Ptinoe Ruoert throi^h the (alterwards arl of Urford) [q. v.], Killigrew
HMMr of 1678. After tne peaoe he waa lemaining with him ae amniral of the blue
ciinf inuoii.sly t>mploytd in the Mediterranean, squadron. In 169:3 he had no cx)mmand, but
OB the A^can coast, where he suooeaaively in 1693 was agnun one of the joint admirals,
iiMBMDded the Swan prise ia ld74, the Hh* with Sir doi^iiley Shovell fq. v.] and 8ii
ich and the IL nrietta in 1675, thn I?ri,tol Ralph Dt'lavall ^l. v.] On l.j April 1693 h
ad the Royal Oak in 1676, and the Mary was appointed also a lord commissioner of the
m 1978-0, retnming to England in her in adminlty. After Uie dtaaster which befell
Janp lfi79. In KWO he commanded the the Smyrna fleet in June 1G93 [see RoOKE,
Leopard and the Foresight; in 1683-4 he SiJi G0B0], Killigrew, together with De-
vu captain of the Montagu in the ntpeditkm lavaH, wat abmifleed flraai
to Tangier under Lord Dartmouth, and of was said, and by many believed, that they
^
eomnand. It

the liordaunt in IU84-6 for a voyage to tlie were both in the interest of Kuig James,
fliBlia. In 1686 heweat out to the Medi- and that the lose waa due to tnaehenr on
tvmnean in the Drngnn as commodore of a their part (Bukxet, Hint, of my own Time,
mail squadron for the suppreettion of piracy. Oxford ed., iv. IHO). It is possible that Kil-
A detailed account of thia voyage, with a ligrew'a svmpathies were, the<etically, wi^
cl(*cription of the fwveral places visited, was the banished king but there wa.s no reason
;

vritten by G. Wood, KuUgrew's clurk in to suspect him of giving them a practical

the Dr^fon, and formerly in the Royal Oak form, and liidugh deprived of his command,
ad Mar>' (AdJit. MS. 193(X}). ifowever lit- remained at the admiralty till May 1694.

inten^ting^, the commiasion was uneventful,
vith theexo pt ion of anuming fight on 8Dec.
lfi*?7 'writL a Sail'
*'cruiser, which shot away
tike I>ragoa's fore and main toumast, and th us
mmftL In tlie emme of the action Killi-
fww was spverHly wounded by the bursting
lu 1702 he pointed out, in a memorial to the
eroWB, that, although disc)iarged from the
command of the fleet on IJ Nov. 169."}, he had
not received any pay or allowance till 1699,
when he had been granted half-pay a-n adounl
of the bhip fmm 1 Oct 1697. His prayer
.

kgon. He returned to England in May that he might be allowed full pay from lo93
UM9, was promoted to be vice-admiral of the to 1607, and that his preaentalfowance might
j

Wae, and aurinjf the summer hud his flap in |

the Kent in the Channel. 1 a December he wa.s
fpointed commander-in-chief of a powerful
2aadron,which in the following Mnrch sailed
Mediterranean to oppose the passage
(thiTifcn fleet to Bml OaQllaym
bo incn>nsed to full y>ay as admiral of the
blue, was refu^ed, the report on the i>otition
further stating that, as war had been aguin
declantd, he could not receive half-nay or
any other allowance except by special grant

biyiiized by Google
 KilligrcW ITO Killigrew
ft penMon of a fo&T (II<nM Ofiet lU- of Thomas Saunders of Uxbridge, 3(iddleset^
7001.
cords Admiralty, vol. xi ), rather more than was born in I/ondon, probably in 1579. Hie
^

baU'-uay. lie diiMl at huj imai near Si. Ailjaiui father, though always in debt, kept up a largu
o9Nov.ma houae in Lotlibury, London, and held iiie pMt
cotnmiHston of groom of the privy chamber to Queea
I

[Chfimoclt'si Bio<>. iCjvr. i. 338 ;

fist* and oUmt dooumentB in Public Rtcord

Elizabeth, by whom he.was granted the cigbt
to (arm the pvoiU ci the seals uf the yetfi
Kaval History; Boas^ and CoOffeney'H Bibl. bench and common pl->a.<). This privilegeirae,
Oomub. i. 2ai, iii. 12-56.] J, K. L. in spite of numerous protects, confirmed tor

KILLIGREW, JAMES 1695), cap-

him by the oueen in ir)77 (see Burghletf
Paperf, Lansdownie MSS. 25 and 83). In
tain in the navy, s n of Hi nry Killiffrew,
return for his pen^uisite Killigrew sujjported
D.D. [q. r.l, and brother of Admiral Henry
KilHj^w the eourt intensst in parlintiiont where he rtv
{q. v.], was appointed lieutenant
,

prRented Helston in 1672, Penrjii in 1584,

of the TortKraoath on '> Spt. 188, (>n
11 April 16i)0 he was prt>motHl to be captain
and the county of Cornwall in 1597. He was
knighted by /ames I at Theobalds on 7 May
of the Sapphire, was employed in her cruis-
16<)-?, and represented Liskear in the par-
l

teg fan the Channel, and in July 101 cap-

tured a Inrjre French prii^^teer. In 1692 he
commanded the Yofrk, in 1698 the Crown,
from which he was moved into the Plymouth
of 80 guns, and gent with Admiral Russell
to the 3fediterranean. In January 1094-5
In was cruising to the nontlm'ardof'^Sardinia
in cmnmand of a detaclied squadron of five
ships, when, on the 18th, they sig'hted two
French men-of-war, the Content of 60, and
the Trident of 62 giins. In the chase the
Plymouth, beine fair ahead of her consortia,
closed with and engag'd the enemy. She
was much over-matched, and
and many of his men
Killi((rew
liament of 1604. Appointed cnamborlam of
the exchequer for 1005-6, Sir William Killi-
prew fitit once more for Ponryn in 1614, and
dietl in J.othbury on 23 Nov. 1022 (P. C. 0.
Savile, n. 96).
As Ilobert Killegrew of
*
Hmnpshire' h
matriculated at Christ Church, Oxturd, uu
29 Jan. 1600-1, a^ed 11. In 1001 he itm
ivturnt'd to parliament for St. Mawcs, Corn-
wail. Kniglited by James 1 at llanwortii
on 23 July 1(>(J:{, be sat for Nvpoitimth
parlifimnnt of the following year, and was
sitting for iielstoa iu Muv 1U14, when during
auffered se-
the debate on ' undertaking' he o tiered to
'

verely.
pluck Sir Ro^'er Owen oil' his chair,' or at
were But the French ships hadb"en
killed.
delayed till the other English ships came up,
any rule laid hands on liun, used an unkind
*

and, being unable'to escape, were both cap- QOuatenenoB Co him, and sharp words.'
sequestration wa** demanded, out on the in-^
ttired. They were tnkfii into Messina, and
torcessiun of Sir Edward Montagu, and coa*
were afterwards added to the English navy.
aklering the circumstance that 'his fathecy
Tlie question was afterwards raised by his
brother, and uncle, all in the hou'?e do coti-
brother, the admiral, whether his estate was
not entitled to share in the prize-money, and
demn the fact,' he was allowed to ackuow-.-
ledge his error at (;ha har {fitmnumf JouHmU^
4Mdenee was addaced to the efl^ that the
i.4B3). Killigrew reprwaenti'd New|>ort again
two Fri'nch ships were disabled and virtu-
in 1U21, Penrvn in 1023, Cornwall in l62u,
ally beaten by tiie Plymouth't fire. Hus>
Sfl), who was comnimder*fn-bief \ti the
Tregony in 1^, and Bodmin in 16^ The
Mediterranean at the time, presided over the
fainily intt^rf^st in Cornish boroughs must
Admiraley, and he decided that as KiUigrew
Ijave l>een very .strong, since in 1U14, while
hie father was still alive, and other members
was killed early in the action, end thePIy-
of the family held Corni.sh seat*, Sir Robert
mouth was lj'iitt'n off bv the French ships,
tlie prise-money was payable only to the
gave a seat at Helston to Sir Jaiues White-
locke {Ijlt^r Famflicu*^ p. 41 ; cf. CoUKT-
captame of the Cftrlisfe, FslnMrath, and Ad-
NKY, Varl. Rcpnurntatiov t>f Comwail, p. Itt).
tent ure, which nc( ually took them. Al-
though presumably in necordance with the Iu the middle of May lOi^i Killigrew, w1m
fegutatioOB of the day, ^ach ao award now
had jiMl emerged freoa the Fleet priai
tIih Ciiuse of his Confinement is unknown
ppetiis vs^vAt.
ttuid a visit to Sir Waller iCakigb iu tlia
[aiiiriKH'kV Iti.ig. Xivv. il. 327; Home Office
Tawr. On leaving Baldch he waa hiM
Bt^ords ^Admiralty), tuL ir. 16 July, 31 Aug.
from a windfiw by another pr!'<oner, Sir
imift.] J.R.I.
Thomas Overburv. Killigrew Aad been on
.

KILLIGBEW, SiE ROBERT (1579- fViendly terms with OverlNUjrf and atood ttm
1B.M3). courtier, grandson of John Killigrew M>me minutes in private cofiversation with
ot Arwonnack, Cornwall, and eon of Sir him. For this otieuce he was on 19 May
Wl|U1lKll'MWr hy If MI^KyddMgiiter commiiitad <moe to Dm flm (Wbi>. wm

Digitized by Google
W001>, Manorial*, iii. 455^, bi^ his detention
mm short one, as f Jntkf lt)13 he was
on
ftppoioted eaptain or keeper of I'endennis
UsUe for life iUMe Paper*, Dom. Ser. 1611-
( he wa.-* actually appointed on 7 Feb. follow-
That he pamittad Kflligrew
t'l c<*nvt'm with ()vt>rbry was one of the
ciiarg** brought u^aiust Sir William Wuad,
llMtenant of the Tower, pruvioug ta Ilit dis-
mi'^al in June Itild. But Kilitgrew was
Uiure intimately concerned with the mysterr
in which OTerbur}''8 death waa invobrM*
lie had obtained a great reputation among
tbe Courtiers as a concoctor of dni^ and
cordials, and as a man of general scientific
attaiuDeata (see a letter of his to Strlludley
Onktea on a perspective glasH ; ib. 1618-10).
Aecording to a statement made by Killigrew
93k the intsstigBtion reatrdutg Ouerbunr'a
last days (3 Oct. 1616) Somenet bad in May
1013 sent to him on three separate occaj^ions
for(Hieofliiawlutpowdian. llwfinl of these
powdan WMwcnmSky fat Orwrtmry, ind
mtt to be forwarded, he was tolil, in ans%\ r
to die ptiaoner'a own reauet for an emetic
<fe6aMt3n, Hbtory, il 183). Sonw^set
llt-g'^d that it was ont' of Killigrew'fl powders
thst had such bad effecta on UTeroury on
tks aif^t of S June 101S. But
in th^- fvitlence that thr.n efl' cts
btttable to a fourth powder, and ivUiigrew
lolinily afiniMd tbt Soneraet had from
Inibatthre*-, 111! of whirh wen* guite harm-
lsM,aflii similar to tikot^ be yra in the halut
of dispeusing- ( AMoa, TAe Great Offtr qf
PUH>uht<j, pp.lOI 7. U4^. On SomerHHt'a
duwnCaU Kiiligrew found a friend iu iiuck-
inghsa, wko wnt* <m kit bliilf to Baooa
in 161^ about a Huit for OMtain concealed
Isada He lost favour by ft duel which he
telwitli Captain Burton on 7 Jan. 1618, but
TwooTervd it appointed pro-
oufficifnlly to \>e
thonot&ry of duincery for life on 31 Oct..
Itili^. In 1619 he was (rranted some lands
is \Vind<i)r For:"t, and from this date until
ki death he accuuiulated RmuU perquisites
Atmt the court. Ue would have oMained
none both for his sons and on hi^ own ae>
oouat if he had not given ufiif nee to Buckiog-
hsu by hia oomplainta against hi^t agent, 8ir
hmm Bagge (see Killi^^cw'H letter to lx)rd
Oooway, FoRsraB, Jiiwt, ii. 67
s imuit of 3SOL mm made to him by parlia-
MMit for the repair of tluoe Cornish strong*
W>I<k,the coMtleK of 8t. Hawea, St. Michael s
Mi)aat, and Peodennis. In this year also,
in a dc^Mte concerning the supply demandea
by the ncnr king, Ikilligrew moved in tba
iaterftst of the court that the oui-stion should
aot be fttt, tbw averting mm
the royal
pyitefcaaaiitioa fiifff^ Mat ^Mm
8 Sept. 1625 it was mentioned that her wn
likely to succeed Sir Dudley Oarleton aM reni-
dont ainbasadnr to th^> States-general, and
ing {Cai. State Papit^ Dom. Ser. 1625 6).
On 2 Jan. 1 (.'(), once morn in Kn^'^land, he
was appointed vice-charaberluin to ihe(^u44en.
Killigrew was an original ahareholder la t)ie
New River Com|>nnv, incorporated 21 .Inn^
1619, and bore a ]>art ui the dniiiung of the
Lindney Level in 16,'J0(iA. 1(321) 31, p.
He died at his country seat, Kineton 1 ark,
Hanwort.h, in the sprmg of 16^i8. His will
was proved 12 May 1636 (P. C. C. RusseU,
69). Although he shared the fiery temper
characteristic of his fiamily, Killigrew was a
man of much originalitv and business capacity.
He mairned Mary, ^ughter of Sir Hearjr
Woodhoase'of Kimberiey, Norfolk, and meM
of Sir Francis Bacon B'lom kld, A^or^llk
( f. i r
ix. 3bA). She survived him, and renutrmd
Sir Thomas Stafford, gentlcnan-usker to
i (^11. fn Heiirit'tta Maria. The Count of
^\ arvvick remarks of her in herautobiograpky
( Percy Soe. 1648, p. 9), * she was a auna|r
old Tvoman who liad been lier.-;elf too nuich,
and was too long versed in amouia.' hLilli-
it cane rat grenrbad ^
saaa, inclnding '\VBfiBm(aftev-
\vt r<' nttri- Thoraarf the dramatist,
ward.'^ Sir AVilliara),
and Henij the divine, who are seuaiat^y
notksed, aiid mfea dangtow^ onn orimeaif
Eliiab4h, married Francis Boyle, Ai'^'t vif-
count ^liannon* She had a daughter by
Charke It, Gharlotto Jearimn Henrlaitk
Bovle, alia^ Fitsroy {d. Iti84), who became
Counters of Vannoath (JicoB, EnyUtk iVnr-
ftffe, ii. 48'J ; Nvht mnd Qmrim, 4lh ans. till
2r>8, viii. 98).
[Boass and Courtney's Bibl. Coniub. ; Ai^
ttlH. 99 (pMligrse) ; VJtiiui'm Visita*
chffotofiiia.
tinns ot'^om^^H!l. 1H87, pp. itiS/i?! Miik^elknw* ;
Herald, new mr. i. 370 Fuitter'n
(irie:iio^. ariii ;
Alumni Uxun. 1600-I7U: MetcalfcH Kuicht^t,
AppsodL pi 222; Speddiag's liaeon. pssttim ; U<rL
M88. 7002 and r006 ; Sloana MS. 203. Ibl. 38 ;
Dugdalu'a Hit. of ImbankinR, 1772, p. 424;
NichoU's Prtigreit' of Jfimew 1, ii. 641 W. F. ;
Courtney's Pari. Reprt-M iitHtionof Cornwiill.pp.
42, lfi9. Sic ; Gardiuer's History, v. 429; Re-
turn" of Memben of Part ; Notes and Queried
4tliser.Til.M4. 5M.] T. S.
). Iu i62o
KILXJQREW, THOMAS (1612 1(583),
dramatuit, son of Sic Bobert Killigrew iq. y.J,
by Mary, daughter of 8ir Henry Woedbouset
bom in Ij<jthbury, London, 7 Feb. 1611-1^
waa baptised on the 20th at St. MafipK^-et's,
Lotlilnify. Whdeachild lieuaed,afloording
to Sir John Meiuiis, to go to the Rrd Bull,
and when the manager askud for boys to
pertawta davib^ to i^imtaer and thus see
 KiUigrew . KiUigrew
page to CkulM he nmaiBed oMMtuit to tantied Us tnmis; in 1647 he joii
T
the fortunes of that monarch and his suc- Charles in his exile in Paris. A brilliant
oewor. He married, 29 June 16dti, Cecilia conversationist, and a man little disturbed
or &bb)j, dauffhter of Sir John Crafts of by aoml seruples, KiUigrew wumdyoom*
Saxhorn, Suffolk, by whom he had a eon mended himself to Charles IT, by whom, in
Henry. A disputa on jeoluusv betweun Killi- spite of some remonstrances, he was appointed
ffrew and Miss Crofts supplied Thomas Corew randent at Vetfioe in 1661. His proceedings
iq. v.]
with the subject of a duet, which, there, the manner in which, with mval con-
with full acknowledgment of indebtedue^ia, nivance, he borrowed money lor lus master
b printed bv KiUigrew at the dose of part ii. and for his own subsistence, and his general
of nia 'Cicilia and Clorinda,' whence it was debauchery led in June 16/52 to his compul-
transferred to the 1671 edition of Carew's 8ory withdrawal and a complaint to Charles
poems. Ciin'w also wrott; a jxx^a'OB the from the Venetian iiiiiliaiisi<|[ii in Parisi
Manage of T. K. and C, C Th morning Killiprew's vindication is among the Claren-
stormie/ which apiwars in his Pofms,' ed. don MSS. (Ca/. Clarendon Papers, ii. 143).
'

1640^ and an anonymous epithalamium was His recall from VenioBwas the subject of sonn
among Sir Thoma'<^ Pl.illipps's MSS. 4001. waggishness on the part of the English poeta.
The lady died 1 Juji. UiliTS, and in IdiO Denham's lines ooucemiug him are well
QmiIm issued his Siglies at the contem- knownt
'

porary deaths of* Mint rt-ss Tirely KiUepj^e

'
Oar resident Tom
and her sUter the Couuti^^a uf Cleveland. From Venioa is coma.
KiUigrew was in FraiiM in 1886) and And has left aU the sUtferoiaii bsUnd hla S
while tnere wrote a letter concerning the Talks at the same piteh.
' Possessing and Dispossessing uf several Is as wise, is as ridi,
Num in the Nunnery at Tour^ in France,' And jst whtia yon lift him yoa flad him*
three sheets folio, dated Orleans, 7 Dec. Iti36.
Bat who says ho is not
Manuscripts of this are in the Bodleian (Ash-
A man of much plot
molean MS. 800, art. iiL if. 21-7) and in May repent of his nlse aosasstien*
the library of Magdalene Coll^;e, Cambridge Having plotted and penpsd
(Pepys Coll. No. 8383). It is reprinted in Six plays to attend
the 'European Magazine,' 1803, xliii. 102- The EnMsof his nsgotistiaa.
106. This was followed by the ' Prisoners
and 'Olaraeilla,' two tragi-comedies, 12mo, His travels during this, his second conti-
1(541. In the 1664 collection of KiUi^rew's nental tour, included Italy and Spain, and
work* the fonmen the aoene of which i Sa^> he spent some time in Flonnce^ Turin, and
cliiiia, is dedieatedtohis* DearNiem,thLadT Madrid, as well as in Ftoia uid Tenioe.
Crompton,' and is the only play in the col- He occupied part of his time in writing a
lection which is said to have been written in new series of plays. Besides his plays KiUi-
Lomi^; thftsaeond piece, <ChuciUa,' which grew brought back widi him, on vetunun^
is dedicated to his Dear Sister, the I^y to London at the Restoration, a second wife,
'

Shannon/ and has its scene in tiicUv| was Charlotte, bom 10 July 16fi{, daughter oC
written while he wis in Rone. Both were John de Heese, whom he ttaRiedfat tlw
producel at the Phtenix, otlierwise the Tfvk- Hague 28 Jan. 1654-5. She was appointed
pit, in Drurv Lane. Mr. Fleay puts the date keeper of the sweet coffer for the queen in
of both parormanees before 1096, and dates May 1662, and flntlndy of the queen's privy
the representation of a third play by Killi- chamber 4 J tine 1668 (Ait. Mm. AUii. M&
newy the * Parson's Wedding,' his best- 2003:^, f. 44).
known ootnedy, between 16.S7 and 164$. Lnmediately after his Ntnm hone KiUi-
Xbit' piere, written at nnsil in Switzerland,'
'
grew was appointed in !(><)() groom of the
seems to have first seen the light in the folio bedchamber to Charles 11, and Hub!Hquently
of 1664. chamberlain to the queen, llie greatest proof
Killipprew wa in T/)ndon on 3 Sept. 1642, of royal favour consisted, however, in the
when he was committed by a warrant from grant by Charles II, in August 1660, to KiUi-
the parliament to the custody of Sir John grew and Sir WiUkm D'Avenant v.] of
I.entliall, on a charjre of taking up arms for two new playhouses in Ixjn-
patent< to en'Ct
tht> king. On 16 May ltl43 he succe^-iiifully dou, Westminster, or the suburbs thereof
petitioned the House <rf Lords from the to raise two new companies of plavers, hm
Kinp^V Bench prison to make void all uit<4 to have the sole regulation thereoL Leave
begun nfiflinst nim since he was in confine- was also ^ven to the two managers to
ment. .\fter hitt release he went to Oxford license their own ^ys. This intenerenon
in ^0i4 and seeqi to h%TO snbie^iMiDly with tha gcivilQfM oil ^ir Bfmff Knhacl^
 Killigrew "3 Killigrew
the master of the revels, involved both rent of 601. and to erect a theatre at an ex-
m&nagers in dLsputs aud litigation with pense of 1,600/. On this site, which is now
that functionary [see Herbert, SiR Hexry,] occupied by Hrury Lane Theatre, Killigrew
More pliable or amenable than D'Avenant, built a house 112 feet in length from eo^^t to
Killigrew came to terms with his opponent, yvt't, and 59 feet in depth from north to
and articles of agreement between them south. It was known at first as the Theatre
wen signed 4 June 1662, by which ' a Royal, and 8ub8e<]|uently as Drury Lane, and
fime amity ' was concluded, and Killigrew, was opened 8 April 16G3 with the ' Humour-
wbo is described as 'Thomas Killigrew of ous Lieutenant of Beaumont and Fletcher,
Covent Garden, Elaq., agrees to pay before which was acted twelve days consecutively.
4 Aug. next all monies due to Sir Henry 'Rule a ^VlfL' unJ Have a Wife,' by Beau-
Herbert from tho King ftod Queenes com- mont and Fletcher, was givenduring the same
pany of pUyen ... for the new pla^ at season, when the company was strengthened
lorty shillings a phiy, aiul for the revived by the acces^slon of Mrs. Boutt'l, Mrs. Ellen
plays at twenty shilliiigs a plaj^.' This ajnred- Owin, Mrs. James, Mrs. Rebecca Marshall,
Mit earned coots anda solatinm of 60/. to Mrs. Kutter, Mrs. Ver)uiee*ud Mrs. Knight
Sir H<-nry for xhv Juiiifiprii lit- had suffered. Hains, rjrilHn, Q oodmon, Ljddal, Ohariatom,
KiUigrew also formally abjured D'Avenant Sherlvj and Beeston.
tod all his works with ' any of his pretended Killigrew revived his ' Parson's Wedding
company of players,' or any other company at the "Thfutre I'ovtil or Drurv Lane in Octo-
of nlajers (ILkLLiWBLL, Aiicient Doe.) On ber 1604, and again in 1672 or 1673 at Lin-
Ifi 1663-3 a second jpatent was granted
Jan. cohi*s Iim Fielm, which was then ooenpied
to Kiiri^^r. w it
; idt^ntical with one given
i.* by his company. On both oroa^ions it was
to D'Avenant at the same time (of. Cullbz acted, presumably on account of its ubscenityt
dlirat. Apology, ed. Lowe, preface). only by women, Mrs. Marahall at eodi re-
Killijfrew'i* actors were soon officially re- vival spe^ttkingthe prologue and epilogue (in-
flngniaed as the king's servants, but the exact cluded in 'Covent (iarden Drollenes') in
date ta not dear. His company seems, ac- masculine attira. On 11 Oct 1664 LndUn m-
cording to Dowiies, who received the iiifor- mnrked to Pepys ^V^latan ohstx'tic loose play
:
*

sation at second hond^ to have tirst Acted at ' this " i'arson's Wedding"
is, that it is acted

thf [R<h1] Bull, [to have] Built them a

and
New Hous* in Oibbm Trn/iix Court in Chre
Marketf in which Two Places they continu'd
AetiagaU 1600, 1661, 1663, and partof 1663.'
Halone gives a list of the stock pLajS of the
king's company at the Ited Bull, twenty in
alL They include Shakespeare's * First Part
of Henry IV,' ' Merry Wives' and ' Othello.'
Killigrew's ' Claracilla,' and some pieces by
Baaoaont and Fletcher. On 4 July 1661
Pepys saw ' Claracilla ' at ' the tlieatro for
the &nt time, and on 6 Jan. l(>(i2-3 the
ame play at the Cockpit done hy the king's
pUjers. Killij^rt-w's company then consisted,
tccording to Lkiwuet*, of Theophilus Bird,
llart, MohoB, Lacy, Burt, Cartwright, Clun,
Bftx'fr. Roht-rt and William Shattorol, Duke,
HitD. .xk, Wintersel, Bateman, and Blaffden
MfH, C<ir<^y, Mrx. Ann Marshall, Mrs. East-
land. Mrs. \Veav!r, Mrs. T'uhill, Mr.''. Knt'p,
by but women at the king's honset'
nothinji;
Acrordwig to Malont', Killigrew drew from
the protits of the theatre in 1666 two shares
and three-quartert out of a total of twelve
.sharf"! and three-quarters. Each shnrf was
supposed to produce Cibber declares
that Killigrew's company was better than
thatof his rival D'Avenant until D'Avenant
gained superior popularity by addingsjpectocla
and music to bin performances. But JKlUigrew
'
also intorpsted himself in the improvement of
the scenery of the theatre, and in the introduc-
tion of good music. He told Pepys that he had
been eight or ten times to Rome to hear good
music (12 Feb. 1666-7), but had not been able
to lupplT bis English patrons with anything
better than ballads. In August IG*>4 he
;
announced his intention of buildings theatre
in Moorfields in order to have common jSmm
aftf'd. Four operas werpto be given in tue
'

aod iln. Hughs, besides Kynaston, wUo.se
ftahiine charactem did something to nopu-
larise the king's oompmy, and At iMst eleven
other boys.
year for mix weeks each, with the best scenes,
music, and everything as magnificent as is
in Chritend<vm, painters and ain^frs to be
brought from Italy (^I'trvs). Uu 12 Feb.
'

Meanwhile, Killigrew and the principal 1666-7 Pepys was told that Killigrew was
acton of his com pan v obtained from the Earl about to produce an opera by (iiovanni Bat-
of Btdford a lease lor forty-one years of a iinta. Dra^hi [q. v.], but nothing further is
I

piece of ground lying in the parishes of St. i known ot the intention. In January 1673
lUrtin-in-the-Fields and St. Paul's, Covent
Drury Lane Theatre was burnt down, and
Qsrden, known by the name of the Riding ;
Killigrew's company played at Lincoln's Inn
Yard, the lessMt aogagillg tO pftj ft fRnudh I flelM till Jhvaj Lano was nbiiitt and
'
TOt. XX. S
 1

Killigrew Killigrew
Opnwd 28 March 1674 (Id. ^kfxpfare 8o- presence, OhMes shoHl/ aflUAr#irds tooir
ciety's Paper f, ir. 147 w?) On the death of the pari'? firm, nnd ft^tftj^A ftii

Sir Henry Herbert in l^TS, Killigrew jsuc- Stomach the aflront.

<&eeded Itnn w
master bf the rerua. Her- Kllligre^ survivM I3ie union of tHe two
Viprt pave fo Killigrew some tnanuscript di- com]irinii\<; the king's and the duke's -in
rections concerning the dntiel of the office 1682, though his name does not appear to the
(b f9 Ibklh 1^
(tee JVbfo* awi QvmrA, agreement rfol" which tee toTCRTOir, TntV
Ist PPT. 1. 279). WAS nnilHaut. rriAnirs, 1683]. He d
Oldys spoke of Krlliffrew as the kingM ditnl at ^Vhitehall on lU March 16^-3, and
^eetet, and Pepvsxrts toRI oh 18 Feb. 1687-8 isbnrited in Westminster Abbey. Fift^ndunds
that 'Tom Kilfi^rvw hatli n f-r nut of ttip was pnid bt the king toward-! his funeral
wtrdrobc for cap and bells under the title of charges (AiEKMA5, Secret Serince Mmevw
dhe king's jester, fetid niiiy TeVile Or i^eere 0i<trk$ It and Jam^ II, Oamd. dttc.) HUi
anybody, the preatost person without offencp, wife survived him. L< trt rs of ndministrn-
by the privilege of his place.' Fepys colls tion were granted to her estate, 15 May 1716^
Kim ' H merry IrolL hat ^tfemail of great 'trhen she ytnk in her eighty-seventh vear (see
estwrti \rith the low,' and says tliat he told
* iTri^vTin. ^fonthlu Mtfceilan^a, i. 3fO). By
vs many merry 8t9nes ' 3Iay 1000). her Killigrew had four sons odd two dangh^
Kflltgi^w is eertkiilly Dent r^membend as ters. She andthrwof her sons
t. wit, and he appears to have fronted his were nut iir.'ili-'"'il In- hct of parliament, .S Juno
royad master with remarkable I'reedom. He 1064 (/^r</rf' Journals, xi. 4L'0). Killigrew's
toid> Oharlet on oftA oecHsion that Me Kraa eldest son Hobert, brigadier-genera^ Wu
^itig to hell to ft'tch V.irk Oliver Crom- killed at Almnnza M April 1/07, ag..'d 17.
well, that he may take some care of the fli younger sons Charles and Thomas are
*
^B^oH of EilghUid, fOT his successor takea separately notioed.
tAt^ At all.' He is Uiid tO hive wr n n ^^ ng>r Vurt :;ilt> uf Killigrew Snd Carew in the
of 100/. from the Duke of Laudurdale, who same picture are in the Vandyck Room ab
was deploring Oh&rWs continued aOMnoe Windsor Castle. Faithorhb has engHved
from tlic cuiinril-tablie, by porsunding the luatiy portrnits. One rejire-i^ents Kiltigretrilt
Ikjng to repair thither immediately. Accord- the dress of a pilgrim, with the distich
mg to Pfptn, tirheik GfaArles spok^ of the
Yoo mv ftHse, and if yua'd know my aiiud,
Pnisc of "^ nr1; r\-* Tom Otier, S henpfclit d
Tis this : 1 bate niysaif imd U mankind.
husband in lien J onsen's Kpicoeoe/ Killigrew
'

finiiarlted to him, * Sit, pray which ia the best
foramari toV>\;iToni Ott- rt' \m wifpnr tohis
> fippi'nr^in an enfrraviiiL' known ns ''I'hw
mii^ress?' a reference to the king's relations
#Hii Lady Cnatlemaliie. Nor, It is said some-
whnt (iji' '-yjihnlly, did h^ tnut !,otii XT\'
i piirolnfted In 18S for ihe National Poc^
inore coremoaioiijily. When Louia showed
him at Paris a pirtnre of the emeiflxion
lirtri^rin:: hot wim ji jn irtraitnof hinist-lf nivl tho
FoT', KilU^rrvw is alleged to have remarked:
Though I have often he4rd tUht our 8Tioar
Was liMnr;.'!! lii'tTvpt'h two thieves, yet I nver
knew who they were till now' (Hals, Paro-
hh'al HiHorpttfOonmitt, Under* Falmohth ').
(iriitnmont {^Sl&nnrirA '^pmiks of KillifrrfW
M a manof hononr, and tell* stories concem-
His portrait, with that of Lord OolbhiittA,
Princely Shepherds.' it is HUppotied to have
been done for a maraae. Another portrMft
trait (tallery.
Iii 1(MH was published the Iblib bdltioA
of Killi^rTt'^'s 'Work*,' with a portrait hi^
Faithurne of the author with a dog. It is en-
titled 'Comedies and Tragedfei wrfben 1^
Thomsis Killigrew, Page of Ilonotir to Kinst
Charles the First, and Groom of the Bed
(Chamber to Klhg Charlea th^ Second,' Loh^
don, hy Henry nr rringman. The volnni^
font ain,' ( 1 ) The I'rmcesse, or Love at Firs^
:
*

Irig hittt that at any other tteriod, and in most Sight,' a tragi-coraedy; (2^ 'The Psraon^i
ih.-r courts, would hftvo ih-prired him of all Wi'ilHinir.' u comtvlv, wliirh ha? hreri re-
claim to the title. He mentions, howerer, printed in successive editions of liodsley'a
IhdtKilllgrew, while rettirtiita^ftbA the Duke Old Plavs ;' (3) Thte Pilgrim/ k trSgt^'y 5
of York's, rm
ivcd three pa^3e9 with a swbrd (4) the ftrst part of Cicilia and Clorinda,
through hi^ chair, one ut' which went entirely or Love in Arms,' a tragi-comjdy ; (5) th^
lhiy>if^h his arm,
the banse of the attack being i<econd part of the fiittie; (6) ^'Thomaso, or
his intemperate language. This was not the the WandenT,' a comedy; (7) the second
Only occasion oi^ which he had to pay for the 1 part of * Thomnso;' (8) ' Claracilla/ a tragic,
lieehsi he allo#M himself. On 16 F\eb. 1668> oomedf ; (9) <The Pr{Mners,'atipai^-e<wnedj^
TWO. RcK*hesler' ^hile in tho compnhy of '
1[10) tfie first pnrt of * Bellamira h*r Dreani^
the king, gave Killigrew a box on the ear.
llis^ tf ireMltlfag tiiis tidfedcis in hSs
'

(U) tfib sMill ^

or the Love of Shadows,' a tragi-comedy^
iH 'BfettaUiiML' l^cfi

Digitized by Google
 Killigrcw Killigrew
ofthwc play*,parts of play?, hns a srpfi-
r>t in his handwritinfr, 1049, is in this British
rtte title-pa|re dated 1663 or ItHSl. Three of Muieum (Add. MS. i.'(X)32). Other paperd
tkm (N'o.. 1, 2, and 8) were, aa haa been relatiiigto his rt><%id*^ncein Venice are aoiong
tfi-^n, aetefl before the civil war, and there is the Clarendon MSS. in the Bodleian Librarj'.
AO n?cord of a jjerfortnanco of any of the Killigrew's abstract of title to the plavhouse,
4ClMtt. Few of iht^m, indeed, sa-m to have Brury Lane, from 14th Charles II to I684,laiil
been intended for the stage, those that are the Addit. MS. 20726, f. I, British Museum.
m
two parts conBiating, as Geneat observea, Suggestions for alterationa in 'Julius Coeear/
6T p\jn in ten divided into halves, the signed T. KilligraW^ara in Add. MS. 9M2B^
fii-^t piiM Brin^^ with it nothinfi^ in the art. 41. Numerous indentorea and agree-
hat>e of a dhtatiemmt of action. The ' PaN ments concerning Drurv Lane Theatre also
ion a "Wedding is outspoken enough for
' exist in manuscript, and ' Mr. Thomas Killi*
WycherleT, and Terbose enough tot the grew's Letters of his Travels,' in the matiu-
Dorhess of Newcastle. It has wit of fl wrt, Bcripts of Trinity College, Dublin, seem to
in ] Tongreve has condescondod to adopt call for pnUicstioik
ome of \XA joJ^ea. Aoeordinff to Langbaine, [Books c'f<^d ;
narr:>ndon's Hist, of the Ro-
its mtngu0 of 'Otralees tad Wild meuni- lu'llion ;
Langbaine's Dramatic Poetii ; Oenest's
venting^ thf Lady Wild and Mrs. Pit li^uK > Aoroiint of the Stage; Maloae's Sop^. to tixh
into marriage is an incident in seveml plays, UioflTapbia Dramatioa; Boa** and Ooortnej'i
i'1UtB Alley," " Antiquary " *rc., bat In Bfbnotlieea GkymabieaMi ; Downei^s ftoMeiun An*
n'lno woll ni;inn_rf 1 as in this pl:>y.' TCil- plioiinus; Wood's Atht-nrr OxoriiL-nse^, o<i. Bliss;
liffrew'a other comic pieces are less flagrantlj UalliweU'8 Anciuot Documenta conci rning Um
mleHit,)mta]MlMBatotntngf. Inhifisertous OfSet ofMftflter of the Revls; LowndeM'sBilti

p:- - K'illi^pw i- st'cn to no gr^'iit ndv/m- Man.; Williams's Dramatic CeiiMir Nutrs and ;

ta^e. Oenest allinns that the 'Pilgrim is a Qaorief, Iht and 3ril ser. ; Cibberu Apology;
'
Clievttr'ts Wetrainstnr Ablioy Registers; infur-
gtKKl tragedy, which, with judieiotts altera-
mution kiodij sopplifld bjr Prof. C. H. birth.]
tion'-, might have been niadpfit for r^^prniKTi-
are indeed written
7. K.
tation. Poiftions of it
iHCh &aa rigour, but poetry and iinagina- iULLBSREW, THOMAS, the younger
iSati are absent, and the cJccisions that would (1657-1710), drum.iti-t.'ion of Thomas Killi-
ft, it forperformance would have to be nume- Srew [<J. v.], by his second wile, Charlotte
rma. Of the feoohd part oiT 'Cicilia and eHesM, wasbora in F^bnmry 1657 (Mieell.
ClorinrJa ' I^jingbaine says that the first sctMie Oen^ftloff. H
Tlfrald. new ser. i. 870). Tie
between Amtuieo. Lucius, and Manlius fought a duel, according to Luttrell's 'Brief
'ieents eot>ied ftom the characters of Agla^ Relation,' on 81 Jan. \692, and was snbse-
tida^. Artabos, and M<>piibit-'3 in flic "nniiid quently gentleman of the bedchamber to
:
C^TUS " see " The History of Afjlatidas and (jreoi^e II when Prince of Wales. ia He
Aiaotit s," pt. i. bk. iii.' In aftirming that the author of ' Chit Chat, a Comedy ia Ave
omamentfl in * Thoraaso are taken from the *
acts. As it is acted at the Theatre Roynl,
* Captain ' by Fletcher, and that a character in Dniry Lane, by his Majesties servauts.
and some words are copied from Jonson's Written by Mr. Killigrew, Lond., Printed
Fox,' Lnriji^bfiine acquits Killigrew of the for Bi rnard Ijiiim/ 8vo, no dat (1719).
int*;ntion to o<mceal his theft, and adds that It is dtdicatt d to the Duke of Argyll, and is
' every poet that borrows teiew as well as
if a pleasant, pos.^ipping, happily named piece,
Mr. Killigrew how to di-tpose of it, 'twould with very little plot, as tliL> author acknow-
c^rTainly De very excusable.' In Mo.^flt'vs li dp'S in the prologue, but some moderately

!.* n of ^^'ilIiam Cartwright's 'Poems,'

. felicitous dialo;,'UP.It was played at Drury
fft'l, an.' linoa of somewhat turgid praise Lane 1 4 Feb. 1719. withWilks, Booth, Cibber,
dfliciiti-d to ' Jlr. Thomas Killigrew on his Mrs. Thurmond, Mrs. Porter, and Mrs. Old-
twi3 playes. the "Priaoners" and "Clura- field in the principal parts. Thanks to the
cil! 1 ' Killigr<'\v'. separate plays arc dedi- 2>al of the Duke of Argjdl and other friends

cated mrinly to ludifs of rank. The opinion of the author, it ki pt the stage eleven nights,
gca^rallv entertained of Killig(mr ex- w and brought its author no less than 1,000/.,
pressed In two lines of Denham which, however, he did not live to enjoy,
since he died a few months afterwards, and
fiad ComUiy spoke, Killigrew ne'er vrit,
Otial'd ia oae, they'd nade a aatehleas wit.
was buried at Kensington 21 July 1719.
His play went through two editions 1719. m
IbaraKtioti relAting to Killigrew are in 'Miscellanea Aurea, or the Golden Medley,*
tarioos collf'ctions. Tli<> most important London, printed for A. Bettosworth, 17>,
If thete^ ' An
Accoiut of T. Killigrew's iie- contains 'The Fable of Aurailius and the
Umtt ii Yaniei/ wHli docttmeiits mn/ Sutmi of Venus,' which i signed T. Kilii-

biyiiized by Google
 Killigrew ii6 Killigrew
grew. An
agreement for the eale of ' Chit is fallen on them through the riotous conduct
Chat to Bernard Lintot for 84/. was on sale of Kirke.' Killigrew was one of the first to
'

hy T. Thorpe iu 1S43. A portrait of a Cap- taste of the not too lavishly accorded bounty
*

tain Killigrew is montioiied by Nichols (viii. of Charlea II, who after the Restoration re-
'

7^ M in Lumlcy Ca^^ It sppeam to be stored him to his former post of gentle-

man-usher of the privy chsiniher. After his
that of another Killifrrew.
[Genesi'B Accountof the Knglisb Stage Baker's
; marriage to Catherine of Portugal, Charles
Biographia Drainatica; Borne and Courtney's appointed him vice-chamberlain to the queen,
Bibliotheca Coraabieosii ; Ljraons's DTirom of a post he held for two-and-twenty years. On
London.] J. R y April 1664 ho was elected M.P. for Rich-
KILLIGREW, Sin WILLIAM (1G06- mond, Yorkshire, vice Sir John Yorke, de-
1695), dramatist, the eldest son of Sir liobert ceased, and continued to sit for the borough
Killigruw [q. v.J, was baptised ut Hanworth, until 1678. After 1682 Killigrew disappeared
HidUMex, 88 May 1606, and entered a gen- from court. Two grants of 20/. were made
tleJurin-rommoner of St. John's College, Ox- to him by Charles II (Akermax, Secret &r-
ford, 4 July ll2ii He was knighted 12 May vice Money, Camd. Soc. 18ol, pp. 24, 42).

]680t and made wlu^t was called the tour of
Europe. He was elected by double returne
member of parliament for Newport and Pen-
ryn,both in Cornwall, and sat lor the Litter,
1628-9; was appointed governor of Pen-
dennia Castle and Falmouth Haven, and ob-
tained the command of flio ^Vest Cornwall
militia. He succeeded to the family man-
sion in Lotbbury, and to Kineton Pane, near
Hampton Court on his father's death in 1633.
,
iie was made gentleman-ueher to Charles I,
He was buried in the Savoy Chapel 17 Oct.
1696. By bis wife Mary, oaugbter of John
Hill of Honilaj, WartHckshtre, he had three
sons, Henry {d. 1661), William, a captain
in the army, and Sir Robert. daughter A
Elizabeth married Sir Francis Glinton.
In ICC") appeared, in 8\o, 'Three Flayes,
written by Sir William Killigrew, Vice-
Ghambwhitn to her Majt^ty the Quem Con-
sort. K)(U; viz., Selirulra, Pandora, Or-
miu''de8.' These were reprinted in 8vo in 1674.

and bad command of one of the two troons nf Among the eontribntofs of oommendatorjr
horse that guarded the per.^nn of the Kin^; M rses, English or Latin, are: R. Stapylton,
during the civil war. While in attendance the translator of Juvenal, whose lines are
on Charlea I at Oxford, he took, 1 or S Nov. suggestively headed 'To jESnv^;' Edmnnd
the degree of D.C.L. After lie defeat
t Waller, ' (5f Pandoras not being approved
;
of the royal cause be compounded for his upon the Stage as a Tragedy T. P. (? I homaa'

estate with the eommittee of sequestration.
He wus ill Tinn-h trouble with hi< ii'M^^-hbours,
who resented his ellort to dram portions of
Porter) ; T. L., whose verses Lamb gives in
exten-no in his 'Dramatic Poets ;' and Lodo-
wick Carlisle. Of Pandora as a t ragedy
'
'

the Uneolnshire fens for his own benefit. In
the manuscripts of the House of L ir(l> tlu re
are, among many similar papers, a petition
of Henry Carr and otliers of Donnington,
Lincolnshire, respecting their imjiriwnment
in the Fleet for a riot in the Ivrn* by the
nothing is known. It was played as a comedy
at Lincoln's Inn FieldsTheatre.and is for the
epoch both well written and passably decent.
Much of its dialogue and one or two of the
female characters are vivacious. * Selindra'
and Ormasdes are fairly interesting works,
' '

House of Lords at the suggestion of Sir W. happy in termination, but ulli -d tragi-come-
>

Killigrew, KU 1 a petition of Thomas Kirke

; dies, as some deaths by violence are intro-
of Bume (Bourn, Lincolnshire), respecting duced. Selindra is mentioned by Dowues
'
'

the impounding of his cattle and other |H>r- as having l>een given at the Theatre BoyaL
aecutions at the hands of Sir William Killi- Of the performance of Ormasde.s no record
'
'

grew, I t Dec. 1640; petition of Sir AV. Killi- is extant, lu 1G<)6 was published in foUo^
grew and others respecting Lindsey's Level, Oxford, printed by Henry Hall, printer to
in Lincolnshire, 9 May 1642, with the copy the university, for Kiehard Davis, Fovr new '

of order therein; petition of Sir W. Killi- Playes vi/., The Seege of Urbin, Selindra,
;

graw about Thomas Kirke, the Earl of Litul- Love and Tragy-Comedies and
l-'rirndship, :

.ey, and the rii>ts at Lind.'*ey I^evel, 22 Feb.
1G47-8, 8 Sept. 1660; and another petition
against the same, in which Killigrew states
that he owes 11,000/. Killigrew and the
I'andora. A Comedy, Written by Sir Wil-
liam Killigrew,Vice-Chamberlaine toHerMft-
je.sty.''Love and Friendship ' is 'Ormasdea.'
The Siege of Urbin also unacted, is a capable
'
,'

other drainers in Lindsey I^evel had lost
SlO,(X^i!. by Kirke's conduct, and Killigrew
on 22 Feb! 1647 -b ' prays the bouse to con-
sider the eetate of himself, his wife, and
fiuuljri whedo beg their braady wluh miaeij
and sympathetic play. The plays have sep4-
rate title-pages, and the volume contains some
further commendatory verses. In 1003 ap-
peared ' A
Proposal shewiii^ how the Nation
tuj bo vaat Qauwn bgr all thoSoaa of Moos^f

biyiiized by Google
 Killigrew Kilmaine
;
gi pgtt to ih Crown without leesenuig the Killigrew Lettera from Ool. Dolemaa to
' *

Pivn-CTitive ... by W. Killigrew. To which Col. W. Killiff rt^w 'arc in tlu 'Tlmrloe State
M pretixod The late Honourable Sir Jumca Papers,' and Letters from Killigrew to Arch-
'

Sheenee Letter on tbeaane Sabject,' no place
or datp [London, 166.3], 4to, 16 pp. In Ix)n-
don, lt)t^, appeared 'The Artless Midnight
Thooghta of a Gentleman at Court; who
for manv Years built on Sand, whic^h every
MlajiX of cnjss Fortune has defaced but now
he has laid new Foundations on the Kock of
hi': SnNntion, which no Storms can shake;
and will hi>t out the conflagration of the
world, when time shall melt into eternity,'
bishop Sancroft and Tobiaa Rnatat, under>
housekeeper at Hampton Court, dated respec-
tively 31 Dec. 1677 and 1682,' are among the
Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian Library.
A portrait of Killi^^rew was in ths flxst
; Kxhibition of National Portraits.
[Bonse and Courtney's Bibliotheoa Cornubien-
si.s is tho elii" f source. Mr. Joseph Foster has
supplied Dotes of Killigrew's parliamentarj
career and dates of hia Ozfbrd piiigi' See .

8to, Itm ; 2nd edition. 12mo, 1684. Tli.^ fir^f dso Vivian'h Visitation of Cornwall; Gf-nest's
dedication to Charles 11 bears no name, ljut Euglinh Stage; Wood's Faiti; Biographia
the eei iMl to James II is signed W. Killi-
- Dn.m. : WaU'a Bibl. BriL ; Laogbaine's Dra>
grew. Kullowinp this canu- Midiii^Iit and
' nitttic Poets.] J. K.
Prose and \ erse, by Sir
jLhiilv 'fiioughtft, in KILLINGWORTH, GRANTHAM
W. kiUigxvw/ London, 1694, 8vo (see Sib (1691^-1778), bapti.st eontroversialiat, Hud-
K. Brtpges, Biftituta, ii. l.T()-6). Giles
son of Thomas (i rant ham ( 1 a'U-l 692) [ q v ], .

Jac<ib {Poetical lieyinter, i. ir>7-8), like tho

was born in Norwich in 16M). He was a
anonymous author of a 'Continuation of layman, a pertonal friend of William Whit-
Lanir*i'itt!>%' 8.'?, a.^.'-ifins to Killiprew the ton, whom he supplied with evidence of cures
* Imperial Tragedy ; taken out of a later etl'ected through prayer, fasting, and an- '

Plaj and very much altered by a (ientleman nointing with oyl' by a unitarian ba])tist
for his own
diversion,* &c., London, 16(59, minister, William B irron (rl. 7 Feb. 17'?!,
folio. It was acted at the Nursery in the Unr- agod 51). KUliugworth wrote on the perpo-
ItittB. A
sonnet by Killigrew is in Lawe$i'g tuity of baptiam, against Thomas Emljm
* Ayrea and Dialogues for one,
twOi and three [q. v.l : in favour of adult baptism, ngiiinf<t
voices,' two books, 1653 6. John Taylor, D.I)., and Michajah Tow^-^ood;
In addition to these works Killigrew is andofclo$iecommunion,ag8in.Ht James 1' oster
veaponfeible for the whole or portions of: v.l John Wiche, ana Charles Bulkley
1. 'An Answer to the Objections made by q. V.J He died in 1778, leaving a consider'-
fq.
aome Commoners of Lincolnshire against able endowment to the Priory Yard general
Robert, Karl of Lincolnshire, and hisPurtici- baptist clmpel, Nor>vich,
pantfl concerning the Drayningof those Fens Among his jiublicaf ions are 1. 'ASupple- :

which lye between Lincoln, Berne, and ment to the Sermons ... at Saltt rs' Hall
Boetoo. ' Set forth by Sir W. luUigrew. against Po|v ry,' \7'>io, 8vo 8rd ed. 17;i6,
;

Printed for the Author, 1647,' 4to. 2. * Oer-
taine Papers concemiiip the Karl of Llnd-
tcj hia Fennes. . \\ ith a Paper directed
. .
to Wr W. Killigrew, and signed "William
Howell. And aUo an Answer to tlmt Paper
8vo ; 5th eil. 1738, 8vo, with appendices,
including his answer to Emlyn'a *I*revioiH
Question,' 1710, 4to. 2. 'An Examination,'
&c., 1741,8vo, of Foster's' Disauirst^' (1744)
on catholio communion.' 3. An Answer to
'

by Sir W. Killigrew/ no place or date the Defence of Dr. Fo.sfer,' &c., 1752, 8vo
r AugiBit lftl9], 4to, 8 pp. 8. * Sir William (the ' Defence' was by Philocatholicus,' i.e.
'

Killigrew his Answ. r to the Fcnnemen's John Wiche, general baptist minister at
objections amunat the Earl of Lindaej hia Maidstone). 4. ' An Anawer to Mr. Charles
draynin g in Tjincobwhire. Printed at Lon- Bulkley's Pleaa for Mixt Communion/ 1756,
don. K>4'.'.*4fo, single sheet and a title-page. 8vo. '). <
A Letter ... to the late . . . Mr.
4. ITie Kioters in Liudaey and their Ab<>t- Whiston,' &c., 1757, 8vo.
tom,' fiingle sheet, no place or date [lor^l, (Whistfin's Memoins, 17A3, pp. 297, 306. 372
f'.l. r.. Tlie late Earl of Lindi^ey hi-* Title,*
'
Bulkloy'fl Notes on the Bible, 1802, in. xv m|. ;
inCf asingle sheet, n.d., signed lienrvHeroni
' Toulmia'a Uistorical View of Diueatera, 1814,
nr. KiUQirew, 1 July 1661.' FurUier con- p. 3S ; Kaal'a Pnritaiia, 1822, i. xxtrii.] O. A
tributions to the controversy by William
Killigrew, aon of Sir William, appeared in
KILMAINE, BABOir (1690-1773). [See
O'Hara, J.iMia.j
16B6 and 1706. In Heber'a < Gatalogtie,'
pT. v..i apimphlet privately printed for the KILMAINE, CIIARLE.S EDWARD
judges, entitled 'I'rooiis that Jane Berkeley SA UL J E.N \ I NGS ( 75 U i 799 general in
1
),

and W. Killigrew combined to defraud the Ffench army, was born at Dublm 19 Oct.
Badwrd L^goa of an ectate left him U. ,
1751, aecompamed his &tbvwhoaesunuuBM
 Kiioiarnock 8 Kilvert
VS8 Jennings^Atdeven years of age to France, KILVERT, FRANCIS (1798-1863), an-
and took tho name of Kilmaine ftom a villaf^ tiquary, bom at Weetgate Street, Bath, on
in Mayo where abranch of the Jennings family Good Friday 1793, was the eldest son of
had resided. He entered the army as a cavaliy Francis Kilvert, ooachmaker, and of Anna
officer in 1774, serv ing in tlie American war hia viie. His unde was Richard Kilvrt,
of independence under Kochambeau, and in domeatie chaplain to Bishop Hurd [q. v.l
Sencfral under Biron. In Aupust 1701, as a and roctor of Ilartlebury. His parents di?(i
retired captain, he took the civic oath and, while he W{ young, and, as tne oldest of
beingrecaUed to aetlve ervice, became htigk- seven eons, hebecame guardian and faistmel^r
^er-general in March 1703 aud licutonant- to liis hrothers. For a time he was educatt-d
aonenl in the following MaJ. Hecommauded under I>r. Michael Rowlaudson at Hunger-
the Tftnguard in the fSi^etmea and Flanders, ford. He affcermnda proceeded to the ffran-
dipt inguifilKxl hunsjclf at Ji niaj/p* ninl was mar school at Bath, where ho became head-
reported bj the convention commissaries &s boy his attainment's induced the then chief
;

hnmt Ketive, and daahinfr, though they did master, Natiianiel Morgan, to engage him
not think it ]irnilrnt to allow an Irishmnna as an assistant evm bef<ire he pntered at Ox-
command-in-cbief. 'lie is a foreigner,' they ford, lie matriculated at Worcester Col-
aid; 'he is Irish; republicanism does not lege, Oxford, on 6 Nov. 1811, and gradttaled
eaily j>enetnite snch skuIIs.' lie was, how- B.A. in 1819 and M A. in 1824. Kilvert
ever, rocommendcd byDuboia-Duluiy, though was ordained deacon bv Bcadon, bishop of
Vasqeoeesfully, for mo command in Vendee, Bath and Welle, in 1810 and priest ^
as the only rri! oral whose ability and enerLry ]S17; his first curacy was that of Claver-
11

could be relied on. In August 1793 he tem- ton, near Bath. He loved his native city;
porarily succeeded Costhi^ agcunst whom he no one knew its history better, and in order
Save evidence before tho revolutinimry tri-
Vmi^i buttling forced to retreat before the
eupemor toMf of the Puke of Yorlc, he
superseded, and was imprisoned for eighteen
months. Susan Kilmaine, who was also
imprisoned, was apparently his wifr. In
179') he helped to defend the convention
figainst the JPrairial insurgents. In 1790 ho
served in Italj under Bonaparte, and by
establishing a second blockade Cdntribtitcd
to the reduction of Mantua. Summoned to
Plans to dlpcu8i< a descent on Ireland, he was
appointed, in the ahsence of Dfsaix, to thn
temporary command of the so-called army of
England. On this expedition being aban-
doned, he had, in June 1708, the command
of the territorial (inland) troo^ aud was for
a time general-iii-chief in .Switserland, but,
not givinp eatiffnction in that capacity, was
superseded by Mass6na. lie returned to
Pris, where he died 16 Dec. 1799. His
great failing was rapacity.
[Monitenr, 28 Nov. 1799; Webb's Compendiiim
of Irish Bio.<jraphy; Fieffe's Hist, den Troupea
Ktrangires, ii. 62, Pari?, 1854; Alger's EngUalH
men in French Revolution, pp. 152-3.1
J. G. A.
KILMARNOCK, fourth Eabl or,
Boil), WiM-iAM, 1704-1746.]
KILMOREY, first a.bl of.
Nbsdbax, BitAHdB JAflX, 1748-1883.]
KILMOBET, foorth Viscomn.
Nbgdhax, CnAHLBs, d, 16(k>.]
KILSYTH, first Viscorx r. [SeeLminr
IXOiilV lUlG~l(jl>l.]
to dwell tliere he declined the post of prin-
cipal of Queen's College, Birmmghain. At
wm Bath he tilled in turn aeveral small oflices,
indiuliinf those of niinisitcr of St. Mary 'S^n';-
dalen's Chapel, chaplain of the General ilo*-
pital, and evening lecturer at St. MarVi,
Bathwick, but his chief source of income lay
in keeping pupils. His success in that di-
rection led him to purchase in 1837 Claw rt on
Lodge, on the southern slope of Bathu ick
Hill, where ho took scholars until his deutU.
Kilvert was one of the earliest members of
the Bath Literary Cluh, and read liefore its
members many pajiers on tlio literary asso-
ciatioQe of the city, some of which have not
been printed. He died at Claverton Ijod^je
on 16 Sept. 1863, and was buried in Old
AVidcomhe churchyard, near tho grave of
his father and two of his brothers. brflf A
tablet to his momorj* is on the walla of J>t..
Mar>-, Bathwick. He married at the doeo
of 16'J2 Adelaide Sophia de Chi^vre^ a re-
fugee of French extraction, then livuig at
Clapham, near LpodOB. TbV itlM WW
three daughters.
KilTert wrote: 1. 'Sermons at Christ
Church, Bath, before the National Schools^'
1827. 2. 'Sermons at St. Mary's Church,
[See
Bathwick,' 1837. 8. 'Sermon preached at
\Vrington,' 1840. 4. 'Selections from tin-
[See published .jPapera of Bishop Warburton^'
1 84 1 ; also issued in same year sa voL xiv., fiup>
plenienfal.ofWarburton's* Works.' {>.'PinOf>
[See
cothecte Historicsc spcimen. Auctofe J^.^i.^
A.M.,' 1S48; pt. n., with name in AiU^
16i'('. A defies of inscriptions on illustrioiUI
ifien, which have been much j)raiiH}dfof bliph

uiyiii^ua oy Google
 Kilyert ttg Kilvert
iitoecs of ezpreeslon aod for command of tho teipptedto bribe Kilrert into iliac tivity. \<\\t
Latin Ungmge. 6. ' Kalul^ Al^^n and Prior Kilvert informed Secretary Windebank of
Fwk/ \6o7. 7. 'Richard OiavoB of Cl^- the attempt. In tho later trial of tho bishop
TCTton,' 1858. 8. 'Memoiw of Life and in 16ii7 in tho Stiir-cliauiber for jfilfl i-^'niug
AVritinga of Biahop Hurd,' 16(J0. After an unoirtbodox work on *Tho lioly TabKi,'
liis deatli there poUiuiecl in 1866 a Kilveirl acted a Holicitor for the proBecution,
Ydlnme of hia Remains in Verse and Pro?p,
*
an'l was awarded 1/iOO/. out of tna total fine
wttli a brief Memoir' by the Kv. W. i^. iuuiu.^,"d (10,(XH)/.)
Nichola, a^tfisted by Mr. AVilliam Ixing. It In 1637 Kilvert became concerned with
iodiuled * paper on Pope's cunuf^ction with Alderman Abel K|. v.] in the promotion of I

the West oi ^nfflana, and particularly the wine monopoly, .Siriee 11hJ4 the Vintnen*'
with Bath; but other articlen 'which he Company had been exposed to a Star-chamber
rea4 to the Bath Literary Society, notably proseeutinii for unautliorisef! dn'snin^'of meat.
thnie on Philip Thicttneaae and the Bath- Th' crown proyoml to compound theoiienco
ta>N)n vasej were on^ittcd. His last con<- if the Vintners would agree to an impOaitidBi
uuuicutiQn to tba Btktl^ Theological Book aiid Kilvert was introduced to tho wmpany
Soci-f y ItnOT on Oyr tbe Water to War- by Akelly in that year miiBttr, in order to
,

] l.h,' were printed by Mr. H. D. Skrine at

coefce thev \tf thxaata ofproaecution. Tbe
Bath in October 18Q3. lie 'vva.<< a frequent Vintners gave way, and agreed to the imposi-
contributor to ' Notes and Queries,' and be tion in return for a grqnt of the monopoly
wrot.- rannyinorooira for the 'Bath (l.r nick'.' of winea. Kilvert was paid 1,Q0(U. out of
Mi* Kilvert ^ubliabed in I6il a y>otk on tho purse of the Vintiiers' Company, al-
'Home Piflcipltne/ Than jnM only one though without the consent of the 'gene-
e<lttion, thou(;h it waa reissued VlUk both rality.' Immediately on the assembling of
titl^-p^ea ^ 1S43 and 1847. the Long parliament he was called into
fOeoC Mag, 1823 p. 82, 1863 pp. 652-6; question, along with Alderman Abell, for his
Fr>tT'?* .AlttiDni Oxon. P< .u ;;'s Uatli Houses, share in this transaction,
; lie was arrested
2nd h4rr. pp. 7-1^! Not8 aod Queries, 3rd t>er. on 8 Nov. 1040 and only released on bail
1

xj. I8A ; inlbrmaitoo fiwm Hr.' R. K. Pf^neh uf 1 Sept. 1641. In tbe nfteatime ( May 164 1
K^'h ] W. P. C. the commons had ordered tho bill to be pre-
KlLVE^t KICHAKP (c2. 1649), U^- pared to declare the o&noe o Alderman
Ter, roM fironi a enbocdtnate poaition tbe m AbeU and RIeitaTd KflTert <to fh end that
pr* r -crativf cnurt at Caiili rbury to the oflice th' V limy be made exemplary.' What wqa
of a proctor pcacUaiaK thoro. When it was Qoaily done doea not anpeax. lie was at
propoeedto impeadi e^r Jobn Bennet [q. v.], liberty in December 1648, and in 1647 was
jud^ of the court, in 1621 ou the f,^r()uii(l of living in apparently comfortable circum-
OQxruflionJulT^t (aid an inforpi^tiqu against stances at hi* own house in St. Martin's
Bennet b^re the Home of Lone, aod tbe Lane. He died theve anddenly en 16 Dee.
Inrda at his rtx^ut'st punrantoed hun aa an 1649. Ilia brother Rdirrr was a wine mer-
io/onner frye49tn from timtut (LortW Jouf- chant in London, and also aided ax the wine
mmb. Hi. 168/185; StaU fiigpm, Dom. 1619, monopoly ; he was veleaeed S'Hay 164C *m
j-p. '2iU. riarkft states that Kilvert payment of 40/.
waa ub*t^uetlT branded for perjury by Kilvert wrote in hia own defence A Reply *

order of parliament of 1021. But he

tbia
J
r >bably pave evidence in the .Stftr-charaber
proeeculion instigated in 1622 by the crown
after tfaa| parliament was dissolved. ;dee
years later Kilvert petitioned the privy coun-
cil for power to levy l^ir John Beoqet's ^n^,
MM part of which ivwa^warde^ afpeieotlf
te a moat untnie BelaUon made by certain
Viiitiu r-",' 1041, He is also identified by a
note in Thomasson's hand aa the author of
a *Di80onne ooncoming the interest Etejfr-
land hath in tho Piepi of Ornverin;r,' 1644.
Some biographical details, together with a
porUsait, aM contained in < DialogueA . . .

to him ac an informer. betwixt Alderman Abel and Richard Kil-

Kilrert was 8ulfs^i|pptly used as a tqol in Teitt,' 1641, and ' The Vintnora' Anawor to
the proceedings in toe Star<:hambcr agMnat ...Kilter,' 1641.
Bishop Williams on a frivoloua charge of
(Th trai-fg mentioned a!. )Vo Common?' Jour-
;

betraying secreta aa a privy councillor, lie

na>a, ii. $0-279; Lords' Journals, iii. 163, ri.
fikt^ up eTide|)<;e a^ainat the moral charac- 127; State P>iper8, Dom. 1619-41; Hist. MSS.
ter '<f "VViIliaros'a principal witnegp, Pr-'gion
Comm. 12th Rep. pt. i. p. 172. pt. ii. p. 153.
^iCi4jU a^id \YiUiama, m
his endeavoura to pL iv. p. 78, 14th Bep. p. 203, pt. vi. p. 478;
mtnit It* exposed himself to a charge of sub- HarI.a.l3IS^flt; dtat* 'Hrials; RashlreRll%
ornation of perjury (?>e* .Sffrff Pajterf, Dom. Collections ; RBivth's Olntiiary (Camden 8oe.)|

l^^f pp. 40t>-UU}. WxUiauis lpolLhly at- Chmliaur'a Bivt/vUt. .io], {fUi^.J W.A.a. ,

Digitized by Google
 Ki ward by
I 120 Kilvvardby
K.ILWARDBY, ROBERT 1279),
(d. T!u-n, and procured a relaxation of the inter-
Archbishop of Canterbury and cardinal-bishop dict pronounced against that city (Tm-ros,
of Porto, wasan Englishman b^* birth, thouprh p. 150). The jpope having granted Kilwardby
aotliiiig IB known of his family and orij^in, a license to be consecrated by anv catholic
except that a namesake, Robert Kilwardby, bishop, ho cliosethn FaintlyWil'liani Huttonll
resigned in 1283 the livinf); of All Saints, [q. V.J, biehop of Jiath and Wells, to perform
GfSCechnrch Sfrwt, London (Pkckham, Ite- that office. He was consecrated on 26 Fek
ffuter, iii. 1018, Rolla Sit.) lie UuVwi\ tit ]'i73 at Canterbury. Besides the Bishop
the university of Paris, and probably also of Bath, twelve other suffragans of Canter-
ttOxfoid. At Paris he taught for aoronl haxy took part in the ceremony. Yet it was
years as a mast'T of arin, and became espe- not until 8 .Mny that Kilwardby received the
cially dlHtiiijfuisla'd us a teacher and writer pallium at Teynhnm ( Winchester Annalt^ ii.
on grammar and logic (TRiTBT,p. 278, Engl. 115), and his enthronement only toA |lbkOd
Hist. Soc. ) It is to this portion of his life in September. At the pope's request ho
that his ini{M)rtant grammationl and his compensated Adam Chilienden for hi.s ex-
thirty-nine philosophical treatises must bo penses incurred in his bootless journey to
assigned. Kilwnrdbv fitifilly abandnned his Rome {Hi.ot. ^fSS. Comm. Hth Rep. p. 429).
secular career and entered the order of St. Kilwardby was the first Mendicant ad-
Dominic. He now devoted himself exclu- vanced to a great post in the Knglish churrh.
sively to and especially to the
thcnlnp^'j Hie interests remained exclusively theolo-
study of Augustine, and
tlie e<^Tii>lures, St. gical and ecclesiastical, and ho took littld
others of the fat tiers. He was famous for pert in political affairs, remaining on good
dividitig nearly all St. A iipufitine's works terms with Edward I, whom he crowned
into chapters, and prt^tixing to each a short \ along with Queen Eleanor on 19 Aug. 1274.
analysis of its contents (tA. p. 278). Among He joined with his suffragans in 1276 in ex-
his pupils in theology was Thomas of Cante- horting Llewelyn of Wnles to perform hi*
lupe [q. v.], the future bishop of Hereford feudal duties to Edward, sending his fa-
p. .30(i). vourite clerh|William Middlet on, archdeacon
In 12fil Kilwnrdhr was cliopen provinrinl nf rr\nterbury, on a special mission to the
prior of the Dominicans in Englanu, and dis- Lord of Snowdon (^Fcrdera, i. 536-6). On
charged the duties of that post with great Llewelyn refusing to accept his mediation,
8ucces.9 for eleven vcars. In 1271 he was Kilwardbv excommunicated him in Fehmaxy
resent at the general chapter of his order at 1277 (iA. 1. 541}.
[ontpellier, and was described as % 'gnat Kilwaidhy devoted himself with some
master of thenlorn;-.' Jn 1272 the general energy to tne evstematic visitation of his
chapter at Florence relieved him of his office, diocese and province. After holding a con-
hut in the same year the English piovinoe TOcation in JLondon, and making an agree-
i^ain appointed him prior. ment with the chapter of St. Paul's as to
The archbishopric of Canterbury had been jurisdiction during the vacancies of the see of
vacant since the death of Boniface of Savoy XiOndon (Wilkins, C(mct7i(7,ii. 26-7), ho held
in 1270, as the monks of Canterbury insisted Dprember 1273 a visitation at Worcester
in
on the election of their prior, Adam of Chil- {Annals of Worcester in Ann. Man. iv. 465).
lenden,and Edward, the King's son, was eager in the summer of 1"274
But att'-nded the
for the appointment of Robert Bumell [q. v.] council of Lynns, upholding during its ses-
Adam went to Rome to press his claims, but sions the papal jKiwer in its strongest forms
Gregoiy Xat last persuaded him to resign (of. Baluzi:, Hiittoire dr- In Maismi tFAu-
them, and appointed of his own authority rrryne, ii. 113-14). Returning to iMigland
the provincial of the Dominicans. Kil- Kilwardby again busied himself with visita-
-^'ardo/s appointment was on 11 Oct. 1272. tions. In N' lvemWr 1274 he visited the dio-
He received the spiritualities of his see from cese of Winchester, being received on 2t> Nov.
Bishop lironescombe of Exeter on 11 Dec, on his arrival by the bishop, Nicholas of Ely
>
and the temporalities three days later ( Win- [q. v.], and subsequently holdii ^ .^itutiona
chester Annals in Annales Monastia, ii. 112- of the ncighbfjunng monasteries. Fie kept
1 13). But he had already, on 21 Nov., joined Christmas at the bishop's manor of Bitterne,
with Gilhert of Gloucester and other mag- near Southampton ( Wivrhrster Annate in
nates in recognising Edward I as king on the Ann. Mon. ii. 118). In 127(5 he made a pro-
day after Henry Ill's funeral, and in appoint- longed visitation of the vast diwese of Lin-
inga regency to art until the new king's re- coln. His zeal for monastic rigour was ^hown
turn from the East (Tbivet, p. 283). He by his expulsion of some disorderly monks
also successfully intervened in the strife be- from Baraney Abbey, Lincolnshire ; but the
tween the Biahop of Norwiehand his towna- canons of Oan^, whom he vinted on 7 Maxdhy

Digitized by Google
 Kilwardby lat Kilwardby
Uttnfy eompluned that he exacted ttom his resignation of the see of Oanterhnry and
them procurations amountingto over twenty- his residence at "Rome. Kilwardby accepted
foar marks, whilehU oredecessor Boniface the post, though the temporalities of the
bad been contented with fodr nuirha only drareh of Pbrto weie incomparably infiarior
(Jjin. O/rnfyin Ann. Mnn. iv '210). He now to those of Canterbury. Some dissatisfaction
Tuited the university of Oxford, and, with with his work at Caiiterbury rather than a
the eaaaeat of the regent and non-regent desire to do honour to Kilwardby pfobably
Miters, solemnly condemned vnrious erronf^- inspired the pojx; to make tlip tninslatioo.
ent opinions in grammar, logic, and naturnl As soon as the appointment was known
fhilosophy that were then current in the doubts were raised as to the validity of his
university. Among the grnmmatical heresies recent acts as archbishop pFrKTtAK, fit^itfr,
(

was th' doctrine 'quod ego currit, tu currit
ct carro eqiie sunt perfecte et oongrue/ But
eome of the other errorB were of a more j^eri-
OBs kind. Masters found guilty of these
CRon were to be delved ; naehelora were
i. 48). On 25 July Kilwardby solemnly took
his leave of his sufiragans and departed for
Italy. He soiiirht to increa-^ie his lessened in-
come by .selling to the king the crops and rents
of h 8 est ates for the year, and tow away irith
i

to \ forbidden access to the mastership and
expelled the university. Similar errors were
condeirmi'd a little later at Paris, and the
ame doctrines at Oxford were again censured
ia Vlbi by Archbishop Peckliam. The list
ifemm eondemned by Kilwardby has been
i^'Ttral timf^ff printed (Pans, n.d., r lOOO, 4to;
IWI, 1513 and 152*i). Among the persons
j
him five thninnnd mnrks in money, prerinus
vessels, church ornaments, and manuscripts,
inchiding a costly new bible, all of which be-
longed to the .ec(ri6. 1.17,277,550 ). More im-
portant than all, he removed all the registers
and judicial records of Canterbury. Peck*
ham and his successor sought in vain to re-

i cover the property of their church, but never

ten a red was < Richard Clupwell, a friar succeeded in getting any back. To this dav
|

of Kilwardbv's own order {Ann. Thtn^t. in the oldc'^t f' nrd.s of Cunterhiirv Iwpin witli
f

Am. Mmi. iii. In 1277 he again

ii^o). Peckham archbishopric. Yet rci kham con-
.-

vkitfldtbe diocese of Lincoln: and the monks tinued to consult Kilwardby on English eccle-
of Donstable spoke highly <^ iuB liberality siastical mutters, and bid'ieved tliat, if ho
andjiutice (ilf. iii. 276). had lived longer, he would have sent back the
On 16 June 1276 Xilwardbj was present pro|)erty.
t the translation of the remains of St. Kilwardby was already an old man and in
Richard at Chichester ( W
ykks in Atm. Man. poor health. Soon after joining the papal
jn. 368). When first provincial in England curia at Viterbo he fell sick. lie was, how-
bt bad been one of the commiiaiott appointed ever, employed by the pope to writ'- letters
to examine into Richard's claims to sanctity, to the * king of the Tartars * urging his con-
and he afterwards encouraged the Dominican version to Christianity (ClACCONtCS, Vita
Ka^b Hocking to write his life of the saintly Potittjicum, ii. 224 ). But he died on 1 1 Sept.
tmmp ( Botlandist Acta Sanctorum, A])ril, i. 1279, and was buried at the Dominican con-
He was always a good friend of his VHut at Viterbo. There was some aui^icioB
order. Ue boogbt a new and convenient site of poison (ConoK, p. 871).
fcr the London house of the Dominicans near Kilwardby was a Tery Tohimlmras writa>
Cartle Baynord, andcontrihut-'d towards the on grumniatical, philosophical, and theologi-
bailding of the new church and monastery cal subjects. Thvet (p. i78) regards his chief
(Lnm, Qmm. dt ScHpH, Brit. p. 287 ). He works to be these : * De Tempore,' ' De Uni-
con]i!t iiniis for his sanctity and care for versali,' Pe I^elntione,'and i)e Ortu Seien-
'
'

tbepoor. Ue mediated between the citizens tiarum,' and describes the last as ' a curious
i

if Osntwhnry in their dispute with Christ and nsefiil book.' It may be regarded as the
CUmch, when the monks ref'used to take iiny most iin|N)rt!iTit of Kihvanlby's writin^'f;, and
i

ham in nroviding soldiers for the Welsh is identical with the treatise De Divtsione '

w. He held ftcqnent i^ods, those of 1S78 Bdenttaram,' which ia sometimea considered

od 1277 coarkiiig important developments as an independent work. The large number
ia tbe iepreaenttion of the lower clergy, of surviving manuscripts shows that it was
vUih was fhrnUv systematically organised widely studied. Two are in thelffiUiothec^ue
bj^ bis successor (Stu'bbs, Select ^knrtera^pp. Rationale at Paris, and two in the Bodleian
Ui-bi Oomst, UuL ii. 200). Library. It is a commentair on Avicennafs
On 13 Maieh 1276 Pope Nidiolas m, a work with the same titl& M. Haurfou con*
fwat fnend of thi> Mondieant.'*, nominated ."iders it worth printing, and .spenk^^ of its
Kilwardby, at his tirst creation of cardinals, clearness and accuracy. In all thirty-nine
tsthacnmnal-bishopric of Porto and Santa philosophical works by Kilwardby are enu-
fafas an appointment which necesiitnted merated in Qu6tif and Echanfa '*Scriptoffas

Digiiizeo by Google

Ordinis Predicatorum,' oTG-SO. They are
i.
mainlj cqsanutotivnes on AriftoU'4
witb a ft V tmtiMt on AiiitioUe* Fby^to*
Inpy,' rii ysies,' and Motaphvsica.' His com-
' '
mentAries on vwioi^s piurte oi the ' Orgaiion
stioifv-, says Hmur4Mi,tluit be yru aerup<il<nit
and minute logicUl^ And Ue was one of the
most important Imchera of the time in de-
veloping the doctrine of tb<> 8y]logi8in. Hftii-
ri'au (ii. 2, 30-2) gives a long extract frf)m
HA
3. '
The Peerage of Scotland,' Svo, London*
1 767. 4. The Peerage of Ireland,' 8vo. Loar
' don, 1768. 6. * The Extinct Peerage of Eng-
land,' 12mo, London, 1760. He also wrot^
memoics of his father, together with a poem
to his memory, prefixed to the Iftltor'f ' Sefr
mons,' 1756. WithKichnrdJohn^ton he edited
and continued Thomas Wotton's 'JBaronetMW
of England,' S vote. 8vo, London, 1771.
Kinil.fi'.- father, not himself, a.s XichoU Lit. (

Uia ' De Ortu ' m

specimen of hw power Anecd. V.251) assertSi superintended a third
of ebridging Arietotle cleRiiy and faitnfnlly. edition of Ainswortli's ' I^itin Sicttonary i^ '

lie siiVh tliut lu- was !\ (liM-iplc of Thomas 1751.

A^uiuaii, b.ut< nevec tteiub to i^\e attempted Chalnen>'s Biog. Diet. six. 349 ; Nieholos
av real tnvwtjgi^tion of lus writings. Dt. Aneod. iii. 441 ; Cat. of Adfetttes*UI)(Mry.]
Kilwardbv'e trentiseij on pramniar wore G. a.
icequenjtlv cited ^
an fu^bority during the KIMBR, 18AAC (16B2-175^),geueiai
fiHUtMnth oentwry. There are nnuiuMiripts baptist minister, biographer, and journalist,
of his 'In l'ricirtuurn de Const met innn fom- was born at Wantage, iJorkahire, on 1 Dec.
nentttrius' at M^'rlon and Uorpua UUristi 10U2. Ho studied ianguBme undec Joha
Colleges, Qxfml. I^rge extracts are given Ward, L1<.D., proftsaor of Aetorict at^GSraer*
in Qu^tif niid luhfird (pp. .".77 Si from h\n 1mm f'olle^'e, and went through a cour.-f of
'(Commentary ou liio ^uteuceii,' ui which fihiloBopby lund divinity under; John hamm
there ia slsq a maniiseript at Mezton College. q. v.] Hi* fint settlement Iris aairfy in 1729,
JIo alem wrote coiinncntaries on scripture, aa B88U}tant to Jo^ejili Uurroughs [}\. \.\
'
JJ( I'uwioua Chrisii aud ' De Sacramento
'
at Pauls Alley, Barbican. Ue vaa a dull
Altaria' BTCNteher, and Terr near^ltted, etentually
[I/*land*Conitnontarii do ^v^iptorl^ns Bri- losing the sight of ono eye. lie left Paul's
taDDicia, m>. 286-8 ; Qu^tif and Echard'a Scrip- Allev on 28 June 17^^andbeoaaeaaBifitani
tons Orainis PMdieatornin, 1. 87i-M; Vab't to mmael Acton at rCantwieti, Ohsehisik
Scripft. I^rit. Citiil. (\'nt. Quart, p. xlvi (I'iisrl); Here he published (1727) a funerul tonnon
Trtninr'sljibl. Brit.- Hill. pp. 4.'>6-7; Hwk'fi Livott for Mrs. Milton, who is said to have bee
of U^e ArchbishopH of Canlerbxiry, iii. 304-26 the third wile of the poet Jobs IBllota, Elisa-
Toron'ii Uistqiro des hommca iUustrcs do I'orJre beth, daughter of Sir Ivlward Minshull.who
d Saint-DomlniqUL'. i. 397-404 ; Huur^au's Hi- died at Nantwich March 1727. Miltou^i
toire de rhilusophio S. ila^fique, ii. ii. 28-
la
widow was certainly a member of kis congreh
33; Stockl'a OfM-hichte der Fbjlofiophie des
gation, but her identity with the subject of
Xlittelattera, ii. 735-6; Catalogns Libroruin
]VISf..\n;:Ti,T et nib.(int)7); Nr.tiors-drs M.nniis-
the sermon has been disputed, as there w ere
rrits de l;i Biblintht'qiic Xationale, xxii. ii.
two other ladies of the same surname at
39, 96, 97 Coxe's (^ir. C<A. MSS. in Tull. et
;
Nantwich. He left Xantwicb in 1727, and
Aul.Oxon.; TriTflt(Bgl.Uiiit.8oe.); Feekliam'a became assistant at the general bapti&t oon<-
I{f>gi8tcr, AuttSMB Monastid, Ootton, Ohron. of gregation in Oki Artillery I^um, Lmidon, and
Kdwnrd I and Kdw.nJ II (tbo la.vf f nr in RoIIh also at a neighbouring congnvntion. On tha
&r.); lijiDara Fuxlora, vol. i. ; PrrnnoH iic- amalgamation of the two nlauus his servtceli
T. F. T. were dispensed with, and ne left the active
ministry. He starttxl a periodical called
KILWARDEN, Viscount (1739-1808).
'The iNfoming Chronicle,' which lasted from
[S.f W'oj.i}:, .\KTm-R.]
January 1728 to May 1782. In 1734 Wttd
KIMBEK, EDWAUI) (171l 17i9), no- made over his chool near MoorfielcU to Kim-
velist and compiler, born in 17 IS*, wa* non ber and Edward Sanderc^k, but the school
of Isaac Kimber [q. v.j He
(r<iint>d a scanty declined inaliMryears.and Kimber ga\ e it up
Fiibsistonce hy comjtilintr for bi lokst llpr*. find and took to writing for tlu; booksellers, editing
died, worn out with hncii driid^fiy, hi 1759 Ainsworth 8 Latin Dictionary ' in 1 7'"l, lie
'

^I^ JoussojT. preface to Worro.v's Bat^met- died of apopleoQr early in 1755; his funeral
ttffe, 1771). liis works arc 1. Tlip Life and
:
'
sermon was preached at Paul's Alley by Kun-
Adventures of Joe Tliomjison, a ?\urrative roughs on 9 Feb. He was uufortunate iu his
founded on fact, written by himself [anon.], nuiAfiage, hie irife being insane Smt twMitv-
2 vols. 12mo, London, 175\); other editions, three years. His ton iiidwaid it tepaBrt^|r
1751, 1775, 1783. A
French translation ap- noticed.

.

peared in 17Gii. '2 The Peerage of Eng-

Among hi.i publications wi&re 1. * The Life
:

Umd; l&no, Loiuka, lt6&i iit^i edit. UtM. of Olivor UromweU; Hu^ Wli^ &0 (sU cmUi>

Digitized by Google
 Kinaston Kincaid
an eoeount of her carriage at her eseontion,'
1:2.1 2. * An Abriclgemeiili of tb HurtOQf 1>y :m oyp-wir [;.--. wu'^ ]irivrift-ly yrinted at
of England,' 1*45, 8yo. Edinburgh ii^ lb27>frpm a paptic pr9enfed
Posthumoua 8. 'Twenty 8enn<yn< among WodroVe' MS8. in die AdvoeaW
ACjlTod, 8vo. J. ' S'l rmnns,\^-c., 1758, >^vo Liliniiy, byCharle Kirkpatrick Rlir'.rpe. The
(with U[e\ He ediKiU tiio 'Works,' 17-':>, youth and beauty of Mrs. iuncaid were dwelt
ibl^ 3 TOlB., nf Winiam Beveridgc [cj. v.], upon in nnraeroii8 poputur ballads, which ere
prtfixinfi^ a ' LiA- an'^ contrihuti'd tin* ac- to he found in .JaniK;>on's, KinlochV, and
pount of the rtnru ot Gcorse II tQ tU^ 174() Bucht^n's collections. Weir, wUq was ar-
%fO edition of Uie ' MeduUft Historifla An* rested four ye^rs aflterwarde waa-bciv&en on
^Gcanx'oCWiUuuD HoveU (1638P-1083) tlie wheel ('JO June 1004)^a mode of
execution in Sc. il land.
(Fora1 Berraon hr Burronplif , 1 7'*^^ ; Lifr [PitMtrn'b f'riiiiinal TrialH, )i. 1 l.'j r0 Chain- ;

f<rffi'.t<i to S^ruioiif, 1 7>')8 WilMonw; I ns,^< [itint: ) n*"s Domestic Aniialn of Scotland, i. 316-l7;
>

(%rciM* <4 LoQdon, 181U iii. 267, 1814 it- 7u ; M'Mnorial of the Couvetaion of Jeaa LivingHton,
Cnritk's Hoooottforaritgr hi CfaMhin, 1864, VV- 1827.]
in. 134] A.&..
KINASTON. [See Ktxastox.] KINCAID, Sir JOHN (1767-18U2), of
the rille brigade, second of John Kincaid
KINCAID, Mi:,^. JEAN (ir>7\)-\V4){)), of Dalheatli, n- ar FulKirk. iiiid Ins wife, the
Biunli-a-ss, daughter ctf John Livingrttouu of dttUght^T of John Gall", Wai Ixjni at i)alhmt h
Dunipace, \vaH hi>rn in 1579. She married in jfacuary 1787. He wa wlucated at PoU
John Kincaid ol' Wiirriston, who wn> n inau mont fch(n>l, and servod for a time as lit'n-
of influtjuce in KiUn burgh, U'ing poarly QQO.- t*'nant in the Nortli York militia. Uji the
Dect^ with the ancient family Of Kinqiild of formation of the old .'Jrd battalion (after^
iLat ilk ill f>tirlin|X'*hire, and j)0.'**<=5rd of x- wards <lifti;iiii! Hi of tlte Ooth riflep. now the
\

taive estatj9 tu Midlothian and LinlttU- rifle bngude, at llytho, Kent., iu 1609, Kin-
fnnM|i Owiqg
to allegi'd maltreainient, caid joined >\ ith u draft of militia volnnteeea
tlievodnfr v, iff conc;iv'd a dtadly hntred for from tlie Norlli York, and receivcfi a sec ond
br iiUi-biiud, %iid nuree who lived in liir lieutenancy in the 95th, with wliicli corjM
koike urged JUV to X$3t Tevenge. A stTvant he served tlironirh he Peninsular canipaiprns
t

f Ler father, ynnth nanu'd Kobort Wmr,
TU admittevl by Mrs. ivmcuid into her huiv-
Viul s chiiqilKpf in hu iMwai etWarriston at
a early hour on the morning of Tiu'sday,
1 July lOOO, and ho killed Kincuid with his
fiA. Nws of the murder quicltly Tt'ftched
I^diabttrgh, and ' the Lady \\ arritoun,' the
itMt nourise,' and her two * hvred womei),*
'ere arrtssted ' red-hnndi>d.' VS'eir rwcf|ml,
K^fvfiiag to allow ilrs. Kincaid to accompany
hoD la his flight. The prisomTs were im-
e^i.tt*;ly brought before the magintrAtos of
Kdinbit^h,aod enteqce of death va pr^F^od
vpon tfaaa. Ko
offieiol records of the trial
we extant. * Sdbo wfis iurn) to the girth-
cme, opftt |ha & d^y of J uly^ an4 h^r heid
tfniek n
her bodie, at the Chnnf^it-tit
(jttha iltit very patiently. Her niirihclu:
orunt a( the eame tyme, at 4 honres in tlie
tnttiif, the 6 of July ' (Bibrbl, Diary, p.
5"'). Ai (..-ding to CalderwcHid,
. lio nurse
vi4 ae hyred woman, her complice8. wt ro
Miatia th^ Caatell Hill of Edinburgh { Ckl-
BEWOOD, History of the Kirk qf Scotland,
T>- 27). Ia tli brief iuterval hetw^e;^ the
of 1811 14 and at Waterkn) (medal). Ho
led the forlorn hope at one of the a.'MJUult.i ol"
Ciudad Kodrigo; was severely wounded, and
had a horiie t^hot under him as acting adjutant
at Waterloo. He attained the rank of captain
in the rifle brigade in 1820, and retired by sale
' of his comniiasiona 21 Juno 1831. For bis
Peninsular sjan-icea he afterwards received
the me<hil with cla-spa for Fueutes d'Onor,
Ciudad Kodrigo, Badajos, Salamanca, Yit^
toria, Pyn^noea, Nivelle, Nive, and Toukiuso.
Kincaid was appointed oxon of tlie royal
bndy^ard of ycomeq of the guard on ^OctJk
1641, and, on Doooming senior exoa in 18oS,
was knighted according to custom. In 1647
he vaa apDoiated fqvernment inspector df
prisons fbr Sootlanc^ and in 1860 SirOeori^
Grey [<i. v.] conferred on liim the npjKiint-
mcnt oi inspector of factories and prisons for
Scotland, 'syliich he resigned through iU-
' t health pliortly before liis death. He died
at Hastjuga, unmarried, on 22 April Ii^2,
' aged 755,
Kincaid was author of 'Advmfurep in
the Ujfl Bnigade (London, laaO \ Jin^^qdi-
'

ntnue apd exeeqtion Mrt. Kii^d wa tion, Loe^f 1888) and 'Random Shoto o(
'ffuught, by the efforts of a dcrgymun, from a iJilleman * (London, 1835). Cop*', the his-
% at of ca^ou3 iudiflVrence to o^e of reii-> Ionian of the rifle brigade, says that, altbou^h
V<iei laelgDation . An authentie and iat' written with too nudi lerity, th^ contain
^tieg ' fiea^mal^of her * cofivenii%* mapjr 6t| f inftef)wt^ tjw 4*ty^ ^ m

biyiiized by Google
 Kincardine
tatements n ooidtnned hy moro formal ooounnrce with
authorities.
[Dod's Knichtage, 1862; Militia and Army
Cop's Hist, of the Riflo
List*, ondffir dates;
Bripule (London, 1880); Preston's Hi^t )f the
Kuyal ik>dy Gaard (London, 1887) ; (uut. Mug.
Sid Mr. siu M0 H. M. 0.
KINCARDINE, Earls of. [Soe Rruck,
Alexander, d, IQQl, second Eaml ; Bbucb,
Thomas, 1708-1841, skventh E&bl; Bbvcb,
Javbs, 1811-1868, twelftli Eabl.]
KINDERSLEY, SirRICHARD TORIN
124 King
France. The object of the
j
paper was to refute the reciprocity arguments
propounded by Defoe in favour of the treaty
;
in his * Mercator ' it was started by Henry
Martin [q.v.],and hnd among its contributors
Joshua (ieo (concerning w)ioe influence see
llvHE, Philosophiral iVorls, 1884, iii. 840),
Hir Charles Cooke, Sir Theodore Janssen,
Nathaniel Torriano, and other leading mer-
chants, several of whom had a special audi-
ence in the House of Lords on the Mi})ipft
of the treaty (2 and 4 June 1713). Backed
up by the Earl of Halifax, the support an<l
'

( 1792-1879), vice-(:h(inr-' ll()r, vh\mt son of
Nathaniel Edward Kuulerttlt-^ of Sunuing-
hill, Berkshire, was bom at Madras, -\vheru
his father was in the civil scrrice of tho East
India Company, on 5 Oct. 1792. He was
educated first at Hailcybury, with the in-
tention of entering the Indian civil service,
but subsequently he proceeded to Trinity
OoUegOy Cambridge, where ho was fourth
wrangler, and graduated B.A. in January
1814. In October of the following year he was
elected a fellow of his college, and proceeded
M. A. in July 1817. He was called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn on 10 Feb. 1818, and after
enjoying a considerable junior practice was
MTOointod a king's counsel in January 1835.
He took a leadinr positton in the rolls court
in 1847becamf Thuk llnr of the county pala-
( .
tine of Durhamfand in March 1848 a nuister
in cbanoerj. He was not a politician, and
was recommended only l.y ]ii> df'p learning
and sound judgment, (in 20 Oct. 1851 he
was ap))ointed a Tioa-chancellor and was
knighted. His judgments nro mainly re-
ported in Drewry's 'Reoorts/ Drewry and
8aia!e*s * Reports,' and tne *jLaw Reports,'
Equity Scr. vols. i. and ii. He retired from
very spirit of tlie paper' (ISn'f M<rrh. Pre-
face, p. xvii), Lord Stanhope, and the bulk
of tho foiiiini-niiil (hisses in the country, the
'British Merchant' more thnn nnutrnli?<ed
the effect of Defoe's pn]>er, and linally ^cLired
a majority of nine uf^ain.xt tho eighth and
ninth articles of tho treaty [see under MooRK,
ARTHrR, fl. 1712]. Its object achieved, tho
'British Merchant' ceased to appear, but tho
most important numbers were collected and
edited br King in book form under the title
of * The British Merchant, or CJommerce Pre-
served,' 3 vols. 8vn, London, 1721. King was
at that time chamW-keeper to the treasury,
and he dedicated the concluding volume of
the work to Paul Methuen, son of the framer
of the Methuen treaty, and comptroner of
his majesty's household. He was allowed
895/. Vo, from the exchequer for expenses of
printing, and copies were sent to 'each of the
corporations of (Jn at Britain wliicli seiul
members to parliament ' at the cost of the
treasury {Ou. Tmu. Papert, 17S0-8, ccxL
32). 'f'he work may thus be supposed to re-
present the views of Walpole's government
(though not perhaps of Walpue himself)
upon economic matt rs. Tt waa, however, less
I

the bench in 18(30, when he was sworn of an exposition of theory than an apueal to con*
the privy council, and norived a pension of temporary common sense, and totne intereeta
8,6(X)/. pT iiiinum. He died at hi.sre^sidence, involved in the Methuen treaty of 1703
Clylfe, near Lk>rchester, on 22 Oct. 1879. He withPortugal against the supposed fallacioua
married in 18S4 Mary Anne, only daughter doctrine 01 reciprocity advanced br BoKi^p-
of the Rev. James Leigh Bennett of Tliorpf Vtmkp, and Bet forth in Dtfoe'n 'Essav on
Place, Surrey, and by her had four chii- the Treaty of Commerce with France,' 1713.
I
Such genersl tiieories as it did contain were
[FoB-s's Lives of the Judges; Times, 25 Oct. buFf d without alteration upon the treatise
!

1879 ; Lav Times. 8 Not. 1878 ; Law Journal, (reprinted in 1713) of Thomas Mun [q. v.],
sir. 6A7. 723 Solidtors' Joomal, 1 Nor. 1870.1 showing that the otject of commercial piolicy
;

J. A. H. wns'to eiirron5e the exportnfinn of our com-

KINDLEMARSH. [Sea EnrwBi^ modities
and to decrease the consumption of
IIRRSU.]
' The British Merchant' en*
firaeiffn wares.'
joyeaunique authority during the forty years
KING, CHARLES {/1. 1721), writer on following its publication, and its statistics

eeonomics, a London menibant in the reini (though by no means invariably accurate)

of Queen .\nnr', wrote several papers in the on I{r!tih commerce, the extent of markets,
' British Merchant,' a periodical which ap- price of labour, and kindred subjects render
peared twiee a week during the snmnm of It indispensable to the hi.'^torian of commevM
171dj at tha time of the propoeed tieatj of during the early Qeofgian eta. The book was
 King
npttblubed in 1743, but there i no evideace
10 dum if SSaf was Uviag at tlut time, or
if he wM
identical with the Charles Kinp of
Wwtminrter HaU.' printer and publisher,
who MMMd thft *Trite agnmat Popery of
Kichael Gedtle- 'q. v.' in 1 7 1 H, and t he ' Gene-
ralTreatise of Mortaiitv of ilichard Fiddea ' in October 1836, and was elected scholar of
[q.T.]ial734.
[iBromatioii Uiidly rapptiad hj W. A. 8.
Hii", wq., of Oxford; Tindal's {>>ntinuation
a( Bapin, ri. 83 Bojer'a Qn&driennium Anne
;
King
KINO, CllAliLES WILLIAM (1818-
1888), author of worka on angraTed frems,
' was born on 5 Sept. 1818 at Newport, Mon-
mouthshire, where bia father was engaged aa
' a shipping agent in the iron trade. He en-
tered Trinity College, Canibridg*', as a sixar,
hie college in 1889, and IGbIIow in 1849. He
gnuluut>'d in 1840 as aixth in class I. of the
cla:^sical tripos. About 1842 King went to
Italy, and there apentaeTaral yeara atudying

Pwirvmuni, yol. W. Lee'!* DcI'm', i. 215 thi! Italian litnguago and literature and in
; ;

Ikilj Conrant. 3 Jan. 1734 ; Hist. Bag. (Chvon. collecting ant i(|iie gems, which he procured
DuTj\ Ap. 1721 ; NIeholi't Lit. Aneed. tIU. at moderate prices, especially in Borne and
m. Willi^ s Current Notes. 18.j6, p. 38; M'Cul- Florence. King aft erward.s increased his col-
loch't Litentture of Pul. Keen., and bis edition of lection by many gems purchased of Eastwood,
Aim Smith's Worka, xxiv. ., xxxv. n.; Mac- the London dealer, and acquired s|iecimana
[bMMB'a Annal8,iii. 30: R(Mcber,i.279; Watt's at the sale in Londun of several itnportant
SbLBrit.; Brit. Mas. Cat] T. S. cabinets, such as the Merteus-Schaat hausen
(Praun), the Hertz, and the UsielU. The
CHARLES (1687-1748), musical
KINO, collection, formed between IS 15 and 1877,
eoinpoter, the son of dtarlea and Siuuy King, ultimately consisted ut' >'>! engraved stones,
.

-iv&_s Bury St. fldmnnds in 1687, and

U,rn at
more than two-thirds of which were Greek
WM baptised in St. Clary's Church in that and Roman, the remainder being Sa^^sanian,
tows o June 1608. He tteeame a eboriater Gnostic, and Oriental. About 1878, when
f St Piiurs Catbedral, under Dr. Blow and
hl8 eyesight was seriously failing, King sold
Jvmiah Clark, and was subsequently ap- his collection, and it is now in the Metro-
poiotad superanmerary singer in tbe same
politan Museum of Artat New Vurk, tu which
choir at an annual salnr^- of 14/. On 12 July
It was presented in October 1881 bv Mr. John
1707 he proce<led to the dt'grew of Mus.Bac.
Taylor Johnston, the nresident of that insti-
at Oxford, and in the same year married
CkTV<i fristfr. At Clark's death (1 Dec.
tution. A catalogue has been printed, with>
out change, from King's own manuscript
17u7) Kitij/ received the appointments of
(dated 28 Feb. 1878), with the title, The
timonfr ana ' master of the children' of St.
Johnston Collection of Engraved Gems'
Paul'*, and in 1708 was elected, in addition,
(Metrop. Mut., New York, Handbook No. 9).
to the poet of organist of St. Benet Finck,
Three Greek marbles which belonged to King
Roval Exchaiiife. In 1730 he was nomi- are described by Michaelis in his 'Ancient
n&t-d & vicar-ouoral of St. raul's, and held
Marbles in Groat Britain,' pp. 271-2.
thai office with hin orgamst^bip until hia
After King's return from Italy his life waa
dettboairMarch 1748. chiefly spent at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Kinff composed a !arp nnml>er of anthems
He was in holy orders, but bad no cure. At

aad church 5er>'ice8 a fact which gave rise to
Cambridge King paued a venr retired exist-
Xaniee Ofeene's remark that Mr. King ence, engaged in l3tM comfKNiition of Tariona
'

WW The titles of works, but taking no part in flic imIiu atlonal

a very nern'reable man.'
hii best-known works are: 1. Anthems
life of tbeplaoe. The few friends who knew
'
R4^aioaiBthe Lord," Hear, 0 Lord,' O pray
*

him well round him a kind-hearted man and

'

far the peace of Jeru.salem,' Wherewithal a delightful c<Tnipii!iion, full of curious know-
'

AsU a young man.' 2. Services in F, C,

ledge and quaint humour (Aldu Wjuaht
B flat, and D, which are still occasionally
in AtkmuBfmiC). He waa WMely read in the
perfwmed. Four of his anthems are to be
Greek and Roman classics, without having,
fwrf in Page's * Harmonia Sacra,' and two however, a n'""*^ philological knowledge.
ia Sterens's ' Sacred Muflic* Other of his He had apeeially atudied Phuiaaaiaa ud
coapositions are included in Arnold's * Ca-
Pliny's TTi-^toria.*
'
His sliort-si^htednesa
tWriJ Music,' and tbe Tudway Collection
always rendered reading dillicult for him,
Harl MSS. 7rUl -2). Some services an<l an-
(

though he had a ' mioraaeopic power of dis-

theiaa by King were published separately
cernment ' for objects such as gems. His writ-
1869 and 1866. HawUna Yemarka that
inga on ancient jwms are original, and evince
*KingV ri )rity wn.!^ duo rather to indo-

face
irtt*.

thrill \v;int of ability.'

the expoienoe m
the practical collector. In
England thpy have etimulated an interest in
[Owcnaa Era,612 Diet, of Mas. 1824
ir. ;
;
glyptography, though they are often marred
QranralNat.: pwUh ngtatsn.] JL,B,U by dafiwU da* to iaauflkiaBt ftumiiinatifi and

biyiiized by Google
archftiological training.KingQIed in Ijondou,
after a brief illness, of a bronchial cold, on
26 Mfirch 1888, Thero is a portrait of him,
in a travelling costume, by George Mason, one
of his friends Vfhen in Rome.
Kinof's principal publicutions are 1. * An-
tique Goms,' London, 1860, 8vo. 2. 'The
Onostia* and their llemainn,' London, 1804,
8v6; 2nd fulit l/mdon, 1887, 8vo (for a con-
troversy to nusprinta and alt<ratioiis in
this edition see Athenfr^nn, January-June
1888, pp. 'Wl, 4(X, 499, 635, 662, t)06).
*The Natiiml History ... of Precious
Stones and G<mis and of the Precious Metals,'
L<ind(>n. 186."5, Hvo ; nlso a
published rr 'The Natural History of Gems,
1 6o(!, oblong 4to, containing fifty en^ avings,
threo or fotir of them by Hollar. 2. A traiiR-
lation of the 'Universal of Dvaling, Way
by G. de Desargue.s,' IGoO, 4to CBrit' Mus.
Cat.) 3. 'An Orlh.;'r..i;ti;(al Drsi^rn (jf
: sevenill Viewes nport y* Koad in England and
Wales,' about 1060. He etched some plates
forDugdale's 'Monuticon.' On visitihg Ches-
ter in 10*K) he was received and entertained by
the Stationers' Company of that city. Wood
states that he made an imfortunate marriage,
and that after his wlfo had robbt d nnd lell
him, he died heartbroken near York Uousei
in the StfBiid, ehout 1661^
2nd edit, in 2 vol., [tTood's Athen.'o Oxon, (Blis\ iii. 60S ; T.
Hughes in Chester Archspol. Soc. Journal, ii*

or Decorative Stones,* Cambridge, 1867, 8vo, 2.), -i.-iG; Sir W. Dugdale'fl Diary (Ham|>ery, IW7.
atvl 'The Natural Ilistorv of Precious Ston^ p. Brvan'H Diet, of Painters and BneraTers
108 ;

and of lie Precious Metals,' 'urabridge, 1867,

1
(. (Graves), i." 732 ; IlrSt. Mas. Cat.] C. W. S.
8vo. 4. The Handbook of Engraved Gems,'
'
^
KING, DAVID, LL.D. (1806-1883),
Londori, 18(i6, 8ro 2nd edit. 188o, 8vo. ; divine,
^^lotti.^h < >n of John King (1762-
5. Horatii Opera/ illustrated by antique 1827), pastor of second united associate
iIk-

gems selected by C. W. K., 1869, 8vo. church in Montrose, bv his wife IBlizft, deuglk*
6. Antique Gems and Rings,' vol. i. text, f cr of Mr. Young, a Montrose merchant, w,m

vol. ii. illustrations, London, 1872, 8vo. born in Montrose on 20 3Iay 180(). iiiii au-
7. *Eurly Christian Numismatic and other ,
cestors had been tenants of Gifien Mill, near
Antiqunrinti Tmct*,' r,r.!i<1f>ii, 1878, 8vo. P'Mth, for s(.'Vi ral generations. King began
8. *Plu1 arch's Morals.' TrunsiatedhvO.W. K., hih education in liiu high school of Muut-
1882 ( Bobii'B Classical Library V 9. Juliaii '
I
rose, and matriculated at Aberdeen Univer-
the Emperor Theo-io^hieal Works,' Xc.
. . . I
Kity in 1820, but after a jear was ( niTi-^fi-rr- d
Translated bv C. W. K., 1888 (Buhn's Clos- by his parents to K<linburgh University.
atttal liilfMiy). IXere he iM cauie a good chi-ssical scholar 4tlkd
I

[^'. Wrij^ht in Athonn-um for 7 April

.\lilis
'showed a ta.-'te for .Hcii-iir'". Having com-
pleted his arts course at Juiuiburgh, he re-
I8^8,n. 441; Athciia>um fur 31 March 18SS. p.
4\i\ ACidemy for 7 April 1^8, p. 247; Oat. liiovtHl to Glasgow to study theology' under
of JobhMxNi Con. ; Brit. Mus. Oat] W. W. .Tolui l>trl: 'ij v.] of the secession church.
He was lict n.Hed as a probationer by the pres-

KING, DANIEL (d. 1 WW?), engraver, bytery of Edinburgh. On 13 Jan. 1830 he

son of William King of Clu-ster, l>aker, whs b.cfiMie minister iif the first unittMl seces^sina
m
I

apprenticed on .3 Sent. 1030 oainter for chunih of Dulkfith, and after tlie death >f
t 11 years to Randle Holme the elder [q. v.] Dr. Dick he removed to Greyfriars sect*s.siou
I

Aft t'r carrying on bn*^lnes for some yeah* at. church, Gla.sgow, 15 Oct. 18,'>.3. At (JIiis-
Chester, he removed to London, where in gow he disjjlayed marked orgauisiug power
1660 he The Vale lioyall of Eng-
|>ublished

I
and enthusiasm. He be^n a systemtitlc
land, or the County Paint iju' of Chesior il- series of missions to the poor; was the firnt
lustrated/ folio. This wa> WTltten by Williiiin to establish hcjun'sfor poor boys there and .set ;

8mitb;ll^lUitll Webb, and Samuel Lee, with I

ail appendix on the Isle of Mhu l)y Jnuv-*
Chaloher. The dedicatiuu uloue is by Kiiic;
ittdcd, Dngdale told Wood that he was nut
able to write one word of true En i>li-<h, being
a most ignorant, sillv fellow,' and niore<jver
an atraut knave.' The engravings to the
' Vale Tioyall are admirably done by King
' wa.s especially attractive to young men, vnd
himself iri the style of Hollar. The Vale
Rovall * is etnliodied in Ormerfd's Hi.story
of Chf>hir''.' 1819, and an abridgment with
notes by rhotnas Hughes, F.S..\., was pub-
lirjihod in 1862. King also published 1. The
Cathedral! nn irnu\-entuallCliurche<of En^,'-
land litid Wales OrthugraphicftUy Delineated,'
up clas.ses for the instruction of young iu-a
in both sMcr, <1 \in \ secular subjects. The Hr.-st
I
foreign uu-'.'nIou t* Trinidad connected jy'itU
ih* s -cemion church was originated bjr tiimf
and was supported during the early years oi
itsexistence principally through his exertions.
Hia refined and sympatheticstyleof preachinar
'
students of all denominations attended Liji
'
ministry in Greyfriars. He took a det-er-
niiued position in favour of the dise^tabli.-.Yi-
meut of the church, nnd was a^ociatetl
: ' with Lord Rrougham, O'Connell, and otlier
lenih r* of theriilie in the nut i-slavery mo\-, -_
ment of 1838. The univeraity of (ilait^ow

Digitized by Gopgle
 King- Kitigi

mkhmA the degree of LL.D. upon hitai In
140. He took n active part in the foun
dition of the Erangelical Allianop in 1846,
aadtMeaded many of the annual conferences
MM bk -iUiom ttaiM of Eikrope. He helped
U> briittr abont the union of the 8'r <f*ion and
relitf UMrohea in 1847 to form the united
p^b7trun efttcr^. Tti1S48MiHeaIth gnve
dried npe|cimens, Bitch as the ileo-caecal ralvb,
precRed in a lArge paper book, and he dia>
sected animals a? well hsi thf hunlah snlntet
(jSloane MS. 1906^LA>out 1666 he took a
ntfbiM in itattofe uftv4eii', krid was married
at Rt. Andrew's Church, Ilolborii, oa 20 Jithb
1U66, to Kebeoca Fblst^d of the adjoitiing
pariah nf fife. S^pttlchte. lH the same year

wlT, and he empldvt'd his t'liforced leifure in he published in the PliiloHophipftl Tfiinsac-
'

viaiting Jatufticft and mAking a tour throueh tiuns' a paper on the parenckyniatous partA
tfea tJBHwl ^mbk, wtmufaiir to Sootlkudln of lAia body, and tbainikfiiM, from micro-
th- llowlri^^ TKtr.
f( Until 18')3 he continued scopic observiitioh, that they contained enoT^
icUT0ljeiUNi|ped in the multifariouaaohemeR moufi numbers of minute blood^veasela. In
1667 the 'PUAMo^hltel Trattiaetioht' con-
cf>nip'^l!i-d him to re''it:rn hi'^ prmition at Oroy- tained a long flrrount hy him of the tfans-
frian Church 12 Feb. 1855. He retired to fnaion of the blood of a calf into k <kiea^y
KttemlifranfB tlieFllfth of Oyde; sHd ill 1860 mWk k Vir to itawving that (Mfe antmal nilMr
rr"i' \ d tri T.iitulnn.
. Unvitif: ""Ptth^d at Bay.-J- livp Arith tho bhvv] of another. Tho fxpori-
water, be founded a presbyterian congrega- luent was carefully conducted ,by means of
tioii tMv and lalonkd in ttate qtwrtar, aHald nn apparatus t4 pvfiM ahd qniin. In 160^
nisny di=cniimj^;i'nierit-8, till 1809. He still he published further mic^ntsmpic rt ii-Rrrht's
pn^ rved his connection with the united to show that glands consisted of tubes and
pK'fibyiiriaii Smtland, and waa
chwcih fit tMMdaAnly. Heifrasfbiid of thwett, aitoih
cbcwB moderator of t!if synod of that body 1667 published a paper on nnti. and in 1670
ia lUSif taking a prominent ahara in the one on leaf cutter bees (both in ' Philofto-
tofaawi at (1863-78) for tiM anion f tiw pbicalTWnuhlJtimM'). HalttdeitatdlMi tu^
fV-p charrh of Rootlaiid, the reformed pres- e^rgs of nnfs rriieroscopically, anii atUiAikl
'
brtKriaa church, the united presbyterian the ways of life in ant-hills. Hie is prbbAbly
clinnrh, and the nresbyterlan diafA Eng- m one <if the mve^tigators deibribed as aiitniah'
Tbmigh this uilion was only partially and beahnen by the T>nrh('ss of Newrri.'tle
realised, King's attitude helped tjpromote {Description of <i I^nr H'orld, 1U08. p. 15).
c6aelliatory feeling. In Maieli 18W ae> He was acquainted with IjOtd Afundel, Hit
ei^ed rtiW To the "Uinll congrepation of
ft William Petty, l>r. Needhatii, nnd KoVi^rt
JlflmirjjEri'idf'. near Jixlinhurgh, but in February Boyle, nnd some of his experinients were car-
1873 he wa forced to resign all ministerial rind oil at .\rund>l HboA^ in tha S^rknd.
wr.Tk. He died; after much trarel in aearch Sheldon, the archbishop of Cnnterbary,
of health, in London on 20 Dec. 1888. created him M.D,; he was incorporated at
King's pop^daiHy as b preacher ovei^ OiMlittMgliill671,andin 1677, on bringing
hadowed hi repntntion an a writ*>r, though a commendktory letter from the king, Waa
thefewlxwks which he wrote w-r<< very suc- admitted an honorary fellow of the Uollege
c*rfal. H is priticijml works were: 1. 'The of Ph vHiciaiis of London. He was acUliiiMd
Haling EKh-rship,' 184r>, wliieh went through a regular fellow 19 April 1687, being one of
three editions. 2. 'The lord's Suppt r,'lg46. the nominoe.s of Jaraes ir.s charter, and wus
ft <Om1o^ and Religion,' 1849, an attempt thus completely converted from a surgi-on
Ka twoncilifttion of the Bcriptural and scien- ihto a physician. He was krli^rhted and
tific aoeount of the creation, of which Ave sworn phy^iciun to the kin^in 1(570.
ditions were published. 4. * The Stat^ and On the mornina; of 2 Teb. IGHl King
.'5

Prosperta of Jamaica,' 1850. Volume of A was sent for by Cfiurles II. (^li-irl 's tjill^. d
ermona was published posthumously in incoherently, but the physician dvd nut u.Hctr-
1 with a itiemoir of him written by hts tain the ihorbid change at work (BtrRXET,
iridow, the datighter of Professor James History 6/vfy oifii rime, edit. 1724, i. 606).
Amhob (1786-1849) [q. v.], ahd sistar of Sir By Lbrd Pfetetborough's advice he paid a se-
yti^ nMoh, aftamidi LdMl Kalrin. cond visit to the bedchamber, and at thb
OOiab&itMi] A.k]L moment that he entered Charles fell dbwhin 4
fit. King bled him immediately. Charles
KING, Sir EDAfTTND
(1020 1700), gradually regkined consciousness. The other
^^juauxt bom in praotiaedt after ap- physiclins trao arrived approved the. bleed-
aMuwlii|] , to a t^uffim in iMmdott. ing, and the jwilTrboilhbil advised that King
Wl Rt first In Little Bi-itHin, And had a ahduld receive a reward of 1,000/. ; but as
annram in hit honse whldi be took pleasure thiat fapdy has nb comihand of funds, and aa
^ ' t IWlUiUlt B UmA t6 keep t^imt^pMt ntkX teriilhatton prevented

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King King
any expression of royal gratitude, Kiag never lege,Cambridge, on 9 June 1696, at the same
xeoeived his fee. King approved ot viper time as another brother, Roger, who was two
powder, but liked the volatile salt better years his senior ( College Admiuion Book). In
(original letter to Sir Hans Sloane). In 1630, in compliance with a royal mandate,
the ' Philosophical Trannactions for 1686 ho
' E(i ward was elected to a fello whip at Christ's.
published an account of the autopsv of Mr. Milton, who was also two years his senior,
Robert Bacon, a demented person, wno had a was at that time hoping to obtain a like dis-
Mlcified pineal gland in his brain, rnal and tinction. In the manaate, which is dated
vesical calculi and gallstones. He mentions 10 June, his majesty is said to be well ascer-
'

that he had dissected one hundred Imina. tained both of the present sufficiency and
In the preface to the Pharmaceutice Ra-
'
future hopes' of the new fellow (Baker MS,
tionalis of Dr. Thomas Willis [q. v.], who ix. 220). King, however, having been bora
became his close friend, King's dexterous in Ireland, his election, as the son of a York-
diseeotions are commended. His next obser- shireman, gave rise to some dispute, and the
vations (PAtV. Traiu.) were on animalculas questions arising out of his election wt^re not
in pepper. He had looked at them * with my settled until 1696 ((A. ix. 247). King did not
bert microscope/ and had noticed that when discredit the royal recommendation. He ap-
oats and some herbs were left in water, living pears to have been popular in the college, and
organisms became discoverable in it. He tried Milton himself became warmly attached to
the effects of sack, ink, sulphuric acid, and his rival, on account both of his amiable dis-
other fluids on these amoebea. In November position and scholarly taatea. During 1633-4
1668 he published a further paper in the Kin^ was prlector of his coU^, and the
' Philosopnical Transactions ' on the tubular adnussions are in his handwriting. He waa
structure of reproductive glands in men, also one of the tutors, and was looking for-
guinea-pigs, and bulls. He nad a consider- ward to the career of a parish priest. At the
able prawoe, from which he did not retire close of the academic year 1636-7 King set
till he was seventy-two, and thenceforward out for Ireland, on a visit to hia brother
he spent much time in the country. His own Itfjbert and two of his sisters. The vessel on
lota of strength compelled him in 1701 to which he had embarked left the estuary of
.
give up attending the aged Poet, Sir Cliarles the Dee, and was coasting in calm weather
Sedley, whose death he had foretold at his along the Welsh shore, when it struck on a
first visit, and he handed on tlie patient to rock and foundered. With the exception of
Sir Hans Sloane (ocigiual letters in Sloane a few who managed to get into a boat, all
MS. 4050). He died in Hatton Garden on board perished. Kin^ is said to hav^
30 May 1709. His portrait by Lely, which behaved with calm heroism ; after a vain
he bequeathed to the College of Physicians, endeavour to prevail upon him to enter the
and which hangs in the reading-room of the boat he was lelt on board, and was last seen
eoUige, represents him with a large aquiline Ima^ling on deck in the act of prayer (Ac-
nose and a dark complezioo. It waa en- count prefixecl to the Obaequiee). His death,
graved by Williams. according to Baker, took place on 10 Aug.
[Monk's Coll. of Pbvs. i. 448; Phil. Trana. (4 Id. Sextilis) 1637 but his name in thb
;

of the Royal Society Burnpt's Hiat. of his own

; audit books occurs in the list of Lady daj-
Time, London. 1724; Wilkin's Sir Thomas 16.38; it is also entered, but erased, in tho
Bnwne'a Works, London, 1836, i. .')2 SI iAiif
; 1 I^t uf midsummer 1638. His name, written
3. 1906 in liritih Museum ; Mr. EdwHni by himself in a small and very beautiful hand,
BiewBe't Journal; Sloane MS. 4050, ft 169. occurs in a college order written in an old
177, 179. The last, a letter on the dontb of lease book.
Sir Chsrles Sedley, is dated in error by Sir E. King's reputation for poetical ability in
King himself 1601 far 1701.] K. M. hardly sustained by his extant compositiona,
KING, EDWARD (1012-1037), friend of all of which were contributed to various col-
Milton, was younger son of Sir John King lections of poems by Cambridge scholars.
(d, 1637) [a. v.], at one time of Featilieroow They are as follows: 1. Four metrical com-
HliII, Nortnallerton, Yorkshin^, but after- positions in Latin, signed '
Ed. King, GolL
wards an active civil otlicer in Ireland. Ed- Christi 8ocius,' in pp. 36-9 of a volume en-
ward King, bishop of Elphin, vms his god- titled ' Qenethliacum illustrissimorum prin-
father, anu Sir RoW-rt King [q. v.] wim his cipum, Caroli et Marias, a Musis Cantabri-
eldest brother. Edward was born in Ireland giensibus celebratum,' Cambridge, 1631, on
in 1812, and eaems to have been partly edu- the occasitm of the birth of the Princess Maiy
catixl lit the school of Thomas Famaby [q. v.] on 4 Nov. 1681. 2. Some Latin iambtca OA
in London (cf. Juata EdovardoKitui . . 1638). pp. 43-4 of a collection of Cambridge verse*
Be wM xlBiittied a pensioon of Gbriil*! Col- <^brating the long's recovery uom ikm

Digitized by Google
 King
snali-pox in the wLntur of 1U32, and en-
in Keiris Exanthemata:
nea in^tulatio Musanim Uantab. de felicia-
imi' a.H!ervata Kegis Curoli valtitudine,' Gam<-
bridgv, 1633 (reprinted in Nichols'b Coileo-
ti'ji
f'f Pi>enu, vn. 76-85). 3. Latin iambics
ill a similar collect iun congratulating the
king on bis safe return from Scotland in July
16^, entitled I^x redux, sive Musa Canta-
' profession, but ho regularly attended the
bfigienaiA, etc., de inoolumitate eC felici re-
ditu Regis Ouoli poet receptam coronam
oomitiaque peracta in Scotia,' Cambridge,
16:^. 4. Latin iambics prefixed to Senile '
Odium,' by Peter Haueted [q. v.], 1033.
5. Latin el.:;,'iac8 in another collection on the
birth ol I lie Duke of York on 16 Oct. 1038,
aititled Ducis boracenais FaMsin a Musis
'
Cantabrigiensibus rapfim contextre,' Cam-
9 King
for a time at Clare Hall, Cambridge, as a
fellow-commoner. On 18 Sept. 1768 he waa
admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn, and waa
called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1783
(Lincoln** iim Jbi^tMar md Bar Book). An
ample fortune bequeathed to him by bis
uncle, Mr. Brown, a wholesale lineudraper
of Exeter, rendered him independent of nis
Norfolk circuit for some years, and was ap-
pointed noorder of King's Lynn. In his at-
tendance on the circuit he defended a lady
from a faithiees lover, and afterwards married
her. King was elected F.R.S. on 14 Mav
1767 (Thomson. IIi.it. of Roy. Soe, Append,
iv. p. lii) and KS. A. on 3 May 1770 (GtOUaH,
CAronoltfiealLitto/Soe. Aadiq. 1798, p. 23).
He con tn buted several papers to the Archax)- '

bridge, 1033. i5. Latin stanzas in a like col- logia,' among which were Remarks on the '

lecttM in honour of the birth of the Princess Abbey Church of Boxy St. Bounds in Suf-
Elizabeth on !>8 Dec. 1686, entitled 'Carmen folk (iii. 811-14), reprinted separately in
'

Nst4iUtimu ad cuiias illustrissimio priuci{)i8 177-4, Obsorvatioua on Autient Castles,' with

'

Eliiabetba) decantatum, intra nativitatia four plates (iv. 364-413), and ' Sequel lo A
Dumini solemnia, por humilea Cantabrigite Observations/ with thirty-one plates (vi.
mujtas, A.D. 1635.' 7. Iambic Latin venies 231-37r)), also issued seuarately in i7tt2. On
m axiother collection, which waa flntitled tha death of JetMnidi Milles [q. v.] at
'Zvw^i!a, sive Musarum Cantabrigienaium bruary King was elected nis suoceMor
eouctrntus et congrotulatio ad serenissimum in the presidency of the Society of Anti-
Hritannianun BljgBiB Oarolum de quinta sua ?uarie8 on the understanding that Lord De
subole, clarisfltma Priae^ ttlttntver falioM- 'errars (afterwards Earl of Leicester) would
lime nata, A.D. 1637/ assume the office on the ensuing 28 Ajpril
On the intelligence of hia death reaching (Nichols, Illustr. of lit. 461). Sang,
Cambridge, King's fate was commemorated however, sought to obtain ro-election, and
bj meml^rs of the university in % Miriee of that by the employment of ungenerous tac-
effiuions which clearly show that he had in- tics, but was defeated by an overwhelming
i|iid among hid friends no ordioary esteem nu^oritgr. His sneech <m quitting the chair
tti fegard. These compositions appeared in was pnnted, ana he tubaequently printed a
two parts, both printecl at the university letter in vindication of his conduct and re-
piMiiB 1638 i (Lo former containing twenty- flecting upon the earl, and thenceforward
tbes piecee in Lfttin and Qreek, including ceaaedto make any commonioationi to the
')nt? by I'.iniaby, was entitled 'Ju.sta Edo- Society (Nichols, Lit. Anectl. viii. 57).
vaido JiLing aaiitago ab anucia moareutibus, King's first separate work appeared in 1767
oria t funtoff The aeoond part under the title ' An Enaj on the EngUrii m
cootiuns thirteen Luglish {lOeui.s, and is en- Constitution and Government,' 8vo. Tn 1780
titled 'Obsequiee (0 the Memorie of Mr. he issued, without hia name, Hymns to the '

Edwaid King, AonoDom. 1688.' Oftheae Suprane Being, in ImitatioB of the Eaatem
Milton's Lycidas' is the last. Milton pro- Song8,'8vo,of whirh two editions were issued
'

baUy modBlled hia poem alter an Italian in 1795 and 1798. In 1786 he circul&ted, also
entitled 'FhylUa,' in wUeh FhynWb anonymously, Proponale fttt Eatablidiing at
'

ifh ij.bemnaned by a shepherd called Sea a Marine School, or St^inary for Sea-
Lyadaa \ the author, Actius iSyaoerus Saanar men,' &c., 8vo, in a letter addressed to John
Miiw, was one of MiltOB^ &vonrite poeta.
[M&iMwja'a Life ofJCUtos, toI. i. information
Vtws, vice-president of Marine Society.
Jonas Hanway, in a report made to tlie so-
^
;

^plisd fmn ooUege docnmanta by Dr. Peil, ciety in July of that year, had j>ropoaed a
Kf Ohriat**OeU6ge; letter by Pkofcnor large manne aehool on land. Kmg p<rinted
J- w. liiH is AthnMia, Jlj 1891,
pp. 159- out objection* to this .scheme, and suj/pested
1C.] J. B. M. the fitting up a man-of-war as a marine school
( cf. Gent. iiag. vol. Iv. vt. ii. pp. 904-5). Tn
KING,KDWAI:D (1735 P-1807),mi8cel- 1788 lie publisbi'd
Mornels of Criticism,
kaeoujj writer, burn about 1735, was the only some few passages in the
tendint; to illustraU^
OQ of Edward Kingof Nonnoh. Hoffendied BUtf Scriptures, upon philooopbicalprinoiplea
fOL. XI.

biyiiized by Google
 King King
and IB enlArged visw of tUngs,' Urge 4to. * Remarks in 1799, bat this was demolished
'

Among other abAurdities King attompted to by Biahop Horsley in ' Critical Disquiaitioiu
prore that John the liaptist was aa angel on the Eighteenth Chapter of laaiah, in a
rpom heaven, and the tame who ionnerly ap- letter to E. King,'4to, 1799 (r?*n/. Mag. vol.
peared in the person of Elijah. The work Ixix. nt. ii. pp. 49ft 50.? In 1803 King pub- ).

on its first appearance was severely criticised lishea anonymously Honest Apprehensions '

hw Richard Qougb v.] in the ' Gentleman's or, the unbiassed Confession of Faith of
. . .

Magazine (vol. Ivid. pt. i. pp. 141-6). A a plain honest Lay-man,' 8vo. It is strictly
'

notice of the book in Mathias's 'Parsuits oithodox. King died on 16 April 1807,
of Lttmture ' created some demand for it, aged 72, and was buried in the churchyard at
and a second edition, to which was added a Beckenham, Kent, where was his countrv
'supplemental part designed to show, still seat, The Oakery,' on Clay Hill. He had
'

more fully, the {wrfect consistency of philo- read much, was exceedingly tenacious of his
sophical discoveries, and of historical fact.4, opinions, and would contend with aa much
with the revealed Will of Qod,' was pub- zeal for the genuineness of the correspondence
lished in 1 800 (3 vols, folio), and also a second between St. Paul and Seneca and of the
part of the quarto edition {Literary Memotn apocryphal writings as for the canonical
<if Uvmg Authonf i. 388). In 1793 King books. His collections of prints and draw*
published 'An Imitation of the Prayer of ings were sold by auction in 1806.
Abflif' and during the same year ' Com^idera- [ChalMMC^a Blo|r. Diet] O. O.
tions on the Utility of the National Debt:
aad on the Present Alarming Crisis ; with a KINO, EDWARD, YiiMm Knrao^
SlMttt Flan of a Mode of Relief,' 6vo. In 1 796 BOBoveu (1795-1837), bom on 16 Nov. 1796,
he wrote some whimsical ' Bnark8 concern- was eldest son of George, third earl of Kings-
ing Stones aaid to have faUanfrom the clouds, ton, by Lady Helena Moore, only daughter
b& in theee dn^ and in antient times,' 8vo, of Stephen first earl of Mountcadiell fB VBXi,
,

occaflioned by a supposed shower of stonea in Peerage, 1891, p. 789). After his fattier auo-
TuHcany on 16 June of that year. King's ceeded to the earldom in 1799 be was known
next treatise, odled 'Vestiges of Oxford by the courtesy title of Viscount King-
Cn.<!tle
; or, a smell fragment of a work in- borough. He matriculated at Oxford from
ttiadtid to be published speedily on the His- Exeter College on 25 June 1814, and in
tory of Ancient Castles, &c., fol., London, Michaelmas term 1818 gained a second class
1 79^>, wafl followed by his great work entitled in classics, but did not graduate (Fo0TEB,
*
Munimenta Antioua ; or, Observations on Alumai Oxon. 1716-1886, ii. 794), In 1818
andant Castles, includingminarks on the . . . and again in 1820 he was elected M.P. for
progress of Architocture ... in Great Britain, Cork county, but resigned his seat in 1828
and on thu changes in . . . Laws and
. . . in favour of his youn^brother Robert (Xm^
Customs (with Appendix), 4 vols. fol. Lon- of Memben of Parlutmmt, pt- il)
'

don, 1799-1806. The book is full of foolish The eight of a Mexican manuscript in the
theories, misplaced learning, and blunders, Bodleian Library determined King to devote
but the importanea of its j^ana and details, his life to the study of the antiquitien of that
despite inrtcoiiracies, is generally reeognifed country. He promoted and edited, with
by antiquiint'.^. Tx)ui Dutens having taken co|>ious notes, a magnificent work entitled
exception to King's theories on the invention 'Antiquities of Mexico, compriaingfiusBimilaB
of the arch in ' Recherches sur lo terns le plus of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hiero->
r^ul6 de 1' usage des voiites chez les ancient,' glyphics preserved in . . . various Librariea,
4to, 1805, King anticipated IdaflKUtk volume with the Moaii wimH f New Spain,
togtither
by publishing auring the fi&me yoaran 'Tntro by M. Diipaix, with .accompanying De- . .

duction of twenty-one pages, in which he

' The whole illustrated by many
Kcriptions.
vigorooely defended his views. Dutens con- valuable Manuscripte by Augustine Aglio/
tinued the controversy in three more tract*, to9 vols imperial fol., Ixmdon, 1830-48, in-
w^hichKin^ replied in an 'AMendix to Muni- cluding sixty pa^es of a projected tenth
'
'

ONDta Antiqua' issued in labSb In 1 798 King vol ume. Four copies were printed on vellum ,
|

wroteanother extraordinary pamphlet called with the plates colour<>d. It is said that the
'Remarks on the Signs of the Times,' 4to, in work was undertaken by the encouragement
[
'

which he demonstrated the ^nuinenesA of t he and with the advioe of Sir ThonnaPluUippay
second book of Edra. Imtated by GoughV in whoite collection many of the manuscripts
critique on this tract in the ' Gentleman's and drawings used in it wt>re prwserveQ
MagBlint* (vol. Ixviii. pt. ii. pp. 691-3), he (Macbat, JmntA <jf the Boi/Man Library,
I

wrote a violent letter to the printer, J ofm 2nd pdition. p. The drift of King's
Nicbola. King addad a * Supjplemeut to luii speculations ia to establish the oolooiaatioii
'

Digitized by Google
 King King
editioBorOraidaii's'BritMNun.' Wkflee^.
King upwanls of 32,000/. and his life. gnged on the last work King travelled into
with debt, be
prt s^oAl wm
anestod at tbe suit Essex with a surveyor named Falgate, and
of s pap^r auHrancturar, end lodged in tbe in the wintw of theyeonstmoted nwpa
sh^nn s prison, Dublin, whers he died of of Ipswich in Suffolk and Maiden in Essex,
tjphiu fever oa 27 Feb. 1637, and was buried which went aiterwarda 'very curiously
Ik MitehelrtowB. He wai unmarried. finiihed/ King also imisted in drawing the
(0at. Mag. new Mr. ni. 637-3 Ann. Reg.
;
map of London, subsequently engraved by
19S7; Webb's CompendinB of Irish Biog. p. 276 Hollar, and lie superintended its production.
AiiiboM s Diet.] ^ Q. Q. He pngeeted Mid nnaagad n lottnry of boolni
to recoup Ogilbv for the expenses incurred
KSm, Mm. FRANOES BLDSABETH in these uncbrtakiags, and n aimilar lottery
(1757-1821 ), authored. [See under Knra,
whieh he raperinteiided fat Brietol fldr
RicHJUU), 1748-1810.]
pro\ very profifablo. He next edited the
KINQ, GREQORY (1648-1712^, herald, 'Book of Koads,' dieting the notes and
gcnealoffist, en^ver, and itatlatieiaa, bom dbeeiing^ tlie engnmnga, three or four of
stLkhfi^^ia. StalTordshire, on 15 Dec. 1648, which he executed with his own hand, these
VIS eidtitit son of Gregory King of that city, being hiaearliest experiments withthe graver.
bj his first wife, EVsabetb, dau^ter of J. He undertook on hn own account the map
Andrews of Sandwich, Kent. His father, an of WoKtmiiiHtcr (1675), and with the anisl-
seeomplished mathematician, grained a live- anee of Falgate completed it in a year. After-
lihood by surveyinsr land, laymg out orao- wards he was emplojred in engraving the
meotsl gardens, and constructing sun-dials, letter-work of maps. He oontukued to en-
but his habite were irregiilar and his income grave from 1675 to 1680, and compiled a
precanons. The son was educated under Sirtion of Francis SandfoordVi < Genealogical
ThoMBB Bevans, head-master of Lichfield istory of the Kings and Qnaeni of England,'
ftammar school. When he left school at while his friend tiM author wm
proattated
me age of fourteen he knew Latin and Greek by illness.
tod the Hefavew grammar. In December London waa indebted to King Ibr the lay-
1662 hebecame clerk to Sir William Dugdale ing out of the streets and squares in Soho
NorroY king of arms. Dugdale held Fields. Soho Square was formerly called
T.],
niMtation of the whole of his province be- King's Square, and Rimbault soggestt that
twi^n 1662 and 1666, and in many of the Greek Street, Ibrmerlv Grig Street, was so
aorthem counties his little elark, who was called alter King's christian name. Many
very small for his age, dalineated ' the pso- of tlie first building artidee or Imsm fal
Sfeeta of towns, castles, and other remar- various ftmU of Lonaoa mn
dniwm i^ fay
^uafaies,' besides emblazoning armorial bear* him.
nMiB vellum. At the Coll^ of Arms he formed a close
"fe^Tween 16^i7 and 1809 King was in the friendship with Thomas Lee, Chester herald
service who was forming a
of Lord Hattou, and the Earl of Norwich, deputy earl-mar-
eoUection of the arms of the nobility. In on Lee^s leeommemdntion, created him
shal,
16iJ9 he returned to Lichfield, where he Rouge Dragon pursuivant on 24 June 1677
aonorted himself by teaching writing and (Noble, QMt^of Arm,^.'2M). In Michael-
itttnetic, by paintm^ hatchments, signs, mas term of that year King brought an
ffid poaches, and by giving instruction in the action for libel in the court of king's bench
I'v pherment of ancient records. He like- against one who had chargtMl him with
w:-^ tmnscribed the family muniments of cheating (Kbul% Apert, ii. 266).
Walter Chetvrynd [q. v.] of Ingestre. At In ln80 he removed from his house in
tbe end of 10if39 he became the steward, Covent Garden to the college. He assisted
mAot, and secretary of the Dowa^ Lady Sir Henry St. G(eorge, Norroy king of arms,
Qcnrd of Gerard's Bromb<y, widow of in hiB visitations in 16R1 and 1682; and in
Charles^ and mother of Digby, lord Gerard, 16S4 he was nominated by the Duke of Nor*
fift reaided with the ladys father, Geoi|;e folk to the oflM of lagistrar of the Ckilkft ol
Digby of Sandon, StAflbrdshirf until
, August Anns. He was consulted about the corona-
167^ wb^ be came back to London. Un the tion of James II and his queen, and was the
rM30flUB!iHlationQdrHoUar the engraver, John principal author of tbe superb volume oa*
Orilbv tbe printer employ^ him to etch taining descriptions and splendid engravings
pistes for Sir Peter Leycester's Historical of that ceremony (London, 1667, fol.), though
;
Aatiquttiee ' ibr the edition of JFMm't be alio wed Iteob todted to affix his name
'

Fsb!r'f2 vol*. I ondon, 1672-3, 8vo), the to thp title-|wig. King contented himMf
'UMcn^tion oi i'enuA {^iO tiiJf and for a new with oa-Uurd of the pxohts, but tbe book
'

Digitized by Google
 Kingr 131 King
did not appear until juRt 1)efbire the landing Strength of Oreat Britain.' Chahnen, who
of the Pnnce of Onm^e, nn<\ tlic nuthors drew att<'nlioii to Kiti^r'n ori^nftlity a a
baielyclearedtheirexpenHefl, which amounted knowle^[ef
political arithmetician, his local
to nearly 600/. (Nobt.r, pp. 823, 824). and identific methods, appended to the * Ob-
In 1687 King assistod Sir I ft'tiry St. George servations' twn other tracts by King-, vi/.
in his visitation of London. After thurevo- ' j A
Scheme of the Inhabitants of the Citj of
lotion he was engaged in the oeremonial of Oloueetter,' hud hefbfe the board of trade
i

"Williainniul Mnry'KCoronatioii,nnJ siK'feeded in 1696, and *A Computation of the l''n-

Sandford, who resigned on account of his dowedUospitalaandAlmahouses in England,'
.

Jacobite sympathies, in tlw effloe of Laocas- presented to the same board in 1697. Another
'

ter liprnld. took part in the investitures

Jit;
with the insignia of the Garter of the elector
ofBraiidenbuTv(afterwaidaWedefickI,king
of Prussia) in 1689 and of the Duke of Zell
in 1601. He was sent to Dresden on similar
business in 1696, and isTeated John George,
eltu lor of Saxony, ^vitll tlic insignia of tne
order in January ; the elector died next
of King's statistical undertakings was *A
j
Scheme of the iiates and Duties granted
{ to his Majasty upon Marriages, Births, and
: Burials, and upon llatchelors and Widowers,
|
for theterm of five years from May 1, 1096,'
, London, 1696, fol. An isteraeting account
of the cliiff nntiHusions in King's * Tt-ry
valuable estimate is given by Mr. Lecky in
'

year, and the iaafeallntion at Windsor took
place on Ti July 1694, after his death. A
quarrel with the earl-marshal renectinff the
arrangementi at the ftuMfal of Queen Mary
led to King's dismissal from the office of
registrar, and a charge brought against him
his ' England in the Eighteenth Oentory,* i.
500-1.
King's heraldic orgeneal^ncal works are
1
1. <The Order of tin InstalutioB of Frinee
Georgeof Ponmnrk, Pharles, Dukp of Somer-
set, and George, Duke of Northumberland,
|

by the eoil of embeminff feea caused him to j

at Windsor, April 8, 1684,' London, 1684, foL
be temporarily suspendea from service in the 2. 'The Order of tho Installation of Henry,

ooUege. He became, however, secretary to I

theeonmiidoiien fbr taking and itatiiigthe
public accounts and also secretary to tlip con-
trolleraoftheaoconntsof the army. He was
a 1710a eaadid^ for the patent of Claren*
cieux, and wrot a long letter to Harley
stating his claims, but, as his biographer,
Duke of Norfolk, Henry, Earl of Peter-
borouji^h, and Lanrmoe, Ekirl of Bocheater,
at Windsor, July 22, 1686,' London, IGHf),
fol. 8. 'An Account of the Geremonv of
investinj^ his Electoral Highness of Bran^en-
burgh with tlio Ordpr of the Oarter,' London,
1090, 4to. 4. The usual Ceremony observed
'

Chalmers, puts it, the wit of his rival, Sir by the Lord High Steward and Peers of
John Vanbrugli, ' prevailed over King's arith- Oroat Britain, the ofTicors of the Court, their
ntf^Vflf * He died on 29 Aug. 1712, and woii asiHtant and attendants, on the Arraign-
bniied in the chancel of the church of St. ment and Trial of some Peer or Peeress . .

Benet, Paul's Wharf, where a handsome for Treason or Felony,' London, 1746, fol.
mural monument of stone, with an inscrip- 6. ' The Visitation of Worcester, b^un by
tion in English, was erected to his memory. Thomas Mfty, CHieeter, and Gr^ory King,
Hemamed,fir8t,lJuly 1674,Anne,daugh- Ronge Dragon 1082, and nnished by
. , .

ter ofJohn Powel of Firley in the parish of Henry Dethick, Richmond, and the saii
Forthampton, Glouce8te^^hi^(' secondly, in Rou^a^ Dragon
; 1683. With additions by . . .

1701,France8Qrat*fin, bywhora hehadtJaee Sir Thomas Phillippe, Bart. Edited by

children, who died in infancy.
all
King was a man of remarkable versatility.
As a herald and genealog-ist ho was the equal
of his ma.ster, Sir William Duj^dalt' ; ajid oa
a statistician hesurpassed Sir William Petty.
His chief statisliful work is entitled
'Natural and Political Observations and
Conclusions upon the State and Condition
of England. I9f5' (Thorpb, Ott. of MSS.
W. 0. Metcalfe,' Exeter (privately printed).
1883, 4to. 6. ' The Visitation of Oowd^ Um
of Gloucester, begun by Thomas May,
Chester, and Gregory King, liouge Drap-oii
...and finished by Henry Dethick, liwh-
mond. and the said Rouge Dragon. With
additions. Edited by T. Fitz-RoyFenwick,
i and W. 0. Metcalfe, Exeter, 1884 4to.
Rome of King's colkctions are printed in
'

pt. V. for l8o9, p. 62). It supplies the best Arthur Coliius's Proceedings, Precedents,
'

aoonunt accessible of the population and ! and Arg[wnenti in Claims and Controversies
concerning BaroniMI bjy Wlit nd Other
wt>nltli of Ensrland at the close of the seven-
teeuth century. Some extracts from it were Honours,' 1734.
published by Charles Davenant, but the rea- t An autobiography bringing King's career
tise itself was not published till 1801, when down to his qusn^l with the earl-mnrhal,
George Chalmers added it. with a notice of entitled Some Miscellaneous Notes of the
i
'

Kine^ to hia'EBtiniattof thnOonipainti?|BiitSlMnontio%>nd Adftmaaant of Qm-

 King 33 King
p ryKinff/remains In manuscript in the Raw- pruft'STd, tho pnnu'tta; of his vocation, and
linsoD collection in the Bodleian Library. It the fint sermon that ever be made. He did
w{L pnatd in the appendix to BaUaway's xeeaonnhlT well, hnt' notliiag eactraordiBaiy,
'Inquiries into the Origin and Progres* of being ratncr slow of utterance and orator
the ocieDce of Heialdxy in England,' GloueeB- parum vehement,' About this time King
tar, 1798, 4to, aad alto ia the anonymous married Anne, eldeet daughter of Robert
'Heraldic Miscellanies),' I/mdon, n.d.4to. Berkelwy, fs([ ,ntid prnnddaughter of Sir
The foUowing writii:^ of Kinff have not Maurice Berkeley. There were four or five
htm printed: 1. Letter to H. t. George children of the manriage, but only two snr-
li -^rif)injr a masquerade at the Court of vived. His wife died about 1624, and was
I^n &aen, 10 Feb. 1699 (Brit. Mua. Addit. buried in St. Paul's CathedraL From his
MS. em,f. 44). 9. Ordinaiy of Anne (Addit. elegy on her we leani that aiie had hanty
MS. 2669^0. 3. Transcripts of the Council reached her twenty-fourth year.
Books of the reign of Edward VI (Addit. After his father's death, on Good Friday
IIS& 14024-6). 4. Anna of Families ofthe 1621, and tho circulation of the fnlsr rumonr
mme of Russell (Addit. MS. 26090, f. 28). that he luul died in communion with the
& Heraldic Miscellanies (Uarl. MSS. 6591, church of ilome, King preached a sormou (on
6II, 6882, 6838). John XV. 20) at St. Paul's Cross, on 25 Nov.
King painted a pack nf rnrds with the 1021,' I'pon Occasion of lint falgeund scanda*
1

amu <^ tix9 Engliafa nobilitv m imitation of lous Report touching the i>up]Hmed Apostasie
*Claad Oranoe Fine BriaaiDe.' of ... J. IQng, late PLhop of London,' 4to.
'King's .\utobi(gr!iphy
; Chnlmer8*H Memoir He wns made canon of Christ C'hurcli 3 March
of KiDir; Gent. Mag. 1800, pt.i. p. 973, vol. xc 1628-4, and John was made canon in the fol-
pt. 1.
p. 233; M'CuUoch'a lit. Pol. Ecoa. p. lowing August. Ob 19 May 1625 thev were
110 .Soblo's Collegi- of Arms, pp. 294, 313, 324,
; admitted to the degrees ol B.l). and D.D.
J35; Nichols's Lit. Anccd. i. 98;
Ham} r'8 Life as acctinmlators and compounders, and ou
ofDogdale; Macauhiy's Hist, of England, chnp. 10 July (Act Sunday) they both preached at
iii. ;
PpT'!f M'-nicirs, v. 183 ] T. C. St. Mary^s, the elder in the mommg and the
KING, HKNUY (1592^1669), bu-^hop of younger in the afternoon, the two sermons
Chichester, eldest son of John King [a. v.], being published together, with the appn^
bii-hop of TiOndon, hv liis wife, Joan Free- priate motto, '
Behold, how good mid fiow
man, waa baptised tit \\ orzuiughall, Bucking- pleaiiant it is for brethreu to dwell together
hamshire, 16 Jan. 1591-2. R^MTt King, first in unitie.'
biihojf "f < )xford [q. v.l, was hi** pr't-pTind- Kinf'H amiability endf.trod him to his
ancle. lie wiis educated at Wesliuinster, friends. Among these were lien Jonson,
'Khtnce, in 1608, he was elected, with his George Sandys, Sir Henry Bloimt, and James
brother John [see under Kino, John, D.D., Howell. His friendsliip with Iz;iak Walton
loiid .9-1621], student of Christ Church, Ox- began about 1C24, mid continued till death.
fori The brothers were matrioulnted 20 Jan. I le was on toriusof closest intimacy with John
ltii)^9, and were admitted on the same days Donne (1678-1 ti'U) [q. v.], who appointed
(19 June 1611 and 7 July 1614) to the de- him one of hi e.xecutora, and bcqueatiiiMl to
pym of bacludor and master of arts. On him the gold modal struck in commemora*
24 Jan. 1616-16 Henry was collated to tho tiou of the sjmod of Dort. An elegy by King
prebend of St. Pancras in the cathedral of St. is prolixed to the l(i33 edition of Bonnes
I'luls, receiving at the same timn the office poems.
of penitentiaij or confessor in that cath' From time to time he published sermons.
ini, together with the rwtory and patronaffL' In 1636 appi'ared A Sermon of Deliverance,'
'

"f Olio*.-!!. K-ts'-x. lie was mode arcli- 4to, preacned on Easter Sunday at the Spittle
itcua of Colciieater on 10 April 1617 and by request of the lord mayor and aldermoi
me aftarwarde reodTed the rineome ieo> in 1627 'Two Sermons, preached at White-
ton,- of p'ulham, in addiliou to bfliig ap- hall in Lent, March 3. 1025. andFebruarie 20.
Fwted one of the royal chaplains. ^ All IQ2&1 4to i and in 1628 'An Expoeition u|K)n
iksn wious preferments he held until he the ILord's Fnyer. Deliuered in certaine
WW advancwJ to the episi-opsil bt-iicL. Cham- Sermons in tlu' Patbedrall Church of St.
bcUiu, in a letter to Carlfton, dated 8 Nov. PavV 4to ; 2nd edit. 1634. On 6 Feb. 1638>
l617,MDtion9 that 'young King, the Bishop 16S0, sliortly after the death of hie brother
<f London'- . Ml Hi son,' had prfficln d a
.-w r- .Idliij, lif was made dean of Rochester, and
Mtt at Paul's Cross. * It waa thought,' he on 6 Feb. l(>Al-2, the dny after the loids bad
vritBB, *a bold part of them, both tibat so eoneented to pass the hul fbr depriving the
y '-^j^ a nuin slmiild play his first prizt'.s in bi;<hnpa of their votes, he was elevated to tliu
kuch a place and such a time, it being, as he fi ol Chichester, being also presented to the

Digitized by Google
 King 34 King
rich rectory of Fetworth in Suaaex. He wm
In 1659 Kioff waa engaged in negotiations
residing ai Ub epiaeopal palace wbettOU> fcr fupplying uo TioMife mahopries, and ki
tho next yoar returned to Chichi-.^tpr. "Wood
ehester surrendered to the parliament in 1 B i.?.
In hia will he complains that his Ubrarv was says that at the Reatoration he became di- '

aeiMd 'contrary to the oondicdn and ooa> ooDtMited, aa I hare heard, and a tvnwnt
tracte of the Generall i\nd Counsel! of warre thereupon of tho presbytcrians in bis diocese.*
at the taking of that Cittie.' Walker (Suf- On 29 Ma;^ lOOl, bein^ the happy day of
'

/erny of the Cleiyy^ ii. 63) declares that he
was * most Barbarously Treated.' lie -wa,^ li>-
priyed of the rectory of Fetworth, which waa
given by pariiammt to Francis Cheynell,
and by a resolution of the House of ('oro-
mons, 27 June 1643, his estates were ordered
to be forthwith sequestrated, a petition for
delay being rejected on 3 Oct From 1613
his majestna mauguration and birth,' he
prenclu fl a sormon (published in 1661, 4to)
at Whitehall, and on 24 April 1662 he de-
livered an impreaaive fiinoral aermon (pub-
lished in 1062, 4to) on Bishop Duppa at
Westminster Abbejjr* In 1662 be published
'Articles of Viaitation and Enquiry',' 4to ; in
1663 A Sermon preached at I/ewis in the
*

to 1051 he lived in the house of his brother- Diocese of Chichester, Oct. 8, 1002; and in '

in-law. Sir Richard Hobart of Langley,
Buckinghamshire. In 1649 he published an
elegy on Charlea I, dated ' from my sad Re-
tirement, March 11, 1648-9 ; another elegy,
' 'Life of Hooker,' 1605.
' A Deepe Grnane . bv D. H. K.,' has been
. .
doubtfully assigned to liim. The Psalmes'
of Bnid. . . . To beamif iter the Old Tunes
tgd mj^ Ohudiflay' appaued in 1661 $ Snd
1664-5 <A Sermon preached the 30th of
Jnnnnry at Whiteluill, 1664.' His lottcr to
Ijtaiik Walton was printed before Walton's
King died at Chichester 30 Sept. 1669, and
was buried in the cathedral, where the widow
of Uaaon John erected a monument to his
memory and that of her husband. His second
son, Henry, died 21 Feb. 1668-9 his eldest
;

fifcarCly afterwards King ret ired to Ritch-
ings, near Lanploy, the residence of T^ftdy
Salter (supposed to be a sister of Bishop
Duppa), wnere othor members of the King
family and John Hales of Eton found refup**.
In Hw? hia scattered ' Foems,' 8vo, were col-
lected. Thft niwold copies were reissued in
1064 with a new titlo-page and some ad-
ditional eleignes. In the edition of 1700 the
ndditioiMd dcgiw "were cancelled, and the
son, John, died 10 March 1070-1. laaak
Walton i^Life of Donne) describes King as
'a man generally known by the clergy of this
nation,and as generally noted for his obliging
natnro,' nnd Wood {Athena., ed. Bliss, iii.
^'2) doclarea that he was 'the epitome of all
honouVy viltues, and generous noblcne<i.s, and
a person never to be forgotten by his tenants
and by the poor.' \' icars malicioualy styles
him a proud prelata'and 'n moatptagmati-
'

volume was entitled Bon Jonfion's Pix-ms, call malignant.'

'

Paradoxes, and Sonnets.' Some of the poems King was among the contributors to Justa '

had been published befecn 1667. The elegy Oxoniensium,' 1612, on the death of Henry,
on Gustnvns Adolphus appeared in the Swe- prince of Wales
'
;
Epithalamia,' 1013, on the
'

dish Intelligencor,' pt. iu. 1633; another on marriage of Princess Elizabeth; Justa Fu- '

Donne was prefixed to Bonne** *FMnia,* nebria Ftolemsi Oxoniensis, Thomsa Bodleii
1633 another on Bon Jonson wns contri- Equiti8Aurati,'1613-14; Jacobi Ara,' 1617 ;
;

buted to Jonsonuji VirbiuM,' Iti.'JS; and the

' Annie Funebria Sacra,' 1619; and'Paren-
*

epistle to GeoignSnndys was printed in 1638. talia Jacobo,' 1025. In 1843 the late Arch-
King did not prepare the volume for publi- deacon Hannah edited King's 'Foema and
cation, and some of he poems appear not to Psalms/ with an elaborate bio^phicalnotioe.
t

belong to him. The verses on Lord Donet'a King's portrait hangs in Christ Church hall.
death are found in Bishop Corbet's poems. [Bioonphical nottoe by J. Hannah before
' My Midnight Meditation ^s ascribed on early King's PDema and Psalms, 1848; Welch's Alumni
manuscript authority to his brother Dr. John Weslmonr*ti'ricnsc,<.] A. U. B*
King, ana two piecee are found among the KING, HUMPHREY (^. 1613), verse-
poems attributed (often wrongly) to the Earl writer, a seller of tobacco in London, wag
of Fembroke and Sir Benjamin Kudyard. A author of An Halfe-penny-worth of W^it, in
'

poem beginning * Like to the falling of a star a Pennyworth of Paper. Or, The Hermite*
ts found among Francis Beaumont's poems Tale. The third impression,' London, 1G13,
but probably it belongs neither to Beaumont 4to, pp. 48. No earlier edition is known, but
nor King. The additimulpoema in the edition it must have been printed some years pre-
of 1664 inelnde elegies on the Earl of Essex, viously. Robin the Devil his Two Penni-
Sir Charles Lucds, Sir George Lisle, and Lady worth of Wit in Half a Penniworth of
Stan^pe. King'a bt^t poem ia kia eh^ on Paper. By Robert Lee, a famous fencer of
London, aiiat BoUn the Devil ' (London, for

uiyiii^ua oy Google
 King
^^iofft 1607, 4to^, b mentioned in West's
OjEpe/ i77S^ and may haTe been
$n earlier edition, but it iB not now known
to be extant. As early as 1599 Nashe bad
dedicated bis ' Lenten Stufie ' to ' bie wortbie
g or] pr-tron, Lufltie Humfrey, according as
the 14 wusmen doo cbriflten him, little Numps
as the Nobilitie and Courtiera do name him,
and Honest Humfrej, as all his friendee and
aoquiiintano' B.<it*'eme hun, king of tbe Tobao-
eonit kic if udiqw, and a singular Mecsenas
to the Pipe and the Tabour; ' and at the end
of the deidicAtorT epiatle refers to the forth-
oomin^ *Mend Poeme of the HinnitMTale.
that will restore the golden a^amongst us.
Prefixed to King's poem is a jocular dedica-
tory epistle to uie Oountew of Sussex. He
acknowledges that his work is ' a cour8e
homespun linsey woolsey webbe of wit;'
bat, seeing bis 'inferiours in the gifts of
feaming, wiaedome, and mderstandinp tor-
ment the Print daily,' he is ' the bolder tu
boolder in amongst the.' The epistle is fol-
lowed by an address to the reader, to which
mcceed three short copiee of verses {tlrn
second bein^ ' In difloonuneadation of the
Anthor '^). and three unsigned sonnets. * The
Heruutes Taie takes the form of a dialogue
'
between m bemit and a younff mwooiicem-
iag the vices and follies of the age. Com-
plaint is made of the growth of luxury and
May of hoepitalitj, and the paritam are
figorouily apssiled.
[OoUier's Bibliociaphical Cataloffue ; Corser's
BirtiaM; Bid&^i^adlNwk.] A.H.B.
Knra, JAMES, Babok Etthik (1689 p-
Wt'2), bora about 1589. was son of James
Kiw of ikumcht, Aberdeenshire. He en-
tMM the serrUse m the king of Sweden, and
by 1632 had risen to bo general-major.' In
'
teas, while ^sffmm^n^iwg jn Muiuter under
the fretillaii fenerd Bnier, King received
orderw to join KiijH'rt and the Prince Palatine,
who had raised a small army. At the battle
near Minden, in whidi the Bleetor
was routed by Ilatrfeldt, the Austrian gene-
ral, King has been unfairly charged with mia-
MMaet aad tnadiery (\N'ASBVBnnr, IMwe
Rupert, i. 4^2). It ftpjjears that Ru|M'rt was
sttacked before his armj was collected, and
Jiftatui before Kfati^eoiild bring up the foot
^ support the cavalry, and that finally King
nUted, and skilfully conducted the retreat of
tie wiaimler ef the tooope. Januar>- UUO
be was rwalled to England (C'a/. St<ite Pajterx,
Dom. 1638-40, p. 367), and was graciously
wesw ed by Ibe king, who ^vebim a diamond
'.fc-rwyl valno'and a pension of 1,000/. a year
iib. imL
pp. 206,460). In the foUowingJuly
ho was dsegatehed to Hamburg and Gliidi-
King
stadt, apparently to bring over horse and foot
to be employed against the ooTSnonters (ib.
1040, pp. 492, 502). He did not return, but
retirwl to Stockholm (t6, 1840-1, p. 320). On
being again pressed to enter Charles's sorvioe
he came as far as Hambui^, whence he wrote
an outspoken letter to Secretary Vane re-
questing a leoognioed position in the army
and the regular payment of his pension (id.
pp. 679-80). Ho was given a comuiaud under
Lord Newcastle (Ellis, Original LetUr$f lot
ser, iii. 297). On 28 March 1643 he was
created a peer of Scotland as Lord Eythin and
Kerrey, the formor title being probably de-
rived nom the river Ythan in Aberdeenshire.
At the siege of Leeds in April of that year
Eythin and all the old officers from Hollaad
were of opinion that an assault was too dan-
gerous, and in favour of raising the siege
{Jjetters of Henrietta Maria, Camd. Soc., p.
189). According to Sir Philip Warwick {Me-
264), he was the chief advocate of the
moirti, p.
policy of reducing Hull rather than marching
south to join the kinp, and it was he who in-
spired iSewcastie's defensive strategy during
the campaign againit the Scots, displayiBg
a treacherous pympathy with his fellow-
countrymen {ib. p. 277). So much did these
accusationa weigh with Eythin, that in April
1 644 he seriously thought of retiring from
the royal service, and returning to the con-
tinent. Both Charles and Henrietta pressed
him to stay {Letters of Henrietta Maria,
p. 238; Ellis, ui. 298). On 26 July 1644
the Scottish parliament passed a decreet of
forfanlture against him, which was rescinded
on 14 Jan. 1647, and on 19 Feb. following
another act in bis favour was passed (DouQ LAB,
Peerage of Scotland, ed. Wood, i. 668), During
the siege of York even Warwick {Memoir*,
p. 278) admits that he showed eminency in
'
soldiery ' and ' no want of loyalty/ for now he
'foughtnot singly againstbnownnatloB.' At
Marston Moor he opposed RupTt'i* desire to
engage, and disapproved of the plan of battle.
Eythm subeeqaentlyaeoompantedNeiroastte
to Hamburg. His condtict was severely con-
demned (Olarkndon, Hietory, 1849,viii.87),
even, It seems, by Rupert, to whom Bythia
wroteah'tter inhisdefi'nce(p5^Mou/i<' Papen,
p. 21). Eythin's lost services in the royaliat
canoe appear to hoTe boon perfovmed In oon*
nection with the expedition of Montrose,
under whom he was appointed lieutenant-
general by warrant datedlOManih 1060. A
letterof 13 March 1650 shows that hewas also
engaged in some negotiations for bringing
CurliaoIIteSwedeni Cal. Statu PtipertfUom.
1650, pp. 53, Ml 1 Kythin died, according
to on authentic pedigree, at Stockholm 9 June
1 16<S, being buried in die BaddaibolaB
Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King
Ctnueh. HewMiiuiiTidnidliftddufrIitBr
(ib. 1G40, p. 443). Administration nf his
estate in SScotland was gran tod on 26 Oct.
166B to Tbomw Wation, B principul CNdltCMT
(Administration Art Book, V. C. C. 1662, f.
186>wbere ho is called Edward). Aletterfrom
Eythm to the Barl of Fortb in in Patrick
Ilathven's Correflpondencn
'
Tloxbnrphe
'
( Indies in charge of a convoy of five hundred
Club, p. 81 i cf. also p. xxxviii n.), and an>
otW fmm Um to te Maxqttit of Aunil-
ton, dated 12 Sept. 1638, in the Historical
Manuscripts Comnusaioa'a lltb Hep. (Ap-
pendix TL p. 93).
[DucheiB of Newcastle's Life of William, Duke
of Newcastle (firth), pp. 77, 870; oot^ kindlj
supplied hjO, H. nrtn,eaq. ; Mcmoifeof Sir J.
Turner (Bannntyne Club), pp. 9, 11. 31 T^otter-N .
of IleDrielta Maria (Cauid. Soc.). p. 149 (i^r-
diner's Hist, of the QfHt CSvU War (1G42-9),
i. 28r<, ^cc.l G. fi.
KINO, JAMES (1760-1784), captain in
the nary, second son of Jemea King, curate
of Clitheroe, Lniirn5]nr'\ niul (ifferwardi? dean
of Raohoe, vas bom at Clitheroe in 1760.
Dr. Walker Eioff, bisliop of Rochester, was
his younppr brotlier. At the npf^ of iwi^lve
he entered the navj under the uatrouage of
Ilia kinsman, Captain William Norton, bro-
ther of the first Lord firantloy, and at that
time in command of the Africa guardshio.
He afterwards served under Captain Pal-
liser on the Newfoundland stfltinn. v.-lipre ho
must have had some acquaintance with Cook,
who was then surveying that coast [nee Ck)0X,
JaXBB] nnd he was in lio Alarm witli T'fip-
; f
tain Jervis, in the Mediterranean. He was
promoted to he lieutenant in Jannasy 1771.
In 1774 he spent some time in Paris, de-
voting himseli principally to scientific study,
and on Ua rstam settled at Oxford to he
witli his brother Walker, then a fellow of
Corpus Christi Colleffe. Here he made the
ac([uaintancieof1}r.1%onias Homsby [q v.],
who in 1776 recommended him a.s
)>etent astronomer to accompany Cook's third
voyage. He was accordingly appointed to
the ri-solution as Becond liputenant. At the
time of Cook's death, 14 Feb. 1779, King was
on sbore, apparsntly taking sights. He had
with Jiira only a few men, but was rein-
forced by some of a boat's crew who had
keen towing off the mouth of the hay before
th^ disturhanct' \virl: the native?; hr^'an. This
brought the number of the partv u^ to
twenty-four, and tai&ymff thenaema a m
neighbouriiiLr liurlal-plnri', hey purreeded in
f which KiiL'lHttd WHS viHit<>d in 1 698 1 (Annn/A
repelling the attack of the natives, till they
wa reuered, two hours afterwards, by the
ships' boats {(Hlhrrt^s Jounrnl, quoted in
BfiSAlTT. Captain Cwky pp. 162-3). On the
dcatkof GaptaiDCharlesUerke [q. v.],22 Aug.
King
1 770, King sneceadad <o the command of the
Disr ivrry, and on arriving in England wa
advanced to post-rank, 8 Oct. 1780. He waa
j
{
then appointed to the Ovooodile firigate, at-
taohed to the Cliannel fleet, and towards the
end of 1781 was moved to the Beaistanoe of
40 guns, in wfaieh he went oat to the West
merchant ships, which he succeeded in con-
dnetittg safely to their destSnation ; hot th
intense finxit ty of the duty is said to haW
turned his hair grey* His constitution was
never strong, and be oame hadk to England
in an advanced decline. It was under thia
disadvantage that he assisted in premurinpr
OooVs jcQmal of the third roya^ for tto
press, and wrote the narrative of its conclu-
:
sion, which formed the third volume. In
1788 the state of his health compelled him
to go to Nice, and he died tliprr in Ortober
1784. He was buried at Kice, but there is
a tahlet to his memory in ditneroe Gfanveb.
King's * Astrniiomiial Observations* were
pubUshed by order of the board of longitude
ra 1788 (see Batkt, Wtliuv], and procured
his election as F.Iv.R. The narrative of the
voyage (8 vols. 4to, and atlas in fol.) was
israed in 1784.
[Alice King's A CIusWt nf Lives, p. 137 R'^-
;
S'nassa'sLaDeashire Worthies, ser. p. 196;
unes's Histoiy of Lanesehirs (adit, of 1636).
iii. 218; Corrofipondencc with Dr. John Dou-
glas [q. v.] (afterwards bishop of Salisbury),
1780-4, in Iv' rt MS. 2180; and his own
ii
narrative alrcndv reft-rred to.] .T. K. L.
KING, JOHN,DJ>.(1669P-1621), bishop
of London, bom at Worminghall, Bucking-
hamshire, in or about 1659, was son of Philip
King of that place, by Elizabeth, daughter of
Edmund CSonquest of Houghton Conquest,
Bedfordshire. He was a great-nephew of
Itobert King [ q.v.j, the first bishop ofOxford.
He received nis education at Westminster
u oi ni- f^hool, and rlipnce waa elected to Christ
Church, Oxlord, in 1576 (Welch, Alumni
ITes^mon. ed.PhilUmore,p.58). He graduated
B.A. in ]n7f> HO, and corainenced M.A. in
1582-^(^\ ooD,i''/^ OxoM. od. Bliss, i. 212,
331). After taking holy orders he became
domestic clm]dain to Jolin Piers, archbishop
of York, by whom he was collated to the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham on 12 Aug. 1690. He
proceeded B.D. on '2 .Inly 1691 St rype gives
.
extracts from a lecture delivered by King at
York on the plague and the severe storms hy
of the Jii'/vrmation, iv. 293, 8vo). On 17 Nov.
1 694 K ing preached the sermon at the funeral
of Archbishop Piers. Afterwards he was ap-
pointed chaphun to Sir Thomas Egerton, lord-
Keeper of tlie great seal. He was admitted to
Digitized by Google
 King 3? King
the rectory of St. Andrew, 1 1 ol born, on lOMaj- During hi.s and after his death
laet illness
lo07, oo the promolioii ol Kicliard JJaucrolt a report was circulated that he had been re-
to the see of lx)ndoii, and to the prebend of conciled on his deathbed to the diurch of
^>iwt i nginthe church of St. Paul on 16 Aug. Rome. Muny tatlHilii^w pRve credence to ths
IfiMf on the promotion of William Cotton to rumour, and in The I'rotestant's Plea tot
'

the eee of Exeter (NkwcoUW, Sepertorium, Priests and Papists,' a pamphlet isamd In
L 211, 276). lie also became one of Queen Septemlter IGiM, KintrV conversion was an-
Elisabeth's chaplains. On 17 Dec. 1601 he nounced as a mat ter oi lact. Richard Brough-
was created D.D. at Oxford. He was ap- ton[q. T.] sent an account of the grounds of
pointed by the privy council to preach before the report to Dr. Kelli.on, pre.iidont of Douay
*fBtm I on hi entry into London, and the College, but it does not clearly ajtjK'ar that
king rut-ained him in his service as one of the ho was nimaelf convinced of the truth of the
royal chaplaius, commending him as 'the alle^^ed conversion (Dodd, Chtmh Hist. i.
king of prachen.* He became dean of Christ 400; Hut. MSS. Cumm. 0th liep. p. AHA).
Ch urch, Oxford, on 4 Aug. 1605, in accord- The Insho^a aon Henry indignantly denied
Doe with the petition of thirty-two students the report in n sermon preachcfl at St. Paul's
wm. Qooa aft^TK-ards King was selected Cross ou 2o Nov. 1621, but the baseletis
a one of the four preachers at the Hampton statement was repeated in an anonymous
Court Conferenoe. Ue was Tioe-chaaoellor book written by George Musket, afterwards
of tlM unlveisity of Oxfoid from 1607 to president of Bouay College, and entitled
1610. On 16 Dec. 1610 he obtained the pre- 'The Bishop of London uis Legacy. Or
bend of Milton Manor in the church of Liu- Cortaine Motiuea of D. King, late }^ishop
1b CWujjs, Survey qfOttkedmb, ii. 223). of London, for his change oi Religion, and
lu 1611 the king bestowed upon him the dving in the Catholike, and Roman Church.
bishopric of Londbn, which nad become AVith a Conclusion to his Brethren, the LL.
vacant bj the tiandation of Dr. George Bishops of England. Pennissu Superiorum*
Abbot to the ^^ie of Canterbury'. He was [St. Omer], 1624, 4to, pp. 171 (Gek, Foot out
consecratwi m Lambeth Chapel pn 8 Sept., of the Snant ed. 1624, pp. 77-80, 99) i
and had rastitutioB of the temfiorslities on BSTMW, RrititJk Bi^Hograjihcr, i. 506).
the nf tlie same month. In 101:5 he King married Joan, daughter of Henry
wti6 appointed a member of
|he conunission freeman of jStaiTonlshire. His eldest son.
Mpeed in hearing the Coo^esa of Essex's HeniT, is noticed separately. His seoono
suit for divorce ((Iakdineb, Hut ii. 170). son, .TouN King (15)).')- 1039), educated with
On 26 Mnrch 1620 he pleaded in a sermon his brother atWeetminst^ and Christ Church,
F>MflM fit. Paul's Oibn in the king's Oxfbrd (B.A. 1611, M.A. 1614, and B.D. and
res'-nce for contributiom to the repair ol D.D. lfi'2'), IjLH'uuu' prebendary of St, Paul's
St. Paul's Cathedral, /ames selected the Cathedral (1U16), public orator of Oxford
t*t, and popular oun^ty was excited by
( 1622), canon of Chriat Church (1634), areh-
nunoor* that King -wasinstructed to declare dt)ucon of Colchester and etnon of Windsor
Jarae' resolve to intervene
in the German Cl6i26). He was also roelmr of Bemenham,
wars in behalf of hi son-ia-bw, the king Berhahire. He died en 9 Jan. 1688-0, and
o^ liohemia ;
but altlough one of his hearers \\'m burit d in Christ Church Cathedral. Ho
wrote that the biaibp', heart was in lio- published three Latin orations delivered as
hemia, he made reference to European orator at Oxford (London, 1028, 4to, and Ojb>
P^mcs (i^. in. :i41.o) While bishop, KiuK ford, 1625'>, a separate sermon preached at
uways preached <k Sundays in some pulpit Oxford in 1626, and poems in the universitj
m or near LondoaOTaaE, C5lre* But. ed. collections of 1618 and 1619.
^wer, y. 500). ^j^^a on Onnt] Friday, The bi.sliop contributed to mnny of the
W March 1621, aj^ ^yas buried in the south Oxford collections of poems, and published :
a.fle of St. Pauls
orthedral, under a plain 1. ' Lectures upon Jonas, delivered at Yorko
inscnbed only the word in the yearc of our Lorde 1594,' O.vford,
Besmgam, ' ?but ,u ^ mural tablet near it 15'J7,4to, pp. 660. Dedicated to SirTliomoa
*S^.."_^
a Tery long a.^
euWijstic inscription to Egerton, lord-keeper. Reprinted, Oxford,
151(9 and 1600, 4to London, 1611, 4to,
;

ed. ifne, p. 73).

w^ood saya he was a solid
and } -''i^.iiia d-i^e^
'
newly corrected,' and uj^ain 1618. 2. ' A
of great gravity and Sermon preached at the Funerallee of . . .
pt-tywd Wl I, ,.,,]|, t a volubilitv of John [Piers] late Arch-bishoppe of Yorke,
*f*ch,tfct S^lCdwurd Coke would often Nov. 17, 1594,' Oxford, 1597, 4to (printed at
y of him tlia ^^^^ ^^^^ speaker the end of the ' Lectures upon Jonas ')

"JJ^ J^^S;V'Sber in hia time' iltktna separately Oxford, IHW, 4f o. 3. 'The I- rmrth
am.od. B114MV 4.205). Benson preached at Hampton Court on 1 ueo-

I Digiiizeo by Google
 King
day the lat of Sept. 1000,'
Oxford, 1(J06, 4to.
4k ' Vitis Palatina. A
Sermon appointed to
bcpreadifd at Whitehall upon the Tuesday
after the lUHiriage of the Ladle Elizabeth
her Grace,' London, 1614, 4to ; reprinted in
'Conjiij^al Duty set forth in a ooUection of
Weddm^-Sermont*," 1732. Avery singular
oompoflition, concluding with an ejaculation
against the 'papists.' o. A Sermon of Public
' '
Tnanksgiving for the happi recorerie of his
majestie from hia late dangerous aickneese,'
London, 1619, 4to. 6. ' A SiTnion at Paules
Croeee on hehalf of Paulrs^ Church,' London,
1620, 4to (cf. Notes and (jiu-rieSf Ut wr. iU.
368-9). Somo copies of his letters are in
Brit. Mu8. Addit. MSS. 29439, flF. 184A-192.
Aportrait, by Cumelius Janseen, is pre-
served at Chri-t Ch urch, Oxford. There are
engravings by Simon Pass and Francis
Ddsram (GBAKstt, .Key. JEBrt. ^R^ftrntd,
6th edit. ii. 48).
[Bedfotd'aBlavm of moomCT
OoUier'
j
Chttdi Hist. vii. 420, 4S1 ; TtodntntwdiHist.
ii. 827. 851 Fuller's Church Hist. (Brewer), iii.
;
28. v. 266, 371, 420, 499; Fuller's Worthies
(Nichols), i. 139; Godwin, De PrKsnlibas (Ri-
ehardaon), p. 194 Lanad. MS. 984, f. 3 ; Le
; to aid in the f^ctt lament of the British ' un-
Neve's Fasti (Hardy) Lowndes's Bibl. Miin.
:
(Bohn), pp. 63, 1273; Newcottrt's Repertorium,
i. 20 ; Cul. State Papers, Dom. (Addenda 1580-
162fi) pp. 621, 622. (1603-10) pp. 362, 445,627.
(1619-23) p. 675; Strype's Works (general
index); Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, i. 107, ii.
440; Wood' Athenae Oxon. (Klisn), ii. 294, 634,
861, iii. 839, Fasti, i. 248. 2.55; Wood's AntiMl.s
(Gutch), ii. 295, 299, 300, 322, 788, 791 Wood's
Cnllegbs and HiiIIs (Gutch), pp. 439, 458,463,
Appendix pp. 112, 118-19. 281, 289.] T. C.
KINO, 8iK JOHN (rf. 1(537),
ministrator, came of a family formerly seated
at Fsathoroock Hall, mar Northallerton,
Yorkshire. By July 1585 he was noting as
secretary to Sir liichard Bingham [q. v.],
of OoBnaaflit (CM BtaU Papen^
Irish, 1574-H5, p. 571). His pt rvicps werr
rewarded by (^ueen Elixabeth with a lea^
of the abfaiey of Bo^le, co. Hoaomiiiiion.
Under James I he enjoyed many profita>li^
offices and privileges, and had lands granted
to him In twentjr-one different ooanties (ib.
160a-6, pp. 113, 269, &c.) On 12 July 1603
he was made clerk of the crown in chan-
eeiy and elerlr of the hanaper, botli of which
places he surrendt>rpd on 20 .Tan. IfKMl, and
with Francis Edgeworth had a new grant
thereof on 99 Jan. ie08-({ p. 430, 1606-
1608 pp. 81, 387). In 1603 he was reciv^r
of the revenue (t^. lOOtM^ p. 54), and in
Mardi 1906 deputy viee-treasurer (. \90iV
1606, p. \-2'X). In Slay 1607, b-inf^ then c<.ri-
afeaUe of the abbey of ikyle, he commenced
is> King
to build, along with John Bingley, a rnH^Mve
I
MMtle on the liver Boyle, and to cultivate
rauch of the surrounding district {ih. 1R06-
ltK)8, pp. 87, 160, &c.) On 11 May ItiOiJ
he was appointed mustermaster-^nfflcal ai^
'
clerk of the cheque for Irelnnd, with a rever-
sionary grant of DOth offices to his eldest snn ;
in Jane of the same year he was sworn of the
J
privy council {ib. 1608-10, pp. 202, 218, 507),
j
and on 7 July following he was knitted
(MTCALrB,BMft9r.Kia|^e,p.l61). InOoto-
ber 1611 he was a commissioner for com-
positions
; in 1613 was returned M.P. for
CO. Roscommon by the aid of Vice-president
Oliver St. John's soldiery, and in i614 was
appointed to aasist in the plantation of Wex-
ford {Cal State Papets, Irish, 1611-14, pp.
1.S8, 362, 49(5). On 20 May 161o, when
living at Baggotrath, near Dublin, he was
appomted one of the council for the provinoe
01 Mun^ter: nnd on 9 June following he was
authonsud, with Sir Thomas Kotherham, to
a6t as governor of Gonnaught daring the
absence of the president and vicc-preaident.
On 24 Sept. 1616 he was joined in commii-
sion with Lord-depo^ St. John and othen
dertakers ' in Ulster. On 23 Sept. 1617 he
was nominated a commissioner of the court
of wards in Ireland, and on 18 Jan. 1621
was made, with Francis Edgeworth, receiver
of the finea of that eoiut, and of all other
fines upnn letters and grants.
By privy seal (8 Aug. 1619) King was ap-
pointed a commissioner for the plantation
;
of CO. lyoii^'ford and the territory of Elye
O'Carroll in King's County, and on 15 Jvdy
1
1634 was constituted a commissioner, ju-
Irish ad- tice, and keoper nf the peace in Leinsterand
Ulster during the absence of Lord-denuty
Falkland. By eommifsion dated 9 Dee.l6W
he wns authorised, with fonr others, to exa-
mine abuses committed in the army in order
to their redress, and to take a genend muster
of all the forcfs thronprhout tlic kingdom,
Kin^ died in the Close at Lichtield, Staf-
fordshire, on 4 Jan. 168^7, and was buriecl
in the church of Boyle nn .'!0 March fol-
lowing. He married Catherine {d. 1617^,
daughter of Robert Drury, nephew of Sir
Will iam Drurv, lord deputy of Ireland. Of
his six sons, Sir Itobert King (lo99P-1667)
and Edward King (1613-1687), Milton*^
frienfl. are epf\rnti'Iy nofie'-fl, Of thro**
daughters, Mary {cl. lUtiiJ; married William
C^ulfeild, second rnron Ohar1emont,and Max^
garet innrrii 1 Rir (urnnl I-owther, chiof
justice of the cuiiiuion pleas in Ireland.
[Lodge's Peemgu of Lielsod (AiebdsU), ilj.
223; Cal. Stat<' Piipcrv, Irish, lMA-1626 ;
Carev 1 603-24.] O.G^.
Digitized by Gopgle
 King S9 King
KINO, JOHN, first Barojt Kwqbtok (d. [Lodf^a f behad (AKfadaU), Hi.
lt>rUL was eldest son of Sir Kobert King 226.] G. a.
(in6P-1657) [(].T.], by hisfinlwifefFnnces. KING, Sm JOHN (1639-1677), lawyer,
oanghter of Sir Henry Folliott, the first lord
of aHuguenol fiunilv of Rouen, originally
FoUiott of Ballysbannon. His father, on named Le Koy, was eldest son of John King,
foing to England in 1642, entrusted him
M.D., of Aldersgato Strout, London, by his
with the command of Hoyle f^nstle, co. Ro6-
second wife, Elizabeth, younge,st daug^hter of
oommoD. His abilitios as a loader were dis-
Bame Iloberte of Willtiden, Middlesex. He
^yed on manv occasions, particularly at
was born at St. Albans on 5 Feb. 1638-9, and
the reliefof Elpnin Castle and at the defeat
was educated first at the free school there^
of the Ulster army on 21 June 1050, when and then, frtim the ape of thirteen, at Eton,
ke took prisoner with his own hands the gene-
where he obtained u foundation scholarrfhiu
nl of the catholic army, the popish bishop of
and became head of the school. He proceeded
Gofrher. The parliament accorded him full to Queens' College, Cambridge, in November
fowere, and on 26 July 1649 ordered htm
1666, and graduated B. A. Though persona lly
o be jtaid 100/. from delinquents' estates deairous mtaking orders, by bie father's de-
'ia consideration of long attendance' {Cal.
sire in November 1600 ho wa-s admitted a
mth F^er, Dom. 104^50, p. 682). He member of the Inner Temple, and on 9 Feb.
wathen a colonel. On 7 June 1(V>8 he was
1667 was called to the bar. He became a
knijrhted by Henry Cromwell, lord deputy- bencher of the inn 31 Jan. 1674, and treasurer
((TD'-nl of Ireland (MrtcalI''e, Book of
in 1675. He began his practice bv appearing
Knight*,^. 215). Having worked hard for before the commission for the rebuuaing of
the restoration of Charles U, he was created
London after the fire, but soon obtained buu
OD 4 Sept. 1060 mn Irish peer by the title of
ness in Westminster Hall, and eventually a
liar n Kingston, was sworn of the Irish privy
ver^ large chancery practice. He wa8 made
counal, and wati appointed on 19 Marcn a king's <x>unsel and attorney-general to the
1000-1 a oommiasioner of the court of claims Duke of York, and on 10 Dec 1674 was
for th#- f^' ttlfinetit of Ireland. On 8 May knighted. In 1676 his fees amounted to
1661 he t<M)k Im seat in the Irish House of
4,700/. Uia fine memory, his poUehed elo-
Liais, on 1 1 May be was made comminsary- quence, his aflSiUe manners, aira etOl more
gmeral of the horse, nnd on 31 May wns
uis incredible industry, had secured for him
added to the committee appointed to con-
an enormous amount of work, and be was in
ider the erection of a college of physieieiu
tbe front nmk of bis profession in nine jears
ii Dublin. On 16 Nov. following he was from his call. Buruet mya of him that the
ppoiat^ taptnin of a troop. With John, court party were weary of Sir William Jones
'
lord IV-rkeley, King was constituted on
[q. vA Attorney -general, and were raisbiff
2 Apil 1666 joint-president of Connaught, John Kin^ to vie with him, hut he died
Sir
on 6 May following sole governor of
in his rise, which indeed went on verr ^uick
{vorince. On 20 April previously he (Hist, of my own TVme, Ibl. ed. L 896). Hit
VM made colonel of a regiment of horse. health broke down under the strain of work,
Oi 1 Oct. 1670 ho was appointed one of the
and in bis later years he could not sleep more
comini.Niioners to examine and state the
than tbree boon togetber. He died at bie
man due to the king before the commence- house in Salisbury Court on 29 June 1077.
Mitef tliat year, of Uie form of the rerenne
f r seven years, and ou lo July l(J7i had a
He was buried in tbe Temple Church on
4 July, wbei* tbeve is ui inaeriptioii in tbo
iPut bjf patent <rf a aubetantial yearly pen- trlfonum and itone in tbe oborcbyard to
ML It was ako provided by t he act of settle-
his memory.
nl tLnt all hi.sclniins to land should berati-
King merriedf on SOlVAi. 1666-7, Joyce,
tiedaodcoufinned to himandhishein. i^'or daughter and heiress of Williarn BenTictt of
ki*nen f aerrieelMfbre S Ivne 1649 ben-
High Rotbing, Essex, by whom he had two
ct.v.il fr.iir sevcml grants of land. By letters soBB and flTe daogbters.
ptieot dated 2d Jan. 1664 he bad coofinned
[l-'roni a family manuscript wrilteu by hit> faihiT
t tbe town end bmde ti Kiloolnan,
io 1677, and eontribaled to Gent. Mng. Hi. no,
*itli other l&ndf, amounting to some thou-
reprinted Mi additions in 1855 Kogt-r North's
;
of acres, in the counties of Limerick,
Life of Lord Kr-cpor Guildford Chauncy's Htrt-
M,adKBai. ;

fordBhtn,p. 467 a; Kcbard's Uistunr of England,

Kin^fli. ,1 in 1070. He married Catherine
ed. 1718, lit. 488.] J. A. H.
(^Itk^jL daughter of Sir William Fentou,
ML,<rfiIiiehelefeown,o<KOoric, left two Knra, JOHN (i. 1679), covenanting
H' Vrt (d. lffl3) v.] and John, sue- preacher, was for some time douu stii- chaj>-
fMivelj second and thud lofda Kingetoai. lain to Henry Erskine, (bird lord Cardroes,

Digiiizeo by Google
 King
and in 1074 apprehended aud tried be-
fore the privy council of Scotland for holding
conventiclea. Lord Cardross was beavilv
fiut>d at the same time for permitting K'ng
to conduct worabip in his family. King was
admitted t/i bail in fiv(> tlioiiHnd menw to
appear when culled upon, hi the following
year he wee again poized at Oudross House
during the night but in the morning the
; of John Freind [q. v.], who married his wii'e's
countrv people astiemhled and took him out
of the hands of the soldiers. This incident
was made the occasion of a letter from King
CharlcB II to the Scottish council, dated
12 June 1(57'), couijilaining of their supine-
nese {Hist. MSH. Comm. 11th Hop. App. pt.
vL p. 159). King was now by letters of in-
tcrcomiuuning, 6 Aug. 1675, declared an out-
law. On 2 June 1679 he was apprehended in
the town of Hamilton by Grahiun of Claver-
house. The battle of Druniclog took place
next daji and Claverhouse's prisoners were
nscned. "King, however, was recaptured by
stratagem on the estate ofl'lfi r, in theparisu
I et Phd iiis'^n',' Cambridge, 172'5; thtt ori^iiiid
of Dauy, Ayrshire, shortly after the defeat
140 King
graduating B.A. 1718 and M.A. 1722, and
being elected a fellow. Though ho did not
take a medical degref, he settled at Stam-
ford as a pbysiciun, aud soon acquired a
great reputation. In 1727 beauiriedLucy,
daughter of Thorn fts Morice, paymaster of
the lorces at Lisbon, and his intention then
was to settle in Loudon, under the direction
sister, but he was cut off by fever at Stam-
ford, 12 Oct. 172a He was buried at Per-
tnhall, Bedfordshire. His only son, John
King, patron and rector of PerteiJiall 175SI-
1800, and abio fellow of King's Collego,Cain-
brid^, died 6 Oct. 1812, aged 86.
King was author of: 1. 'Epistola ad Jo-
haunem Freind, in qua D. W. Trilleri epi-
stolam Medico-criticam super primo et tertio
Epidemicorum ad examen revocavit,' 0am-
bndge, 1722; an attack on the ri'markt* of
Trilieron the treatises of Hippocrates on
epidemics. 9. 'EariTndKs HeenM, Orestes
Greek, with a Latin translation this had
;

of the oovenanters at Bothwell, and was con>
voyed to Kdinb\irg1i. One of bis ascort of
dragoons, being asked whither they were
bound, is said to hsTO answered, * To carry
King to hell," The same day the dragoon was
killM by the accidental discharge ot lus car-
bine. King was brought before the council
on 70. alnnp witb fr'How-iniuister,
!i
occupied him nearly five years, as he had
coHated ten manuscripts. Thoma.s Morell
published for use at Eton in 1748 the same
three plays, with ^ addition of ' Aloeetis,*
in which he gnvo ne^irly the whole of King's
translation and notes. King was elected on
IS Aug. 17S4 a member of the Gentlemen's
Society at Spalding. Tn the Rt l. Galean'
*

John Kid. After several appearances and a iBM. Topogr. Brit, iii. 80) is the statement of
futile petition by counsel on their behalf, Koffer Oale, under date 17^, that he ' alwaya
they were rondonined and executed at the took Dr. King's bkill in mt dais to be move
cross of Edinburgh on 14 Aug. following, that of a trader than a scholar.'
their heads and limbs being seTered firom [Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 762, ri. 13, 93 ;
their bodie-* nnd placed on the Netbi r Bow Gent. Mag. Octokr 1812, pi. 406; Harwood's
port. Proclamation was made immediately
oefore the execution of an indulgence to the
Alumni Eton. p. 294.] W. P. a
'oiited' ininiiiters, and King and Kid were KING, JOHN (1662-1732), mi.-^ceUancous
preiised hy Itobert Fleming the elder [q. v.], writer, born at St. Columb, Cornwall, 1 May
then a fellow-prinoner, to signify their np- 1669, matriculated at Exeter College, Oxfora,
Sroval of it, wbicb tlit-y resolutely declined to as a poor scholnr on 7 July 1674, being de-
o. King's last epn'ch on the scafi'old wa pcribed as age<l twenty, and as the boh of
printed. In it he makes mention of his wife John King of Manaccau in Cornwall. He
and oni- cbibl. The only sermon \ix him graduated B.A. 1(378 and M.A. li'SO, and in
16d8, when his friend Sir \\ illuim Dawes
whicli is kiiovvu to exist is included in the col-
lect ion made hj JolmHowie [q. T.], afterwards archbishop of York, was
(Glatteow,
1779). Its master, took the degree of D.D.at Catha-

[Wodrow's History of the Saflforings of the rine Hall, Cambridge. When first in clerical
Chnrch of Saodaad, Bomli ed. 18S1, ii. 270- orders be was curate of Bray, Berkahire,wliere
286, lit, 69-136; Crookshauk's History of tho be married Anne, youngest dau<Thtr of Wil-
!

Church of ScoUand, ii. 32-65 ; Patrick Walker's liam Durhum, whose wife was Lietitia,grand-
Biogmphia Flwbytariaoa, i. 247-04.] H. P. dauffhter of Sir Francis Knollys, treasurer of
tbfMn ii!-""huhl uf (^)\ieen Elizabeth. He had
KING, JOHN (1696-1 7l'8), cbissical nu chiidren by brs tirnt wit'*-. On 3 June
uiii.r, ebK'Ht son of John King (IdfiS- Ki'.HJ King married, as his second wife, Kliza*
17M-.') [q. V.J, was bom at Adsfone, North- b> ih, (hni^'litcr of Jtweph Aris of Adst^me,
umptuushire, on 6 Aug. 1696. lie was edu- ISurthamptoushue, and widow of the Uev.
catod attonand King'tOollege^OBmbndgiBi JohnEstoBi tiuongli whom he aoquixed th
 King 141 King
Uriog of Pert^nhall, Bedfordshire, to which tended visits to Bribtol, where his art was
bewMat once instituted (7 June 1690). This better appreciated ; for St. Thomas's Churdi
benefice he Tacatd for institution to Chelsea in that city he painted in 1^28 the 'Incre-
00 22 Nov. 1604, the two prefermont.s beiug dulity of St. Thomas,' and for St. Mark's
then of equl ytHne, hat tha income of his Chapel the Dead Chriat atfuunded by Hi^
'

new hrinff was greatly increased by the Disciples.' For the former, a yery larpo bnt
letting of uie f^lebe for building. His other poor work, ho received 200/. ; the lut er is t

pnferment was the prebendal stall of Weigh- smaller and of better quality. King alao
toa in York Csthediral, to which he was col- I^inted the portraits of manj of the leading
Isted hy Archbishop Dawes on 1 May 1718. citixens of Bristol, and he is referred to in
KiDg died at Chelsea 30 May 1732, and was * Felix Farley's Rhymes' as a member of the
boned in Pertenhall chancel on 13 June, a Bristol School.' His portrait of the Rev.
'

large moral monument being erected to Henry Francis Lyte [q. vJ the hymn-writer
hi* memory. His wife died at Chelsea on has been engraved by (i. H. Phillips. King
tt June 17:27. aged 61, and was alHo buried died of afKjplexy at Dartmouth 12.July 1847.
A PertenhalL Their youngpflt daughter, [RoilgnivoB Diet, of Artists Oravcs's Diet, ;

Eidalia, married, on 20 Aug. ITTJ, John of Artists, 1760-1880; Folix Farlo/s Bristol
Maityn. profeiaor of botany at Cambridge, Journal. 17 July 1847 British Institation nnd ;

nd lied on 18 Fek 1748 9, aged 45 (Lips- Royal Academy Catalogues George's Lyto's ;

OOMB. Bucktnffhaauhirf, i. 0^9 Tlu- t'ldcst Gary Manor Houw, 1879, p. 11

). information ;

00, Jahn (1696-1728), is separately noticed. from the BT. C. Taylor, vicar of St. Ihonas's,
Aaotlwr wm, Joseph, was mirifld at Ashby Bristol.]
Cai (Hakkk. ^ivrtkamptonnhire, ii. 16).
King wxote, in addition to two Bennoos:
L 'AainndyernoBa on a Pamphlet [by
Increase Mather] intituled a Letter of Advice
to tlie Nonconformists/ 1701, as ' by a Divine
;
flf the Ckwcli of England ' 9nd edit, with
Imnam*-, 1702. 2. * Case of John .\therton,
Bishop of Waterford, fairly represented'
(BQtt.;,17lOl 8. 'Tolando-nseudologo^mas-
tix, an Answer to Tolana's
^ooQ.), 1721. Among the Sloane M 88. at the
Britiak Mnaeiiai is one by King (No. 4455),
containing a supplement of remarks in 1717
oa the life of Sir Thomas More, a letter on
Moiifb hatam at Ohalaea, whidi ia jprinted
If Faulkn.'r (pp. 289-99), epitaphs and
YOMi From a manuBCzipt account of Chel-
eatyKinginihapo ajpnof its rector long
aitrafts are made by Lysona, Faulkner, and
Bearer. King'a diai^ and memoranda are in
^ Hymuulh Fropnetai^
on^ r ftln earliest subscribers to
iut Fromuting Christian Knowledge.
fincWa lit Anefldotea, VA, 16, ; Ly-
'
F^nriroDS, iii. 115; Halkntt and Laird's
- -
F. K. OD.
KINO, JOHN 0789-1888),
captain in the army and landacaye-paint^'r,
born in 1789, entered the amiT in August
1806, and beieame lieutenant in Feibraary
1808. He served in the Walrhprrn expe-
dition and in the Peninsular war, and was
present at the battles of Busaco, Vittoria,
and the Pyrenees, Ixjing wounded severely on
28 .July 1813, He was present at the occu-
"Hypatia"' pation of Paris by the alliaa in 1816. On
IH Marnh 1830 he was promoted to be cap-
tain, and on 28 Dec. 1830 was placed onhau-
pay. King had a talent for painting, and in
1824 exhibited at the Royal Academy a view
in Spain, from a drawing by Lieuteuant-
general Hawker. In 18S61ia aant a riew in
Portugal, and sabseqnently was an occasional
honorary exhibitor of views near Killamey,
Boulogne, and other plnrf R. Tn 1843 he ex-
hibited ft picture culled 'A Pilgrim.' He
libvary. He was also exhibited thirty-nine landscapes at the
the Society
British Institution; tha laat was sent in
1868. About 18/52 King was made a mili-
MS tary knight of Windsor, and resided in Wind-

aor OaatlB ontal faia doath on 91 Aug. 1868.

AnwL. Literatare,!. 85 ; Gor ham's Marty n Family,
fte.; fiinlkiier'B Chalaea, 68-7; [Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. 1863, pt. ii. p. 618 ; Red-
pp. 48, pp.
Mavsr's Chelsea, pnutim; McOlore's Chaptr grave's Diet, of Artists; Windsor and Eton Ex-
iaClindi Hiatory, pp. 4-14.] W. P. C. press, 19 Au. 1863; Catalojgnes of the Royal
Academy andBtitiah Tnatitiitien { Graves's Diet,
XmO, JOHN (1788-1847), painter,
of .Artists.] L. C.
Vim
Dartmouth in 17H8, antf ;it the
at
of twenty entered the ecliuols of the KING, JOHN GLEN, D.D^ (1732-1787),
K'jjal Academy. He first exhibited at the divine, bom in Norfolk in 1782, was edu-
Bntih Institution in 1814 and at the Aea- cated at Cains College, Cambridge, where he
deiQT in 1817, and thruu^hnut his life was graduated B.A. in 1762 and MTa. in 1763.
& Client eoBtributor to both of biblical, After taking orders he was piresented by
Shak?peareftn, and historical guLitcl-4, fis the king in 1760 to the vicnratje of BerwicK
all as ot portraits. Mteting witli littlu Parva, Norfolk (BLOMEiXBLD, liUt. of Nor-
ba paid fiflifMiit and ex- ybfl^ z. 987) and aabaaqnenAfy waa afifotntad
 Kino:
flhapUun to tlie English fiustory at St. Peters-
burg-. Durinp his resitienco in Rnssia he was
appoint'ed medallist to the empress and he ; died musical composition under Charles Fre-
dsvotod much time to the study of the his-
tory and liturg-ical rites of the fi reek church.
He became a fellow of the Society of Anti-
quaries of London on 10 Jan. 1771, and on
21 Fob. in the same year was elected a fellow
of the lioyal Society (I'homson, Hist, of the
Stoffoi Saeiety,Append, iv. p. liv). lie was
incorporated M.A. at Oxfonl, nn 19 jNlnrrh
1771, as a member of Christ Church, and
four days later took the d^eea of BJ). and
D.D. in that university. He was preiented
to the rectory of Wormley, Hertfordshire,
by Sir AbnJuun Hume, bart., in July 1788 ;
and in the summer of 1786 he purchased the
chapelry of Spring Ghirdena, Someraet. He
alao purchased, though at what date is not
atat.eo, Dr. John Warner's chapel in Long
Acre, London (NiOHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 416).
Ue died at hia house in Edward Street, Ix)n-
don, after a few hours' illnps<(. on .3 Nov.
1787, and wius buried in the churchyard of
Wormley.
He married, first, Ann Mnpdalene, daugh-
ter of Michael Combrune, by whom he had
onedaughter, .\nna Henrietta; and secondly,
in August 1776, at Greenwich, .Taue, daugn-
ter of John Hyde, e^., of Blackhoath (she
diadm August 1789).
He was the author of: 1. Verses in the
CSambridge University collection on the death
of Ftederick, prince of Wales, 1752. 2. 'The
Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church
in Russia containing an Account of its Doc-
;
trine, Worship, ana Discipline,' London,
1772, 4to, dedicated to the king. A
learned
work, illustrated with conper-plate engrav-
ings. 3, ' A
Letter to tne Bishop of Dur-
ham, containing some Observations on the Cli-
mate of Russia, and the Northern Countries,
with a View of the Flying Moiintains at
Zanko SeUo, near St. Petersburg,' 1778.
Printed in the'WeBtniiiwterMagasine,'1780,
viii. 6i3. 4. ' Observatiorus on the Barberini
VaM,' 1786 { in ' Aichsologia,' viii. 307.
6. 'Oatalogne of a nxaSH lihrarr at St. Peters-
burg,' London, 1786, 8vo. 6. 'Nummi Fami-
Uamm et Imperatorum Romanorum [Lon-
' Bath and Wells, a native of Iy)ndon, became
don P 1787 PI, 4to, eonriating of 108 plates,
without letterpress.
There i a neat print of him by Fourdrinier.
Anotlier povtmit ofhbn, Minted by Fklomaet,
was engraved by Gabriel Smith.
fA.ldit. MS. 5874, f. 46; Gont. Mng. toI. Ivii.
pi. ii. p. 1030, vol. lix. pt. ii. p. 916; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. tii. 623. 624, 760, ix. 6. 169 ; Cat. of
Oxford Oiadnatca, 1861. p. S86 ; ersduati Can-
tafar. IttS,
^ 1274.]
m
I LoviiM Khl. Man. (Bohn).
T*4X
142 King
KING, MATTHBW PETER (177-
1823), musical composer, bom in 1773, stu-
derick Horn. He lived mainly in Loadoa,
wh'TP he died in January 1823.
King wrote the music to a number of dra-
matic piecea, most of whieh were produced,
at the Lyceum Theatre. These include:
'
Matrimony,' comic opera, words by Jamea
Kennev To. v.], 1804; 'The Invisible Girl
and Tile Weathercock,' 180(5 ; 'False Alarms,'
'
comic o|>era, music by King and Braham,
words by J. Kenney, ISCKT; 'One o^lock, or
the Wood Demon, comic opera, mu.'<ic by
King and Kenney, words by M. G. Lewio,
1807; 'Ella Rosenberg,' melodrama, by J.
Kenney, 1807 ; ' Up all Night, or The Smug-
glers' Cave,' comic opera, words by S. J
Arnold, 1809; *Ploti or the North Tower/
melodramatic opera, words by B. J. Arnold,
1810 ; ' Oh this Love,' comic opera, words
!
by J. Kenney, 1810 ; The Americana,' mtuie
'
hy Kinp and Braham, 1811 ; 'Timour the
Tartar,' romantic melodrama, by M. G. Lewis,
1811; 'Turn him out,' musicaJ farce, words
by J. Kennej, 1 8 1 2 'The Fishenaia'a Hot/
;
music by King and Davy, 1819.
Kin^ compMed a Bnttber of gleee, ballads,
and pianoforte pieces, as well as an oratorio,
'The Int^rce-iwion,' which wa produced at
Covent Garden in 1817. In this, Eve's la-
mentation, 'Must I Imto thee, PaiadiaeP'
became very popular.
He waa the author of 'Thorough Baaa
made easy to every Capacity,' London, 1790
' A General Treatise on Music, particularly
on Harmony or Thorough Bass,' a work of
considerable repute, London^ 1800, new edit.
1 809
;
' Introduction to the 'Theory and Piao-
tice of Singing at First Sight,' London, 1806|
and be edited 'The Harmonist, a Collection
of Qlees and Madrigals from the Classic
Poets,' London. 1814.
His son, 0. M. Kiqff, publiahedaono aoaoi
in 1820.
[Grove's Diet of Mosie, ii 57 Brown's IHet.
. ;
of Mom, p. 860 ; Brit. Una. Ckkalc^M^
I
'
EUKG, OLIVER (rf. 1603), bishop of
scholar of Eton in 1449 (Hahwood, Alumni
Eton. p. 107), and was elected fellowof King*a
College, Cambridge. He is said to have been
secretary to Edward, prince of Wales, son
of Henry VT, and in 1476 was appointed by
Edward IV his chief secretary in French for
life, being described as a * master of the seven
liberal arts ' and a licentiate of laws.
1480 he was made a canon oi Windsor, re-
signing in that year a prebend at Hereford.
He WM register of thaoidtt of iUliQtHer,
 King MS Kingr
tad m 1482 reoeived the azchdeaooniy of dream to be represented on the west front,
OifM Riehatd HI on hu oeioii in with the lines, *TVee going to ehmetlHir
II'n? i] ])riv*vl him of tho office of Recre- king said, Br> tn us tho olivi> kinp^' (Judge.s
Urj and sent him to the Tower (June 1483 iz. 8^. The ladders and angels (now headless)
M Bteerpta Hutorim^ No. fiiL p. 17). of his dream are still to be seen Ott the west
Having^ been reinstated by Henry VII in front. Sir John finringlon represents him
be reoeived a commiasion on 8 Dec. to as apt to listen to wizards and soothsayers,
Mt the oomimMkMien of Charles VIII of and says that it was thought that he fell
France, and treat for a prolongation of the into a melancholy after the death of Prince
trace. Forhia expenses on this emboAsy be Arthur in 1602, on account of a prophecy
itMrred the following year fifty marln, and foretelling the evils which Henry, after-
^.15 further employed on a pommission to wards king, would briiij,' on the church.
ascertain the rigbta of the crown in Calais, He died on 29 Aug. 1503 (Reynolijs, from
Hammes, aad Guisnea. He was appointed Liber Ruber Wharton Godwin's date, ; ;

to th.' (Unnery of Hereford in 1487. A 24 Jan., is wrong). He is said to have

^raat in 1488 to him, Lord Daubeny, and been buried, according to the directions in
aaothflr of the next canonry which ^oold his will, on the north side of the choir of
tall vacant at Windsor is probably connected Bath Abbey, near the high altar, thouph it
aith a license granted to him in the same is also asserted that he was lai<l in the south
year to found the guild of the Holy Trinity aisle of St. George's Chapel at Windsor,
It Windsor. On 12 July 1489 he was in- within a chantrj' chapel which he founded
stalled at WeUa archdeacon of Taunton and winch still retains his name. In this
thnwgfa hit jpootor (Reynolds, from Liber chapel there is a tomb of grey marble which is
li'J'eT). Being appointed bishop of Exeter a8.<ii^ned to him, and near it is an incomplete
br a papal proyision dated October 1492, he inscription concerning him. Astatue of nim,
was eonseofmtad to that see in St. Stephen's, standing by the irait door of Bath Abh^,
Wtsfmineter, on 3 Feb, followinj^. It is wa.fl erected early in the seventeenth century.

doubttul whether he ever entered his dio-

\U Nave's Futi Ecol. i. 142, 167. 876, 477,
em (OuTBs). That be stood high in the
5Si, iii. S69 (Hatdy) ; Bymsf^s Mam.
siLM,
kinpx favour proved by the prominent 279, sd. 1711 Materials illu-strntivo of Boign
is ;

part ii>.-ifrnt (l to him in the ceremony of the of Hen. VII, i. 193, 356. ii. 49, 104, 474 (RoIIh
cn-ation of tin- king's son Henry as dnks of Ser.); Letters, &c., Ric. Ill and Hen. VII, i, 392,
York. In 1495 he wft" trnnslat^Hl by apapal ii. 407 (Rolls Ser.); Uis's Orig. Lsttsis, 1st
ball to the diocese of Batli and Wells. In Mr. i t4 6q.; Davfflsli Yoric Bssmt, p. 165;
fliplember 1407 he wrote to acquaint the Harington Nu^rrr' Antiq. ii. 116* ed. 1804
'i

kiaf of the landing of Perkin Warbeck
Cornwall, and mi the 20th Henry wrote to
him telling him of the progress of affiun.
in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 675; Oliver's Bishops
of Exeter, p. 114; Cassan's Bishops of Bath aad
Wells, pp. 31&-30 Godwin, Do Frsesulibos, p.
:

38-1; Reynolds's Wells Cdthodral, pp. 179,209;

Thrat d&ya later he was with the king at
Warner's Biifh, p. 131 Somerset Archaw)!. and
Woodstock. He accompanied the king on ;

Nat. Hist. Soc'sProe.xii. ii. 37, zxu.i.29,xxv.

his march into Somerset, and entered Wells
ii. 64.] W. H.
with him on the 30th, which seems to have
been the bishop's first a isit to his cathedral KING, PAUL {d. ia6S)> Iriib Franeia-
otT. He is said to have visited Bath in can, was the son of Uomelius King, who was
1499, and while there to have had a re- employed by Lord Upper Ossory as a clerk
arkable dream. The abbey church wb in or secretary. His uncle, the Rev. Murtagh
ruina Atnight he had a vision of the Trinity King, was a conTert to protestantism, and
ad a laddt^T with angels ascending and de- beneficed by William BedoU [q. v.], bishop
iKBding, and at the foot an olrfe-tree su]*- of Kilmore, who employed him to translate
poiting a crown. He heard a voice saving, the Old Testament into Trish. According to
'Let an oUto establish the crown, and a Richard BelUngs [q. v.]. King was christened
Uag lestore the cfanreh ' (Hasuraroir). ths David. His name in religion -was Panlns n
words fitting his imms*, he applied them to Spiritu Rancto. In early lif*' he was im-
ViMsiilf,aud, in ooiuunction witn Prior Birde, ftnsoned among the Moors, and owed his
Wrai to ysDiiild too chmvihy ovdcnrln^ thst ibention to Ldce Wadding [q. v.] In 1641
alltli*' surplus r>'vi'niit,'< of the house, after he tauj^'ht moral tli oology at Brindisi, and
the parent of certain fixed allowances to in 1644 he was doing similar work at Kil*
pnor, monks, aad osiers, should he kennj, where he was made ftundiaa of the
Toted to the work. His church, which he convent and, as it seems, of the whoh- pro-
(bd Bot lire to finish, is built on the nave vince, by the nuncio Rinuccini, whose cause
Milr il tht oUtr ckvnk He emtod Ua h0 MfpoiuMdln^ agidiiitOimoiimMid againife

Digiiizeo by Google
 King
the supreme council of the confederate ca-
tholics. In July 1648, when acting aa the
nuncio's confidential ti^tnt (CABsnrAL Ho-
Bav, SpicUegium Ouonense, i. 422), ho wnn
arrpstod by order of the council, and his
^uardianshipoftheconvont conferred on Peter
Walsh {^AjthorUinical Discovery, ed. Gilbert,
i 238). A
few days later he wrote to Mao-
mahon, bishop of Clogher, inviting Owen Roe
O'Neill [q. .] to seize Kilkenny and all the
nuncio's pnemies before Ormonde's arrival in
[rtiland. The letter was intercepted, and King
fled to the continent. According to Bellings
he had openly committed innumerable crimes,
but the abortive plot to betray Kilkenny is
alone mentioned. At Loavain he wrote a
bitter diatribe against Rinuccini's opponents
and the Anglo-Irish party generally ; and
this pamphlet, which profesiea to have been
written from the Irish camp some months
befurti, waa carefully circulated by the wan-
dering Franciscans in France, Spain, and
Italy. RellingB dissocts it sentence by sen-
tence in the second part, of the ' VindicisB.'
Imiooent X
is believed to have blamed the
nuncio much, but the Franciscan order gene-
rally sustained him, and in lG-19 King was
made guardian of St. Isidore's at Rome
(Sptcileffium Ofiforifirue, i. 826). The famous
John Colgan [q. v.] recommended him as a
pioper person to oc commissary over the Fran-
ci.<?can colleges on t ho co n t n e n t and he was for
i ,
some years secretarj' to the procurator-^neral
of the order. Bellings regrets (VtndicuB,
preface to part ii.) having had no opportunity
of showing' that jjuiilshment was deserved
rather than promotion; but his antagonist
lohn I'once, himself a Franciscan, says King
was worthy of even much greater honours.
Old defends htm against a charge of publish-
mg scurrilous verses. While at Rome King
projected a book in ten volumes in honour ui
nta order ('nostri seraphici ordinis'), but
only lived to publish n kind of syllahus,
which was licensed for the Index as earnest
' ' ' ,
of a great WOtlt.' Killgwho w&b a professor
of theology, was learned in Greek and lie-
brew. He records his preference for an
obvioua and easy style, and wrote with
gour, but iiicorreotly, though he was a pupil
of the i'amouii latiiuBt, Bonaventure Baron
v.] Ha diod, it ia believed at Boom, in
Kmg'f published writings, all in Latin,
am: 1- Letter to the Bishop of l^logher,
August 1648, printed in l^'llinp;^'?* Vindicise,'
' aff tT conveying' tn the queen the conprratiuii-
1. chap. 14, anu in Cox's' liibL-ruia Anglicana.'
2. 'Epistola nobilis Hibemi ad amicum
Belgam scripta ex casstris catholicis eju.sdem
regui, die 4 Mali, anno lOlU/ printed in
( TiBdidiB^' ft iL. aad in Gilben'a * Oontan-
44 King
porary Hiatorv,' il 211. 3. 'Idea Oonao*
gnphiffi SeraphicsB concepta et concinnata a
Ft. Paulo King, Hibemo, Roma?,' 1664.
. . .
4. An Elegy on Cardinal Ximonea.
[ Vindiciae CathoHcorum Hi >oru mo. an thore Phi-
1
lopatro Ireno (Richard Btdlings), Paris, 1660;
John Ponce's Vindicine Kversse, Paris, 1663;
Gilbert's Contempoxarj Hist, of Af&im in lie*
land inftniMtiaii kindly opplied bv the Bv.
;
F. L. Obm!7, late goaidiaa off St. jWdore's ]
II. h-u
KJNQ, PETER, first Lobd Kiho, Babok
OF OcKHAM in Surrey (1669-17.34), lord chwi-
cellor, son of Jerome King, grocer and dry-
salter, of Exeter, by Anne, daughter of Peter
Locke, uncle of the philosopher John Locke,
was bom in Exeter in IGUQ. lie was edu-
cated in Exeter at the nonconformist aca-
demy kept by Joseph Hallett (1656-1 7l'l')
[q. v.] and bred to his father's business, but
showed a studious disposition, and spent
all his pocket-monej in buying books. He
was trained as apresbyterian, and interested
himself in the early history of the Christian
church. In 1691 he published anonymotudy
'An Enquiry intothe Constitution, Discipline,
Unity and Worship of the Primitive Church
that flourished within the first three hun-
dred years after Christ. Faithfully collected
out of the extant Writings of those Ages,'
Londrm, 12mo. Locke was interested by the
treatise, and persuaded King's futhpr to send
him to the university of Leydeu, whern he
spent about three years. He was entered as
a student at the Middle Tempi- on 2.'i Oct.
1694, and was called t the bar on 8 June
1698 by the recommendation of Chief-justice
Treby ^c^. v.] He rapidly made his way both
oncircuitand at Westminster, and on 10 Jan.
1700-1 was returned to parliament in tha
whig interest for the close borough of Heer-
:
alston, Devonshire. The election the ^vu
whigs an immense majoritv, and Kin^, by
liocke's advice, sacrificed the spring circuit
to remain in town and watch the courso ot
|
eventa. He made his maiden ipeeeh in the
j
house in February 1702, and wa.>, according
^
to a congratulatory letter from I^ocke, well
teoeived, His first reported speech, however,
|
was delivered in thn delmte on the Aylfsbury
i election c^e in 1704, whenheably vindicated
Uie rights of the electors. In 1705 he wae
aj^pointed recorder of Glastonbury, and on
2/ July 1708 recorder of London. waa Me
knigiitedet Windsor on the ensuing 12 Sept.,
tions ol the city upon the battle of Uudenaurde.
At this time ne was regarded as one of tik^y
mainstays of the whig party. In 1710 ho was
one of the managers of the impeachmeiit
of SadMveraUy aid aggimTaled tat doctors
Digitized by Google
 King
poeTish oeasure of the Toloration Act into a
f mImmm
Muidaloaa, and teditioiu libel.'
On their r. turn to power affer the gennml
election, the tones retaliated bj moving
(10 June 171S) tbt tbe mefiwe to the m-
oenJiy published sermons of Llt.'otwioil.lii -hop
of St AsaphideeerTedbamiiiff by tiie com muu
ban^rmsn, a motion uliicli Kinr ttontly, but
in V liii, ri ^i^tt'fl. Ho defendou LTutuitously
William Whiaton [q. v.li on nis trial for
htntf in Joly I71u w maKva^ 4aonwvr|
1719, p. '227). On tho arrival of George I
ia (be coimtry l^ng, as recorder of LoiMloni
tftitmitA with the mayor and oorporation to
leceive him nt St. ^rnrjfaret's IIill, South-
VKk, on his prugreaa rom Qreenwich to
8l Jamea'a (20 Sept. 1714>. Soon aikww
wards, at tho sug^^tion of Lord Cowper
'i.T.], he was designated to sacceed Lord
>
[a. v.] in the oonmoti pleas, and
KcrTdinffiy ou 20 Oct. 1714 ho took the
decree of serjeant-of-law, and on 22 Nov. the
otths, u<^f jnatieo of the eommon pleaa.
His sahry wji^^ fixod fit 2,000/., doiiblo thnt
of his predcN't's^^or. On his consequent re-
rigMlMm of the recorderahip of London he
was pr<^onted by the na^ot and corporation
with a piece of plate 'aa a loving remem-
bnnce of his many good servicee done to
the city.' On 20 >iarch 171/S ho wa.<? sworn
of the privy council (Boyeu, PoUt. State of
Ormt Britam, ix. 238). During the tenure
(hianew office King gained the reputation
of in eminently able, learned, and impartial
jadj^ but, as tho business of hia eottrt was
entirely civil, had not much opportunity of
trying notorious casea. lie tried thu com>
moaen iBflieBilid mthe rebellion of 1715;
but these eases are not reported, though, from
omeezoerpta printed by Lord Campbell from
UlMmeript report to tlic secretary of state,
hp appears to have boen lenient. In a case
tri'd by hitn in 1722 King has been censure<l
iot putting too liberal n construction upon tho
C.-vTr-ntry A< t (22 Sc 2n Oar. II. c. 1 ), which
miJ6 malicious maiming or wounding, with
intent to disfigtire the person, felony, witbont
b^n'-t't of c]',Ttrv. A man had b*>en hift for
dead by his intending murderers, l)tit had
eoTere^. King
directed the jury that the
istent to mur<loT included the intent to maim
Of wound, and the prisoners were convicted
iadaeeated.
In January 1717 -18 King eoncurrod with
the mumity of his coUeajrues in aflvising
0"rgalthait the custody of the royal grand'
was vested not in their father, but
ebilflren
ia the crown, a fact which was probably
Ot lbrp^tten when tho Earl of Macclesfield
wigned the great seal in January 1724-5
[ee P^KKEB, Tuoiua, Eabl ov MAOOLEa-
45 King
wrBLDf 166&-17S2]. King was at once com-
miaaioned to supply the late chancellor's
place >\s spe alvi r nf iho llouso of Tjords, in
which capacity he presided at his trial on the
srHdes or imneaonment mtbaequently esb!-
bited ngain.st Miiecle.sfield, and rr;id tfic sen-
tence of the house on 2o May. On 28 May
he was miaed to the peerage na Lord Kin^,
baron of Ockhnm, Surr< y, and took his seetm
the House of Lords on the 31st. On I Jvm
the king deliTmred tolum the gnMt teal, and
ho was forthwith sworn lord chnnrcllor and
appointed one of the lords justices in whom
the regency waa vested durni^ the king's ap-
proachin;^ visit to Tlannvor. A patent of the
otKce of lord chancellor waa auo made Out
to him in the ^mnn ' ^uamdhi aebene gcaewit,'
and besides the ordmary emolument.4 of his
office, which then oonaiated ohiefly of fees, a
nennoR of 6^0001. a yew ww nttled imm
him, with an additional 1,300/. a year in lieu
of the profits arising from the sale of offices,
then for tbe firat time expressly deelared> Ille-
gal. He resigned the chief jiistirn-ihip on
2 June. On the occasion of George I's last
visit to Hanover he waa agahi nomuiaiedoae
of the lords justices, 31 Mav 1727 (Botbk,
Polit. State of Qraat Britain, xxix. 500, 5Sd,
xxxiii. 516). On 16 June ibllowfaw he anf>-
rendered tho great seal to Oporgo on hisU
accession, but immedialely received it back,
and took the oaths m
lord chancellor, being
informed by George (8 July) that ho intended
to nominate to all benefices and prebends that
were in the gift of the cliancellor. This pre*
tension King quietly, but firmly and snccess-
fuUy, resisted, hoping his majesty ' wonld not
put'thtngs out of their amnmit eomee^' eitffl
after sottic discussion tho matter dropped.
Few chancellors ever took tlieir seat on
the woolsack with greater repntntion than
King, and quitted it with less. An admir-
able common lawyer, he was little versed in
either the theory or the practice of equity}
and though he diligently studied abridgments
and reports, and even took private lesf^ons
from eminent counsel, he was never able to
acquire a competent knowledrr'' of the law
re- ho nad to administer. He was morbidly diffi-
dent, and inclined to defer Jndgnent as long
afl po'^-ihlo, thus grievously aggravatlnp the
dilatorinoss of chancery proce<lure. Arrears
multiplied exorbitantly, and King was com-
pelled to proloiifT his sittings far into the
night. Stul t he aiTParswere not overtaken,
and the decrees thus texdlly prononnoed were
only too frequently reversed by the House
of Lordi^. During the lost few years of his
life he l>ocame ao drowsy and inattentive that
the suitors were loft almost entirely at the
mercy of the leading counsel, tho decrees
 King 14 King
l>eing usually sfttleJ by Attorney-general In 1702 King published a * History of the
Yorke and Solicitor-general Talbot. Apostles* Oreed with Critical Observations
:

Nevertheless King established Home impor- on its peverni Arlieles.' It was received
tant legal principles, e.g. that a will of Kng- more fHVourai)ly iibroatl than at home, and
Ush land, though made abroiui, iimst be made vcm highly praised in Bernard's Nouvelles
'

according tr> the formaliti8of lnglisli Inw

l ; de la Ivfpuhlique Am Lettrea (Xovrmlx^r
'

and that, where n husband had a legal title
to Ui wife's person nl est ate, a court of equity
would not help liim to '
rorlnce it into pos-
fl^saion' without corapf^llinir him to settle a
put of it upon her, whicli did something to
mitigate the harshness of the old law. He
was the iiuthor of the act which substituted
English for Latin u tlw lanfrtt&g^ writs
ana similar documents, and also of the sta-
tute 12 Geo. I, c. 32, which, by requiring
TOAflters in chancery to pay all Bums deposited
with them in tlieir othcial capacity into the
Bank of England as soon as received, rendered
impo^ible a recurrence of the frauds perpe-
trated dtjring I>ord Macclesfield's tenure of
office. He 18 charged by Whiston, whom ho
iiad offended by refusing to join his Society for
Promoting Primitive Christianitv, with being
wholly guided by worldly consiaemtions in
dJapenauig church patronage, and with jus-
tifying subscription by unbelievers on the
and December 1702). A Latin translMtlon
by Gottfried ()l>'ariuB was published at Ijei])-
rig in 1700, and reprinted at Basel in 17'>().
Later English editions appeared in 17U3,
1711, 1719, and 1787. Tlus, th> first at-
tempt to trnee the evolution of the creed,
gave a grenl impulse to research, and deter-
mined tne main lines upon which it was to
be conducted. The rreed, according to King,
was oriffinalW a baptismal formula, which
varied m dinerent churches, and did not
assume its present shape till four centuries
after the close of the apostolic age. Ijftter
writers (see Schafh, Creedt^thf Greek and
Latin ChitrrheJt, p. 52) have given 750 as the
approximate date. John Simson, profeRsor
of divinity in Glasgow, accufed of Arianism
in 1727, tried to shelter himself behind some
words in King's * History.' King made no
reply to this misrepresentation of his views,
but was defended in a Vindication by an
' '

ground that ' we must not lose our useful- anonymous author in 1731. Joseph Bingham
ness for scruples ' (Wuiston", Mtmoirn, pt. i. in his Antiquities frequently refers to King,
' '

pfp. 35, 162). As a minister be made no and with invariable respect, though without
considerable figure. HewM an F.R.S., a accepting nil his conclusions.
friend of Newton and one of hi"* pall-bf^nnT", In 1712 and 1713 King yubllfihed a second
a governor of the Charterhouse, a member of edition of his early * Enquiry,' with a second
the Society for the Propagation of fhe Goa- part treating of eeremoniee and worship.
1 in Foreign PtirtHi atul of a oommiflBion The book, tb(iiii_rli inteiub d to promote the
:or the building of new churchee. comprehension of the dissenters, is impartial
A panlytle ttrolra oonmlled Kva^ to ve> and critica]. A
oofrespondenoe with Ed*
sign tlie great seal on 19 Nov. 1 733. He was inund Elys [q. v.] upon liturgical forms, oc-
oni^red a pension of 4,jOOOA, or a capital sum casioned by the first edition, is printed in
of 90,0001!., and eboae tbe tatter. He died Elya's 'Tietters on several Subjeets' (1004).
nn 2'2 .Tuly 1734 at lii.>< peat nt OeldiFim, mikI In 1717 King wns nttacked by the anonv-
was buried in the parish church, where a mous author of ' The Invalidity of tlie Dis-
qplendid moiranieiit dt Rysbrach perpetuates senting or Ftesbyterisn Ordination,' and ^tf
his memory. Lonl Ht rvt-y has left n clcvf^r William Sclnter, a nonjuring clergyman, in
and ill-natured character, or perhaps caricsr his 'Original Draught of the Primitive
tors, of him in his ' Memoirs/ i. 980-1 ; an Ghvreh.' Charles Danbeny [q. v.], in his
extravagant panegyric by the I>u1c<- nf Wliar- 'Eight r>i5conr8f-"J. c^c.; IJ^frU, d-lan's, hut
ton, written whue he was still lord chief without justification, that Iving was himself
jottioe of the oonmon pleas, will he firand eonverld by this worlr. John Weslmr in
m the 'True Briton.' No. xxxix. fSee also 17in renrl the l''nqiiirv.' nnd, in spite of his
'

an absurd adulatory 'Letter to the liight high church prejudices, admitted it to be an

Honomable the Lord Ohief Justioe KSiig on ' impartial dnnght ' (Jcttmat). It was re-
his Lord -chip's being d'^sicrnod a Peer,' Lon- printed inl839 andlR43,with an nhridgment
don, 1725, 4to.) King married, in September of Sclater by way of antidote, and was not
1704) Anne, dangfater of Richard Seys of really superseded until the publication in
tJoverton, 01amorgnnehir'\ bv whom he hud 1881 of the Hampton lectures of Edwin

four 80n John, Peter, William, and Tho- Hatch fq. v.^ on * The (Organisation of the
mae -and two daughters. Each of his sons Earl^ Christian Churches.^
in turn succeeded to the title. King's por- King wft.<r erroneously identified hy Mo<.
trait by Dfiniel de Coning, painted in 1/20, heim with a ' Mr. K
,' who defended the

is in tibe Na'ional Ftetnll QsUmj. legend of the *'*'***''"g legion in

Digiiizeo by Google
 King HI King
^ooUenoe with Walter Movie v.J The the suspen.sion had caused an excessive issue
of notes, particularly by the Bank of Ireland,
BiHiard King. and a consequent depreciation of the paper
Diuio^ bin tenure of the great aeal King and appreciation of bullion, and advocated n
fapt diUT chiefly of alCktrs of state, whieh gradual return to the system of specie pay-
printe liy his fli"^cen(lunt, tlio s vonth
l ment. It was reviewed by Homer in the
huoa, as an appendix to his ' Life of Locko
<dinbuigh Review' (ii. 402 et seq.), and
[m Kino, Pktbb, sorenth Lobo Kam]. attraeted mneh attention, but produced no
The re porta of Pere "Williams, W. Ko- practical result; and, the depreciation in-
Inue. and Mosely (the two latter works of creasing, King In 1811 gave his leasehold
avthority) contain King's deciaioiii tenantrysotleetliat hecould no longer accept
knd chancellor. notes in payment of n-nt, except at adi.^eount
[Xofps and Queries, Ist sor. xi. 327 ; Hist. varjring according to the date of the lease.
Reg. <.'hron. Diary, 17<''4; Clianfepi6's Nonvcau Ministers, alarmM lest his example should
Diet. lIit.;Biog ferit.; Hiog. Uiiiv. I/)rd King's
;
be followed general ly, hastily introduced a
Diary; OimpbaU's Lives of the Lord Chan- measure making not4>s of the Banks of Eng-
eifkm; Fohts lives of the Judges WeUhy's ; land and Inland payable on demand legal
lirw of Eminent English Judges Pari. Ili.'^t. ; tender in payment of rent out of court, and
Ti. 294, 1155; Luttrell's Belation of Suto prohibiting the acceptance or payment of
.KSxin Henrne's Collect, ed. Doble (Oxf. Hist,
;
more ttum 91. finr a guinea. King opposed
aoe.), it. 32; Howell's Ststo Trials, xt. 134 111 T ill, and justified his own roiulnet in an
ct 418 et eq.. 1222, 1323-1404, xvi. 767
able and spirited speech C^^fterwards .pub-
rt Jwj. Lonl Raymond's Rop. ed. Grtle, 1318,
lished in pamphlet nmn) ; but it passed rato
;

lili; Lxds' JouTQ. xxii. 377: Colliuii'ii Peer-

law, and wa.s followed in 1812 by a measure
tea, d. Bfydgea, vii. 223; Burke's Peerage,
'UiTcU c;' Braylcgr and Britton's Snrrey, iii, making the notes legal tender in all cases
112 et wq.] J. M. R.
(Stat. 51 Geo. m, e. 197, 69 Qeo. UI, e. 60).
king wa.s from the fli ^t, and as lour,' as he
KIKO, PETER, seventh Lord Kino, lived, a determined opponent of the corn
Rtmr ofOokhajt, Surrey ( 177B-16S8), boni laws, whioh ha deiMnraced as a 'job of jobs.'
31 \ng. 1776, was fddi'st ftnn of Petor, th He supported catholic emancipation and the
axth bsron, hr Charlotte, daughter of Ed- commutation of tithes, and opposed ^anta
ward TredCToft of Hondiam, and was ^est-
irrsnd'on of l/jnl-clianpcllor King [see KiNO,
in aid of th Society mthe Iropagation of
the Gospel in Foreign Parts, plural it it s and
i'ETEB, first Lobd KiNol. He was
edocated other abuses, and was suspected of a leaning
at Eton and Tirinitj Oolfege, Oamhridgv, and to pr^bytstianiiB (nfSurarekia tertm An-
?ncce<!ded to the title in 1793. After n short arehiemi, &c., by .Kntischismaticus, London,
tour OQ the continent he returned to England 1881, 8vo, and A Letter to Lord Kwg con-
on conunfr of age, and took his seat in the troverting theMntimmU iateh deHtered m
House of Ty)r(li4. Tnie to the whig tmdition.s Parliament by hia Lordxhip, Mr. O'Connell,
of his uniUr, he acted with Lord Holland and Mr. SJteilf a$ to the /owfold division
[ase Fox, onnrT Richard Yasiatx], whose of TYeAs^ by Janaes Thonaas Law, London,
motion for an inquiry into tho cnusp.'? of the 1832, 8vo). A career of increasing distinc-
failure of the expedition to the Low Coun- tion was, by bis sudden death, cut short
tries he supported in his maiden speech, on 4 June 1833. King married, on 96 Hay
12 Feh. 1S()(J. hnbits, however, %vr'n> 1W)4, I.ady He.>Ator Forte.'^cue, dnughter of
jintwhat reclu/WJ, and except to oppose a Hugh, first earl Forteseue, hy whom he had
Hah as Corpus Sus|)ension or a bill to
Bill, (with two daughtent) two sons WiUiam
pfAlonp the suspension of cash pnyraents by King, who was createil Earl of Lovelace in
the Banks of England and Ireland, begun in 18^38, and Peter John Locke King [q. v.]
1797, he at first rarely intervened in debate. Besides the tract on the currency, King
Of the cuTTPH'^y quwtion he made a profound published 1
: . A
pamphlet On the Conduct
'

ttudy, the fruit of which was seen in a
popUet entitled ' Thoughts on the Ilcatric-
tion of Payments in Specie at the Bdnks of
England and Ireland,' I^ondon, 180^}, 8vo,
-nd edit. Much enlarged, it wan reissued as
'Thoughts on the Effects of the Hank Restric-
tions,' 1604, ^*vo, and was reprinted in 'A
Selection' frnm King'sspeecheK and writings,
of the British Uovemment towards the
Catholics of Ireland,' 1807. 9. 'Speech in
the House of lyords on the second reading
of Karl iStanhope's Bill respecting Guineas
and Bank Notes.' 8. *The Life of John
Locke, with extracts from his Correspond-
once, Joumab, and Commonplace Books,'
London, 1829, 4to new edition, with oon>
:

Mitodhy Enrl Fiirtr^eiif, 1 ,'>T\<]'<n, 1 K 1 }. Svo. siderahle addittHH^, |w.'^0,'2 vols.Svo; another
la this claodical tract Kiug ebtabli.'^lied that in Bohn's Standard Library, London, 1658,
Ii3

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King 14S King
1 troL 8vo. 4. < A Short History of the Job Grove, Surrey. She died in 1884, leaving two
of Job^* imtta itt l9Sfif lint published mot and fear danf^tsra.
an antiHMimlaw punpblety LondoQ, 1816, Kii)^' was ihf author of: 1. * Injustice of
8vo. theLaw of Succession totbeKealPropertiy of
[The principul autlinrity is A Sdection I mm Intestates,* 18f>4 8(d edit. 1866. 3. 'Speecb
;

the Speeches niid Writings of the late Lord on the Laws relating to the Property of In-
King, with abort iatroiluetory Mnoir bjr Bar! testates,' 16 March 1866. 3. Speeob on the
'

Fortawne, London, 1844. 8to. 9m dm

Gout.
Ui\g. 1833, pf. ii. p. 80; l?rnughiun' Historipal
Sketchoii uf StAtsnion who flauriBhed in the
time of (too. Ill, 2nd Mr. pp. I72etsoq. Yonge'i
; Bstfttes of Intwtotes,' 14 July 1869.
Life of Lord Liverpool, iii. 170; LokI Colchos-
tr'B Diary, Tol. iii.; Pari. Hist, and Hitnsard;
Laws relating to tbs Property of Infeestatae
in the House of Commons,' 17 Feb. 18.')9.
4. '
Speech on the Law relating to the Real
Fonr
letters which King wrote to the 'Titnes' in
18a6 on Chanoecy Beform' axe reprinted in
'

Homer's Momoira, ii. 92 CoUins'n Pt-enige

;

; A Blsdt Hoitte Natntiv* of BmI Lifo^'

(Btydgea), rii. 224 ; Burke's Peerage, Lovolace
'

Sdinlmisb Borkw. L 1 otBoq.] J K

R.
1856, pp. 65-60.
[Hansard, 1849, ciii. 88 et seq. Statesmen of
Knro, PBTBR jom lookb (isii-
;

England, 1862, No. 46, witb portrait; Drawing-

1885), politician, second son of Potr King, rf>')m Portnit Gallery. 2n<l -er. 1859, with por-
seventh baron Kine [a. v.j, and brother of trait; Foster's JEWage; Times, 14 Nov. 1884,
William King-Noel, IMt eail of Lor.'lace, p. 9.] Q. <X B.
was bom at Ockham, Surrev, on 25 Jan.
1811. He was educated nt fiarruw and at KING, PHILIP GlDLEi' (1768-1808),
Trini^ Ch>lleg, Cambridge, where he gra> first governor of Norfolk Idud SildROvemor
duated B. A. 1 m} and M.A. ISSS. In 1837 of New South Wales, was bnm 23 April
,

he unsiicceasfully contested East Surrey, but 1758 at Launceston in Cornwall, where ois
was electod for that oonalitiieiiey on 1 1 Aug. fattier. Philip King, was a draper hismotber :

1847, and rotained bis seat nntil the con- was a daughter of .lolin Cidl-y, attomoy,
Hervative reaction at the gt}neral election in of Ivxeter. He was educated at Yarmouth
February 1874. He supitorted am alteration by a Mr. Bailsy, but went to sea at the ag
in the law of priraogenitiin- for manysusiiions. of twelve as a midshipman in the Swallow
On 15 Nfaroh 1855 Ue dflivered a speoch in frigate, Captain Shirley, and served live years
which he showed emphatically the crvin^r in the East Indies, returning to England
*

injusticM of thf law.' On 11 Aug, 1854 he 'with much knowledge of his btniness and
tho Rciil I'stato Charges Act,accord- some tia^uainlance with the world" (Phillip,
Siedto which niort^j^aged estates descend with
bear their own bunlfns. In tho session
of 1866 he was successful in obtaining the
repeal of 120 sleeping statutes which were
liable to be put in fnrof; from time to time.
He also waged war agaiuRt llu* Htutut law
eommission.and more Chan once denounced it
as a job. King introduced a bill for abolish-
ing the prooerty aualitication of members,
which pessea the House ef Loidt en 28 Juno
1858, and in eight succeisive sessions he
bruuglit forward the county franchise bill,
on one occasion, 20 Feb. 1861, defeating and
causing the resignation of the Russell minis-
try. He succeeded in carrying tbrou;^Ji the
Hxiiise of Commons a bill for extending the
10/. franchise to the county constituencies,
Voyage). In 1775 he went to Virginiawith
Captain Bellew in the Liverpool. His ship,
after seeing some service, was w^rucked in
Delaware Bay, whereupon King entered on
board the Princess Royal, October 1778. He
was promoted to the Renown, with the rank
of lieutenant, 26 Nov. following. In 1779
he ngnin returned home, and for foiir yenr-s
served in the Channel on board the Kite
cutt^^T and Ariadne frigate. He was asso-
ciated as lieutenant with Captain Phillip of
the Europe in 1783, and this otiicer's liigli
appneiatum of bisqaslities his merit as a
seaman and perseverance led to his selec-
tion of King (25 Oct. 1786) for the post of
second lieutenant on bis own ship, the Sirias,
when he commanded the famous First '

so as to include every adult male who came
within the conditir)n8 of the boroughsuffrage.
He was also well known for his advocacy of
the ballot and of the abolition of church
lates, and for bis strenuous opposition to the
principle and practice alike of endowments
for religious purposes. He died at Brook-
lands, Weyliridge, on 12 N'uv. 1K85. II<>
married, on 2:2 March 1886, Louisa Elizabeth,
daughtsfofWiWinn HwniyHoiWflfMitcham
Vleet' which sailed for Australia on 13 May
1787, and arrived at Botany Bay in January
1 788. Immediately after Uis landing Phillip
appointed King commandant of Norfolk
Island. King set sail thither on 14 Feb. 1788,
taking with him only a petty offioer, a sur-
|
geon's mate, two marines, two men who were
Hupposiii to understand the cultivation of
I tlax, and nine male and six female convicts,
j
for the purpose of settling the island aa a

Digitized by Google
 King 149 King
indcmy. At that time Norfolk Islftnd [Voyage of Oovsraor FbilUp to Botany Bay,
wn, covered with scrub, and to convert it 1789, with a portrait of King facing p. 95,
into a source of supplj for flax for thu oavy drawn by J. Wri;<ht, 1789, and engraved by W.
(m otfoct dear lo the home government, but Skellun; John Hunter's Hitorioal Journal of
oervr r !ilLied), and to form ;^ar(kn.i and the TraoBactiona at Fort JucIcsoq and Norfolk
colli Tatd fields, was uo euav taak with the Island, 1793, containing King's Journal as com-
mandjint at Norfolk Island, 1788-90. and an
MMUfHteatKiugacomniaiid. IntmoymOf
account of his voyage home, at pp. 287-448
however, by unflagging energy, he had some
O. B. Barton's Historyof NewSonUi WalssAvm
nft J acretj of land undi>r cultivation, and the
tho Rf>ronlM, vol. i. 1889; HoatooB Australi^in
pipulatbn had risen to 4 18, besides the eighty Diet, of Dates, 1879. A manuscript journal by
I belonging to the Siriuju. His duties were King(311 pp.), deeeribing the voyage of thn
" ";
First
he was at once magistrate and JEleet. isin the possssrion of the Hod. f.G. King,
Cumer and govetmor of eoanota KJj.0. of Now Booth Wales.] 8. L.-P.
niot^fh he was obliged to have recourse to I he
iadh, he was not unduly severe, and never
KINO, PHILIP PARKER (179a-185),
t iiiied his almo.Ht autocratic powen ; indeed rear-admiral, bom at Norfolk Island 13 Dec.
Sir Joseph Banks found fault with hh too
1793, was son of Captain Philip Gidley King
ready clemency ( letter to -King, 1801 ; Bak- He entered the navy in November
f q. v.]
105, i. 239). In March 1790& loft Kodblk io07, on board the Diana frigate and after
;

Lkml for Sydney Cove, whence hp wn8 8*;nt six years of active service in the Buy of BlB*
ia Apni with despatches from Phillip to the
cay, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean,
fwiuiiient. lie sailed by way of Bttavia, was promoted by Sir Edward Pellew to be
whne be embarked ou a etnull vessel of the lieutenant of the Trident, 28 Fob. 1814. In
Butch Eaat India Compaav. The captain the beginning of 1817 he was appointed to
md oMxt of the orew fell ill with fevtr eon- conduct a survey of the ooaat ot Australia,
tracted at Bntavin, and King had to navi- and was sent out, a passenger in a tranqiort,
gate the ship with a crew of onlv four sound to take command of the Mermaid, a cutter of
Ml. Serentoen of the orav died belbre they eighty-four tons, with a complemeut of eigh-
mad.* Mauritius, and it wa.s not till eight teen officers and man. He arrived in Port
aonths after leaving Auatralia that he reaohed Jackson in September 1817, and for the next
SkglandCDeoenherlTOO). Philliphadn- five ^ears was engaged, almost without in-
commt- n led him for promotkMi to the nak termission, on the wuk of the survey. During
d master and commander in a letter to the that time he examined and delineated the
mtKUry of state, 10 Juljr 1768, as <a very greater part of the west, north, and north-
rtaady officer who was doin^ f,'oo<l wm lt in east coasts, and laid down a new route
'

from
a diacult aituation (ib. i. Sii^U and on lus Sydney to Torres Strait, iiiside the Barrier
anil in London with hit oeopaliilMB he Reef. In December 1820 the Mermaid was
was informed that the government had al- found to be no longer seaworthy, and King
tmAj amunted him lieutenaot^vecnor of wa.s transferred to a newly purchased ship,
Mblk Uuid wtth MB allowwioe of 86(M: ft which was renamed the Bathurst. This was
var (conuniasion datd 28 Jan. 1790; let- about double the size of the
Mermaid, and
Mr horn. Lord Grenville, 1 Feb. 1780 1 BaSr canying twice the number of men, but the
Hi, L 104, 536). Ho ohtained the nak of work on which she was employed was essenti-
oonunacd* r in March 1791. After giving ally the same. King was promoted to the rank
dttfovemmetit evoy information in his poe- of commander, 17 July 1821, but continued
mmm on the eoodition, prospects, and pre- the survey tiU the April of 18-J2. In Sep-
nt neceseitiee of the new coloniet at ^yd- tember the iBathurHt sailed for
England,
sy Core and ^^orfolk Island, King sailed. where she arrived in April 182.'?, and dtirinf
Urifsrah 1791, with hb wifo/AiiiA the next two years King was occupied with
Coombed of Bedford, whom he had recently the narrative nad the charts of his survey*
iwrrie^ on board the Goxson. Captain Par- The charts were published by tin; hydro-
br,d vmA at Fmt Js^mb 91 8ept. graphic office, and form the basis of those
(the Toya^re is described by Mrs. Parker, now in use the Narrative of the Survey
:
'

Vnjfe^Su:^ London, 179dk and on 26 Oct. of the Tntertropicftl and Western Coasts of
ko dtfirted for Norfolk ttbad, when he Australia' (2 volri. 8vo) was published ia
raauioed at his poet till he was appointed 1827. Meantime, on 26 Feb. 1824, King
fmor of New South Wales, 28 Sept. 1800. was elected a fellow of the Royal Society;
He letM on 19 Amr. 1606, vstvmedto Eng- and in September 1826 was appointed to the
li-i^. and <ii*td at Tooting, Surrey, 3 Sept.
AdfHlllO with instructions to imdertake
uuei. ^ Uis son, Kear-admiral Plulif Parker the surrey of 'the f^otithem coast of South
^ ' '
separately. America irom the Uio i'lata round to Chiloe,

Digitized by Google
 King
and of Tierra (It'l Fuego.' In this sorvifo tlip
Advent lire was accompanied by the Bearrle,
commanded hyCnptain Stokes, and after the
latter'a do at h by Captain Uobert Fit zroy [q-v.l,
and during the four years 1826-30 tJie worx
was carried on with unremitf infrdilin-'nccnnd
an exactness which estubli.shed the reputa-
tions of both King and Fitzroy in the venr
firstrank of liydrographers. Kitifr wns n(f-
vanced to post-rank on 2o Ftib. IbUO, uiid in
thfl following November the two abipfl re-
tained to Flngland. In April and May 1 831
King read some account oi the results of his
oyage fx fore the Kt^ral Geographical So-
ciety, and in the following year he published
volume of Sailing Directions to tuu Coasts
' (1713-1783) ^q. v.] assisted in the capture
of Eastern and Western Patagonia, includ-
ing the Straits of Magalhaen and the Sea-
Coast of Tierra del Fuego.' In 1839 a more
popular account of his and Fitzroy's Toyage
was published in the first volume 01 the
* Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle/
edited by Captain Fitxroy. King had no
further service in the navy, but returning
to New South Wales, settled in Sydnev and
entered busily into the affairs of tlie colony
he was for many years manager of the Aus-
tialian Agrienltuntl Society, and a member
of tho legislative coimcil. In September
1865 he became a rear-admiral on the re-
tired list. He died in February 1856, leavniff
a widow and liirgc family. Tie hadraarriea
;i
in 1817 Harriet daushter of Oluristopher
Lellibridge of Hadfiira, Launoeitoii, Oorn-
wall.
[Murshall's Roy. Nuv. Hioj. i. (vol.
ii.) 2(>()
;
O'Byrnc'ft Nav. Biog. Diet. ;
Mag. 1866, now ser. i. 426; Beaton's Austra-
lian Diet. ; and King's works mantioned in the
text] J.
KINO, Sib RICHARD, the elder (1730-
1806), affittiiaL son of GNulis King, master
in the navy,, and afterwards master-attendant
t Woolwich, And of his wife Mary, sister of
Oommodove Onrtis Barnett [o. v.], was bom
tGopport on 10 Aug. 1730. lleent.-red tbo
navy in 1738 on board the Berwick, of which
his nthor was master, bnt was slbortlj aftep-
wards moved info t1i<^ Dragon, then com-
manded bv his uncle, whom he accompanied
to the Meoitemnaan and to tho East tn^eg,
whore hp was promoted to he lieutenant,
1 Feb. 174^-6. In 1764 he agaui went to the
East Indies as lieutenant of the Tiger, from
which hf> was moved into the flagship by the
command'jr-in-chief, Rear-admiral Charles
Watson [q. v.], formerly a lieutenant of the
Berwick. On ^3 July 1760 ho was promoted
to be commander of tho Blase fireship, and
in tha lollinriBg Jannaiy eoounandsa tha
150 King
boats and the landing party at the capture
of Calcutta and Hoogly. He was then sent
homa with df^patcht aud as'SS immediately
ordt rt'd to the West Indies m
the Bonetta
sloop, friii which he was posted, by Com*
modore Moore, to the Rye frigate, 29 Jan.
1760. In May ho was moved lo the liUdlow
Osstlo and salt home with convoy. In Janu-
firv 17(50 he was appoints! to the Argo, in
wliich he cruised with eome success on the
coast of fVanoe and in the North Sea. In
17'>l2 he carried out General Draper to tho
East Indies took part in the expedition to
;
Manila [see Draper, SibWilliam Corkibh,
;
Sir Samuel], and with Captain Uvde Parker
of an extraoidutsxily ridigaleonfhiBpeiMinal
share in the prize-money amounting to up-
wards of 30,000/. In the following year he re-
turned to England in command of the (iraf-
ton. In the Spanish armament of 1770 King
commissioned the Northumberland; from her
ho was moved to tha Ardent, and aftt-rwards
to the Asia, which he commanded for three
years, as a guartlshin. In Januar}' 1778 he was
;
appointed to the Monmouth, was soon after-
wards transferred to the I'allas, and, in Janu-
ary 1779, to the Exeter of 64 guns, in which
he WL'Ut out to tho Eant Indies with Sir
Edward liughes iq. tJ On arriving on tho
station he was oraevra to wear a hroad pen-
nant as an established cointnodore and pocond
in command. In the action ofi ^iadras, 17 Feb.
1769, the Exeter was the rearmost ship of die
English line, and was fur ponii' (itue in great
iii. pt.
dai^r of b^ng overpowered, tho Frencn ad-
Gent. miral baring ably concentrated bis attack on
the English rear. She was almost utlrely
l
dtamastedi had received several shot under
K. L. water, had ten men Icilled and forty soTcn
wounded. The flag-captain, lUynolda, was
killed, and his brains were dashed in King's
face, temporarily blinding him, just as tna
master, sefingyet another enemy's ship bear>
ing down on them, asked * Wfaiat was to ba
done P' Wiping his fKo with his bandlmr-
chief. King answcrt'd, 'Thero is nothing to b
done but to tight her till she sinks.' A lucfy
shift ofwind, &owaver,anabled thsTanto tadc
to he assistance of the rear, when tho French
t
retired. In the Other four actions between
liughes and SafiVen, the Exeter played a
distinguishod i>art, though not such an ex-
ceptional one as in the lirst, and on thepaa->
sage home bad to baeondemned at tlie Oa|>a
of Good Hope as no lonirrr seaworthy. (>n
arriving in England King was knighted.
He was pramotod to be rear-admiral 24 Supt.
1787, wa^i ronitti'inder^in-chief in the Downs
in 1790, and had a junior command in tho
fleatat Qpit]iaadini791. InlTOShawM
biyiiized by Google
 King 151 King
cfvatfHl a baronet, nnd appoint<l governor tributed many papers. Her other writing.s
and cuouuttudtT-in-chicf at I^ewfoimdliind. aro : 1. ' A
Tour in 1' ranee/ l2uio, London,
He became a vic-&dmiral on 1 Feb. 17iKj, 1803. 2. 'The Beneficial Effect h >f the
and returning to England was elected M.P. Christian Temper on Domestic lluppiiK
for Rochester. In December 1794 he was 2ud edit. 8vo, London, 1807 ; 6tii edit. 1826.
tppoiBtd oommander-iu-chief at Flymonth, 3. ' Female Scripture Characters ; exempli-
ttd was advanced to the rank of admiral fying Female Virt ues,' 16mo, London, 1818;
on 1 June 1795. He died 7 Nov. 1800. Ue 10th edit. 1826, to which her portrait, en-
married Susannah Margaretta, daughter of graved by Scriven after Hastings, is prutixed.
William Coker of Mappowder, Dorset, and 4. * The Rector's Memorandum Book, bein|^
left, besides three daugnters, a son, Kichard Memoirs of a Family in the North *[ anon, j,
(1774-1834) fq- v.], who succeeded to the 12mo, Loudon, 1814 (and 1819). Hisr poir-
barcHietcy. Ilis portrait by Sir William trait was also engraved by Woolnoth.
Beedwy 10 in the possession of the family. [Memuir prefixed to Mrs. King's FemaUv
[Ch.uTKM;k'8 Biog. Nav. vi. 369 Ralfe's Naval
; Scripture Chamotert), 3rd edit.; Bfana'a Cat. of
and Mil. Mpnioirn
Bio^. i. 225 ; T^r atsrn's Nav. ; E&fpaved Portrait^ ii. S88.] e. O.
CheTalier'b Hi.stoire de la Marino fran(,aviae (pU
t); CommiMiion and Wtmaib Books in the Pub- KING, SiK RICIIAIJD, the younger
lie Saeoid Offi.] i.JLL. (1774-1834), vioe-admiiaL bom in 1774, was
only son of Admiral Sir raohard King [q. v.]
KINO, RICHARD (1748-1810), divine, He entered the iinvv in 1788 'on board the
born OA 30 Nov. 1748, was son of Henry Crown in the East Indies with Commodore
Kn^ tt 6t. Augustine, Bdbtot He was (afterwards Sir William) Ooniwallis [q. v.l,
sdnutt'd pcbolar of WinchesttT iu 17G:.' Iiy Nvliom he was made lit uteruiiit in 1791,

(KiUTj WmchetUr Sehoiarst p. '268), matri- commander in 1703, and captain in 17d4k
cabled at Oxtotd fnm Qnon^ College on On hia vetom to Bngland he waa a^poinled
4 Ajtril 17G7, and was elect-ed fellow of New iu November 1794 to the Aurora for cruis-
ColWe in 1768, srMiuating B.A. in 1772, ing eervice in the ChanneL During the con-
dHjk. in 1 tinnaaoe of the war he oonunendea diflerent
ITL-i-lgSfl, il. 706). In 1782 he resigned his ships with credit in the Channel and the
fellowship, receiving the college livings of North Sea. In April 1804 he was appointed
WflfthsD, Shiopdiire^ and Stable Mcmen, to the Adulle of 74 guns, in whidi, on 91 Oet.
CRmViriiI::f^sliirf. Hedipd at the latter place 180."j, he took part in the battle of Trafnlirar.
on^ Oct. ItilO {^Omt. Mag. vol. Ixxx. pU ii. On the death of hia father in November 180d,
King suooeeded to the beionetcy, but ooo-
King wrote: 1. 'A Discourse on the In- tinued in the Achille, employed on the weet
qnation of the Scriptures,' 8to, London, coast of France or Spain till 1811, when he
18Q6. S. 'RonailDi on the Allianoe between wae appointed captain of the fleet to Sir
Church and State, and on the Test I^aws,' Churles Cotton [q. v.] in the Mediterranean
8to, London, 1807. 3. ' Brother Abraham's and afterwards in the ChanneL He was pro-
Aoiwar toPeterFlymley [i. e.totlie Ijetten moted to be reaMtdmiral on 12 Aug. 1812,
on the subject of the Catholics to my brother and for the rest of the war had hi.s Ihif^ in the
Abnham, who lives in the Country/' by San Josef, in the Mediterranean, u^j second in
BfdDsgrSmitiil ... in two Letters; to whidi command to Sir Edward Pellew [q. v.], afler-
iainfixed a <'^PoetUaiiniotte''PtafiM)e,'8vo, wardsViscountExmouth, He was nominated
London, 1808. a K.CJ5. 2 Jan. I8I0, was commauder-iu-
On 17 Aug. 1 782 he married Frances Eliza- ohief in the East Indies from 1816 to 1820,
li, third aauf^nter of Sir fkinoif Bemard, and became a vice-admiral on 19 July 1821.
b. q. v.] In July 1833 he was appointed commander-
His wife, Fbakobs Eussabbth Kiiro, was in<chief at tlie Nore, and died at Admially
homou25.Tuly 1757. Afff^r the death of lit-r House, Sheemcss, on 5 Aug. 1834. KingirW
Husband she resided at Gateshead, Durham, twice married, first, in 18()<i, to iSarah AnnM(
so as to be near her two married daughters, only daughter of Sir John Thomas Duckwwtk
tad died there on 23 Dec. 1821 {Oent. May. [q. v.] gecondly, in 1822, to Maria Susanna,
;

oL xpii. pt. i. p. 90). An intimate firiend of daughter uf bir Charles Cotton, and left issue
Hsnnah More, f'life.^tabli.'^lud under hergoMp b^ both wives. His second son by the lliat
ece societies for visiting the sick poor and marriage, Admiral Sir Gborub St. Vincent
sAool* for their children. To the Reports' DncxwoRTH Kino, K.CB. id. IbUl
'
suo-
i%u. d by lb. Society for Bettering the Con- ceeded to the baronetcy n the death of his
dition of the Poor, under the editorship of her elder brother in 1817, wa."* c;i]i(aiii of tlm
WotUer, Sir Thomas Bemard ^ij. v.], she con- Luander. and afterwards ot the iU)duuy, lu
 King
tbe Bluck Sea during the Russian war iu search fur Franklin under Captain Horatio
1854-5, and was second ia oonmuuid of Ui Austin, and in 1857 he received the aietic
navnl hripado nt tlii; niepo of St'ltnstopol. medal for his services. Iu 18oo he drew up
lie became a rear-adnuml iu 18<Ui, wud com- a summary of his correspondeuce with the ad-
OiaaAer-iii-chier in China from 1863 to 1867, miralty on the subject, entitled 'The Franklin
wrn? made viro-fidmirnl in 1*^67, and dound Expedition from first to last,' in which he
in 1876. lie died on i8 Atkg. 1881. animadverted very severely on Uie treatment
[MarBhallti 'RaytH TXmw. Bi^. tol. \. pt. it. he had uuder^'one at the bauds of the govem-
p.646; Bjilfc^'e Nnv. Hiop. Mi. r.X; O'Bvrno's
;
meut. He received much synipalhv in his
NaT. Bioff. Diet. (s. n. 'King, Oet^rgd St!Viii- grievances from the newspapers of tho time,
tnk'}; Uatted Swrioo JoumI, 1834. iii. 232 ;
but his eccentricity and excitahility were
weataoFoaUr^iBaBaMtoga.] J. K. L. prejudicial to his advancement, and he died
in obscurity at his residence in Blaudford
KING, lUCnAHI) (1811^-1876), arctic Street, Maaahartetfiqnaw London, on 4 Feh>
traveller and ethnologist, was born about 187(1
1811, and educated at Guy's and St. Tho- ivmg %vaa a copiouscoutnbutor to the
inas'g Hospitals. He became M.K.C.S. on Ethnological and otatistical Societies' Jour* '

28 June, L.S.A. 10 Auff. 1832, and obtained nals, to the Medical Tiniey," of which he
'

IB Mhe following year the honorarr degree of
M.D. of New York. Ho was subsequently
pude ft member of the court of examiners
of Uie ApotiieeaneB* Society in London.
was for some time editor, and to other papers.
Besides the works ment ioned ahove and two
small iudical bwks on the cause of death
in btill-lx)ru infant* he published 1. The:
'

Shortly after qualifying as a medical man he
obtained the ^t of suiveon and naturalist
intlieiaqwditioii led by Captain (afterwards
Sir) George Back [<i v.] to the mouth of the
Oratt fuh Ktver between 1633 and 188^ in
MatekofOaptainBofls. HetookavfroBunent
lrt in the exptHlItion, and he h frequently
mentiaaed in liack's Narrative (1036), to
'
'
whkth he oontnlrated botanioal and metecno-
loffical appendices. He subeequi ntly pub-
liwed an mdependent aooouat of the ex}>e-
Physical and Intellectual Clianeter and In-
dustrial Arta of the I"jquimaux,' 1844.
2. ' The Nutivea of ^'Ilucouver'8 Ifland and
Briti.sh Columbia,' 1809. 3. 'The Manx of
the Isle of Man,' 1870. 4. 'The Laplanders,'
1871. None of these worka appoars iu the
British Muaeum Iihmrylataugnek
[Medical Thnm, 12 Vvh. ]S7n; Athi nrrum,
12 Feb. 187G; Minlical Directory. 1876, and
ObitUHry, 1876, where, however, the date of
King's daith ia wrongly given iis ]H Voh. >f;irk;

dilion, eittitlea ' Namthre of a Journey to ham's Arctic Nary List inforuiiitiou kiudly
;

the Shore of the Arctic Ocean under com- supplied by J. B. l^ailey, esq., Royal College of
rnaad of Captain Back,' 2 vols. 8vo, lS36,Aa Sorgeonsj King's works in Bntish Museom
v
hIImIi lie took aaB<e sanguine Tie than his libnrjr.] T. &
commander of the value uf the Great Fish
iHhwraaa baaisfor future arctic exploration. KING, RICHAIO) JOHN (1818-1879),
Ob 90 July 1842 King Issued the prospectus antiquary, eldest son of Richara King, woo
which originated the Ethnological Society, marrit'd at Rerry Pomerov, Devoushu'e, in
lie tpublid^ an address to the society, of April 1810, Mary Grace \Viudeatt, was bom
nrhieh he waa the iint ieemtaiy, in 1844 on 18 Jan. 1618 at Montpelior, IVnnycroas,*
and when holh it and its successor, the Au- chapi lrv attached to St. Andrew, Plymouth.
thropological Society, wen in 1870 merged His father died iu A^ lil 1828; his mother
in the Anthropological Initifmte of Grcat anvrived until 18 Jan. 1884. He nialricui>
Britain, King became n meiubcrof the council latod at Exeter College, Oxford, on 17 Xov.
of the institute. He was also a membw of 1830, and graduated ii.A. iu 1841. On his
the general council of the British Asaooa> &ther*8 death he inherited a constderakle
tion. When iu 1815 tlie afliiiimlfv proposed iroperty, including the estate of Bijxudan in
the Fmnklin expedition, King wrote very Biuckfastleigh, Devonshire, where he lived
tXKcmglf to Lord Derby, then Mlooial seem- until 18M ; lint the lands were heavily mort*
tnry, rt'commcndiii;:, in lieu of the pdar s<':i gaged, find in that year they wcr*' sold uudir
ioiimojr, a polar land journey by the Great pecuniary itrossure, when he was also forced
Fish River, and profiermg his eenrieee. The to part with his fauer^eolleetion of pictursa
admirnliy lent a cold ear Ixnh tn thi^ project and the miignificeut librarv which ne him-
and to those which King would have sub- self had amassed. King theu withdrew to
fltituted for the mea.sures proposed for the The Limee, Oiediton, ana supported himaelf
rwlief of Franklin in 18 }i. King was, how< b^ his writings. No one has in this genera-
ever, iu 1850 appointed assistant-suigoon to tion equalled him ia the knowledge of the
the jBaiolntef in the ajq^tkm aanfe Qb to liftenture and biatoiy of tbe west oountry,

biyiiized by Google
 King 53 King
and Ue was gifted with the art of interGsting which were issued during 1661-U, and in
dun in tJw fruits of his lasesrclies. He the anheequent volume on the ' Clathednilfc
w&s elected a meuilK r of the Devouubiri; As- of Wales' (1873). The Handbook to Her. - '

sociation in 1874, and filled thu oliice of pre- ford Catheoral' was struck oil' sejporateiy iu
dent in 1676, when his addrsss dealt with 1664, and tin aeeount of the time cboin,
the early history of Devonshire. He con- Gloua'^ter, Hereford, and Worcester, ap-
tributed several paperb to its ' Traofactious/ peared in one voliune in iSOti. For tmvy
snd at the time of his dsath was on no lesj^ years he was aonataiit oontribator to ws
tlirir.(ight of its fipt'cinl committfiee. Saturday Review,' the Quarterly Review/
"With '

Kverul of its members be was engaged iu aud Eraser's Magazine. A deligli Iful se lec-
*
'

f^**i*ag and editing the 'Devonshire tion from his afttdes was nublidied in 1674
Domesday.' Iving died at The Limnx, Cri'- under the title of Sketcnea and Studies,* '

ditoo, on 10 eh, 1879, and was buried iu and iu tbem bis extrusive learning was em-
its duuthynrd, the east window of the ladj^r- bodied in a permanent form. He freqnentfy
dupel being filled Avith stained ^lass iu bis wrote iu tbe A cud' my' nnd in 'Notes niid '

aseniacj. The east window and lour smaller Queries,' and to the nintli edition of tbe
vuidowa in Buckftstl^^ Church were given ' JEllncyclonsedia Britannica he supplied ac- '

by him when he wns re.-^idinjj ot Bipadon. counts of (.'oruwall and Devon. The hrst
When an undergraduate Kiug printed iu bve parts of Uur Own County were written *
'

1610, kft priTat* dSBtribution, thirty-tbree by bim for Cas^cdl Co., and he assisted in i*^

copies of two
lectures read before the Esisay the comjiilation
of Picture^ue Europe.'
'

Society of Kxeter College. Their Hubjectii liih paper on 'Bristol Cathedral' appeared
were *TIm Superoatuitil lieiugs of tbe in taa 'Transactions of tbe Bristol and
Middle Ages * aud Tbe Origin of tbe ilomance
' (ildueesfcrshire \rcha,'ological Society,' iii.
LiL rature of tbe XII and XIII CenturiCij,' lOo, and u h-tter bv bim On thel^anuly '

and they were dedicated to the llev. R. C. and I'arentage of Judhael de Totoaia' IB in
rolea,the schoolfellow mid friend of Charles Cotton's
Totne.><,' A])p. pp. 77-S8.
Kuigftley. To tbe '
Oxford l-Ijioaye ' for 18t)6 [Devon. Aboc. TrauH. xi. 6B-6U ; Academy,
(pp. 271-94 ) contributed a paper on
lie 1879. p. 166; Notes and Quohes, Sth ssr. xi.
'('arlovingian Itomance,* which wa.s ufter- 180(1879); infarniation from Mias Kin^, his
Vt &nii included in liifi ' Sketched! and >Studie.s.' bii>ter, of Urediton, and from Mr. John Murray.J

Hi^ first sejiarate work couMsted of ' Sclec- W. P. C.

ti as fr.tm Early Ballad roetry/ 1S-1l', to
wlach were added many note^ and preliiui-
nsry observations. A
novel by bim, eu-
titfed' Anschar: a Story of the N'nrth,' Ply-
muttth, wofi publiahed anonymously iu 1800.
It depicted tne apostle of tbs north while eu-
gageoon bis Tni.8iou of converting the Novse-
Ben to Cbriist ianity, but its succejis wu^s not
great. At one time he contemplated tracing
KINO, ROBERT (d. 15.57), bishop ot
Oxford, although stated Uj have belonged to
the Devonshan fittnily of that n^o, appears
to have been second son of \N'illiaui King of
Thame, Oxfordshire, yeoman, who wus living
in 1508 (E. O. Lku,' Bist. qf the PretmOal
Church .of Thame, jij).
. . &c.; HlITNAH,
Poeim Olid Psalms by Henry King, BUhupqf
Chicheeter,\xxx\\\. Ixxxvi. Brit. Miia. AeUL ;

*Tbe History of Dercinshire fnim the Briti.HU
Period to our own Time,' but thi( onterprLoe
IR^>ved too sunbitiuus, and be contented bim-
elf with publishing the first two chapters,
tnder the title of * The Forest of l)urtm<xir
and ita Borders: an Historical Sketch.'
Tn Murray'-s series of handbooks to tbe
MS. 24488, ff. 1-3). His brother, William
King of Thame and Womiingball, Buckiui?-
hamsbire, genth>nian, married Anne, daugh-
ter of Sir John AVillinms of Burgbfield, Bork-
ehire, and sister of Joan Williams, prioresa
of Studley, Oxfordsbim, and of Sir John
Williams of Thame Robert King was thus
;

EagUab counties King was a Ini^ge con- connected with tbe same liimily m Thomas
loaataB. Heprepared Handbooks to Kent '
Cromwell [q. v.} Eb joined the ('istevoiaaa
adSossex' (1858), Surrey and Uampshire'
' at Rowley Ablx^y, near Oxford, but, as was
(1868), 'Eastern Counties' (1861), and not unusual, paijHed iiomo of bis early years in
Yflfkahire' (1866-8). Those for North- the Oxford house of the Cistercians, now St.
Btoashire' (1872-7) and < AVarwicksbire John's College (cf. Wood, City of 0.r/ord,
^ita Herdbrdshire (1872-5) were partly
' ed. Clark, Oxf. Hist. See., ii. 806-9). He pro-
written br him, though tbe last volume has ceeded B.D. in February 1506-7, was abbot
ot jst Men pnhlished, and tbe fifth and of Brewem, Oxfordshire, in May lolo, and
litar editioBt m
that for * Devon and Gom- proceeded D.D. on 1 March 1618-19. John
Wall were 8Ui>ervised by bim.
' He was tbe Longland f^. v.], bishop of Lincoln, was a
duef vziter in the same publisher's series of patron of Kmg, and helped him to obtain the
'Bndbooks to the CaUudnla of England,' offioeof abbot of Thame in ll>30. Kingseums

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King
to have continued to Iiuld Jkuwern, for at
the diBSolution he receive<l u poiudon of 22/.
(I year in resjK'ct of it. Kiug probably be-
came suffragan to the Bishop ot Lincoln on
7 Jan. Ifl37, takinff the title Keonaiflis, from
the name of a dinceae in the province ot
Athens. He is thus described on 15 April
1686, when he reouved the prebend of Crack-
|>ole St. Mnrj' in the cathedral of Lincoln,
lie exchanged this on 28 Nov. 1636, for
Biffgleewade, vHiich he heM till 1641.
Oil '22 Oih;. 1537 Kinp wa* pIu TpcI abbot
of Osenuy, Oxfordshire, by thv luanaKeiuent
of John London and John Tiegon-
[q. v.1
well fq. v.], who acted on Cromwell's in-
structions. In 1539 he was a preacher at
St. Haiys, Stamford, and is eaid to have
preach ''ti there against those who used the
English translation of the New Testament
(Brsctn, Oranmer, I 186). The abbey of
'fharne surrendered on 16 Nov., and that of
Oseney on 17 Nov. 1539.
Kin; WM OMds Imhop of OMny and
'rimme probahty ia 1641 (i6.), but tht> letters
Eitent were not inoedtill 1 Sept. 1542. He
Tod in GloaiMter Oolb^ until 9 June 154i3,
whan bo WHS made bishop of Oxford. He
managed to retain his bisnopric duhng the
vafpoM of Edwaid VI and uxtj. He aat
at Cranmer's t rial, and Foxe ( ApU and Monu~
tneuUf ed. Towusend, viii. (Wfi), who is fol-
lowed by Strype, indudes ' Kui^, Bishop of
Thame/ among ' persecuting bishops that
died before Queen Mary.' King died on
4 Deo. 1607, and -waa buried it Oxford, in
Chritit Churcli Cathedral, where a tomb was
ereoted to iii.s memory. This tomb, of which
SB engraving was published, wee, with a
stained window containing a pnrtnut moved
later to another part of the cathedral bv his
met'frand-nepbewe, Jolm and Henry King
bishop of Chichester. Wood npscrts
[q. v.],
that they found a coat of arms for the bishop
wluoh ho noTar had or Imew of
painting of the window ia at TythoKpeHoiiM,
Oxfordahize.
[Authoritlee quoted ; Strype^s Annsls, 173
MemorialB, i. ii. 407. ti. ii. 17'J r'ninrurr. pp. .52,
; to roct'ive 100/. for hi- st^n u s os commis-
481.1049; Wood'n Athen* Oxun. (^Jiiib),ii.774;
Vttad OxoD. ed. Bliu. i. 18. 48 Wood's Hist.
;
i\n<\ .\ntiq, of tho Univ. of Oxf. Gutch.pp. 431,
629 lieg. of tiie Univ. of Oxf. wl. Boave (Ox
;
Hist. Soe.), i. 47 Browne Willia'u Hirt. of Mitpsd
;
Abbeys, li. 172, 181. 187; fiywc'a rcBdera,
sir. 766. zv. 12. 76, 671; Letters and Papers
ITenry VIII, o.!, Gairdner, xii. i. :56n, ii. 1246;
1x5 Neve's Fiwiti.ii. 112, 138
Turuer's Selection*
;
from the Kocords of the City of Oxf. pp. 162,
lfi6; Oxf. City Docs, ed, Thorold Ropere (Oxf.
Hist. Soc.). p. 133 Burnet's Hist, of iho Ikfor-
;
niHtion. I. i. 260, ii. 2ftl; Godwin, Do
bas,p.M6.] W.
S4 King
KING, StB KOBEKT (1699? Ifi."*?),
Irish soldier and statesman, bom in Irblnnd
about 1699, waa cldi^st son of Sir .lohn Kinp
(rf.1637) [q. v.j Uo enjoyed the ollict^ of
mustermaster-^eneral and derir ofthe cheque
in Ireland by virtue of his reversionary grant,
dated 6 May 1618 (Cal. State jPapert Irish,
1616-26, p. 198), which waa renewed to him
on 11 .Tan. iaS7-8. On 10 Aug. 1621 he
wa.s knighted (Metcalpk, Book of Knights,
p. 179). Reentered parliament aa member
fur Bnvl<\ ro. Ro.^common, in 1634, was re-
elected in 1639, and in i64(J was retumi>d
for RoeoomnMm eoimtj. In November 1641
he was ap])ointe<l governor of Boylp Castle,
and soon became ooospicuous for Liis military
skfUandietiTity. During the Inshrebcllioo
he distinguished himseli at the battle of
BalintobiMr, co. Boeconunon, in 1642. But
he lost heaTflydofinf^ the rebellion, and left
Irol.in*! in 1612 for Ijondon, where Cocil or
W imbledon House, in the Strand, had come
to him thrangli hie ieoond marriage. HoBOi<
entered the 8*'ryice of the parliament, and
was sent in October 1646 to Ulster, wiui two
others, to manage ihe pnliament^a affiiin.
In 1647 he was one of the five commissioners
appointed to receive the sword from the Mar>
quia of Ormonde, tlMTioeroy of Oharlea. Ha
contrived to increase his estate by ea^y pur-
dmsea and the allotment of lands in satis-
ftdaoa of hii aneast fnr- terrioe in Ireland.
By act of parliament dnt. d March 1619-50
he was nominated a trustee for the uuw uni
versity of Dublin (Cnl. State Papers, Irish,
1603-6, p. xcviiV On 15 Dec. following he
wasdeaired,alouK with the attomey-geueral.
to have a oompMto inventory taken of all
. books and leowdt oonoeioiqg the henld'a
office.
On 94 Sept. 1661 King was empowered,
with rolonel IIe\v.on, to siiju warrants for
2,000^. for payment of the Leinster forces,
UmMH A whidi order wea renewed on 8 Oct. enauing*
and on 17 Nov. he w,i8 aufhoritiod to issue
wimatB for 1,(XX)^. towards payment of the
forces in DnbUn. On 18 Deo. ne was ordered
i
sioner of the public revenue for one year,
commencing on I May previously.
1663 he was a]ipiiin(fd an overseer of tho
poor within Dublin and parts adjacent, and
wae also made overseer wr etatin^ the <>
counts of the army. IL- wns .-w a mem-
- m
ber of the council of state on 4 ^Sov. of that
year {t'b. Tkm. 1668-4, p. 980), and sat in
Cromwoll'e juirliaincnt of 1654 tis nii<ni1tfr
for Slu;o, Kosoommon, and Leitrim counties
(Offk&i Return tf Memben wUtmen.t^
Pr*>-uli- pt. ii.)
A. King died at Cecil House about June 1667,
Digitized by Google
 King 55 King
He nuurried, fint, Frances (d. 1638), daughter made vicar-genoml and principal official to
of Sir Henry FoUiott, the first lord Folliott Bishop Wren, who contirmod hitn iu these
of fiBtt^shannon, by whom ho had John, first ottice-s bv patent, dated 10 Dec. I(i(i2 (Addit,
kfd Kingston [q. v.], and thrco other sons MS. 6808, f. 214), and on 30 June lti62 the
and aix daughtera ; and secondly, Sophia bishop placed him at the head of a commission
(rf. 1691 ), daughter of Sir William Zouch of to visit the diocese (HarL MS. 7043, f. 30).
Woking, Sorrey, and widow of Sir Edward On 2 Feb. 1661-2 he appealed before the
Oaeii, Tiacoont Wimhledony by whom be had house of convocation, and with other law-
two daoghten. yers gave his written opinion that the bishops
* were in no danger of irregularity' by sitting
fLo(lge*8 Ppenga of Ireland (Arehdall), iii.
2J3-6 ; Cal. State Aperii, i>om. 1644-57.] with the lords in casee of high treason (Gib-
a. G. bon, Oodex, i. 14o).
He retained his chancellorship of Ely
KINO, ROBERT, LL.D. (1000-1676), under Bishop I^aney, and was one of the
master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, born in commissioners for visiting the diocese in
1600, was a nat ive of Kent. He matriculated 1674 (' Registr. Laney,' quoted in Stevenaoa'a
as a pensioner of Christ's Colleire, CSambridge, Suppl. to Bbstthah's Ely, p. 11). Acollec-
6 July 1617, graduated B.A. in 1620-1, and tion of forms of licenses, citations, seques-
ffnoeedd in 1624. In 1626 he was trations, &c., issued in his name, is preserved
eleetod to fellowihip st Trinity Hall, which in the Cambridge University Library. King
he held till 10:i; Ha, I. MS. 7073, ff. l i'2 'S). died on 6 Nov. 1670, ttpod 7G, and was
(

On 16 Jttna l&ib he was sworn and admitted buried in the chapel of Trinity HalL A
spoetor hi the Kshoip of Ely^ oonriatoritl Mack marble slab to his meniory, with a
CMirt by Dr. Thomas Ediai {Addit. MS. Latin iiii^cription and coat of arm.>^, is placed
m^L)il^). In 1686 he took the degree of near the altar. His arms also appear on a
LLD. (Noett hmitmm Outabrigiensis, window in the maatet^ lodge.
Uvihfth MS. 770, p. 252), and ou 10 Oct. Xing' initrriod Francos, daiiglitor of Ja>])cr
1641 waa adnutted an advocate of the court Wareyn of Gtmt Thurlow, Huft'olk. By her
of arehM St Doeton* Ooimmnit, London {M8. he had a son and daughter, who both pn-
A'lmh'.nim* t" C' Jleqe of D<)c(ors of Tmw in docoasod him. Laud wliicli holuid ])UTcha8ed
Lambeth labrary, ff. 50, 110). l<rom 1611 at Ureat Thurlow he left by will to three
to 1668 he was official to the AsdidflMoo of grandsons, Bofctrt , Henry, and Thxnoaa King,
Suffolk, and from IRi'J commissary of the llis widow was boiiad aft Great Tlmrlow on
Solfblk archdeaconry. lie waa commioeary 18 April 1684.
of Sodbniy oidideBoonfy for 1646 luAjt ana [Cambridge Univ. liegist^rs, communicated
nflidal to tfa* arehdeaeon of Sttdbuy,1646> by the late Rev. H. R. Luard, D.D. Stfvon- ;

1674. son's Snppl. to Bent ham's Ely ; La Neve's Fasti,

(hi tbe cleetli of Thomas Bden [q. v.] ed. Hardy, iii. 679 ;Btomefield's NorMk, liL
(1 July WAh), th." parliament (20 Aug.) 6o7-8, 661 Lord-' .Tourn:dy, vii. 524, 630, 678,
I ;

ordered the fellows of Trinity Hall to sus- viii. 237 Commons' .lournals, iv. 228, 308, 489 ;
;

pend tlieeleettoa of any maoteniiitil 1ihoviii> Wilkina's Life of Buldcn prefixed to Works, pp.
Tersity regulatione liad boon carried out; but zxzvii, xxxviii ; Gaiter's Caiiibri()<;;i-. p. 106
tbe fellows on 26 Sept. petitioned for leave Cooper's Annals of Cambr. iii. 376-7 Kennett's ;

Ii-giHter, pp. 222, 620, 882, 885 GibBon's Sy-

to deet in oonseoaenee of variovs iiioon- ;

T'-ni'-'tiC'S ( Ijordif Journals, vii. 000). Their Qodus AngUcaoa (Cardwell), p. 223 i ha Mere's
Monnmenta AnglieaBSt iH. 172; Addit. fiS*
prayt-r bein^ granted, they elected JohnSel-
6807, ff. 86, 93,110; Blomefidd's Collrctne
den (23 Joij), and upon hie refusal to aet
Cantabrif:ifn.iiii, pp. 10(3, 20'J, 211,215; Prin.
King was cuoson on 2S Oct., and his elec- Prob. Rfg. (Benre, 141); Addit. MS. 19138. f.
tioa approved b^ the lords on 0 Nov. ; but 21 L (Davy's Suffolk OoUections) ; Oat. otSl^H.
tha flomnunia objecting, he waa oonstrainad in Cambr. Univ. Libr. ; TodA Cat. of MBS. at
ta naign, and tbf follows proceeded on Umbodi Pklaca.] B. P.
7 Ifavch 164(5 to elect John Bond [q. v.],
vliidi election received the approval cTboth KINO, ROBERTi aeoond Bahoit Kmoa-
houfe? on 2*> Miifb (for particulars concem- TOJT (d. 1693), was eldest son of .lolm, fii-st
these elec-tioti<, see ^aker MSS. xxv. 12, baron Kingston [q. v.], by Catherine ((^. 1668),
ff. 381-97 in Cambr. Univ. Ubr.) dangbterof Sir wtlHMii Fenton, knt, of Hit-
At the Restoration King was re-elected chelstown, en. fork. He was broiigbt up by
iirid admitted to the mafiturship, 20 Aug. his uncle, Sir Kobert Kinff, who sent him td
I<j60. He is addressed as chancellor of Ely Brasmoee College^ Oxlbra, where he com-
br P,:.bnp Wn^i in 1660 and KWl (Ifarl. monced M..\. on 25 .Tune 1670. On 4 Jan.
Ma. ro4a, 21, 2b). In 1061 he wus 1680 the protestaut association for the county

Digitized by Google
 King
of Sligo chose Kiug enid Captain Ohidley
Oootc tlit'ir chiaf OOmmanden^. King ar-
rived at Ballyshaiinon on 24 Jan. There he
received a letterfrom the committee in Deny,
with orders (as thof said) from Colonol
Lundy to keep the jm.sfi'? on he Erne "VVnter.
t Comes Amoris,' 16.^7-!l.3; 'The banquet of
iiu obeye<l these instruct ioiu with signal
Buooeas, but on 15 April he reoeivod direo
tions fr<ini Laiifly bring his men suddenly
into the immediate neighbourhood of Durry.
The sc8ttred position of his troops rendered
this impo!i8iM'' Tin himbelf went at sunrise
the next mormng towardt* i^erry to inquire
iafeo 'the situation of affairs, and learnt on
coming within five miles of Kauhoe that
Luudy with Ilia forces had flod to Derry,aud
thattlia Iri^, who bad laaehed Baphoe,
would prevent him from approaching Derry.
King thereupon hastened back to his troop?,
despatched orders for the horse to secure
themselves in Enniskillen, and the foot at
Donegal, Ballyshannon, and other places, and
then with some of his officers went to Scot-
land in a French vessel, which thuv si^ized
at Killybega, co. Donegal, and hurried to give
William an account of affairs (Harhis, Life
^ WaHam UI, pp. 197-9). By Tyrconners
ftroclamation of 7March King wu exempted
rom mercy or Jaineji's favour; he wa> at-
tainted bj the parliament on 7.Mayf and had
Us ertate MqtWBtertHl but on 20 Aug. fol-
;
lowinj? a regiment of fnot at
lie c(iniinaii<lcd
the taking of Carrickfaigua, and on the re-
dnetion of the kingdom took Ua aaat in par-
liament on 5 Oct. 1602.
deeds dated 19 and 20 Dec. 1693 King
demiaed to Henrv, lord Cap(>I, Sir Robert
King, and other.-i the eu-stle, manor, and lands
of ISewoaatle, and part of tlie manor of
MitcSwktoinii, in eos. Tipperary and Cork,
for building, eiiJowinfr, ntid eslablii^hinp for
over a college in or near the borough of
Boyle, 00. Roeoonnion, to lie called by the
name of Kingston Collp'^e, for one master
and usher and a chaplain, w^ith apartments
Ibr tliem and twentr poor widows, together
with a free sohnnl nnd a chapel. He alienated
his estate from his brother and successor,
John, because he had become a Boman ca-
tholic and had married a se rvant girl but ; six sons and tive danghteru.
John cecovered it in 1708. King died with-
out iasue in December 1698.
[Lodge's Peeragw of Ireland (Archdnll), iii.
999 M,; A
Viwiication of Sir Robert King's D>
4gB8 and AetioM, 1690.] O. 0.
KINQ, ROBERT (JL 16S4-1711), com-
poser,was a member of the hand of music to
William and Mary under the mastership of
Nicholas Staggius. U was the composer of
iivanl eougs in * Ohoioa Ajrsai^ Boi^ and
King
Dialogues/ l(i8[, and wrote the music for
the songs in Crowne'n most popltlar comedj,
'Sir Courtly Nice.' These were printed sepa-
rately in the 'Theater of Musick' (vol. ii. ed.
1085). King was also a contributor to
Musick,' lti88-92; the 'Gentleman's Jour-
nal,' 1692-4; and 'Thesaurus Musiens/
1095-6. In IfifK) lie mt Shadwell's ode on
;
St. Cecilia's duy, U Sacred llarmouy and
'
'
in 1603 'an ode on the Rt. lion. JohttOeeil,
earl of Exeter, hia birthday,' commencing
'Once more 'ti.s born the huiijiy day,' the
words of which were writ en by re er An t hony
t t
Motteux [o. v.] In 1690 he took the degree of
Mu8.Bac. from St. Catharine College, Cam-
bridge, and subsequently served in the band
of music to Queen Anne. There are twosonga
by King, With t hee for ever and Only toll
' '
'
her,' among the manuscript collections of the
Sacred Harmonic Society (Ciz/a^utf, p. 283),
and a collection of twenty -four songs bv him,
entitled * Songs for one, two, or threo Voicee,
conmoeed to a Thorough Baissi' for ye Organ
or Harpsichord, engraved on comter,' wa^ pub-
lished by John Walsh (the elder) in 1711.
King appears to have been living at thia dat^
but the time of hia death ia not known.
[Grove's Diet, of Moaie, H. 67; VMs's Biog.
Univfrsclle di's Musiciens, v. 33 Brown's Biog.
;
Diet, of Mtuiicians, p. 369 ; GrttduAti Oantabri-
gleMfli,p.S7ft.] T.a
KINQ, ROBERT, second EiBLOFKorec-
Tos (1754 1700), bom in 1754, was eldest
eon of Edward, tirst earl of Kinoiton (1726-
1797), by Jane, daughter of lAoniaa Oanl-
feild of Doimmon, co. Koscommou ^Lodob,
Peeraj/e <if Ireland, ed. Archdall, iii. 237).
Aa'^^oonnlKingsborough he waa returned
M.P. for CO. Cork in 17.S3, 1790, and 1798,
when he waa caUed to the House of Lorda
(Oj^ldicl JtMnm ^Membtn ^
ParUament,
pt. ii.) On 5 Dec. 1769 he married a cousin,
Caroline, onhr daughter and heiress of Richard
FitKgerald of Mount Ophaly, oo. Kildare, \sf
the aaup;hter and heiress nf James, fourth and
last baron Kingston. By their marriage the
family estates were reimited. They had issue
Henry Gerard
Fitzgerald,an illegitimate son of Lady Kinga-
borou^h's brother, waa brought up with her
o^^^l lamily. He became a colonel in the
army, and wa^ married, but in the sununer
of 1797 eloped with Mary Elizabuth, Lord
and Lady Kingnborough s tliird daughter.
Fitzgerald succesafully deceived the girl's
narenta, bat hia gi^wandiicovered and the
lady restored to her parents. Her brother,
Colonel Kobert Edward King (ai'terwarda
Viacooit LortoB), Inight dunl with Fte-
uiyiii^ua oy Google
 King S7 King
Mtld in Hyde Park on Sunday mnrning, Sositfl at Iloxnp. f>nfTrinv-, top^ther.nnd in 1805
1 OtL 1797. After exchanging no fewer Ling investigated the cave at Aurignao (of.
tkan tiz ahoto they sepamted and a^pneA PRoranoB WTvBawiciira fat iVo^fw, 18 July
to meet at the snmo hour and pliir.i> upon 1 f^Tl ). KinjT triivpllpd frequently on the con-
Um following morning. Jloth, lunvuvcr, tinent, and was an enthusiastic mountain
I

wan |Nit vnder arrest that day ( Gent. Mng. climbtf. His wills nsually accompanied hiUt
vol. Ixvii. pt. ii. J1J). Il'O n.
1 FitJ^pferald in and the records of a long expcuition made
'

difguise soon pursued Miss iving to the about 1855 are contained in King's only book,
tmkf nmdM at IfitduiUAown. co. Cork, The Italian Valleys of the Pennine Alpa,^
i

lodging in December 1797 at the inn thf'r<\ London, 18.58. It if? illustratod from draw-
The suspicions of Lord Kingsboroughaud his ings made by the author. King was a fellow
m^GoIonel King, were aroused, and on tha of the Royal Geographieal Soeietvn858), the
night of 11 D(k;, they burst into his room at Geological Society (1800), and of the Society
the Kii wort h hotel. Colonnl King grappled of Antiquaries. lie died at Pontresina in
withhtm. and Lord Kingsborough, to protect 1 808, and was buried there. His collection of
his son, shot Fitzgerald dead {Annual Reg. fosei! mammalia from tho Norfolk forest beds
1797, xxxix. 'i^y-l). True bills were found he bequeathed to the xMuseura of Practical
gainst iather and son by the ^rand jur^- ot Geology, Jermyn Sferaety London.
m. Cork. But on 13 !^ov 1797 the first [Information from Colonel W. Ross King;
ILirl of Kingston died, and Lord Kings- Crockford's Clerical Directory ; I^eU's Antiqaitv
borough, on succeediBgtO the title, demandtHl of Man, 4th ed. pp. 182, 219, 26L 398.1
to be tried by his peers. On May 17i)8 W. A. J. A.
the trial came on in the House of Lords, KING, THOMAS (i portrait-
1769),
Ooma appearing for the priaoner. No painter, was a pupil of George Knapton
evidence was ottered by the frown, and the and was an artist of ability, but ec-
[q. v. j,
accus**d was unanimously acquitttHl {Lords' pi'iitnc and thriftless in his habitK. Four
Journals, Irish, viii. 83-92). Colonel King
of his portraits have been engraved in uu-zzo-
had been acquitted at theborkaiBiseaia the
tinto Anthony Maddox the rope-dancer and
:

previous April.
Matthew Skeggs the actor, as Signor Bum-
Lorrl Kingston di^ at Mitchelstown House,
basto playing on a broomstick, both by R.
which he had rebuilt in magnificent style, on
Houston ; .TonnKeeling, J.P., by J. Mc Ardell;
17 April 17W iGent. Mag. 1799, pt. i. pp.
and John Harrison the chronometer maker,
SGO-1). His wifo^ftqm iraoaihe had b^n
by P. J. Tna<^rt. Tie died in John Street,
for some years, survived until
f'-ftaraf-rl
1^ Jan.
Oxford l^oad, in 17G9, and
and was buried in Putnev Marylebone ehurchyard.
httriad ia St. ma
nmamiry (ib. 18SS pt. L pp. 374-4S, voL xeiv.
pt. i.p. 648). [dwards's Anecdotes of Painting ; Chaloner
Miss lived under a feigned name in
King Sndth^ British Ueaaotinto nntTHits.]
the family of a clergyman in Wales, ilcr
P. M. O'D.
brilliant convefsational powers made her a KING, THOMAS (1730-1805), actor
fern ral favourite. She married, in April and dnnmtist, born 90 Aug. 1780, in the
805, G*orge Qalbraith Meares of Clifton, parish of St. Georpe's. Hanover S<juarp, Tx)n-
!

and died at Shirehampton, (ilonoestenhijM, don, where his iiather was a tradesman, was
in 1819 (a&. 1819, pt. i. p. Ss?). edneatedata gnunnar school in ITovlnhife,
[BaHte'e Peerage Shnrpe's P&prnt^ Madden'a
whence lu; ])roceeded to Westminster School.
;
;

fUvelations of IroUnd, ch.iii.; I><'cky'B Entrl md According to the school-list preserved in the
ia thaQghteenth Century, viii. 3i>-40; Burriiig- Haileian IfSS. at the BiitisK Mnaeom, Tho-
toa'e PteaoBai Shatehai. L 196, ML] Qw Q. mas King was in the second form at West-
minster in 17S0. Qenest says {Acoomt the ^
KINO, SAMUEL WILLIAM (1R31- Stage, iv. 350) <
: A
gentlamaa told me that
lJ*6tt), traveller and man
of science, Idi st t King's fathfT kept a coffee-house, and that
ion of W.11. King* vicar of Nuneaton, King, whan a boy. had often brought him a
Wanrickshire, was Mm
in 182L Ho gra^- dish of oofibe.' Otner aeoonnts an iJiat King
duiirHl B.A. 1846, and proceeded M.A. 1863 was born In a northern town in which his
from St. Catharine's CoUege, Cambridge. father lived, and that he was descended from
HelneaaBa VBQtor of Saxliagham Nethergate, a respeetahle family in Hampshire. Artieled
.Vorfolk. in iK'il. King was an enthusiastic to a lx)ndon solifitor, he was taken to a dra-
antaagkologist and geologist, and helped Sir matic school, and conceived such a fancy for
fliarlna Lyelly who was a personal friend, the stage that in October, or, aoeording to
in hia inveatuations both in Kn^rlnnd f\nd anotlior account, May 1747. in rnmpruu with
abroad. Ia i860, the two explored the de- Edward Shuter [q. v.], he ran away, and
I

Digitized by Google

joined oa sharing tonus a trttveliiug com-
panj at Tttobri^, where Ibr the eniii <^
t'ourponre ho rfritea n prnln;;uo anfl nn epi-
logue and acted the two chanictt'rs of I lamlet
AIM S)iHq> in the 'Lyin^ Lover of Garrick.
' wmild and she woaM not.'
After ,1 shi rt oxjerionc( of actin^f in barns, in
the course of which (June 1748) he played
m m booth at Windsor, directed by xatee,
lu! wa^ stjcn Viv Warrick, whn, nn tlu' recom-
mendation of Yatea, engaged him fur Drury
Lane. Hia first part was the Herald in
'
King^ Ijear,' pn-^nmalily on 8 Oct. 1748.
On 19 Oct., when Massinger's New Way to
'
Fay Old Dwts' was given for the first time
at Drury Lnno, he played AUworth, tlu- oc-
casion beiuff disingenuously announced in
th Inlli as m fint appeanuiM in any chsr
racter. Snlanio in the 'Merchant of\'enice,'
Cinthio in the ' Emperor of the Mocni,'
Tnunan in tibe 'Squifa of Alaatia,' Tattoo
in Letli'',*CU-riniont in the '"Mis^r/aml
Don Philip in Hha would and she would
'
not,' followed dunnur the aaaaon, in which
also ho was th^' nriiruifil ^furza in Dr. John-
son's ' Irene,' and played a part in the ' Uen-
PecVd CaptAin,' a farce aaid to be {bunded
on thf^ CHiiipaif,niorfl ' of D'T'rfcy. Purine
'
PoroUes, Bobadii, and Cloten. At Drury
the summer he played, with Mrs. Pritchard,
Romeo, Benedick, Ranger, and Geoige Barn-Lane King was, on 81 Oct. 1769, the origintu
well, with miK'Ii fiticcess, at Jacobs Well
Sir Harry's servant in
Theatre, Bristol. There he was seen by Stairs,' and on 12 Dec. the oridnal fi^uire
Whitehead, who formed a high eatimate of Qtoom in ackBn'a ' Love 4 la Ifode.' Re
him. On lii- ri'tvirn to Drury T^ano ho found
announced for George Barnwell.
l^imoftlf
During his eeoond season he played, among
other parts, the Younp r Bnither in 'Comus,*
Rosea in ' Macbeth.' Claudio in 'Much Ado
about Nothbg,* ana Enrdinand in the ' Tem-
pest,' and wa,-5 the original Duke of Athens
m ' Edward the Black Prince,* by Wil-
liam Shirley, and Valeri* in the 'Roman
Father of Whitehead.
'
He also played
in the ' Little French Lawyer and the ' ance of Lord Offleby in the ' Clandestwe Mar*
f Spanish Onrate,' converted after GanieVs
faenion into fiirco-!. At the cln^^c nf the
season he went with a Miss Cole, a pleasing
aiOtvesa, to Dublin. Hia fint appearance
under Sheridan at the Smock Alloy Thentre
took place in September 17&0 as Hanger in
the * Suspiciona HoalMuid.' Except for one
season, beginning in September 1755, when
he was the manager and principal actor at
the "Bath Theatre Hut nnreoordad by
Gent'st
King n^mained at Smock Alley
Theatre for eight years, and while there rose
to the highest nuik in comedy. Tom in
the Conaciou.'* Ixjvers,' .Tt n iny in
' T.ovt> '
for Love,' Mercutio, Sir Andrew Ague-
eheek, Antolieua in 'Floriiel and Fsrnita,'
the Miser, Abel Druppt r, Duretete, Murph^t in
the ' Busy Body/ Scrub, Lord Lace, Tattle,
King
Omic, Trinculo, logo, Bayes, and Harlequin
in the * Bmperor oi tiM Ifoon,' were among
his parts. On 23 Oct. 17nM hr> app'^nn-d at
the Crow Street Theatre as Trappunti iu iSUe '
The difficnltio.s ntid <lissen^'ionH of the Dub-
lin tiieatres at length drovehim back to Drury
Lane,where, asTom hi the ' Gonseiona Lovers,*
he appeared on '2 Oct 1 7-'f>. Ffe had greatly im-
.
proved in st^le, and was assigned leading part a.
Withooeamonalvtsits to Dublin or feooountry
tOWns,and vritli nnc season nt f^ovent (ianlon
and ft summer visit to the Havmarket, he
remained at Drury Lane, of whieh he became
th. inainstny, until 1802. On his reappear-
once at Urury Lane he was accompanied by
Miss Baker, a hornpipe dancer, who then
made her first appearance at Dniry Lnne.
He married her in 1766, and she retired from
the stage 9 May 1779. Genest gives a Vat of
Kinc;''s eh;\riu torf, whicli i>rr.nfe'J^prlly in-
complete. Nevertheless it extends to nearly
one bnndred and fifty parte, and embraeea
the whole ranf^e of comtdy, from Pal^taflT,
Sir Peter Teazle, Sir Anthony Absolute, and
PaiF, to Ben in * Love for Love ' and Serali,
from Bontxlick and Sir ITnrry Wildair to
Ui^'li Life hi low '
M
took part durintr tho aatii'- season in the first
production of Murph^^a ' ^^os to Keep him,'
and ' Every Woman in her Humottr)* attri-
bated to Mrs. Clive. Scribble in Colman'a
' Polly Honeycombe,'Florimond in Hawkee-
worth^ 'Edgar and Emmeline,' Sir Harry
Beagle in Colraan's 'Jealous Wife,' and Cap-
tain La Brush in Reed's ' Register Office
wen also among his original parts in the
following season. Bat not until his perform-
riage'of Oarrickand Oo1man,on 90Feb. 1706,
was tlie higlie.Ht rank allotted tohlm. ftarriok
studied the part and resigned it to Kin^, who
accepted it with relnotance. GarrieK was
pleased with his conception, and his perform-
ance was declared to be in the same pre-
eminent class with GarricVs Hamlet and
K'mbl)'8 Coriolnnu!J. In July 1700 Tviii^
broke his leg, and was unable to act until
the following November. Hisremitation at-
tained its climax on R >ray 1777, when he
was the original Sir Peter Teazle in the famous
first representation of the 'School for Scan-
dal.' Of tliai representation it was said a
generation later that' no new performer haa
ever appeared in any of the principal cha-
racters that was not inferior to the person
i who acted it originally ' (GfinmT, v. 666).
Digitized by Google
 King:
King also n)oke Garrick's prologue. On King was Linger the invalid, and Bannister,
S9 Oct 1779, in tlie waanAj fuamu Ms jun., Martin.
nnVinal casf of tlie 'Critic/ Kinp wiis Puff. L'pon the death of William PnwrH fq. v. ]

Other orig^inAl characters, to the nnmber of King bought his share in the King Sireet
boot eighty, whidi he took at Dniry Lane, Theatre, at whieh during the summer seaaons
anH nearlv nil of which won^ of primary im- of 1770 and 1771 he was n t .r and sole
portance, include iiaak in Colman's ' Mnaical nuutager. Uo thon solrl his share to James
UAf/ PhMb
ia hk Donee ii in Him,' Wiluam Dodd [q. v. ,
and purdmsed of the
Spatter in his 'English >r^rchant,' Kufna builder for 9,000/. tlin -lourths of Sadler's
.

Kubrick in his 'Spleen,' 8harplT in Mrs. Wells, in which he was associated with
BbaMuf^ ill-etwnd Dupe,' piece, * Tb Arnold. He made eonoohangee In thepeiVi
Olib in rjarrick's ' Peep behind the Cur- A forrmnct'f, raised the pricc;^ of aflnn9sion, and
tain 'which, on the strength of the line Srovided horse natrols, to guard through the
angerous diiMct the ftshionable viaitoni
],T1hisum KSnc, of King Otraee, am the poet
whom }if attracted. His prices, thre< shil-
lings boxes, eighteen pence pit, and a shilling
wv for Dome time awif^ied to the actor gallery, entitled the visitor to receive a pint
Cw'I in Kelly's *F(ils' T>clicflrv,' T)r. Oant- of winp at an added cost of sixpence. In
whH the flypocrite,' Bickerstalli' s alti-rn-
in '
1778 King mid hin nhare, and was succeeded
tiin the ' Nonjuror,' Muflkato in Kenrick'a
if ! hy Wmughton. As 8iu'( i>8.sor to Qaniek ho
'Ti^woll itV no woTfw,' Relcoiir in Cumher- wa-H f'locted, on 14 l'"ih. \779, mn-iter of the
land s '
Went Indian,' Moilimer in his '
Fa- Drury Lane Theatrical Fund, and held the
yhion&ble Loyer,' General Ravngt^ in Kelly's office until SeptemlMrl782, when, on accept-
Schoil for Wiyea,* Nightshade in fiis ance of the management of Drury Lane, he
C!ioIfTic Man,* Jack TTiuitingn in his Na- '
rosigned it. the diaehaige of the functions of
tDfsl Son,' Governor Ti^mpeflt in his Wheel '
the two ofieet being hold inoompatible. His
of Fortane,' Sir John Trotlf-y in Garrick's earnings as an actor were at that time 700/.
' Bon Ton,' Sir Miles Mowbray in his ' First
a year. As manager and actor he found them
Lov*-,' Sir George Boncnur in Fielding's re<luced to 604/. lOd., being ooo-eigbtb
'Fathers; Gradtis in Mrs. Cowley's * Who's share of the profit^*, his guarant*ed remtmera-
thf-Ihip.''' Sir Clement Mint inBurgoyne's tion. In J line 178.'3, accordingly, ho laid down
'Hi irf^R-",' Don Alexis in Mrs. Cowley's his functions and issued an address, datd
'School for Ghreybeardfl,' Gabriel in Ifnl- from Gerrard Street, in \v!iti-h heeontradiotad
ftoft'* 'Seduction,' Sir P)iul Panick in Kcl- a rumour that he wa.s jilxjut to retire from
wtrd Morris's * Fal Colours/ Sir Adam the stage, though he admitted it was barely '

Cont4*t in Mrs. Inchbald's ' Wedding Day/ possihlw he might not act at Drury Lane
'

the Fool in Vortigern/ Sir Solomon Cvnic

'
during the comii^ season. He is said, ac-
ia Rern- Will,' Sir Marmaduke Maxim
!
1^'* ' cordii^j, to ham acted at Edinburgh tad
la Hoar Indiscretion/ and Sir Valemtuie
's '
Glasgow as well as in Dublin. Mr. Jame^
Vmout F'asbionable Friends.*
in '
C. Dib<lin, the historian of the Edinburgh
To these must be added the parts he played stage, does not mention his poratonce in thin
iahia own pieces. ' Love
at First Sight / a year, and speaks of his perfonBaaee of Lord
ot Tery brilliant ballad-farce, by him (8yo, Ogleby on 28 March 1789 aa his first ap-
l?*^*?), was actod at Dnirv Lane on 17 Oct. pearance in Edinbiu'gh. In October 1783 it
176:(, King playing in it ^matter, a servant waa announced in the newspapers that King
hn personates his master. In a short pre- was not connected with the management oi
^-> Kine says it was conceived, written, Drury lAne, but that his abilities and long
uid delivered to the managers within fifteen service induced the management to offer him
isT,and n<glect to add that it was forgotten for his performance, advice, and attention a
'
ithtn a similar spjice. Wit'i La.t Stake '
very liberal salary, stated to be 1,200/., but
1709), hie second uce, was given at
i^iftx, infaotonlyathouaandfoineas. He delivered
DrwT Lane on 14 April 176S. It ia an on his mappeafance an address in -verse, by
<hipttion L''tr^itair Unlrersel
of *
of ' Cumborlana. In 1785 he .seems to have re-
Hgittrdf its great success was due to
and iomed his management of Drury irfine, and
Km^fi Tsading of the part of Mar^, the is laid to have Men fe^ooaibb for the soo-
Cri*jiin f flu- original, a servant who per-
'
ceesful pantomime of thatroar, 'Ilurly Bnrly,
MoatM a man supposed to be dying, and or the Fairy of the Well,' for which he
dielalai a will bjr whieh be himself benellti. foeeived 1A5/. In September 1768 he again
I ntler the title of * Will and no Will, or A resii'ii'd the management and hjs rnnner-
Wit's Last Stake,' it was revived on 24 April tion with the theatre, announcing as his
UW te King's benefit, on oonaion wUA laMoo, ia aa eiyUwrtion whieh appeund on

biyiiized by Google
 King
l$8ept., that his authority had been nominal
rather than real. Of Sheridan, who was a-
tliorised to negotiate) with him, ho spoko
pleasantly, but said that when appointments
were mado he found Sheridan ' in a peat
hurry or eurroundetl by company,' until his
patience beingexhausted he wrote relinqaish-
mg his en^iagement in all its parts, and, for
fear of being induced to reconsider his de-
terminntion, left town. On 20 Nor. 1780 he
made, m
Touchstone, his first appeaimnoe at
Covent Garden, and the same evening was
the original Sir John Trotley in * Bon Ton.'
Aiter ^ying sereral of his best-known cha-
racters, he appeared for his benefit on 2 Fob.
1790 as Sancno in ' Lovers' Quarrels,' an
ahoration, attnbute<l to himself, of Yan-
bnigh's 'Mistake.' On 23 Oct. 1790, as
Lord Ogleby, he reappeare<l at Drury I^ane,
and durinip^Tebuilding of the theatre went
with the pompany to the Haymarket Opera
House. On '2 Aiijj. 1792 he played at the
Haymaclnt Falstaff in the First Part of <
KingHenrv IV,' and on the 23rd was General
Touchwood in 'Cross Partners,' a comedy
announced as by a lady. In flapMnW 1792
hb T^oined the Dmry Lane company, then
flMiiigf at the Haymarket, and in March
17U tpipatred with them at their newly
bnilt home, where he remained till the close
of his career. On 24 May 1802, for his last
benefit. King played his great character of
Sir Peter iVatle. At tlio close he spoke,
amidst lively deraonst rat ions of sympathy, an
address written for him by R. Onmberuuid.
When, much exhausted, he reached the green-
room, Mrs. Jordan presented him with a silver
cup worth ft hundred guineas, subaorilMd for
by the company. Around the rim were en-
graved the lines from * King Ilcnry V* (act
V. sc. 2), 'If he be not fellow witli d est
king, thoa ahalt find the heat king of good
fellows.'
About 1788 King had a villa at Hamp-
ton, and was at that date robbed by high-
waymen on his journey homo. He took
to gambling in middle life,with diMStVOOt
results. One when he had recovered
night,
2,000/. of his heavy losses, he made an oath,
ill the prt^sence of (Sarrick and wife, that hk
he would never touch dice apnin. This he
k^t until the death of Gnrrick. In l/HTj he
entered his name at Miles's Club in St.
James's .Strcf'f >!}ii>rtly afterwards he yielded
. the authorship of an interhuh* called * A
to the old temptation, lost all his savings, was
compelled to forego ft proposed purchase of
a share in Drury Lane, to his villa at
Hampton, and remove to a house in Store
Street. There he died on 11 Dec. 1805.
On the 20th he was buried in th> vault nf
fit. Paul's, Covent Garden. His pall-beariers
i69 King
included Pope, Mbodj, Wroughton, Palmer,
Powell, II. Siddona, and other actors. A
benefit for Mta. King followed, and brought
a respeetfthle addition to a limited income.
She died on 30 Nor. 1813.
Apart from his incapacity to resist the
temptation to gambling, King was a worthy
and an honoomblo mail. Dayies gives him
exemplary eulogy : No man ever exerted his
abilities to greater satisfaction of the public,
or consulted the interests of his emplojen
with more cordiality and assiduity. . . .
Booth 8 character of the great actor. Smith,
may be applied with justice to Mr. King
" By his impartial management of the atair"
and the affability of his temper he merit-Hl
the respect and esteem of all within the
theatre, the applause of those without, and
'
the goodwill and love of all mankind"
i Drain. Mite, iii. 372). Bibdin likens King to
i
I
Pr^'ville as regards his performance of vnUts,
and adds : ' Kin^ is a performer who has
thrown novelty mto ola characters, conse-
quence into new, and nature into all {TTi*t.
'
of the Stage, y. 348). Of his acting, & of his
life, he says that integrity is the guidiag
principh", and he credits Kinfjwith the exor-
cise of bonovolence, good humour, and everjr
other sacred virtue. Hailitt describes his
actio? in later life as leaving 'a ta.ste on the
palate sharp and sweet like a quince ; with an
old, hard, nmgh, withered fiMO, like a John-
apple, puckerpd tip into athonsand wrinkh's,
with shrewd hints and tart replies; ' he
was ' the feal ftaunoiUy wheedUof, or hasty,
choleric, peremptory old gentlfraan in Sir
Peter Teazle ana Sir Anthony Vtmolute ; and
the true, that it the pretended, clown in
Touchstone, with wit sproutinp; from his luvid
like a pair of aas's ears, and folly perched on
his cap like the homed owL Churchill
satirises Kinn; in his customary fashioa ibf
sbamelessness acquired in Ireland.
His countenance is Slid to have been ex-
pressive of benignity and of archness, his
action slow, his voice musical. In method of
^eoh he was nntentkMU,oimvayiagalwftTft
an idea of epigram. He was consequently
most in request of any actor for the delivenr
of prologues, epilogues, and occasional fto-
dresses. King was also a fair singer. Be-
sides the pieces mentione<l, the 'Secret His-
tory of the Green-Room' credits him with
Dramatic Ogho' (sic), which was received
with much ^vour. He also recited, at his
benefit at Dmry Lane on 20 April 1796,
'
Kitty Connolly and Jack the Painter,' ver-
sified oy himself. K\mg kept ft dierv, now
untraceable, in which were preservea some
curious facta concerning iSheridan's raaiuige-
Digitized by Gopgle
 King
Bent of Drury Lane. lie announced, and
then withdrew, a pamphlet called Word '
A 1681. On 8 Dec. 1685 he graduated B.A. as a
or two at Parting, or a Letter to R. B.
Sheridan, Esq.,' &c., and was rather fond
of addressing the public upon his ^ierances,
real or imaginary. Some letters of his in the
'
G&rrick Correspondence ' show that, though
his relations with Qarrick were friendly,
then were occasional divergences of inte-
rests or opinion. Other letters appear in
Um 'Manager's Note-Book' c<mtyuiiitd to
tbs 'Nott MoaUilj UagUDM.*
piVorks eitel; Genest's Account of the Stage;
BiLiirr-iphia Driimittica; Thespian Dictionary;
The -Trical Biography, 1772 ; Harlitt's Dramatic
Knars ; Dutton Cook's Honrs with the Players
Clark RusmU's Repreif>nUtiTe Actors ; Drama-
tic C<-ns<)r, 1770; -.'I'y Mirrur. viii ! mf? yi'ftrs
Theatrical Inqaisitor, various years; Jiernard's
BsfloDsetioM; Life of F. BeyooUs; 0'Keffe'
RecoUectinns Jenkins's Bristol Stage; Dibdin's
;
Ediabargh Stage; Georgian Era.] J. K.
WILLIAM
KINa, (1624-1680), musi-
ena, bom in lflS4, aon of Gheorge "King, or-
Winnhr.^^terrntliprlral, was arlraitted
gani.st f
a clerk of M agdalen College, Oxford, on 1 8 Oct.
KM^gradQatdBJl.6JQnel649,andin 1652
wts promnt^^d to a chaplaincy at Magdalen.
Thsa he held until 26 Aug. 1064, when he
became a probationi4Ulow of All Soula'
Collie. He was incorporated M..\. at ram-
bridge in 1656. On 10 Dec. ltKJ4 he was ap-
pointed soeeoMor to Fiekorer ai oigaidrt of
S'pTT Collppp, to prpfide over tlx* now organ
iL^-rf at a salary of 50/. a year. He continued
organist until his death on 7 Nov. 1680. He
>;tiri"cl in New College cloisters, wham a
Laim inscription marks his j^ve.
B other help to Bnyu'. and, according to Pope,
Kng oompooed nfidl tennee in flat, and
some antli"m. pnwrved among the Elvey
MSS. at the Bodleian. He also set to music
Cowley's * Mistress,' under dio title, * Poems
of Mr Cowlfv and others, composed into
Sonjfs and Avres, with Thorough Ba^so for
the Theorbo, llarpMOOn, or BaMO-VioU,' Ox-
ford, 1668, fol.
[Bbxam'a Magd. Bg. iL 66, 168; Foster's
Alniiii Oxoa. 1600-1714; Eawkios's Hirt. of
Mwic. T. 23 Grove's Dift. of Music, ii. 67
;
Bnnm's Diet, of Music, p. 360.] T. S.
KINOi WILUAM,D.C.L. (1663-1712),
itwillawanwa writer, Ibom ia 1668, waa the
son of Kz< kit'l King, gentleman, of Lnrulon,
from whom be inherited a small estate in
Middlcaaz. In hia ' AdTemria' lie mentions
his gTr.Tt-jTandfather, a merchant named La
Motte,and his cousin Harcourt; and he had
Mme connection with the Hyde family. In
I'T"! h" WR< admitted a scholar of Westmin-
ater.aad waaelactodstudentof ChriBtChiUGlif
t6i King
Oxford, where he matriculated on 16 Dec.
frand compounder, proceeding M.A. on 6 July
688, and B.C.L. and D.C.L. 7 July 1692.
He early became fond of desultory reading.
In 1(^ he joined dward Hannes [q. i
'
Reflections upon Mona. Varilloa's History
of Heresy,' chiefly in defence of Wychflfe.
About 1690 he published an amusing ' Dia-
logue shewing the way to Modem Prefer-
ment.' In mvember 1603 he obtained a
fiat from Archbishop TiUotaon admitting
him an advocate at Doctors' Commons. He
oontinned to use his talents as a humonnis
writer upon the ."^ido of the tories and high
church partj. In 1603 he oontrihuted a pam-
phlet to the fiuBOOS Sheriock oontrorersy
; (eee Macaulat, ifw/. chap, xvli.) In 1694
he puUishad ' Animadveriuns on the a^
'
count of Denmark, by Robert (afterwards
Tvord) Molo.-iwortli ~q. v.], a Round whig, who
had attacked the Danish system of govern-
ment. The Danish envoy supplied nwterfsls
to King-, and he received the thanks of the>
university of Copenhagen. Prince Geoige
of Denmaik also ohlained his appointment
as secretary to the Princess Anne.
Charles Boyle, in the book commonly
ealled ' Boyle upon Bentley ' [aee under
Bentlbv. RiniART), lW2-1742j, mentions
an interview between Bentley and a book-
seller at wludi Kinff was present, and gives
a letter from King aepcribing Bentley's in-
solence. Bentley attacked King in hisumoos
'Dissertation* (1699) ; and in the same vear
appeared '
A
5^hort Account of Dr. B.-iit ley's
Humanity and Juatice,' with a second letter
, ftom King to Borle. King probably gave
I
I
as reported by VVarburton, contributed tne
droll argument to prove tliat Bentley was
not the author of the ' Dissertation ' and the
index {Jitter* frum an Eminent Prelate.
1809, p. 11). King's 'Dialoguea of the Dead,'
1609, one of hi.s eleven'st profl net inns, a^
tacks Bentley in a series of ten dialogues.
Another vexycharacteristie work appeared,
firnhably a few months i-arlii^r than the Dia-
'
ogues of the Dead.' This was .\ .Tourney
'
to London in the year 1006. Aft4f>r the in-
I
fenious method of that made by Dr. Martin
.ister to Paris in tbe same year. Written
'
originally in French, by Monsieur Sorbin,
and newly trnnplated into English,' 1099.
This wa8 a travesty of a very recent book upon
Paris by Martin Lister [a. v.] Sorbiere bad
publiBhcd a much-abnsfU hook of travels in
England (1664), and King adopts the name to
insinuate a comparison between their styles.
He thought thi.s his best work, and described
many oi liis later writings as * bj the author
Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King f6s King
A
of *' Journey to London."' A poem, The appeared, and
' it was coarsely attacked in ' A
Formetory,' wu pabliahed in 1600, and Letter to Dr. W. IBi^r, ooeaalonod by hb
others were circulated in mouuscript. In Art of Cookery.* In February 1709 Lintot
1700 King published anonTmously * The paid King 32/. 5s. for The Art of Love,' in
<

TnuMctioner, witli wm9 of nit Flnloeophi- miitatton of Grid, bnt dealiiw with 'imio*
eal Fancies, in two DiKlngncs,* a satire upon cent and virtuouH love, if notalwayairithiB
'

Sir Hans Sloane, who ediited t he Transac-

'
tiona ' of the Boyal SoeietT. In 1701 King
defended his friend the Earl of Anglesea in an
action for separation brought by the countess.
modem bounds of propriety.
In 1709 appearea also t1u amufling ' Use-
ful Transactions in Philosophy ana other
sorts of Learning,' which were to be con-
'

He is said to have shown ability in spite of tinued monthly, as they sell.' Three parts
hit usual indolence. Directly aft<>rward8 he appeared, for each of which King rtCfived
was appointed judge of the admiralty court only 5L These Transactions' are a parody
*

in Ireland, and, as appears by a letter in the of the * Philosophical Transactions,' and the
Britisli Museum {Add. MS. 28887, 860), tilild part again satirises Sloane. The Me-
'

wfis in Ireland by 13 Nov. 1701. He pro-
bably obtained Lia post through the influ-
tOOt of the Earl of Rochester, lord-lieutenant
from 1700 to February 1703, or of Pem-
broke, then lord high admiral, to whose son
he afterwards dedicated his * Miscellanies.'
On 10 Jan. 1703 Kin^r wrote to John Ellis,
M.P., begging that an order might be sent
to swear bim, delay being canned by the ob-
stinacy of a Scottish lord mayor, in whose
hands was his commission. King also asked
Ellis to support his re<)aeat for the post
(which he obtained) of ^near-general of Ar-
moirs of Mfirfin Srriblt'rus ' probably owe
some hiuts to this book.
King supported the high church party ilk
the Sacheverell controversy by several pam-
phlets, including ' A Friendly Letter from
nonestTom Botriry to the Rey. Mr. Goddard,
Canon of Windsor;' 'A Second L-'tt'r to
Mr. Goddard, ocoa-'^ioned by the late Pane-
gyric given him by (hf Review,' 1710; *A
Vindication of the l\-'v. Dr. Sacheverell,'
1711 (in which Kin^ was assisted by Charles
Lambe of Chri.'t Church, and probably hy
Sacheverell hi nisei f); Mr, Bisset's Recanta-
'

magh (ib. 28800, f. 17). King was likewise
ole oommiirioiier of the prixes, bat appMrs
tohaye neglected nil his duties. While idling
al Mountown, near Dublini the house of his
Mend Jndffe Uptoii,he wroto'MuUy ofMonn-
town,' Miuly being the red cow that fur-
tion, in a Letter to the Rev. Dr. Henry ISache-
enul,* 1711 ; and 'An Answer to a second
scandalous P>onk th;it Mr. Ri^sett is now
writing, to be published as soon as possible.*
King contributed to the early nnmben fit
the Examiner,' started in August 1710, but
'

nished him with milk. It was surreptitiously
published in 1704, together with another
T npm,' Orpheus and Eurydice,"as the 'Fairy
FeasU' Kinff reprinted the poems, asserting
tihstth^haa nohidden meaning, and added
it is not known that he had any connection
with the paper after Swifb tmdertodc the
management of it in November.
At the end of 1710 King published hta
* Historical Aeooont of the Heathen Gods

*Some Kemarks on the Tnle of a Tub.'
In 1706^ or a little later, Kin^ published
a colleeHon of ' Miseellaniee.' On 10 Jobs
1707 he was appointed keeper of the records
in the Birmingham Tower at Dublin Castle,
but resigned on S8 Nov. (Lasobllbb, Liber
and Heroes,' a compilation which was used
in schools for many Tears, and for which the
autlior was paid oOl In 1711 he wrote &
bitter attack upon the Duke of Marlborough,
which was published late in the year, witli
the date 1712, entitled Rufinus, or an Hi>
'

Mimerttm Publt'contm Hibemicp, 1824, pt. ii. torical Elssay on the favourite Ministry under
p. 78). Probably King returned to England Theodosius and his son Arcadiu.s,' with a
at the close of 1707. It seems that he had by poem, 'Rufinu& or the Favourite,' annexed.
this time spent his private fortune, and had In December 1711 King, on Swifts recom-
nothing to rely upon except his studentJihipat mendation, was appointed to succeed Steele
Chr 8t ( V h u rch. in February 1 708 Lintot paid in the post of gazetteer. King had been in
him 32/. '.4. for ' Tlie Art of Cookery, in iaut- great oiffieolties. Gay, writing earlier ia
tion of Horace's Art of Poetry-; with ?ome the year, says, in 'The Present State of Wit,'
Letters to Dr. Lister and others, occasioned that King cfeserved better than to * lansruish
rincipally by the title of a book published out the small remainder of his life in the Fleet
y the T)octor, being the Works ol Apicius Prison.* Swift, in the 'Journal to Stella*
concerning the Soups and Sauces of
Cffilius, (19 Dec.), speaks of King as a * poor starvingf
the Aaetents.' It was published in the fol- wit;' but on 31 Dec. mentions the appoint*
lowing month without date(Z)at7y Cottranf. ment tothe 'Gazette,'whichhe valuesat 200^
13 March 1708). Two spurious editions of a year. He afterwards (8 Jan. 1711-12) tella
tbia amusing poem, perhaps hit beii woric, Aiebhishop King * that it will he worth 8601^
 King 163 King
perannum to him if he be diligent and sober.' dedication to Lord Orrery; and in 1734
king, however, was incapable of diligence. they were edited as 'Posthumous Works,' by
Upon the influx of an unusual amoont of Joseph Browne, 1I.D. A portrait, engraved
matter he had to sit up till three or four by J. Vandergucbt from a painting by Del-
in the morning to correct the proofs. King low, was prefixed to both collections. In
Aenftre variffned the office on 1 July 1712. 1770 the ' Original Works of WiUiam Kinff,
On the same day Lintot paid him 4/. 1. 6J. LL.I>.,' in throe volumes, were published,
for the ' Useful Misoellanies. Part the First,' carefully edited by John Nichols. On the
containing the tngi^comedy of * Joan of title-page is a portrait in a drcle, engraved
Hedinp^ in '
and an ' Account of Horac 's - by Cook.
behaviour during his stay at Trinity College [Memoirs uf Dr. King, prefixed to Nichols's
hOunbridge.' In Au^st he published sotno edition of the OrigiDU Works; Bk)g. Brit;
verses, 'Britain'a Paiiadium, or Loni fio- Add. MSS. 28883 ff. 187, ISO, 265, 28885 f. 160,
lingbroke's Welcome from France.' 28887 f. 369. 28890 f. 17 (Brit. Mua.) Welch's ;

During the summer ot 1712 King lived in
a friend 3 hou(i? between Lambeth and "\ aux-
halL He visited his friends in Loudon, espe-
dU^ lib velation Lord CHamndon at So-
OWt Hotiso. In th(> niitiimn his health
|Ww worse. Clart-ndon bad him conveyed
Alumni Weetmonasterienses, 1852, pp. 147, 183,
190-2; Swift's Works, d. SooU, ISM, vols. i.
ii. tL z. XT. ; T. Cibbi'' Uvea of the Poets, iii.
228; Qent. Mag. 1778,465; European Mag. vii.
400; Johnsons Litres of the Poets; Coote's
Catalogue of Civilians, pp. 04-5 Monk's Life
1
of Bentley, 1833; Oxford Qruduates Chester's
;

on '2i Dei-, to a lodging opposite Somerset

Registers of Westminster, 1876, p. 275 NuMo's ;

House. T!iut night he made his will, by CoDtinuatioD of Granger, ii. 260; Pope's Works,
vhidibe ajj;^* anted his sister, Elizabeth King, ed. lwia and Courthope, a. 207. 295; Ideal
sole executrix and residuary legatee ; and on Commonwealths, 18M ntforWa tTninsiaal Li*
the followitii; day be died. On 27 Dec. he brary), pp. 273-84 ; NichoU's Lit. Anwl. 1812,
was buried iii the north cloister of Westmin- i. 25, 32-5, 327. iii. 227, iv. 715; D'lsraeli'e
Mer Abbey. King seems to have been sin- Qu.trrels of Authors (Miscellanies, 1840), pp.
cerely religious and moral in his life, though 206, 219-21. Dr. King is otmstantly confused,
ntea to occasional conviviality. Pope told especially in indexes, with Dr. William King
Lord Borliogton in 1710, ' I remember l>r. [q. V.]. iirth bishop of Dulilin. or with Dr. WiU
Kir^' would write verses in a tavern three liam King fq. vj of St. Maxjr Hall, Oxford, the
lioufs after he could uot speak.' He some- aathov of'The Tout'] 0. A. A.
tunes said ill-natured things, but was gene- KmO, WILLIAM, DJ>. (1860-1729),
rally amiable and eay-going. His * Aaver- anMibishop of Dublin, son of James Kinj^, h
saria' proves the width of hia general reading, native of Barrain Aberdeenshire, the orijjiual
Ukd he was certainly well skuled in law. A seat of the family, was bom on 1 May 1650
eulogistic ' Pindarick Odo to the memory in the town of .Antrim in Ireland, whither
of Dr. William King ' appeared after hia hia lather had migrated sumo time between
1080 and 1649, in order to escape the solemn
Many of King's writings were publislied league and covenant, and when' hi- is said to
aoonymously, and some without date. Among have pursued the calling of a uiiller (Hist,
the fragments left by him are an ' Essay on MSS. Comm. 3rd Be]!, p. 416 ; Noblb, Cbti-
(5ril Government ' (reprinted by Dr. John- tmuatum of Granger^ ii. 103). At the age of
son in 1776), and Crapulia,' translated from
' twelve King was sent to a Latin school at
Joseph Hall's ' Mundus alter et idem.' KiBg Dungannon, co. Tyrone, and on 7 April 1006
wrote also several papers for Harrison's con- (Mason, St. Patrick's, p. 207) he was ad*
tonation of the 'Tatler,' and a few songs mitted a sizar into Trinity College, Dublin.
tod tales in verse, which aro of little value. He studied hard, and having obtained a
One of these, ' Apple Pye,' was printed in scholarship he graduated B.A. on 23 Feb.
*The Northern AUlantis,' 1713, and in the 1670, was ordamed deacon by Dr. Robert
following year it was included in Hill's col- Mossom, bishop of Derry, on 26 Oct. 1671,
Iwtion of * Original Poema and l^anala- and proceeded x^L A. in 1673. He failed to
tiooa' King in his early yean translated obtam a fellowship, but having attracted the
*omi books from the French, and was one of attention of John Parker,archbi8hopof Tusm,
the tEualatort, from the French of De la he was bv him ordained a priest on 12 April
(Voo, of 'The Persian and the Turkish Tales 1674, and was collated to the prebend of Ktl-
compleat,* published in 1714, having begun raainmorc on 14 July in the same year, and
the work, as the dedication states, at the to the provostship of the cathedral chiudi
ivqneit of Ladr Theodosia Blye, baroness of Tuam on S6 Oct. 1670. On the transla-
of riifton. In 1732 King's Ilfmains' were tion of Parker to the see of Dublin in 1678,
'

jaUisbed, with an account of hia hfy, and a King waa on 37 Oct. 1079 collated to the

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 King
dumcellorship of St F*trick' and
the parish
ofStWerburgh's aiitiexed,ir1iere1w laboured
lealousl^ to prevent tho spread of Tloman
Catholicism in the metropolis. Shortlj after
hifi appointment he was involved in a aisputo
with Dean W orth as to the ri^lit of tho
dean to visit indep'ndently of the chapter.
J udgment was finally given against King in
1681, and as a poniuunent for his ' conten-
tiousness ho wns required to build a number
'
of stalls in theciiuptor-house (lA. pp. 201-2).
In 1687 King entered upon a prolonged con-
troversy with Petpr Mnnby [q. v.], sometitno
deanof Derry, wlio Imd been lately converted
to tlie church of Rome. Manby's * Condera-
taODB which obliged Peter Manby to embrace
the Catholic Religion' drew from King an
'
Answer to tho tJondderations,' in which
Manby motives were ascribed to a desire to
curry favour with James II. Manby there-
A
upon replied wtth * Reformed Catecliism/
which King an.swered in 'A \'iiidicHl ion
the Answer to the Cktnsiderations,' lt>S8.
Snbiequeutly Manby, according to Harris
(Wark, i?/.</('';i.t ), (fiepi-rsod a eliort paper,
'
artfully written,' under tho title * A
Letter to
a IFViend, shewing the vanity of this opinion,
that every man's 9en.<e and reason is to guide
him in matters of Faith/ which led to King's
' Vindioatioii of the Ohristian Keligioii and
Reformation ajainst the Attempts of a late
Letter.' Ow i ug to some disDaragiii||f xemarks
about presbyterianism madie lyf him daring
this controversy, King was vigorously at-
tacked by Joseph Boyse v.j, a presbyterian
minister in Dublin. On the death of Dean
Wort h in 1 !88, K ing was el r r d h is .successor,
( ^' t "Wiseman, bishop of Oromore, ecclesiastical
and was formally installed on 1 Feb. 1(188-9,
taking his degree of D.D. shortly afterwards.
Hitherto he had been noted as a strenuous
advocate of the doctrine of passive resistance
(Lrslib, Aruicer, p. 113), but the ^vem-
ment of Tyrconnel converted him into an
ardent whig. He openly espoused tho cause
of the Prince of Orange, and falling under
the suspicion of the Jacobite government he
wa* arr>*sted and confined to the castle, fie
was liberated after a short imprisonment by
the g(X)d olUces of Lord-chief-ju8tire Sir
Edward Herbert ([. v,^. but continued trO
^
sutfer insults and ituli^rriitios in public till
the begtnninsr of 1600, wlien ho was recom-
mitted on a cnar(j of having fumish' d trea-
sonable information to the Duke of Schom-
hag (A. p. 106). Tlie battle of the Boyne,
however, put an end to his sufferings. On
10 Nov. he preached before the lords jus-
tices Sidney and Goningsby in St. Patrick's
Cathedral on the occasion of the thanksgiving
for '
the preservation of his Majesty's person,
his good MiooeM in ow deliveranoe^ vad hit
i4 King
safeand happy return into Ensland,' and un
9 Jan. 1990-1 he was promoted to uie see of
Derry. In 1091 he published his State of
'
the Protestants of Ireland under the late
King James's Government,' for whidi he had
partly collected the materials during his im-
prisonment. Though more of a party pam-
phlet than an impartial historv, it is a power-
ful vindicatioiiof the princinles of the revo-
lution, and was. a.s Bishop Burnet described
it, 'not only thu heat book that hath been
written for the service ofthe government, but
without any figure it is worth all the rest
put together, and will do more tlian all our
scribbhngs forsettUiigthenunds ofthe nation.'
Three editions were at once exhausted. An
'Answer' was published uuouymously in
1 09-' from the pen of the nonjuror, Chiurlfli
Leslie [q. v.] The charge of inconsistency
in the ma ter ofpaasi ve resistance was pressed
t
home against King with considerable aldll,
of and from certain memoranda still extant
{Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 236) it would
seem as if King at one time meditated a reply
to Leslie's book. Imraediatdy after hi.s con-
secration {26 Jan. 1690-1) King proceeded to
Ms diooese, where ho busied himself in repuiw
ing the ravajreg created by tho war, in restor-
ing and rebuilding parish churches, towards
wnidi he himself contributed liberally, in ett
forcing the residence of his cl'Trrv. in aug-
menting the revenues of the see, and generally
in endeavoarin|^ to restore the diureh under
hiscare to a position of efficiency and respecta-
bility. In December 1 003 he was ^pointed,
along with Dopping, bishop of Mea^ and
commissioner for the visitation of the bishop
;
and clergy of the diocese of Down and Connor,
'
in consequence of which Bishop Hacket,
satirically styled the bishop of Hammersmith,
the archdeacon of Down, and several other
clerg> iucn were soapended (Laiudomn MS,
446, f. 30).
The prevalence of nonconformity in his
diocese, and partMttlarly in the city of Derry,
where, as he expressed it, the presbytorian?
were '
mightv insolent,' caused King much
annoyance. Mainly with the intention of
repressing the growth of sectarinnism he en-
tered upon a lawsuit with the London So-
ciety in order to prevent the letting of waste
j
lands to preshytcrians. The case raised the
i
whole question of the judicial independence
I of the urish House of Lords, and led to mudi
wider consequences than Kin<: had antici-
pated. Pending its settlement he published
I
'
m 1094 a tract entitled ' A Discourse con
corn Ing the Inventions of Maninthe H'^orship
of God.' The pamphlet, according to Keid
(m$f. qf Ms PntbgUHm OmnSi, iiL 27 >,
Digitizer uy s^oogle
 King 65 King
WM ft clevei and plausible performance/
'
editorship of Jacques Bernard. The review
'written in a spirit of aflfeeted friendship was criticised by Bayle adversely to King in
for prwbyterians,' but ' full of unworthy in- his * R^ponse aux Questions d'un Provincial'
iaaations aud unfounded chafes.' It was (chai>6. ixxiv-xcii.) Bernard rephed in ' Nou-
'

iaiBediatlj reprinted in Lonaoa. Joseph velles de la R6publio[ue,' January 1700, and

Bovft- rt.{<lied ou behalf of pri -liyi.Ti;mi?m in B:iyle, having read King's book, mn lo seve-
his'itemarka'oathe'Disooune,' wkichiiing ral new observations upon it, which were
^

famediaUlj answerad in ' An Admonition J)ubliBhed after his death in ' Rdponse anx
to {hi Dissenting Inhabitants of the Dioc so Questions d'un Provincial,' vol. v. LeibnitS
of Deny.' King denied that he wished to also published a criticism ' Adnotationea la
,

itir vp old aninosities, and dedaivd hiniMlf lihmm De Origine Mali band ita pridera in
j

tolely anxious to n'lllo^'^' tliti olijtci ions of Anglia evulgatum,' wliich \v:i> nuilnly di-
tbsae who refused to attend the established rected to u confutatioa of King's doctrine of
AatA, Boyse'a ' Vindioatim' of his /Re- fine will {Opera, ed. L. Dntms, i. 480-60;
'
marts' and King's ' Second Admonition also Lettrexti. it Af. Thm. Burnet, ib. vi. 285).
dosed the oontroversj so iisr as the chief And J. 0. Wolff, in his woric * Maoichseismus
eoBbatantawweeoDeemed. BotKing'sttrio- ante Maniehnoe' (Ktmbnrg, 1707), devolet
turesonthe ignorance of many pivslyterians consi'l' taljle space to Kin^r's arguments. In
as to thnr own creed and the ijuude<}uacy of England the book appears to have been ne-
tie means provided for their ruligious in- glected till it was translated VyBdmnndLaw,
Btroction stimuliit' <1 thepreibytairianatonew afterwards bishop of Carli-li\ in 1720,and the
sad effective exertions. translation probably suggested to Pope some
Msanwhile King sought more profitably of the ideas eonteined in nis ' Essay on Man/
tomeK the rf lic"ious rcfjviirt'inpntsof acolony On 11 March 1702-3 King \v:is by l- tters
cf beottiah highlanders who had recently Kitent translated to the archbishopric of
settlsd in tliA Danmy of lisidiowen by pro- ublin, in snecession to NnoiMae Marsli
riding them "with cferpympn nblc to ^pcnk [ij. v," Thi- iijiproprlatlons and imnropriations
tbeir own language, and at a later period he ot ecclesiastical property in tlie CUocese were
franoled the taachinir of Irish at Trinity Ool- very nnmerons, ana King at ones leeogiuaed
Kge, In the parliam' Tit of 1695 he supported how formidaM an obstacle these would pre-
'

tM jiaud legislation against the Ilomau cs-
tbolies, opposed the Toleralaon Bill, and was
f<iieof the seven bishops and Ffvcn lay lords
who in IHQI protested against the act to con-
im the Afdelee of Liimrielt. He strongly
r^ntwl the growinc" intcrfpronrc of theEng-
liah parliament iu Irish affairtt, aud chiefly for
tUsfNBOB opposed the bill for the preset^
ration of t ho Tangos person in 1097. lie de-
wnuiced, too, the taxation by parliament of the
dm witbont tixur eonsent, end ttfennmiily
ui^eo the necessity of summoning conTOCa*
tioB. King's private letters of the time of
<)Msn Mavy's death, 1094, reveal his de^
KnM of the pri'vailintr laxitv in matters of
nl^ioa. A severe attack of gout in the
^BBg of 1 696 nearly proved latal, and led to
aimnour thnt he was dead.
With the work of his diocese Kin^ man-
ifldto eombinc the pn-puration of his moff-
w ofnu, * l>e Oripuie Mali,' which was
published iu 1702 bimultaneoualy in Dublin
and bmdon, with a dedication to &ir Ivobert
Southwell. The work attempts, on a Lockuan
UMia, to reconcile the exiblence of evil, and
ptttiealaiij of moral evil, with the idea of
a omripotent and beneficent deity. It at-
tracted immediate attention ou the conti-
n'-nt, where it was favournblv notict'd in
onvell(- ^]^ la H6publique des Lettre*'
(Mty aud J unu ITCKij, at that time under the
sent to any attempt at reformation. In order
the hotter to assert hie antiiority in the mat-
ter, he thcrefon- insisted on being en-
throned by the dean aud chapter of Christ
Chnreh, who alone appropriated twenty-
seven parislics, many of them being not
supplied at all, and most of them very indif-
ferently. The dean and chapter refused to
comply. Kinrr hrltl a visitation, and in their
abenice pronuiuiced sentence of contumacy
agunstthem. Theeasewastransferred to Eng-
land, and an inhibition was obtained against
him in chancery. Kiug thereupon appealed to
the "BSiiglMili House oiIiOKds, and alter much
controversy the case was finally decided in
1724 in hisfavour. Thedennandchapt'rthen
joined bim in making provision for the cureHi
dependent on them. Meanwhile King had
been labouring successfully to promote the
welfare of his diocese by building new and
rebuilding old parish churches, hy -npplving
them with ca]iable clergymen, and by making
better provision for their livelihood, partly
by annexing the prebends of St, Patrick's as
tfiey fell vacant to the vicarages from which
they had become separated, and partly hy
establisliinpf a fund for the purchn.K> of glel)efl
and impropriate tithes. lii.H endeavours to
obtain for the church of Ireland the rstora-
i
U>m of the ^i^.-t-f^tli^ ;ui<l twentieth partN
brought him luto cio^e relationship with
^

Digiiizeo by Google
 King
Swift, whom he sent to London in
707 to
fturther the project. Four years later the
matter was PHti?<fftctorily settled through
Swifts exertions and his influence with Har-
ley. The result raised Swift in King's esti-
mation, but King only saw in him a clerprr-
man of very unclericai habita, of considerable
ability, but of ill-regulated ambition and of
overweeninn: rf^otism. Ilia advice to him to
turn his attention wriously to the study of
theology, althoogh iralMntoiitioned, wtt un-
accorop;inip;1 by any substantial preferment,
and couae(|uently appeared to Swift imperti-
nmtf and vrm slightly miBcioiu. Though
there was no open Dreacb,th'^ friendly corrfi-
spondeuce that had existed between them
wee interrapted between 1711 and 1716.
On 15 Muy 1709, after a severe attack of
f66 King
1 Satriot, that is to say, an advocate of the
octrines enunciated by William Molyneux
[q. v.], and he was the
in etVect the leader of
opposition to the party of the English interest
in Ireland. His own suit with the London
Society, in whirli tlic judsrment of the Irish
Housa of Lords had tiually, in 1706, been
rerened by that of England, had given point
to Molyneux's argument. He haa su])ported
Swift's agitation against Wood's hailpence^
and by his amendment to the address upon
the lord-lieutenant's speech in Senteniber
1725, adding the words 'great wiaaom' to
his majesty's 'goodness and oondeseensioii'
in putting an end to Wood's patent, he drew
down upon himself the wrath of Archbishop
Boulter. King was at fJie same time a high
churchman and having laboured all his life
;

gout, King preached before the lord-lieu- to advance the welfare of the church in Iiie>
tommt, fhe Eail of Whezton, at the opening land by improving its rerennes, and Iqrni^
of parliament, on Divine Predestination and
* ing up a body of efficient clergymen, he was
Foreknowledge, consistent with the Freedom indignant at the callous indifl'erence with
of Man's Will,' King attempting to reconcile which the English ministry conferred the best
the doctrine of predestination with that of preferments in the church on Englishmen, as
free wUl. Our knowledge of God being of rewards for their own or their friends' poli-
necessitT limited, is, he argues, like the know- tical subserviency. His protests proving
ledge that a man bom blind has of colour, unavailing, and old age ana disease pressing
only by way of analogy. This doctrine of heavily upon him, he pradually retired from
active life. Since 1710 he hud again been
on terms of friendly if not very cordial in>
tercourse with Swift, but an attempt on bis
Edwards (1G37-1716) [a. v.] in '
fhe Divine 5 art in 1727 to interfere in the affairs of the
Perfections Vindicated, 1710. On the death eanery, which Swift regarded as an en-
of Arcbbisho]) >rarahin 1713,King'9\vhtp-ri?ra croachment on his personal liberty, led to
led theEnglibii ministry to pass over hisclaims a fresh explosion, and an open quarrel was
to the primacy in favour (1 Thomas Lindsay only averted by King's timely withdrawal of
fq. v.], oishop of Raj^hne. But at the time of his claim. In April 1723 he emereod from
Queen Anne a death be was joined with the his retirement in order to support the Privi-
Earl of Kildare and the Archbishop of Toam leges of Parliament Bill. He died on 8 May
in the commission for the government of 1729, and was buried on the 10th (his funeral
Ireland, and it was, according to Harris, sermon being preached by K[ichardJD[anieI],
largely due to his nradeneo and influence dean of Armagh) in the north side of St.
'lhatthe cityof Dublin was preser\'ed steady Mary's Church, l^nnnybrook, near Dublin,
... to the suoceaeion of the royal family of but, according to a wisk expressed by him in
Hanover.' la 1717 he was reappointed one his lifetime, no monument or memorial slab
of the lords justices, and again in 1718 but was erected.
; King was unmarried, and by
having by his opposition to the Bill of Tole- his will he left all his property, amoimting
ratioii incttiTM the displeasure of gorenip to neerly 17,000/., to public eharitras (iVofat
ment, lie was omitted from the conmii.asion and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 829, 5th ser. xi.
in 1719. lie manifested no resentment, and 217). He founded in 1718 the Archbiahop
during the absence of the Dulra of Gralton in King^s lectureship in divinity at Trinity Col-
1731-*3 was again included in the commis- lege, Dublin.
sion. On the death of Archbishop Lindsay, At the time of his death there were at
18 July 1724, King was chosen administrator least three portraits of King in existence, in
of the spiritualities of tho soe by the dean the possession respectively of Lord Carteret,
and chapter of Armagh, and the compliment Sir Hans Sloane, and Mr. Annesley. One of
was the more gratifying to him by reason of these was engraved by Faber. Mention also
the appointment by the government for poli- is made (Xot*f and QiieFMi^lstBar.'ni.480)
tical considerations of Hugh Boulter [q. v.] of a small and rather curioTi' enonwinor by
to the primat^. Kane O'Hara, the celebrated burletta writer,
Though a whig, Xing was also an lUsh published on SO Sept. 1808 in London.
 King 167 King
King was a voluminous letter-writer, and much light on Kill's character and on the sab*
hii letters throw a flood of light on the state jeet of the first-fruits. To these may be added,
of Ireland in his day. A
number of these for inoidoriLal reference, J. W. Stullis's Hiiit. of
illthe possession of Trinity Ck>llege, Dublin, the Univentity of Dubliu; the Rev. John Aichard-
were printed by Mant in the second volume
noua Short Hist, of the Attempts to Oonvwi the
of his ' History of the Church of Ireland/ Popish Natives of Ireland, Loudon, 1712 ; Cotton's
Fasti Eccl. Hib. Burd^' h Life of Skolion ; Bishop
Others addressed to Sir Robert Southwell, ;

NichoUon's Letters on Various Subjects ; Arch*

forming two folio volumes, are in the Phil-
bishop Boulter's Lettea ; Locke's Familiar Let-
lipps library of Cheltenham, Cat. No. 8556 ters; George Faulkner^ edition of Swiffs Woiis,
(Thorpb, CoL 1834, pt. iv. ^. 265). Another Dublin, 17t)3; Dublin Intelligencer. 10 ?iT,iy 1729;
very vduable collection, including King's Notes and Queries; Hist. MSS. Comm. Rieports,
draft of a reply to Leslie's 'Answer,' and ii. 231-67, iii. 416; Leslie Stephen's English
papers relating to hi suit with the London Thought in the Bighteeath Centoiy; Craik's
Society, is that of Robert D. Lyons, eso., Life of Swift.]
D R.
M.D., of Dublin. According to Mr. J. T.
Oabert iUuL MSS. 0mm, 2nd Bep. p. 235), KINQ, WILLIAM (1685-1763), princi-
wlio ados tiuKt tiiere ne otber collections of pal of 8t. Mary Hall, Oxford, bom at Stnc
Kiii>r'^* f vtant In Irrland, ILijno papers orl- uey, Mid dies. 'x, on 16 Mairh 1685, was the
siaaUj belonged to King's relative, the Hev. son of the Kev. Peregrine i^Ling and Mar-
nobstt Spenoo, netor of Donaghmore, co. garet, daughter of Sir VHlUam 8my h, bart., t

Donegal. King-'s 'Diary/ wri( (</n during tbo of liadclive, Buckinghamshire (^Kc</ofe,pb
txme of his imprisonment, with some other 02 Ltsohl JSnvirwu, iii. 466). After a&-
;

toOTaph nuunucripts, ax nrantfoiied (t^. tnding Saushmy grammar aeiiool (Anee^

8rd Kep. p. 416) as being in the posses^ii'ui of dotc.i, p. 138) he entered Ballinl College, Ox-

Oolooef nom King of Kinellar, Aberdeen- ibrd, on 9 Jul V 1701, and graduated B.O.L.
dkim. Aftfwletton and otiier papers will be on 19 July 1709, D.O.L. on 8 July 1716.
found among the Egorton iwid AcMitional He was admitted a civilian on 20 Jan. 1716,
MSS. in the British Museumi but these have but being possessed of a modest patrimony^
been ntflued by Mant.
To thf jiriutt'd works m'ntioned above
I
he never sought practice (Cootb, Engluth
n7?a77<f, pp. 1 1 1-12). He devoted his lif^ to
^
may be &dd<.d 1. 'A Sermon preached 7 Sept.
:
scholarship and literature, interested himself
I

1701, being the Thanksgiving Day for the in politics, and was long at the head of tlM
Victory ... at Blenheim,' London, 1704, Jacobite party at O-xford. Frnni want of
4to. 2. *(^bffi8tian Humilitv: a Sermon '
human prudence he twice in his life loet
'

wMehed tMfore the Queen,' London, 1705, the opportunity of acquiring a very large
ItOi, &
'The Advantages of Education, Reli- fortune ' in the most irreproachablti manner,*
gumtad Political: a&rmon,' London, 1706, and owing to the same defect his own for-
410. 4^ 'TlieMttehief of Delaying Sentence tune became much impaired (Aneei&teBf pp.
against an Evil Work n Sermon,' London,
: 2, 3). For a time he acted as sccretury to
1707, 4to. 6. ' The lUght of Monarchy A^ the Duke of Ormonde and the Earl of ArraUf
eifed : a, Sannon/ London, 1718, 8m
8. * A whenchancellorsof the university, andhewaa
Kaj toTOTOlity, or a Philosophical Essay on elected principal of St. Mary llall in 1719.
Ree Wm,' London, 1716, 12mo. Kinghas He reeipied his secn^turyship in 1722, when
been wrongly eredHed with ' The Iriah aia- 1m aCood for the p&rliamenbny Mpresenta-
toric .1 ibrarv: pointing at most of the
I tion of the university, but was easily de-
Authuni andiiecords inpnnt orMS.,' Dublin, feated by George Clar"ke (1G60-1786) [q. v.]
1794, 8td, bf Biahop Wm. Nioolaon [q. v.] (H. S. Smith, I^UamenU of England, ii. 7).

[Sir Charles Simeon King, bart., issued in

Alawsuit about an estate in Gal way to which
he laid claim obliged him to go to jLrelaud in
1?06 'A Gr. at Archlnshop of Dublin,' coutaining
King's auUjbiogfiipljy lind eek-ctionB from his
1727. His learning, his turn for aatira, and
hatred of t!io exi.^ifing government re-
crrespoQd*>nce The life by Harris in his edi-
tion of Ware's Kshopa. with the additional iafor-
commended kuu lo Swift, lie thought him-
*ioo bj Ifaat in Us History of the C%nrch self injured in the course of his suit, and at-
tacked his onemif'* in a mock-heroic poem,
of Irelaod, was previously the chief s )urce of in-
formation. THp life in Willis's Irish Natiou is in two bookb, calliHi The Toast,' supposed
'

e:ii-;Aj abstracted from Mant. Some interesting to have been originally composed in Latin b^f
and aatheotic matter will b found in Monck a Laplander, Frederick Schctror,' Rnd trans-
'

Mason's History of St. Patrick's. Ttie corrbspou- latea into English, with nottt* and observe^
<ieoc between i^ing and ^Swift, and to a less ex. tions, by Peregrine O'Doiiald, Ksq.' The
*

tent the earlier letters io the Journal to Stella, in heroine,* Mira,' is the Couiites* of Nfwburgh,
iKr Walter Seettfa editioB of Siriftfs WorU throw who had secretly married aa her third hus-

biyiiized by Google
 King i68 King
bft&d Sir Thomas Smjth, King's uncle. It 1740 (Nichols, Anecd. ii. 139). When
Lit.
WM puUtdied in octavo tt Dublin in 1732, honoraiT degrees were oonferred upon tlie
a second yolumc being promised. Swift, Duke of Hamilton, and Lords Lichfield and
after seeing the manuscript, declared that it Orrery at Oxford in 1743. hLing delivered tlie
ha had niul it when he was only twenty Latin epeechee, afterwaraspuDlidied aa'Traa
yenrs of age he never "would have written a Oratiunculea habitjc in Domo Convocationia
satire. Hereupon The Toast was com- Oxon.,' 4to, London, Oxford (printed), 174S.
'
'

pleted in four books, inscribed to Swift, and The prefiice implies that he had been attackad
printed in handsonic qnnrto at London in by some anti-Jucobite canon. To keep tip
1736, with a frontispiece by H. Gravelot ; it public interest in the aflair, Kin^ himself
was rriisned in 1747 (Noteg and Queriet, let wrote ' Bpifltola Obiurgatoria ad Gtulielmnm
ser. ii. 480, iii. 13, 4tn per. iv. Ill, 5tli ser. King, LL.D.,'4to, Loudon, 174 1, to which ia
iii. passim). In his old age King regretted attached a doggerel ' piftohi Canonici rer*
that he had not expungea many of the pas- rendi admodhm ad Arahidiaeonvm rwam^
sages (Anecdotes, pp. 97-l(X)), and at his dum admoduni.' Lastly appeared * A Letter
dcMkth the remaining comies were burnt (Ki- to a Friend occasioned by Epistola Objurga-
mumSf Lit Anted, nii, 941). The poem was toria, &c, by S. P. Y. B.,^4to, lx)ndon, 1744
reissued without the annotations in Almon's the writer protends to have been wronp^lj
*New Foundling Hospital of AVit.' A key credited with the authorship of the ' Epi-
to the chancters is given in William Davis's stola.' The Letter was doubtless by King,
*
'

' Second Journey round the Library of a who thus in all probability created and wrote
Bibliomaniac,' 1825, pp. 106-15, and an ana- the w!in!e controversy (Notes and QuerieSf
lysis of it in Bentley's Miscellany for June Gth ^vr. x\. 33-4).
' '
Soon alter the rebellion
1867* pp. 616-25. About April 1787 King of 1746, King deicribed the Duke of Cum-
wrot* a wit tv political paper called Common berland as a man 'qui timet oninirt ]>riBteDr
'

Sense,' in wLicli he proposed a new scheme Deum.' In 1748 he ridiculed Edward Bent-
of government to the people of Corsica [i.e. ham \q. T.], who had published a guide to
Great liritain], advising tnem to make their intending students, in A Proposal for pub-
*

king of the same stuif of which the Indians lisliiug a l*uetical Translation, both in Latin
fiMnion their gods. He enclosed a oopy in a and English, of the Berweud Mr. Tutor
letter to Swift, but both were intereepted at Bentham's Letter to a Young Gentleman of
the post-ofiice (SwitT, Works, ed. Scott, 1824, Oxford. By a Miiater of Arts,* 4to, London,
xix. 81 y It seema to be identical with ' An- 1748 (another edit. 8vo, 1749).
tonietti ducis Corseorum epistola ad Cor.seos At the oprninp of Iladcliffe's Library, on
de rege eligendo' included in King's col- 13 April 1749, King delivered a Latin speech
laeled writings. Through King, Swift en- in the Sholdonian Theatre, in whiw i
deavoured in the ensuing July to arrange for adroitly contrived to express his .Tr.i"ohitisTt.
the publicatioB in London of his ' History of He introduced six times in lus peroration
the Foot Last Yean of tha Queen.' itmg the irord * redeat,' pausing eaeh tame Ibr a
remonstrated, and ultimately Swift aban- considernble space, amid loud applause from
doned the intention for a time (Popb, Work$, a distinguisheo audience (FiiaMAUiUCS,
ed. Elwin and Oourthope, vii. 363). In Ja- of LordSkeOumet i. S5). Thomas Warton,
nuary 1738-9 Swift entrusted King witli a in his poem ' The Triumph of Tms,' eulo-
copy of the verses on his own deatluthat gises Kind's nowers of oratory. The oration
they might be publtBhed in London. King, (printed in 1740, and again in 1760) gave
alarmedattht' in^ uponWalpole and Queen rise to violent attacks. Kiiiff was charged
Caroline, omitted more than a hundred line& with barbaroua Latin, Jaoobitism, and pro-
* In dameoee,' he laid, 'to the judgment of pagati<m of sedition in the nniTersity. John

Pope and other friends of Swift's,' but greatly Burton (1696-1771) [q. v.], cousin and patron
to Swift's annoyance {ib. viii. 444 ; Swift, of Edward Bentham, published some virulent
Wofkt, xix. 176,' 1
79J.
During the same year ' Remarks on Dr. K 's Speech/ by * Phi-

King met Nathaniel Hooke [a. v.] at 1)t. leleutherusL jndinensis,' 1750. Kin^ retorted
Cheyne's house at Bath, and often acted as savagely in Elogium Fame inserviens Jacoi
'

Iiis amanuensis while he was translating Etonensis sive Gigantis; or, the Praises of
Ramsay's Travels of Cyrua* (Nichols, Lit. Jack of Eton, commonly called Jack the
'

Anecd. ii. 607). In this year also he issued Giant; collected into Litin and Knp'lish
his anonymous political satire entitled Mil- Metre, after the Manner of Thomas Stern-
*

toni Kpistolaad Polliouem' (Lord Polwarth), hold, John Hopkins, John Burton, and
1788. fol., London, dedicated to Vo^^Notes others. To which is added, a Dissertation
and Qufiriea,^ 2ud se^. i. 255; Anaxhtet, y, on the Burtouion stvle. By a Master of
161), of whioh a aeoaiid edition appealed in Arte,* 6ro, Oxford, VfBKK Tba eatire ako at-
 King t69 King
Wiiliam Bowyer the younger [q. vA Qtteri6$f 5tb ser. ix. 14), King
wbo had nid 8omtluiig against Kings serend his eonneetion with the Jisoobite
I

latinhy iNirnoi-?, IJf. Aneai. ii. 223-6). party in 17G1, when he accompanied a tle-
Juag funher tranalated all the abuaiTenamcNS putatiou from the university to present the
I

wUdi Barton had bestowed on him, and the king with an addreaa of congratulation on hie
I

ccirLplinu ntary phrases applied h\ Burton to nnirriage. He was personally introduced to

himielf, aodpruitiug tke whole catalogiie on a the king by Lord Shelbume. His desertion
^

iMgocMtt of oosne paper, gave it to nsenTen- did not eseupt ceneoM {Aneedote/t, ]>p. 18^
firto be eried about the streets of Oxford, 196).
Wii^r, and Eton {Anecdf/ie4,w. 1&3-7). I At the EncBuia of 1763 King, amid great
King was presented to the Pfetender in applause, delivered an oration with au hia
September 1750. The Pretender was then wonted animation and grace. Churchill, who
Mjriog a stealthy visit to England, and was present, oondesoended to approve of his
I
aiank tea one erentng at the doetof^ loclp- I style, but afterwnrda sneered at hia 'piebald

Inc^ at Oxford. Tfiev 8ub.soquuntly corri'- Mitin' in the 'Candidate' (NXOHOLS^ Zdt.
^oded, but as the intimacy advanced King Antxd. y'ux. '226).
eue to dielilm the PMender (ib. pp. 106-
j

Ktnff died m80 Dee. 1768, and wae bnried

nti o .Jan, following at Ealing, M:(Ml>sex
King tooknart in the memorable contested (^Lvsoxs, ii. 236), where he had resided for
.

eleetkn tat Qxferdahire in 1764, and vis in many years on an estate Oilled Newby, near
consequence vigorously libelled. He wwac- the church. He was also lessee of the rec-
CQsed of having defrauded subecriben for tory of IDaling (F^UUCnDL Hist, Jirent-
beobaever pubfiabedto the extent of 1,60(., ford, ft&t 18&^ p^ 1777^48). His heart,
was tsanted with having offered hini.'"plf to hnvincT })een enclosed in a silver urn, wns de-
^&!>^ both in England and Ireland, and was
posited by lus own directions in the chapel
iu^cu5d uf inspiring the Jaoohite ' London of St. Mmsj HbH, where there is a monn-
EveninL' Tost. During the sanio year he ni 'ut to his memory, with a Latin epitaph
published without his name a volume of written by himself (Wood, Colle</es and
taitciful essays called 'The Dreamer,' 8vo, Balbf ed. Guteh, p. 675). His son,' Charlee
I/'Tiiin, 1754, which was fts.-jniled in the Eong, bom about L 11, was M. A. of St. Mary
wli'i; pttpers as tainted with Jacobitism. In Hall, aud in holy orders (Eo&tbb, Alutnni
Pet niary 17/>o King had the pleasing duty axon. 1716-1886, ii. 794). His daughter
f^f takinjf to Johnson his diploma of M.A., Dorothy married William Melmoth the
and fuund in him a warm admirer of both younger (1710-1799)
q. v.] (Nichols, Lit.
kis Mrholar^ibip and politics (Boswell, Life Anecd. iii. 41).
(>{ Jokiuon, td. (J H. Hill, i. 279). During Assisted by the contributions of old mem-
the aaiDe year he replied to his a8ailant8 in bers of St. Mary Hall, King rebuilt the east
a TiiOTonBly written pamphlet entitled Doc- side of the quadrangle, and added a new
'

tor Kings Apology; or, Vindication of him- room to the principal's lodgings (WooOyOv^
wlf from the several matters charged on him legasy kc, p. 674).
bv the Society of Informer.*,' 4to, Oxford, King >>'rote also an inscription for the col-
Vth-) {2nd and 3rd editions the same year). lection of statues presented to the university
He retaliated warmly ou the authors of va- in 1766 by the Countess Dowager of Pomfret
liouA libelswhich baa appeared in the'Even* (Wood, Antt^itiai of Oxford, ed. Qutch,
iae Advertiser,' attacked a peatilfnt tract vol. ii. pt. ii. p. Hll) an Elopium' in 1758 ;
'

oiled A Defence of the Rector aud Fellows on Chevalier John Taylor the oculist, of
*

Exeter College,' and spoke severely of a wliich he printed a few copies to oblige his
<Mon of Wind-nr named Richard Blaeow. firiends {Arircdotff, p. 136), Hnd an epitii])h
BUcow ihereujion printed a Letter to ^^'il- on Beau Js asli {ib. p. 18). Hi.s posthumous
' :.'

U&m King, LL.D./Svo, 1755, in which he 'Political and Literary Anecdotes of his
oti^ht to n\f:\i>- King^ responsible for a Jaco- own Times,' 8vo, London, I^^IH (;jnd edit.
bit-; dKmousiraiiou by some undergraduates
1819), mostly written in his seventy-sixth
iaFebraary 1747. y ar to be^'Uile the languor of a sick-room,
Oathe Euil of Arrnn's death the Jacobite and edited for ]v hn. tit of two of his lady
\

Bsri of Westmoreland was elected chanc'l- relatives by I'liiiip Bury Duncan fq. v.]
lor. At his iutallation on 7 July 1759 ( Gent. Moff. 8rd ser. xvL 185), show to mm
I^ing made a speech, at which Johnson have been a man of 8Pn=u>, M(Mitene.q,s, and
'dapped his hands till they were sore' {Boa- cultivation. Throughout ins lilo he was a
"HL, L 848). Acollective edition of his wateMhfiaker Auccdoteit, p. 11).
{

"mtingi was published as. )pera Ciuilielrai

( There is a strikini,' likeness of King in
King,' 4to, London, 1760 (cf. yotee and ^
the orator's rostrum in Worlidge's picture

biyiiized by Google
 King
of tihe inttanation of Lord Westmoreland.
His portrait by William* hangs in the pic-
ture ffallerjat Oxford (Nichols, Lit. AneccL
iii 841 } Wood, Antiquitiet, &c., voL ii. pt
ii. p. 977). It waa engraved by Faber; an-
other portrait by Hudson was engraved by
MicArdell both are in mezzotint (Evans,
; the name of ' co-operation ' was first given.
Cat. of Engraved Portraits, i. 197).
[Nichols's Lit. Anrrd. ii. 607.] 0. G.
KING, WILLIAM (1701-1769). inde-
pendent minifller, was bora
is Wiltanire on
9 June 1701, and educated at a local Bcbool,
and afterwards at the university of Utrecht.
He XMssed his trials then, rstnrned to !&ig-
larul in 1724, and was at once called by the
independent church at Chesham, Backing
sUre, where he was ovdatned on Apnl ^ County Hospital (1849-1861), and flnt pie*
17'25, lie removed to London in 17-10, and
on 14 Feb. in that vear became pastor of the
independent ebwen In Han Court, Alders-
ite Street, ns siuo'ssor to Samuel Bruce,
shortly afterwards he received from a Scottish
mdTvrrity a diploma creating him D.D. On
14 Jan. 1748 he was chosen Merchants' lec-
turer at Pinners' Hall, where he died on
8 March 1769. He was buried in Bunhill
Fields. Besides 193 lectures at Pinners'
Hall, of which at his death he ^va^^ (}ie eldest
lecturer, he delivered evening Itctures at
Silver Street and Lime Street chapels. An
oil-portrait of King, which has Lt f>n engraved
hv liopwood, is preserved in the veetiy at
Hare Court.
[MnaprnTe's Obituaries; Wilson's Dissenting
(liuri'hea,iii, 299 ; JoDeu's Bnnhill Memorials,
p. 1 35; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraiu, i.
196; Gent Mag. 1769. p. 168, London Ma?
1769, p. 333 Fniipral Snnon by Dr. James
,
Wateori, from I^.iiuh Ix. 10.] T. S.
KING, WILLIAM (1786-1866), pro-
moter of co-operation, bom at Ipawich on
17 April 1786, wss tho son of the Kev. John
King, many years master of the Ipswich
grammar school. lie was educated at Peter-
Eouie, Oambridge, of which he beeame fel-
low. He graduated B.A. in 1809 (as twelfth
wrangler), M.A. in 1812, licensed by the uni-
Tenity ll June 1817, and oommeDoed If.D.
atCambri'l;zf' irilSlO. He became n f. How of
the Royal Collie of Physicians in 1820, and
deUvered the Harvdaa oration in 1848. He
wa? for time private tutor of Lord Overstone,
Ji
who highly esteemed liim. In 1823 he settled
at Brighton, and became known as a writer on
oo-op^ rut! n and social questions. Kin[r, who
was remaricable for liis conversational power,
obtained the eonfidenoe of Lady Byron. He
was her adviser in sclieuies for miprovingtho
condition of the poor unou her estates, and
be actively proinoted tm co-operative sys-
teaifOf wbich be met
Mmarkable advocato.
170 King
From May 1828 to July 1830 he wrote a small
monthly periodical, entitled 'Tbe Co-opera>
the first which bore that name. No such
tor,'
publication before or since has excelled it in
simplicity, persuasiveness, or in grasp of the
etlucal and economical principles to which
Though each number consisted but of HtNir
patres, published at Id., and issued anonr-
mou^ly, it was the moat influential publica-
tion of the kind at that time. Lidy Byron
left 300/. with a view to publishing a selec-
tion of King's writings. Tlus has not yet
been adeauately done.
King died at Brirrhton on 20 Oct. 186-5
He was consulting phvsician to the SSussex
sident of the Brighton ' 31edii al Thirurffical
Society.' Besides Uxe ' Co-operator,' he wrote
'The loftitations of De Pellenbcrg,' 1842
'Medical Kssavs,' 1850; 'Address to the
Provincial Medical Surgical Society,' 1861
an * Essay on Scrofula,' in the * Mediod Ga
;
zette and (posthumous) ' TbongbtS on the
'
Teaching of Christ,' 1872.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. iu. 226 Gent. Hag ;
18M,ii.797; penoaal knowledge.] G. J. H.
KINO, WILUAM a80-1886), golo-
gist, was bom at Hartlepool, Durhmn, in
April 1809, and became in 1841 curator of
the Hosenm of Natural History at New>
castle-on-Tyne he was alsole. tnrer ou geo-
;
logy in the school of medicine tiiere. In 1849,
on the foundation of Queen^ College, Oal-
way, he was appointed profes.-or of gculopy,
and organised the formation of the geological
museum. In 1870 tbe Queen's University of
Ireland conferred on him its first honorary
degree of D.Sc. In 1882 the professorship
of natural histoi^r was added to Jung's other
duties, but he resigned in 188S. The college
nominated him emeritus professor of geology
mineralogy, and natural history, and pre-
sented him with a te^timoniaL King aied
at Glenoir, Taylor's Ilill, Galway, on 24 June
ISbG, aJid was buried in the Ualway new
cemetery. He was married, and left issue.
King's chief work was his 'Monograph ol
the Permian Fossils,' published bv the Pa-
lieontographical Soci^y, London, l8fiOi He
also contributed a large nurabtT of papers on
geological subjects to variouij scientific joui^
nals ; a catalogue will be found iu the prmted
' Catalogue of the Librarv of Queen's College,
Galway^ iiS77), np. 403-8. With J. H.
Rowney he publisned ' An Old Chapter of
the Geological Record, with a atir LltW>
pretation,' Lundnn, 1881, 8vo.
[NdluTt), 1 July 1666; private ioformation.]
W. A* J, A.
Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kinghorn
KIKQHOEN, JOSEPH (1766-1832)
Mitieolar b^itbt minister, ww bom
Durham, on 17 Jan.
Gstsliaiid<lii-Tyce,
nee. Hii lathar, David Ivinghoru (b. 8 Oct.
1737; d. 18 Feb. 1822), was a thoemtker
and baptist preacher at NewcafltlLM)n-Tvne,
who was ordaiued on 1 May 1771 as minister
of t be|itiat congreffaticm t Barton-Bislioip,
East Riding of Yorkshire, -wliere he remained
till July 179tf, when he retired to Norwich.
Joi^ WM bie eUleet tOD bybis eeoondwife,
Elizsbetb (d. 25 Jnn. 1810, appd 72), second
daughter of Joseph Joplingof Satley,co. Dur-
ksB. After torn yeen* eehooUng, Kinghom
we: Taken on trial as apprentice to watch- and
dock-maiung at Uull in 1779, but in March
1781 beeame a dark bitha white-lead wmitsat
El'-\ irk. Northumberland. In April 1 78.*? he
ko Uutised by his father at Burton-Bishop,
>od looKed forward to anterinff tbe minist rj.
He made the acquaintance of Robert Hall
^17&l-16il) '^. T.j,and had thoughts ofjoin-
ttg faioi at the muveiMtj of Abmeen. On
90 Aug. 1 78 i he entered the baptist academy
under Caleb Evans. 1>.D. Anuoff
at Bristol,
hm frOow-atodonta hia moat intimate friana
wt* James Ilinton, father of .Tohn Howard
Hinton q. v.J On leaving the academv he
iuitered for several months (firom May
17S8) at Fairford, Gloucestersliire. He ro-
eeired an invitation from tbe baptist con-
gKfitton at St. Mary's Chapel, Norwich, so
eal! d because it is eituute in the parish of
8c Marj-ia-<Joslauy. On 27 March 1789 he
settled in Norwiob, and waa oidaiiiad
20 May 1790.
Kii^om's ministry at Norwich, which
Isslsd tQl his death, was one of much public
usefulness. He was ftnuHl for the unction
of his preaching, and his power of apt illus-
trttioa waa noted by Edward Irving'. His
old chapel was replaced in 1811 by a very
handv)me structure on the same site. On
2 Aug. 1804 he was invited to the headship
of the Northern Baptist Academy, then on
the point of being establiahcl in Bradford,
Ink be preferred pastoral work. In a contro-
TOTv with Robert HaU, which hopan in 1816,
he tojk the side of close communion, making
tdult baptiaaa ft term of participation in the
Lord s Supper. He made mission journeys
to Scotland in 1818 and 1822, and ia every
enterprise connected with his own body ho
lajt^ a prominent part. The intellectual
fe of Norwich was in his time considerable.
From 1790 be was a member of a 'speculative
>cietT,'of wliirh William Taylor [tj. v.], the
Gt!rm&n scholar, was the leading spint, and in
which the cultured Romaa eathofic was wel-
ff'Tned along with the represent atives of all
(votestant churcht^ In later life Ivinghom
171 Kinglake
gave much time to Hebrew and rabbinical
tt atndtei. He died immanied on 1 Sept 18^,
and was burled on 7 S'.'pt, in llu' vi'^tibuh'
of St. Mary'e Uhapel ; Joseph John Qumey
[q. v.], the quaker philanthropist, spoke at
his funeral the sermon was preached by
;
John Alexander, minister of Prince's Street
congregational church.
Alist of \\ ''nty of his publications is ^iven
I
by Wilkin, inciuding: 1. 'A Defence of Infant
Ikptism its beat ooofotation,' &c., Norwuih,
1795, 12in L'. PubUc Worship,' &c., Nor-
wich, IbUO, i2mo. 8. 'Address ... on
Ghureh Oommunion,' kc, Norwidi, 1806,
1818, 18_*}. 1 'Arguments. . .against the
Boman Catholic Doctrinee/ &c., (orwich|
1804. 6. ' Serioua Oonrideratione addreana
to the House of Israel,' kc, 1811, 12mo.
6. ' The Miracles of Jesus not performed bv
the pawaroftheShemhamphora8h,'fte.,1819.
7. * iScriptural Arguments for the Divinity of
Christ,' &c, Norwich, 1818, 1 2mo ; 1814, 8vo.
8. * Advice ... to Toung Ministers,' &c.,
Norwich, 1814, 12mo. 9. 'Baptism a Term
of Communion,' Norwich, 1816, 8vo; two
editions same year ; 1876, 8vo ; also ' A
fence of this, Norwich s20, 8vo. 10. ' Prac-
' , 1
tical Cautions to Students,' &o., Norwich,
1817, 8vo. 11. * The Argument in supportof
Infant Baptism from Circumcision,' kc.
. . .
1823, 12mo. 12. 'Arguments . . against .
Mixed Communion,' &e., 1827, i2mo.
,
18. 'Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Isaac Slee,'
&c., 1827, 12mo. 14. Remarks on '
the . . .
on Visible Church,' &c., Norwich, 1820, 12mo.
He edited Uobertson s Clavi.s Pentateuch!,' '
&c., Norwich, 1824, 8vo, and the 9th (1814)
and 10th (1827) editions of Ash nnd Evanfll
* Collection of Hymns
( 1 769). 'His sermon
on the Separate State is in vol. ii. of the
* '
* British Preacher,' 1831. Wilkin enumerates
twelve of his unpublished manuscripts, chiefly
controversiaL The catalogue of his library
was puUisfaed tt Norwidi, i888,8vo.
[Wilkin's Jose[ Ii Kinghorn, 1855; IJrowno's
HiBt.CoDgr. Norf.aDd Saff. 1877, p. 652 ^ Todd's
Brief HiAor. Slnleb ef tbe Baptist Obweh in St.
Mary's, Norwich [1886], pp. 14 sq Julian's Dic- ;
tionary of Hymnology, 1892, p. 112.] A O.
KINGHOBJ^E, third Eabl op. [See
Lvov, Paibiok, 164S~1606.]
KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WIL.
LIAM (1809-1891), hiftorinn of theCrimean
war, bom 5 Aug. 1809, waa the eldest son of
William Kinglake, banker and solicitor, of
Tiiunton, Somerset, by Mar\', dau^^hter of
Thomas W^oodt'urde, esq., of Taunton. He
had two brotliers, Uolx>rt Arthur and John
Hamilton. The Kinglake family is enid to
have been of Scottish origin, the origmal
 Kinglake
name being Kinloch, and to have come to Kaglan in the evening. He stayed with the
England itt the reign of James I, and settled army until the opening of the sieoe. In 1866
in bomerset. It there acquired the estate of Lady Kn^jlan nsKed him to undertake the
Saltmoor, which descended to the historian.
Kinglake saya of hie mother; *The most
humble and pious of women was yet so proud
a mother that hc could teach her first-bom
on no Watta's hymns, no collects for the
day; she coulJ truth him in earliest child-
hood no less than thii^ to find a home in his
aaddla and to love old Homer and all that
Homer 8anp'(JSo/Aen, chap. iv.) The Horn r.
ho adds, wan Pope's. He retained his skill
m horBcmanship, and though he did not gain
the usual scholastic honours, he certainly
acquires! a classical refinement of taste. He
was educated at Eton under Keate, of whom
he has left a most characteristic portrait (il>.
ch. xviii.), and in 1828 he ent4.*red Trinity
OoUego, Qunlwidge. He was the eoUege
pontemporary and friend of Thackeray and
Lord Teiiuyson. He became B.A. in 1832,
and M.A. in 1836. He entered Lincoln's Inn
on 14 April 1832, and wns mllf^d to th> bar
on 5 May 1837. He hud about 18^i5 made
the Eastern tour described after\vard3 in
*Eothen, or Traces of Travel brought home
from the East.' The Methley of that book
was Lord Pollington. Mysseri, his drago-
man, was an hotel-keeper at Constantinople The literary ability in any case is remark-
dnring the Crimean war. The book, as the able
preface informs us, was the result of a third quenched by the masses of diplomatic and
attempt after be had twice failed to satisfy
himself, and did not appear until 1844. it
showed Eiuglake to be a master of a most re-
fined style and subtle humour, although he
thinks it neoessarj to apologise for the possible
failure of his attempts to subdue the almost
'
boiateroos tone ' of the original writuur. He
has endeaTOored, he adds, and he thIiuEB suo-
cessfully, to exclude from it *all valuable
mattardenvedfromthe works of others.' In
truth, though the hook was rather absurdly
compared with the ordinary records of travi 1,
it is more akin to Sterne's * Sentimental
Jcmmey,* and is a delightftd veoord of per-
sonal impresaions nither than nut n\ aid facts.
Although a barrister, and obtaining some
little em]>loyment aa a oonveyancer, King-
lake cared little for his proft --ion. lie lind
always been interested in military history,
and m
1845 he went to Algiers and aooom-
panted the flying column of St. Arnaud,
whom he afterwards described from per-
sonal knowledge (/nrnmbn ^
tk Ounetr,
vol. 5i. ch. L) In ]>'>l ho followed tlie
English expedition to the Crimeai and was
present at the battle of the Alma (SO Sept.
1 854). A fall fmm bis pony on the morning
of the day introduced him to Lord Eaglan,
who happened to be near, and he dined with
7 Kinglake
I
history of the campaign, and communicated
to him all the papers in her posseesimi.
Kinglake undertook the task, ana executed
it with extraordinary care. He made the
most elaborate inquiiy into every incident
of the war, carefully compared all the avail-
able evidence, and spared no labour in polish-
ing the style of his narrative. The first two
volumes of the 'Invasion of the Crimen*
appeared in 1863, the third and I'mirth in
1868, the fifkh in 1875, the si.xtb in Issu,
and the sevcntb and eighth in IP.^7. The
scale upon winch he worked was probably
excessive, and, as the interest in the war
dec lined, readers bad less patience with the
full description of minute incidents. His
Strong ptv^udicea, especially his moral indigo
nation ntjninst Napob on 111 and his loyalty
to his friend Lord itaglan, pivo a party
tone to the narrative, for which allowance
must be made. Military experts have found
fault with some of the judgments of an ama-
teur in war, though admitting his skill in
dealing even with technical details. His
friend Abraham Hayward defended him in
<Mr. Kinglake and the Quaiterlys,' 1863.
the spirit of the writing is never
;
military information; the occasional por-
traits of remarkable men are admirably
incisive ; the styleinvariably polished to
is
the last degree, and the narrative as lucid aa
it is animated. Kinglake in 1857 was elected
in the liberal interest for Bridgewater, He
held his seat until 1868, in which year he
was unseated upon petition and the borou^^h
disfranchised. Kinglake himself, however,
was entirely incapable of the slightest com-
plicity in the oorraption which was diadoaed,
and was only too innocent to suspect, its
existence. A
weak voice and feeble aeliverf
prevented him commanding the attention of
the house. He took a part, however, in de-
fend in all those whom he held to be victims
of oppresoon. He mored the tirst amend-
ment to the ('ons])iracy IJill in 1858. and in
1860 Tigorously denounced the annexation
of Qkvcj and Nice.
During many years Kinplake was fully oc-
cupied by his history. He lived in Hyde Park
Place, and was a member of the TniveUenP
and file Atl.en:i'um Clubs. lie constantly
dined at the Athenaeum, in company with
his friends, Abraham Hayward [q .v. 1, Thomaa
Chenery [u. v.], and Sir 11 -nrv liunbnry,
A singularly gentle and attractive manner
BOWHid withoat conoealing the genroaity
 Kinglake
of Mtxtiinent and chivalroiu
ftense of honour
wkkh prompted Ids eloquent denimdatione
of WTong-doing. He
sufTtTcdat tlit? lust from
etncer oX the tongue, and boro with admir-
able patience BQm>ringe happily not very
I'ln;^ protracted. He died on ~ Jan 1801.
U*; requested his ezeoutor, Dr. J. U. Kin^-
lake, to ' prevoit the paUiQation of anr writ-
of his tkat might be found,' and destroy
U aochjMpera aa were not neceasarj to ho
Kinel'ike i? paid to
the *
OwV with wkich
Otijilianl wu
oonneeted ; and he wrote on
wticle upon Mme.de Lafayette in 'Rl.ifk-
vooda Maipuine' for Septembtf 1872. lie
wwtet wo articlea ia Uia * Quarterly Beview,'
one u n fhf3 Righta of Women' (Dect m-
' John
ker 1844 Uie other ' The Mediterranean a
AnehIko*(Hanhl846). His only other
mentioned above.
n^mp^, 3 .Tan. 1891; JUackwOOd'a Magazine
lor February 18'Jl.l
KINGLAKE, ROBERT,
I84i), medical writer,
H. D. at Gottingen, and alsostinlit'd at Edin-
bugh. After practiaing for some yt-urs as a
taifBOn at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, he
removed to r}iiltnii-u])nn-Polden, Somerset,
lad io ltiU2 to Tauutuu in the same county.
At Taunton he fteqvently attended public
m^ptinfr? and made many eloquent speerhes
ia eiipport of the first Reform Bill. Uedied
an 26 S*fpt. 1842 at West Monk ton rectory,
near Taunton, the residence of his son, tne
Rev. W. 0. Kin^:lul<e (Oent. Ma;/. 1842, ii.
He was a m>Miilwr of the Roy id Medical
Society of Kdinhiir/h, tht> Physical Society
f Otittingen, and other learned bodied.
Kinglaae attracted considerable attention
Iv hi* writinc:^ on gout, in which he advi>-
cfcU^l h'^ CiK)ling treatment,
t liis first paperu
on th>i suhjoct appeared in 1801 ana 1803
in the M'-tlicul and Physical Journal
'
Nos.
ti3 and 4'-'). His views were combated by
Wadd, W Perry, John Hunt, J. King, and
others. He r('ili<'d to his antagonists in:
I. A Dissertut i-m on Gout (with appendix),
'
8vo, Loudon, M 2. Reply to Mr. Edlin'a
1 ) J.
two Ca.^es of Jout,' 8vo, Taunton, 1*^01.
( J'J Jnlv in that year, when a stipend of ;?00/.
8. Additional Cases of Oout,'8vo, Tutiutuii,
' uer uunum, of which ho would only accept
iSK/J, 4. 'Strictures on Mr. Parkinson's Ob-
servations on th*> Nature ami Cure of Gout.
... To which are added. Two Letters to
Dr. Haygarth, containing Remarks on the
Opinions he has lately puhlished on Acute
Rneumstism,' 8vo, Taunton, 1807. He also
Subli$.hed r<^me curious Oliservations on the
[-dical KHVctsiof I)itritalis<' in the 'Medical
and Physical Journal tor 1800, iii. 120. In
Kingsbury
1 Macniah'a Anatomy of Drunkenu&>3,' there
*
isa short srtaels hy the MtboconKinglake's
experiment with ether.
|
[Wiirr's IliM. Brit 1
j
j
KINGSBOROUGH, Viscoum. [See
KiKG, Edwabd, 1796-1837.]
1
|
KINGSBURY, WILUAM (1744-
1818), dissentin;^ minister, was born in
Biahopagate Street, London, on 12 July 1 744.
On tiie deeth of his father, Thomas Kings-
have contributed to bury, in 1753, he was placed at Merchant
hia friend Laurence Taylors' School, but some two years later
received a nominsthm ftom Sir John Bar*
nard q. v.] for r'lirtst's TTospitnl, Tjeavin^
there in 17o8 ho entered the coug^r^atioaai
aesdemy at Mile End, where he studied nnder
Coiiiler J'q.
v.] and Thomas Giblxjn.s
[q. v.jAlter much mental conflict he was
ooaTerted towsids the dose of 1760, praaebsd
his first sermon at Bethnal Green in August
17 (Hi, and was ordained minister to the inde-
L. S. pendent congregation at Southampton on
8 Aug. 1705. There he ri-mained some forty-
M.D. n765^ five years, attracting a large congregation by
bom in 1 765, gnulii at^-d the evident earnestness of his preaching. In
1770, when John Howard the phihmthropist
was at Southam|)tou, Kingsbury laid the
foundations of a kfelong intimaef with him,
and contributed some partioulsra to the life
of Howard by James Baldwin Brown the
elder [q. v.] Another close friend was John
Newton [q.v."^, the intimate of the poet Cow-
per. Kingsbury wius a strong supporter of the
movement which developed into the London
Missionary Society, ana in 1796 he drew
up by request a circular letter of a})peal
to the independent chnrches throughout the
country. Some disparaging remarka let fall
in a sermon by Richard Mant, D.D.j rector
of All Souls'!^ Southampton, in this ssms
year, drew from Kingsbury his one contro-
versial work, The Manner in which Pro-
'
testant Dissenters perform Prayer in PubUe
' ( Worship vindicated,' London, 179(3, 12ino ;
the tract rapidly passed through two editions.
In 1809 Kingsbury, who had aince 1773 con*
duct*"'! a Hintill soliool in addition to his
' pastoral duties, found himself unequal to his
'
work. He formslly nsigned his pastorate on
120/.,was offered him. He died at Caversham
on ISFeb. 181><,andamnral tablet was erected
to his memory in tho independent chapel at
Southampton . K i ngsbury married i n Novem-
ber 1768 a Miss Andrews, daughter of Morde-
cai Andrews, an independent minister in Lou-
'
don, by whom a aon ThouMis, i^l n daiigib*
ter, Sarah, who married one Jameson, sur-
' vived him. A
memoir, together with a de-
uiyiii^ua oy Google
 Kingscote 174 Kingsford
TOtional diary kept by Kingsbury during the Game of Cricket, p. 101; Nimroi'8 Huann^
latter ymrs of bta life, waa published by Tour, p. 198; Uanof thaBsigB Burko'b Lauded ;

John Bullar of Southampton m 1819. Gentry ] W. A. J. A.

Kingsbury published, besides the work KTNGSDOWN, Baron. [See Vuan-
mentionad above, a number of ftineral ser-
ion-Lliuu, TuojiAs, 1793-1867.]
mons. A copy of one, which h nnt mentioiu.'d
in the British Museum Catalogue, on the KINOSFORD, MB8. ANNA
(1846-
' Life, Labors, and Departure of the Rey. 1888), doctor of medicine and religious writer,
Edward AphLumer.' delivered at Pciole in dauL-'lit'T of .Tohn Bonti?, was born at Mary-
Doret, 6 July 1804, is in Dr. Williams's land Point, Stratford, Esses, 16 Sept. 18M^
Library. Another sermon, pnbliahed in 1789, and was baptised Annie. She mmrried in
on 'The Sickness and itecovery of King 18C7 Algernon Godfrey King^-lori.], vicar of
Hezekiah/ was 'occasioned by the happy Atcham, Shropshire. From lti68 to 1878
recovery of his Majesty' (George III). she wrote stones in the ' Penny Poet,' rigned
nUfe by Dullar; Wilson's Disaentine Churches, Ninon Kingsford and Mrs. Al^mon Kmgs-
i 190, ii. 649, iii 608
; Biog. Diet, of Living Au- ford. In 1870 she was received into tne
IhOfS, p. 190 ; Brown's Life of Howard, p. 101 Roman catholic church by Cardinal Manning,
Darling'H Cyclop. BibL 17SS; Monson a Mis- and she adopted the christian names .\nme
sionary Fathers.] T. 3. Mary Mrigdulen Maria Jf^hrinna, In 1872 she
KINGSCOTE, HENRY ROBERT {1802- purchai>ed and edited lu her own name The '

1882), philaatluopiat, was bora on 25 May Lady's Own Paper/ in which she strenuously
I

1802. Ho was second son of Thomas Kings- supported the movement ajrainst vivisection,
cote {d. 1811), who was brother of Robert but she gave up the paper in 1873, and in 187
Kingseote of Kin^cote, Gloucestershire his went to Paris to commence medical studies.
;

mother was Harriet, fourth daughter of Sir On 22 July 1880 she received the dejjree of
Henry Peyton of Dodington iu the same M.D. from the faculty of Paris. She had then
comity. He was edooatMl at Harrow, and adopted vegetarian principles, and the title of
early becnmc a cricketer and rider to hounds. her thesis was* De I'alimentation v6g6tah'che
He was six feet five inches in height. He I'homme I
;
' this, translated and enlarged, was
flayed Us ftrst matdi at Lord's on 21 May published
I in London, 1881, as 'The FnliBCt
823. In 18'37 he was elected president of the Way iu D'et.' Mrs. Kiiit^'sforrl soon en^a^e<l
Mazylebone Cricket Club. A narrow escape in the active practice of a London physician,
from drowning turned hia attention to reli- but her aMentioo was largely devoted to
S'ous matters he bocame a friend of Bishop
; mystical subjects. She became president of
lomfield, and with him was instrumental the Theosophical Society in 1883, and founded
in founding tlw Ohnidi of Enslaikd Serip- in 1884theHeRttetio Society. Inl687aeold
turo Readers' Association and the Metropo- caught while visiting M. Past-^nr's laboratory
litan Visiting and Belief Association, of on a snowy day developed into pulmonary
whidi he was a tmstee all liis life. In 1846 oonsnmption. She removed to the Sivien
he published a pamphlet-letter to the Arch- without benefit, and, returning: to London,
bishop of Canterbury on the needs of the died at Wyunstay Gardens^ Kensington,
churcn, whidi ran tnrongfa several editions, 22 Feb. 1 888, being buried in Ateham churdi-
and in it he urged the extension of lay agency yard. She left a daughter.
and the founcLtion of new bishoprics. In In person Mrs. Kingsford was singularly
1846 he helped to Ibnnd tlie Soadiwarlc beautiful; as a doctor she was very sn^cessfa
fund for schools and cliurche?. nnd in 1847 with women; she also was one of the pioneers
he helped in alleviating the distress in Ire- in the cause of the higher education of women.
land. He sent out supplies to the troops Much doubt exists as to the faith in which she
during the Crimean war. In 1868 Kingncote died. Her aim as a n lirrious teaeher was to
wn nno the founders of the British and reconcile Christiaiiify with her own mystical
if

C<'l<inial ilmigration Society; he was also theories, and to bring prominently forward
the founder of the scheme for establishing the oonneetioa of Christianity with eastern
workshops for the indigent blind, which was faiths, a connection which had in her opinion
not very successful, and of the National been long obscured. The Hermetic Society
Orphan Asylum at Ham Common. Kings- still exists in this country, and haa ft oertain
cote died on 13 July IHSi'. Tie mrriMl, on following in the United States.
11 July 1833, Harriet Llizabeth Tower of Mrs. Kintrsford's chief works were: 1. 'Bea-
Weald Hall, Essex, and by her had three trice, a Tale of the Early Ohriatians/ Lon-
sons and five daughters. don, 1803, 12mo, remarkable on account of
[Timss, 14 July 1882^ lillywbits'a Cricket the youthful age of the authoress. 2. * River
fleona and WogiiBhii^ i 4Mt BoA SngUA Beeoa/ ft voluna of vene.

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kingsland
1866. 3. Perfect Way, or tho Finding of
' The
Christ,' London, 1882, 4to; revised ed 1887;
3ni ed. 1890; in this work Mr. Edward
Maitland assisted. 4. The Vircpn of the
'
World,' translated, with a preface, from
' Hermes Mercttiias TnmegUtns,' 1886^ 4to.
5. A??rolo2r7theologised,'l888,4to,reprint,
with a preface, of a work of Valentine Wei-
nlius. 6. * Health, Beauty, and the Toilet,'
London, 1886, 8vo (2nd ed. same year), a
reprint of letters which appeared, 1884-6, in
dbi 'Lady's PictoriaL' These occasioned
adverse criticism, as sanctioning arti-
6cial aid? to beau^. Posthumoas, and edited
bv Mr i vard Maitland, were: 7. Dreams
1
'
and Dream Stories,' 1888, 8vo. 8. ' Clothed
with the Sun,' New York, 1889, 4to, a curious
collection of what tra tennid by the editor
* iUnminationi*.'
[Time*, 27 Feb. 1888 Lady'a Pictorial,
;
$ Mareh 1888 (portrait from a photograph and
veminiKences by Mrs. Fenwiok-Milkr) Tablet, ;
1888 (letters fmm Mr. Edward Maitland as to
vbCher Mrs. Kingsford died in the citholic
Mth); H^'i Women of the
J^j^*^^' don
KJXQBLAKD, Vtscofxts. [SeeBABini-
WAix. Nicholas, 1/)92-1663, first Viscouxt;
Ba&ncwau^ Nicholas, 166^1725, third
KINGSLET, CHARLES (1819-1k7o),
author, of the Rev. Charles Ivinpsley, first
of Battramaley House in the New Forest, by
hie wife, daughter of Nathan Lucas of Dar-
haf! ->e3 and Kushford Lodge, Norfolk, was
bom on 12 June 1819 at llolne Vicarage,
Devonshire. His father, a descendant of an
old family which had produced manysoldiors,
had been hred as a country gentleman ; but,
tnm the carelessness of his guardians during
a lon|f minontv, Im l hin-^n f'orcfd to adopt a
Mofessioii. and ha'l taken orders after thirty.
He became acquainted, while studying at
Trinitv Hall, Cambridge, with Herbert Marsh
fo. f.X then professor of divinity, and in
m19 oishop of Pet4;rborough. He took a
curacy in the fens, and afterwards at Holne,
whence he moved to Burton-on-Trent and
Clifton in Nottinghamshire. He held the
valuable living of liarnafk in Northampton-
*.hir>- (>>'! wfH-n IVferhonnigh and Stamford)
from l!^:.'4 to lf^ ><>, uniil the son of Bishop
Marh c/)uld take orders. He caught ague
in the fen country, and was advlned to re-
move to Devonshire, where he was presented
to CIovmUv. He remained tlu're till, in 1830,
he liecame rector of St. Luke's, Chelsea. He
died on 29 Feb. 1860 at the ChelsM lectory,
in his seventy-eighth year.
Charles was a precocious child, writing
Kingsley
sermons and poems at the age of four. He
was delicate and sensitive, and retained
through lilb the impressions madi; upon him
by the scenery of the fens and of Clovelly.
At Clovelly he learnt to boat, to ride, and
to collect shells. In 1831 he was sent to a
school at Clifton, and saw tl;ie Bristol riots
of August 1831, which he says for some
years made him a thorough aristocrat. In
1832 he was sent to the grammar school at
Heist on, Cornwall, then under Derwent Cole-
ridge [q. y.], though it is said that E. 0.
Hawtrey [q. v.] wished him to go to Eton,
from reports of nis early promise. Kingsley
was not a close student, though he showed
great intellectual activity. He was not
popular, rather despising his fellows, caring
the regular games, although fond of
little for
ftata of agility and of long excursions in
search of plants and geological specimMia.
He wrote a good deal of poefr}' and poetical
DToae. In 1836 he went with hia funilj to
LoadoQ, and became a student at H^ng^
College, London, walking in unrl out fmm
Chelsea. He worked hard, but found Lon-
life dismal, and was not a little bored
by the parish work in which his father and
mother were absorbed. He describee the
district Tisltoni as ugl^ and splaj-fboted
beinps, 'three-fourths of whom can't sing,
and the other quarter sinff miles out of tone,
with Toioes like lore-sioK parrots.' In Oo-
tober 1838 he entered Magdalene College^
Cambridge, and at the end of his first yaer
gained a scholarship. In the foUowiii^ tsmp
tion, while staying with his father in the
country, he met, on 6 July 1839, his future
wife, Fanny, daugliter of Pasooe GrenfelL
Tliat, he said afterwards, was ' my real wed-
ding-day.' They besnm an occasional corre-
si)ondioe, hn wweh Kingsley confessed rery
full V to the religious doubts by whirh he, like
Others, was tormented at the time of the
Oxlbra movement. He was occasionally so
much depressed by th>'?(' thnuLrhts, and bj
the uncertainty of any fultihuent of his
hopes, that he sometimes thought of leaving
Cambridge to ' become a wild pniirie hunter.'
His attachment to Miss Grenfell operated
as an invaluable restraint. He read Cole-
ridge, Carlyle, and M.iurice with great inte-
rest. Meanwhile, though his studies seem
to have been rather desultory, he was popular
at coUegfe, and threw hini.t'lf into every kind
of sport to distract his mind. He rowed,
though he did not attain to the first boat,
but specially delighted in fishing expeditions
into the feus and elsewhere, rode out to
Sedgwick's equestrian lectures on geology,
and iejirnt hoxiriL' tmder a negro prize-fighter.
He waa a good (Mtdestrian, and once walked
Digitizer uy v^oogle
 Ktngsley 176 Kingsley
to London in a day. His distractions, in- Dean \\'ood. father of an old college friend,
teiOeetiul, omotioiial, and afhletie, nade him a post which was SMnly honorary, though
res;artl the regular course of sttirly nn a gain- historically interesting.
ful drudgery. IIo read classics with \\ H.
. In 1842, just after taking his degree, he
Bateson [q. v.], afterwards master of St. had begun to write the life of St. Elizabeth
John's, during his first and third ypar>. but of Hun^ftry. He finally clianged his original
could not be induced to work hard till his proe into a drama, which was accepted, alter
ImI six montlia. He tJien by great effort some refusals fwm
vobliahers, by Meaaia.
succeeded in o}tnininf: the last place in the Parker, and appeared at the beginning of
'

first class of the classical tripos of 1842. lie 1848 with a preface by Maurice. The hook
wee a 'senior optime' in the previous mathe- excited iatezest both in Oxford and in Gi^
TORtiral tri|)09. He had by this time decided many. It was much admired by Bunsen, and
to take orders, and in July 1B42 was ordained a review by Conin^ton, though not very fa-
W the BUhop oi Winchester to the ciiracy of vourable, led to a friendship with the critio.
Everaley is on the While showing high poetical promise, and
Eversley, Hampshire.
borders of Windsor Forest, a wild heather- indeed containing some ot his best work, it
Tered conntry, with a then neglected popu- is also an exposition of his SSBtimSBts upon
lation nf Miroom equires ' nnd deerstealers, the social and religious movements of the
and with a considerable iulu^ion of gipsies. day. Though expressing sympathy with
Kinney disliked the Oxford school, which medisBval life, it is a characteristic protest
to him represented sacerdotalism, asceticism, af^ainst the ascetic theories which, as he
and Manichoeism, and was eagerly reading thought, tended to degrade the doctrine of
Maurice's ' Kingdom of CSirist* Carlyle an< I the msrriage bond. Toe events of 1848 lad
Arnold were nlsn nmonf* his prophets. He to a more direct utterance. His admiration
soonbecamepopularby hard workm his parish for Maurice brought about a close association
and genuine sympathy with the poor, but with Uie gRmp wno, with Maurice for leader,
lived a secluded life, with little society Iwyond were attempting to give a Christian direction
that of a few friends in the Military Collego to the socialist movement then becoming
at Ssildhimki A year s interruption in the conspicuous. Aim up others he came to
correspondence with his future wife implies Ivuow A. r. Stanley, Mr. Froude, Mr. Lud-
a cause for depression. In September 1843, low, and especially Mr. Thomas Hughes,
however, he obtained through one of her re- afterwards his most int imate friend. He was
lations, I/)rd Sidney Godoljjliin Osborne, a appointed profep.sor of English literature in
promise of a living from Lurd Portman, and Queen's Coll ege, Harley Street, just founded,
wasadvised to apply ill the meantime for the with Maurice as president, and gave a course
curacy of Pimpeme, near TJlandford. The of weekly lecture?, though ill- health forced
curacy was promised, and tlie correspondence him to give up the puet a year later. His
was renewed. Early in 1844 he married. The work at Evenley prevented him from taking
living of Eversley fell vacant at the t ime, and so active a part as some of his friends, but
thi' parishioners were anxious th it he should lie heartily sympathised with their aims, and

suc( i*ed to it. In Mny l8-i 4 he was accord- was a trosied uMa&t in their schemes for
ingly preni nted to it by Sir John Cope, the prnmotinp co-operation and 'Christian so-
patron, and set tled there as rector soon after- cialism.' His literary gifts were especially
valuable, and his writings wevs narked by a
Heavy dilapidfitions and arrears of poor- fervid and genuine enthusiasm on behalf of
rate fell upon the new incumbent; the house the poor. He contributed papers to the
was unwtiolewme, and much diainagawas 'Politics for the People/ of which the fint
required. The church was empty ; no grown- number (of seventeen published) appeared on
up labourers in the parish could read or 6 May 1848. He took the signature ' Parson
write, and everything was in a state of ne- Lot,' on account of a diseussion with his
glect. Kingsley set to work vigorously, and friends, in which, being in a minority of one,
in time successfully, to remedy this state of he had said that he felt like Lot, when he *

things. His only recreation was an occasional seemed as one that BMM^sd to his sons-in-
dny's fishing, and sometimes a day with the law.' Under the same name he published a
'
hounds on an old horse picked up cheap for pamphlet called ' Cheap Clothes and Nasty
'

paiaon's work.' In 1844 he made acquaint- in 18^0, and a good many contributions to
nnce with Maurice, to whom he had written the Christian Socialist a Journal of Asso*
*
:

for advice upon some of bis difHculties. ciation,' which appared from 2 Nov. I860 to
Maurice soon became a revered friend, whom 28 June 1851. The pamphlet was reprinted
he deliphted to call his ' master.' In 1846 with 'Alton Locke and a preface by Mr.
he was appointed a canon of Middleham by Thomas Hughes in 1881. He produced his

biyiiized by Google
 Kingsley
first two novels under the same influence.
'TeMt'waspaUislwd in Kraser's Magazine' < duties, not depKiTed of their privileges.
in 'h^- nutnmn nf 1848. Fie had been greatly
excited bj the events of the previous months,
and wrote it at night, after duyn ppont in bard
parish work. A
coniplpte breakdown of hpnlth
followed. Hp went for rest to Bournemouth
in October, and aftr a aetinid c<^p!ie spont
the winter in "N'urth Devon. further holi- A lar a.spirattons by Christian principles, which
day, also spent in Devonshire, became neces-
nary in 1819. The expenses of sickness and
th> heavy rate? at Eversley tried his finances.
Fie resigned the ollice of clerk-in-orders at
St. Luke's, Chelsea, which he had held since
hi* marriace, but which he now felt to be a
sinecore. To make up his income he resolved
to take pupils, and by a great effort finished
*.Alton l.orl;e' in the winter of 1849-60.
Meters. Parker declined it, thinking that they
had suffered in repntation by Urn poblica-
tion of ' Y' ti^t.' It was, however, accepted
by Messrs. Chapman & Ilall on the recom-
in-^ndation of Carlyle, and ap])'ar8 to have
bron;rht the nnthor ^'>0!. {Kinylej/, i. '277).
It wa^ publisht d in August 1850, and was de-
scribe by Carlyle as a ^ftrfid enation stiD
left half chaotic'
KinfTsley's writings e.xposed him at this
t i rr.m any and often grossly unfair attacks.
' ; 1 for some time to work without a curate.
In ISol he preached a sermon in a London
church which, with the full knowledjre of
the ineombent, was to give the riews of the
Christian socialists, and was called The
Message of the Church to the Labouring
Han.' At
the end of the sermon, however,
the incumbent rose and protested against its
teaching. The press tooK the matter up, and
the T'.i-h 'p of London (Blomfield) forbade
Kingsley tx) preach in his dioce.se. A meet-
ing of working-men was held on Kennington
f*F-WT*"' to support Kingsley. The sermon
wa.i printed, and the bishop, after seeing
Kingsley, withdrew the prohibition.
The fear of anything called socialism was
natural at the time; but Kingsley never
adapted the socialist creed in a sense which
eomd now shock the most conservative. In
poUtiea be was in later life rather a tory
than a radical. Ho fervently believed in the
HoTise of Lords (see e.g. King$le>f, ii. 211 3),
detested the Manchester echooly and was
otmoMd to moet of tbe radiuil platform.
'
I east ' and ' .\lton Lorke ' inde<_Hl show an
even passionate sympathy for the sutferings
of the agrieoItarBnaboarBr and of tbe London
artisan. The ball.ul of the '
poacher's
in '
Yeast ' is a denunciation of game-pre-
sc t fers Tigoroas enongb to satisfy the most
thorou;?hsoing chartist. But Kinpslev's sen-
timent was thoroughly in harmony with the
daas of squins and ttonntry clergymen, who
VOb Zf
177 Kingsley
required in his opiuiou to bo roused to their
He
therefore did not sympatliis*- with the truly
revolutionary movement, but looked for u
remedy of admitted evils to the promotion of
co-op(>raf ion, and to sojind sanitary legisla-
tion (in wliich he was always strongly inte-
rested). He strove above all to direct popu-
alone, as he hi-Ul, could produce true liberty
and equality. Thus, when the passions ronssd
in 18 i8 h;.d cooUkI down, he ceased to bo an
active apitator, and became tolemhly recon>
ciled to the existing Older.
In ISTjl he was attacked with gross nn-
faimess or stupidity for the supposed immo-
rality of ' Yeast,' and replied in a letter to
the ' Quardian by a mentirus impvh ntis<!hne,
'
which showed how deeply he had been .>itung.
He sought relii'f from worry and work in
the autumn of IH'l by his first tour abroad,
bringing back from the Rhine impressions
afterwards used in Two Years Ago.' One
'
of his private |)n]ii!s, Mr. John Martinean, has
riven a very vivid aceount of his home life at
Ever.ley during this period (Snffthy, i. 297-
308). He had brought things into better
order, and after his holiday in 1851 was able
Not being able to get another pupil, he
was compelled to continue his work single-
handed, and again l)ecame over-exhausted.
* His remarkable novel, * Hypatia,' certainly
one of the most successful attempts in a very
difficult literary style, appeared in 185.3, after
passing througli ' Fraser's Magazine.' It was
well received in Germany as well as England,
and highly praised by fiunsen (^Memoir$f it.
309^. Maurice took a part in criticising it
during its progress, and gave suggestions
which Kingsley turned to account. Like his
{irevious books, it is intended to convey a
esson for tbe day, dealing 'vdth an analogous
Eeriod of intellectual fermentation. It shows
is brilliant power of constructing a rivid, if
not too accurate, picture of a past social state.
The winter of 18^3-4 was passed at Torquay
for the sake of his wifSs, whose health had sut-
fered from the damp w
Eversler. Here bis
strong love of natural history le<l him to a
study of seashore objects and to an article
on the * Wonders of ue Shore ' in tbe ' Nordi
British Review.' afterwards develop. d into
'
Glaucus.' In Februanr he gave some lec-
tures at Edinburgh on the 'Sdioolsof Alex-
widow andria,* and in the spring settled with his
iamily at Bideford, his wife being still un-
able to rstum to Eversley. Here be wrote
'
Westward Ho ' It was dedicated to Bishop
!
Seiwyn and Kajah Brooke. Brooke was a
beio after Wnnmhaarfe, whom ha knew pur-
 Kingsley 178 Kingslqr
tonally &nd hod heartily endeavoured to sup- ,
salary of the pfrofessorship was 871iL, and
port ( Kingsley, i, 222, 369-70, 444-6). It \b the preparation of lectures interfered with
in some wajs his most characteristic book, other literaiy work. During the residence
j

and tha defcriptions of DeTonshire scenery, |

of the Prince of Wales at Cambridge a special
'

his hearty svnipathy with the Elizabethan
haroea, and tne unflstfffing spirit of the storv,
make the Toader inditterent to its ohrionanr
one-sided view nf lii.story.
While staying at fiideford King^Rl<>y dig-
played one of hia many p-ifts by get ng up
t the threatened oppoeitton of the high ehnzdi
and teacliing a drawing class f iryoun- men.
In the course of I800 he afiain settled at
Bwraley, spending the winter at a house
on Farley Hill, for the benefit of his wife's
health. Besidea frequent lectures, seimona,
and artiolee, he was now-writing ' Two Tears
Ago,' which appeared in 18r)7. Kingwley
cla.ss under Kingsley was formed for his
benefit) and the pnnoe won the affectionate
regard of his teacher. The prince recom-
mended him for an honorary degree at Ok-
ford on the commemoration of 1663, but
party luxler Pu<!cy iiidnced Kingsley to retire,
with the advice of his frienda. Kingsley'a
tenure of the pvofeesorship can hardly oe
descrlhfd as successful. The difficult Its were
1 great. The attempt to restore the profes-
* sorial eystem had at that time only succeeded
in filling tlvi
l ass-rooms with candldatr s for

had been deeply interested in the Crimean the ordinary degree. History formed no part
war. Some tnouaanda of copies of a tract of tihe course of lerioua stndenta, and the
by him called 'Brave Words to Brave Sol- lecturer were in the main merely omru!. :it;tl.
diers/ had been distributed to the army. Kingslev's geniality, however, won many
He uwa^a had heon miUtary tastes; fie friends ooth among the anthontiee and the
stndied military history with especial inte- uudergrndiintps. Sime young men e.tpresscd
rest J
many of the officers from Sandhurst and sincere gratitude for the intellectual and
1

AMerahot became faJa warm fiienda; and he moral impulse which thev reoeiTed from him.
I

delighted in lerturinc', preaching, or bless- Professor Max Miiller says ( Ki-;,-!ry. u. 200)
ing new colours for the r^ments in camp. ' history was but bis text,' and his lectures
Soeh taates help to explain the Tiew ex- gare tiie thoughts of 'a poet and a moralist,
1>re8sed in 'Two Vear Ago,' v hicli was tljni a politician and a theologian, and, above all,
ess startling than may now seem poissible, a triend and counsellor of young men.' Tliey
that the war waa to exercise the great r^^e> roused interest, hut they did not lead to a
rating influence. Thn nnvel i- ranch weaker serion'? study of history or an elevation of
than its predecessors, and shows clearly the position held by the study at the uni-
|

that if his demre for soeid reform was not
lessened, he had no longer so strong a
sense that the times were out of joint, llis
health and prospects had improvedt a result
which be natnrnlly attributed to a general
improvement of the world.
The Crimean pamphlet bad been published
Termty. Kingsley'8yersatnemind,diatTacted
I by a great variety of interest?, had C!Ui~ht
1
brilliant glimpaes, but had not been practised
in systematioatndy. His lectures, wiien pub-
lished, were severely criticised by writers of
authority as savouring moro of the historical
j
novel St than of the trained inquirer. He was
i

monymoiisly, on account of th.' jn Mlices sensible of this weakness, and towards tlv
against him in the religious world. Thej end of his tenure of ofRce became anxious to
rejudices rapidlydiminisned from this time. < resign. His inability to reside prevented him
n IH'f] he }iecnme one of tht- *|ueen's chap- from k^^fping Tip the intimacies with young'
lains in ordinary. lie was presented to the men whu h, at the beginTiiug of his course,
qoeen and to the prince consort, for whom he had rightly reganled as of great value.
I'e entertained a specially warm ii'lminitioTi. Tn the boginnmg of 1S04 Kingsley had an
He still felt the strain of overwoik, having untVirtnnate controversy with John Ilenrv
no curate, and shrank from liOndon bustle, Xi'wniau ^q. v.| He had asserted in a review
confining himself chietly to Kver>loy. In of Mr. Frondes 'History' in 'Macmillan's
May I80O he was ap|KMnte<l totbeprofes- Magazine' for January 1864 that 'Truth,
aocahip of modern hi>-tory nt Oamnidge,' for its own sake, had never been a virtue
vacant by the deatii in the previous autumn with the Roman cathnlic clerLn-,' and attri-
of Sir James Stephen. He took a house at buted this opinion to Newiuan m pariicular.
Cambridge, but after three years found that Upon Newman's protest, a corresnondenos
the eTj>ense of a double establishment was followed, which was published by /fcwman
beyond hia means, and from 1M(?:{ re-ided at (dated .31 Jan. 1864), with a brief, but
Erersley, only going to Cambridge twice a' cutting, comment. Kingsley replied in n
year to deliver his lectures. )iiring the first
I
pftmphlot called * ^V^lat, then, does Dr. New-
period llis duties at Kversley wero under- nian mean ? which produced Newman's
'

t^km bj th BeT. SepttmiM Hansard. The | ihmona * Apologia.' Kingdflj wm dearlj

 Kingsley
botfi nah in Us
iint itatement tnd tiii'
84T'^f;ictory in the apo]o\zy whicli ho pub-
luhed in 'Macmilian's Magaiine' (this is
pwm in tiw oomspondeiioe). That New-
n.in triumiibnutly vindicated hi8_poraonal
chsracter is also beyond doubt. The best
tliat ean be Mtd for Kingsley is that be was
liming at a real blot on the philosophical
cjsttfn of his opponent; but^ if so^ it must
w also allowed tnat be eontrtTed to eonftiae
the !"Ue, and hy ob%-iou8 misunderstandings
to give a complete victoiy to a powerful
iBtagoaist. witb all bis merits as an imagi-
native writer, Kingsley never showod tnj
genuine dialectical ability.
Kingsley 'a healtb was now ibowtng gy mp-
oms of decline. The 'Water Babies,' pub-
iiihed in 1863, was, says Mrs. ICingsley,
'pariiapa tiie last book, ezoe^ bis West
Indian one, that he wrote with any real
sse.' Re8t and change of air had been
strongly advissd, and in tbe spring of 1664
he ma^e a short tour in Franre with >rr.
Froade. In ISOo he was forced by further
illness toietire for three months to the coast
of Xorfollv. From 1868 the Rpv. William
HsrriaoB waji hia ctirate, and lightened his
woikatEvenley. Mr. Harrison eontribnted
otn^ intereetingremini8cener>s to the m'-moir
{Kmg^, iL 28l-). In 1869 Kingsley ro-
aigmd his professorship at Cambridge, stating
that his brains as well as his purse ren(h'ri><l
the step neoeasaxy ((6. ii. 293). Kelieved from
4e stniii, he gsre many lectures and ad-
tetses; he wa.1 president of the education
SBOtion at tlie Social Science Congress held
in October 1869 at Bristol, and delivered an
inaugural address, which was printed by the
Education Leafftte: about 100,000 copies
were diatributedC He bad join ed t ho league,
which was genorally opposed by the clorgy,
iads^air of otherwise obtaining a national
wptUmtli education, but withdrew to become
tinpport<r of W. E. Forster's Education Bill.
At tM end of tho year he sailed to the West
Indies on the invitation of bis friend Sir
Arthur Gordon, then govpmor of Trinidad.
His 'At Last,' a gruphic description of his
tmvels, appesMd in 1870. In August 1869
Kjn?I<iy was appointed canon of Chester, and
WM uutailed in November. Next year ho
bis residence on 1 May, and found
conffptiial society among thp cnt nedral clcrg}-.
He a botany class, which developed
started
intothsGbest^Natural HistorySociety. He
save some excellent lectures, publ itched in
1872 as 'Town Geology,' and acted as guide
to excursions into the country for botanical
sad i^l^ical purposes. A
lecture delivered
It Sion CoWogQ upon the ' Theology of the
IbUM* (yoWied in ' MaoniUaifa Maf-
179 Kingsley
line*) stated bis Tiews of tbe relations
betw' ri srieritific theories and theolngical
'
doctrine, and for the later part of his life
bis interest in natural history determined a
largo part of his energy. He rarnc to btdieve
in Darwinism, holding that it was in full
aoeoidanee with theology. Sanitary science
also occupied much of his attention, and an
address delivered by him in Birmingham in
1872, as president of tbe BGdland Institute,
led to the foundation of classes at the insti-
tute and at Saltley College ^a place of train-
ing for seboolmasten) for tne study of tbe
laws of health.
In 1873 he was appointed canon of West-
minster, and left Cnester, to tbe general
regret of his colleagues and the peopb^. His
son. Maurice, had goue to America in 1870,
and waa tbeire employed as a railway en-
gineer. Returning in 187^5, ho found hia
tother much ciianged, and urged a sea- voyage
and rest At tlie be^[innin9<rf 1874 Km^
ley sailed for America, was reciMved with
the usual American hospitality in the chief
cities, and nTesome lecturas. After a visit
to Canada, he went to the west, saw Salt Lake
cit V, San Francisco, the Yosemite valley, and
had a severe attack of pleurisy, during which
b.' --tayed at Colorado Springs, It weakened
hirn seriously, and after his return in .Vugust
1874 he had an attack at Westminster, by
which he was further shaken. His wife had
a dangerous illness soon afterwards. He
was able topreach at Westminster in Novem-
ber, but was painfully changed in appearance.
On '6 Dec. he went with his wife to Eversley,
catching finsb oold just befine. At Evers-
ley ho soon became dangerously ill. His
wife was at the same time conhned to her
room with an illness supposed to be mortal,
and ho could only send messages for a time.
He died peacefully on 23 Jan. 1875. Ho was
buried at Eversley on 28 Jan., amid a great
concourse of friends, including men of poli-
tical and military distinction, villagers, and
the huntsmen of the pack, with the horsee
and hounds outside tbo churchyard. Dean
Stanley took part in he service, and preached
t
a funeral sermon in Westminster Abbey
(published) on Jan. A cross was erected
.'51
bv his wile iu Kversloy churchyard. A
liingsley Meraoriol Fund provided a restora-
tion of the church and a bust (by Mr. Wool-
ner) in Westminster Abbey. A
portrait is
prefixed totiie firstTidumeof the 'Memoirs,
and an engravii^ firom Mr. Woolner's bust
to the second.
A civil list pension was granted to Mrs.
Kingsley upon her husband s death, but she
declined the queen's otfer of rooms in Ifamp*
tonOiHiitFbuoe* She died at bar residence
US
biyiiized by Google
 Kingsley t8o Kingsley
at Bisbop'iB Tachbrook, near LeRinington, on back; but he was always anxious tossewooien
Saturday, 12 Dec. 1801 ugcd 77. Kiii^'-l -v's admitted to medical stmliep.
,
dnmejtic
four children, all bom at Evorsley, were : character was admirable, and he was a most
1. Rose Gcormna (6. 1845); 2. Maurice (b. energetic country parson. He loved and
1847), now of New Rocholle in the state of respected the poor, and did his utmost to
New York: 3. Mary St. Leger {p. 1852), raise their standard of life. ' Ue was,' said
widow of William Harrison, formeriy mctor Matthew Arnold in a letter of condolence to
of Clovlly; and 4. Gn'aville Arthnr (6. his family, the most generous man I hare
j
'

1 857), now reaident in Queensland. Mi^. ever known the most forward to praise what
;

Hamon has written eoma well-known he thought good, the most willing to admire,
noTcls lutdertliemeiidonym 'Luca!* Malet.' the most free from all thought ofhimself, in
j

Kinjr-lcy was anovp middle height, of spare praising and in admirincr, and the most in-
but musciilur and vigorous frame, with a capable of being raiule ill-natured or even in-
iteongly marked ftce, to wbieh the de^ lines dinerent by having to support ill-nntured
{

between the brows gav> an 'xpres'sion of attnclvs himself.' This quality made him at-
sternness. He was troubletl by a Btammer. tractive to all wlu) met him personally, how-
.

He prescribed and practi.te<l ruli for its core, ever averse to some of his views. It went
|

but never ovfrcMnx' it in rnnv< r;ation, nl- along with a dista'^te for creeds embodying
though in public speaking ho could avoid it. a narrow and dist'<rted ideal of lite n dis-
The name of muscular Christianity,* flnt taste which biassed his judgment of ecclesias-
'

given in the 'Suturdnv Rtnifw,' and some tieal matters, and gives the impression that
of his vtTfSes suggerJted iho tough athlete; the ancient Greeks or Teutons had more of
but he hnd a highly nervous temperament, his real empathies than the early Christians.
and his chanicti'ristif rcstlfs^iness mnde it He was a genuine jioet, if not of the very
difficult for him to sit still through a meal highest kind. Some of his stirring lyrics are
(Martineaii in JCn^legfi i. 800). He hnd likely to last long, and his beautifnl poem,
tahen to sraokiurr at collegp to soothe his Andromeda,' is perhnps the best example Ol
'

nerves, and, finding the practice beneficial, the English hexameter.

aoquired the love of tobacco which he ex- Kingsle/s works are; 1. 'The Sainfa
presses in ^Vt'~t^\nn^ ITo
' !
' Hi'* imp -tuous Trngedv.' "IPIS. 2. * Twentv-five
Village
and excitable temper led him to overwork Sermons,* 1849. 3. ' .Uton Locke,' 1860.
himself from the first, and his early writings 4. < Yeast, a Flroblem,' 1851 (published in
gave ])romise of still higher acluevements *Fra-^rr'.-i ^f ngrtzine in ind rut <hort
'

thau he ever produced. The excessive fer- to please the proprietors ; for intended con-
Tonr of his emotions caused early exhaustion, elusion see Kwffflnj, i. 219). 6. ' Phaethon,
and was connected with hiri obvious weak- or T.nr>;,. Thoughts for Loo-eThinker^.' 18.52.
nesses. He neither thought nor studied t). Sermons on National Subjects,' 1st ser.
'

systematically, and his beliefe were more 185?, 2nd ser. 1854. 7. 'Hypatia,' 1868
matters of in-tim-t tliim of reason. Ht* was ffroni Ft iser's ^lagazine'). S. Alexandria
'
'

distracted by the wide range and quickness and her Schools' (lectures at Edinburgh),
of his sympathy. He had great powers of 1864. 0. 'Who causes 1>tatiIenceP' (four ser-
enjoynu'ut. He had n passion for the beau- ni n"*), 18M. 10. Sermons for the Times,*
'

tiful in art and nat ure. Ho one surpassed 1855. U. 'Westward Ho! '1855. 12. 'Glnu-
him in first-hand descriptions of the scenery cus, or the Wonders of the Shore,' ia>.5.
that ho lovtd. Ht' was inithusiastic in 1 3. n he Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tab s.' 1 85.
'

natural history, recognised every country 14. 'Two Years Ago,' 1857. 15. 'Andro-
siffht and sound, and studied birds, bensts, meda, and other Poems,' 1858 I'oenis * ;
'

fi^es, and geolog>' with the keenest interest. (1875) includes thes? and The Saint's Tlta- *

In tlieology he was n disciple of Maurice, gedy 1 6. The Good News of God,' a volume
.' '

attrat ted bv the generous feeling and catholic of sermons, 1859. 17. Miscellanies,' 1859. '

spirit of his mastor. He called himself a \>^. Limits of Sxact Science, as applied to
'

'rlatonist' in philosophy, and had a taste History (inaugural lecture at Cambr idge"),
'

for the mystics, liking to recognise a divine 1860. 19. 'Town and Cnuntrv Sermons,'
symbolism in nature. At the same time his ]8(U. 20. 'Sermons on the Pentateuch/
scieiit itic i'Tithusiasm led him to admire Dar- 186.3. 21. 'The Water Rabies' 1868.
win, Protestor Huxley, and Lyt U witliout 22. ' David (four sermon.** before the unt^
'

vesenre. He corresponded with .1. S. Mill, versitv), 1865. 23. Hereward the Wake,* *

^Xpiessed the strongest admiration of his 186i;.' -21. 'The Ancien Regime' (three
book8,and shared in liis desire for the emnnci- lectures at the Royal Institution), 1867.
pationofwoinen. Certain tendencies of thead- 25. The Water of Life, and other Semions *
'

vocfttes of women's rights oansed him to draw 1667. S6. < The Hermiu ' (Snndqr libttey.

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kingsley i8i Kingsley
il), 1868. 27. * and other rous communicationa to the Field' under
Discipline, '

Sennoiu,' 18G8. 28. *

Madam How and Lady the signature of 'The Doctor.' large A
Why' (from 'Good Worda for ChUdren'), amount of his manuscript on subjects con-
1869. 29. *At Last: a Christmas in tho Wiat nected with folklore ana ethnology ia now
ladiea,' 1871. 80. 'Town Geology (lectui xs in the possession oi his son. While actiiu;
'

at Cke^ter), 1872. 81. 'Prose Iclylls/ 187^. as medical adviser to the Earl of Elleamere^
32. 'PUya and Puritans/ 1873. 83. 'ncalili family, he hud he partial care of tho library
t

and Education,' 1874. 84. 'We6talUlateriSe^- at Bridgcwater House, and in 1806 he edited,
BMloa,'1874. 36. 'Lectoroadeliireredui Ame- from a manuscript preserved there, Frauds
nca,' 1875. 36. A11 Saints' Day, and othor Thynne's 'Animadversions uppou the Anno-
;Sermoas (edited by W. Huriaon), 1878.
' taciona and Corrections of some Imperfec-
Kiofsley also published some single ser- tions of Impressiones of Chaucer's Workes
mons and pamphlets besides those mentioned . . reprinted in 1598,' which was re-edited,
,

ia the text. Various selections have also with additions by Dr. FurnivaU, for the
been publi^ied. He wrote prefaces to Mias Chaucer Society, in 1876.
Winkworth's trunt>latiou of 'Tauler' and Kingsley'a geiiial manners, versatility, and
the 'Iheologia Gennanioay' and to Brooke's store oT picturesque information rendered him
'Fool of Quality.' extremely popular in society. He was a keen
rCluirle Kingsley: his IxHcrs uuil Memories and e.xi>erienced sportsman, an excellent lin-
f]iisLife. by his Wife, 2 vols. 8to. 1877; aeo guist, and a brill iant talker. Dvin^ onFriday,
aln A. P. Stanley's Funoral Sermon T. Unghes's 6 Feb. 1892, at his house, 7 Mortimer Road,
;

Memuur prefixed to Alton lAjckc, iMhl Dr. Cambridge, he was buried on lo Feb. in High-
;

Bieg't ^amoir in Modem Anglican Theology, gate cemetery. He married in 1860 Mary
MdiL ; life of F. D. Mwictee. by hU Son.] Bailey (d. April 1892^, having a son, Charles,
L. S. and a daughter, Mary H'nr:ett a [seeSupPL.]
mGSJLEY, aOfiGHNBY (1827- Sondes the worlcs mentioned Ki4g- aWe
Ittli), laaTdler and author, son of the Rer. ley published : 1. 'Four Phases of Love.
Charles Kingsley of Battrani&ley House in Translated from the German of Heyse,' 1 B57,
tha^'aw Forest, was bom at Raoiaftk, ^'ort h- 8vo. 2. A
Gossip on a Sutherland Hill-
'

sBBtonsfaize, 14 Feb. 1897. Ohsrles Kinss- side,' 1861, 8to: a descripdTe sketch of a
lejrTq.v.j and Henry Kingsley fq, v.] were his stalking expedition iu Sutherhind, included
fanthera. He waa educated at IlW^ College by Francis Galton in his ' Vacation Tourists
Sdiod, London, at Edinburgh Uniyersity, and Notes of Trayel.'
whtTf he graduated M.D. in IB Hi, and iit [Athcna um, 13 Feb. 1892; Cambridge Chxoo.
Puia, where be was slightly wounded during 12 and 19 Feb. Manchastor Gaardiaa,S Febbj
;

ths Wnieades of 18^ Later in 1848 hS Brit. Mua Cat. private iofotmation.] T. 8.
;

activity in combat ing the outbreak of cholera KINGSLEY, HENRY

(1830-1876),
ia Eagland was commemorated byhis brother novelist, third son of the llev. Charles
ChsoM in the portnit of Tom Thnmall in Kingsley, and younger brother of Charles
*Two Years Ago.' He completcl hl^ uRiJicul Kingsley [q. v.T and George Henry Khi^
education at Heidelbeig, and returning to ley [q. y.], was horn at Baniuck, Northamp-
ftiglsnj shout I860,den^ himself from the tonslxire, ou 2 Jan. 1830. He wiLs educated
coQuaencement of his career to a special !iuo at King's College, London, and at Worces-
of {nc(ice,tbe charge of individusi patients. ter College, Uxiord, where he matriculated
Os adopted foreign traTel as his method of 6 .March 18o0. He left college iu 1863 to
tKatmeut, and eit her in the capacity of nit di- go to the Australiaii goldfielos with soma
1 adviser, or merely as travelling compa- fellow-students. After five years' desul-
MBfheexpkmsd most of the countries of the tory and unremunerative employment he
w-rld. Travelling in Polyne-siu between 1867 returned to England,
and soon afterwards
aad 1870 with the young arl of Pembroke, made himself known by the spirited and .suc-
htneosded hto experiences in the volume by cessful novel, GeolFrey Hamlyu,' iu which
'

*hich he is chiefly remembered, ' South Sea his Australian experience was turned to 10"
Bobbles by the arl and the Doctor/ London, count. It was followed in 1861 by Kavons- '

1879, 8to. Frank and nnoonrentional in hoe,' which also made its mark, and utier-
style, ^rnphic and hitmoruixs in its do-^crip-
wsrds by many othera. la i8(>l he niarrie<l
Uco^thia book of travel and adventure won his second coufin, Sarah Maria lvingley, and
|n*t sad instant success, reaching a fifth settled at Wargrave,near Ilenley-ou-Tluimes.
|

diti n bv 1873. He was afterwards for eighteen months

Xmalling subsequentlywith Lord Dun- editor of the ' Edinburgh Daily Keview,' an
yiund ctWaoMMnenittingsley didmuoh organ of the free church. During his editor-
uviisafidd nntonlistyaiM nmde nuno- ship the IWncooQenDan war bnute out, and

Digitized by Google
 Kingsley
King^lcv out as correspondent for his
%vp7it
vaper. lie was present at the battle of Sedan
(1 Sept. 1870), and was the tint Englidnnan
to enter the town aftorwardfl. Aft<r giving
up the paper he settled for a time in LondoDi
and renewed his work as a norelitt Heenb-
sequentlj retire<l to the Attre^ s, Cuckfield,
Sussex, where he died of a cancer in the
tonffoe after some months' illness <m 94 May
1876.
Kingsley 's works are: 1. 'The liecollec-
tiODS of Geoff^ Hamlyn,' 8 yoIb. 1869.
2. ' Ravenslioo/ 3 vols. 1882. 8. 'Austin
Elliott,' 2 vols. lSij:i (French translation hy
Daurand Fo^es, 1866). 4. * The Hillyars
and Burtons: a Story of two Families,'
3 vols. 1866. 6. < Leighton Court : a Country
Honse Story,' 2 vols. 1866. 6. *Silcoteof
Silcotes,' 3 vols. 1867. 7. ' Mndemoiselle
Mathilda,' 8 vols. 1868. 8. < Stretton,' 3 vols.
1809. 9. <01d Margaret/ 9 toIs. 1871.
10. Thp Tiost Child ' (illustrated by L. Frii-
<
lich), 1871. 11. 'The Boy in Qrey,' 1871.
15. 'HettT, and other Stories/1871. 18. *The
Han-eye,'* 2 vol^, 1872. 14. 'Hornby Mills,
and other Storieti,' 1872. 16. 'Valentin:
a Wenoh Boy's Story of Sedan,' 1879.
16. 'He^nnalff TT. tlieregt.; 'S vols. 1874.
17. 'Number Seventeen,' 2 vols. 1876.
18. 'The Change Ckuden: a Romance,' toIs.
1870. 19. ' Firoside Studios.' 2 vols. 1876.
He also edited the Qlobe edition of Robin-
son Omsoe' in 1868, with a biograpliical in-
troduction, and pulilished in low ' Tales of
Old Travels re-nurrtiled.'
[information from Mrs. Henry Kingsloy.^
EDTOSLinr, WILLIAM (1698 P-1769),
lieutenant-general, son of "William Kingsley
and his wife Alice, daughter and heir of VVil-
liam Kandolnh of Maiutone, Kent, was bom
about Itil W lie was a direct descendant from
William Kingslev, archdeacon oi Canterbury
( d. 1647), from wnom Oharles Kingsley [c^. v!]
fbe novelist also tniced hi.s d< -rt'nf. Flie
Kiiigsleyfc are slated to have been of Lanca-
shure origin (Beiuiy), and a 'WUliam Kings-
ley, gentlcmdn, of Canterbury,' appenrs iu a
roll of Roman catholic estate-holders in York-
shin (Nortih Biding) dnring the period 1717-
1780(cf. Jaisr.lf-S. ramm.9tb H. p. \.:ma).
Kingslev seems to have become comet in
Honywooa's dragoons (now 1 1th hussars) in
May 1721, lie was lirutt'n.nit nnd rnjifain in
the 3rd foot-guards (now Scots guards) in tbe
company oommanded hr Lieutenant-eolonel
Wolfe, father of General .Tames Wolfe. Hi.-
oommisaion bore date 20 June 1721 (Home
Off, MO. SMry Book, yoL^tm). He
was piomofeed oaptUB-Iieutenaut in the same
i8s Kingsley
rrrriment in 1713; captain and lieutenant-
colonel iu 1745 ; brevet-colonel in 1760; and
regimental major, widi fbs rank of eolonel of
foot, on 29 Jan. 1761 (ib. vol. xxii. f. 173). Ho
was aid&<le-camp to his colonel. Lord Dun-
more, at Dettingen, and was present with the
let battalion of his regimt^nt at the battle of
Fontenoy, where a caunou-ball passed be-
tween his less and killed ibnr men hehind
him, on 11 May 1746. When tlie collected
grenadier companies of the several ra^imenta
of guards marehed from London for the north
ill the following December (the 'march to
Finchley '), he was one of the officers sent
ahead into Northamptonshire hy the Bnke
of Ciiinberland to obtain infonuation of the
enemy's movements (Hamilton, ii. 135). On
92 Hayl766Elng8ley was made colonel of the
20th foot (now Lancasbire fusiliers). James
Wolfe, then lieutenant-colouel of the regi-
ment at Devizes, wroto <^ him: < Our new
colonel is a sensible, man, and very sociable
and polite ' ( Wbioht. p. 346). Kingsley was
with his regiment in the Roenefortearpeditioii
of 1757, and afterwards went to Germany ai
maior-generaL Hegreatlydistinfuished him-
self at the hattleof Ifinden on 1 Ang. 1769, at
the head of a brigade composed of the 20th
(Kimrsley's), 25th (Home's), and 51st (Bru-
deneU's) foot, which was veiy pvQminently
engaged. Kinp-loy's grenadier^, as tlie 20th
'
was popularly called, is said to have fought
among some roee-gardens or hedges, a oix^
cumstaucf still commemorated by the regi-
mental custom of wearing* Minden roses in '
thecapaoneaehannivenaxyof theday. The
regimenthad pixoffirer^andeightymen killed
and eleveu olficers and 224 men wounded,
and was excused from all fhrther duty on
account of its losses. A general order of
three days' later dat announced that 'Kinga-
ley's regiment of the British luie will reaume
its sliare of the duty at its own re<^uest.'
Kingslev was afterwards engaged at Ziexen-
berg and elsewhere. Hehecame a lientenaab-
general in December 1760, and wa^ appointed
to the command of a secret expedition, with
William Dra])er [q. v.] as his quartennaBtep>
general. The force was at tirst destined for
eastward of the Cape, but was afterwards
ordered to rendesvous at Qniheron for at- u
tempt on Belle Isle on the coast of Brittany
The death of George H and other circum-
stances delayed the exnedition, which was
eventually countennanaLd n^EATsox, ii. 420,
iii. 167 n.) Kingsley was not actively em-
])loyed again, fie was an outspolran, indo-
p.'ndent Englishman, extremely popular with
his soldiers, and an active freemason. lie
was over seventy ynan of age and unmarried
at the time of hia deatli at Kingahgr Hooac^
Digitized by Google
 Kingsmill Kingsmill
StdwStmt, Maidstone, oa 90ct. 1768 (Scots piters in such sorte as maie beste serve for
Mm. 176B>. H WM Varied in the hawXj the commoditie of the Reader. Whereunto
tadt at Kennington Aehford, Kent (see is annexed a Godlle Advise given by the
KmtLL, Jlist. of MaifUtone, 340). Author tout hyug Mariage Londou, by . . .

Kifigslevs portnit was painted by Bit H. Byiuieiiian,' 1674, 167C, 1580, 8vo, Tli
Joshua Reynolds in ^fnrch 1760, aud two Advisi;' is addressed to the author's sister,
'

agrared portnutA are catalogued by Evans who had lost her fint husband. 2. ' most A
iCtU. Engrtnti T<ortrait*^ ToCiL) M arginal ezcellflnt and eomfortable Treadse for all
Botes by liim appear in a history of the seven such as are any maner of way either troubled
war in poaseaaionof the Hon. Mn.Stop- in Mynde or atllicted in odie. Made by
Si'
SbekriUer J7f MS8. CbMii.9tliRep. iii. Androw Kingesmyl, Omtlsnian, aometime
.

81a), and somt- of his letters are in British fellow of Alsoule Colledge in O.xford. Im-
Muieam Addu. 82732, 32896, 32918. frinted at London by Christopher Barkar/
677, 1576* 1686, 8vo. This also waa written
{Berry's GenealoffiM (Kent), p. 306 cf. Hifct
;

B. Osmni. 9eh Ren. i. 346 a: hI^uj HaAtfld's by Kingsniill for his sister. Printed along
K'st, fol. ed. iii. 268 . Home Office Military with this tract are two treatises usually
latfT Books in Public Rec. Office, London, vols, asoribed to Kingsmill, bnt llilla, in hia pro-
lii-uii, VHrioiM;
Georgian Era, toL ii. The fatory note, declares himself unable to con-
,
'

Ounkat Fontenoy,' in Colbarn'a United Service jecture the author of the second treatise, and
Ihi: Psbnary 1868 ; HAmilton'i Oren. Oiuuds says nothing about the third. They are en-
(I/jiidon. 1872), vol. ii.;
Wri^hfa Life of Wolfe titled :
'
A
verie and learned Exhortation to
(iMdoB, 1 8&4 ) ; Beataoa's Nav. aod Mil. Memoirs suffer patiently all Afflictions for the Gospel
(Udoo, 1794), Tola.iUtL; 6Bt. Mag. 1769 of Christ Jesus.' A
Conference conteyning
'

pp }&5 et aeq., 1760 pp. 44. 165. 485, 541 aConflict had with Satan,' &c Woodascribes
;

Caanooa Hist. Rec 20th (East Devon) Regt.

to Kingsmill * A Sermon on St. John iii. 16'
Ifemoin of Sir James Campbell (Callend.ir)
^perhaps the View ') Resolutionsconcem-
'
:
'

{fitiioburgh. 1832), vol. i.; Smith's Story of the

ing the Sacraments; Re.solutions of some '
'
MtbRegiment, 1 688- 1 888 (London, 1888); Scots
Questions relating to Bishous, Priests, and
17n, abo aflted incidental noticed.]
H. M. C. Deacons,' and papers on ' other matters re-
lating to the Rcobrmation.' Strype mentions
KIXGSMILL, ANDREW (1538-1569), a long letter written by Kingsmill to Ardk-
puntAii divine, son of John Kingsmill of Sid- bishop Parker against urging the habits.'
'

nootoo in Ilamp.^hire, \vus probably bom at [Wood's Athens, ed. Blisa, i. S7S; Fasti,
Sulmonton in 1538. He matriculuted on i. 162 Boiise's Reg. of Univ. of Oxford, i. 238,
;

^ Aog. 1553 at Corpus Christi College, Ox- 260,11. ii.lO; Strypt 's Parker (Clar. Press, 1821),
ford, and in 1558 was elected fellow of All
SouIV College. He wns admitt-d B.C.L
tilt beginning
of 15d3,and acauired a high ro-
puutioa at a atodent of civil law, but (^adu-
turned townnl^ divinity. He soon knew
^ heart conaidejrable portions of the Old and
Knr Tmtamiwta in Greek, and was a Xmea
<fliWat of Hebrew. A young bachelor of
'
AB Soult' who frequently supplied the aer-
OB t 8jL MaiT^B at the begiamng of Elisa-
1>^H' reign is identifi'-d as Kingsmill hy
^ood. Inorderto(}ualify himself thoroughly
ftrttsninistry Kingsmill spent three years
lfcQsn;Vii,!iinl i t-movIng thence to Laut^anue,
M
MM
there in Septembor 1669.^ His jpapers
bto tbe liandi of his friend Francis
MilU, sub-warden of All Souls, who describes
^ in a short sketch of his life, as ' a phcenix
BOBg lawyers, and a tare example of god-
(Fmw ^ MmC*
among mntleinaa'
&tsfc,Pref3
Mills
^
edited the following works by Kings-
o/
ttlll; 1. 'A \'iewe of Mans Estate, wherein
tbegn:at Mercie of God in Mans free Justifi-
Cttion by C hri^t is verie comfortablv declared.
%Aadmw]|^agoamilL OifideaintoOli*- on 87 July 1776 [see Kami^Avamnii, Vuk
i. 313; Ca'iilogues of Brit. Mas. and Bodleian
in Libraries: Lowndes's Bibliog. Manual.] R. B.
KIKQSMILL, SiB ROBERT BRICE
(1780-1806), admiral, son of CharlM Brice,
a captain in the army, wn made a lieutenant
on 29 April 1756, waa appointed commander
of the Swallow sloop in rebrnafr 1781, and
was confirmed in the rank on 3 July, conse-
quent on his capture of a lO-gun privateer
on the coast of FVance. In 1782 he com-
manded the Basilisk bomb at the reduction
of Martinique and St. Lucia by Sir Georve
Rodney, ana on 98 Hay was posted to the
Crescent. lie returned to England in 1761.
i He had already married Elizabeth, only
daughterof H ugh Corry fldPNowton, co. Down,
j
and of his wife, Frances, only duugliter of Sir
William Kingsmill {d. 1698), knight, of Sid-
monton, Hampshire. On the death of her last
surviving maternal uuclo, William Kingsmill,
a bachelor, in 1766, Br ice's wife succeeded to
her grandfather's estates; on which Brice
assumed by act cf purliament the surname of
Kinesraill by royul licence. He commanded
the Vigiiuutot t^ gunsiu theactionoff Ushant

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 kingsmill
coLinj, but after the courts-uiartial quitted
the ship in disgust at the action of the admi-
ralty. On the change of ministry in 1782 he
waa appointed to thf Elizabeth, which after
the peace was employed as a guardship. lie
was elected M P. for Tregony, Cornwall, on
5 April 1784. lu the Spanish armament of
1790 he cumiiianded the Diike of 90 ffnna.
On 1 Ft b. 1793 he was promoted to be rear-
admiral, and was shortly afterwards appointed
oommuider-in-chief on the coast of ureland,
an ardnniis, though not brilliant pnst, wliich
he held continuously till 1800, Wing ad-
Ysaoed meatnwliile to the rank of vice-ad-
miral on 4 July 1794, and of admiral on
14 Feb. 1799. He waa created a baronet on
34 Nor. 1800, and died without issue at Sid-
mouth on Nov. IBOfi,
Uis brother Edward, principal surveyor
of Teremie at Belftet, also assumed the snr-
namo of Kingsmill in Doc -nibf-r 1787, and
his son Kobert succeeded his uncle as second
haronet. On the eeoond baronetlB death in
1823 the title became extinct.
[Charnock'8 Biog. Nav. vi. 485 Ralfe's Nav.
;
Biog. i. 354 ; Burke's DormaDt and EstinotBa-
lonstidea.] J. K. L.
KINGSMILL, THOMAS ICm),
legius professor of liebrew at Oxford, was
seventh son of Sir John Kingsmill of Fri-
book, Hampshire. Entering Magdalen Col-
\egf, Oxford, as a demy, he graduated B.A.
in 1 ').',<), M.A. in 1564, and supplicated for
the B.l). d.'^rc e in 1672 (O^, Univ. Reg.,
Oxf. Hist. Sue, vul.i.) 1 1 o was probationtT
fellow from to lod"', natural philosophy
lecturer in 1663, Hebrew lecturer in lo<)5,
and jMiiior (b-an of arts in 1567. On 15 Dec.
1505 ho wad appointed public orator, and on
2 Kov. 1670 regius professor of Hebrew.
He bt-came lund for a time about 1579, and
his duties as professor were discharf^ed by
deputies, one of whom wa.s Richard HooktT.
lie waaoUiged tozeeign hieproittsaoidupin
1691.
,
!
He wrote: 1. 'A Complaint against Se-
curitie in the^e perilous Times,' 8vo, I.oii'bin,
1002. 2. ' Classicom Poeniteutiale (Trucla-
toe de Scandalo, &c.),' 2 pte. 4to, Oxfbfd,
1605. 3. ' The Drunkards WaniiQg: a Ser-
mon,' dvo, London, 1&3L
[Wood*i Athens Osoo. (Bli.<is), i. 758
Bloiam's Reg. of Magd. Coll., Oxtord, iv. 153
Walton's Life of Hooker, ed. Kebb. i. 18 ; Lo
Nen** Ikiti, iiL 514, 634.] O. O.
KING8N0RTH, RIOHABD (A 1077),
biipti.-;t uiitiister, seems to have been a
Kentish farmer, although it has been sug-
gMted that he wasoomiecled -with the doth-
audiiiig tmde. He wae lad to adopt haptaet
Kingston
views through the arguments of the Hev*
FraaciaOomweU, vicar of Maiden, Kent, who
announced hisown conversion to baptist views
in a visitation sermon at CranbrooK in 1644.
Christopher Blackwood [q.v.],vicarof Staplo-
hurst, Kent, undertook to confute Cornwell,
but, while considering his answer, also became
acouvert. After be incr baptised by William
Jeffery of Sevenoaks, Blackwood and Kings-
north founded a baptist congregation whicK
met at Spilshill House, the reaid^ce of Kings-
north, about half a mile from Staplehurst
Church. Kingsnorth and most of the con-
gregation were geneial baptists, and on tliia
account he was chosen and ordained minister.
The church increased under Kingsnorth,
spread to adjaeent parts, and held neennge ait
Iff adconi, >marden, and Frittenden. Kinfra-
uorth died in 1677^ at which time five of hia
one were engaged tn the ministry. He is aaid
to have written twn wnrl<s (not extant) vin-
dicating the doctrine of universal redemption,
entitled ' The Pterl of Truth, fbnnd out be-
Iwcen two Rocks of KriDi / jirinted in 1670
(HAZiJswoofi^jSmarc^en, p. 198) ; and 'Gospel
Certainty of Everhatinff Felicity.'
After his death a mvision arose in the
church on the subject of the Trinity, and a
separation was agreed upon Two of Kings-
.
north's sons, with several ministers and mem-
bersofthe congregation, withdrew and formed
a separate churcn, meeting at Biddendon and
Frittenden, while a brother and two other sons
remained and upheld tlit- If ading tenets of
the original loundulion. A long list of elders
and ministers is given in GLailewood'a ' Jftt*
morials (if Smarden.'
[Tujlor'b General Baptists, i. 286-8 Ivimey'e
;
English Baptista, ii. 233-7 Bullpy's Strugglos
:
for Conscience, or Religious Annuls of J^t iple-
hurst, pp. 12-15; Hazlowood's MeuiorialN of
Smarden, pp. 198-9 Kent Examiner and Chro-
;
nicle, 9 Dec. 1887 ; iafomation from Mr. W.
Tlvbatl.} &P.
KIN08THORPB,iaCHARD(jC1934>,
Franciscan. [See Ingworth.]
KINGSTON, Dukes of. [See Pierke-
loxT, EvELYS, first DcKH, 1666 -1726 J 1"
PiKRHBFOHTf Etbltv, uoond DvXB, 1711
177.-].]
KINGSTON, self-styled Duchess oy.
[See GHVBuneH, Euubbxh, 1720-19^8.]
KINGSTON, Eabia ov, in the pefltage of
England. [See Pierrepokt, Robert, first
Eakl, 1oS4-1G43; I'ierkkpont, Hbhby, se-
cond Ka RL, 1 606-1 680 1; n KBtOn, ETB-
' 1 >:
Li>, filth Earl, 1666P-1726.i
lilNGSTON, Earl ov, in the peerage of
Irdand. [See Knre, Robbbi, second ILx^u,
1764-17W:]
 Kingston i5 Kingston
KIXQSTON, ViscouxT, iu the peera^je of i length he came, he bent and abused iiie
bishop, whosternly rebuked him, fined him
Viaooon, 1^1 r-ieoi.] oOO/., and foroed mmto do penanoe (Bitb-
KINGSTON, BjLBOsrs. VKV, Jti'fvrmatio,>, ed. 1829, lii. \Q-1). He
[See Kixe, Joiur,
d. Itr6, fim BaboK; EJMBf RoBBKr, afterwards owned that Hooper had converted
d.
Itjyj, second Bakox.] hun from hia evil life, and took a tonohing
farewell of the bishop (8 Feb. 1555) before
KINGSTON, aiK ANTHONY (1619- his martyrdom (FiiOUJ)B, Mit. vi. 320).
^e
|

Kingston sat in Hoose of Oonunona lor

1519, was the son of Sir William Kinpstou Gloucestershire in the parlianit nts of 1546,
q. v.] of Painswick, Giouceeterahiiw^ comp- 1552-3, and 1555. He was knight-marshal
tioUer of the king's hoiUehoUL Anthony in the ^liament of 1 656 and * a main stieUer
ir\e<i at the Lad of a thousand frlonci'ft- in it' lor the protestrmt religion, as Burnet
ttiTbhire meu trndtsr the Duke of Norlbik in infers from his action against the catholic
Uke suppreMion of the Pilgrimaffe ^ace, rebeib in the west, under Bdward iB^ormth
1536-7, and fouffht in the defeat (ISOct.l 536) tion, ii. 650). It is said that he took the keys
of the rebelt* at Louth. Ue was knighted by of the house away rom the sergeant, with, it
Henrr VIII, 18 Oct. 1537, probably as an- seems, the approval of the majori^. But on
ward Be held small offices
for his services. 10 T>ec., the day after parliament wa.-? dis-
at>out the court, such as that of Serjeant ofsolved, he was ent to the Tower on a chaige
the king's hswln, at 2g. a day, and reeeived of conspiring to put Elisabeth on diethrona
land belonging to the snpprfssed monajsteries(Hist. MSS. ( Wuu. 5th Rep. pp. xvi-155).
He remained there till the 23rd, when he
in Gloucestereiiixe, including a regrant of the
aite of the Ciateraiaa fthbey of Flucley. submitted, asked pardon, and was disohaxged
After the death of Sir William Ck)urtenay cf MaOHYN, Diaiy, Camd. Soc., p. 347). In
(

tn 1635, Kingston married his widow, Maiy, the next vear, 1556, however, Kingston was
dai^ter of Sir John Qdaaford, and left eonoemed in the ^ot to rob the eamhequer
in (irder to provide funds for the conspiracy
Gloucestershire to reside at Chudleigh,Devon-i
slure, which, with Uooiton, belonged to his devised by bir Henry Dudley with the object
wi&'s jointore. When the western rebdlion ct msJung Elisabeth queen and manying her

broke oat in 1549, under Edward VT ^the to Courtenay, earl ol Devonshire (Fkoude,
rebels demanding the restoration ol' the old JHU. VL 6-il). i>ix oonliBderates were exe-

lituvf Kingaton was appointed provost- cirted, hut Kingatan died 14 April 1666 at
marshal of the king's army iu Ooniwull, iind Cirencf.'^t r, Froude says probably by his own
t

soppressed the outbreak at the expense of hand from despair {^J^t. vL 442), while Jou^
aam Uoodslked. Hie eondnet has been com- noying from Uevonahire to stand his trial in
pared with that of Judge JelTreys. He is Loudon. He left two illeeitimate sons, An-
aaid to have entertained the mayor of Bod- thony and Edmund, on whom by a deed of
BB at a faaaqoet and to have hanged him feoflfaient ho settled part of hia eatatea in
after dinner uu the gallows which the mayor 5147 (cf. LoDes, lUmtrations, i. 16).
had himself been directed to make ready. [Polwhele'B History of Cornwall, iv. (M, 66
The mayoEs of Olevedon and St. Ives shared Parochial History of Cornwall fDavies and Gil-
a lik- fa . Carew defends Kingston on the bert), i. 88, ii. 197 Bristol and Oloucesterghire
;

score ol the guilt <tf his victims, and says,' Ke
did BodMBg hefirin as a j udge bv diseretion,
hii* ii-- lin otlici r by direction * (f.'\KEW, Sur-
o/ ComwaUf ^ 294). No other writers,
htfwnw, take this view. Kingston was a
ArdwoLSos. Trans, yi. 284 sq.; Gloooattsahixe
NolsesBd<kBflriss.L27 ; fiakei'sOhnmide.p.Mi;
Cleaveland's History of the Court onay Family, p.
29; Stryy^'b Meoiorials, i. i. 15, u. i. U, ii. ii. 161
Fallal's Church History, v. 49 ; Gilcndiir of State
i

iri.j.Tib r of Edward VFs council for the Pitpers, Dom., Henry VUl, x. 333, 389, zi. 135,
290, 374 ; Rudder's Gloucestetthire, pp. 140, o64
nssnchfs of Wales. When Lady Jane Grey ;

Tanner y N'l.titia Monastics, pp. zi, xxrii, xxviii;

swCBetilff'd Kdwnrd, she sent orders to Kings-
Metcalfe's Knig hts, p. 88; Nicolas's Privy Parse
ton and Sir .John St. Loe to levy forces and
onrdi towards Buckinghamshire (16 July
Ezponses ofHsaTIlI,pp. 226, 229.] T. &
iMit her reign was over before they EmOSION, RICEARD Ok 1700),
had time to obey (/It\t. MSs. ( 'omm. 3rd political pamphleteer, was bom about 1685.
Rib. p. 153). In 1552 Kingston was cited According to his own statements he wss a
boMt* Hoomr, bishop of GHonoester, on a M.A. of some university, and waa ocdaiaed
cJiar^-' of adiilterj'. Burnet ijiioted tlie case by the Bishop of Oalloway, 17 July 1662. at
as an instanw of Hooper's impartial adminis* Westminster, but Matthew Smith [q. v.J in
'""^^
tntion of tfUra in hit dioeese. At iint 1700^ ^[Hiea engaged with Kingston in a I
Kaagprtoa raftned to appear, and when at pdlitaeal eontrovecqr,ehaigod nim, with t

Digitized by Google
 Kingston t86 Kingston
show of jutftiticatioD, with having forged bia a Sermon at St. PauiV London, 1666. 2. ^The
letter* (tf orders (Sinru, Reply to a Modwt Cause and Cure of Oflhnoea,' a armon, Loa-
Arutwer, p. 11). All tlit- juxwf Kingston don, 1G82, 4to. 3. ' Vivat Ptex/ a sermon
could bring of their validity was acortilicaU} preached before the Maivor ol 1 Bristol after
igned by one Thomas Beedy, aaaartitug that the disooTwy of the Rye House jil ot London, ,

he had been ordiiined at tlio same time, but 1683, 4to. 4. God'.s Sovereigutv and Man's

fieeely had in 1700 been dtjod three vears. Duty aaaerted,' London. 16b8. 5. 'A True
Smith, amongothereharges, tells ascanddoua Hiatoiy of the aevenu Designs and Con-
story of Kingston's conduct in the west of spiracies against bis Mnjesties Sacred Person
England; but he does not seem to have had and Government from 1688 to 1697,' London,
ay benefice in the diocese of Exeter, as is 1698. 6. * Tyranny detected, and the late
thereby implied. Revolution justified,' London, 1699. 7. A '

In 1665 JKLingston became minister at St. Modest Answer to Captain Smith's Immodest
James's, Clerkenwell, and worked hard during Memorial of Secret Service,' London, 1700.
the plaffue, but he resigned this preferment 8. In]]}udence, Lying, and Forgery detected
'

before 17 Sept. 1667. In 1678 he n-ct ived he and Cha.stiz'd,' London, 1700, an answer to
t

living of Henburj- in Gloucestershire, and uu Smith, and the chief source ot information
6 Feb. 1681-2 was made chaplain in ordinary reapeoting Kingston'b history. 9. 'A Dis-
to Charles II. He assorts that a preheml and course on Divine Providence,' London, 1702.
a rectory were added to Henbury. What the 10. 'Impartial Hem arks upon Dr. Freind's
prebend was is uncertain, but beseems in 1088 Account of the Earl ot Peterborough's Con-
to have been rector of Raydon in SuU'olk. diict in Spain,' London, 170(5. 11. *En-
Kingbton also states that ht> ^ufiered for thusiujitick Impostors no Divinely Inspired
preaching against the Roumnists. He re- Prophets,' part i. 1707, part ii. 1709.
mained at Tlcnliury, where he had a pinall 12. Aprtphtlif ^^nnuta Curioha, or Reflections,
'

estate, till the revolution, when he sold hiti Senttinces, and Maxims,' London, 1709.
property and came up to London. He was Kingston also mentions that ho wwte a
soon lurvd by a pension to write for the work called Cursory Remarks.'
'

government, but his pension fell into arrears [Pink's QericenwoU, pp. 66, 283, 619-31
and he suffered extreme povertv. A petition (citing Notes aad Queries) Lutt^U's Brief Hist
;

from him dated lOnn vt .,t> s that 6(X)/. was Rel. vi. 257-8; Bromley's Cat. of Knjnmved
due to him, that he had assisted as a witness Portraits, p. 13(> ; Matthew Smith a Works;
at the conviction of three tniton,that he had Kingston's Worker] W. A. J. A.
brought 1,22')/. into the treasury by theseizure
of French silks, and that he hud printed thir> KINGSTON, SiK WILLIAM (d. 1640),
teen boolcs on belialf of the government at hia constable of the Tower, was of a OlOttoester-
own expense. shire family, settled at Painswick. A
bro-
In 1700 Kingston attacked Smith, who ther George is mentioned in the inquisition
hud just publiahed hu 'Memoin of Secret taken after hie death. WjUiam appeeie to
Service,' and a violent coutrnvt rsy en.Hued. havt' been ayeoman of tho piard before Juno
Kingston alwavs attributed iSmith's works to 1<)0U {^Letters and Papers Henry VUIf u
Tom Brown (1888-17(U) [q. v.] Kingston 24,s). In 161S he waa an ondosmarahal in
also intervened in the controversy which the army ; went to the Spanish coast; was
raged in 1707-d about the ao-callect French with Dx. William Knight [q. v.J in October
Ftopheta. In 1707 his attacic on Dr. John of that year at San Sematum, aad dteeaased
Fn'ind's vindication of the Earl of Peter- with him the course to be pursu* d with the
borough's conduct in Spain appeared, and ho disheartened English forces who had oome to
waa promptly arrBsted an order of the Spain under Thomas Orey, second imuqittB of
House of Lords. He was, however, released, Dorset [q. v.] (ib. y. :'1')1 ). lie fought well
19 Jan. 1707 -8, and the attorney-general was at Floooen, was knighted in 1513, became
instructed to prosecute him. Kingston was sewer to the Vmg, and kter (1521) was
married rptrliaps he was the man who married car\.r (///. ill. lS9n). Heseemsto have been
Elizabeth Webb at St. James's, Clerkenwell, with Sir Richard Wingtield, the ambassador,
28 Jan. 1607-8, see Reyi^t. of St. James's, at the French court early in 1620, for Wing-
Ckrki^nwdl, Harl. Soc. 138, cf. 189), and field wn te to Henry VlII (20 April) that
in ItiDO had nine children. An engraved the dauphin ' took a marvellous pleasure in
portrait of Kingston is said by Bromley to voung KyngBton,wbom after he had seen once
have form I he truutispiece to llie 'Filliila he called him beau fils, whom be would some-
i

Pestilentiales,' but it has di.snppeand fiom time have kneel down and sometime stand
the copy in the British Museum. up' (ib. iii. 7o2). Kingston took part in the
Kiagptoo mmte: 1. * PiUiUa Petttlentialea, tang at the field of the Cloth or Qoia, and

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kingston 187 Kingston
was at the meeting with Charles V in July. buried there. He married, first, Elizabeth, of
Uenzy aeeou to oave liked him, and pre- whom nothing seems known, and by her
MBtM him wi^ ft bone of very great Tune. had Anthony, who is separately notit^, and
For ^hr r.L-\t \< AT or two he was a dilig-^nt I'ridget, married to Sir George Baynham of
ooimtrj maffUtrato and courtier, levying men Clearwell, Gloucestershire; secondly, Mary,
ftr tlie Idn^s serviee in the weet, aod UTinia^ danghtCT of fiBr Richard Scrope 01 Upsall,
when in London with the Black Friars (jV/. York-hire, and widow of Sir Edward Jenip
m. ii. App. 28, HI. iL 3274). In Amril Ib'JS iughani of Somerleyton, Suffolk.
KiiuMkQB joined Baere on the oisturbed [MotaUtes Knights; Nicohis's Te^tanionta
oatnem frontier, unci with Sir Ralf Eller- Vttusui; Lodge'sIHuatr.ofBrit Hist.i, 19 Cliroo. ;

ker had the most dangerous posts assigned of Calais (Caaid. Soc.), pp. 33, 41 ; WriuLhcs-
him (ib. pp. 2966, 2960) lie was present at
;
ley's Chrnn. (Cdind. Soc.). pp. 3fi, 37, 94 Fullers
;

fh'' capture of Cesal'urd, thu stroiifjlioLl of Church Hist. t. 178 Trans, of tho Bristol and
;

thtt Ken, on 18 May {ib. p. ^9). lie re- Gloucestershire Arch. Soc vi, 284 sq.; anthori-
tomecl rather tnddenly to London, and was tiss quoted.] W. A. J. A.
made knight of the king's body and captain
of the Bxuiid. On 30 Aug. 1623 he landed KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENiiY
t Oalais in the urmy of the Doke of Sufiblk (1814-1880), noveljat, bom in Har-
OILES
(ib. p. 8288). Surrey wrote from the north London, 28 Feb. 1814, was eldest
ley Street,
lamenting hia abaenoiB. On 28 May 1624 he son of Lucy Henry Kingston, and grandson
beenne e<Mistahle of the Tower at a salary of by the mowec^aMe of 1^ Giles Rooke [q. v.],
100/. lie appears among those who signed justice of the common plea.''. His fatlicr was
the petition to Clement VUfor the hasten- in business in Oporto, and there for many years
inff the diTOTce, 18 July 1680. tbe son lived, making firequent voyages to
In November 1530 Kingston ^\ ent down England, and contractmg a lifelong afiectiOli
to Sheffield Park, Nottinghamshire, to take for the sea. Ue entered his father's busineaii
dune of Wolsey. The eardinal is said to Imtsoon indnlgedhis natural bent for writing.
hareDC'-n alnrmedat Iiisconiingbeoauseithad His newspaper articles on Portugal were
be& foretold that he should meet his death at translated into Portuguese, and assisted the
KniptotL KingstontriedtoTeassnrehim.and oondasion of the eomuereial treaty witiiBinv
waawith him at the time of his (h ath, riding tugal in 184S|W]ien he rerrivpd from Dnnna
to London to act^uaint the king with the cir- MariadaGloriaaaorder of Portuguese kni^t>
enmstanees (Oavbtoish, Life of Wohey, ed. hoodandapentimL Hia first book was 'The
lKi7, pp. 371 eq.^ On 11 Oct. 1532 h. landed Oireassian Chief/ a story published in 1>^11,
at Cakni with llenrv on the way to the se- and while still living in Oporto^ he wrote
' ThePrime Bftntster,' an historical novel, and
eoB^ interview with TVsneis at Boulogne,
an<3 on 20 Majp' 1533 he took an official part *
Lusitauian Skefchi's,' d<'scr:]it tons nf travehs
in the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He is said in Portugal. Settling in England, he inte-
to hare been of Catherine's party, though the rested himself in the emigration movement,
t^mpt'rornot unreasonably distrusted him (cf. edited in iai4 Tlie Coloni..^t and ' The Colo-
'
'

FBiBPMAior, Anne BoieyUf ii. 61; Letters nial Magazine and East India iieview,' was
4mi Papen, Tiii. 837). On 91 Feb. 1685- honorary secretary of a oolomsation aodety,
l.>'!6 Kiii^Ti^ton \%Tote to Lord Lisle, an old wrote in 18 Sonn' Suf^gestions for a Sys-
'

( f louceatertthire neighbour, ' I have done with tem of General Emigration,' lectured on colo-
plav, bat with my lord of Carlisle, penny nisation in 1849, published a manual for
;:lc-k, thi* i' our pa-stlme' (ih. x. 3Bi). lie colonists, 'How to Emirrat*-,' in 1850, and
aeems to have become prematurely old. but visited the western highlands on behalf of
eootinnedto be constable. Tie received Anne the emigration commissioners. Hewatalter-
Boleyn 2 May 1536, ^vht n committed a wards m / al mi? voluntcerand worked actively
prisoner to the Tower, and with his wife for the improvement of the condition of sea-
took diai]ge of her and reported her con- men. Butnom 1860 his ehief occupation waa
Ter^ations to Cromwell. T<i Iiiiu Anne joked writing honks for boys, or editing boys' an-
about the size of her ueckand the skill of the nuals and weekly periodicals. The ' Union
eoieentioner ( ih. pp. 798,787-8,910). Kings- Jack,' a paper for boys, be started only a few
ton wai made controller of the h msfhold months before his death. Tho best known
9 3Iarch 1539, and knight of the Garter of his stories, which numbered more than a
94 April foUowinff. He bad many small hundred, are: < Peter the Whaler,' 1861;
grants, and on the dissolution of niona.;teries
'Blue .Tackrts,' 1851; ' Dijihy Heathcnte,'
reeeired the site of the Cistercian abbey of 1860 ; The Cruise of the J'roUc,' 18(j0 ; ' The
*

glnlay.Gloiieestwtfti>. He died at Fams- Finahip^'1862;<FoxholmeHidV1867;'Beii

widi^ GknMestershira,14 Sept 1640, and was BttvtoOf' 1872 i < The Three Htdshipmen/

Digitized by Coogle
 Kinloch iS8 Kinnatrd
;
1878 ' TIm Three LieutenniitB,' 1875 i Tlie '
j
indebtedness to him for valuable help. Kin-
Three CommanderB,' 1876; ana *The Three I
loeb died at Edinburgh, 19 April 1877.
Adniinil.^,' 1878; Kidnapping in the Pacific,'
*
In 1824 Kinloch projected, without pub-
1879 i and <Httadrik the Hunter/ 1884. i liahing, a Collection of Scottish Proverbs.'
'

He travelled widely <m tlie ddinary routee '

of travel, and descnbed hia expexifflice for the
youn^ in ' Western Wanderinaafc' a Canadian
tow, 1866; * Hy IVavels in Many Lands'
(f^ce, Italy, and Portugal), 1SG2 'The
Western Wor'ld,' 1874 ; and 'A Yacht Voyage
round England,' 1679. Hb
|iopular reeoras
of udvimture and of discovery includi'tl 'Ad-
ventures in the Far West,' 1881 ; in Africa,
1888; in India, 1884; in AvstraUa, 1885 ; a
*
Lif' of Captain Cook,' 1^71
'
Oreut African
;
'
Travellers/ 1874 ; a ' Popular History of the
In 1827 appeared his * Ancient Scottish Bal-
lads, recovered from Tradition, and nevHT
before published.' This collection fully d>
serves the commendation given to it by Soott
; in Border Minstrelsy,' i. 83.
*
A miscellaneous
' Ballad Book' of
little value, issued the same
year, was reprinted in 1886. For the Mait/-
: landClub Kinloch edited, in 1830, Dr. Archi-
bald Pitcaime's very droll and whimsical pru-
ductiou, 'Babell; a Satirical Poem on the
Proceedings of the General Assembly in
;
1692 and the ' Chroniole of Fife, being the
'

Navy,' 1876; 'Notable Voyages from Co- Diary of Mr. John Lsmont of Newton, 16^-
lumbus to Parry,' 1880, subsequently brouglit 1071' Inl848hpabli8hd<BeliquiAnti-
dowu to 1885 i Livinntone's Travels,' 1888
'
qusB Scoticffi.'
* Mango Travds/ 1886. He trans-
Flsriifs
[Scotsman new.spttperof 21 April 1877 infor- ;

lated several of Jules Verne's storif s friim mation from 3Ir. Thomiui G, Stevenson, E<lin-
the French, and wrote many historical tales bar|g^,aDdMr. JaiaesO. M*Lsin,Heleu'^l ur^h
]
dealincr wiuiilBiost all periods and ooontnes, T. B.
from 'Eldol the Druid, 1874, and Jovinian, '

a tale of Early Papal Kome,' 1877, down-

KINLOCH, LoBD a801-1873) Seottiah
judge. [Sea Vmnat, Wniiuc.]
wards, and undertook some nopular histori-
cal compil itions lik<.- Ilulf-Uoura with the
'
KINLOSS, Lord (1519 ?-1611),8ootyils
liin^ and (Queens of England,' 1876. His judge. [See Bkuce, Edward.]
writings oecapy nine pages anda lialf of the KINMONT
WILLIE (Jl. 1696), border
British Museum Catalugia-. Tht'V with very
moss-trooper. [See ABiisiB0VWiiis3t.]
popular i his tales were quite innocuous, but
most of them proved ephemeral. Feeling KINNAIRD, ARTHUR
FTTZOBRALD,
his health failing, he wrot a farewtll letter tenth Baeok Kinxaird (181 l-lRs? 1, philan-
in touching terms to the boys for whom he thropist, third bon of Charles KinnHird,eighth
had written so mucih and so long on 3 Aug. baron Kinnaird [q. v.], was bfwn at Roiuie
1880, and died three days later at Stoimont Priorj-, Perthshire, on 8 July 1814, and en-
ly>dge, Willcnden, m ur London. tered at Lton in 1829. Receiving an ap-
[Boy's Own raper, 11 Sept. 1880, which con-
pointment in the foreign office, he was
tain his poTtniit preface to hiti novel JamM tached to the embat>sy at St. Petersburg from
;

Braithwaite, 1882; Athenaom, U

Aug. 18^i July 183o to September 1837, and was for
Tnne, 10 Aug. 188U.] J. H. A
a time private secretary to the ambasssdor,
the Eu.rl of Durham. In 1837 he became
KINLOCH, QEO&(i KITCHIE a partner in the banking-house of liansom
(1796P-1877), editor of 'Annent Seottish & Co., Pall Mall East, London, in saooeiv
Brtllad.M,' Avas born at Stonehaven, Kincar- >ion to his uncle, the Jlon. Doujrlas James
dineshire, about 17&8, and became a lawyer. ^Vllliam Kiunaird [u. v.J Ho ultimately bo-
,

He was derk to three successive advocates- came head of the mm, which latterly waa
I

depute, and at Stirlincr, in 1817 or 1818, he styled Rau.som, Bouverie & Co. As a liberal
acttid lor an absent crown-agent. For several ho sat in thu IIoumj of Coiiiuiou.-' for Perth
years he was secretary to Sootfs friend, from 29 July 137 till August 1N3!). He was
I

George Cranstoun, Lord Cort'liousc. rnjoy- re-elected for that city on 1"> May l^.iiJ, and
ing aL>o the friendship of Lord Colousuy. continued to represent it until 7 Jan. 1878,
Appointed in 1842 assistant-keeper of the when he succeeaed his brother, Gkjorge Wil-
register of dt^fds in Edinburgh Kr^l-Ur liam Fox Kinniiird [(j. v. J, as Duron Kinnaird.
House, he became head of his department iu While iu the House of Commons he 6uoke
1861, and retired in 1869. A
noted philan- frequently on Indian questione, of whimi he
thropist, Kinloch woa for many years trea- had it ^perial kiii)wl('(i_'e. and he was a strong-
surer of the Patterson and Pope fund for re- opponent of the bill lor legalising marriage
lief of deserving poor. Dr. Jamieson, in the with a deceased wife's sistor. He wss keenly
preface to the supplementary volume of his interested iu all movements concerning the
'Scottish Dictionary,' IbJu, acknowledged well-Uung of the working doiMcti. There waa
>

Digitized by Google
 Kinnsiifd Kinnaird
DO more familiar figure at the May meeting. 8om, hanker, of Westminster, was bom on
In an flbrt for raisinff women in the wcial 8 April 1780, and edneated at the univer-

1lu' took a ^p> 'cial interest actively labour-
! . sities of Edinburgh, Cnmhridg-e, and Glas-
,

ing in their behalf in connection with homes, gow. His father's connection with the whiga
TPTOgwi, and reformatofiet. Among the public enabled him to obtain a seat in the Home of
in-ti"u'ion9 with which he wa" more e<pe- Con.ni uia as tnembor for Leoniin>tpr in 1802.
ciallv connected were the Church Missionary From that time till the death of his father
f^oeiety, the Malta IHtstestant College, tha in 1806 he voted oonristentiy with the whigs,
Lock H'>-jiifal, Dr. Bamardo's Tlomps. the and rendered valuable aid to thp party in
London City Mission, and the Aged Chris* the repeated attacks made upon the Adding-
tinw tSodetr. He died at 9 Ptill Mall Bart, ton ministry. On his snceettrfon to the tide
London, on April 1887, leuvincr i.'^'iif on his >.\iT Ijeramf vacant, hut at the gene-
!K>n, Arthur Fitz^rald, the eleventh Baron ral election in 1806 he was chos' ii one of
Kinnair>l (b. 1847), nnd five danghteri. the Scottish repreeentative peers, a position
Kinnnird vrn the author of: 1. Bengal which liafl V'.-n held lijhis father. In 1807
*

ita Landed Tenure and Police System/ he began the erection of Kossie Priory in
irpeM^li m
the Honse of Commons, 11 June the OsTse of Oowrie, P^hsbire, stOl the
\^'>7 -J. Nine Months in the United 9t:\u-^ firincijial P<.at of the Kinnaird f utiily in Scot-
'

during the Crisis/ by O. Fiscb, with an iiitro- aud. Kinnaird resided much on the conti-
dnctitm by the Hon. A. Kinnaird, 166S. nent, and his refined taate led him to metne
o. i])'-. <-]i at th^ mfetinp: of th'- Co- many wor]<^ of ar* disjipr><'d during fho
lumbia mijision, 27 Feb. i&i'J, was aUo Napoleonic wars. The picture gallery at
pfinted. Kossie Priory contains both pictures l^ the
Hi wife, Maky .Tank, Lady Kiwaird old ma^tprs, and port r-i its of contemp'irarii'S,
(1616-1888), philanthropist, daughter of inclttdinff Gainsborough's Sir William John-
v^nitm HemyHottie of tLeUTore, Hitcham, stone Foiteni^ and KernolA^ aplendid wn-
Surrey, a I>on<ion banker, WU
known for the tmxt of Slu'ridan. Kinnaird died 11 Dec.
internt she took in reli^one and educational 182G. In .May 1806 he married Lady Olivia
woito at home and mssioiiary elKyrls abroad. Fltzgierald, yotinge-st daughter of the eeomd
She wa< V>nm at Hlatherwick Pf. rlc Xort hamp- Pidvi' of Leinster, and by her he had thne
.

tonahire, on 14 March 1816, and in 1^21 went sons and two dai^hters George WilUun
to neide with her maternal uncle, the Hon. Fox, ninth lord iSnnaird [q-r.]; Graham
and II"v. T^ajttist W. \ol, at Homsey. In Hay St. Vincent d Ros, lioutcnant roval
1841 she inatituted the St. John'a Training navy, drowned off Bona, 1838 and Arthur :

Sdiool for Doaaeatie Serranta, with a bnura Fitzgemid, tenth lord Kinnaird Tq.v.] There
at Brighton, an institution whtch was very is a portrait of Lord Kinnaird 1i_v Nnrtlirot-'
aoeesaful. After her marriage, 28 June 1843, preserved at Rossie Priory, and a marble bust
dw hdd meetings in conjunction with her of him in the old kirk of Roaria, irfiieh ia
hn-iband for phil 'ntliri>|nr urul r'lipiou.s }nir- now rn rv, ,1 im
poeee at 2 Pall Mall East. In 1848 she edited Kinnaird family.
huying^plaoe qf tha >
^
a Tolunie of' Servanti^ Prayers.' With Lady [Douglas's Pei'Wge of Scotland, ed. Woixl, ii.
Canningshc we - n iated in s*'nding^n iir^in^
- i
43; Millar'-t Ili^^torical ClHllse and HaD!>inDS of
and otlMT aid to the wounded in the Crimean Scotland, i. 38 et seq.J A. JBL M.
war. She wa one <^ the foonders of the
Brti?h Ladi"** Feinah" Kmig'nition Society, KINNAIRD, DOUGLAS .T.\MKS
of the Foreign Evangelisation Society, of the WILUAM (1788-1830), friend of Byron,
Cahrin Memorial Hall at Genera, of the fifth son of George, seventh iMron Kinnaird,
Union for Pniyr. of the Zenana Bible and and younger brother of Charles, eighth lord
Medical Mission, and the Young Women's Kinnaird ]q. v.], was bom on 26 Feb. 178&
Chriatian Aamctation. Shedied at Flaietow He was eoueated ftnt at Eton, and after-
Lodge, near Rnunley, Kent, on 1 Dec. 1888. wards at n.'itting*>n, where hf acquire d a
[TimcM. 27 April 1887, p. 9, 4 Dec. 1888, p 10 thorough knowledge of German and French,
niu St rated London Neare,7 Ifay 1887. p 920; and subsequently went to TVinity College,
F - : Office List, 1874. p. 12.') Rook, 2'J April
: Cambridge, where lie gradnalcd M.A. in
6; Rtx'onl.29 April 1887, p. 400; 1811. In 1813 he traveliiKi with his friend
FiraMn Ibry Jans Kinnaird, 1890, with por- John Gam Hobhonse [q. v.] on the
trTTs rf T.f>rd and T<idv Kinnaird.] G. C. li. tin*'nt, nnd wa<; presentat thf iiaf tieof Oulra.
KINN AIBD,CHA RLES, eighth h vkox In the autumn of 1814 he travelled home
Rimraivn (1780-1826), the eldest eurvivinff from Fkiris with William Jerdan [q v 1 After . .

Fnn of Ot'orcr**, sprenth baron Kinnaird, nna his ri'turn tn Kiif^land he 'lc an rn-f ivo share
f i

of Elizabeth, only daughter of Grtlhn iian- in the business of liansom & Morland's bank,

Digitized by Google
 Kinnaird 190 Kinnaird
tad npoii tha disaolutioii of tho partnership the 'Ifemoin' after Bynm'b death (Rnrnnc,
i

with SirF.B. Mnrland in 1810, assumed the Moore, iv. 187-90, S^2). It was at his re-
chiif managemoat of tlie new firm. In quest that Byron wrote the Hebrew Melo-
'

1816 he became, with Byron, Whithraad^ dies' and the ' Monody on the Death of the
I

Pptf r Mooro, and others, a mt'inlwr of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan, spoken atDn\ry
j

sub-committee for directing tho afFuirs of Lane Theatre (i\)0<icai Worke <if Lord By*
'

Bnuy Lane Theatre (Moobb, lAfe of Lord ron, 1866, ii. 1)8, 14, 57). Jordan relates '
I^rm, Hi. 169-71, 18." -7X In 1S17 he that Coleridge, vih^n tm^'fly R^mnrse'

Visited BjTon at Venice (Smiles, Memoir qf was under consideration by the Dnuy Lane
/oAn ilfiirrav, 1891, i. 886-7). Atthe^eral authorities, was invited to rsad it to Kin-
election In tm' simnrifrof 1818 Kinnaird was naird, who received him while drc^i^ing.
nominated a candidate for the city of West- After Coleridge had read two acts, Kinnaird
minster in the reform interest, bat finding remained that he had * Ustened to enoimh of
tho content hnpplnsi* withdraw after the third your nonsense,* and invited his attention to
daj's polling, and canvassed actively on be- a little two-act piece of hia own. Hia
'
'

half of Burdett (Mtmoin f Sbr Samuet works are; 1. *The Merchant of Bruges, or
RomUbj, 110, lii. 3(50-2). Kinnaird refused Beggar's Bush [a comedy l-y Tnlm Fletcher],
to be nominated again on the death of Sir with considerable alterations and additions,
Samuel Romilly, the ssnier member, in No- by Doufflas Kinnaird, Escl Now performing
vember 1818, nixl =pronded hi.s friend Hob- at the Theatre Royal, I)rury T.ano,' Lon-
. . .

house, who was defeated after a vigorous don, 1815, 8vo. This comedy has been re-
contest hr Geor^ Lamb in March 1819. nrinted in several collections of plays. The
At a by-election in July I^^IO Kinnnird vcn% nrst three songs in it were written by the
returned to the Uouse of Commons for the Hon. George Lamb fq. v.], to whom it was
boroi|^ of Bishops Gastle, Shropehiie^ and in dedicated, while Hoohouae was the author
his maiden speech on 30 Nov, 1819 supported of tho prrdopriifv i\nd epilofrue. 2. Tv'>marka
*

Lord Althorp's motion for a select committee on the \'olume of Uydrabad Papers printed
on the state of thecountry {ParL Debain, xli. for the use of the East Lidia Pr(^etors [en-
53G-9). Kinnnird also took part in the de- titled "Papers relating to tho pecuniary
bate On llobhouse's anonymous pamphlet on transaetkms of Messrs. W. Palmer & Ca
10 Dec. ((6. pp. 996-9, 1<X)2), and contended with the Government of ... the Nisam *y
that any conclusion might be drawn from Londooj 1836, 8vo.
'

it' rather than that it was meant as an excite-

[Moore's Life of Lord Byron, 1851 Lord John
;

ment to rebellion. At the general election RuvseH's Memoirs of Thomas Moore, 18.53; An-
in March 1820 Kinnaird was included in nual Biography and Obituary, 1$31. xv. 49.1-4
;

the double return for Bishops Castle, but in Gent. Mag. 1830, toL e. pt L p. 465 ; Jerdao's
the following Juno was declared 'not duly Autobioeraphy. vol. i. eh. v.; Annual Register,
eleetod' hy tlje select commit teo appoint- -d is:5(i. App. to riiroii. p. 256; Burk-'s Peerage,

to try the petition {JoumaU <^ the House qf isat), p. 791; Onul. Oantabr. 1873, p. 235;
Ixxv. 316). He made no ftir- Stapylton's Eton School Lists, 1864,p. 44; Priced
;

tlii r attempt to enter parliament, but fre- Han("U)ook of London Bankers, 1876, p. 116;
I

quentlytooK part in the discus.<iion8 at the Brit. MuB. Addit. MS. 27845; Official Return
'

nidia House. He died unmarried in Flsll of List.9 of Members of Pnrliaraont, pt. ii. pp.
I

'200 Brit. Mas. Cat.] ft. F. R. B.

Mall East, London, after a long illness, on 27fi. ;

12 March 1880, aged 42. j

KIKNAIKD, tiOBa PATRICK,
Kinnaird was a man of aetive mind, ool- first Barow Kimraiito (d. 1689), was eldeet

tivftted tastes, and a hasty tem^n r. He was son nf Patrick Kinnaird of Iik lit iiri", who
a member of the 'Hota,' a radical dinner was member for Perthshire in the conven-
olnh, to which Biekersteth, Burdett, and tions of 1626 and 1648. The Ihmily de-
ITohhoiiso also belonged, and was famous for scended frora Radalphus Rufus, who ob-
his * mob dinners,' comprisinf? some thirty or tained a charter of the barony of Kinnaird
forty guests (Bbstham, Works, 1843, x. 570). in the Garse of Gowrie, Perthshire, (Vom
lie was an intimate friend of Byron, who "William tho Lion, liiiig of Scotland from
calls him ' my trusty and trubtworthy trustee 1 165 to 1214. To this barony the neighbour*
and hanker, and crown and sheet anchor' ing lands of Tnchtnre were united tn 1999
(Moore, Byron, He was frequently by tho marriage of Reginald de Kinnaird
consulted by Bvron upon his pecuniary nego. with Margaret, the heiress of Sir John Kir-
tiatiottS with Mnrray (RvssBLL, Moott^ iti. kaldy of Inchture. During the civil war
205-6; see also Smtlks, Memoir of John George Kinnaird espoused the royalist enu<^e,
Murray, 1891, i. 367, 374, 402-3), and with and was an ardent supporter of the claims of
Hohhovts innsted upon the destruction of Oharles IT. In be IW wm
on intimato

Digitized by Google
 Kinnaird
tenna trith Monck. In ibo furnilv charter-
room at Roesie Priory are preserved two com-
nji*5iinn one dated 10 Oct. 1659 and sig-ned
by the Doblemen, gentlemen, and heritors of
nrthshire, appointing Kinnaird as their re-
i9 Kinnaird
of his father, and conducted important ez-
cayations near Rome, bringing to thisoountiy
many Roman antiquities, which are now pr-
sen'ed at Rossie I'riorr. On 15 Jan. 1840,
while Hetbminie was n ill >, Kinnaird was
i <

pre!i<ntfttiro to treat "^ith Monck ftt Edin- made a privy councillor, and was chosen a
burgh regarding the welfuro of the country; knight of the Thistle 6 July 1857. He was
tlie other, dated 3 Dec. 1660, dineti Kin- miido lord-lieutenant of Perthshire 28 Feb.
naird to meet Monck for the pame purpose at 1866, and retained that office till his death.
Berwick. Kinnaird actively ongnged in bring- As a large landowner Kinnaird made him-
mgabout the restorationo f Charles II. There self practically acquainted with agriculture,
\n a tra'lition still curr*nit in the Carse of and was one of the earliest reformers of the
Oowrie that shortly bei'oro .Monck left Scot- old stylo of husbandry prevailing in the Carse
land to bring biM the exiled monarch in of Gowrie. Steam-ploughs and threshing
16G0 he was greatly indebted to Kinnaird machines were first used in Scotland on his
for provender for his army. Kinnaird wasestate, and having an aptitude for mechanics,
knigfated by Charles II in 1081|and from an ho himself devised various improvements in
entry in Lamont's ' Diary' he appears to have
agricultural implements. He energetically
been one of the first Scotsmen to receive sought to ameliorate the condition of the
tiM honour after the Restoration. He re-
labourini; eLisses, organising evening schools
presentee! Perthshire in the Scottish parlia- for the ploughmen, and establishing &ee read-
ment of 1 GG2-3, and was sworn a privy ing-rooms and libraries about his estate. It
coun-
eilkr. On 28 Dec. 1682 he was raised to was largely through his exertions that the
railway system in the east of Scotland was
the p''rage bv patent, with the title of Baron
Kinnaird of Inchture. He died on 29 Dec. developed, the line connecting Perth and
1689. By hia marriagfe with Margaret, daugh- Dundee, which ran through part of his pro-
ter of James Crichton of Ruthven, he had six perty, being carried out principally under his
supervision. He also helped to found and
sons, of whom the eldest, Patrick, second lord,
and the youngest, George, alone left issue. maintain industrial schools throughout the
The elder line became extinct in 1758, and country, and his philanthropic aims extended
the younger line is now represented by Ar- to the reclamation of criminals, especially of
thur Fitzgerald, eleventh baron Kinnaird, iuvenile delinquents. His principal legis-
ion of Arthur, tenth baron Kinnaird [q. v.] lative work was the drafting of the important
measure fbr the closing of public-houses on
[DougUa's Peerage, ed. Wood; Hist. MS3.
OMaR.idiBsp.p.621 Millar's Historical Castles Sunday, which is known as the Forbes Mac-
;
'

and Marsions of SeoUand; Olamis Book of kenzie Act 'from the name of William Forbes
BecoT 1. p. U9.] A. H. M. Mackenzie [q. v.], M.P. for Peebleshire, who
introduced it in the House of Commons. It
KINNAIRD, GEORGE WUJJAM received the royal assent in 1853. Kinnaird
FOX, ninth Barow KiswAiBD (1807-1878), similarly interested himself in the abatement
oWrt son of Charles, eighth baron Kinnaird of the smoke nuisance, the reform of the
(fl. T.3, was bom at Dnmmie House. Perth- mint (on which subject he wrote several

Sire the family mansion before tne erec- pamphlets), and the regulation of mines. He
taoB of Rossio Prioryon 14 April 1807. He was chairman of the Mining Commission.
was educated at Eton, and entered the army As a whig politician he took a prominent
as an officer of the guards, afterwards ex- part in the free trade agitation, was on terms
daaging into the Connaught Rangers. He of close intimacy with Ricardo, Cobden, and
fncc^Jed to the Scottish peerage on the death Bright, and presided at a great meeting of
of his father, 11 Dec. 1826, and resigned his the Anti-Comlaw League at Oovent Gar-
commission. His father and grandfather had den Theatre. He gave further proof of his
hioth rendered great service to the whig ;
liberal views by aiding the Polish refugees,
rty. and in recognition of their adherence and by befriending Kiazzini and Oaribaldi.
fauiaird was, in 1831, on the recommenda- '

Science also interested him, and he spent

tion of Earl Grey, raised to the rank of a
peer of the United Kingdom, with the title
of Baron Jlnsiio of Rossie, tlx' namo of a por-
tion of the family eatateaatlncbture, Perth-
shire. In 1860 this title was exchanged
much time, in company with Mr. Talbot, in
developing photography, and in forming an
extensive geological collection with the aid
of Sir Charles Lyell. Kinnaird died at Rossie
for Priory on 8 Jan. 1878, when in his seventy-
j

thst of Baron Kinnaird of Rossie. During 1

first year. He married in 1 8.37 I>ady Frances
bis youth Kinnaird .spent much time in Ponsonby, daughter of Lord de Mauley, and
Italy. He inherited the antiquarian tastes I had two sons and one daughter, all of wboia

Digitized by Google
 Kinneder to Kinneir
predeceased him. The title and eitatee fell volume appears that Macdonald had at
it
at his death to his eldest surviving brother, this time taken his mothei'a surname of Kin>
Arthur Fitzgerald Kinnaird [q. v. J neir, although there is no record in the India

[Millar R H)!!toricaI Castles and Mim^ioos of office of his change of name. He had pre-
; y
Scotland Dundee Ad rtiser, 9 Jan. 1878 pri> viously published a 'Gazetteer of Persia,'
:

Vate information.] A. H. M. with map (London, 1S13). .\fterl813he

was for some years town-major of Fort St.
KINNEDER. T.ord. [See Ebskike,
George, Madras, and retidfllit wttii the Bft-
William, Scottish judge, 1760-1822.]
wab nf the Carnatic.
KINNEm, SiK JOHN MACDONALD In 1 823-4 it was proposed to withdraw the
(1782-1830), lieutenant -colonel H.E.I.C.S., charg6 d'attaires who had represented IWljslk
traveller and diplomatist, bom at Camden, interests at Teheran since- IS]."), and to re-
Linlithgow, on Feb, 1782, was son of John place him by an East India Company s envoy
BCaodonald, comptroller of customs at Bor- as formerly." Tlie shah, Futtoh Ali, consented
rowBtounness, and Mrs. Cecilia Maria Kin- reluctantly, and Kinneir was appointed envoy
neir. In 18()2 he was nominated to a ondet- in 1824. He was conducted to Persia, and
phip by Sir William Bensloy, under the name arrived at the shah's camp at Ahar in Sep-
of Macdonald, which he retained in thelndian tember 1826, where he found the Persians
army lists up to his death. On 21 Sept. 1804 engaged in active hostilities with the Rus-
be was appointed ensign in the Madras in- sians, and claiming the Oritish subsidy to
fantry, but was not posted until the forma- which by the treaty of Teheran Persia was
tion of the 24th (out of the 1st) Madras native entitled if attacked by a European power.
infiantr}' on 1 Jan. 1807, when he joined the Kinneir would not support the siibsidj, hold
new corps as lieutenant. He became captain ingr that the aggre.ssion had been on the side
in the same regiment on 14 April 1818, and of Persia. Various military operations fol-
afterwards attained the army rank of brevet lowed, during which Kinneir was present
Ueutenant-colonel. For some time ho was with the Persian army, until, on 19 Oct.
secretary to the officer commanding in Mala- 1827, the frontier fortress of Envan was
bar and Canara. Afterwards he was at- stormed bv Prinoft Plaskievitch's troops; a
tached to Sir John Malcolm's mission in Russian division was pushed on to Tabreez ;
Persia in 1808- 9, during part of which time the shah's chief mitiister, Ali Yar Khan, Ha-
he was pupemumerary agent at Bushire, and serted him on the npproach of the Russians,
made numerous journeys in Persia, the list of and fled to .Ali RtHLlno witli Kinneir, who
which is given in Iris narrative of later travels did his utmost to bring about a peace. The
(Traveh in Axin Mtwr in 1813-14, App.) Russians, thoogh declining to admit his offi-
On the breaking up of the mission in 1810 cial character, accepted his mediation in hi.
Macdonald travelled firom Bagdad, b^ way private capacity. A treat v of peace was
of Mosul and Diarbekr, to Const antmople, signed at Turkmanchi on J.{ Feb. 1828 (see
visited Masneaia and Smyrna, and returned Treaties printed by ord<'r of the House of
to England tlivongh 8pain and Portugal. Commons, 11 March 1839), involving much
Being unexpectedly ordered to rejoin his regi- loss of territory to Persia and the destruction
ment, be 8tartd for Stockholm in .Tannnry of the paramount influence previously en-
1818 with Ciolottel Neil Campbell [see Camp- joyed by the British mission. No blame has
hell, Sir Nkil, 1776-1827], one of the mili- been attributed to Kinneir, who won the re-
tary commissioners then sent to the north of spect of both Persians and Russians. He
Europe, purposing to reach India through received the Persian order of the Sun and
Bussia and Persia; but, the retrent of the Lion, and on 17 Nov. 1829 was created
French from Moscow having left open a more knight bachelor (^seeZo7trfo'7ar"^/'^, 29 Nov.
southerly route, he accompanied Campbell 1829, in which his name is given as Mac-
fnim Rtooliholni to the czars- liendnuartersat donald).
Kilisch in Poland, and proceedea through Kinneir remained as envov in Persia until
Austria and Hungary to Constantinople. his death at Tabreez on 11 June 1830, when
After visitin<r Asia Minor and (/'\-pru3, h' a three months' mourning was observed by
returned to Constantinople, and thence tra- the shah and the inhabitants. Kinneir mar-
velled through Armenia and Kurdistan to ried Amelia Harriet, third daughter, by his
Bagdad nnd Bombay. A few years later he first wife, of Lieutenant-general Sir Alex-
Dublished a 'Narrative of Travels in Asia ander Campbell, bart. Fq. v.]. who died com-
Minor, Armenia, and Kurdistan in 1818-14, mander-in-chief atMadras in December 1826.
with Itt in on the Marrhes of Alexander This hidy.whosaelder sister married Sir
John
the Great and of the Ten Thousand Ort'cks' Malcolm, long snrviwd her hwtHmid^
(tondiii, 1818). From ^ title-page of the died at Boulogne in 18(30.
and

Digitized by Google
 Kinnoull Kinwelmersh
[lAforuuition aupplied by the India Office; KINWELMERSH, KYNWEL-
iMt IndiA figiiUn and Any Liito; Km'> MERaH, or KINDLEMARSH, FRAN-
liib ud OoKM^. of Sir Jobs lulooln (London, CIS {d. 1680?), poet, belonged to an Essex
1867). i. 395 et seq., ii. .54
1 Kinneir'B Travels
;
family, whose name is spelt in a variety of
a Amul Minor, tec (Lond. 1818); MUl's Uist. of ways. Thomas Kinwolmersh of Much Dun-
Iiifik,is.2IetMq.; Lond.Chuettec, 1829 Gent.
;
mow, Essex, served in the war in France in
Mg. 1830, pt. ii. pp. 190, 649.] H. M. C. 1513 (Letters, of Henry VIII, i. 696).
KINNOULL, Eabls OP. Hay, Sir [ee Richard Kinwelmersh held in 1662 the manor
Obomb, 1673>16S4, fint Kabl; Uat, of Newton Hall, now Ghreat Dunmow (Mo-
Geobob, 1758, seventh Eabl; BaJ, rant, Ester, ii. 424), but be does not appear
Thobab, 1710 1787, eighth Eakl.] to have had a son named Francis (see his will,
KIN8EY, WILLIAM MOKQAN (1788- P.C.O. 18, Pickering). The poet entered
USl), dim* Bod tnTvlkr, bom in 1786 Bt
Qray's Inn in 1567. Two stndentsof the same
Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, was son of surname,
Anthony and Robert, were admitted
Hobm Morgan ILinaey, aolidtor and banker to the same inn in 1661 and 1 568 respectively,
at Abw^gB f euny, and OBroline Hannab, Ub
and were probably Franc brotbt)r8(FosTBB,
Orat/'s Inn Reg. pp. 27 , 29, 32). fVanois be-
Trifi*. ^aii^htcr of Sir James Hariiic^on, bart,

il matriculated at Oxford on 28 Nov. 1806,

came intimate with the poet, Qeorge Ga-
eoigne fq. y.], who was his fellow-student at
WaneBadiolBr ofTrinotyOoUeffe, ptiduated
B.A. in 1809, and proceeded M A. in 1813. Oray's Inn, and in 1666 they produced con-
jointly a blank-verse rendering of Euripides's
Id 1616 he was elected a fellow of luB col-
' Phoenisse,' which they entitled
' Jocasta.' It
lege, deaa is 1B22, vice-preeidBut in 1823,
and bonar in 1824. In 1822 be proceeded
was performed in the hall of their inn in the
course of 1666, and was first published in
totbedflgxeeof BJ). In 1837 Kinsej made
Gascoigne's ' Hundredth Suidrie Flowres ' in
B tow bi j^fdigial With ^tiB iDtBntion of
nulin^ the conntrv better known to the 1672. Kinwelmersh was responsible for acts
Ki^i^ people, ^ora hia jonrnals and a i and iv. Gascoigne wrote poems upon mottos
.

suggested by Francis and his brother Anthony

Nieiofletten written to liiB friend Thomas
Havn>^ Bfivly [q. v.l, as well as from his- about 1666 (see Oasooigivb, Work*, ed. Hax-
litt, i. 64-6). Francis was a contributor to the
toneal and otKer eooioes, Kinsey conipiled a
book,-wbich appeared in 1688 trader tne litie
'Puadyse of Dajnty Devises,' 1676, and bis
initiab,' F.K.,' appear on the title-page in the
of 'Pnrtn^'Hl fllustrat^J.' Tho work excited
ome Uttle interest as a mod account of the list
of 'sundry learned gentlemen whose
tomtry, and wbb well lUttBtTated with es^ poems are
included. In the titl*Mffe8 of the
mvinp? hy O. Cooke and Skelton, from editions of 1680 and 1600 the initisls are ex-
dravmgt chiefly made bjr ft compjaaion dur- panded into'F. Kindlemarsh.' Seven poems,
chiefly on religfious topics, bear the mgnature
bfrKttoor. ItwBBdedaeBtedtolxndAiiok-
kri !,
t ,whom Kins^y was chaplain, and a * F. Iv.' in the Hrst edition, and six in that of
ecood edition apneared in 1829. Jn 1830 1600. Apoem ('for Whitsunday ') in all the
editions is signed M. Kindlemarsh,' and an-
fiiSBjr WBB tnnremng witb' Tiscoant AUbrd
'

b B-. ijjrium, and, happening to be at Bmasela other piece is subscribed * M.K.' In Boden*
tx tbe outbreak of the revolution in August
ham's preface to ' Belvedere, or the Garden of
tfthat year, wan an eye-witness of the oomHet
the Muses,' 1600, ' Francis Kindlemarsh, Esq,/
figures, together with Norton, Gascoigne.
ltwt<eTi the troops and the populace. About
IfeSS he was appointed minister of St. John's
Atohelow, and Whetstone, among deceased
anthers, to whose published and unpublished
(InifebjOhdtenbam, wbere be obtaiiied Bome
^pTit*> an a preacher, and published a few
writings ' due right' is given by the compiler.
Nnaoas. Id 1843 he was^ajnointed rector
The poet is probably identical with the Francis
^^KoOieiffeld Oreys, Ojifonfibire, where he
Kinwelmersh of Charlton, Shropshire, whose
until his d- ath on 6 April 1851. He will (P.C.C. 79, Leicester) was proved on
wu tb author of a few other pamphlets, and 21 Oct. 1689. He died apparently before
b JiBnary 1848 oontribnted a paper to the 16 May 1680(Note8 and Quene$t 8th ser. xii.
'QvDtl^mnn'fi Magazine' entitled 'Random 423). The ' Kindlemarsh who was friendly
'

I^Ilwtions of a Visit to Walton Hall.' with the Dormer ftmiljr[see Dormbr, JahrJ,
{Omt Kaf IMt. new ar.zzxTi.M: VoBtei's
.
and was at Lou vain m
August IfS^.i {Cal.

AluTi rioton Ki nej*s Portugal IllnatT.] L. C.

:
State Papen, Dom. Add. 1566-79, p. 286)
was Anthony Kynwolmerahe of Wing,
RINSIUS (d. 1000), ansUushop of York. Buckin^hamsnire, who died early in 1600.
[See KrsBiaK.J
'Francis Kinwelmarahe, Eso.,' was elected
^KINTOiUMntBiBii 01(4.1714). [See M.P. Ibr BoBsiney, Cornwall, on 27 April
TOU XI.

Digitized by Coogle
 Kip Kipling
P?itt!'>Ti'pBio;TiiBphia Potica,p. 2R4 ; Brydgea's by himself from Buckingham Hoii<'e, and en-
OtosuruLitorariA, i. 268, i2d4 ; (iaaooigue's Worlu graved by himself on twelve aheets a second ;

BeUirn of Members of Plid. L 4M Me art.

; edition oif this v. as printed on mght sheets in
OnoBOK Gascoionb.] S. L. 1726. From a view of St. Clement Danes
KIP, JOHANNES (1668 - 1722), Church we leara that Kip resided and sold
draughtsman aadoognver, bora at Amtter- prints iu St. John's Street, near Storree Bacik
dam in 1663, was nrnrried there in 1680 (Ifttp in We.'^tminster. Tie died in Westmin-
(contract on 5 April) to Elisabeth Breda of ster in April 1732. leaving a daughter, who
AmaboTdnm. (Oud-HoOmtdtiiLTTy* HewM also an ingenious arfcwt.
employed in AmBterdam as an engraver, at [Tortuo'a MSS. (Brit. Mas. Add. MS. 23068);
first of book illustrations (cf. plate of ' The Dodd's manoseripi HiaU of English Sngramn
Siege of Groningen,' ett li. <1 in 1672). In 1686 {ib. Z2i02) ; lameiHslli Lsfwa en Wsskea der
he etched a large view of Amsterdam, and HoUandscha Konstsebilders, See., and Kramm's
in 1686 a long procession of William III and sopplemsnt to the same ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.
kiawife, Mary of England, ootaidetkeHagoe. BMusC^MaaMldnLifaniM.] Ik, a
Shortly afterwards Kip appears to have come
to London, where he settled in Westminster. KIPLING, THOMAS (d. 1822), dean of
Hit WM MBplo^ed bj the booksellers in en- Peterborough, bora at Bowes, Yorkshire, was
graying portraits, such as that of Marcellus son of William Kipling, cattle salesman. He
Mal^dbi, M.D., prefixed to an edition of his received his early education at Scroton and
IPOIU Uil607: irontispiecee, auch as that of Sedberc;h schools, and was admitted a sizar
an edition of 'feibliothoca Patrum/ in 1693; of St .fnhn's C-jIU^i^e. Cambridge, on 28 June
.

book illustcations, auch as plates of birds 1764. He graduated B.A. m 1768, was
ateBidair, wpftrale printa, mA m
one elected a ftUow of his collie 29 Jan. 1770,
of Bew water-engine in the manner of and commenced M.A. in 1771. In 1773 he
J. Vttn der Hevden, a view of the Danish was elected one of the taxora of cue univer-
Church in Lonaon after 0. Q. Gibber, a view sity. He took the degree of B.D. in 1779.
of the German Chapel, St. James's, a design Tn 1782 he wm elected Lady Mari^arot's
Hora fountain as a monument to the Duke of Sreacher on the resignation of Dr. Richard
Marlborough, after Claude David, and a view 'armer (Addit. MS. 6874, f. 87). He mm
of Bridge Town in Barbadoea in l(i95. Kip's created D.D. in 1784, in which year he was
moat impotrtant work, howe>~'er, was the series presented bv his college to the vicarage ci
of etdliags done hy him from the drawings Holme on opiiUinji^ Moor, Yorkshire. Li
of Leonard Knyn fq. T.^, and published in 1787 he was appointed deputy reg^ius pro-
London by David Mortier of Amsterdam. fessor of divinity, the professor, Dr. Richard
The first relume appears to have been pub- Watson, being in ill-health. In 1792 be
lished in 1708, witn a title-page Britannia
' preached the Boyle lectures, but did not
niuBtrata, or Views of several of the Queen's print the course (Nioholsu LU. Anecd. vL
Palaces, as also of the principal Seats of 466).
the Nobility and Qentry of G^reat Britain, In 1792 he was severely condemned by the
cuhoualy engraven on 80 copperplates,' liberal party in the university for promoting
dlledl7v7,and a second title-page inFrench, the prosecution of the llev. William Frend
comroe'icing * Noiivpau Th68.tTe ae la Grande [q. v.], follow of Jesus College, who had at-
BrotH^rne,' &c., dated 1708. This volume tacked the established church. The erraia
consiHtA of a series of bird's-eye views drawn in Kipling's edition of the 'Codex Bens'
by L. Kiiyff and etched by Kip. Three other and the bad latinity of the preface were
volumes followed in 170i) and subsequent mercilessly oansured, so that in the slang of
years. The second volniiMConsisted of similar the vaironttj a * Kiplwigiim ' came to be
bird's-eye views, drawn an well as etched by synonymous with a qrammatical blunder
Kip ; and subsequent volumes coiitaiued the iOradus ad Cantabrigiam, 1824, p. 64). On
works of other artists. A sapploment con- 0 Feb. 1798 he was made dean of Peter-
tains the twenty-five views of^Audloy End borough. In the summer of 1802 he resigned
engraved by Henry Winstanley in 1076. A the deputy professorship of divinity in con-
later edition was published with a few addi- sequence, it is said, of ill-health. When Dr.
tions by Joseph Smith in 1724-8. Though Lingard's ' St rictures ' on Dr. Herbert Marsh's
' Comparative View
of little artistic merit this series of engrav- of the Churches of Elng-
ings is of the greatest arclueological interest. land and Rome' appemd in 1816, Kipling
Copies of the work are frequently made up took offence at the term * modera church of
from the various editions. In 1 7 1 0 K ip pub- England,' and imagining that it came withhi
lished a 'Pmpoct of the City of Lonaon, the categoiy of * seditious words, in deroga-
Weffcminater, and St. Jmbo^s PmtV dmwn tkn of tlio ealabliahied nlifio^/ ivnIo la

Digitized by Coogle
 Kiplingf
loBgmrd through the public papers informing
kim that unleaa within a reasonable time he
aboald < paUidi a visdieatioii of his inflam-
utoiy laiwuage' he would be indicted and supposed to
'nuBUKmea to answer for his offensive dc- cusations
meAnomr in Westminster HalL' By way of againffc
fBplj Lingard merely advertised his Stric-
terw' in all the papers which had published
*
the dean's letter and Kipling, d^er another
;
letter and a short n-jninder from Lingard,
repeating the original otfence, affected to dis-
cover that
posed, 'a
the latter waa not, as he had sup-
popish priest,' and entreated pardon
ror havingentertained ' the errcmeous notion.'
Kipling diad at his parsonage ailertlinger-
ingillnesa, on 28 Jan. 1822.
His principal work
is: 'Oodex Theodori
BflBB Gwtabrigiensis,
Evangelia et Aposto-
kmim Acta complectens, quadrat is literis,
Gnaeo-Latinus. Academia auspicante vene-
nadm has Tetoatatis relkpdM^ aumma qua
potmt fide, adnmbravit, erpressit, edidit,
Osdicts historiam pncftxit, notasque adiecit
T. Kipling,' Greek and Latin, 2 pte., Cam-
bridge, 1793, fol., printed at the university
fnm. The impreaaion was limited to 260
0|NiL This edition of the *Oodx Bene'
is s splendid specimen of tvpography,
the
types resembling the uncial cliaractersof the
onghul manuscript. It was criticised wKh
everi^r in the ' Monthly Review,' new ser.
al 241-6, and by Person, who had a high
opinion of Kipling's Gbeek sdiolarship, in
two notices in the British Critic,' vol iii.
'
(17W^; and the preface was coarsely at-
tidnd in a pamphlet entitled < Remarks on
Dr. Kipling's Preface to Bera. Part the first.
By Thomas Edwards, ULD.,' London, 173,
8vo. No second part ameared. Home re-
aria that Kipling's wont, although imper-
fcet, was unfairly underrated.
The Rev. H.
^rivener, in the prefiMse to his own edition
<rf the 'Bei Codt'i Cantabrigiensis' (Cam-
lodge, 1B64 ), says I have found the text
'
;
of my predwessor
leea inaccurate than some
jiMaaaipected the typographical errors de-
:
rf (eightv-three, ot which sixteen are in he
his notes, Ac.) I have xwaidad
M
A mattar of
ty, not of reproach : perfect correctness
<Iite unattainable, jet Kipling has la-
boun-dfaithfaUy^ndMt wholly in vain, to
HgMch it as near as may be. His most
Mnow&olt is one oi design and plan, in that
ae hu placed in the body of the
work those
araeroos chaiiya whidi dafarm thepjgaa of
Kipling's other works are: 1. 'The Ele-
aatanr parts of Dr. Smith's Complete Sys-
5" ^Optica,' 1778, 4to. 2. The Articles
'
w the Choreh of England proved not to be
95 Kippis
wai^ attacked
by a writer under the signatun
of Academicus and drew forth
'
a defence
claiming to be by a friend of Kipling,
but
be by himself. 3. OertafA
Ac-
brought lately by the Irish Papists
Bntish and Irish Protestants, of
7^ denomination, examined,' London,
1809, 8voi raprmted in The Churchman <
anuM against the Errors of the Time,' vol ii
London, ]814, 8vo. This was
elicited hv a
SSS'e"'
'
^ Protartiit
[Cooper's Annals of Cambridge.
It. S78. 481,
00/; uonomgs ReminiscencM i 24 281
sso
812, 814, ii. 49-51 Gent. Mag. '1822. pt. 1%*
;
276 ; Liteniry Memoirs, i. 199, 3 42 Biog
Diet;
of Living Authow,
pp. 190, 440; Watfa Bil.l*
i3rit.; Lowndes's BIW. MisD. (Bohn),
pp. 764
1278 Oradtiati Oantabr. 1846. '
;
pp. 185, 398
Pubhc Characters, ri. 91 ; Tierneys Life of
Dr
.'^? '
'^"""al 1832. Chron. p. 276 j
Nichols's Liu Anood. ix. 79; Annual Biog
vii
449 ; Homafi Introduction to tho Study of
the
Scnptnres. 9th edit v. 16; British Critic,
x|.
819; Scnvener's Codex OuUahrieiensis Bexe.
Introd. pp. sii. xiii; Ooopai^
ifemoir of W.
Melmoth, pp. 28.5. 405; Christian Observer
vol. I. prof pp. vii, 593 Le Neva's
;
Fasti, ii. 641.
m. 646 ; Bakor . Hi^t. of St. John's
OolUa^
Cambridge, ad. Major, toI
ii,J x. 01
KIPPIS, ANDREW, D.D. 072^^1798).
nonconformist divine and biographer, was
bora ftt Nottbgham on 98 March (O.S.) 1725
His father, Robert Kipnis, a silk-hosier
of
Nottiiigham,mateinally descended from Ben-
jaahi KiDgolOddiam, Rntland, an ejected
minister, was second of the three sorviving
soul of Andrew Kispia, who died in 1748
and it buried in Sleafttd Church ( Oent. Mag
Ivt. ipt.
i.
pp OS, 198). His mother, Anna
Ryther, was granddaughter of the Rev. John
Ryther. who was ejected for nonconformity
frona the beneficrt of Ferriby,
YorU^tL
Losing hia &ther whan he was Ave years
old, In was plaoad under the care of his
prrandfather at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, whera
TO educated. By the advice of Mr.
MarrivalA, tha local pastor, he reeolved to
ent^>r the dissenting ministry. Li 1741 he
was admitted into the academy at North-
ampton, uader tho earn of Dr. Philip Dodd-
ridge [a. v.], and after oompletug
his
course oi fiTeraan in that seminarvhe ac-
cepted an imritation from Boston, Lincoln-
ahire, where he .-ettled in September
1746.
Thence he removed to Dorking, Surrry in
1760, aa sneeanor to the Rev. John M^<,n
author of a treatise on 'Self-Knowledge;'
and in June 1758 he became pastor of the
^ 'on meeting in lances
OnS18efe.l7Wha
o9
Digitized by Google
 Kippfs 196 /Kippis
married Elizabeth, dAUghter of Isaac Bott, in biographical composition {OenL Mag.
merchant, of Boston. 1795, pt. ii. p. 803).
Kippis's pastorate at Weatminfiter con- His connection with the Bif>-
editorial *

tinued for forty-three years. Ho was goou graphia Britannica' constitutes bis chief
eleeUd a tnutee of ho presbyterian fund
t claim to remembranee. He iras eaiployed
he became n member of Dr. ^Vllliams*8 trust by the booksellers to prepare the second
in 1762; and bis uH(x;iat ion with many other edition of that work, * with corrections, en-
charitable institutions in London and WaBt- largements, and the addition of new Utm.*
mioater enabled him to effectively promote AVnen be had been enpap-ed for some time on
tbe nonconformist cause. In 1763 he was thista^k he found it. too vast for him to exe-
appointed to succeed Dr. David Jennings as cute alone, and Dr. Towers was anpoiut^^ as
classical and philological tutor in the Coward bis associate. The letters K. and T. affixed
Academy at Iloxton ; and in June 1767 he to the new articles, or to tbe additions to
laoeived tlie degree of D.D. from the untver- the old articles, distioguiah their respectire
aity of TMlinburgh, on the nnsoUcite<l recom- shares. Only live volumes wore published,
mendation of Professor K<jbortson. He was '
j
all at London in folio
vol. i. in 1778, voL ii.
elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1780, vol iiL in 1784, vol. iy. inlTW^and
on 19 March 1778, and a fellow of the Royal vol. V. in 1793, when tbe dictionary ends
Society 17 June 1779 (Thomson, Hiet. qf the abruptly with the article Fastolf.'
*
first A
Rojfal Soe. App. iv. 67). In both dMse part of the uxth volume ('Featley' to
^

learned societies he served on the council Foster ') was printed in 1795. To this half-
'

He withdrew from volume, after the proprietoia bad for some

j

for about two years. ;

the inatitvlloii at Hoxton in 1784, and the time endeavoured to find a flttiay eODeeainr
[

two other tutors followed his example the to Kippis, Dr. GJeorge Gregory wrote a pr<v
next year, when the seminary was dissolved face, mtnding to oome forward as con-
(BoGUE and B i:^ M HTV, Hitt. ^Disten terSf ii. tinuator of the work. Delays in its publi-
|

519). In 1786 ho became one of the tutors cation followed, and nearly the whols im-
in tne new dissenting coUe^^ established at preaaion waa consumed in th fire on Nichola*a
Hadraey, and althongll he ntired firom that pemieBa in Febraary 1 808, only three copies
ofTico aft^r a fi-'w yeara, be continued to sup- baying been preserved Nichols, Lit. Anecd.
(

port the college by a liberal subscription and ix. 184 The second edition of the ' Bio-
by his interest with opaleBt friends. Among graphia Britannica 'hardly deserves tbe bigb
hif" pupils at Hackney were William Godwin praise which has been sometime.s bestow^d
and Samuel Holers. Koffers subsequently upon it. The mamain which were imperfect
apoetrophised bim^ together with bis col- or inoomet fai tiie oripnal edition, uatand
leagues Price and Priestley, in ' The Plea- of being rewritten, were text u filly repro-
aurea of Memory (Claxdbk, Rogen
' md
hit duced, with notea by tbe editor pointing ont
Otf^iemporariM, i. 418). Kippi* died at hia OBuaakma and inaeMmdiaa. Thnait eeaiMd
residence in Crown Street, Westminster, on as if a literary controversy were being car-
80ct.l796. His funeral sermon was preached, ried on between the editor and tbe autiuw.
and the oration at the grave in Bunbill Fielda Again, miay of tbe new memoin weom f
delivered, by tlie Rev. Dr. Abraham Hees. inordinate lenpth, and the prominence given
Kippi!^ was reverenced by dissenters, and to nonconformists laid the editor open to a
hia lite rary attaimneuta secured for him the charge of partiality. Horeoyer, he indnl^|ed
friend.sliip and esteem of distinguished mem- too frt^ly in the expression of opinions in-
bera of the established church. When about stead 01 confining bimaelf mainly to tbe
fourteen years old he renounced the prin- nawntionof&cta;andaiaByof thefoftlnatee
ciples of Calvinism, in which his relatives were far too long and irrelevant. Jobn.son
had brought him up {Biog. Brit. 2nd edit. told Boawell in 1777 that he had been aaked
W. 8). Suneouently he indinad to Sooiiiiaii- to nnderCalie the new edition of the 'Bio-
ism, though *he highly di.mpproved the con- graphia Britannica,' but had derlininl it.
duct of the modem Sociui&n.'*, in assuming to ' which,' aays Boswell. ' he afterwards said
tiiemselves the exclusive appellation ofunita- to me he regretted.' Although Boawell nd>
rians' rWlLSOW^ Hist. of'lhtMnting Churrh^n, mitted that Kippis had discharged the taak
iv. 116). In his youth be was a most assi- judicioualy, ana with more iau^artiality than
duous student. He infotmed Alaxaader might have been expected nam a aepnm-
Chalmers that he once read for three years tiat, ho complained tnat the work was ' t()i>
at the rat of sixteen hours a day. One of crowded with obscure dissenting teacboxa.*
the wiorks which he read through was the Heanhaeqnently, hoFafr, witbdSnsw all emn
'General Dictionary,' in ten folio volumes, Bure (Boswell, Johnton, ed. (\. B. Hill, iU,
and be thua laid \.h Cundation ef bia akili 174, iy. 976). According to Uoraoe Wal-

Digitized by Coogle
 Kippis 197 Kippist
fvle '
the " Biofrrftphia Britanniea " ought to was immediately destroyed.
One of the ex-
he calie<l tant copies is now in the British Mu.seum.
the Viudicutio Britanniea, for that
it WM a general panegyric upon everybody The work afterwards appeared under the titie
(cf.CowpEB, Work^.x'm. ?>'20). But in spite of Tht' Life of the first K-irl of Shaftesbury,
'

of these defecta Kippia made a valuable addi from original documents in the possession of
don to our national biognphiflll litantiue. the family, by Mr. B. Martyn and Dr. Kippis,
Kippis be^^ his literary c^rppr Rarly in now first published. Edited by G. Wi ngrovo
life contributing to the magaxinaa, t npc- Cooke, esq.,' 2 vob., London, Ib^ti, 8vo.
ddlv the ' Gentkimanli Magiurtim.* After- 8. Several single discoursM, mn of which
wiM'! h became a more constant writer in are reprinted in his Sermons on Practical
' *

t iie M out h lyRevie w.' He also largely con- Subject^,' London, 1791 and 1878, 8vo.

tnbuted to ' The Library, or Moral and Criti- 9. An Address delivered at the Interment of
'

cl Migazine,' which he edited for 1761-2. Richnnl Price, D.I)., F.R.S.,'1791. 10. Lifeof
lie laid the foundation of the New Annual Dr. I'hilip Doddridge, pretixed to theHcventh
'

Bagister,' and suggested tliA improved plan edition of his 'Family Expositor,' 179S.
noQ which that work waa condurted, The 1 1 Life of Job Orton, prefixed to his Expo-
.
'

'fitltOT7<tf Ancient Literature and the lie- sition of the New Testament,' 1822.
' '
This
vinrofjlodem Books were at its first com- first apptared as a long notj appended to the
'

OMnoeilMBt written by him, and continued memoir of Philip Doddridge in the *Bio-
to 1784. He was alco the author of the ^aphia Britanniea,' 2nd edit. v. 308 seq.
'
Review of the Transactions of th*' Pr sent Kippis also edited Doddridge's Lectures,' '

Reign 'prefixed to the Ucpister' for 1780, with alarpe numWr of additional references,
'

tod of the ' History of Knowledge, Leam- and atisitited in preparing 'A Collection of
m^ad Taste in Great Britain' pn tixtKl to llymna and Psalms for Public and Private
^hf afceeding volumes to the year 1794. ^\ orahip,' 1796, which was extensively used
Uu separate publications are 1. A
Vin< in dissenting chapels, and pattaed through
:
'

dfettioaof the Protestant Disaenting Minis- several editions.

tmwith ro^rd to their lato application to A
portrait of Kippis was engraved (1792,
Fhrittment in the matter of Sul>scription,' folio) by F. Bartolossi, from a painting by
London, 1772 and 1778, 8vo. 2. Life of W. Artaud (BBcmiBT, OrfL^JSkynnMci Ar-
Sir John Pringle, hart., president of the traitXy p. 304).
Six Di-
Rojal Society, prefixed to his '
[Addit. Mas. M74 71, 72, 28104 f. 61,
eonnMi, deliverua on occasion of six annual 216M t 188; Btmu/s Obt. of Engntfad Bnw

uojniiDents of Sir Godfrey Copley's medal,' traits, . 6142; Sermon by John Evanu, M.A..
1783. 3. Considerations on the i'rovisional being a Tribute of liaspect to the Memory of
*

TfMtT with America, and th Preliminary 8. .Stvnnett, A. Kippis, and B. Harris, 1795;
ArticU? of Peace with France and Spain,' Gent. Mag. 1795, pt. i. p. 10, pt. ii. pp. 803,
I'nd c.iit. 17b3. 4. 'Observations ou the 883, 913, 1796, pt. i. p. 6, 1804, pt. i. p. 36;
ItteConteste in the Royal Society ' [concem- Georgian Era, iii. 545 lirown'a Nottingbara- ;

injr r>T. lluttonl, London, 1784, 8vo, pub- hhire Worthies, pp. 299-302; Lowndes's Bibl.
luLed w\xh a view to allaying the animosi- Man. (Bohn), pp. 206, 1278 Nidiols'slllastr. of ;

tiet which existed in that body. 6. ' The Lit.

Nichols's Lit. Anecd. Notes and Queries,
; ;

3rd Her. x. 432, xi. 213; Phonetic Journal, xlv.

Life of Captain James Conk,' I/ondon, 17BH,
^to, translated into French
by
' vols., B. Life of Dr.
Paris, 1789^ 8to.
Lardner, prefixed to the complete
Nathaniel
^^tionofhis* Works,' 11 vob., 1788. 7. 'The
Life of Anthony Ashley CJooper, first Earl
ftf .^Liftesbury,' privately printed [Ijondon,
17S0 :-], 4lo. The fourth Earl of Shaftes-
bwy oriftinaUy entrusted the irorit to Ben-
jaaria Martyn, who had free access to the
family archives ; but after the fourth earl's
^eatiim 1771, his son, the fifth earl, oonsi-
468; Funoral Sermon by Dr. Abraham Rees,
J. H. Cajt>t6ra,
1796; licas's Cycbptedia; Wilson's Dissenting
Chuiches, iv. 103-17, 402; Jons^s Bonbill Me-
morials, jffi. 116, iMo T. a
KIPPIST, RICHARD (1812-1882),
botanist, was bom at Stoke Newington,
London, on 11 June 1812. His first experi-
ence was gained in the office of Joiiepli Woods
the architect and a distinguished botanist.
Kippist travelled with Woods and helped
to compile the still useful Tourist's Flora.
'

imn^that Martyn' lifp was not sulTiclently After Woods retired to Lewas in 1830,
osmplete for publication, put it into the Kipjiist entered the service of the Linnean
lunai of Dr. Gregory Shsrpe, master of the Soaetj, helping to distribute the vast her-
Temple, and afterwRrds engaged Kippis to barium amassed by Dr. Wallich, until, on the
nvm it and prepare it for the prus8. An death of David Don the librarian in I84i{,
evcntaally printed, but with the
I
he mt
dunen to succeed him. After two or
tiuM jmm
of biokeii health 1m letind in

Digitized by Coogle
 Kirby t9* Kirby
1881 oa a penmn of hi iuU tftlaij, but died a road-book wiUi antiquarian noticee,
folk,'
a* OhdiM OB 14 JftD. 1888. Hahaduiat- from so sfltMsl soTfey wliich he made of the
cellent knowledg-e of plants, especially those whole county in 1782, 1733, and 1734. Pre-
of Auatxali^ ana twice has a genus been de- fixed is a small map of the county. A new
dieated to hm
as^S^RpiiM^ba* isbotliCBiM efitien was published by suhsBription, with
they hattt been merged in ddw many alterations and large aaditions by
several hands,' in 1764, Svo, London, under
[froo. Liaa. See. 1881-2, nn. 84^.]
B. J). J. the editonhip of the Rer. Richard Canning,
of which a reprint was issued firom Wood-
KIRBT. ELIZABETH (188-1878),
bridge about 1800. containing some trifling
writer for the young, youngest child of John
additions, sad a fourth edition, with addi-
Kirbjt manufacturer, of Letcesteri bv his tions, appared a."?
'
A Topographical . . .
WAS bora in 8outhgate Description of the County of Su&lk,' 8yo,
Street, Leicester, on 15 Dec. 18l?3. She dis-
Woodbridse, 1888, with Ebdsa^i nap in
plajed at an early ago a faculty for story- A Supplement to the
glace of Kirbv's. '

tellinp aad a taste for Utetary comjpoeition

uffolk Traveller was published in 1844 by
both m
verse and j)ro8e. In 1854 ahe pub-
'

AuL^ustine Page (cf. his Introduction, p.Ti).

lished, under the title of ' The Discontented
In 1786 Kirby issued * A
Map of the County
OUldrni/ a stoi^ wMdi she bad frequently of Suffolk,' illustrated with coats of arms and
told to smaU auaiencea. She removed from
improved edition, engraved by
An
Leicester to Norwich in 1865, and the new
John Ryland, was published on a larger
loeiety and snvroimdingB atioralatedberlito'
scale in 1766 by his sons John Joshua and
rary zeal. After a few years her younper
William Kirby (Niraou, Lit. Aneed.
sister, Maxr, married the Uot. Henry Oregg,
541-4). Kirby die] on IS Dec, 1758, at
rector of Brookaby, liOusostonihira, uid lues
Ipswich, aad was bunod in the churchyard
Kirbv settled in Melton Mowbray, to share
of8fe.]laryatlV>wer,Ipswieh. His portrait,
for the rest of bar life Mn. (Gregg's home.
by Thomas Gainsborough, It. A., was in 1868
With her rieter ehs 'wrale a long series of in the possession of the Kev. Kirby Trimmer*
books for children. Twenty-four volumes
Henanifld ia 1714 Alice Browii; Uaddest
under the^oint autbosship are in the British son,
John Joshua Kiiby, is sspsfatefy imh
Museum Ltlvary. Tliey are homely and un- tioed.
pretentious little works, written in a style
[Life of Mrs. Trimmer, i. 6 Cat. of the Third
;
specially calculated to interest cbildrcn.
Exhibition of Portimils st Booth Kensingtoa,
Among the beet are ' The Italisa Goldsmiths,
188,Ko.763.3 O.
a Story of Cellini,' 1861, 16mo; 'Oi i] t prson
Trees,'^1878, 8vo; 'Stories about Birds of KIRBY, JOHN JOSHUA (171(3-1774\
Land sad Water,' 1878, 4to. Two little clerk of the works at Kew Palace, bom in
books on insects, 'Caterpillars, Butterflies,
1716 at Wiekham Market, Sufiblk, was the
and Motb^' 1867, 18mo, and < Sketches of John Kirby [q. v.] (Paqb, Sup-
eldest 8on of
bisect Life,' London, 1674, Sro^ embody 189-90).
piement to tht Suffolk Traveller, pp.
much original observation. The sisters also About 1788 he settled at leswicn as a coach
published a number of serial tales, including An early friendship witli
and house painter.
* The pesboroughs ' sad * Deepdde VieaTage7 Gainsborough itiduced him to attempt land-
in various iniip-nzines.
a little story, entitled
!Mi.-.s

'
Hold
Kirhy's last
fast
-vvnrk,

by your
scape-painting. He made a nnmher draw- m
ings of monastories, cnstlp^, rhurch'.'S, and
Sundays,' was published in 1879. ^le died monuments in Sufiblk for a projected county
fit Melton iNfowhray in June 1873. Her '

history, aad of tiuse he published twelvot

literarpr talents,' says the Athennum,' ' were
'
with an 'Historical Account,' Svo, Ipswich,
atall times exercised Ibr the good, intflllsetaal
1748, the plates etched by himself^ followed
and moral, of her readers.*
by a series eagmvsd hy J. Wood. He also
[Information kindly BuppUod by Mrs. GreRg ^.tudiod linear perspective, upon which he
from my Life (18B7);
<uid the latter 's Lcaticls lectured at the St. Martin's Lane Academy,
Atbenecum, 12 July 1873; AlliboOS^ flopplement,
ii. PAR; Miss Kirby 8 Works.] T. S.
Londmi. 1a 1764 he printed at Ipswidi, m
([uarto, 'Dr. Brook Taylor's Method of Per-
KIKBY, JOHN a090-1768), Suflulk spective made easy, Theory and
both in
topographer, boni in i960 at muesworth, Practice,' 2 nts., founded upon Taylors two
Suflolk, v^-a.** originally a srhoolma.ster at Or- tr ati.<c,>^ on linear penipective, pulili>hcd re-
ford in that county, and afterwards occupied spectively in 1715 and 1719. The book is
a mUl at Wiekham Market. In 1786 he iuustraled with a carious frimtispneoe by
Subltslied at Tpawich, in duoderimn. 'The Hogarth, and fifly copywrplates, mostly ci
ttfl'olk Traveller j or, a Journey through Suf- graved by Kirby himself. It was niasued

Digitized by Google
 Kirby Kirby
in1756, 1766, and in 1768, with additions. bI Kirby was uncle of William Kirby
HATinff aecared warn firiends in Hogarth and (17(10^1860) [q. v.], the entomologist.
Sir Joahua RevnoMji, Kirby went to London. I

[Memoir, principally compiled by Mrs. Trim-

I

Xhnmgh the Earl of Butu he was appointed

imer, in Nichols's Hogarth No. 8
, ; Life of Mis.
tatdwr of perspective to the Prince ox WilM, iTrinuner; Ooogh'a Topography, Aiflfalk; Bd-
afterwarda QeoneUI, by whrnti he was ap- wards'a Anecdotes of Punten ; Osnt Mag. new
I

Domted clerk of the works at Kew Palace. |8er. xxxiv. 219.] G. G.

vmkt ths palMMiage of the king, who de-
frayed the expense of the plntes, Kirby pub-
KIRBY, SzUtflli (174 1-1810), authoress.
iiBhedinl761 a splendid folio voiumu entitled
[See^
'Tht Bnnective of Architecture, in two BLDRBY, WHiLIAM (1769-1850), en-
prt,. aeduced from the Principles of Dr. tomologist, eldest son of William Kirby of
. .

DKok Taylor ; and performed by two Rules Witnesnam Hall, Suffolk, and of Lucy Me-
Oil} of universal application.' He appeara dowe, was bom at Witu^ham on 19 Sept.
tooftTe designed in 1762 St. George's Cnapel, 1769. He derived a taste for natural history
Old Brentford, Middlesex {Diet, of ArcJnteo- from his mother, who died in 1776. He was
turt, Architect. Publ. Soc., vol. It.) About educated at Ipswich grammar scho<d Mid
1767 he published Dr. Brook Taylor's Method Oaius College, Cambridge, where he gra-
*

(rfPenpective compared with the Examples duated B.A. in 1781 and M.A. in 1816. In
ktaly poblished ... as Sirigatti's hv J. 1782 he took holy orders and obtained the
Warw . being a Parallel between those sole charge of Barliam, Suffolk, held by the
. .

two Methods of Perspective. In which the Rev. N. Bacon with the vicarage of Codden-
sopeiior excellence of Taylor's is shewn,' 4to, ham in the aame oounty. He remained at
Ixxndon. On 26 March 1767 he was elected Barham for the remainder of hi>? life, the
Fii.S. (Thoksoit, MUt. of Royal Soe. App. vicar on his death in 1796 leaving him the
ir.pilii), and F.S.A. on the following 4 June ne.xt presentation.
(OorsH, Otrvnological lAtt of Soc Antiq. Kirby was already an excellent botanist,
1798, p. 20). He was secretary, and in 1768 when the accidental finding of a beautiful
elected president, of the Incorporated Society insect ilalM iiiinwil him to study entomology.
of Ajtiita, in place of Francis Hayman [q.y. |, Ilis name appears in the first list of lel-
&t the instance of a discontented clique ;but lows of the Linnt-an Society, foimded in
rsiigiied the poet the same year on the plea of 1788, and in 1793 he contributed to the so*
iU-health. From 1765 to 1770 he exhibited ciety's 'Transactions,' the first of a longsories
villi the society views in Richmond Park, of papers. In 1802 be published his impor-
Kew, and the iMi^lboazllOOd. His drawings tant monograph on English bees. He nad
of Kew Palace were engraved by WooUett collected lo3 wild specimens in his own
in 1763 (REDeBAVB, Diet, of Artiste, ed. parish. In lb05 he made the acquaiutaucu
1878, p. 261). Kirby died on 20 June 1774, of William Spence [q. v.] of Dryjpool, Hull,
^gwd .'>A, mrid was buried in Kew churchyard. whom he afterwards persuaded to Dehis coad-
>ach was Gainaborough's regard for mrb^, jutor in the famous ' Introduction to Knto-
that he made a special request in his will mokfor/ flnt suggested in 1806. The fona
tbat he might be ouried by his side a de- choeen was that of letters on the roost in-
OR which was carried into effect (Faui.k- terestinff subiects in entomology. VoL i.
appeared in 1815, and a third edition was
issued with voL ii. in 1817 ;vols. iii. and Iv.,
posaeeeion containing the special systematic description
Handford, and a portrait of Kirby ana his of insects, were written entirely by Kirby,
w-ifo by Gainsborough was in 1868 in the owing to his friend's ill-lipalth. Tne sixth
F^?^-.4ion of the Rev. Kirby Trimmer. A edition was edited by Spence in 1843, when
menotint portrait of Kirbv, by J. Dixon, Kirby 'a advanced age disabled him from
from the painting by Gainsborough, and an work. The seventh and 3ub.se(juent edi-
eagnving by D. Pariset, from a picture by tions, in one volume, cuusLHt ot the hrst
P> nieonet, are also known (EvjlWs, Cat. of two Tolomea of the sixth edition. During
^tgruttd Portraits, i. 197). Kirby married the writing of the introduction Kirby had
^^anh Boll of Framlingham, tiuti'olk, who (in 1811) contributed an importaut paper to
died m 1776. His son WiUkm, who was n the Linnean Society, in which he founded the
i

1766 a member of the Incorporated Society new insect order of Strepnptera, which has
of Artists, died suddenly at Kew in 1771 held iUi ground. In 1818 he wad elected
liis daoghter Sarah, afterwaidl mmied to F.R.S. lie took an active port in the Zoo-
James Trimmer of Brentford, was a popular logical Club of the T^innean Society, fonnfhxl
vntw of books fat the Toung [aee Tsik- in 1822, which alterwards developed into

Digitized by Google
 Kirhyt o Kirbye
Hm Zoological Sooietjr.la 1890 hm began 'expert in tiie Arte,' and as Kiibyo contri-
the Bridgewater treatise on The Habits and buted more to the book than any of the t^n
'

Instincta of Animals,* which was published composers employed, ezo^t Jcuin Farmer,
in 1886. In Hb seventy-eighth year ^1837) it may be aaauned that be bad made some
he completed the descnption of the insects reputation as a musician at thu time. Some
brouffht home by Franklin's fint two arotio time before 1697 he entered the service
ezpeaitioBi. Kivbjir'sdeeeriirt^ioMfinmedl^ of Sir Habort Jermyn of IRQabbfOOke, near
fourth part of 'Fauna Boroali-Amerlciina.' Bury St. Edmunds, and it Avas while he wa^i
In 1837 he was elected honorazy president living at Hushbrooke that he composed and
<^ the xecently fnanded Entomuoffieal So- pnbl&hed what he calls the <tet ftvitoBof
ciety of London. He died of old age on nay pooro knowledge in Musioke,' namely
4 Joly I860. Hia ooUaotion of insects was 'The first set of English Madrigalla to 4. 6.
bequeatfied to ^ Rntomologieal Society. & 6. voyoea. Made ft newly pidilKrfied by
He married (1) in 1784 Sarah Ripper, who Qeorge Kirbye. London, Printed by Thomsa
died in 181^ and (2) in 1816 Charlotte Bod- Este, dwelling in aldezsgate street, 1607.'
wall, who died in 1644, Imt bad no oluMxeiL The part-boohs oontain twmtywfiwr niadr>
Kirbv was of middle height, broad-shoul- gals. Kirbye dedicntcd the work to Mis- '

dered and strongly built, with broad fore- tris Anne & Mistrisi''r&uncislemun, daugh-
head and anaU bnie eyes, deeply aat His tors to tilie right wonhipAill Syr Robert
chief aim in life was to trace the benevolence lermin, Knight (his very good Malster),'
and wisdom of the Creator in His works. In the same year (16 Feb. 1687-8> Goozsa
11ioii|^ no thaokgiealwmit of his, apart from Kyrby (tie) named Anne 6aatyo at Bnoe
sermons, was published, he wrote much on field bt. George, the neighbouring pariah to
theology from the point of view of an ortho* Rushbrooke. His next publications were two
m
doK a^lOali^nistw ehusshman. An aaeeel- madrigals co posed for the ' IVinniAis
lent portrait of him by H. Howard, R.A., Oriana^' 1601. In the conv of the Triumphs'
'

was painted about 1819, and an engraTing of belooging to the Musio School, Oxford, Kir-
it was published by T. Lupton. bi^s oontribtttion is a six-part madrigal,
Besides many papers in the Linnean and 'With Angells face and bright uesse,' not to
other transactions, Kirby wrote : 1. Mono- be confounded with Norcome's fivo-part set-
'

naphia Apinm Anglire,' 2 tda. 8yo, Ipswich, ting of tiw same words. Li other copies this
1802. 2. ' Strepsiptera, a new order of In- is replaced by a second six-part madrigal,
sects proposeGL' * lannean Transactions,' xi. Bright Piuebus ^ee^ most cleerely.' The
'

88-199. 8. *IiitMdetiott to Entomology,' last named only is printed in Hawes'b ac-

along with William Spenco, 4 vols. 8vo,Lon- tion of the Triompns of Oriana.'
'

do% 1816-26; vols. i. andii., 6th edit with After this date kirbye mihlished nothing,
nradi additioiial mattaiy London, 1848 ; 7lk thouffh tha dedioatian of uo ftett set of aa*
edit, of vols. i. and iL 8vo, 1856, with drigaiB impBta thttt ho intended to^bliah
Spence's account of the orurin and progreae other woifii*
cf the work 4k 'Seven eomona on mat In 1096 bo was firing m St. Mary 's pariah
Lord's Temptation,' London, 1829. 6. 'On in Bury St. Edmunds; probably he had
theHiatoijiHabits, and Instinotsof AnimalS| already bought the house in Wluting Street
being the seventhBridgewater TVaalauM,'Lon- wUflh he occnnied till hisdeath. On 11 Jnna
don, 1835, Rvo, 2 vols. 17 plates; another 1 0'2f5 the burial of his wife Anne is recorded
editionin 12mo, in Bohn's' Scientific Library,' in the register of St. Mary's, Bury St. Ed-
1866, 9 vols., with notes by T. Rymar Jonae. munda, and in 1697-8 bisnaine twice appears
6. 'Fauna Boreali-Americana,' the with another's at the foot of the same regis-
'Insects,' Ito, Norwich, 1887. ter, probably as one of the chuichwardena.
[The Rev. J. Freeman's Idfe of Kirby, 1862.J Ha cUed m 1634, and was buried at St.
QwT.B. Mary's on 6 Oct. of that year. The will of
Kirbye, 'musition,' dated 10 March 1633,
KntBTS, OBOR0B (A 1634), musician, was proved 7 Oct 1684. He left lOL aaeh
V as j)robably born either at Bury St. Ed- to his brother, Walter Kirliye, and liis sister,
munds or in its neighbourhood. The first Alice Moore, widow : and aU the rest of his
j

mentaonof UflnamaoecaninllM. Intbat property, ittolnding nis house in Whiting

!

year Thomas Kaef[q.v.]published his Whole iStreet and his personal estate (except a fi'w
*
:

Book of Psalms,' and Kirbye was employed small sums), to his servant Agues iSeamao^
I

asumg othera to write new settings to l3ie kinswoman to bis late wife. He appeara to
old psalm tuiice for this work. In his pri'- have left no rhildren.
faee aat states that he had ' intreated the A
new edition of Kirbye's 'fiat Set of
hdf 'of mMik muaidiaa la fan knew to bo Madrigals,' editd by the preaottt writer, was

Digitized by Coogle
 Kirk
DQblkbed in 1891-S. la the libniy of the 16. Lord Bathurst (Six Clerks Office), 177(i.
of Mwio are old manuscript 17. Death of Lord Chatham, 1778. 18. Loid
Mill of twenty-six madrigals by Kirbye, CheaterlieUI, 1778. Certain medals of 1745
WMAiucliiiln nine that ue not found in his and 1746 were made and signed by John
finladwadto. Tlwy axe all imperfect except Kirk in conjunction with A. Kirk (Hak^
the erven foui^nart madrigals, of which only KINS, ii. 60(5, (>08,613; cf. 614). The editors
one is unpublished. In the Bodleian Library of the '
Medallic Illustrations ' conjecture
(MS. Mns. f. 16^19 sad 90-4) are aBtwx on- ii.729) that Aia A. Kirk was a brother of
published five-p&rt madrigals and two four- ohti, and Mippose that ho died in 1761, ap-
psrt motets, ail imperfect. In the library parently aa^iuming that he was identical
of Christ Church, Oxford, are coptea of three with the <Mr. Kirk, senr.,' whose death in
mar^rinls from the fint 8el atUadng^'
< St. Paul's Churchyard is recorded in tho
with (ufferent words. 'Gentleman's Magazine' (1761, p. 63) as
PRegisters of St. Mary's, Bory St Edmunds, haTing takes plaee on 19 Nov. IToL
lad of Bredfield St. George, near Bury St. Ed- [Hawkins's Medallic Illastrations, ed. Franks
nasds ; Bury Sc. Sdmouds Wills, liber Oolman, and Qroeber, ii 728 ; Redgraf's])iet.f Axtists
im^ M. M8i Qnnfk Diet f Moale, it of BagL Sohool ; Xidhj |]ibfa|]Mfe.]lMj
^9; Burney's Hiat of Music, iii. 123; Mns. w. wl
AnL Society's edition of Eete's Whole Book of
i; vorlu mentioned sboTe; the present KIRK, JOHN, D.D. (1760-1851), cathor
I iditaan of the ]?ini 8efc of Madrigals.] lie divine and antiquary, son of William
a. . F. A. Kirk and hia wife Mary Fieldine, waa bom
[See alao Kiseb.] at Ruckley near Acton BtunHU, ohiofdun^
,

on 13 April 1760, and at ten years of age

KIRK, JOHN (1724 P-1778 f), medaUiat, was sent to Sedgley Park school, Stafford-
vts probably bom about 1724 (cf. Hawxhts, shire. He was admitted into the English Col-
Med. llbutr. il 559-60). He became (about lege at Rome on 6 June 1778, a few months
1740 P) the pupil of Jaiues Anthony Dassier bobre the suppression of the Society of Jesus
\ v.l, and ama
about 1740 till 1776 pio- by OlaBdnt XIY. He was thus the last
aoced a large number of medals siprncd sikk Bcholar received at the college by the jesuits
or I. nu. He was a medallist of muderate who had had the conduct oi it, by favour of
ability. In 1746 Kirk was living in St. the holy see, for 108 years (Folet, JRecordt,
Psol's Churchyard, London (ib. ii. 608). In vi. 504). He was ordained priest on 18 Dec.
176:.' and 1768 he racaved premiums from 17b4. Returning to England in August 1785,
the Society of AxU. Ha was a member his fint miiakm was at Aldenham Hall,
of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and Shropshire, in the family of Sir Richard
exhibited medals of the royal family, &c., Acton. In 1786 he became chajjiain at Sedg-
in 177S-0--6. Redgrare states that Kirk ley Park school, and as vice-president "Trilrtnil
died in London on 27 Nov. 1776; but the Rev. Thomas Southworth, whom be siu>>
wmai metluls in the British Museum (cf. ceeded as president in 1798. He had pre-
Nmmmaiic CAnmicU, 1890, p. 54, No. 7) viously removed to the small mission at Pipe-
signed by Kirk bear the date l778, and an? liill, near Lichfield, and he had had charge of
almost conclusive evidence that hu was the congT^atiou at Tam worth. In July 1797
tSU alive in that year. Kirk's pnnoipol ho laftSo^jliy to become chaplain and pri-
nedals are: 1. Bust of George IT (no re- vate secretwT to Dr. Charles Berington [q. v.],
eie),8iffned ' L Kirk F. jftetti 1(5.' 1740(P) vicar apostolic of the midland district, and
2. Sir John Barnard, circ. 1744. 3. Reaip- after the bishop's sudden death (8 June 1798)
ture of Prague, 1744. 4. Loyal Association he remained at the episcopal residence at
3isdal, 1745. 6. Medals relating to the Re- Longbirch till the appointsneut of Dr. Gregory
falOiia of '45, 174^. &
TllMday Club of Sto^etOD to the vicariate in 1801. He then
Annapolip, 1716. 7. Counters with hpotls removed to Lichfield, where a chajml built
of the Koyal Family, 1740. 8. William, by him wae opened on 11 Nov. 1803; after-
Ptinee of Orange, 1740. 9. Peace of iVix- ward.s enlarged, it was converted in 1884 into
M^spelle, 1749. 10. Ftpp Rriti.Mh Fi.shery the little Norman church of St. Cross. He
Society, 1761. 11. Louisburg taken (from alfto erected chapels at Hopwas, near Tomr
deugn by Cipriani), 1758. 12. liiittlH of worth, and in Tamworth itself. Bvdiplomft
Mindcn, 1759. 13. Lord-chancellor 0am- dated 9 Nov. 1841, Pope Gregonr a VI con-
deo, 17tiO. 14. Seriefl of thirteen medaleLs ferred upuu him the degree of D.I). He died
given away to subscribers to the 'Senti- at Lichfield 21 Dec. 1851, aged 91.
mental Magazine,' 1778-6 (Oent. Mag. 1797, MoiisifjTior Woediill eays of Kirk : * He
4UU, 471). 16. Dtika of Athol, 1774. formed a perfect specimen of tba olden time
^

Digitized by Google
 Kirk
atjpeof tSMftMoldliiiglkkpTieBt; miAho-
dioiX dignified, devout.' There ia a iiortralt
of him, engrsved br Deera, in the * Catholio
Directory' for 18681
Durin|^ hia residmoe in Rome, and for up-
wards ot forty years of his long life, he was
diligt ntlv preparing materials ^r a continua-
tion of l5odd'8 Church History of England.'
'
With infinite labour bo transcribed or col-
lected, and methodically arranged, letters,
and immnier-
tracts, annals, fBfiOvdey diaries,
able miscellaneouspapers, forming upwards of
fifty volumee in folio and quarto. An account
of all these materialSi fpedfically arranged
under distinct heads, was published by him
in a Letter to the Rev. Jos* p!i Berington, re-
' circumstantial evidence that the ' Principles
peelaiig the Continuat ion of Dodd's Church
iTistory of England, Licblield, September
' James Cork*
1826 {Catholic Muceilanu, vi. 260, 828,405).
Fludlj he handed over the work to the Rer.
Mark Aloysius Tiemey [q. v.J of Arundel,
who brought out a new edition of Dodd's
<Hfaor7,'5irois.Loaaoii,1889-4S,8To. This
edition is incomplete, ending with the year
1625, and no portion of a projected oontintt
tioB over appesrad. On TlmtYn death fai
1862 the manusoript mtLtcr'mTs were be-
omethed to Dr. Thomas (iruit, bishop of
flott lhwerir, end they ere new in the p oeB e a
sionof tbat prelate's 8uoccSf*or, Dr. John Butt.
Transcri^te of some of Kiik's letters and
menueenpte are ja m& m
A fn fhe Hhtary of
St. Francis Xavier's College at Liverpool
(Foley, Meoordt, vii. 20). Four small but
closely written onndlee of biographical col-
lections by Kirk, mostly of a later date than
Dodd, were in the possession of the late Car-
dinal Manning (GiLLOW, Diet, of the Bnffluh
Catholics, i. Ihrm. p. xv).
About 1794 Kirk undertook the task of
deciphering, copying, and preparing for pub-
lication the ' State Papers and Letters oi Sir'
Ralph Sadlor, ambas'^ndor to Scotland in the
time of Elizabeth. 'I'bese were published in
8 TOla. 1809, 4to, by Arthur Clifford, with a
biographical sketch by Sir Walter Scott.
The original papers were then in the poeses-
aioo of the Cliffords of Tixall, Stafibrdshire
they an> now in the British Museum {Atk'
n<fum, 1 March 1890, p. 277).
Kirk wrote, in col hi bo ration with the Rev.
Jo8flph Berington, '
The Faith of Catholics
con&rmed by Scripture and attested by the
Fathers of the nnt five centuries of the
Church,' London, 181.S and 1880, Svo 3rd
edit, revised and greatly enlarged by the
Reir. James Waterworth, 8 vols. I>otKlon,
1846, 8vo. There is a Latin traiiHlatiou in
Joae^ Braun's ' Bibliotbeca Keffularum Fi-
dei/ Bonn, 1844, Svo, toL i ISa wovk
ittteM hy the mst. John Qtahaai M.A., in
Ktric
a rariew piiated at the end of his ' Aimala
of Ireland,' London, 1819, Svo and the Rer.
;
Richard Thomas Pembroke Pope published
* Roman Misquotation ; or. Certain Passages
from the Fathers adduced in Kirk's work
brought to the test of their originals.' Lon-
don, 1840, 8vo. In oonsequence of some
exceptions having been taken to the ' Pro-
positions which fomi the heading of 'The
'
Faith of Catholics,' liiirk published Roman '
Catholic Principles in reference to GK>d and
the Kinr. First pnblisbed in the year 1680.
To which ib prefixed an inquiry re*ipectiug
the Editions and the Author of that valuable
tract,* London, 1816, 8vo. lie proved by
weru drawn up by the Bsnsdktins mttv
r 'q. v.]
[OathoUc Directory, 1853, p. 189; Catholic
Magarine and Betiev, toL t. p. d ; Ghent. Mag.
new ser. xxxvii. 304, ccxii. 509 ;
Ilambler, ix.
244-9, 426 Smith's Brewood, Sndedit. 1874, p.
;
51 ; MonsignorWeedall in Tablst, S4 Jan. 1652,
p. 51, BDd 31 Jan. p. 71.] T. C.
KIRK, ROBERT (l&ll F-1G82), GaeUc
scholar, was youngest son of Jamea Kiilt,
minister at Aberfoyle, Perthshire, and was
bom presumably there about 1641. He
Btvdiea al E&burgh Uniwrnty (when ha
graduated V. A. in 1661 \ and afterwards at
St. Andrews. In 1664 he became mintster
of Balquhidder, Bsctfaahin^ and im 1085 waa
appointt-d to lii.s father'a Oild ohar^ at Aber-
fovle, where he continued until hia death on
14 May IWSt. He waa hnried wu
l3ie eaat
end of the cburch, and his grave is marked
{
b^ a stone with the inscription, ' Robertas
<
Kirk, A.M., Linguss Hihernin Lumen.'. He
)
is said to have nad a benefice in Gngland
!
(Rmn), but Uiia ia incorrect. He was twice
married, and when his first wife died cutout
with his own hands an epitaph for her fa6.),
which is still to be seen at Balquhiader.
His eldest son, Colin, became a writer to the
si^et, and another, Robert, was appoialMd
minister of Dornoch, SnthcrlandBbire.
Kirk was an admirable Gtuilic scholar, and
most of his literary work lav in this dixw^
tion. He was the author oi the first com-
plete translation of the Scottish metrical
psalms into Gaelic, published at Ediuburjrh
in 1684 under the title of Psalma Dhaibhidh
'
an Meadrachd,' &c. (* Psalms of David in
Metre,' ftc.) This version bears a grant
; of ' privilidge ' from the lords of the privy
council, forbidding any one to print it for
eleven jtm. During its preparation Kirk
learned that the syimd of Ariryle intended
to bring out a rival version, and some curioue
wb atofiea are told of the expedients to wliioh lie
feicctad iB4iidar to kaapiumaelf amk* while
 Kirk s Ktrit
woriuqg alfliMt night Madday in order to be cert of the Choral Fund at the HaymaAet
flmt is Hm fleU<&]>. KrM
pnlter ie Theatre in 1796.
extremely rare, but copies are in the British
[Dayess Sketches of Modem Artists; Bed*
Mneeom, Advomea* (EdinbonrbJ. and QIm- pnive's Dift. of Artist* Dodd's manuscript Hist,
InfflWKlAwu
;

gowUnirenitTlilinnieB. of Enelittli Engravara (Brit. Mas. AddiU MS.

called to Lonaon to superint* nd tlie print-
ing of tbe Uaelic Bible prepared undor the
a of Kehop Beoell, tad mibllahed
JSiectio
in 1690. To this version he addoa a short
Qaelic ocabulary (6 pp.)> which was repuh-
Hihod, with ad^tioas, ^by tke leaned Mr.
Ed. Lhuyd/ In Nicokon's 'Historical Li-
bnu7 (8to London, 1702). Hehadaiinn
'
beKef in fi^r^ enporstitiona, and irrote a
curioup wnrk bearing the title of The Secret
3340S); BogralAeadanyOatalogaes.] L. a
KIBK, THOMAS (1777-1846), aoalptor,
bom in 1777 at Newry, co. Down, was son
of William Kirk and Elisabeth Bible, his
wife. His parentB inovwl to OdA when he
.vos a child, but Kirk settled in Dublin in
early life and studied sculpture in the art
aehw1oflAe1>nhlhBSo<ttet7of Artiata. He
*
became noted for his fine work in relief on

d Adkm
Conunonwealth : or an Eaaaj on the fiattue
of ue Snbterranean (and Abt the
mofit part) Invisible People heretofoir going
mantelpieces, monumenta, Acs two pi8
of 'Spanisli Buidftti' and ' The Bokeby
Pavern Scene' attracted especial attenfiniu
under the name of Faonea and Faixiea^ or the Hia busts also gained him rapid reputation,
Ijke, among the Low Oonntry SeoCe, iithoy and tbey were ooniddered wiMiriraroe for the
are deflcribed bj those who have the second delicate handling of the marble and for dia-
fludblj'lOOl. There have been two renrinta tinetneea of detad. He exhibited with the
BuBft. 1816, 4to ( 100 copiea), and, wi to eon* DttUin flodety, and on the femdatioa of the
mentary by Andrew Lang, London, 189d,8vo. Royal Hibernian Academy in 1822 he was
[Raid's Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica, Glasgow, chosen oneof the foundation members, contri-
lSi2, p. 21 ;Nibet' Heraldry, i. 420 Scott's ;
buting to Oiair ilnit exhibition several Irasta
Tmti BeclMUB Sootiean*, ii. pt. ii. 718 Miir- ;
and the cnlos.<ial statne of Thomas Spring-
dialTa HmUhm SeMMe in Fwthibizi^ p. SM; Kice^ lord Monteagle, now at Limerictf.
Hew tmierical AflBeit, fdfc fii. aad . ; Ohon- KiAwaaroooBarftalniuie competition ferthe
hen'm Domestie Auala; Seott^Daiooology and Nelson monument in Dutilin, and executed
Witefaaaft] J. C. IL the colossal atatue of him on the memorial
KIRK, THOMAS (1766 M797), painter colnnm in Saokrille Street. He alM> executed
and engraver, bom ab<jut 1765, was a pupil the statue of George IV in the Linen Hall,
of Kiehaid Coa way, RA. v,J He attained that of the DukeofWeUington, and a model
som ezoelleooe aa a pamler of biatoriea] of tlt of OeoifB in fer lira biiik in Ihihliii,
fulnects in the inaipid prettinessof the timo, which was carried out in nwllla by other
and alao aa aminiattu^'paintei in the atyle haoda. His most important nod^ however,
of Ooeway. In 1766 he exUUted at the WB8 the atatoe of mr Stdner Simtli, oom-
lioval Academy Venus presenting Love to
'
mi-^.sioned by parliament and placed in Green-
Calypso/ and waa an occasional exhibitor wich Ho^itaL Many busts &om his band
flf Boaheapeanan, scriptural, and other iiib> are in b I>ablin College of Snrveons, the
jecta up to 1795, when lie exhibited a num- Royal Dublin Society's rooms, the library of
Mor of dxawingaiUiutEating praulax worka of Trinity College, ana elsewhere in Dublin.
In 1796 iM exhiUted ftr the last Among them are hmta of Onma, Thomas
eudir Evening and A '
iin.
'
Moore, J. WiL^ion Croker, Mme. Cafaluiii,
H* Bade a nnmbar of graceful drawings, and other notahiiitiea. Among hia groupe
wUeh wen eim raved aa iDiuitratioBB to were 'The Toonff Ohampion' eoceented wt
C "ti'"h 'Poets.' Kirk also praclised as an Lord de firey when lora-lieutenant, 'The
engraver in the stipple method, among hia Orphan Girr in Ghriat Church Cathedral,
ou^fa? nga hefaig a portnit of tin IKIew TheYbnng Doptealer'fcrViaeonntPowOT^
pnnce Lee Boo, from a drawing by Miss court, & c. ivirk rarely exhibited in London,
kaate, 1789 Shepherda in Arcadia,' after hut he sent busts to the lioyal Academy there
;
<

O.B.Opnaiu, 1789; and * Titns Andnxtioua in 18S6, and oooasionally afterwards. Kirk
and l^vinia.' from liin own painting, done for married a Miss Eliza Robinson, and died in
UojdeU'a ' Shaka^eare,' 179^. He painted 1 4fi, leavin|[ twelve children. One aoa, Mr
odnr -pietviw tar Boydell, and alao for Joseph R
Knlr, inhented hia Ihthe/a drill
Macklin's ' Bible/ Kirk died of cotiMiniption o-s a Hculplor, and is a member of the Royal
lb lioT. 1707, and waa buried in iSt. Pancras Hibernian Academy; other of his sons are
C^bwfdk. He worlted on an engraving up to the Rev. William Boston Kh4t, D.D., and
the dav btfori- he died. Tht if iw a pretty the Very Rev. Francis J. Kirk of St. Maiy
admiaaioii ticket daaigned fay for a oon* of the Angels, Bayswater, London.

Digitized by Google
 Kiricall Kirkby
[Bolatar^ Owrtoly Migofaw, 1827, U. iM the eoloofed uwaauUnt engravings by
Sonfleld Taylor's Fine Art iu Great Britain and 8uperimponition of wood blocks in the manner
Ireland; QraTM'a Diet, of Artista, 1760-1880; of the early Italian chiaroscuro engravers. In
informatioo kindly nmplied by Joseph B. Kirk, this method he produead a copy of Ugo ds
R^.] L. G. Carpi's chiaroscuro engraving of ' ^Eneas and
TcmiTAT.T.^ ELISHA (1682 P>1743) Anchises,' after Raphael, and a number of
enmTor, bom at Sheffield in Yoilcdiiiie abont reproductions of drawin^p by Italian maalerB.
1682, was floa of a locksmith, from whom ho A collection of these is m
the print room at
learnt to work and eufrave on metaL WaU the British Museum. He also engraved in a
pole, Redgrave, and others erroneoody give similar manner a portrait of Sir Christopher
Kim the cliriatian name of Edward. About Wren, by John Closterman [q. v.], in an
1702 he came to London, where he was architectural fmme designed bv Henry Cook
employed 'to gnTe arme, ornaments, etch [q. v.], and a portrait of Dr. William Stnkeley
ana cut stamp in haid miiMal for printing the antiq|va>yy fbr whose antiavatian worlca
in books for several years ' (see Vertue in he likewise engraved some orainary copper-
Brit. MuB. Addit. MS. 23070). He ubo plates. He continued to engrave plates for
studied drawing in the new academy in the booksellers, among others for Oidsworth
Great Queen Strt'ct, Lincoln's Inn Fields. and others' tran.^lation of Homer's Iliad' (B. *

He married early in life, as appears firom his Lintot, 1734), Pope's translation of the same
trade card, preserved in the print room of the work (B. Lintot, i7S6), and the plates to an
British Museum (rt' prod action in Linton's edition oflnigo .Tones's * Stonehenge '(1726).
* Masters of Wood-engraving''), which bears
A
portrait by Kirkall of Eliza Haywood
the names of Mr. Elisha and Mn*. Klizabeth [^q. V. j, pretoed to her * Works' in 1724, earned
Kirkall, and the date 81 Aug. 1707. This lor him a couplet in Pone's ' Dunciad.' Early
card was cot in relief on metal, and not on in 17 32 WilUBmHo|nrta published Ins famous
wood, as sometimes ttatad. Kirkall has been set of engravings, 'fteHarlot's Prog ae.' w An
classed fpee Chatto and Jacxboit'b Treatise there was no lepnl protoetiimatthe time, they
on Wood^ngraving) as a wood-engraver, and were quicklv pirated, KndoUl being first in
eradHad wmi tiia levival of the art in tlia tho'llMd ymk
a aet w
rea copies in meaao-
eighteenth century. He is also claimed as tint, printed in green, and published at his
tlM fixat ezponant in Ensland of the white- house in Dockwell's Court, Whitefinars, in
lim intMuo manner of wood'ngiwving, Novnberl789. Amongolllier engravings by
afterwaroB brought to such perfection bv Kirkall may be noted a portrait of Seneeino
Thomas Bewick t^* v*] It is very doabtful, the singer, in mesaotint, after J. Qoupy,
hoiraWi wheihair ne angravad on wood at thirty platea of llowan alter Tan Hnyeum,
aU. He engraved the copperplate fronti- and some plates of shipping after T. Baton.
spiece to W. Howell's Mediula Uistorin He died in Whitefiriars in December 174d,
'

Anglicans' (1712), the plateaforMaitlaiiVa leaving a son, aged about twtaty-tW(K

edition of the works of Terence (1713), for [Vertue's MSS. (Brit, Una Add. MSB. 3S07I.
the translation of Ovid's ' Metamorplioses 2S076. 23079); Dodd's manuscript History of
(Tonson & Watts, 1717), and for lloWa English Engravers (id. 33402) Walpole's Anee* ;

translation of Lucan's i?har8alia ' (1718). dotes of Paimiiig, od. Womura Austin Dobson's
' ;

Certain cuts in Maittaire's edition of ' Sallust WilUam Hogarth, 1891; The Portfolio, xv. 3;
(1713) and Dryden's 'Phiys' (Tonson & authflritisa msotfoosd in the UaL} L, OL
walila, 1717), usually descoDad as on wood KIRKBY. JOHN (d. 1290), traeurer
and assignee! to Kirkall, aippear to be on and bisliop oi Ely, was in early life one of
metal. The attribution to him of the wood- the c lerks of the chancery of Henry lU. He
cuts in Orozallla edition of ' ^sop's Fables may have been of the same fanuljr as the
(1722) rests on surmise only (see Lintok, Jolm Kirkby who acted as justicti in 1227
ioc cit) Some of the copperj)lates en- and 1236, and who was also, perhaps, parson
graved by Kirkall show both artistic merit of Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland (FlMB
and technical skill. He is better known for Jud(/eg of England, ii. 377-8); but the name
his meixotint engravings, frequently printed is a common one, and all such identificatioa
in graan ink, ana oeoauonally in a variety of purely conj t u rul. I n 1 27 1 Kirkby received
- (

coloun. In this manner he publishtnl by a grant fro m 11 n ry 1 1 1 of rents worth 47.

>

subscription sixteen views of shipping by a year in Modboume, Ix-'iceatershire, alonflf

WiUiaaa Van de Velde the younger, the with the advowBon of Medbourne Churcn
aaran cartoons uf llaphael, three hunting {Cal. Hot. Pat. p. 44 b). On 7 Au-^. 1272 th.-
Boanaa by J. E. Kidinger, && In 1722 he custody of the great seal was handed over to
intiodaoed a noiw metiMd of ohiavoacuro en- him on the death of the chanceUor, Richard
giAving, pradnead adding firaah tinto to MiddlBtan(MiiyteeJM.^u.OT). On
 Kirkby to5 Kiricby
16 Nov. Liuury LLi died, whereupon Kirkby Kirkby was rewarded for his services to
delivered up the seal to Archbisuop Walt4>r the crown by so large a number of benefloea
Giflkrd of York and thfi other councillors of that strict churchmen looked upon him as a
the new iuug {ib. ii. 690). Under Edward I scandalouspluralist. Tho u^h only in deacon's
EhVbj wuBMned tttaeheJ to the ohaoMiy, orders, ana airtinfy occupied with affairs of
and s"oma almost always to have been en- state, he was rector of St. Burran, Cornwall,
trusted with the care of the great seal, when dean of Wim borne, canon of Wells and York,
th* chancellor, Bishop Burnell, was absent, and, after 1272, archdeacon of Coventry (Lb
cither in his diocese or beyond sea. This Nevb, Fasti Eccl. Angl. i. 568, ed. Hardy),
wu the case in February 1278, Mi^ 1279, lu 1283 he was elected bishop of Kocheater
February 1281, and March 1283 (Fom, iii. by the prior and convent of the cathedM.
Ill; Madox, Hut. of Rrcheguer, i. 71 Cal. But Archbishop Peckham was resolutely op-
;

Mat. Flat. pp. 48, 60). The name of vice- posed to rewarding mere otEdals with high
ehanoellor is given to him (' Ann. Duiist.' in ecclesiastical preferment, and e xerted so much
Arm. Afon. iii. 305; Deputy-Keeper k SerentA pressure that on 17 May Kirkby resigned his
Reportf App. ii. 239), which suggests some claims to the bishopric (Pbckuam, Letters,
sort of patmaoent officMJ poritioii. At least iii. 1032). Soon after the archbishop wrote
as early as 1276 he appears as a memlMraf to the monks of Rochester directing them
the royal council (Pari. Writs, i. 6). to make a fresh election, on the ground that
In 1S82 Edward I's finanoee -wtra in a Kirkby's pluralism made hiaa an impoesibla
straitened condition through the expenses of candidate (ih. ii. 675 6). Prynne f Records,
the Welsh war. On 19 June he issued writs iii. 369) wronglv states that Kirkby was
torn Obester informing the sheriffs that he elected bishop of Obester (Lichfield).
had appointed Kirkby as his commissioner On 6 Jan. 1284 Kirkby was appointed trea-
for declaring verbally to all the shires (except surer in succession to the abbot of Westmin-
Oonwall) certain arduous and important iJ- ster, who had died anddonly (.<4nn. Duntt. p.
iun (ib. I -'M). Walter of Agmondesham 305). Ueheldthiapoetuntuhisdeath Early
Iassociated with him, and all sheriffs and in 1285Kirkbyhadadispute with the London-
teaatodtOMsisthin, Similar era. Ilia nayoTytoaToid appearing belbtetha
writs were sent to the boroughs, the religious treasurer at an inquest held in theTower, re-
bouses, and the other local authorities. The aigned hia othce. Thereupon Kirkby seised the
otgeet of KirUby's misoon was to penwde city,and directed the leaoingcitisenBtoi^pear
the various communities to make voluntary next day before the king at Westminater. Ed-
nanta of money to the king. Kirkby spent ward ordered many into oiwtody , and Kirkby
iMi^ob of ImB autumn in travelling about appointed two ageolatotakathe aheriA'part
the eountrv, and collected large sums of in collecting tho customary ferm of the city
liis mission is interesting as the (' Ann.Lonain.' in ChronJEidwJ and 11,1. 94).
attempt at oarryinff out uie older In four ^Mlf% the prisooenWere released^ but
C0BC<^tion ')f taxation, whidi reet^'d on in- the city was put under a warden, and did not
diridoal assent and grant (Stubbb, Const. recover its mayor until 1296 (Man. GiidhaUes
SStL iL 134). Kirkby's activity drew upon X(Mui.i.ie-18jBo]]aBar.) Kirkby'aactioopio-
koi As t^*' "K^DaHtic annalit<^ (cf. yoked much resentment. His most important
Art WrUs, i.386, 367, 38b; B. Corrov, work as treasurer was the execution of a
MtL Aangl. v. 108; tiie Oontinuator of Fu>- survey of several Knglirft counties, known aa
nrscE OF WoRCTSTEB, U. 225, and the Dun- Kirkby's Quest,' parts of which have been
'

stable and Worcester Annals in jhmaies printed by local archamlogioal societies (ef.
'
'

Mmmiiei, in. 802, iv. 487). K irkbt's SurveyqfYorks., Surtees Soc.1867).

But the sums
eolleeted were insufficient for the king's pur- From May 1286 to August 1289 Edward I
|Oie. JBdwardthecefore summoned two gieftt was abroad. But on 8 July 1286 the king
yHM iitity MBTentions of the dMgj f iMnad from IMa
a liceoaoto the moda of
the two pronnceB at York and Northampton, Ely to elect a new bishop on the death of
with maetiags of lay representatirea siae by Hugh de Balsham [q. v.] On 26 July Kirkhy
ddewithtlMBB. To the Northamptott mating was elected. Peokham offered no IbftilBr op-
Kirkby was sent as the royal representative position. On 7 Aug. Kirkby was presented
on 6 Jul 1263, alonf with Edmund, oaxi of before Edward at Melun, and on 17 Augv
~
the aMx>t of Westminster, the Peckham conflmad the election atBaltvraM
(Ftirl. Writs, i 11 )
. Their exertions in Kent. The temporalities were restored on
.

i in a grant by the commons of a thir- 7 Sept., and on the 21st PMkham himself
tiith, fttQBi Wnichj howevaTf UN aums pre- ordained Kirkby pfiaal atl^eraham. Next
riously collected fn Uiklv day (22 Sept.) he consecrated him hi shop
dbdiifitad(ki.U). at Uaoterbury (BxQBM, EsgiUmm ^aormm

Digitized by Coogle
 Kirkbjr
AiyS<Kmiim,p.47; Anr^Ua 8aem,ieS8; Arm.
0.*n/y, p. '308;Ann. Duruftaile,v. 826, mjon
39 Sept.) Stnot churchmen ooeerved with
diaroBt that thb mm bishop at once hurried
liocK t^) ihe duties of the treasury {Ann.
Dmut. p. 326). On 24 Dec. Kirkby was
entimxMd at Ely (Omt. Flor. Wie. ii. 287).
Thf continued absence of the king and
Ills 8{)ecial need of laig supplies ^Madox, i.
367) imposed peculiar reroonsibilities upon
the treamirer. In 1287 Earkhy was sent to
South Wales, along with Earl Gilbert of
Gbmceitar and the priof of St. John's, to
put down the rebellion of Rhys ab Maredudd
iAHn.I>mut,T^SS6i tit. Aim. Omey,^. SIO).
Deipite tlie nminnefls of Glouoeeter, Rhy
was forced to fleo to Ireland. In February
1289 the maignates were convoked at Lon-
don, and KnVby wlmd fhm to grant a
gt'tieral subsidy to defray the expenses in-
toe Kirklqr
his brother, William Kirkby, who was thirtj
years old at his death (Calmdarium OmeOr-
Inf/imm, p. 146). He had also four sistpr^?
Margaret, Alice, Matilda, and Mabel all
married, and at the time of his death af^ed
thirty-eipht, thirty-six, thirty-four, and
thirty-two respectively. Probably he waa
himself not an old man. He had some
landed property, and in 1279 had inherited
the estate of Amicia de Qorham in North-
[Monachus Eliensis in Anglia Sacra, i. (537-8;
Calendarium Oeoealog;icam, JSxosrpta e Itotulis
Finium, Oalendarinm Lit. Bitentium, Fcedera,
vol. i., all in Record Commission; Anmis of
Dunstable. Winchester, Osney, and Wykwt, in
Anaalw Monastici; Peckham's Letters, Chro-
aidsa of Edward I and U, B. de Cotton, all in
Rolls Ser. ; Continuation of Florence of Worc-
tor, in Engl. Hist. Soc; L Neve's Fasti; Liber

curred bj the king in Franoe. But the Memorandoram de BerDweUe,p. 221 ; Bwtham**
Imtoiu repUed tlut tiMT wmtid pay nothing Historj of Ely . 1 7 7 1 . pp. 161-3 ; atobfa^s OoiMt.
until thfi king came back. ThfreuponKirkby, Hist. via.ii.iFoss'aJn4gsibiu. 110.18.]
as a last resource, began to tallage the cities, T. F. T.
boronghs, and royal ckmulns (Ann. Oliney,p. KiKKBY, JOHN db {d. 1362), bishop
'UP'). The crisis broiigbt Edward home in of Carlisle, was an Aug^tinian canon at
August (ib. p. 828). He approved hia trea- Carlisle,and afterwards prior of the hooae.

Early in the next year Kirkby was smitten

^a sharp attack of &yer (^f> from
1332, the royal tMSUk m
He was elected bishop oi Carlisle on 8 May
gtvon on 18 May,
the tomporalities were restored on 9 July,
wiiioli he WMfvafed, hot he dieoT at Ely froni and on 19 July he waa con.secrated by Wil-
a recurrence of the malady on Palm Sunday liam do Melton, archbishop of York, at South
(26 March 1280) ' about the hour of oom- Burton, near Beverley (Stitbbs, Reg. Sacr.
plrae ' {AngUa Smta, i. 688 Oovroir, p. 174).
; Anal. p. 53). He was present at the in-
He was buried in his ciithedral, on the north stallation of Richard do Bury as bishop of
side of the choir, befbce the altar of Sii J<^ Durham on n June 13H4, and when Edward
the Bap^ Baliol did homajze for Scotland at New-
Kirkby waa a liberal benefactor of his see. castloatetnight later. In September 1337,
He gave an inn, called tlw BeU, opposite the in company with Thomas Wake and other
ooBVMrt of ike IVanfliiesiia at Uoodon, to barons, he plundered Teviotdale and Nitha-
provide for celebrating his annlvcrsjiry, and dale during twelve days. When in October
by will left his successors a house and nine the Scots retaliated by invading England,
'Cottages in Holboitt. This bonw,esllod Ely and burnt the suburbs of Carlisle, the Lords
Place, became the London residence of the Percy and Nerille came to the rescue, and
bishops of Ely, and was given to Sir Ohris- the Scots were defeated (17 Oct.) At tho
Sphw HaMon [q. v.] in 1677 (BBrrsAM, beginning of November the Scots besieged
y, 1771, pp. 151 2). A fltn rt formed out the English in Edinbuigli; Kirkhy and Rslpli
of the garden Kirbv Street.
is still called Dacre collected the men of Westmoreland
Buiiff Us IHMmo Kirkby had olahned a and Cumberland, and marching into Scotland
l^t to lodge at the Temple, but the master raised the siege. In 1341 the treasurf was
of tlia knights dirouted his ^tensions, and ordered to pay Kirkby 200/., part of arrears
Kiilcb^ Msma to hav made tiUs beqnest to of 629/. due to him for carrying on the
avoid similar troubles in the future. In most war with the Scots. Next year
he accom-
respects Kirkby was a bad bishopi and a ver} panied Henry of Lancaster, ear! of Derby, in
anBKfouiaUe pioturn of \Sm it drawn by an expedition to raisu the siege of Lochmaben
the chroniclers, whose houses had suffered Castle. In 1 343 he was a comndWoaer-with
ftom his exaotions. Ckitton (p. 147) gives Richard de Bury to treat for peace with
soBM LsliBliaso daaeribiof him as greedy, Scotland {Fcedera, ii. pt. ii. 12.30), and
p. next
loquacious, self-assertive, and quarrelsome. year waa directed to assi.st
Edwnd BaUoI
Bat the Dunstable chronicler (p. 868) admits iii. pt. \. p. 91). In 1846 the Scots, under
IhtthomjiittaadcratkfU. HiaWr Sir William Douglac^ made a raid into Uuni*

Digitized by Google

berland, and were deleated kij iuzktij and
Botwri Oggill ; thn biehopi wlio dfatrngoMnd
himself bv hi-* valo\ir. wab unhorsed during
the en^ngemeat and neArljcaptared. Aocoard-
iag to Oeoftrefto Baher, Bjamtf waa alto one
of the English leaders at the battle of Neville's
CroM on 17 Oct. lS4d (p. 87, ed Thompson).
Ii lS48te wM aant to enoit Joaa, daughter
of Edward ITT, to her affianced husband, Al-
fcnao of Oastile. Kirkbj died in 1352 ; nei^
niniOB to dael Mb toeoeawnr was ^iiMI oo
S Dec. 1 3i'>2. His episcopate was a troublous
one, owing to the frequent Scottish raida.
Hia auflbiwl Urani diaordani witldii lua
own borders, and on at lea=f three oora.eions,
in^ 1888, 1887, and 1342, was attacked bj
bnniida in tiie neiifliboiii'liood of liii oaft tfr*
i of Avtonooa' (1736).
dral city ^R^l^^> . letters from Northern
BeffitUnf np. 364-& Rolla Ser.) Aa a oon-
seomiBee be was fraqoetttly compelled to
hold his ordiimfions outflide liis diooeee.
Kirkbjia aaid to have been engaged in many
diauulao wMi faii cAwptor ana aaralidaoeona,
ana to have V-en exromraunicated for the
non-pajment of tenths on oextoin huida to
the pope.
rWalfliofham's Historia Anglicaoa, i. 254,
28-7 (BolU Ser.): ChnNi. LuMiaoat, jp. 870<
277. 391-S (Banmeyne CSiiM; Wedrnm and
BonV Hist. W-wtmorlaod ana Camberlnnd, ii.
I: Jefferson's OBrUale,pp. 19i-6 ; Le Nere's
A^. W. tti.)
led. aLK.
KIBKBY, .TOTTN (1705 1754), divine,
of the Rev. Thomas iiirkby, is stated in
^0 wgfator of t9t. John's Oollege, Cambridge,
to havi- \)---f^n born at '
Lownsboroua^h,' i.e.
Londesborough, Yorkshire, bat he ears him-
ntf tinA 1m was a iiatlw of OuuiDoilaBd.
He was educated at home hy hia father, and
moceeded, 4 May 1 723. aged 18, to St. John's
College, Oambridge.wharelio mduated B.A.
172*^ nnd M A. 1745. According to his own
oooont he bena life as a poor curate in
CNialMilaad. un 8 Bee. 1789 lie was ap-
pointed yicar of Walderiihare in Kent, and
OS! 19 Not. 1748 rector of Blackmanstone,
HbououBf' Ifafib* 'A DamoiiitfatioB 'from
riiriatian Principles that the jpresent regu-
lation of eedeaiastical re venuee m
the Church
of Englandiaeoiitrary tothedesign of CRiristi*
anity, which he published on ^half of the
poofor clergT at Canterborj in 1748, is said
\o ei3iidod Iiiid ftou AirlLsf prafei'-
mvnt (cf manuscript note in Brit. Mus.copy).
To eke out his slender income he in 1744 be-
ome tntor to Edward <3K1AKm, ^en ft boy of OKEW, James]. In 1096 the Bmtthanpton
ttfTcn. He held. '^hiV at "Piitni y with the returned to England, and was - n' out to
GHbbons, some clerical appointment^ but loat the Weat Indiea, where Kirkby is said to
it by^ muvekfly otnifeling the name P
Oe^irj^ in Aa morning prayers, and so irri- credit '(Ch A nxo K V The Southampton, how-
tating hia fatna (Qiaaov 'Jfemoira' in ever, does not appear to have been either a
Kirkby
MiaoeU, Worht, I 20). Gibbon liked and
respeetod him, says that ho had thonsht
much on the subjeots of languages and onu-
cation, and seems to have rogretted his hasty
denwrton. Kirkby died 91lMrr 1764.
KirUlJ^ ehief works are :Th< T'apacity
1
.
'
and ExCanft of the Human Understandiqg,
exemplified in the oxtraowKaaary oaaa of Aii>
tomathe.'^, a yoimff nobleman . . accident- .
allj left in his infancy upon * desert island,'
Ltrndon, 1746, 19mo ; aaattompt toilliutnite
the growth of men's ideas in a .'tatfof nature.
A second edition appeared at Dublin in 1746.
CKbboB daaflribeo it aa a poor perlbraaaoe,
and as a plagiarism oi well-known romances.
It seems largely borrowed from the ' History
It is reprinted in
Wyber's ' Popular Itomances' (Edinb. 1812,
pp. 688-88 8). 2. ' The Impoator deteoted,
OP the OonHlerftit flamt tmriM faiaicb out,
London, 17.'K); a bitter attack on 'thofm dia-
bolical seducers called Methodists.' 8. *An
Bllbotual and Baar DonoBitnilioii of flie
Truth of the coequal Trinity of the Godhead,'
London^ 1768. An introducuon of thirteen
Egnreo b aeeoimt of o 'now ayttem of
projtHited by Blirkby. Kirkhv also puh-
m 1784, under the title The Usefulness
'
ofMathenaHaoal Leaning explained,' atnna-
lation from the Latin of tb muthematioHl
'
lectures of Dr. Isaac Barrow, and Gibbon
eradits him with a Lsitin and English gram**
mar (1740), of which he ?ip>ak8 highly. De
Moi^pan mentions as by Kirkby 'Anthmetioal
UnstitntioitB, oontaining a Compleat System
of Arithmetic, Xiiturnl, Loparithraetical, and
A^laical,'4to {Aritkmetical Books, gg,&7f
[Hasted's Hist, of Kent. iii.432,&e.; Eirkby h
books; Notes and Qaeries, 6th ser. idi. 68, 177
h ibnaa^ea Idndly sapplied by R.9. Beott, esq.,
of Pr. John's Collpge, Cambridge ] R. E. A.
i KIBKBT, RICHAED (d. 1708), captain
{
in the OftTy, passed his ezanunation for the
f rank of lieutenant under order of 28 March
1689. On 10 July 1690 ho was appointed
second lieutenant of the St. Michael, and
was shortly aftervvarda promoted to be com-
manderof the Success, employed in theooBTOj
of the coasting trado. u l604 he waa vj^
pointed to the Southampton, with Admiral
kusaell in the Mediterranean, one of the ships
?resent st the eaptmo of the Oontent and
'riderit on lR-10 Jan. 1R01~5. but excluded
from sharing in the mse-monej see Kjuj-
in a way very mttoh to his
Digitized by Coogle
 Kickby ao8
comfortable or a wdMiaciplined alup. Her
chaplain was discharged, on her return from
the Mediterranean, on account of some un-
pleasantness with the captain ; the boatswain
was broktmanfl flop^d, oy sentence of court-
martial, for diHobc'diencti and indolence; a
tfttnUTi wa sentenced to be flogged and
'towed ashore' for 'scandalous actions, to
the great corruption of g^od manners;' and
on her return maa the SXest Indies in 1098
Kirkby himself was tried on charges of em-
benling, plunder, and of cruelty and op-
fankm. TlMall^iadenlMnlaiMatadDiitted
of a satisfactory explanation, and he was ac-
quitted of cruelty, though it appeared that
be had punished a seaman for straggling by
ordering him to h*> tied up by the right arm
'
and left leg for suvural hours,' the right foot
being, hotweiver, allowed to reit ob um deck.
In February 1700-1 Kirkby was appointt'd
to the Buby, and again sent out to the West
Indiat. Ho amiid at Barbadoes ia No-
vember, and in March went on to Jamaica.
There he was moved into the Defiance.
Ilo deatli of BeaMdminl Martni had left
him 'the eldest officer under the flng^;' and
thongh in May he was superseded from this
positKm hj the armal <tf ReaMidmiial'Whot-
stone, he remained th<' .senior captain on the
Station. ^B was thus second in command o
the aqnadran wUdi sailed ia Aogiut under
Vice-admiral Benbow [q. v.], and which met
tte Fkenoh squadron on Santa Marta on the
19th Benh^B signals to date the enemy
and engage wero not obeyed a mutinous,
; Sir James Melville, he was a Btout, bold
disobedient, or cowardly spirit took possession
of almost all the captains ; and Kirkby, as
the senior, appears to have been the prime
mover in the crime. ^ The reeult was that
after a running skinnish of five days, those
English shipa that mgaged were beaten off,
ana Benbow was himself mortally wounded.
On the return of the squadron to Jamaica,
Kirkby and his fellow-mutineers were tried
by court-martial. One had died previously,
two were suspended, one was cashiered,
Kirkby and Wade were sent home in the
Bristol r.see AcTON, Edwabd], and were shot
on board her ou l(j April 1703, two days after
; livaifial ia Plymouth Sound. Kirkby had
written a long letter to the secretary of the
admiralty, alleging that the admiral's in-
judicious and ignorant conduct wa8 t he causo
of his defeat ; that the court-martial was or-
dered in dread of an inquiry into his own
fault, and that the same dread had made him
desirous of hurrying on the execution, which
the court-martial had not agreed to. His
fleay however, it ooDtradioteid by the evi-
Oeaoe of the court-martial, the witnes.''e8,
whether beioti^ing toother ships or to the l>e-
Kirkcaldy
fiance, agre^ng with remaiinMb mnaladty
in the details of Eirkby's misconduct.
[Oharnock'fl Biog. Nav. ii. 329; Barohett't
Transactions at Sea; Lediard's Naval Hist.;
minatsa of ooorts-martial, letters sod Otfasr
doenments in the Public Becoid Office.}
J. K. L.
KTRKCALDY orKIRKALDY, Sir
JAMES Grange, lord high trea-
(d. ioi)6), of
surer of Bcotlanu, was descended from tin
elder branch of a family which at a very early
period had been settled in Fifeshire, his father
lieing Williaai Eirkaldy of Orange. Intro-
duced to the court of James V by his father-
in-law, Sir John Melville of Raith, he soon
became a special favourite of the kuag, who
made him a lord of the bedchamber, and on
24 March 1537 appointed him lord hifh
treasurer of SootlanoL He was one of the
chief opponents of the ambitious political
projects of Oaidinal Beaton and the eoclesi-
astica. ItwaaefaieflTowingtohianerBiiaaion
that the king refused to sanction tne punish-
ment of a number of noblemen and barons
whose oaaut had iNm iaaoribed by Oardiaal
Beaton on a'scroll ns g"uilty of heresy (Knox,
'
Works, i, 82-4; and more at length in Sib
Jamm VtBLTttOfB Memoin, pp. 60-2). He
also advised the king to check the power of
the eoolesiaatics and increase the revenues of
the erawB hy retaking poaseenoB of theheoe-
fices as they foil vacant (ib. p. 63). Tlio Aup-
portere of Beaton were afraid to oppose hia
statements in hia ppseonee ; for, according to
'
man,' ready to maintain his words at the
point of the awoard. But during hia absence
nrom court, at the marriage oi his aeoood
aon to the heiress of Kelly, they persuaded
the king to ^rant a warrant for his imprison-
ment. Arriving, however, suddenly in Edin-
burgh, he obtained an interview with the
king before the warrant could be executed,
and got it countermanded (jib. p. 67).
cording to Melville it was during the ab.sence
of Kirkcaldy at this time that James V was
induced to withdraw from his engagement
t meet Henry VIII at York (tb.) After
the rout of Solwav (26 Nov. 1642) the king
OB hia way to Falkland visited Kirkcaldy^
house at Ilnllyards, but Kirkcaldy Iiimaelf
was absent (Knox, i. 90). Chiefly by the
persuasion of Kirkcaldy, the Earl of Arran,
on the death of the king shortly afterwards,
was induced to assume the regency, in order
to counteract Cardinal Beaton'a attempt to
place himself and three other persons in the
r^;enc^ (ib. i. 93: Slit Jambs Mblvillb,
JSumttn, p. 71). Tb cardinal ntiTnithiiliW
EDon persuaded Armn tO 'fli'^TlilW
from the treasuxership.
 Kirkcaldy t09 Kirkcaldy
In the foUawinff year Crichtoi^ laird of he arrived at the city aome time before the
i

BruD^tou, informed Henry Vni

tnat Kirk- otber oonspiTaton. Oettkmr entrance to the
1

flddjand the Master of Rot hoa were pre- castle early ia the morning of the 29th, while
find to apprehend or alay the cardinal if the drawbridge was let down to admit build-
^

*
of his support. Henry VIll ap- ing material, ne held Che porter in parley till
proved of the scheme, but through pri'cnii- the approach of Norman Leslie [q. v.] with
tioitf taLsn by the cardinal it waa for the | his company. The porter was then thrown
time ihutratM (see especially * Historieal into the roeae, and, while lihe other con-
Remarks on the Assas-in.'ition of Cardinal spinitors went to seek the cardinal, Kirk-
Beaton in Appendix to Tytlkb, HiaUay qf | Mldy took charge of the privy postern to
'

SeoUand). Kirkcaldy, however, never net prevent his escape (i6. pp. 17:^-5 Cal. State
;

it of his purpose;
icht although he did not Papers, Scott. Sor. i. 58). After the murder
tab an actual port in the assassination of he proceeded to England to obtain aasiatanoe
the cardinal in 1546, he waa one of tti nuua Ibr the conspirators, who had taken refuse
instigators, and on the evening succeedh^ in th<! castle. lie was broiifrht Ijack to the
theasMssination joined the murderers in the castle by English ships (iuf ox, i. 182), and
eastle of St. Andrews. On 9 March he, along articles of agreement were entered into be-
with others in the cai4tle, signed a contfiK-t tween the defenders and Henry VIII (Cal.
with the king of England, enj^agingto pro- SttU Papers, Scott. Ser. i 61).
'
On the sur-
mote a marriage be^een PTutee Kdward render of the castle to llie Fi^ch in July of
and Mary Queen of Scots and to further the the following year, Kirkcaldy was carried a
nof the two realms. On the surrender of prisoner to h ranee and confined
. in Mount St.
ndrews castle in the following July he Michael, Normandy ; but by the aid of a page
:

wucarried a prisoner to France, where he was he and other Scottish prisoners there escaped,
,

oonimed in the castle of Gherbourg (Kjiox, 6 Jan. 164&-60 (the eve of Epiphany),
L 22^>). According to Knox, strenuous tfforU while the drunken garriwm were asle^
\

were made to induce Kirkcaldy and the Along with another Scotsman, Peter Oa^
:

other prieoners to nttend the mass, but they michael, KixkoaldVi in the guiae of a mendi-
|

rsouuned obdurate ^ id. ) Through the inter- cant,reached tiie French oout at LeConquet,
1

of the queen-dowager tliev \vt re- and ultimately, aa 'poor marini'tj^,' they em-
leased m July 1660 (ib. p. 233). Kirkcaldy barked on a French ahip. which conveyed
Aed sMue time in 1656. By his wife, Janet them to the weet ooaat or Scotland (Kkox,
Mtiville, daughter of Sir James Melville of i. 231). Thence Kirkcaldy e.scapcd south t-o
Baith, he had five sons : Sir William (a. v.l England, where he obtained a penaion firooa
Sr James, hnnged on the same ecaffbrawilia Edward VI, who employed him on seerBt
& William in 157o, Sir David, Thomas, and diplomatic service. In February 1550-1 he
\

Qao^
~ '
Of his four daughters: MsJnory was was at Bloia, acting as the secret agent of
1

to Sir Henry Ramsay of Q>luthie; England, the name under which he is Known
I

.\^8, to Sir Robert Drummond of Camock in political correspondence bung ' Coraxe
"

Marion, to William Semple, second baron of (Cal. State Papers. For. Ser. 1649-53, p. 77).
Catheart ; and Elixabeth, to Sir John Mow* Being deprivea of his English pension on the
kqrofBanilxni^ accession of Mary, Kirkcaldy entered the ser-
fKrKjx'?! Works; f'ir .Tames Melville's Mo- vice of France, and as captain of a hundred
mmxti Crawfnrd's Ofiictirs ot State, 874.-6.] light horse (Sir Jambb Mblvillb, Memoire,
T.V.H. p. 266) distinguished himself in the cam-
paigns against Charles V. According to Sir
KIRKCALDY, Sni WILLIAM (A Jamee Melville he acquired special repute
1573), of Grange, was the eldest son of Sir both for his valour in battle and his skill in
James Kirkcaldy [q. v.] Randolph, minis- knightly contests, Henry II pointing him out
ter of Elisabeth, in a letter to him, 1 Itfav on one occasion as 'one of tne most valiant
1570, refers to the time when we were both men of our time.'
'
The French king con-
in Paris,'
, but nothing fortlaar
.
. ferred on him a nension, which, howevas,
ia
loMiwn regarding KirkoaldyVi eoucatkm. He according to Melvule, Kirkcaldy
|
new drew
wae respected for his character and abilities (Metnoirn, p. 257).
hoik in England and in Scotland. In hia Although a special favourite of the Frmch
,

Mhei^s absence he waited on James V at king, Kurkcaldy appears to have hem aeerstly
'.

Hallyards, his father's housi* in Fifeshire, in hostile to the influence exercised by France
November 1642, after the disaatet at Solway in Scotland, and was ahready taking means
j

Hoiw. Deputed by hia father to snperin- to thwart it. Writing to Queen Mary of
'

tend the arranRi-ments for the murder of Car- England from Boissv, 30 Nov. loWi, Dr.
4iaal Beaton at St. Andnws in Migr 1646^ Wottoa ttatea tint GtMige had oiered *to
i

tOU SI. '

9

. Digitized by Google
 Kirkcaldy
erre her nuuesty for the like pension be hod
famnij in Ennand whenever she pleases
and.wliether in Knglanri, tho T/Ow frinnt fir's,
or here, sa^ he shall have good intelHgi-nco
of tiie affain of SeoHaad and France by Wis
intimacy with those of both nations' {Cal.
StaU Bapertt For. Ser. 16^-8. p. 277). In
another utter Wotton writea that Kiifccaldy
is ' either a very great dissembler or else boars
no ffoodwill at all to the French, and next
to oiwn eomtryliaaa good inmd to Eng^
land' (tft. p. 290). Mary r'^fnspd his servicos,
but the act of forfeiture against him and other
miurderera of Beaton was raadnded and he
leturned to Scotland about June 1557.
The severe treatment of his cousin, John
ffirkoald^, who had lieen tehen ivisoiier by
the English in a border skirmish, caused a
breadi in his friendlv relations with Eng-
kmd. To svoiM his nnaman he challenged
to a duel Lord Givers, the Enfrlish com-
mander at Berwick, and it was subsequent ly
aeeeiited by Rivem
brother, ffir Ralph
Rivers. Tbo combnt, according to Pltscottie,
took place in sight of the English garrison
of Barwidi and the Scottish garrison of Eye-
mouth, Kirltcal(ly running his adversary
through the shoulder and unhorsing him.
Snbae^uently Kirkeoldy had n pnneipal
share in the negotiations which ri>ult<?d in
the oondusion of the peace with England in
Hajr 1600. After its eonelorion he, at the
instip-ntinn of Knox ( Workt, ii. 22), entororl
into communication with Cecil to secure the
support of Ei^land for the furtherance of the
Reformation in Scotland. Even then he had
taken no activesteps against the queen-rMentj
but onSGJnly Otttt writesto Gecnl thatKirk-
caldy httfl now plainly declared himself a sup-
Krter of the protestants {CaL StaU PajMttf
ir.8r.l668-9,entrTl078). AtthosUrmiah
of Restalrig in the following November Kirlt-
oaldy with a number of horsemen rendered
important aenrtoe in eheelimi^ the PIrenbh
advance. The campaign wa.'i then trans-
ferred to Fife, where in the following spring
tha P^ch bomt Kirkcaldy's maurion of
Grange to the ground. Ivearninp' soon after-
waida that Captain le Battu with a hundred
IVeMihmon hsid left Kinghom to forage, he
ad the Mfistfr of IJndsfiy snrrounded them
in A Tillage. After a desperate fight fifty of
iha Frandimen with their oomauuidor were
slain and the romnindfr talrcn prisoners
(Kvoz, ii. 11 ^ BUCHAKA.N, History, bk. xvl)
The nmemittmg seal of Kirkcaldy in an-
noying tho enemy in Fife hiplily Inuflcd
i.<;
Inr Knox, who states that at Lundie he was
not nndiBr the left breast (vi. 106-8). On
the arrival of the English fleet, Kirkcaldy
bj a rapid march succeeded in breaking down
Kirkcaldy
the bridge across the Devon at Tullibody,
with the Tiow of hindering the fVenoih re-
treat westwards to Stirling, but the French
cleverly repaired it by the use of material
from the roof of the parMh church. Regard^
ing the part played by Kirkcflldy in the sub-
sequent events of the war there is no infor-
mation.
In the autumn of 1562 Queen Mary, after
reaching Aberdeen, sent for Kirkcaldy to
take the eommand of (braes fer the eaptoxe
of Sir John Oorrlon, and protect her during
her progress against the possible designs
Hnntly {Cat. BUtte Papers, For. 8cr. 166S,
entries 718 and 823). He doubtless ren-
dered not unimportant aid in winning the
battle of Oonrichie, At the narliament held
in May of the following year he was formally
restored to his estatee. He opposed the
marriage of Mary to Duniley in 1666, and,
disobeying the summons to appear at court
after the marriage, was put to the horn.
Thereupon he joined the EaA of Moray and
others in their attempt to eohe Edinburgh,
bat being received with a severe cannonade
from tiie castle they retired, and, recognising
that the sympathy of the nation was with
the queen, they in October took refuge in
Bn^^land. Kiivealdy was privy to the plot
against Rizzio (Bi'dford to Cecil, 6 March
1666 ; CaL State Papers, For. Ser. 1566^,
entry 183V On the night after Hie murder
ho arrivea in Edinburgh along with Moray
and he took part in the subsequent delibera-
tions in regard to the dispoesl of the queen.
After the queen's osnnpe to Dunbar he was,
along with Morayi nominally restored to
fbvonr. He appears to haTe held aloof from
the intrigues connected with the murder of
Damley At this time he was a oonfidentiiil
.
corre^ondeot of die Sngliah gwenimetit)
but his main purpose was probably to serve
Moray and the protestant party. On 20 April
1687 he inibniMd BedftmTthat'if the Qneca
of Eni^and will pursue for the revenge of the
late murder she shall win the hearts of all the
honest men of Scotland again' (ib. 1110).
He is the authority for the famous declara-
tion of Marythat she would follow Both well
'
to the wOTUPsend in a white petticoat * (ib.),
and he also attrihntecl the so-called ravish-
'
ment by Bothwell to the queen's own in-
'
stigation (ib. liny. y9m the bond In
Bofhwell'e favour in Ainslie's tavern Kirk-
caldy had no oonnection, and he explains
tliat it had been signed by the majority * in
fear of their lives,' and 'against their honour
and consciencti' (ib. 1181). He affirmed
that he waa* 10 suited to enterpriaethe !>
venge that he ' must either take it on hand
'
or cue leave the country.' At first he deter-
Digitized by Google
 Kirkcaldy
mined on the latter course, and having dis-
Dowd of ' all his com and movables {ib. ' land, finally sgreed to a divorce from Both-
iSM) had obtained a lioense to leaTO Soot-
land for gfvrn years (iV^ 1276), when his
plans were altered by the resolution of the
BiMei ID the beginning of Jane to seise
lUry and Botbwrll in llolyrnod Palace.
Kiikcaldj immediately joined the forces of
As lords. At Oubeny Hill be beld eom^
mand of the horse, and placed them in a
Ktion that would prevent a retreat towards
ibsr. Mvry on leanung tUs desired to
have a conference with him. "While they
wets in conversation a soldier sent by Both-
well took aim at bim, bnt 'tbe Queen gave
a CTT an 1 said that he should not, do her
that' ahame ' (MfiLViLL^ Memoirs^ p. 183).
When Botbwell deeltred his willingness to
uJntain his irmocfncy by single combat,
Kirkcaldv with characteristic aucrity took
op the enanenge, bnt Bothwell, no doubt
well aware of his prowess, declined to figlit
an Kirkcaldy
When ^fnry, after the conft'rence.3 in Eng-
well, he was m
opinion that an arrangement
with lu r was possible. Ho was doubtless
also strongly influenced by the plausible
schemes ofMaitland of Lethington. Never-
theless he for some time disguised his senti-
menta. On 8 May 16^ he and the provost
of Edinbargh had entered into a mutual band
to retain the town and eatle for the young
king's party printed in Caldbbwood, ii.
413), and this severely hampered hw snbse-
quent action. His first d- i^ided .step was the
rescue in Sej^tember 1669 of Maitland while
under arrsst in Edinbargh ; but hejpleaded aa
an excuse that the arrest was unjustifiable,
and his wofessed purpose was to bring about
a reeonoliation with the regent. With that
intent ha in Octob>'r liad a friendly confer-
ence with Maitland at Kelso (Dr ury to Cecily
S9 Oct. 1669, M. StatB Paper, For. Sar.
1569-71, entry 47')) From the ca-stle Mait-
.

with one who was only a baron Ub.) Finally land wrote to Mary that Kirkcaldy would be
the ({Men surreudered to Sjnreeldyf end * oonfiyrmable to a good aooord' in her ftvonr.

Ri' . 11 was permitted to escape.

'
As Kirkcaldy had pledged hia word for the
^Msnlissfetj, he strongly opposed the harsh
treatment accorJed to her, and especially her
removal to I.K>chlcven, after her letter to
BoAven pledging herself to eonstanc^ was
inti-rci'pted. Even fh^n he was willing to
The assassination of the regent on 20 Jan.
15^-70 somewhat alterea the aspect of
events. It rendered a peaceable arrangement
impossible, and while it weakened tlio cause
of Mary it deprived King Jamee's party of an
invalnable leader. So offioiiawaa^e murdei
to all that faction* (including Maitland and
'

excuse, and he hoped that further difficulties Kirkcaldy) that they were presently all re-
'

Hgbt be TCinoTea by Bothwell's captuTs. conciled and Towea to revenge {ib. 677).
'

On n Auy^- ln' received, along with Sir Wil- At the fun- ral of the regent Kirkcaldy bore
lisia Murray of TwIlihaTdine^ a commission his standard before the body (Knox, vi. C71)*
tottont ships tar the pnrmit of Bothwell But while shoeked at the assassination Kiv*
(Rea.P. C. Scotl i. 511-6), While Both- caldy was not minded to subject himsell
well was on shore he came up with his ships over far to any surviving member of the
in Btenay Sound ; but, as Kirkcaldy himself party (OtJL SUmPaper$, For. Ser.
king's
confesses, he wa.s no good seaman,' and sub-
'
1569-71, entry 8.')4), and when Lennox was
aeaoently Bothwell outsailed him and escaped chosen regent he refused either to come to
tsnorway [seeHBPSVBV, JAirai,foarthEAii the election or to permit a salute to be ftred
W BOTHWELI.]. in his honour {tb. 1097). Still he continued
After his return to Scotland Kirkcaldy for some time to profess neutrality, and it
W BCSsJud Sir James Belfbor as mfoveraor of was notnntil a proclamation had tieen made
Edinburgh Cu-itle. He attended the meeting forbidding any to servo him that he declared
o( the ' lovda of the secret council and others himself by announcing that for hia own se-
^

a 4 Dse., when it was dedaied that Vary curity and that of the castle he was * forced
wt.' a conspirator with Hothwi-U in the mur- to join with such of the nobility as would
der of the kin^. On Uazy's escape from concur with him ' ftift. 1668). His conduct
liOcUefen he jomed the fbrSss <^ the regent in rescuing firom tne Tolbooth one of his
a/Rln?l her, and at Lan^ido tho r* gent com- followers who had been concerned in flu
Buttedto him the ' special care as an ezperi- slaiwhter of Gboi^ Durie (for particulars
Bsnlsd captain to orerseo every danger' see RiOBABD Hiamkrm, MenunaU, pp. 79
(Sis J&]|E.< Mei.VILLT;, ,\fe7noirs, p. 201). et seq.) had already eaused Knox to denounce
He lode rom wing to wingj ^ving advice him as a ' murderer and throat-cutter.' Vio-
tid fireetioB at tlw nmt csitieal moments, lent letters passed between them, and a relbr^
and by his skilful genemlifa^ tttfiiad the tide ence by Knox in one of his sermons to Kirk-
of battle andnst the qneen. caldy'a conduct provoked loud protestations
KiihciUgr'a nibseq[iient traaatoeneeto the on Kirkcaldy's part, who was present. The
|NSB*t party m not dtfBeult to es^aia. bnidi betiraeD them mui newr healed.
f8

Digitized by Google
 Kirkcaldy m Kirkcaldy
Alter his final declaration Kirkcaldv begaa assault. The
pasition of the defenders, from
to fortify tlie approaches to the easue from lack of water and provisions, was now hope-
the city, mounting for this ptirpof*e cannon less. Kirkcaldy, therefore, on the 28th sent
ou the steeple of St. Gileti and within the privately to Hume and Crawford, who com-
body of the cliurch. He also appointed his manded the Scottish contingent, and de-
flon-in-law, Andrew Ker of Femi( iiirst [q. v.] livered the castle into their hnnd.'i, thus avoid-
provost of the city, which, an well as the ing the surrender of it to the I'^nglish. Next
OMtle, was now held for the queen. So satis- morninff he gave upUaawMCd to Sir William
fied was Kirkcaldy with his preparations for Drury, by wnom he was treated with every
resistance that he celebrated tueir oomple- courtesy. On 3 June he and Maitland wrote
tkmin what Calderwood disparag^iigly terms to Elisabeth that they had surrendered theiiK
a'rowstie rliyme,' but which was really a selves to her, and hoped that she would not
very ckver political squib (printed in full in put them *out of her hands to make any
Snt J. GSilHAlf DaltBLl's Scottuh Poems of otham, aapadally our mortal eninyt
;
the IS.rteenth Century, and in Satirical Poenu masters but on the 18th they were de-
'

the time of the Reformationy Scottish livered up to Morton. Every effort was madt*
xt Soc, i. 174-9). In September he des- by Kiifcnld/s friends to wre Ua life, and
patched from the castle a force which made Morton candidly admitted the strength of
an unsuccessful attempt to capture the leaders the temptation which the ofiered bribes
of the king's party at Stirling. In the fray exerted on him. But he saw that the de '

the n gi nt Lennox was shot, but the murder nunciations of the preachers' rendered the
was done solely at the instance of the Hamtl- sacrifice of Kirkcaldy, which Knox had fore-
tons, and was deeply regretted bv Kirkcaldy, told, essential to hia own continuance ia
wbo declared that if he knew who had com- power. Kirkcaldy was executed on the after-
mitted the foul deed or even directed it to be noon of 3 Aug. 1573, on the gibbet at the
done he would avenge it with his own right cross. AAr we accession of James VI hia
hand (SiK Jami's Mn.vir.i.K, Memoiri^, p. remain!? were removed to the Ancestral bucy*
342). Through the interposition l>oth of the ing-place at Kingbom.
English and French representatives a truce Sir James Melville describes Kirkcaldy as
was entered into on 1 Aug. 1572, which humble, gentle, and meek, like a lamb in
'

lasted to the following January. Knox on the house and like a lion in the field, a
his deathbed aent word to Ejilnaldy that lusty, stark, and weU-pioportioiiedperBonage,
unless ho 'was liroug^lit to repentance' he harciy, and of magnanimous courage' {Me-
should be * disgracefully dragged firom his moirs, p. 257). Ue also states that he re-
nest to punishment and hung on a gallows fused ' even the office of regent ' {ib. p. 258).
in the fiace of the sun' {Works, u. 157). Altliough his political career is chargeable
Morton, who succeeded M&r in the regency ou almost throughout with inconsistency, he was
the day of Kooi^ daath, amptcTedw James not directly mvolved in the baser mtrignea
Melville to negotiate an agreement with of his time, and was \cm influenced thsm
Kirkcaldy. The negotiations promised to be most of his contemporaries by ulterior and
successful, but on Kirkcaldy learning that seltlsh motiree. His defenoe of the castle
Morton did not intend to include in them for the queen was not merely quixotic, but
'
the rest of the queen's faction,' especially incompatible with the clear obligations into
the Hamiltuns, he, in the words of Melville, which he had entered. Nevertheless hia
'atood still' upon his honesty and reputation,' chivalrous resolve and the constancy of his
and declined conditions which implied the courage have secured him a place of honour
ruin of his frianda. While the negotiations in So^tuh hiatofy.
^\ ere thus in suspense Morton rweived final

pledges of assistiinoe from England to enable
him to capture the castle. Theroupon he
came to terms with the Ilamiltons, and re-
fused to the defenders of the castle any con-
[Knox's Works: Sir Janes Holrille's Me-
moirs; Cii.Klerw.)fi.r.s Hist, of the Kirk of Soot>
land; Lindsay of Pit.scottie's Chronicle; Bn*
ehaaaa's Hist, of Scotland Spotiswood's Hist,
;

of Scotland Jamos Molville'n Diiiry Riohartl

ditions except the safety of their lives. The
; ,

Bannatyno's Meraurials; Diurnal of t)ci urreDt ;

task of capturing it was entrusted to the
English commander, Sir William Drury, who
had brought with him English cannon and
a force of fifteen hundred men. t^io besieging
force being completed by about live hundred
Sooitish aoldien. Ftom 17 May to the 20th
thev kei)t up a continuous cannonade day
and niglit and the spur was captured by
Reg. Pri?y Council of Scotl. vols. i. and iL
Col. State AmM,8ootb.8ar.; Osl. State Papen.
For. Ser. 16^79 ;
BiogmphieBl Sketch of Sir
Willidiii Kirkc.ildy of Grange in Sir J. Qraham
DitlyeU's Scottish Poems of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury, 18U1 ; Grant's Mcmoita andAdvsatanaof
Sir William Kiilwakiy of Giange, 1849.]
T. F. II.

Digitized by Google
 Kirkcudbright
KIRKCUDBRIGHT, first Bakow.
HiaLSLLA.19, Sib Robebt, d.
1641.J
KIRKE. [See fdso Kikk.]
KIRKE, EDWARD (156-1013),frieud
f tf poet Spenger, matrioitlatod a a unr
Pembrok*' Hall, Cambridge, in November
of
1671, but soon removmg to Caius Ck>llege,
IgmSmtaA Hum
BJk. is 1674-1^ tad M.A.
;n 157*^. Spn<er had been admitted a sirar
of Pembroke Hall in 1569, and (Hbriel Har-
warn frifliiddup infeh thoae aMmbm
liii college.
Im tlie spring of 1679 -was umay- h&mA
mnuly'Tb' Shtpheardes Calender,' Spenser's
earliest publication. On the title-page the
k ii nweribed to Sir Philip Sidney, but
the volnini' opens with a long preface ad-
dreated, a writer calling himself 'E. K.,'to
*Ui vrie tpecial md singular good friend/
Gabriel Harvey. K.' commt'iidf 'tboncw
' rollegi' friends is further proved hy Spenser k
poet' to Uarvey's patronage, anticipates that
the poe^ wordi iWMS ' fluul floon he soonded
by th- trump of Fame,' defends bis omplov-
ment of archaic worda and tumaof speech, and
fnim his wit, pithiness, ' patfeoru ndnes,'
'morall WLpCTicsse/ 'dun oDserving of de-
oomtQ,' 'strongly knit aentenoea,' and his
Bodeity in eoneMfin^ faiiiMelf in tiio
underthename of Colin. TTnrcunto/'E. K.''
60Btinaes,'hae I added a certaine glosse or
dmfia fer tbo eipomtioii of olde woida and
hxTipT ^ihn^c^: hy monns of some familiar
aaaintance I was made priuie to his couu-
a and aaeret meamoff in them, aa alao in
BUDfiTie other workes of nis.' In a postscript
' K entreata lianrey to ^bliah his own
K.'
EndiBh poeua. Ha datea bia prelhea 'from
MTlodgings at London th 1 0 of April 1 570.'
la accordance with his promise he supplies
a ugament and aimrbal eommentaiy, with
niartrationsfrom classical and Itnlinn pootry,
to each of the twelve eclo^ea of the Calen- '
itt* In Uanotea in l3ia ninth eclogue ' B. K.'
innounces t hat he oweaoBO of hia oommentB
in part to the author.
The 8upgetion thai 'B. K.' waa Bdward
Kirko niiy he safely adopted, despitp thr>
kUtonpta recently made to identi^rtke com-
'asntator with fmeuaov himaelf^ jOf Sponaar
were the author of E, K.'s' proface and notos,
*
he 'wtmld be exposed to a charge of repulsive
immorlosty {BTuTiahing praise upon him-
s^^^If but it is incredible that the poet, who
; 21 Aug. 1587. He died at Risby on 10 Nov,
di^aued himself in hia earhr works under the
pwudonym ot* Irameritov'ahoold be guilty of
hat oQVncf. Nor does the tone of tlio ])re-
^ice, with its author's repeated expression of
make
frisailshipftir bolli ^panaar andBsnrey,
* aipahla pr aiv bnt the obviona iatarpioti^
\
213 Kirke
[Sm tion. Few of the ar^nimonts in favour of the
theory of * . K.'s identification with Spenser
'
are worthy of attention. The chief Itee in
thp fnrt that ' E, K.' introclucej^ into his com-
mentary on the eclogue for May an Eujdish
rendering of two Latin hexameters, ^raiidi
appears almost word for word in a letter
from Spender to Harvey dated a year later
(10 April 1680), and then ektmed hy
Spenser ns his own 'extempore' effort. No
literary interest attaches to the lines. It is
quite possible that 'B. K.' had heard Spenaer
(rf repeat them at somt' earlier t ime, and had
appropriated them when he ' waa made uriuie
to the poet^a ' counsaile.' Elsewhere (in the
April eclogue) ' E. K." quntes verses from
Petrarch, which Harvey also quotes in a
letter to Spenaer; bat that ctrcum stance
only illustrates the similarity of flif lite-
rary sympathies of K.' and Uarvey
'
E. K. s' oontinved intimacy with his two
message to Harvey, writing from Levcester
House, London, l60et 1679: 'Maister E. K.
hartily desireth to be commended unto your
worshippe, of whome what acoompte he
maheth, your uHie ahall herealter perceive
by hys paynefull and dutiful verses of your
selfe.' The verses referred to are not kxu>wn
vmM tobe extant. Itiselear,nioreover,that'B.K.'
e<lltod another of Spenser's works in the same
fa^ion as he treated the 'Calender.' 'I take
beBte,'the poetwrote to Harvey ' my Dreamea
,
should come forth alone, being growen by
nieanes of the Glosse (numing continually
in maner of paraphrase) full as great as my
Calender. Tlierein be some things excellently,
and many things wittilv discussed of Kk.
These 'Enwames' have been identified with
Sprnser's Muiot nphia,'and his 'Visions of Du
*
Uellay ; but it is more probable that they are
'
tobe nmnbered amongfiia lost poema. Spenaer
also mentions in his correspondence with
Harvey one Mistress Kerke. to whose care
'
hia letters appear to htm been addresasd.
But there is nothing to show her relation-
ahip to Kirke. It is conjectured that she
waa Rlrke'a mother, and taat the poet Urad
while in London in 1579-80 in her hriMse.
Kirke subsequently took holy orders, and
on 96 May 1960 he waa presented by the
^tron, Sir Thoma.i Kytson, to tlio rec tory of
Rtsby, Suffolk. The neighbouring rectory
of Laohfind was added to nia ursferment on
1618) a^;ed 60. His widow, Helen, was the
oxeeutnx of Us wilL in ^nridt nentlM ia
mnd(> of a son-in-law, Richard Buckle, and of
a godson, John Kirkis, who may be identical
with the diiimtistB0tieadbeloir. Hispro-
a hoiiaaatBiu]r8t.Bdanmda.
Digitized by Google
 Kirke
(Bpeiuer's Works, ed. Grosart, vol. i. passim,
iiL eriii-xiv (where Kirke's will is printed);
8pen8er*BShfph*'ards CaU nder, e<l. by 11. Oskar
Sommer, Ph.D. (London, 1890), where are col-
lected the Hrguments agninat the theory ot
'
. K.'a' ideatiflcation with and thb im- Kii^
pottiUa wivtion is propoaed that *E. K.' vrns
^ODWr himself Gabriel Harrey's Letters, 1580,
;
reprinted in Harregr's and Speoaer's Works in
Dr. Oromii^ aditioiw; Ooopo'a Athane Can-
tal>r. ii. 244.] S. L.
KIRKE, .70HN(^/f.lH3R>. dramatist, may
be the John Kirke who is df .Hcribed in the
"willof Edward Kirke [q. v.l, Spenser's friend,
a the testator's godi^on. lie was author of
Apopular traffi-comedy, entitled The Seven
Cnampioiis 01 Ohiiatcndome,' which was li-
consefi for the press on 13 July 1688 (Arber,
Stationers' Eeg. iv. 424), License was given
at the same time for the puhlication of ' The
Life and Death of Jack Straw and Watt
Tyler by John Kirke (rA.), but of this j>iece
'
nothing is known. The play waa published
under the title The Seven Champions of
'
Ohristendome. Acted at the Ck}ckpit and at
the Red Bull in St Jdin^ Straete, with a
penerall liking, and never printed till the vfare
1038. Written by J. K./ London. 1638; 8to.
The deffioatioii it tddwlsaed to e author'a
* much respected
friend, Master John W^aite.'
It is written in both prose and verse, with
ftfew songs intenpersea, bat it has few lite-
rary merits. It was reprinted in Old Eng-
lish Drama.' 1830.Anunnamedplaybj Kirke
was burned by Sir Henry Herbert, ueenser of
stage plays, in May 1 R i2, for ' the offence that
was in it^ but on 8 June following Herbert
allowed Kirke's ' Irish Rebdlion,' a play that
18 not now known to be extant. The dramatist
was author of the dedication to Sir Kenelm
^re6xed to Sliirley's
^^m^
[Hiintor's Chorus Vatora (Addit. MS. 24492,
f. i Fleay'fl Biog. Chroa. of English Drama,
ii. 256.] L.
KIBXB^ PERCY (1646P-1691), lieute-
nant-general, colonel of Kirke's Lambs,' is * (Jlist. Jtec. Eoyal Horse Guards or Blues^ note
usually describt'd as belonging to th e ancient
family of Kyrke or Kirke of Whifeeiiaigh,
Chapel-le-Fri t h , I ))'rbyph i re,
hj Kirke of The Eaves (see Bu&kjb, Landed '
Gentry, 1886 edit. vol. i. ; dso the iMfipwiy,
vi.2 1^ i t seq.) The relationship is not esta-
blished fCiiEBTBB, Westminster Register,^.
306). His father, GfiORo e i rkb (cf. 1 676 P),K
was gentleman of the robes to Charles I, and
under Charles II groom of the bedchamber
and keeper of Whitehall PaUce. Hisfiistwife
was Mistress AjmeKilligrew, eldest daughter
of 8ir Robert Killignw [a. v.], and sister of
[q. v.], tSmm [q. v.], and Hnij
4 Kirke
Killigrew 1>.D. [a. v.j {tit. p. 136 w. 6). A
memoimndum of the annsdisplayed by George
Kirke on the ncca'^inn nf ht-r funeral in IfUl,
preserved at Heralds' Oolite, shows that thev
are not the arms of Kirke of Chapel-le-FViu
(iV;. p. 205 n. 1). Chester supposcf* Liu-y
Hamilton Sands, an associate of Nell G wv'ti,
to have been one of Anne Killigrew's ehil-
dreu (ih. j). 21 8 rj. 6). George Kirke married,
secondlv, Mary, daughter ofAurelian Towns-
hend, the successor to Bi Jonson as writer
of masque;} for the court. She was *an ad-
mired beauty of the tyme,' and nven away
by Charles I at Oxford on 296 Feb.l64a Thia
lady and her daughters lAaxj^ afterwarda
'
wi/e of Sir Thomas Vernor, and Diana, second
w^ife of Aubrey de "S^erc, last earl of Oxford
were no better than other ladies at the
court (cf. Notejf and Queries, 1st ser. viii.
41)1 -.3). George Kirke probably died iu
1675, when his wife waa tu^wing a peneioii
as a widow (Chester, p. 2fl5 n. I.)
Percy or Piercy Kirke, thou|jh generally
deaoritlied as a aon of Anne Killigrew, was
more probably one of the chiloren by a
liccond marriage. The earliest oflieial notice
of him ia a petition (circa 1665 P) praying
that an annuitv of 366/., for which his father
paid 2,000/. to dir Charles Howard before the
revolution, although he never benefited by
it, might bo renewed in his favour (Ca/. State
Papers, Dom. 1066-6, p. 158). On 10 July
'
1666 (ib.) the Buke of YoA obtamed his
I
ai)pnintment as ensign in Captain Brom-
lev's company of the lord adnural's regiment
I
(the yellow-ooated' maritime 'regiment, with
I
'
which the mariiio fnrccs orig'inatrd). Aft->r-
wards he appears to have been a subaltern
in the Earl of .Oxford's (his brother-in-lnw)
rt'c^iment of horse, the Oxford Blues. War-
' Martyred Sol-
rants to the comQUAsary of musters direct
that Kirke, at the time captun-Iieutenaot of
the colonel's troop of the regiment, should
be passed (as on duty) in 1673^ when serving
a under the Duke of Monmouth in France, and
again in 1 G80, when commanded to Tangier
at p. 30). Cannon states (Mist. Rec. ith King**
Own Foot, p. 143) that Kif!^e was proecnt,
now represented with the l)nkfj of MonmoutVs remment in
the pay of I raace, at the siege of Maestricht
in 1673, and afterwards in uvo campaigns
under Turenne on the Khine, also under
Marshal Luxembourg in 1670 and Marshal
de Creci in 1677. On 13 July 1680 he waa
appointed lieutenant-colonel, and on 27 Nov.
foillowing colonel of the 2cd Tangier regi-
ment, then raised, and afterwards the 4th
King's Own, and now the Kind's Own
Royal
Lancaster regiment. Kirke raise^i the eight
oomjairiei Cocnwd abont Londim] uiA took
Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kirke s Kirke
the TPgiment out to Tanjafier, where it ar- '

command in the west of England by Lord

hved tn April 1681. He woo seut on an
mulmmj to the Emperor of Moocoeoo at
q'l'mcz Hr\(\ visited Fez. An account of his
mi^^joii wtio published in Latcat Accounts
'
from a Fenoa of Quality,' Lon-
don, 1683. Kirke succeedeJ Colonel Sack-
ville governor of Tanpfior iu March 1682,
ad on 19 St'pt. following was transferred
TO c' iuiit'Icy of the old Tangier or Qo-
Temor'^ re^fLment, since the 2nd or Queen's,
ad BOW Ae Qaeni'e Boyal West Surrey
rppment. Tlir' regiment hnd been ruis'd for
wnrioe at Tangier. The origin of its badge
Plwrhal Lambis unlmown, Gannon
and other writers err in describing it as an
qnbiem of the house of Bnguua. Perha^,
isllMMilay suggests, it WMlhonglita filtmg
device for a Clinstian regiment going to war
sgatnst the infidels. An account of liorke's
tmo jmx^ flommaiid, compiled from tlM
'Tangiers State Papers 'in the Puhlic T'e-
lavurshaui, with whom he entered Bridge-
Me- water the day after the battle. day or A
two later Kirke marched into Taunton with
his ' Lambs,' escorting a convoy of prisoners
and two cartloada of wounded. He at onoa
hanged niiiete^in jirisoners in the market-
place (TuULMur, Hut. Taut</n,iid. Glover),
and appeals to have claimed oiedit &r not
hanging more. Tlie most exaggerated stories
were circulated of his severities, and in Lon-
don it was heiieved that he hanged over a
hundred porsona without any sort of trial
within a week after the battle (Lutibbll,
fuL L) He had hia headqaartera at the
White Hart, at tlio conitir of the IlighStnet
and the market-place, and, tradition aiierta>
uaed the signpost aa a gulowa. The little
inn was afterwards kept for a time by the
notorious murderers, the Mannings, and ia
now outted down The camping-ground of
the Lambs ia vet called Tangier.' Kirke^
' ' *

coid Office, the Dartmouth MiSS., and other
wmmm, v giTen in Dsvi^s ezhMMtiv* *Hi-
tocy of the Queen's Royal West Surrey
fiegiment.' London, ld88 L 909-48^ and
eoanreys the imprMnon tlwt IBiini wwan
enngetic and capiiMr iHicer. Bishop Ken,
then chaplain of the Ueet under Lord Bart-
amtth, speaks of the dissolttta tone of the
d of a scandal caused by Kirke
jtuinff to thrust one Roberts, the
a short-temere4,rough-epoken, dissolute sol-
dier, waa no doaot hardi and unscrupulous,
but the accounts of h'la atrocities are ficti-
tious or exaggerated (cf. Macavi^t, JIut. qf
England, i. 5*1-6 ; ToXTLMiH, Hitt of Taw*'
tofi, ed. Qlover, 1822, pp. 540-9). Despatches
from Sunderland to Kirke, under dates 14-
28 July 1685, exnress the kind's disapproval
of the sevwtty Mown, and oi the living at
;
free quarters enjoyed by the Lamljs *
rebi is '

of his mistress, into the post of
mniscm-cli a plain (PLUUPTHBy nf Ken,
London, 1888, vol. i.) Dr. Ijawson, the gar-
risMi-physician, told Pepys that Kirke had
doBe more to tmpiove the tomi and defences
than all the otfier governors put together
(SmTH, Life of l^epyt, i. 444). Lord Dart-
mouth Lmmi, Gborgb, 1648-1601],
Kirke, and Pepys were joint-commissioners
for arranging the abandonment of Tangier.
(it was objected ) were still at large, appa-
rently a reference to delinquentafrnn wnom
Kirke hud taken bribes, lie wnrf recalled
to London by an order dat^d 10 Aug. 1685
{Home Office Marching Bookt, i. 223). An-
other order, dated 31 Aug,, directs his regi-
ment to march from Taunton to London
on relief by the Qiiieen*a (4th King's Own).
Similar dir.ctions were Cfti^ to detached com-
panies of Kirke's 'Lambs utill at Plymouth
'

Ob the evaeotttionof the place, early in 1(>84,
Kirke, accompanied by hia wife and two
daoghtem, returned to England with his re-
other entries show that the mdms were car-
ried out, and disprove the tiiisupportd state-
ment that Kirke and his Lambti formed
'
'

fhanit (Kirke's Lambg), which was then the escort of Jeffreys during the bloody '

ilBlioiied at Pcndennifl Caatle and Plymouth. absizcH.' Kirke's regiment was in the neigh-
In an order dated 27 June 1684 the r^i- bourhood of London, and in the camps an-
MBt ia Itot^ styled the ' Queen Consort's.' nually formed at Hounslow Heath, until
KirA-:'.-- repmrnt. after the death of Charles II 1088, when it formf-rl ]'nrt of a small force
in Febroanr 1686, was called the * Queen under his command at \V arminater. Kirke,
Dow^r'sj'tlie oner Tangier regiment (aiter- whohad reftiaed to abjure proteatantiam, say-
'rtrds the 4th King's Own) becoming for ing he was pledged to the Emperor of M'>-
a tuM tlna * Queen's? Kirke's was ordered rooco to turn Mussulman if ever he changed
TOtaLoodoa firamFtedoiaia in April 1686 Ua faith, waa helieved to be privy to the
{Hvme OJtee Ma ^
rtkh Baotm^ toL i. order plot to seixe JamesIIat Warmiiiit< r. Kirlin
Ifibfi^t 16). waa tent pciaoner to London for refusing
Made brigadier-genen] on 4 July 1686, uB^hir tone pretext to advance to Deviwe*
Kirke wa prer^^-nt with part of both the late William III promoted him, his rank as ma-
Tangerine regimente at the battle of Sedg- jor-general being dated (8 Nov. 1688) three
oadJulylflSSi, Be waa appoiBfead to days afier tiie landing in Torbay. OUndnHt

Digitizer uy v^oogle
 Kirke 3l6 Kirke
pyp ho wfls amontr thow> who Bubeeqnently Lady Mnry;' BurnetH Own Time, \viin iho ad-
v?ere iu correspondence with the exiled king ditional notes to lt edit. p. 82 ; LuttrcUs lis-
(BuKKBT, Chon Time, addit. notes). In May I it ion, vols, i-ii.; Strickland's Queens of Eng-
1689 Kirke was despatched with two Tvgx- land, vii. 317 i Tonlmin's Hist, of Xavnton, ed.
ment to relicTe IV rry. After much delay Olorar, 1822; DsTis'sQnceaVi Royal WsstSonrejr
ha fbrced the boom, in accordance with a Regiment, 1888, vol. Cjinuou's Hist. Records, i. ;

Koyal Horae Ouarda or Blues, 2iid or Queen's

peremptory order from Marshal Schomberp,
Foot, 4tli or King's Own Foot (.somn of Cannon's
fireservcd among the. Naimo M%SS. in thu
statomonts respecting the elder Kirke in the
lodlcinn Tjil)rary. Kirke became governor of
second of those worke are wronjr) IVAuverpni 's ;
Londonderry, and served at the Boyne, the CH)n] aipns in Flanders, 1730, vol. i. Kirke
aie^ of Limerick, and elsewhertn He became figures in Mr. Oonan l>oyle'a romance, Micah
a lieutenanfe-goneral 26 Dec. 16iK), and in
May 1891 returned from Ireland to London,
CUrko.] H. M. a
whence he was aent to Flanders. He joined KIRKE, THOMAS (1050-1706), vir-
the army in oamp at Gemblouz, and made tuoso, bom on 2'2 Dec. 1G50, was the son
the campaign in Flanders of that summer. of Gilbert Kirke of Cookridge,, near Leoda,
He died at Bru.ssels (not Breda, as often Yorkshire, by Mar^fun t, duuphter of Franciu
atated) on SI Oct. mn.Biahop Wilson L^yton of Kawden in the same county. He
likens his end to that of Herod and other was a distant relative and the intimate friend
mtirderers, who died in the torments of loath- of Ualph Thore^by I
q. v.], whom he often ao-
gome disease (see NofcA and QlMn'w, 4th ser. com])uni>Ml in his antiquarian famblee. In
i. 254 ). Some of Kirke's letters are preserved May 1677 he started on a three months' tonr
among the manuscripts of the Earl of Dart- in Scotland, and kept a journal of his ad-
anouth (HiH. MSB, 0mm. 11th Ben. Am>. M'iiture.s, whadl Thoresby transcribed and
V. 59-128). placed in his museum (Diary, i. ;J20, ;?8(), 4()3,
Kirke married the Lady Mary Howard, 400^. At Cookridge he devised a most sur- *

daughter of George Howard, fourth earl of prising' labjnrinth, n^iieh attracted visitors
Suffolk, by his first wife, Catherine Allen, from parta (Thorbhby, Ducatus Leodi-
all
and granadaughter of TheophiluH, second etiJiU, ed. Whitaker, p. 158). He was elected
earl. There are references to her and lier F.U.8. on 30 Nov. 1693 (Thomson, Hist.
son Percy in the Tfilendar of Treasury Ruy. Soc., Appendix, iv. p. xxix). He died
rapers from !<!!<) to 1701. Shedied in 1712.

on 24 April 1706. By his marriage, on
His eldest surviving son, PBBiOT Kibkb I I July 1678, to Rosamund, daughter aad
(1684-1741"), was also a lientenant-genoral coheiress of Robert Abbot, he ha<l a son,
and colonel of the 'Lambs' from 1710 to Thomas, who died in January 1705K He
1741, during which time the reeiment was helped his falfliar m
tin formation of a tine
succosflively known as the'Queen Dowaffer's,' library and muMum, which ware aold bf
the * Priucei^ of Wales's,' and the '
Queen's auction in 1710.
Royal' (Home OJkse MiL AiAy BotA, i. Kirke publ ished anonymously a coarse sat ira
489). At the age of three he appears as entitled * A
Modem Account of Scotland . . .

ensign in Trelawny's regiment (4th King's Written from thence by an English Gentle-
Own). lie siirci rded his father as heeper man,' 4to, 1679, reprinted in Harleian Mifi-

of the palace of Whitehall. At the age of cellany,'ed. Park (vi. 135-42), The Joumnl '

twenty-four he was taken prisoner when already mentioned was printed as tm ap-
lieutenant-colonel eooiiDanding the ' Lambs' pendix to ' Letters addressed to Thoreahy* R
at the battle of Almanza. He became colonel (ii. 403). * Joomeyinga through Northum-
of the regiment on 19 Sept. 1710, and was berland and Durlinm iu 1077 '
appeared in
with it in the Canada ezpedStion. He died 1845 in vol. vii. ofM. A. Richardfloa*e ' Hia-
in l^ndon, a lieutenant-general, on 1 Jan. torical Tracts.' The original was preiieTTcd
1741, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, among the Thoresby MSS. To the 'Philo-
when in the north tnuuept s a very el abornt^j
i sophical IVuuaetMiiia' he oontributcd two
monument to him, erected bv his n'uH-r letters giving an 'Account of a Lnnih stickUnl
and heiress, Diana Dormer, danghttfr of John by a Wether Sheep for several months after
Dormer of Kouaham, Oxfordshire, who mar- the Death <ir the Ewe (xviii. 26.^). Some '

ried Diana Kirke. Diana Dormer (1710- of his correspondence is printed in NicholsV
1743) is buried in the same grave. ' Illustrations of Literature' (i.
478, iv. 72-6).
rChestM'a Westminster Registers, footnotes In the British Museum there is a letter from
under 'Kirke,' passim Cnlfndaraof StutoPa|HTs,
;
him to Sir Hans Sionne f Addi*. M.S. 4050,
Dom. 16.58-9 p. 681, 1663-4 paasim Howard's
;
No. also a humorous ix vetical ' Di%>
l^fctnori ilfi of the Howard Family, p. 66 Calen-
;
logue betwixt the Ghost ot Thomas Kirin
danofIraMiii7Papn%ieM1701,andr'Ki(ks, da Oookn4ga aq^ and Milo Qa^ raoloc

Digitized by Google
 Kirkham
df Ki<jhlpy,' 8 July 1706 (ih. N x 90).
Tbonjsby (Diarv, i. 4tJ6^ wroi memoirs of
Kirke intended for inserUoii in what heoaUed
th*>historic nl part nf liis * Leeds Topognphj/
but it ma never completed.
^thonAfk Doeatw leodiMMii (WhtteW),
t. M3 sq. ; Gough's Brit. TopOgf. ii. 5fi0
XichuU * lUustr. of Life. ir. 886; TSjflor'B Biog.
Iwd iwirii, pu 1<I1 .]
KIRKHAM, WALTER db (d. 1260),
bishop of Durham, was apparently of hamble
pvDtage,lmftbeeaiiM omof llMTCfd dfl^^
His name first npjM-ars in 122/5, when ho is
freanaitlj mentioned in connection with the
MOMqaer, was dflilr of timwudnlie, and is
ipoken of as 'specialif^ rt familiari^ msiter'
Rot. Lit. Cknu. in Turn Londinetui, ii.
(Ctti.
49, 70 b). He
reeeiTed much ecclesiasti-
calpreferment, was chaplain of Eastrins-ton,
VoTKshire, in 1226, deau of I'encric, Stadbrd-
diirt', 1226 (i.p.l6U),par8onof Rudby,
in
Yorkshire, in 1228, mid duaiv of St. Martin's-
le-Orand, London, on 10 Ua. 1 229. He also
WU the prebend of Bole at York, and was
BTpointml archdeacon of Salop some time
iiter 1232. In 1241 hebecame dean of York,
ud on 21 April 1249, on the leaignation
of Nicholas <le Famham, he was pleated
biahop of Durham, in preference to the royal
Winn, Aymer (d. 1360) [q. v.] The king
would not g^ive his consent till 27 Sept., and
Kirkham was not consecrated at York till
8 Dee. His episcopate was uneventful. He
>ppean in some commissions nn affairs with
ocotUnd, and in 12u7 was at Stirling. He
u present at the parliament of ApiU 1268,
aadtook part in tho PTCf>mmunicatJon of the
vioiaiore of t he charters. In 1 256 he was at-
tiAtd by John deBsUol, some of whose ser-
iat he had excommunicated. The king,
Iwwever, interfered in his favour. In the
'ftaev Annals,' where he b called specialis
said to have signed a blank charter
u \ic kind's request in 1 266, and to have been
t
cat br Henry with it to the Roman cnria,
vLcn? he ple<lgt'(l lin English church for nine
t Lrfferx and Drfijmfrhe*,*^. Knowles, ii. 48).
tboiuand marks {^Atm. Man. iv. 109, 110).
la 1258 Kiikfasm qsamlled with Henry, and
rrfuned comf
tn court (>rATT. I'akis, v.
tr>
67o), He
died, at a great age, at Howden,
00 9 .\ug. 12(10, and was buned at Dorham.
He is (i'^-rrih<'d as of a generous and kindly
fi^wwtinn, nnrl is said to have enjoyed a
liiTJ mratation (Chron. LanoftOit, p. 09;
Fkrft HtMt. ii. 464). Tie is, however, alleged
to hare connived at an attempt to deprive
Btiihop Famham, his predecessor at Dunuun,
of hi* share of the reveuuf^ of the see ( Matt.
I'auj, t. S3), lie had inherited a long law-
Kit with tbe tfebey of St. Albans, whldi lia
fivtaslljr ooaqpiasd (aft. 896;
817 Kirkhoven
Ftorf.t TT{<!f. TTp crnvt' tlio nlmrchcs of
Hartbum and Egliogham for the support of
hospitslilass at Bt. jQbuiM (Matt. I^itn,-?!.
317-21). lie compelled one of the liarnnq of
his palatinate, as a paniahment for wrongs
doing, to assign aanmofmoaeyftMrthesappoit
of St iidcnts nf flxford. Some 'Constit nti<meB*
which he issued in 1266 are printed in
O. G. WiUmu^ < Goadlia,' i. 704-8.
[GravstaiK's's Chronicle in Hist. Bun. Scriptt.
Trt, pp. 42-4 (Surtees Soc.); Matt. Paris, An-
nales Honastiei, Flesea Hiatorianim fthsse three
are in the Rolls 8ries) Chronicle ox Lanercoat
;
(Bannatyne Clab); Tannor's Bibl. BriU-Hib.
p. 468 ; Le Nero's Fasti, i. 673. iii. 121, iy4>
287 ; Gtodwin, I>e Prassulibus, ed. Richardson, p.
742 ; Sortses's Hist, of Durham, i. p. xxiz.l
C.L.1L
KIRKHOVEN or KERCKHOVEN,
CATHERINE, Last Stanmopb and CouH-
TBss OF CnssnBiiau) (d 1087), govemees
to Mary, princess royal, dauphtrr nf rimrlp,* f,
wa the eldest daughtor and cohcire88 of Tho-
mas, second Lord Wotton of Marley, Kent,
by Mary, daughter of Sir Arthur Throck-
morton of Paulerspury, Northamptonehire.
She married tluice, hsr ftnt husband being
Henry, lord Stanhope, son and hoir to Philip
Stanhope, first earl of Chesterfield. This
marriage appears to have taken place abovt
1628. Lord Stanhope died in tho lifetime of
his father, on 29 I^iov. 16.^, leaving a son,
Philip [q.v.], who aueoeeded to the earldom
on the death of liis Rrandfathnr. 12 S?pt.
1066; and two daughters, Mary, who died un-
married in 1064> aiM Catherine, who msnied
William, Bocnnd lord Alirpton nf Wimnnd-
ley, Hertfordshire, and died without issue in
Hi62(CaL State l'itpen,Dom.ie29-Sl,\>A\).
Still young and attractive, Lady Stanhope
was courted by Lord Cottington and Van-
'
dyck,batniftised them both, ohe was thought
to be in love with Carey Raleigh, and v, aF
apparently offended with Vandycic for charg-
ing too mush tm her portrait (Straptobd,
She married in 1041 John Polyander 4 Kerck-
hoven, lord of Heenvliet in Sassenheim, chief
forester of Holland and W'p^t Frirslnnd, son
of the celebrated divine of the ^ame name,
and one of the ambaaeadors from the States
general for the negotiation of the marriage
between Prince AViUiam of Orange and the
princess royal. After the betrouial of the
prince and princess (12 May 1041), Lady
Stanhope, as she still continued to be called,
accompamed her husband to HoDaiid, and
acted as governess to thu j)rinceR, while
Kerckhoven filled the ofiice oi superintendent
of tliehonsehold. The Dutch^oet, Easpw
hsv to rfffH f ftil ini
Digitized by Google
 Kirkhoven tiS Kirkhoven
upiUialAnuum, which forms Dart of the third cess's effects. She also kept the princess's
book of hu Heroics' (CM. State Fapers, wardrobe as perquisite, she naiw passed
Dom. 1641-3, p. 296; ^'axBabrlb, Porna/rt, into the service of the Duchess of Yorlr, and
ed. 1666, p. 6:^). A the prinoess grew to married Daniel O'Neill [q. ], whom she had
womaiihood, Ladj Stuihope oeoune her chief met in Holland. On 1 June 1663 she was
lady of honour aud her confidential friend appointed lady of the bedchamber to the
and adviaer, nor was her influence impaired queen. On O^NeiU's death (24 Oct. 1664)
by the acoeMion of Prince William to the she surrendered his powder-monopoly for
stadtholdership rU March 1647 NA), while a pension of 3,000/., but retained the post-
on his dealh (6 Nov. 1650) it became para- master-generalship. She died of dropsy on
mount, much to the discontent of Hyde and 9 April 1667, and was buried iu the parish
Nichulaii,who believed, or affected to belieTe, chnnih of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, the
that she had her own interest ratluT timn mnnor of which she had ii)herited from her
that of the princess ut huart [ste Hvuk, Ed- father.
WA.BD, Earl of Clabsndoit, and Nicholas, By Heenvliet Lady Stanhope had one son,
Sir Edward, 1693-1669]. During the civil Cbarlt'8 Henry, and three daughters Anne,
war Lady Stanhope gave Charles f substan- who married Wigbolt van der Does, lord of
tial aid in arms, ammunitimit tod money, and Noordwyk and governor of Slavs >ragdalSB| ;

after his death she was much esteemed and whose untimely death was the subject of one
trusted by Charles IT and Henrietta Maria, of Nyendal's Latin elegies (Poemato,ed. 1646,
ad was putj or privy to moat of the royalist p. 466) ; and Emilia, who, with her brotiier,
?lot8 that were natched on the continent, was naturnlisf^d by act of parliam*^nt on
'owards the end of 1651 she visited Eng- 18 Sept. l(j<3U, aud died unmarried in l(>t>i.
land, and wie emeted on miittcioii of oom> Another of Heenvliet'a daughtenL Wal-
plicity in a treasonable conspiracy, but was brooke, wife of the Hon. Thomas Howard,
released on finding snxetiies to appear for brother of James, earl of Suffolk, master of
eTaminatinm before % eommittee of the eoan- the hovee to tiie prinoess royal, and one of
oil of state. She appeared, but nothing of Thurloe's spies, cannot have been Heenvliet's
importance was proved against her, and she legitimate issue, unless, which does not ap*
aeoei'Ved a pas^orl ftnr foreign parts on pear, Lady Stanhope was Heenyliet'a second
aO Jon* 1652. wife. She was appointed governess to the
Slie attended the princess on her visit with young prince in 1664, being then married.
Cniarleell to Cologne in the antmnD of 1664, The son, CHAWun Hnrvr KmHOTsr,
and thence to Frankfort, when they went Baboi? Wotton and Earl of Bbllomont
incognito to see the fair in the autumn of the (d. 1663^, was created Baron Wottoo of
fbUiming year bat at liflr owB nqvest ihe wotlon
; m
Kent, by letters patent dated at
remained with her husband in Holland when Perth 31 Aug. 1650. He was a great favourite
the princess proceeded to Pans in the winter. with the prinoess royal, who made him the
TUs was intended to make it dear that the principal officer of her son's household, to the
princess's visit had no political significance, disgust of his Dutch attendants (HarL MS.
Charles 11 being then more hopeiul of help 4529, f. 528 b). He resided much mHolland,
from Spain than from France. In the autumn and was chief magistrate {tchout) of Breda
of 1668 Ladv Stanhope came to England from 1659 to 1674. His house, Belsise,
with her husband on private affairs. Before Hiinii>stead, is praised by Evelyn nnd IVpy*
the Restoration, however, thev returned to for its magnificent appointments and g-ardens.
Holland, where Heenrliet dice! on lOlliieh On 11 Feb. 1680 Jm was created Earl of
1 HtiO ( N.S. ) She appears to have been much Bellomont in the peerage of Ireland. Ho
attached to Heenvlict, to whose memory she married Frances^daughter of William, lord
raised a splendid monument in the Pieters- Willoughby of Burham, Suffolk, and dying
kerk at Leyden. On 29 Mi^ 1660 she was without issue was buried in Canterbury Ca-
created Countess of Chesterneld for life, her thedral on 11 .Inn. 16a3.
dftnghtWi by Lord Stanhope being g^nted
precedence, as if he had succeeded to the [CoUios's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iii. 421-3, ix.
earldom. Shortly afterwards she sailed for 4m ; Visitation of the County of Nottingham

(ITar!. SocO.p 8; T.i]isi'oml/'s rUickinghainshiro,

England, whither she was Mlowed by the
i. 14, 480, Hatcd'8 Kout, i. 140, ii. 430; Bakt-r's
princess. During^ the sliort remainder of the
Northamptou-^hire, ii. 202; Letters of Philip,
princess's life she continued in her service,
second Earl of Chestorflold Biognipbisch Woor-
;

and tended her with much devotion during denboek (Polyander) Burke's Extinct Peerage
,

her last illness. Under her will she took a ('Wotton' and 'Kirkhoven'); Lonls'Joum.v.681.
legacy of 600/. payment of which she secured
, zi. 146 ; Nieholas Papers (Camd. Soc.), i. 209-4,
bgrmtiabg possemionflfaiMM of the prin- 218 ; OsL State Papers, Dom. 14(U1 p.- 401,

oogle
 Kirkland st9 Kirk man
m\-2 pp. 95, 2fi3, 647-8.568, 1665 pp. 324-6, Essay on the Inseparability of the different
1654-6 p. 31, 1663-4 p. 617, 1664-6 p. 77; Groen Branches of Medicine,' 8vo (London, 1783).
fU Prinsunr's Archives d la Maison d'Orange- 10. An Inquiry into the Present State of
2^
'

Buno, and T.; Tharloe

titie, torn. iv. Medical Surgery,' 2 vols. 8vo, London,
Blito Papers, maim Abdiani TbMlr. Eorop. iz.
;
1 783-6. (Appendix, edited by his son, James
2?2; M^rc. Folit. 25 Oct. 1665; Pnrl. Intelli-
Kirkland, sugMB tO tiie Tower, 1818).
gencer. 3- 1 0 Sept. 1 660 Merc. Pub. 1 3 and 20-7
11. 'A Commentary on Apoplectic and
;

Sept. 1660 Kingdont'e Intelligencer, 1-8 Jane

;
1663; Lower's Relation, pp. 66, 71 ; Hist MSS.
Comm. 7th Rep. App. 129o; Pepyi's Diary,
17 Aug. 16G.S; Evelyns Diary, 2 June IGTH;
Paralytic Affections, and the Diseases oon>
nected with the Sa1jflet/8vo^IiQiidoii,170S.
rOent. Mag, 17M, pL I pp. 88-, S54 Watt's
;

(yHait'a Iiisb Pedigrees^p. 886; MoDteomery liibl. Brit.] G. G.

MMIMfcift, 1880,p. M ; VanGow'sBM^Tiog KnUClCAN, FRANCIS (A 1674), book-
der Stadt en Linde ran Breda, 1744, p. 213; seller and author, born in 1 632, was apparently
Gmwer'a Bios. ITiaU ed. 1779, iv. 169 ; Green's eldest son of Francis Kirkman {d. 1(562),
Mmmm oflbglud.] J. K. B. eitisen end bleehamith, of London, by Us
KIRKLAND, THOMAS, M.D. (1722- wife Ellen (will of F. Kirkman regii^ered
17^),medicai writer, was bom at Ashbourne in P. 0. C. 67, Laud). By dint of uivete
of ft Dubyahire ikmilj on 14 Ost 1783. His study he acquired some huuwledge of Frenoh
parents were Thoma^ Kirklaadf ittomev-at- and Spanish, which he was afterwards abh_i
law (d. 1751 ), and Mary, daiulitftir of Ck>loiiel to turn to good account. Flrom boyhood he
AIlsop. He practised at Araby-de-la-Zouch, was e eolleetor of plays end ronsnoes. His
L^ice^tershin. In January 17(50 he was father left him considerable property, whioh
called in to attend the steward of Lord he appears to have eanandered. In 1661 he
Etnets after he had been shot bv his master. estebBM himself es e bookseller et the
Despite Ferrers's threats of violence, Kirk- sign of 'John Fletcher's Ilead,* near St.
Isaa contrived the arrest of the muzdarer. Clement Danes Church, Strand, but re-
Kirkland graduated M
.D. at St. Asdvswsl moved before 1671 to Thames Street, in
on 27 Dec. 1760, and eubsequentlv joiuLid 1072 to St. Paul's Churchyard, and in 1673
the Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh to Fenchurch Street. With the bookselling
^Marl/??) and London. He died at Ashby* busiiiess be oombined tibnfc of e cmonlatiitg
0^-!a-Zouch on 17 Jan. 1798. library, his speciftUtj heiiig plejs, poetay,
Kirkland's writijigs are 1. : ' A
Treatiseoii and romances.
Osagnaee,' 8to, Nottingham, 1764. 9. ' An As eerly aa 1687 Sxkman issued aa
Ev^y on the Methods of Suppressing Ilaemor- edition of Marlowe's tragedy of 'Lusts Do-
rimges frona Divided Artenee,' 8yo, London, minion (12mo). In 16ol henrinted a use-
'

17aL & 'AaBssay towards an ImpoTement tol 'Ostalogne of all the Mulish Stago-
in the Cure of those Diseases which are the Playes ' then printed 690 in all. Ten years
caose of Feyer^' Sto. London, 1767. 4. ' A
later he appended to John Dancer's transla-
Beply to Mr. MamU's Answw to his Essay tion of CoraeiUe's *NioomMe' (4to, 1671) a
d rerers wherein the Utility of the Practice revised edition of this ' Catalogue,' brought
;

of Soppreasing them is furtbsr exemplified,' down to date, and consisting of 806 plays. In
8?o, Ixindofl, 1760. 5. ' CNMervatioiis on Mr. an interesting * AdvertiseBfliit ' he iDforms
port's General Remarks on Fractures, etc. his readers that ho had not only seen bat
w>th a Postscript concerning the Cure ol had read all these plays, and posfloesod most
Ooaipoaiid Didoeations/ 8vo, London, 1770 of them, wbkk he was ready aithar to aellor
r App. ndix, 1771). 6. A
Treatise on Chlld- lend
' upon reasonable considerations.* He
'

bea Fevers . . . with two Dissertations, the also states that he knew nuuiy curious ^ar-
OBsoa the Brain and Nerves, the other on tieolaxs of the liyea of tlie old dramatists
the Srmpathy of the Nerves, etc' (included from his having taken plrasarr to converse
'

in l^ssays on the Puerperal Fever,' puh- with those who were acquainted with them.'
'

Sdhsd hy the Sydenham Bodety is He also proposed to publish from time to

8vo, London, 17/4. 7. 'AnimadvprRi onsen time plays hitherto unprinted, the manu-
ft late Treatise on the Kink-C)ough [by Dr. scripts of which he possessed ; but he only
WiUiam Butler]. To whioh is inmond aa issued Webster and Rowley's oomediaa of
Eis^ar (in that Disorder/ 8vo, Loudon, 1774, 'A Cure for a Cuckold' (1661) and 'The
publuhed anonymously. 8. 'Thoughts on Thracian Wonder (1661). During thai '

Amputation; being a Supplement to the year he published blade letter Bishop m

Letters on Compound Fractures, and a Com- Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's Needle? '

BMot on Dr. Bilguer's book on this operar* Under the title of The WiU, or Sport '

tion; slso, an Essay oa th use of OhMvm in upon Sport,' he iasaed ftooUeetimiof dndle
llaitiiieitigM^'8fo^IiandM,178a %
'An and fiuceea (S pta. ISbm^ Lendoa 1878 pfb

Digitized by Google
 Kirkman Kirkpatrick
72), which had been performed and the end of the eighteenth centurr. One Jacob
at fairs
taverns daring the puritan aecendency by Kirkman died in Upper Guilford Street, Lon-
Robert Cox the com^ian, and prefixed to it don, 29 April 1812, aged 67 (Gent. Mag.
an introduction full of delightful goesip. 1812, i. 596). Among his published works
Kii^man is thought to m
the author of may be mentioned f. Duets for the piano- :

* The Presbyterian I^ash or, Noctroff's Maid forte, Op. 6. 2. 'Trois Sonak's Ti (jimtre
;

Whipt, a tragy-oomedv/ 4to, London, lf)(il, mains, et une & deux Temps (Amsterdam), '

from the fact of the dedication to 'Master 3. Three sonatas for harpsichord "with vio-
Zach. Noctroife ' bearing the initials * E. F.' lin, Op. 8. 4. A
sonata for pianoforte.
It is a personal and somewhat indecent satire 5. Eight ballads dedicated to the Mar-
on Zacharv Crofton [q. v.], a presbyterian chioness of Salisbury, Op. 10. 6. * Six Les-
minister then living, who was accused of sons for Harpsichord or Pianoforte,' On. 3
whipping his maid-servant (KsNirBn, Seff. (London). 7. A. Collection of Six Volun-
'

p. 797). In 1686 Kirkman reissued the taries for the Organ, Harpsichord, and Ffsoio-
* English Rogue,' by Richard Head [q. v.], I
forte|' Op. 9. Copies of the last two works
whom Wood wrongly describes as his pttrtner. are in Mr. Taphouse's library at Oxford.
He himself wrote a second part, which ap- Kirkman and John Keeble [q. v.] tcge^bv
peared in 1671. During the same year third published 'Forty Interludes to be J^JtA
and fourth parts were issued, with intimation between the verses of the Psalms.'
of a fifth part. Kirkman assertod that in [Diet. ofMus. 1824.] R. n. 1^
the third and fourth parts Mend and him-
self had collaborated, and the preface to the KIRKPATRICK, JAMES (rf. 174.S),
fourth part is signed by both. Head, how- Irish Presbyterian divine, son of Hugh Kirk-
ever, disclaimed reuMMiaitnily for mtjfUt wtKid^ who was minister successively ot
except the first. Lui^n, CO. Armagh, Ireland, I^lry and Old
Kirkman wrote also: 1. The Famous and Cumnock in Scotland, and Ballymoney, co.
<

Delectable History of DonBellianisof Greece, Armagh (where he died in 1712), was pro-
or the Honour of Ohivaliy/ 3 pts. 4to, Lon- bably bom in Scotland wbile his lather was
don, 1678-71-79, wliich is founded on the minister there. In February 1601 hematricu-
Spanish romance by T. Femandes. In the lated firom the luiivenity of Glasgow, and in
preface he gives an account of most of the February 1694 his name appears in the univer-
romances which had then been published in sity list of students in theolo^. On 7 Aug.
English. 2. 'The Unlucky Citixen: Ex- (probably) 1699 he was ordamed as minister
perimentally Described in the various Mis- of the congregation of Templepatrick, oo.
fbrtunee of an Unlucky Londoner ... in- Ant rim. The well-known * Belfast Society,'
termixed with several! Choice Novels . which exercised an important influence on
. .

illustrated with Pictures/ 8vo, London, the ecclesiastical affairs of the north of Ire-
1678, to wliich is prefixed his portrait. land, was founded in 1705, and Kirkpatrick
From the Frencn he translated : 1. ' The wn.s one of its earliest and most influential
famous and renowned History of Amadis do mombera. In 1706 he resigned his charge
Gaule . . being the sixt part never before at Templepatrick on receiving an invitation
nublished,' 4to, London, 1662. 2. <The from the preebyterian congregation in Bel-
Loves and Adventvres of Clerio &
Lotia fast to take the place of their minister, John
... a romance,' 8vo, Ix)ndon, 1668. 8. 'The McBride [q. v.], who had been obliged to re-
HistOTy of Prince Eraxtus, son to the Em- tire to Scotland owing to his non-abjuring
perour Dioclesian, and thoae famous Philo- opinions. Soon afterwards the congregation
sophers called the SefwWise Masters of divided on account of its numbers, and he
Rome . mth . . . VkAmm,* 9ns I^mcUm, *fMw minister of the se^nd congregaticm,
1674. a new meeting-house having been built close
[Kirkman'e Prefacps and AdTertiBemcnts first. In 17 12 he waselected moderator
to the
Baker's Biog. Dram. (1812). i. 164, 418-19, iii. of the gynod of Ulster. In 1720 he came
178 ; OxBOffer's Biog. BisL of EngUad (Snd ed. ). prominently into notice as one of the leaders
IT.M ; Sfans^ Ost. of BogtaTsd Pntialts, i. of the non-subscribing party in the north of
198.] 0. 0. Ireland. In 1725 he was placed with the
KIRKMAN, JACOB (Jl. 1800), musical othor non-subscribers in the presbytery of
composer, was probably a nophew of Jacob Antrim, which the synod in 1726 excluded
Kirkman, who carried on the buainoBS of harp- from its judicatories. In his later days b9
Bichord-maker in Broad St rt't ( Jol H -n Sfi lare, took tho degree of M.D., and combined the
, f i

London, about 1770. The younger KirKrnan practice of a physician with the work of a
Mqniieaaoian|NitillioBaBftpianist and com- clergyman. He is said to hnre died suddenly
poisv of piaaioANria iniiiB in London bearo inDiifaJia, when 1m had fOMon honMM with

Digitized by Google
 Kirkpatrick Six Kirkpatrick
his wifii. The date of his death is usually given (mon. in^" or. in Bloicbvlbld, Norfolk, 8to
fi 1744, but a notice by JimiflS Blow, prefixed ed. iv. 379). lie married the ]romigest dau|^-
to Kirkpat rick's posthumous 'Defence of ter of .Kilin Tlarvi y, trrent-fn^nflfat hnr of
Christian Libert y/shows that ho died in 1743. Lieutenant-colonel i arvey of Thorpe Lodge,
I

A copy of his port rait is in the veatry cS the Norwich, where his portrait was preserved*
first prtsbytHriuu church in Belfa.st. Tt has been enfrniv-'d by \V. 0. Ktlwards
Kirkpatrick is best known by his Histo- (Evans, Cat. of Enaraved PurtraiUf ii.234).
'

rical Essay upon the Loyalty of Fresbyterians
in Grcat-Jaritain and Ireland from the Refor-
mation to this nresent year 1713, &c.' (4to,
pp. XV, 5C4, ana index often peges, no place
or printer's namo, 1713), a work undertaken
to mjet the desire of the. general synod to
p06Bea a history of tbflir dmrehf and specially
called tor by the persistent attacks of Tisdall,
vicar of Belfast, on the presbyterian body. It
preservi^ many valuable facts and documents,
an-J a good idea of tlie state of public
sentiment in Ireland in the days of Queen
Anne. Itwaspublishedanon^ously. Kirk-
patrick also -wrote 1. 'A Vindication of the
: tenure of Imust s in Xorwich.
Presbyterian Ministers in the North of Ire-
On 18 Feb. 1719 Kirkpatrick was elected
F.S.A. (GouH, Cftron. Zirt ^Am. JMia,
1798, p. 3).
Kirkpatrick aeeumulated oo^oua mat^
rials for tlie hiforv of Norwich. These he
bequeathed, alter the death of his brother
Thomas, to the corporatioo ci Norwieb, t<H
gt't her with his coins and many of his printed
books. Of the manuscripts, which Kirk-
patrick fondly hoped would be completed
and publi^ilien, eleven were safe in the cus-
tody of the corporation about 1816, but all
are noiw dispersed, except some notes on tbe
A
thick quarto
volume, devoted to the History of the Re-
'

lud, rabseriben and naaMubieribem, firom
many cross and proundless a.'^porsiong ra^t
upon them in a late scandalous libel entitled
An Account of the Hind of the Synod,"'
Tr-lfMl, 1721, 8vo (anon.; bv 'A Lover of
Truth and Peace '). 2. A Scripture Plea
*
aga'uut a fatalrupture and breach of Christian
Conununion amongst the Presbyterians in tlie
>'ortb of Ireland,' Belfast, 1724, 8vo. 3. 'An
Easay upon the Important Question whether
ligious Orders find Communities, and of tbe
ifospitalfi and Cn-ntln, of Norwich,' compiled
by Kirkpatrick about 1725, was published at
the expense of Hudson Qumey, under the
editorship of Dawson Turner, in 1 ^^4'). Turner,
in an interesting preface, gives a list of the
missing mamiseripta. Extracts from Kirk-
patrick's papers are cited in liobert Fitch's
uistorical introduction to John Ninham's
* Views of the Gates of Nonrioh,' published

there is aLf pislative Proper Authority in the
Choreh,' Belfast, 1 731, 8 vo (^anon.; by several
bsads,probably edited by KirkpatridiO* 4. 'An
Account of the Success of Mrs!. Stephens's
Medicines for the Stone; in the case oi James
Kirkpatrick, Doctor of Divinity, M.D., &c.,'
Belfast, 1739, 8 vo. 5. 'A Defenc of Christian
liberty, by s Member of the General Synod,'
Bd&it, 174S, 410 (imflnidied).
[Witberow' Htsforic.il and I,itorary
by the Norfolk and Noffwieh AlduoologMMl
Society in 1861.
Peter Le Neve was Kirkpatrick*s intimate
friend, and they mutually exchanged their
collections for Norwich. Ulomefield aoknow^
lodged the great aaaiataace wbiA bedetitd
from their labours.
Kirkpatrick was a good draught ninan. In
1723 he published a large nort]k*east urospect
Memo- of Nf r-i\ 'h, in two shcef-s, engravea by E.
1

Bsli of Preabyteri(irii8ni Ireland; Iteid'n

iu Kirkaii, which he exhibited to the Society
Hist, of the Presb. Church in Ireland; Soott's of Antiq^uaries, together with a plan uid
F&sfi ; Recordit of Oeneral Synml of Ulster, Saxon corns lound at Norwich. In the pre-
M'jO, vol. i.; Catalogue of Early Btlfast Printed vious year his friend Le Neve had ahown
Bocks; Disciple, 1882, pp. 171 sq.; information tbe society a draft and description of Buigh
kiad^ tasgUtd Igr the Jm?. Alesaoder Gordon.] Castle, Suffolk, by him. His north-east view
T.H. of Norwich Cathedral was engraved by J.
K]BXPATRIOK,JOHN(iaBeP-1788>, Harris in 1742, and his three views and
sntiqaarr. bom about 1686, vnta son of a poimd-plot of the gatehouse of St. Bennet
Bative o^ Closebum, Dumfriesshire, whu had in the Holm Abbey were published by the
isttlsi ia the pariah of St. Stephen, Norwich. Society of Antiquaries in Vetusta Honu*
'

H wfi^ apytn-nticfd in the parish of St. menta.' A

Clement, and subsequently established him-
Mif ia barineaa as a linen merchant in St.
Andrew, in parlnr^rship with John Custance.
In 1726 Kirkpatrick was appointed treasurer
f tbsOfsat Hospital in St. Helen's. lie died
list of his drawings is given in
. O^i^s 'British Topogxaph7^(ii. 10, 14, 30,
[Dawson Tunwr's Preface referrenl to j\liovi>
Niebels's lUoatr. of Lit. iii. 418, 421, 43S, 434
Hcrfbft Ardneology, t. S8S ; BtooMlMdV Hoi^
{

vithout issue on 20 Aug. 1728, aged 42, and i

folk, Bvo ed. iv. 379-80 (JoIbi Chambers's)
;

waa btthed in St. Helen's Church, Norwich 1 Norfolk, ii. 1181, i:<U8.] Q. O.

Digitized by Coogle
 Kirkpatrick
KIRKPATRICK, WILLIAM (1764-
1812),orientali8t, born in 1754, was eldettSCm
of Colonel James Kirkpatrick, Maflrns army,
and grandson of Jam<^ Kirkpatrick, M.I>.,
who died in 1770, and yvns the author of
s' vrral popfical and medical works. Colonol
.lamus Kirkpatrick was the author of a
famphlet on the Organisation of a Body of
'
light Troops for Detached Service in the East
[ndiea' (London, 1709; 2nd edit. 1781), and
in a critical nmo of that woilr iedaaeribed
as a cavalry leader of experit-nro' (Monthly
'
RevieWf 1769). He was in command of the
txoopaatTVnt Marlborough, SQniatra,inl777,
and returned home in 1779. He married
Katherinef daughter of Alexander Monro, by
whom ho luul three MmiWiniani,Oeor(p, in
the Bomhnv civil service, and James Achilles.
He died at Ills seat, HoUjdale, Kent, in 1818,
agd 89. William, Ua oMeat aon, a cadet of
1771, was appointed ensign in the Bengal
infantry on 17 Jan. 1773, Ueutenant 9 April
1777, captain S April 1781, major 1 March
1794, lieutenant-colonel 12th native infantry
1 Jan. 1798, lieutenant-colonel commandant
8th native infantry 30 June 1804, colonel
natiye infantry 25 April 1808, major-
general 4 June 1 81 1 . He was Persian inters
preter to Lieut^nant-^neral Giles Stibhert,
who was commandflr-m-chief in Bon$^ in
1777-9 nnd 1780-6, and prepared a Persian
translation of the articles oi war (printed
1782). Afterwards he was resident with
Scindia at Gwalior (ComteafUs Corretp. i.
261), and served on Lord Cornwallis s staff
as Persian interpreter in fbe Myaore war of
1790-1. In 1798, in consequence of disputes
between the Nepaulese and the lama of
Tibet, a Chinese uibJ crossed Tibet, and took
np a position near Katmandu, in view of the
Ganges valley. The Nepaulese implored the
aid of British arms. ComwaUis offered to
mediate, and Kirkpatrick was deputed tomoet
the Nepaulese envoys at Patna, and after-
wards proceeded to Nayakote, where theN^
pan! rajahs held their court The officers of the
. 60-3; information supplied by the Tndin Office;
miaaion, Kirkpatrick and his suite, were the
ibat Bngliahmen 'to pass the VMue of lofty
mountains sepnmting the secliidea valley of
Nepaul from the north-east part of Bengal'
( Aeeamt of Nepaui, p. \\ Oomwallia testi-
f]< il that ' no one could nave acquitto'l him-
self with more ability, nnidencep and cir-
enm8peetion'(Cbrm0(iMi9CVnrapp.h.6^^^ In
1795 Kirkpatrick was appointed resident
with the nizam of Hyderabad, but in 1797
was inTalided to the Cape, being replaced
by his brother, Lieutenant-colonel James
Achilles Kirkpatrick. At Cape Town Kirk-
patrick met the Marqois Wellesley, who took
him hiok to India with him aa eonfldential
its Kirkpatrick
military secrofary. In a despatch dated
10 Jan. ISOJ Wellealey declares himaelf in-
debted to Kirkpatrick ' for the sea^onaW"
information which enabled me to extingul^U
French influence in the Deccan, and to fru-
trate t!iL' vindictive proji-cts of Tippon Sul-
taun ( WelU*ley Dcjp. vol. iii. pp. ix-xi).
'
Kirkpatrudc was appomted one of the com-
missioners for the partition of Mysort> after
the fall of Seringapatam, for which he re-
ceived a anm of ten thousand pagodas, and
in 1801 wa-s mad(> resident at Poena, but wa^
compelled to finally c^uit India through ill-
health the same year.
Kirkpatrick sun^gested and promoted the
Bei]al Military If wd. He translated various
wonn firom ^e Persian, and also publidied
a translation of the 'Diary and Letters of
Tippoo Sultaun ^London, 1804), and an 'Ac-
'
count of the Mission to Nepaul m 1798'fLon^
don, 1811). He helped to select the library
deposited in the India House. Leadenhall
Street, and now at the India Office. He was
a man of mild and amiable manner, and in
his skill in oriental tongues and knowled^
of the manners, customs, and laws of India
was declared by the Marqnia Wellealey to
be unequalled oy any man he ever met in
India. The future Duke of Wellington ap-
pears to have had a leas (kvourable opinion
of the Kirkpatrick brothers, particularly of
Achillea (cff Wellington Suppl. Desp. L W>
214. 2.W).
Kirkpatrick married at Calcutta, 26 SepL
1788, Miss Maria Seaton Rawson((?en<. Mag,
Ivi. pt. i. p. 351), and left four daughters:
Clementina, who married Admiral Sir John
Ixtuis, hart. ;
Barbara, who married Mr.
Charles Buller, M.P. ; Julia, who maxiud
Edward Strachey, father of the present Sit
Edward Stnchey, bart. ; and Eliaa, who died
mmmnied. Kixspatrick died on SS Ang.
1812, aged 58.
[Memoirs of the Family of Kirkpatrick of
Cloesbam, privately printed, London, 1 885, pp^
East India Military Calendar, Lomlon, 1823,
vol. ii. Despatches of the Marquis WoUesloy in
;
India, London, 1837. A large number of Kirk-
and memoranda are amon^ the
DAtrick's Ifltteis
MfleiriitottRv"f>B^lIw>^<l>t' ^^^^^1
H. M. C.
KIBELFATBICK, WILLIAM BAIL-
LIE (1809-1889), Iriah peabyterfaii diTine,
was bom near Ballynahinch, co. Down, in
1802. After spending some time at aclaaaical
sdiool conducted h^ the Itev. Arthur Neileon
of Hademon, he wont to Glnsg^ow College,
where he proceeded to the d^pwe of MA.
He Btudied theol<^ at the old BellSMt Ool-
lege, wider the dlvmitj profemor of Hm ^ynod
Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Kirkstall
of Uhter. In. 1827 he was licensed by the
presbyteiy of Armagh, and on 29 July 1820
ordained one of the ministers of Mary's Ab-
bey Church, Dublin, by the presbytery of
Dnblin. He aft <mce took biell fxik as a
preacher and pastor. In 1860 he was mode-
rator of the general assembly, and for many
jears convener of the home mission scheme
anfi of Th'' committee on the state of religion.
He was appointed by gOTemment a commis-
MMTof ottritable donations and bequests,
and a commissioner of (>ndowed schools.
Ihuinn: his ministry in Dublin a splendid new
dkofch was built in Rutland Square, at a
eot of 13,00)0/., for the Mary's Abbey con-
gregation, by Mr. Alexander Findlater, J.P.
Hedied 23 ^pt. 1682, at Bray, 00. WklElow,
and wa? buried in Mount Jerome cemetery,
Dublin, leaving a widow, two sons, and six
daoghten. Besides many fugitive publiotp
tions, he wrote Chapters in Irish History,'
*
DnUia, n.d. [1876], which reached a aeoond
[Obitaary nottoa ia Bdftat Witness; per-
WOr*J V; vwledgo.] T. H.
KIRKSTALL, HUGH of
histrtrian, was received monk
as a Cistercian
at Kirk^tull, Yorka1ure,by Ralph Haget, who
wa abbot there from 1181 to 1 1 90. He was
certainly living at Kirkstall in 1207, when he
determined to write the history of Foaiitains
Abbey, and Bought information from an aged
monk named Serlo. Serlo had, by his own
ieenmt, entered Foaiitaiiia about 1 18S, and
was afterwards sent in succes-sion to Barc-
noldswic and Kirkstall, and was in the sixty-
ninth year of his profession when he supplied
Hugh with material for his history. For the
literary form of the work Hugh would seem
to be entirely responsible. The Narracio de
'
Frindatinnt' Monasterii do P'nntibus* in its
oldest extent form ends with liaget's transla-
tkoto Fountains in 1190; the continuation
do^-n to 1219 may be by Hugh or by some
other person. Leland saw and used a copy
of the kiatory, which contains matter not
f und in 'xtant copipf, and additions pro-
bably mailt- after Hugh's death ; his extracts
are nrinted in ih<(xUeeCaea,' vol. \y. Le-
laoQ thus cites a referencA tn Stephen de
EsUm, abbot of Fountains from 1247 to 1252
{ GoU. iv. 1 08). Tanner regarded this as proof
that Hugh survived till tliat period, which,
though possible, is not venr likely. The onl^
fUnt mediseval copy oi the ' Narracio is
among the Oale MSS. at Trinity College,
Camlmdge. Bernard mentions a manuscript,
'De Fontanenab Monasterii Orisrine,' in tne
K><rrv of Sir Henry Ijanglev, which cannot
i^w be traced {Oat. M8S. AngHmf ii. 216).
its Kirkton
There however, three late copies which
are,
dlffbr Bomewhat from the Oale MS., and are
apparently due to a common abbreviation of
the original. These are Lansdowne MS. 40-4
and Arundel MS. 51 in the British Musenm,
and Dodsworth JIS. 26 in thp Bodleian.
From the second Dugdale printed the chro-
nicle in his 'Monasticon Anglicanum' (v.
292-303). The fuller text has been printed
in ' Memoriiils of Fountains Abbey (i. 1-
128), edited by Mr. J. R. Walbran for the
Surtees Society in 1863. Hugh is also cre-
dited with a work, ' De Rebus a Cistercien-
sibus Monachis in Anglia Gestis,' which ia
probably identical with the History of Fonn-
'
tains,' Tanner suggests that he was the
Hugh the monk whose verse^^, De Gestis et
'
Laudibus Thuratini Eboracensis Archiepi-
scopi, cum notabilibus quae concemant
aliis
Kcclesiam Ebor.,' were formerly preserved in
the library of the monnstery of Sion. The
fact that 'Thurstan was a patron of the Cis-
tercians is favourable to this conjecture.
Bale inadvevtentlj oiUa Hogh * Hn^h of
Kirkstede.'
rLdaad, OommaBtarft de Seriptt Brit. p. 245,
1200), and Collectanea, iv. 108 f> Ealo. iii. 81 Pits,
; ;
297; Tanner's Bibl. Brit -Hil.. p. 419; Dog-
S.ale's Monast icon, V. 292-303,630-2; Mr. Wal-
bran's preface to Memorials of Fonntains, vol. i.
pp. vii-xxl] C. L. K.
KIRKTON, JAMES (1620 P*l 099),
Scottish divine and historian, was bom about
1620. He graduated at the univensity of
Edinburgh m 1647, and was ordained and
admitted to the second charge of Lanark in
1655. He was afterwards translated to
Mertoun in Berwickshire, and was deprived
in 1062 on the restoration of episcopacy.
Under the indulgence granted in 1672 he was
appointed as minister of Oarstaira, but he re-
fused the appointment and went to England.
In 1674 he was denounced as a rel>el for hold*
conventicles, and in June 1676 he waa
seized in Edinburgh by ft Captain Carstairs,
but was rescued by his brother-in-law, Robert
Iki 11 ie of Jenriawood [q. v.} He declined an
invitation to become one of the mini-^ters of
the Scottish church in Rotterdam, but dur-
ing the height of the persecution he and his
family took refuge in Holland, and r^'inainod
there till the proclamation of the Toleration
Aflt of 1687. He then returned to Scotland,
wns appointed at a meeting of jiresbyterian
ministCFi to oiBdate in Edinburgh, and
' preached to a large congregation in a meet*
mg-house on the Castle Hill till the revo-
lution, when he was reinstated in his former
pariah of Mertoun, and was one of the minis-
ters appointed to 'purge' the university of
Edinburgh of professors disaffected to the
Digitized by Google
 Kirkup 834 Kirkup
new govemment. In 1691 lie was admitted many years in a hua'ie on the Atbo, adyoinp
minister of the Tolbooth parish, Edinburgh, ing the Ponte Voccliio. He was a pood
and remained there till his death, which took artist but practised painting in a * dilett ante*
,

place in 1699. "VVodrow de.scriljes him as a fashion. He sent to the Royal Academy in
'
ministt^T of ^Tpfit zt-al, kiKiwlodj^o, andl^arn- 18;^ a picture of * Cassio,' and in \S'M> a
ing| a moat curious searcher into the natural, lady's portrait. He also publiahfd a few
<Tilt and ecd^iaatioal history of Scotland,' etchings. At Florence Kirkup became a
and aa a * mn^t puccessful and sententious
;
leader of a well-known literary circle. He
preacher of tlie guspt;! but, according to
' collected a valuable library, of which a cata-
epiiwopal pamphlets of the time,liewM*tlie logue wu
printed in 1871, and maintained
comedian of his party,' and his sermons were a large correspondence. Walter Savage
'
the chat of the tavern and the divertis-
'
'
Ijandor, Robert and Elizabeth Browning,
ment of tlu* young people.' Kirkton married Beui, B. J. Trclawny, Joseph Severn, and
Orissel, diiuirhter uf Georgo Bdillie of Jervis- others weie his intimate fnends, and lii.^
wood, and hud three sons, and a daughter name is of frequent occurrence in their bio-
who married Dr. A. SkeoSi boridoe otlier graphies. He drew many portraits of hit
children who died young. iriendft one of Trelawny is in the posses-
;

Kirkton published two separate sermons in sion of Mr. J. Temple Leader at Florence,
1098 and li!M), and wrote a History of Mr.
'
and in the Scott collection of drawings in
John Welsh, Minister of the Gospel at Ayr,' the Scottish National Gallery at Edinburgh
with whom he was connected by marriage. ; there is a portrait drawn by Kirkup of Jolm
He left in manuscript * The Secret and True Scott, editor of the ' Champion.' He was a
History of the Church of Scotland from the devoted and learned student of Dante, and
Restoration to the year 1078,' which was adopted the peculiar scheme of Dante-^ue
edit-'d, with biDgraphical sketch and noti s, interpretation promulgated by his friend
byCharles Kirkpatrick Sharjie, antl piihlishL'd Gabriele Rossetti. In IKIO Kirkup, Bezzi,
in 1817, Edinburgh. The mauubcript was of and Henry Wilde, an American, obtained
great service to Wodrow in compiling his leave to search for the portrait of Dante,
'
History of the Sutlerings of tlie Church painted, according to trudition, by Giotto, in
of Scotland,' but he tones down Kirkton's the chapel of the Palazi:o del Podest^ at
aloffies, Hotne of which are eoane and aenxri- Florence. In tins they were successful on
loiis. The book contfiitis n panegrric on 21 July 1840. Kirkup WHS ublr snrreptitiously
the church of Scotland during the common- to make a drawing and a t racing before an ill-
weal th,wludlilttar hiaUniaiiBhATecharacter- conceived restoration in 1841 destroyed the
iaed s H romance and an enthusiastic fable.'
' truth nnd value of the painting. The draw-
ing, which was i8sued in chromolithography
[ScotL'a i .i8ti ; Wodrow's Hist, of the Suff.of
by the Arundel Societv, was made fraaa
the Church of Scotliind; Scots Presby. Eloq.;
Pitcairn's Assembly ; M*Grie'8 KnoE, biog.
Kirkup's sketch. The latter was also en-
sketch by Sbarpc] G. W. S.
graved by P. Lai^inio. Kirkup gave lus
KIRKUP, SEYMOUR STOCKER tracing to Rossetti, who handed it on to hlft
(1788-1880), artist, bom in London in 1788, son, Dante Gabriel Kos^otti [n. '^q. v.] It was
was the eldest child of Joseph Kirkup, sold after the latter'fj deiuh. Kiirkup made
jeweUer and diamond merchant in London, some of the designs for Lord Vc
He was admitted a student of the Royal did edition of Dnnt*-'^ work.^.
Academy in 1809, and obtained a medal in On the restoration of the Italian kingdom,
1811 for a drawing in the antaquA school Kirkupwas created for these sei
there. He became at this time acquainted of the onler of S. Mfinririn e Laizaro. Appti-
with W^illiam Blake (1757-1827) [q. v.] (see rently throiigli a mi8uuder.standing he
Wehtss Reid, Life of Lord Houghton, iL sumed that this gave him arighttotbai
2212 ), and with R. R. nnyd()n [q. v.], with of 'baronc,' by which title he was known
whom he subsequently kept up an interest- for the rest of his life. Kirkup won below
iiigeorrespondenceiseellAVDON, CV>rrf.v/)onf/- middle stature, and in early life very good*
enee and Table-talk, edited by . W, Hav- looking. Ijatterlyhe displayed much ecoen-
don). About 1816 Kirkup began to suflfer tricity in his dress and habits, and suffered
from pulmonary weakness, and, after his from increasing deafness. He was moat of
fathers death, visited Italy. He eventually his life a devoted believer in p])irituftlim, and
ettled in that country-, living some time at a disciple of Danitd Home [q. v.], imder whose
Bome, where, on ~u Iv-b. 1821, he was influence he parted with his lifanry and other
|

present nt the funeral of John Keats and treasurer. Kirkup had by a young Florentine
|

ui 1822 at that of Shelley. He eventu- lady, Regina lionti, who died liO Oct. 1850,
i

Uy Mttkd at flomiae, wlwn he lived ft* aged 19, a daaghtir, ImofMia^ who
I i

Digitized by Google
 Kirkwood
Si^or Teodoro Cioni of Leghorn, and died
ia 1878^ iMTinff two children. On 16 Feb.
1870 he married, he heing eightj-seven and
Jiii bride only twenty-two years of age, Pao-
lOHydftUghter of Pasquale Carboni, English
rrc^-consiil at Home. His widow afterwards
married Si^or Morandi of Bologna. Kirkup
4mi 4 Via Scalt del Ponte Nuoto, Leg-
tt
horn, where he had resided since 1872, on
18K), and was buried on 6 Jan. in the
.i .hill.
British cemetery there. A portrait
of Kirkup, drawn by himself in 1811, is in
the posaeasion of Mr. Thomas Marchant at
[Athenaenm, 29>ray 1880 Spectator, 11 May
;
liiO ; For8tr a Life of W. S. Landor B. R.
; by means of a second tract, of which only
B^te'i Maoioirs: Sharp's Memoirs of Joaeph
Sere-TO information kindly supplied by W. M.
: of a Letter anent a Project for Erecting a
n(%-ci;i, J. Temple Loader, the Rer. R. H. Ir-
rw. Mr. T. Marchant, Ducbessa di Sermoneta,
SifBora Mocandi, Signer Cioni, Miaa JBcowning,
ad others.] C.
KIRKWOOD, JAMES (166OP-1706),
adr loat*? of parochial libraries, waa bom at
Ihmbar about 1650. He graduated M.A.
Ami Edinbur;f^h University in 1670, and
ift^'r p^Ming^ his trials before the presbytery
Qt Uaddmgton bec&me domestic cnaplain to
JphaGampbell, earl of Caithness, afterwards
fint earl of I^readalbnne [q. v.l, by whom,
on 12 May 1(379, ho was prtiseuted to the
hring of Minto. Deprived of thu benefice
after 1 Nov. 1681 for refusing to take the
teA, Kirkwood, following the example of a
ham noaiber of ' oated ministers,' migrated
to England, where, on 1 March I'^S'), through
t^frieadchipofBishop Burnet. he was insti-
tilaa to tbo Mull netory of Astwidc, Bed-
fordshire.
Wliile residing in the highlands with Lord
IMbdlMB^B fimilT KtAwood had been
inti:h by the ignorance on the part
impre*i.sed
of the (ialic people of the scriptures, and,
dwJ, of all mnmof literature, and in 1090
If commenced a correspondi nce with tlio
lloo. Hobert Bo^^le v.] on the subject.
Boyle pnoentadlitm with two bundredeopieo
<f his Bible in Irish for immediate circu-
lation, and subscribed towards the print-
ing of three thousand more copies, which
Kirkwood succeeded in distributing over the
north of Scotland, in spite of the opposition
to his scheme in England, on the ground that
i: woold obstruct the de$<ired extirpation of
the Gaelic tongue. In 1699 appeared anony-
mously a tract, now of great rarity, entitled
* An Overture for Founding and Maintaining
Bi^.liotheck^ in every Paroch throughout the
k;ngdom. Thifs was printed at Edinburgh,
|ilWllld ' overture ' being the technical term
far a propQial to tbe <ud Soottioh pmiiar
TOL. XL,
Kirkwood
ment. Undertliearbitnxjand comprehensive
scheme therein oontained the parish minis-
ter's private books were to form the nucleus
of each library, the parish schoolmaster was
to act as librarian, and a uniform system of
catalogu'mg was to be adopted tliroughout
the country. Among other inducements
which the scheme ofl'ered is mentioned tho
fact that it will in n short time carry away
*
the whole trade of printing from all the rest
of Europe.' The tract was feffintttd by Wil-
liam Blades in 1889 from a copy preserved in
the Public Library at Wigan. The only other
copy known is in a private Utew at G las-
gow. The ' Overture is traced to Kirkwood
'
one copy is known; it is entitled * A Ck>p7
Library in every Presbytery, or at leaat every
County in the Highlands. From a Reverend
Minister of tin? Scots Nation now in Eng-
land' (no place uor date), to which ia ap-
pended the following printed atatement;
'The author of this Letter \^ a person who
has a great seal for propagating the know-
ledge of God in the UighundB of Scotland,
and is the same who did promote contribu-
tions for the printing of Bibles in the Irish
language, and sent SO many of them down to
Scotland.' The general assembly approved
the srmect, but do not appear to have trans-
lateo their appTOvat into action. Charter^
however, states that n lihrnry was established
for the clergy in the highlands by Kirkwood
in 1690 {Cat. of SeotMk WriUn^ a. a. 'Qir-
wnrl, James,' p. 61). In recognition of the
activity displayed in these various projects
Kirkwood waa, on 4 March 170^ elected a
corresponding mpml)or of the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge (& P. C. K,
MmuUs, pp. 817-4S),and on 11 iTor. follow-
ing were rrad at on*^ rif tlu' society's meetings
* Lstters and Papers from Mr. Kirkwood re-
latinfr to the Erection of Lending Tiihnmea in
the Highlands.' The p;ipiTs arc probably
' '
identical with the unique tract meutioneci
above, which contains elaborate aimMtions
and rules for the conduct of a lending library.
A dry place was to be chosen ; the books to be
kept under lock and key. Some maybe lent
out but noonetohave morethan two at atime,
.
and the borrowers must be approved preachers,
schoolmasters, and students. Eacu book to
have its price against it in the catalogue, and
every borrower to deposit a quarter more
than the value, as a security for its safe re-
turn. Kirkwood had previouaA^, on 7 Jan.
1702, been ejected from the livmg of .\8t-
wick for neglect in not abjuring according
*
to tho sUtnte 13 and 14 William III.' No
fiirtliar meDtioa of liim has been tiaced, but
Digitizer uy v^oogle
 Ktrkwi Kirfcwood
h appears to 1ut ikA in 1706, vhrn ks town eonnciL' Many yeon Uimmmk be
beqiMftthed his l>;)ok.'i mid papers with 8orut! published The Hintory of the Twenty Seven
' '

other tilings to the pieabytwy of i>uBbar, Qoda of Linlithgow ; Btiag an exact and
'

kia native place* tnto Aoeoont of a raKNiB rlea betirixl tbe

Besides the tracts mentioned, Kirkwood Town-Council of the eaid Burgh, and Ma
wrote A New Fiunily Book, or thfiXme In- Kirkwood, Sdkoolmaater there. SenaMistt
'

tre6t of Famvliee. . . Togetherivitb atTtral Jocie,' EdinbvTgb, 1711, 4tio.

. It wae M-
Pmyers for Fara ilit's and Childrea and Graces eated to Sir David Daliynipl"'. whnjie elder
beforrt and aftt r Meat.' The second edition Ivother, the ^ Earl of Stair,' says the author,
of this work, with a pre&ce by Dr. Authony * not only senk bio eon, the present eerl, to
Honeck [q. v.] and a grotesque frontispiece my school at Lithgow, but tabled hi in in iny
engraved hv ^f. Vanderprncht, dated 16^, is house.' The work contains many curioas
preeerved m the British Museum Library. particulars regarding tbe social aad religioat
Chaitets assigns the date 1092 to this work, state of affairs during the contention for su-
but in a letter to Kirkwood, dated 18 Oct. firemacy between tba pffoebjIeBiaa and pre-
1690,Boyle acknowledges the receipt from the atic parties.
iithovof ft 'yious and sensible book/ whkh, Kirkwood left LinlMiym and went, in
from other remftrks that he lets fall, is evi- March 1 690, to Edinburgh^ wbere he lived for
dently the* 2sew Family Book.' Ii mustthera- a year without emplo3rment. He then started
im luvM been puUialied ia or before 1690. a eebool with above sevenscore of noble-
*

[Scott's Fap'i, pp pt. 750 Birch's

ii.
Boyle, 1772, clxiXTiii-ccir Library Chrooida, ;
1888, p. 116 Nots and QaeriaB, 3rd ser. r. 29;
: haautttty in St. Andrews, a call to Duns,
HblacCliira's A Chapter in English Church Ht-
torj, pp. 217, 243 ; MiUar'a I>unbar. pp. 207-9
notai kuidly mppliad bfF.. A. BUgrdw, Mq.|
KIBKWOOD, JAMES
iiek tMlcher and i;rammaiUHiy
Dimbar. In May ()74 he was acting m tutor
1 invitation of the Countess of Roxburgh, mas-
or'govemour Lord Bruce at the college of
' to
Qbugow, wbim ho lodged for some time in
th( !Mime house with Dr. Burnet, and in the
pume year was offered by Sir Robert Milne of
Biirntoun, provost of Linlithgow, the master-
ship of the school in that burgh with a yearly
saian' of four hundred merka. At firt^l he re-
fined the oflerjAS ba bad 'agood hope of rising
to a place of more credit and advantage,' hut
OB 2djan. 1676 he accepted it. After serving
far fiftMmywaSfba quarrelled with the magis-
trates over a Pu ghosted reduction of his salary
and a refusal on his part to attend the presby-
terian ' meetiug-hou8e* He was dismissed,
and n lon^ litii^utinn ensued, Kirkwood got
/lOfi, ,
men and gentlemen's eons.' He tells us that
he afterwards refused the professorship of
another CJill to be professor of Greek and
Latin at Jamestown, Virginia, the master-
ship of the free school at Kimh)lton, and of
a free f^eliool in Ireland. He also states that
(JL 1698), Scot- he was invited to return to LiulithgowschooL
Hit bolin BMT Subsequently Kirkwood became, on ibo
ter of the school at Kelso. Hen; he was again
involved in seriouR difficulties, which henar*
rnted in * Mr. Kirkwood's Plea before the
Kirk, and Civil Judicatures of Swtland.
Divided into Five Parte,' London, printed
by D. E. for the author, 1698, 4to, dedicated
to the Countess of Roxburgh. Kirkwood
made a gross attaek on the character of the
minister, Dr. .Taqnes, who replied in a * Vindi-
cation affainst Master Kirkwood'a Defama-
tion.' ^rkwoodseatfoftlbeii *-Aaswr/4tok
without an imprint.
Throughout his pamphlets Kirkwoodclaimt
high repute as a granimerieB, and in Pen-
ney's llistorv of l.inlithgowshirf^ nrrl Chal-
'
'

the bet lor of his employers, who were mulcted meraa ' Life of Ruddimaa ' he is spoken of as
in damages to the extent of four thouaand the fint gnuanarioaof thoday. At tbe sug^
'

merks for forcibly ejecting him and liis wife pestion of Lord Stair, president of tln> eonrt

a Dutch lady, Qoletine van Beest from their of aesaiou, he was consulted by the commis-
boiue, and tnxowing his booka and papers and moaenforoollBges tad leboolsat to the best
'

Mrs. Kirkwood'a fine Dutch furuiture iuto Latin grammar to be used in Scotland. He
'
the oj^ and dirty street .' Kiiikwoodpub- pointed oat the defects of Despauter, ' the
A ,

Kthiad aa ftecOTiit <tfth li t igat ion ia * onoirt PriBbofthoWcliifl>1 ssid*Bndvwwwqnee>ed

I

Information of the Plea betwixt the Town to edit Despauter's grammar, witli the resnlt
w
J

Council of Llthffo andiMr. JamaaKirk wood, tthat in IdSd he proaneed ' Grammatioa Dee-
SehoobnMter tnare, wbenof a ftill ac- now
pauteriaaa, ena aovaao^ ganeriaGlaeaa; ent
countmay perhapscomeout hereafter' l''0(r. subjunguntur singula prinijc Partin Kxeiiipla
J"

4to. A;>nng otW

chaigea brougbt against Vemaauie Bedd ito.' It was dedicated to t he
.

Kblnrood'wai that h waa ' a vaviler of the oeaoDuseioiMia of seb esie wai eotlegt*^, aad
^

gods of the people.' By gods,' Fayf? Kirkwood^ secured the privy council's privilege for nine*
'

* tbey mean tba twantj^-MTOn, maniiaMra of tbft

 fCirton 9f Kirwaa
ttltinlia 1711, and * fourth in 1720, all pub- ohancellor of the university to giant him m
iM is Bdmbutgh. To the fourth edttion. D.D. degTM.
15 apppnded the note, Cui jam tandemAuthor* In 1437 he accompaniod Paul Xorreys,
poftivmam appoeiut manum.' The book was principal of Univeisity Hall, Ojcford, to the
iapeneded ay Rnddimaa't * Rudiments counm ci Baala Bmh seem to haV* bam
]:i4). Kirkwood diad befim 1790^ pro- cited to appenr th*-r.' hi fori' Eugenius IV, on
iMiAj MtKelao. suspicion of here^, but the influence of Hum-
1m additioik to the works named, Kirk- pbnsy, duke of GHooeeater, end lattera fnm
wood was author nf 1. 'Grammatica feunlis,
: their university cnnMfd tlunn to oxrulpatp
sea nova et artiticiosa metbodus docendi themselves. After having been a monk ot
lio^uamliatinam cui prefiguntur animad-
: Westminster thirty-seven years, KirtOB wa
tersioDW in rudiraentM nof^tra vul{^ria, et elt^cted abbot between 27 May and 20 Aug.
GrammaticamDespauterianam ./Qlosgow, . , 1440. lio resigned the post twenty' two'
1674. 2. 'Prima pars Grammatics in me- yean later (146z), probably on aceomit ofin-
Trum redacta,* EJinoorgh, 167o. 3. S^'cM;Tl^l;l ' creasing aee and iufirniitii but. roceived till
.M,

pani Grammatic . Edinburgh, l(i7(i.

, .,' his death (October 14iKi) an annual pension of
4. ' Tertia et quarta parn Grammatical/ Edin- two hundred marks. His oratory is pi keat
btirph. 167. 5. 'All the Examples, both of as remarkable. His tomb in St. Andrew's
Words and Sentences, of the First part of Chapel, Westminster Abbey, formed part of
enmmar,' translated into English bv J. K.,' a aeraen which Kirton himself had caoaed to
Bdlnburjrh, 167(1. '">.
'Grammatica delint>!i(a be ornamented ' with carved birds, flowers,
secnndum sententiam plnrium . . Lon l ui, and cherubim,and with the arms, devioea, and
1677. 7. *Rhetoricjo Compendium ; cui .-ub- mottoes of thenolli<T,'btit toa^balld wa nm
iidtnr de Analjai incactatiaacula,' din- have long disappeared.
baigh, 167a [Dart's History of Westminster Abbfy, ad.
[OiMiben^alNet orBmiiMiitSeotuBeii (Thoni> 1723, rol. ii. p. xxxv;WidnWa BfiatOTj af tha
son); Miller's Historj nf Dunbar, pp. 223-4; Church of St. Peter s, Wf^tminster, p. 1 14 Dug-
;

WalJie's Hist, of Linlithgow; Penney's Lin- dnle B MonnsticoD, 1817, ii. 276; Wood'H History
Itth^wthiro, pp. 78, 215; Not<9 und Qaeries, of the University of Oxford (Gatch).i. 687 Nealv
M
:

ser. T. 29^ 30 ; Andenao's Scottish Nation and BrayWa fiittocy of Weetmiaster Abbey, u
OnlogvM of British Mtmnm, AdToeatss^ Li- I 90.] E. T. ft
Vrwy. Trinity Ooll0i^ JMlUn, tnd Aberdeen
'
KIR WAN, FRAMCttB (1589-161V
rRirfT*ify.] O. S-H. bi.shop of Killala, the son of Matthew Eii*-
KJRTON, EDMU2^D (d. 1400), abbot of wall and Juliana Lynch, was born at Galway
We*tminf e-r, belonged to the md family in lo89, and educated there at a school kept
caU'.'d Cobbledike, but took the name of Kir- by his maternal nncle, Arthur Lynch. Ho
Um, prolwibly from the village where he was afterwards studied at Lisbon, and was or-
horn. VUlagee of that name exist in hith dained priest in Inland m1614. Next yeat
Lincolnshire and Suffolk, and the Ck>bble' lu_^ went to France, and tancht philosophy
dikes are known to have spread themseh'cs at 1 )icpp6. He returned to Ireland in 1620
enr tto tu counties. In 1403 Edmund
> with a iiminiMfm as vicar-geneiil ftoaa
1

was a mAnk of Wt*8tm!ntor. and, while con- Florence Conry, archbishop of Tuam, and
tbuin^' a im rnlx-r of that monasttTv, gradu- remained in ciiargu of his diocese for nine
4tl BJ). frum Gloucester Hall f Worcester years, during which he laboured incessantly,
Coll- c ), ().xfortl. Acrfir linpr to hisepitapli not only in the more settled district;;, hut in
he wa at Rome during the pontificate of the wild Connaugbt mountaius and in the
Ihrtm V, 1417-81, nd preached before oceanic idanda. He was often accompanied
kini. In he was prior of the Bene-
1 ,
byjeeuits, and became much attachrd to the
dictiiie schulars at Gluuceoter Hall, and in society. Conry died in 1629, but hia suc-
the Hune jvar he was sent hy the university cessor, Maladiy O'Queely, retained Kirwan
to lay Tmnons letters, touchinor subsidies for as his vicar. In 1637 or 16;^ he went
the new dirinity schools and other buildings again to France, spending some time at
St Oxford, befom affeneral chapter of hie order Kennes, Rouen, and Caen, and at Paris,
at Northampton, lie was fielectcd to preach where he became intimate with St. Vincent
before the council, and on his motion a vote de Paul, but he did not escauH ab\j-n from
some Irish students, whom ne vainly en*
^

<it thanb was returned to John Wketham- i

ited, abbot of St. Albans, as the chief bene- deayoured to organise for a mission to their

w own country. The nolo epueopari waa

|

factor and eecond founder of Gloucester

Halt In. gpition of Katon's services |
Jenutne in his mouth, but even in his own
the chapter sppointe<l him a visitor of the i>pite he was consecrated bishop of Killals
Beidicf ino muuaateries, and Mi^uestwd the a Sit. LaxaiM en 7 May 164ft. Thiitaoi
^
9

Digitized by Google
 Kinvan ttS Kirwac
biahops, fifteen abbots, and thirty doctors of ! reconciled. I inding many gamblers among
the Swbonne were preitmt. Kirwan's books
'

the priests, Kirwan ordered them to restore

and altar furniture were captured hv pirate?,
but be himself reached Ireland safely and
nuide hie "wj to Kilkemiy, where Rinuccini
mu then resident as nuncio, and took pos-
eeasion of his own see on 5 Oct. 1646. He
joined Rinuccini in reiecting Ormonde's peace
(June 1640), which left the future position
allth ev had won, at the same time forbidding
other winners to make restitution to them.
His opponents respected him, his people loved
him, and he made friends wherever he went
A life of Kirwan by his nophow, John Lynch,
of Tuam, and author of Cambrect"i*
Ermm, was published at St. MaIo ia 1669,

of the Itoman catholica mainly dependent tmder the title of Pi! antietitb Icon, fte. Thie
was roprintod at DuUin in 1848. w.th a trans-
on the kinsf's will ; but in the nimeio's later l

hitioo and notes bjr the lUv.C. P. Mcehaa. who

8tru(r-le witli the siipreme council-virtually i

publislied a second editioa (mach impruvod) in

one between the Celtic and the Anglo-Irish
party he sided with the latter and with
Archbishop De liurgo of Tuam, who during
the interdict forced a passage through the
xoof of the ctiUegiate church at Galway,* and
himself, with the Bishop of Killala, cele-
brated mass there (Riwuccisi, Embasfiy i
'
1884. Scealso a Contemporary Hist, of AflFairs in
Ireland.anda Hist, of the Confederation and War
in Ireland, both edited by Mr. J. T. G ilbert,. avd
the three books mentioned abore.] R.
KIRWAN, OWEN {d. 1803), Irish rebel,
was a tailor by trade, resident in Flonket

Mrdmdf Eng^. transl. p. 468). Kirwan was Street, Dublin. Hejoined the conspiracy
of Robert Emmet, and was employtnl in
aftenvards sorrj' for his resistance to papal
the manufacture of ammunition. Kirwan
or guasi-papal authority, and sued for alwo-
which was readilj' giTen, (Cardivai. was spt cially attached to the Patrick Street
IntaoD,
MoRAX, Sjn'cilrffi'ivn Oif^riense, ii. 175). He depot of arms, the sadden explosion at which
place on 16 July 1803 precipitated the iiH
took an active part in the last struggles of
the Iriah in Connaught, and in the abor-
surrection. On the evening of 23 July Kir-
wan's residence was used as a muster-place
tive negotiations with the Duke of Ix)rraine
(PoKCE, Vindiciee Eversa, Paris, 166.3), and
for a large party of rebels. A little before
nine o'clock in the eventti^r Kirwan, attired
^VM 'On intimate terms with Clanricarde. He
in a green uniform, took up a position out-
also worked in his own dioceee rom UU9
to 1662, in which year he became R furtive,
8^ hIa door to watch for the rocket which
was to announce the rising. On its appear-
and underwent great hardships. Fearing to
ance he summoned the men waiting in hi*
bring trouble on those who ebeltered him,
house, and led them with a pike on hti
he surrendered in 1654, and after fourteen
shoulder down Plunket Street into Thomas
months' imprisonment was allo\ved to retire
He reached Nantea in August Street. After his departure his house was
to France.
used as a rcfreahmmit-plaoe foranothor body
1655, and spent the Tematnder of hia liie in
of rebels. Kirwan was denounced by a neigli-
Brifetaayt wnere charitable ncople, and even
bour, and arrested immediately alter the
the provincial states, provided for the Irish
rising. He was tried before Mr. Baron George
exiles. He
died at Rennes on 97 Aug. 1681,
on 1 Sejit. He was eloquently defended by
and was buried with great pomp in the . -.

Curran, but the evidence against him wiw

Jesuit church there, having been allowed to i

enrolhimselfinthesocietywhenatthepoint conclusive, and he was found guiUy id

executtnl on 3 .vpt. 1^03.
of death. Hia relics were long heUerod to
have worked miracles. [Maddeu's United Irii<hmeu, 3rd ser. vol. iii.;
Kirwan was a thorough asoette, neTer Hibernian Mngazino for 1S03; Trial of Owen
^^ring himself either in purse or p' rscn, Kirwan, inHoweU's State Trials, vol. zxviii.]
G. P. M-T.
and self-condemned to the scourge and the
horsehair dhirt, but cheetftil and pleasant KIRWAK, RICHARD (17SS-1813),
nevertheless. He loved to make pence among chemist and natural philosopher, was the
those committed to his charge, and some of second son of Martin Kirwan, esq., of Gregg,
his airards ^ow constderame humour. A 00. Galway, Ireland, by his wife Blary, dauffa-
man who had put away his wife called iijk jh ter of Patrick French, esq., of Cloughbaliy-
'

the bishop to confirm the arrangement, but more in the same county, where he was bom
i

Kirwan found her innocent, and ordeied him in 1733 and brought tip until lus father's
to take her back on pain of eternal damna- death in 1741. He was sent to Poictiets
tion. I can,' said the man, bear the flames to complete his education, and read Latin
' '

of hell better than my wifi*s company.' eagerly. The dealh of his mother in 1761
|

The bishop told him to begin by putting caused him pnipnnnt t^ief. He entered the
his hand into the candle ; but a few seconds jesuit nuvitiate at bt. Omer in 1764, but
of this fDKtUstesoflleed, sad the couple were quitted it sad Ntomed to Xnlsiid is 175^
I

Digitized by Google
 Kinvan
wlten, hit elder brother having been killed in
a dneljhe oume into possession of the family
mfltim. He was then (as described by Lady
JiMfitt from her father's recollections) ' a
laOf fllfMint comely young man,' given to
tokimBghis discourse with foreign idioms.
IWaoming after his marriage, in February
ITS?, wit h a dnuehter of Sir Thomas Blake
<f lEienlo, CO. Cialway, he was thrown into
priron for her debts. Yet they lived happily
it^ther for eight vears, chiefly at Menlo,
irhere Mrs. Kirwan aied in 1766, leaving two
daoghters, of whom the elder married Lord
Thinleston, the second Colonel Hill. In
1796 RirwMi, having conformed to the esta-
blished church, was called to thf? Irish bar,
bat threw up practice after two years, and
fnaned identifie stodiM in Loodon, ex-
chanpred for Greek at Cregg in 1773. He
resided in London from \7t7 to 1787, and
WenBlniowBtoFrieilej,Gavnduh,Biiilro,
snd Home Tooke. He corresponded with
U the savants of Europe ; his Wednesday
trenings in Newnftn Street were the xeeort
f'( 'tran|jer! of distinction ;the Empress
Catherine of Russia sent him her portrait.
BBefibrary, despatched from Oalway to Lon^
dan on ")
S pt. 1780, was captured by an
American jprivateer. Elected a fellow of the
Rojal Society on 24 Feb. 1780, he xeceiTed
the Copley medal in 1782 for a series of
|apen on chemical affinity {Fhil, Tnmt.
wJs. Ixxi-Ixxiii.), prompt Iv tnmdated into
German by Crell. His Elements of Mine-
'
alogr' (London, 1784; 3rd edition, 1810)
WM the mat systematic treatise on the sub-
ject in English, and was translated into
Fn^nch, German, and Russian. 'An Eati-
aate of the Temperatures of Different Lati-
tudes* (London, 1787) was designed to pave
the way for a theory of winds. As the re-
prenentati ve work of the Stahlian school, Kir-
^-an's c*>lebnited^ Essay on Phlogiston ' (Lon-
don. ""^T was translated into French in 1788
1 <
bv Madame Lavoisier, with adverse commen-
taries hf LMOUHTy Jfonge, BerthoUet, Hid
IV Morvean. Ktrwan replied in a second
English edition (1789), but in 1791 candidly
icnowladgsd hit eoinranion to the vi^^
his opponents.
Delicate health compelling a more retired
he settled in 1787 at No. 0 Cavendish
life,
Row, Duhlin, joinrfl the Royal Irish Aca-
dBy.aod became in 1799 its president. He
fnmasd as well over the Dublin Library and
'Kirwanian Societies. A gold medal was
*
on chemical subjects were reproduced in Ger-
Toted to him by the Royal Dublin Society in man in Crell's 'Annalen' (vols, i and ii.,
acknowledgment of his services in procuring 1800). The Royal Irish Academy possesses
the Lek'-van cabinet of minernls for their a good likeness of him, and his portrait was
sseom.and his portrait by Hamilton hangs also painted by Comerlbrd. There is a bust
kUMit MMd-rooiB. He wae memher of of him in the Dnblin Labniy,
Kirwan
the Edinburgh Royal Society and of a num-
ber of foreign academies ; and the university
of IhibUn eooftmd upon him in 179A ao
honorary degree of TjTj.D. A baronetcy
offered to h'lm bv Lord Castlereagh wus
declined} but he Wre the honorary title of
insnectoiVigeneral of hie majesty's mines in
Ireland.
Kirwan's criticism in 1797 of the Hat-
tonian theory of the earth {Tranfi. It. Irish
Acad. vi. 23^) involved him in a heated
controversy. The publication of his ' Geo-
logical EF?ny8 (London, 1790), dclayt d by
'
the Irish rebellion, was anticipated by the
appearanoeof a Oorman version. 'AnBssay
on the Analysis of Mineral Waters' (1799)
indicated valuable methods and contained
invdiuwfttl informatkm. He wrote instnie-
tively besides on subjects connected with
mining, bleaching, and the chemistry of soils,
and was eonsolted as a. weather-prophet by
*
half the farmers in Ireland. His Logpck '
(2 vols. London, 1807) and ' Metaphysical
Eesays ' (181 1) had littie snoeees.
An accomplished linguist , a brilliant talker,
and an adept in Italian music, he indulged
as he grew old in some minor oddities, readily
permit ffnl to the Nestor of English chs-
*
mistzy.' Even in courts of justice or at vice-
regal Wtes he wore a sloudied hat as a pre-
caution against cold received his friends,
;
summer and winter, extended on a ooudi
before a blazing fire ; and, owing to a weak-
ness of the throat, always ate alone, his diet
consisting of ham and milk. Flies were his
especial ayermon ; he kept a pet eagle, and
was attended by six large dogs. He was a
good landlord and philosophically indifferent
to money. A
unitarian form of belief was
finallyadopted by him, and he spent much
time m
scriptural study. He died, as the con-
senuence ot starving out ' a cold, on 1 June
'
I8i2, in his seventy-ninth year, and was
buried in St. George's Church, Lower Temple
Street, Dublin. Between 1788 and lt?08
he contributed thirty-eight memoirs to the
'Transactions' of the Royal Irish Academy;
controverted in 1784 some of Cavendish's
xeeolts (P/ii7. Trans, l.xxiv. 164,178 ); and
presented to the Royal Society in 1785 'Re-
marks on Specific Gravities \ib. Ixxv. 267^ '
and Experiments on Hepatic Air (ib. lxxn
' '
118), the latter included, in an Italian trans-
lation, among Amoretti's Opuscoli Scelti'
*
(x. 40, Milan, 1787). Sereol of his essays
Digitizer uy v^OOgle
 Kirvvan 850 Kitchin
fProc. II, Irish Acad rnl, W. Aj^). No. Tiii. sermon to a protestant congregation izi St.
p. lixxi, 1850 (Michael Donovan), ib. p. 481 Peter's Church, Dublin, where to some time
(Pickelh)); Philosophical Msg. 1802, xiT. 363 he continued to officiate my
SoBday^ Ib>
{poztnit prefixed to rolumA^; Qwt. lfg. voL mediately taking rank as a pnlprt orator of
Imii. pt. i. p. 669 Attn.
; 1812, p. 177; singular power. His services were eagerly
ThoTnsoii'B lIiBt. R. Society, p. 483; Thomson'a
sought for charity sermons, and the churches
limU ol CUeniititry, 1831, ii. 137 Curier'tt Uivt.
in which he preached had to be defended
;

lies Sciences, v. 46 Poggendorif's Bug. lot.

against the pressure of the crowds by guards
;

HaniwoctorlMMli; Watt's BibL Brit ]

A. -M. C.
and palisadea. It was aot uncommon for
collections araountinci' to 1,(KKV. or 1,200/.
KIBWAN, STEPHEN (d. 1002 P), to be taken up on such occasions, iewellory
bwhop of OlondRnrty native of Galway, -was and gold watche.s being^ freqnentlylaid upon
educated partly at Oxford and partly at the plates. In 1789 Kirwan was collated
Paris. Conforming to the protesLant reli- by the Archbishop of Dublin to the prel)end
gion he -was, apparently >vhile ' a student ni" llowth, and was in the same year pre-

re.iidt'nt at Oxf irrl,' appointed archdeacon of ferred to the living of St. Nicholas Without
Annaghdownin On 18 April 1573 he in the city of Dublin. In 1800 he was ap-
"was, on Hm TeoomBendation of Sir William pointed dean of Killala. 11 e d ad at hi^ h ousa,
i

Fittwillinra, advnnccfl to tho see of Kil- ^^ount Pleasant, npp.r Dublin, on 27 Oct.
macdaa;h, of which he was the first protes- 1805. His wife,WilheImina, youngest daugh-
tant bialiop. His conduct giving satisoetion ter of Goddard Richards of tirango, co. Wex-
to the ^vcnimcnt, he was, on the recnm- ford, whom he had married 22 Sept. 1798,
mendation of Lord Arthur Grey, translated survived him, with two sons one of whom,
to the bishopric of Clonfert OH t May 1582, Antony la Touche Kirwan, became aft^
and on 15 July 1685 he was placed on a wards (lean of Limerick and two dancliters.
commisaion for compoundingwith the laud- His widow was g^ranted bv the crown a pen-
ownsTS in Gonnaught and Tbom(Hid fer a sion of 800/. per annum nir lift, ivith rent^
cerfnin nMit in lion of the uncertain cess sion to her daughters.
accustomed to )je paid by tlieni to the crown. A
volume of Kirwau's sermons was pub-
In 1587,1686, 1697, aod 1599 he wne one lished poathumoiuly, London, 1816b
of the conimissionerfl of martial affairs in [MiNnoir proflxed to Sennooa.] T. H.
Oonnsught. ( )u 20 Oct. 1602 lioland Lynch,
bishop of Kilmacduagh, was appointed to KITOHIN, aih$ Dmmav, AXTHOXY
the see of Clonffrt m eommendam, from (1477-1668), bishop of LUndaff, bom in
which it seems likely that Kirwan died iu 1477, was a Benedictine monk of Westmin-
'

tint or the prseedlng ^tsar. fter, who stuflied at Gloucester Hall (now
Worcester College), built originally for
I
[Ware's Bishopi*, cJ. Hiirris; Cottou'h Fasti
EccL Hib.; Cal. State Papers^ Ireland; Cal. Benedictine novices. He
,
graduated at Ox-
Tiantib EUa. ; ^tdfa IfiahTBallBnaatioo.]
ford B.D. in 1626 and D.D. in 1588. In
1526 he was made prior of Olonoesier Col-
lege (see FoxE, Arts and Mam, 426). .Jn
KIRWAN. WALTER BLAKE (1754- 1530 he was Bp{>ointed abbot of Ej^MMni,
1805), (li nn 01 Killala, was born at Gortha, Oxford, and as abbot wh a signatory to
CO. Galway, in 1754. ilia father bein^ a the king's supremacy (15.'U) and to the
ftwiw^n catholic, he was sent for education articles of 1636. On the dissolution of the
in early youth to the Jesuit college at St. lesser monasteries he, together with eifirlit
Omer. At the age of seventeen he went to monks, surrendered his aboacy, 4 Dec. 15SA,
8t.Croix in the West Indies, along with a rela- receiving a pension of 1.S3/. ft<. 8</., with tht
tive who had large property in that island. promise of a benefice and cure. He was al&o
The climate did not suit him, the cruelty appointed king's chaplain, and in 1546biBliop
wfaicfahe witneitsed disgusted faJm, and after of Llandaff. The oath he took on his con-
I

six years' re.sidence he returned to Europe, firmation contains the fullest possible r&-
I

and went to the university of LouTain, where nunciation '

of the pan.Tl supremacy (Stryii%
he took orders, and wan appointed professor of Oajr, p. 187). He clung to his bishopric
natural and moral philosophy. In 1778 he through j
all changes, and wastefully redaeed
became chaplain to the Neapolitan Bmba.<a- it from one of the weall^ieet to ona of tbe
I

dor at the British court and the eloquence of p<X)re8t sees. He did homage to Mary at her
,

the sermons which he preached in London coronation, displayed zeal enough to

1
% bum
in this capacitT attracted marked attention. raartrr (Foxe, vi.'646), and waa one of Ute
I

In 1787 he left th<' ll'iman catholic chnrcli, coniniiHsinnors who sat on Hoojut. At the
and on 24 June of that jrMur preached his tirst j accession of Elizabeth ha again ronnpliw^

Digitized by Google
 Kitdiijier
iN'tng' t1>fonly papist "bii^hop who took the
oath of supremacy, although he had dissented
in the House of Lords from all the acts of
Tertitntion and reformation. He was included
bv Elizabeth in the two coBimis^ions which
B^e drew for the oonaeonition of Parker,
h\t owing' perhaps to prp^fniry from Bomier
he certainly did not act. iSo Marian bij<hop
consetraentljr took part in the ceremony, a
feet which gnre rise to the frr"!it controversy
M to the validity of Eaglitih uniiuatious. It
me in connection with 1^ controversy that
the Nag's Ilead storv was invcntfd. Ao-
eording to the luttr i'orm of this i'Ma, Kit-
chin waa praaent at the dinner at the Nag's
Head tavern on the day of the confirmation
of Parker, 9 Dec. 1559, and was in vain im-
Eoned by Scory and the rest to consecrate
and other hishopa-elect. Kitchin died
'Si Oct. 1663, and was buried in the parish
dioreh of Matheme, Monmouthshire.
His name appears as Dunstan up to the
time of his election as bishop; after that
fDt as Kitdtitt.
{Btrype'a Cmnmcr, Aunab, Memorials, and
TAer; Foxu's Ac ta aud Aloa.loc. ciu Oxford
;
Bagiitsn; Dugdalf's Mon. Anglic, vol. ill.;
tetiFkpen,Dvm. 1559, p. 143. ibid. Hen. VIII,
IT. 176S; Godwin, De Pnpoulibns .^nplise (makes
Kitchin Oantabr. Acad. Aluiiinn^), Wood'g Ath.
Oxoa.; La Nava; Bumei; fuller; LnnsdowDo
& Ml, ISbL M
; CMtOB. BlSa. Vit. oc M-100.]
W. A. 8.
KlTCHDrEIl, WILLI AxM, M.D.(1775?-
writer, was probahly
"1&27), mibciillant'ouij
bam at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, London,
in 1775. Hi father, William Kitchiner,
came to Loudon from Hertfordshire, and
hcjran life as a porter at a coal whttC By
tnding as a coal merchant he eventually
nahsed a fortune of about 2,000/. a year.
Afl a justice of the peace for Westminster he
occasionally sat at Bow Street court-house.
Be died at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, Lon-
'3on. on 19 July 1794, and was bunud in a
vault at St. Clement Danes Church. By a
tnt wife he hud a daughter, by a second an
only son (Oent. Mag. July 1*794, p. 678).
The son was educated at Eton, and obtained on Vocal Music and Sing>o>'^^^ 6. 'Th
the degree of M D. from G 1 asgow. He there- Pleasore of Hairing a Will? ISSd. 7. /The
.
f r:could not practise in London; but hav- Art of Invigorating nd rrolonginp T.ifo by
inherited a handsome competence from Food, Clothae, Air, Exarctse, ^^ ine, Sleen.'
In was independent of his profes-
fttlier lie
sion, devoted himself to science, and snowed
Iwspttali^ to a circle of fioends distinguished
4brMian rad learning.
Tnough always an epicure, he was regular
ittdeTMiabatemious in his habits. Convmced
tettoliBdIlih depends to a great extent on
the proper preparation of thu food he experi-
,
meatea in cookeiy in his own house, beix^
,1 Kitchiner
aided in his work by TTenry Oebome, who wai
cook to Sir Joseph Banks. He soon attained
to a oousiderable culinafj^aldll. His lunchM^
to which only a few w^re admitted, were
far famed. His dinners were conducted
with much ceremony, and no g^est was ad-
mitted after the hour fixed. On Tuesday
evenings he held conversaziones from seven
to eleven. Among the most frefiuent guesta
were Plinrh ? KvinMe and
nt th<''' ^'fttht^rings
Kitcliuier'dmost intimate Irieiid, Dr. John
j
Haslam His <rastronomic experience
[q. v.]
he embodied in a work entitled Apicins '
Kedivivue, or the Cook's Oracle which not'
only tMated at delicacies, but also gave in-
,
structiona in economical housekeeping. He
j
likewise studied optics, and wrote 'An Essay
on the size best adapted for Admnaatie
'
Glasses, with Hints to Opticians and Ama-
'
teurs of Astronomical Studies on the con-
struotion aad ue of Telescopes ' (^I*hiL Mttff.
1815, xlvi. 122 0). He had a taste formtisic,
I
plavcd and sang with considerable feeing,
aaJ collected with 4Mn librsir of manu-
script and printed music. On 26 Feb. 1827
he dined with his frivud John Braham at
I
Gi) Baker Street. On returning to hia rfr-
j
sidence, 43 Warren Street, Fitrroy Square, he
ua.s attacked with spasms of the heart;, and
I
died early on the morning of 27 Feb. He
,
was buried in the church of St. Clement
Danes. On 2 Aug. 1799 he married Miss
Oram ; by her he had no children, and a sepa^
ration took place. A
nut ural son, who woe
educated at Cambridge, iuheritedthe bulk of
his property.
K itciuner'a writings are : 1. ' A
Companion
to the Tele5ops' 1811. 2. *Prjtical Ob-
servations on Telescopes, Oprru- glasses, and
Spectacles,' 1616; ard edit. Ibia. d. ' Api-
cius Hedivivus, or the OooVa Grade, being
six hundred receipts, the result of actual
experiments instituted in (he Icitohen of a
physician, comprising a ealinarr oode for
the rational cuicure,* 1817. The ord edition
is entitled 'The Cook'a Oracle;' 7th edit.
1827. 4. 'Peptic Ptooepta to meremt jaad
relieve Indigestion,' 1821. 5, ' Observutioua
&c., 1822, four editiona. 8. Loyal, National,
and Sfu Songs of Kiiglund. Selected from
original manuscripts and early priulud coniea
in the library of W. Kitcbiner,* 1829. Be-
printed in &jng3 of the late Charles Dibdin,'
'
i860, App. pp. 27&-dl4. 9. ' A
brief Memoir
ofduriee SSodin, witli tome Boeumettte-rap-
plied by Mrs. Lovat Ashe,' 1823. 10. 'The
Economy of the Eyes, Precepts for the Im*
I
Digitized by Coogle
 Kitchingman *3* Kite
provement and Freserration of the Sighty end, where he died in 1811. Besides con tti*
and what Spectacles are best calculated for huting to the 'Memoirs' of the London
the Eyes, and an Account of the Pancratic Medical Society and other medical joumalsy
Magnifier.' Part ii., Of Telescopes ; being he wrote
' 1. An Essay on the Recovery of
:
*

tbe xesult uf itSxtf jrears* expenence with the Apparently Deed,' 8vo, London, 1788, to
,

fiftj-one Telescopes in the possession of which the silver medal of the Humane So-
W. Kitchiner; 1824-5. 11. 'The House-; ciety was adjudged. 2. Essays and 01>- '

keeper^s Ledger; a Plan of keeping Accounts servations, Pnysiologioil and Medical, on thm
of tne Expenses of 1 lousclcpopinf?. To which Submersion of Animnl!^, and on the Re-iin
is added Tom Thrift's Essay on the Pleasure of the Acoroides R^iiulera, or Yellow Kesui
of Early Rising,' 1825. 12. 'Tlie Traveller's of Botany Bay. Select Histories of Dis*
, . .

Oracle, or Maxims for Ixxx>motion,* 1H27. eases.. . . (Meteorological TshlflS^'&c.),8T0^

13. ' The llorse and Carriage Keeper's Oracle. London, 1795.
By John Jervis. Revised by W. Kitchiner. [WattrsBibl.B(il.; ItoMrfiAlphahetfaalBegv
BeingPart 2 of the Traveller's Oracle,' 1827. of AolhoML} 0. G.
14. 'The Housekeeper's Oracle, containing
ft syitem of Carving, the Art of Managing KITE, JOHN
(d. 1537), successively
Servants, and the K^onomist and Epicure's archbishop of Armagh iind bishop of Carlisle,
Calendar,' 1829. 15. ' The Shilling Kit- was a native of London, and, according to
ebmu* 1861. Wood, received his education in the uni-
[Qent. Mag. 1799, pt. ii. Suppl. p. 1190, May
versity of Oxford, but in what house, or '

1827, pU i. pp. 470-2 ; John Bull Mag. Aqgnst what degrees he took, it appears not (Atkme '

1824, pp. 62-6 ; Jordan's Men I hate Known, Oxm, ed. Bliss, 747). It is much more
ii.

pp. 2R2-7 Hood's W]iiaM and Oddities. 1826.

;
probable, however, that he is the John Kit
pp. :!ti-32.] O. C. B. who was educated at Eton, and thcnceelected
to King's College, Cambridge, in 1480 (Cole,
KITCHINGMAN, JOHN' 0740 P- Ht'et. of King's Coll. i. 93). After teking
1781), painter, was a pupil ot Shipley s draw- holy oilers he became rector of Harlington,
ing school and afterwards at the Royal Aca-
Middlesex, and on resigning that benefice
demv, and was awarded several premiums in 1510 was admitted to the prebend of
hf the Society of Arts he exhibited minia-
;
Stratton in the church of Salisbury, which
tures with the Free Society from 1766 to
he held till 1517. On 1 March 1510 he was
1708, and from 1 770 was a constant contri-
resented to the church of Weye at Wey-
Votov to the Academy exhibitions, sending, E
iU, in the diocese of Winchester {Letters,
besides portraits, figure-subjects and sea-
nieces. His ' Beggar and Dog, a subject from
^. of Henry VIII, i. 928^. He was also a
prebendary of Exeter and sub-dean of tho
Mackenne's * Man of FeeUng,' exhibited in king's chapel at Westminster (Lmxsm, Col-
1775, was mezzotinted on a large scale by
lectanea, i. 472).
H. Kingsbury, and a set of four pictures re-
presenting the building, chase, unladiiig, and
By provision of Pope Leo in the con- X
sistory of 24 Oct. lolS he was appointed
dissolution of a cutter, which appeare<l at
archbishop of Armagh, On 15 Nov. 1515
the Academy in the last year of his life, was
he took part in the ceremony of receiving the
well engraved by B. T. Pouncy [q. v.] ; his por-
cardinal's hat sent to Wolsey {Letters, $rc.
traits of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, Mr. Mnrklin
Henry VIII, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 1153). In 1516
as Shylock, and Mrs. Yates as Alicia in June'

he came to England by the kii^^^a special

Shore have also been engraved. Kitching-
'
command, attended tbe Prinoesa naiy^
jnan was fond of boating, and in 1777 won cliristeiiiiig. 21 Ft b. L'lO (t*. p. 1573). and
the Duke of Cumberland's cup in the annual
was granted 20 Sept. following a writ of
mailing match on the Thames. He married protection for himself and his lee during hw
when very young, but soon separated from abx-nce {if>. p. 2;)7">). In February l.*lS lie
his wife and fell into intemperate habits. He
was
scut witii John Bourchier, lord Bernera
died in King Street, Covent Garden, 88 Dec
1781. Edwards speaks of him ss ft miiuA-
[q. v.], on a special emhaasjr to Charles to V
Secure peace between Spain and England,
tinifftof good abilities.
and their interesting adventures in Spain aro
[Edwards's Anecdotes of PsiBten; Re^gnm's recorded in their letters to Wolsey, which
Diet, of ArtUtH Gmvcss Diet, of Artist^ 17W- are calendared in the 'Letters, &c. of
;

ISbU; Royal Academy Catalogues^ Henry VllI' (cf. vol iLpt. ii. Nos. 4136-^7,
4160-1, 4845, 4436). He
left Saragoesa ia
KITE, CHARLES (d. 1811), medical January 1519, and after visiting San la**
writer, was s member of the corporation of London on 10 March of tht
tian arrived in
I In London, and practttedTat Qmirw- 7ar(j^ToLm.pt.i.Noa. 10-11). In 1520

Digitized by Google
 Kite
WM one of the deputy-commuuoiiers of
^jafwd ofioe^ ttsd m wu one of tlw pre-
lates who, in the same year, accompanied
HoixT VUI and Queen Oatherine to the
field of the Cloth of OoM'<JeH<JMlVi/>fr,
ns Kitto
p. 212). During his occupancy of the see
of Carlisle he made large additions to Rose
Castle, the episcopal residence, one (tf tho
towers of which is still called by hia name.
After mling paatorally, and kepyng nobyl
'

d. Jerdan, p. 30). Attended by six horse- Houshold wyth grete Hospital itv,' but suf-
am, be waa also j^esent at the meeting be* fering in Uter Tears much lU-health, he died
t weeu Henry and C9iailee Y at Cbaveltnes in in London on 19 June 1637, and was buried
Jnly {LetUn, vol. iii. pt. i. No. 90(3). in St ejuu V Church, where a marble slab, still
On 12 July 1621 he was translated by extant, coven his remains, and bears a quaint
papal provision from Armagh to tiie Ushop- English epitaph (cf. Wbeybb, JWra// Afonu-
ric of C arlisle, He was permitted to retain mtnt, pp. 639 -40). By his will,dated the dav
in the diocese of Arms^h two canonries and before his death, he gave directions, which
AM parochial dbimthoftheTaliieof dOifL,and were diaragaided, that hie body should be
was allowed to assume the title of an archi- buried near th at o f h s father in 8t Uaigenl'e
i

episcopal see. He accordingly took the title Church, W'8t minster.

ef wafaHliop of Thebes m pmiSmt ^Bbabt, [Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, passim ;
Episcopal SuecesgioHj L 104, 216). Kite paid Nicolaon
and Bum's Westmorland and Cumber-
the pope for his translation 1,780 ducats, land, ii. 277 Cooper's Athens Cantabr. i. 62,
;
vludi tin impoTerished state of the papal 631 Cotton's Fasti EocL Hibemicie; Fiddes's
;

exchequer rendered rery -nolcome (Letters, Lifeof Wolsej, j>. 491 Froode's Divorce of Cathe-
;

4rc., voL iii. pt. ii. No. 1430, 1477). The rine of Aragonjp. 443; Fuller's Worthies Gios-
;

royal mandate for the restitution to Kite of tinian's Rwr "Ymm at the Court of Henry VIII,
the temporalities of the see of Carlisle is 253-5; Godwin's Cat. of Bishope,
ii.l62, 184, 16'),
dated 11 Nov. lo21 (Lb Neve, Fa4tt, ed. 1616, t>. 682 Godwin, De Prcsulibus (Richard-
;

Hardy, iii. 240). He abo held the living of
St. Stephen, Walbrook, London, which he
resigned in 1634. ot these preferments he
was largely indebted to the influence of
"Wol.aev, who conversed freely with him in
'
his prosperity, and applied to him for neces-
wtiea ft nithfal mend in his adversity
(CiVES-Disn, Life of Wolwy, pp. 119, 140).
In lo22 he was actively repressius disorders
son) j Mland's Collectanea, 1 770. ii. 347 ; Lysoos s
EnmonSi ii. 688 ; Mattland's London, ii. 786
Neweooftls Bepertarion, i. 692; Fsrey^Hoose-
bold Book of the Tvirl of Northnmhfrlrin J, j>.
480; Rymer'sFcederft, aiii. 749, xiv. 21, 29, 119,
801, 400. 406, 405 ; Waie'e BSshiye (Hanra).]
T. C.
KITTO, JOHN (1804-1854), author of
the Pictorial Bible,' son of Jolin Kitto, a
*

oo the Scottish border, and pfoved very use-
fol to the warden, Thomas Fiennes, eighth
lord iHu:re. His correspondence with Wolsey
iridly iUoBtrntes the di8turb4!d state of the
border country. Writing on 2o June 1624,
he pointed out that he had to make a circuit
ef OZty miles out of the direct route in order
to avoid thievf-'' and reach Carlisle in safety.
In 1624, and again in 1626, he was one of
the royal commissioners to treat for peace
with the king of Scotland. In 1529 he signed
SB instrument approving the reasonableness
f the king's scruples oonoeniiBg hia marri-
ge with Catherine of Arrapon, nnd advising
BBOOttrse to the pope for u speedy decision
of the cause (Rtmer, FaderOf srr. 801, 406,
406). On 13 July 1630 he wns one of the
four bishops who, with Cardinal Wolsey,
Archbishop Warham, and the whole peerage
of England, signed the Ijold letter to Pope
Clement VXI demanding the king's divorce.
He ligMd the renunciation of the pope'e
supremacy on 15 Fob. l.W. but was one of
the prelates who, adhering to Leo, archbishup
of lork, in 163(i, oppoMa the advanced pro-
posals made by Cranmer and his party in
convocation {Fjtller, Church liUt. bk. t.
(Romish stonemason, and Elizabeth Picken,
was born at Plymouth on 4 Dec. 1804. He
was a sickly lad, caring fur iiothiug but books.
Between his eighth and eleventh years he
was at four different Plymouth tchools, and
had no other schooling. In lbi4 he woe
taken by his fnther to assist him at his tiade*
On 13 Feb. 1817, whilo carrying slates up a
high ladder, he fell a distance of thirty-five
feet, and was thenceforth stone-deaf. Being
now unfit for work, he wa.s left to spend his
time as he pleased, and devoted himself to
reading, selling scraps of old iron, and paint*
ingchiklrcn'fl picturos and shop-lalx-'ls to pro-
cure pence to buy books. Ou 16 Nov. 1819 ho
was sent to the workhouse, where he was set
to learn shoemakinf^. In November 18'21 he
was apprenticed to a Plymouth shoeiutikur
named Bowden, who treated him badly, and
in May 1822ho was taken back into the work-
house. In July 1823 some gentlemen becumo
interested in his case, madojpiovi.sion for hia
support, and obtained permission for him to
read in the public library. In 1824 Mr. A. N.
Groves, an Exeter dentist, took him as a
pupil, giving him board, lodging, and a small
salary. Shortly after he came under deep

Digitized by Google

reliffiousimpmwionH, nnd is July 1826 went)
t the suggestion of Mr. Orarei, to like Hw-
Bionary College at Islington, to be trained
for em^loyme&t hj the Church Misaion-
ary SocMtj as a printer at one ff thmr
foreign presses. In June 1827 he was sent
by the society to Malta but his predilec-;
tionsfor literary work seem to hare prevented
his giving his whole attention to his duties,
the committee became dissatisfied, and in
Jmuary 1829 he r<>tiirned tO Ehlglaad. In
June of that year he became a member of
S private mission-party organised by Mr.
Cmwea, and in companv with him and others
sailed for I't-r^^in ; nn interesting account of
the journey ui)peur8 m
his ' Journals.' The
aty reaoned Bagdad in December, and
Kitto, beside-s acting as tutor to Mr. Groves's
children, 0|>ened an .Armenian ehoo1.
larribla Tiiitation of the plague de^trf)yed
fifty thonsnnd of thf inlinbirnnts of Bagdad
in little more than a month, and carried
Hm out of thirteen inmates of
iionsc'. An intindation and a
Puhii of Aleppo followed ; the schools were
broken up, and in September 1832 Kittoleft
Ba^'<!nd. Oureachinj; Kiiglnnfl,
ol* nine months, hv obtained an introduction
to some gentlemen connected with the Society
for the Diffusion of L"t*eful Knowleilirc, and
was engaged to write for the ' Penny -Maj^a-
.xin^' in w'hicUtlie'Deaf Traveller' and other
papers of his appeared. lie also at t hi? t i-ne
contributed to the ' Companion to the Al-
manack,' the 'Companion to the Newspaper,'
the ' Printing Machine^' and JBuugkti ' Cj-
clopKclia.*
At the suggestion of Charles Knight
he began 1834 a
series of narratives illus-
in
trative of the of the blind and deaf and
life
dumb, which were afterwards collected and
published under the title 'The Lost Senses*
(London, 184')); and in 1836 a* Biblical Com-
mentary which resulted in The Pictorial
' *
Bible.' This was originally nublished anony-
mously in monthly parts. It was completed
in May 1838, and received by the public with
sreat favour (3 vols, imperial Svo, and 4 vols.
4to, London, 1835-8). The notes were after-
wards j)ublished separately under the title
* The Illustrated Commentaiy (5 vols, post
Sto, London), 1840. He next agreed with
"Knight to write a 'Pictorial History of Pales-
tine and the Holy Land, including a complete
Riatory of the Jews,* which he completed
iifter nearly tlm-e y'iirs of hard work (Lon-
don, 1 s 10). The' Christian Traveller was
'
then projected, a worlr intended to give some
account of the various missionary- cs ablish-
luenta (or the propagation of Christianity in
lieallMttlaiida: Imtraeafluit of his publisher
84 Kitto
became embamased, and only three parts of
it aDp^nred (London, 1841). Kitto now aii^
fered much hardship. He had to sett his bouse
at Islington, and remove to Woking. He
traiisffrred bis serviceH to Meaank A. & C.
Black, EJdinburgh, for whom he wroteaechool
* History of Palestine ' (Edinbunrh, 184S).
! He also now oommenoed the 'OfelOfMMlia of
Biblical Litprature,* on wbich he wn?* nt work
'
till 1846 (2 vol.-.. Edinburgh, 1846). In lt>44,
though a layman, he received the degree of
D.D. from the university of Giessf n nnd in
1 845 was made a fellow of the Socie t y o 1 V j l i -
. i
quaries. In 1848 he commenced the 'Jour-
nal of Sacred Literature' {Tvondou, 1848-
iHo^^jWhirh he continued to edit until 1853,
;
when he handed H
Over to the care of Dr.
,
H. Burgess. Pecuninrr difficultie< continued
A ,
to press upon him. The Journal of Sacred
'
Literature* did not pay the cost of printing;
and he was obliged to leave Woking for a
off cheaper house at t'amden Town. In 1849
Mr. Groves's hf cnmnienced the preparation of the Daily *
siege by Ali Bible Illustrations for Messrs. Oliphant of
Edinburgh, to be published in quarterly parte.
Vol. i. appeared in the DMonlMr of that year,
aftcrajoumey and the concluding volume in January 1854.
A cinl list pension of 100/. per annum was
conferred on him in 1660 in xeoognition of
hi^ 'nseful and meritorious literary woriw.*
His health, never robust, began seriously to
fail in 1861. In August 1864 he proceeded
to Germany to try the effect of mineral
waters, but on 26 Nov. 1854 died at Cann-
stadt, where he had settled. His remains
were buried in the cemetery there, a tomb-
stone beincf erected over them by Mr. Oliphant,
[q. v.] his publisher.
Kitto married, on 21 S^t. 18.33, Miss Pen-
wick. She and seven of his children survived
him.
\
In addition to the works mentioned above,
,
he was the anthor of the following: 1. *E-
savs and Letters, with a Short Memoir of the
Author,' Plymouth, 1825. 2. ' Uncle Oliver's
Travels in'Perria,' 9 vols. London, 1888.
3. * Thoughts among Flowers,' London, 1848.
!
4. ' Gallery of Scripture Engravings, Hia>
'
torical and Landscape, with DescnptioBa,
Historical, Oiogra]i!iical, and Critical, Lon-
don, 1841-3. 5. 'The Pictorial Sunday Book,'
London, 1845. A
portion of this was pab-
lished separately, under the title The Pic- '
torial HiatovT m our Saviour.' 0. * Aneaent
and Modern Jemsalem.' 7. ' The Orart and
Poopl.' of Persia.' 8. 'The Tartar Tribes,* Lon-
' don, 1846-9. 9. 'The Tabernacle and its
FomitnTe, London, 1849. 10. 'Scripture
Lands,' London, IS^jO, 8vo. 11. The Land of
*
Promiaew' London, 1850, 8vo. 12. 'Eaaterm
HaUmrna,* London, 18Sa,8f<. 18l^ Bon-
Digitized by Google
 Klitz 15 Knapp
Ig^BwMfag for Ofaratia Funiliei,' London, Hisaon. Qeocge KUts, was also a Tolumiaaaa

Klitx's best-known piecia, bseidds those

[Ihe Lost Senaes , Memoim X . K^Uuid,
already mentioned, were^ 1. 'Song of the
MX, ASobush, lS6a.] T. fl.
Spanidi OtswmUme,* 1835. 9. < I ne^t a
KLTTZ, PHILIP (1805-1854), musician Flow. r away,' 1863. 3. * King .\lfred in the
bM author, wm bora at LymiufftiA, Hamp- Danish Camp.' 4. ' Nanoleou's (irave.' Bat
Aiii,7JttB.18e6. HbMtivOeoinPlufip it it diffiaolt to dirtiiigiriah the piaoai writtm
KI :i, drum-major of the royal Flintshire by the father, the soEi aad tke grandson.
Biioia, wid musical coinpoadr, was bom at [Gf :i*, Mag. "M^arch 1854, p. 328; TIfimpHhire
PiAieli, Omewtm, in 1777, and died at Indopendeat, 14 Jan. 1854, p. 6; iofonnation
Lrmrngton in 1839. In 1801 he married tarn Mt. ChariM Joha Klita.] O. <X B.
Eliai^ Oi Lane of Boldre (177&-16S8^ and
bfherlm hid * lufsfunily, whidi inelttded KXiOSE, FRAiaOflS JOSEPH (1784-
tu sons, all well-known musicians: (1) 1830), musical composer, bom in I..otmon in
Philip; (2) WUliam, organist of SSt. Mjobael's 1 784, was son of a professorof music, who gave
CLmAij Basingstoke, died 81 May 1867; him his first instruction. At a later period
(I) CIm^m, oivanist of St. Thomas's Church, Klose studied pianoforte-playing and musical
Lvmingtoo, died 16 Feb. 1864; (4) James composition under tVana Tomisch, a pupil of
Frederick, died at Northampton 2 Oct. 1870; Haydn. He was a aieiiAer of Ihe uimlieitm
(5i Robert John; (fi) John Henry, died of the King's Theatre and of the Oonoerta
h Dfc. IkSO, who by will founded the Widow of Antient Music, and an instrumental pei^
sod Orphans British and Foreign Musical former of great excellence. But he acquired
flnciity. Philip, tb* aldeat, early became a so large a conneetion as a teacher of tho
eoicpnPH>r of bnll-ronm rnnsic. About 1829 he piano that hn i^'uve np moBt of his public en-
took up his residence at Southampton, where, gagements and devoted himsell' almost en-
besides classical music, he produced a variety tirely to teaching. As a composer he was
of ball ad 8, o f w Inch tl) e word s wore frcf j n pn 1 1 y miieu esteemed in hia day for hi.s pathetic
Ilk own. He was a brilliant j)erformer ou and sentimental ballads; while his pianoforte
the pianoforte and violin, and m 1881 con- mntie was considered exoeUent for teachiag
duct'-'i Pagajiini's concert in Southampton. pMr]>osee. He tlird in Reairmont Street, Mary-
His lectures on music, given in literary in- lebone, on tt March 1830, ag^id 46 (parish
lTit>imia and other places, were always well register).
ittendMl, and his advorney of the llullah Ufhlinumerouspubli:-hec! (omj>.sit ions the
^steoa [see HrrxAn, John Pyke] met with following proved mont popular 1. Piano, &a :

MB. He was first organist of St. Sonatinas for piuuulbrte and violin ; Instruc-
and St. Joseph's Church, South- tion book for pianoforte; Grand Sonata for
a&d from l8Ah to his death of All pianoforte, Tioliu, and tlutu ;
eight books
In 1838 he printed 'Songs of selected melodies Grand Overtnre and
;

of the Mid-watch, the Poetry by Captnin bnlh t.?; 'l.t'fi Do-=guiflemt'ns Amoureux/ for
WtUea Johnson, the Music composed for and the Kind's Theatre. 2. Songs. The Hose*
'

diihiliijl to tlM Britiah Navy/ These six 'MyNatlTOLand,' 'Canst thou bid mv heart.*
snnjji* were, by orfl* r of the ndmiraltv, re- Klose also publislicd 'I'mrtical Hints for
srinted in a work entitled Songs of Charles acquiring Thoroughbass,' London, 8vOf 1822^
'

ma
whieh very popular In its day.
815-50, Besides his rausicnl u-nrlcp, he [Diet, of Mus. 1824; Georgian Em, iv. 699;
vas the author in 1860 of a book entitled QsaL Ma. 1830, pt. i. pp. 472-3.] K. H. L.
"
Wfttcfcea f life, Gbameter, and Seaaery in
th* w Forest: a series nf Tales, Kural, KNAPP. .Tf)nN T.EONAHD (1767-
iDoiBesUc, Leffendary, and Humorous.' To 1846), botanist, bom at Shenley, Bucking-
lbs aMMmic body he gsva his support, and hamshire, 9 Vav 1767, was son of Primatt
!aseompr>!^iti<in, Faith, Hope, and ('harity,' Kri'ipp, rt'ctorofShenlev. Frlnrati'fl at Thnmo
'

ftill introduced at the entertainments of grammar school| Knapp entered theuavv, but
tkm Bampalniv lodfia. Ha was one of the finding the sea imsuited to Ua faealtn^ to-
fint persons to write song." for the concerts figned and subsequently served successively
f Ethiopian serenaders. 'Miss Ginger and in the Herefordshire and Northamptonshire
'

'Dadi Daar,' botih in l8l7,becaiBe Tery popu- militia, beoomtng a captain in lihe latter. Ho
Isr dittiaa. He difd at 24 Portland Plao-, lived for a time at Powick, near Wnrpp.-rtpr,
Southampton, on 12 Jan. 1854. Hiswifiawas and was then in the habit of making lo^
Charlotte a haSMHttlt of Hia livll*
^BMiiler, tha Baf; H. F. lyto.
 Knapp Knapton
George Don [<}. and ooneetod tevvral of 306 ; Pafr*s CtmA of Ebi|^and T^timody in*
t.], ;

the rarest species of T^rit;?h grasses. In 1804 fonaatioB from ths isetor of Fools^] J. C* JL
he published 'Gismins -Britannics, or Be>
proscntations of the Brituli Ghmms od 119 KNAFTON, GBOBGE (ie98-1776X
coloured ^latc^, with Descriptions,' 4to, the portrait-painter, bora in London in 1698, was
figorea being executed bj himselt This edi- a son of James Kn^^n, a prosperous book-
tion was, with the exoeptioii of a Irandxed seller in Ludgate Street. He studied under
copies, destroyed by a fire at Bensley's, the Jonathan Richardson [q. v.],and at first prac-
rmters, and the book was not reisaued until tised chiefiv in crayons. He spent some years
f
84S. In 1818 Knapp published anony- in Italy, wltere he oeoame fciwwn toRnglish
rnoiisly a poem entitled* Arthur, or tlie Pas- travellers as a sound jiidpe of the works of
tor of the Villagei' and between 1820 and the old masters, and an interesting account,
1890 a series of arfides, under the title of which he sent to his hcother Guu-Ies, of a
*T1ie Naturalist's Diary,' in 'Time's Tele- vifit to the newly- opened-up citv of Hercu-
seopSt' These formed the germ of his most laneum, was printea in the Piulosophical
'

soeeeisftil woric,t]ie ' Jonnal <tf aNatntaliet^' Tmnsactions ' of 1740^ Na 468. Knapton
a botanical companion to "White's Selbome,' was an original member of the Society of
*

which was published anonymouslv in 1829, Dilettanti and their first portrait-painter;
and went throuffa time eutioiis during his at a meeting of dm society, 4 Jan. 1740, it
lifetime, lie lived till 1813 at Llanfoipt, was ordered 'that every memher of the so-
near Abergavenny, and subsequeutlj at Al- ciety do make a present of his picture, in oil-
Tsston, near Bristol, whe he died 89 April colours, done by Mr. George Knapton, a
1R45. In 1804 be married Lydia Frances, member, to be hung up in the room where
daughter of Arthur Freeman of Antigua, by the society meets,' and at a meeting in Fe-
whom he had seven ehSUben} two sons aiM bruary 1744 'that eyeiy member who has
a daughter survived him. not had his picture painted by Mr. Knapton
Knapp became in 1796 a fellow of the by the meeting in 1 ebruary next year shall
Linnean Society, and was also a ftOow of pay one guinea per annum till his picture
the Society of Antiquaries. The genus of be delivered in to the secretary-, imless Mr.
grasses previously named Mibora by Adan- Knapton declares it is owing to his want of
son was called Knappia by Smith, and Shftn- time to finish the same.' Accordingly,
ckoffloMum of Blume was similarly lenamed fore 1749 he painted the portraits of the first
W
by F. Bauer. twenty-three members, most of them in fancy
[Proo. Linnean See. i. 244 Atheneeam, 84u, characters or costumes; these, which are
; 1

G. & B. some of his best works, include the Duke of

1^ 4M ; lAMm, 1889. i. S7.]
Dorset as a Uoman general, Viscount Qal-
KNAPP, WILLIAM (1698-1768), way as a cardinal. Sir Francis Dasliwood as
musical composer, was bom at Warebam, St. Francis adoring the Venus dn' Mt'<Hci, t he
1

Bnset (Hutchikb), in 1698. He was for Earl of Holdemesse as a waterman, Mr.

thirty-nine ^ears parish clerk of Poole, and Howe drawing a glass of wine from a terres-
died there in September (he was buried rial glob', tlif Earl of Bessborough as aTurk,
t

on tlie 20th> 1768. He published 'A Sett and tSir Bourchier Wray holding a punch-
of Xcw P.^^alm Tunes and .Vnthems in Four bowl and ladle they are all Still in the posses-
;

sionof the societyand were contributed to the

London, 17^3, with Dortrait prefixed. Toth.
work is added an * Lnploration to the
latter
Kin^ of Kinps, wrote liy Charles I durinjr his
capUvity in Carisbrook Castle, 1048' Both
wvAb consist of original compositions, and
each contains the loiip-mt tre psalm-tune
called, after the composer's birthplace,' Ware-
ham,* whidi constitutes Knapp s chief claim
National Portrait Exliibitiun of 1868. Knap-
ton resigned the appointment in 1703, and was
8uccee<ied, after an inter\ al nf eix vears, by
Sir Joshua lieynolds. In 17o0 the Wince of
Wales commissiooed Knapton, in conjunction
with Vertue, to prepare a critical catalogue
of the pictures at Kensington, Hampton
Court, and Windsor, and in 1765 he SUO-
ceeded Stephen Shmghter "^q. v." assnrvevor
and keeper of the king's pictures ho also had
;

to remembrnnce. In the first-named publica- charge iNTLordSpencer'scoUect ion at Althorp,

tion the tune appears under the title and in
the fonn now imown; in the other woik
it is calli rl<Tllundford,' and is printed itt
Nortnamptonshire. Knapton's largest work
was the group of the widowed Princess of
Wales and her family,paint <1 in 1 7r>l now at
,

common instead of triple time. Hampton Court, but that of the Earl of I'pper
[Hutchins'a Hiat. of Dorset, 3rd ed. 1661- 1 Ussorv and his brother and si&ter, at Wobura,
1873. Le7; NoUe'sCoatiusationof Ongr,ni. and tbeporCiait of the Earl of Builiagtoi^ai
|

DigitizecJ by Google
 Knapton 37 Knatchbuil
Hudvick lUll, are of better quality the ; KNAP WELL, lilCHAHD (Jl. 1286),
fan bM htm engnTed in Lodge's series. Dominican. [See OtumwLL]
TTiw are also portraits by Knapton of the
Hoo. John Spencer with his son, at Althorp, KNATCUBULL, Siu EDWARD ( 1 781-
df Adttirtl Sir John Norris, at Greenwich, 1849), statesman, eldest son of Hir ?M-
iwJ of Francis, fifth duke of I^eeds, in the ward Knatchbuil of Mersham Tlatch, Tvt nt,
pi:**es&ionof the present duke (a replica in eighth baronet of the name, by Mury, daugh-
the N&tioiialPort rait Gallery) his portraits ; ter and coheiress of William Weatom Un-
of Sir George Vandeput, bart., Archibald gesflpn of Provunder in the mm*' county,
Bower, Nicholas Tindal, Hildebrand Jacob, was born on 20 Dec. 1781, and succeeded to
Atesal Sir E. Ilawke, and the singers, the baronetcy on 21 Sept. 1819. On 16 Not.
CMWtini and Lisabetta du Pare, Imve been following he was returned to parliament for
fcgraved. Knapton was a skilful painter, Kent in Ills father's room. He retained the
but not free from the stiffness and formality seat until the dissolution of 1830, when he
which charactensed the art of his day. lie did not stand for re-election. During this
tiiigted his brothers, John and Paul, who period he distinguished himself by his stout
Ncceeded to and extended their father's busi- opposition to corn-law reform and eatholio
IMi, in the production of several fine nubli- emancipation. His speech on the fiecond
Otions, including Birch's 'liives ' with neads reading of the Catholic Relief Bill, in which
\j Houbraken, and Rapin and Tindar* 'His- he pointed his remarics on Peel's change of
f>n- of England.' He died at Kensington front with the apt quotation, Nusquam tuta
'

I>-<Hnbc>r 1778, and was buried then on the fides,' made a deep impression, and marked
:^iioftliatiiHmtli. him out aa leader of the House of Commona
Kimosr, CHARtxs (1700-1760), broth, r in the event of the bill being' defeated and
ofGeoii^,engaged with Arthur Pond in the the protestaut party coming into power. In
pradoetioaof a Tolnme of tmitatioos of ori- 18S0 he moved an amendment to th addnaa
llistl drawingr"^ hv tho nM masters', publisln'fl pledirinj? ministers to take steps to alleviate
ia I73&. Of the seventy plates which con the prevalent distresa. It was lost by a
itiMt]k worir twenty-eren are hy Knap- majority of 168 to 106. A largo aumhw <^
arechieflv uftHr Guercln- m,! are
ton; these count rv trentlemen voted for it, and the Duke
dercrijexecuted; they have been erroneously of Wellington's government was, in act|
ttnMed to his brothor. Charlea Euiapton saved by the whiga. In the following Novem^
M in 17eO. her Knatchbuil led his ffillowing of tory
[R<n!irTaTe' Diet, of Artists; Walpole's Anec- malcontents into the opposition division
ifAH (Dllairay and Womum), 710; O. lobby on Sir Henry Pameirs motion for a re
p.
Sdnifi Cat. <rf Pictures at Wobum Abbey, 'luction of the civil l!>t. The government
UM; Yemw's manuscript collections in Brit. was placed in a minority, and reeled on
Va.; Bromley's Cat. of Engrarwl British Por- 17 Nov. Knatehbnll was offered a |>1aoe in
'r-iit.., 1*93
; An Account of thr Portnifs of tho Lord Grev's government, but declined it
l^^tau SoeieCj, 1886; KensiQgtx>n parish because, though not altogether opposed to
the extension <tf the fraaehiae, he oonid not
accept the ministerial scheme in its entirety;
KN APTON. PHILIP (1788-1833), mu- nor did he go to the polls at the general elec-
iictl cotppoiser, bom at York in 1788, re- tion. After the passing of theliill he waa
c-ired his musical education mainly at Cam- returned at the general election of 1832 for
^nd^e.at the hands of Dr. Hague. Ketuming
the eastern division of Kent, which he con-
tu ^ ork, he followed music
as a profession, tinued to represent until February 1846,
ai lired in that city until his death, on
when he accepted the Chiltem hundreds.
'Si J une
1833. He was one of the assistant- On the accession of Peel to power in Decem-
<Y>iidactors at the Toik ftatMfl of 1623,
ber 1834, he chose, though offered higher
office, the subordinate place of paymaster of
Hecompoeed several overture^i pianoforte the forces, and was sworn of the privy coun-
<<Wtei and other orehestnl works, and !
cil. Towards the close of this short-lived
*'*'aged a number of fantasias on well- administration he is described by Groville aa
koowQ sirs for pianoforte and pianoforte and ' the only cabinet minister who has shown
Wp. li piaaoforto amuwement of Lady '

'ii
anything like a faculty to support Peel.' To
NaOTt-'ssong * Caller Ilerrin and his music Peel he adherad ataadily in o^sition, and
j^tke soog * There be none of Beauty's returned to power with him in September
Ml^tHli' enjoyed oonaideiftble popularity. Ih-il, taking tho same office as before. Hia
'

(6rw^'i Diet, of Xwl^ tt. 65 ; Brit. Mus. retirement in February 1 845 was due solely
to ilMnealth and domeatic aliUctum, ani hu
 KnatchbuU
been cROBieously attributod to the intemal
difTerenoes in Feel's cabinet, which did not
occur until after his retirt:ment. IIu died on
84 May 1849.
Knatchbull raarried twice (1) on 25 Aujf.
: Test amen ti. Paradoxje OrtL(xio.xse, L<jndon.
1606, Anuubellu ChriBtiauu, daughter of Sir
Ubn Honywood, bart. ; ^2) on 24 Oct. 1620,
Fannv Catnerine, eldest aaughter of Edward
Knight of Godmershau) Park, Kent. He had
Mveral children by each wife, lie was sue-
Oeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son,
Norton JofM^nh, father of Sir Wyndham
33^ Knatchbull
for New BotoaMp CMmIim ^MLi4IT
4i)5, 632>.
In the year before the Restoration he pub-
lished his ' Animadversioues in Libros Novi
Guii. Godbid. in vico vulgo vocato Little*
Brittain,' 1 059. The work connsts of % laqjfr
number of critical emendations, bseed upua
a fair knowledge of Hebrew, and showing
considerable intrepidity for a critic of Ikill
period. A second edit ion with appendix was
Sublished in 1072, a third, auctie et emau*
'

Knatchbull, toe praaent baronet. Ivnatch- at,' Oxford, 1677 a fourth editioUi tt
;

son by his second wife, Edward

bull's eldest Englih, appeared in 1002, entitled 'Anno-
Hugessen, is the present Lord Braboume. tations upon some diihcult Texts in all the
{QmL Mag. 18411^ pi. ii.p. 89; BtMbodc'aHiRt. Books of^the New Testament,' Cambridge,
of theWliig Ministry of 1830, i. 13f). 138, 15H ;
W.y.\. The translation i., according to Dar-
Spencer Walpole'a Uist. of Euglaod from tlie ling {Cycloo. liUtl. ir;k>), the autJior's own.
coocluaion of the Greet War in 181A, ii. Hi; It IS precaoed by an ' Encomiastick upon the
Greville Memoirs, Go. IV-Will. IV, ii. 62, iii. most Learned and Judicinua Author,' by
176-7, 226 : Hansard's Pari. Dob. new sor. ri. 857, Thomas Walker, Sidney Sussex College. The
XT. 096. xvi. 131, 1041, 1270, ix. IU7 ; infor- ud
oriKinal was repriatod at AmstsidMB,
mation from JjOtd Brabourne.] J. M. R. al.-o at Frankfort, where it formed part of

KNATCHBULL Sib NORTON (1602- the sapplement to N. Gurtler's editum of

Mt65>, scholar, son of Tbomu Knatidiban Walton^ ' Polyglot,' 1605-1701. Th troik
(d. 1623) by his wife Eleanor, dmighter of was held in pffat estimation for a century
John Astley of Maidstone, bom in 1602,. aftor its publication, and figures in a list 01
matriculatea at Qtmbridge a* a feUofWKwm- 1xKks annotated W the UMoned AjnlvMe
moner of St. John's College on 20 March Bonwicke (1052-1722) [a. v.] (Nicuorj?, Lit.

1618-10, and graduated B.A. in 1620. He Ameed, v. 141). Kitto, nowever, says that
EnatchbttlVs femarlDB ' an entirely wanting
I

was a nephew of Sir Norton Knat4^bull, I

knipht, of Mersham Hatch, Kent, who was in depth, and we cannot read them without
\

sheriff of Kent in 1808, M.P. for Hythe in wonder at the small amount of knowledge
I

1609, and founder of the free school at Ash- whidi pioeuvsdfbrtheic author eoeh a. wide-
f

ford. The elder Sir Norton *waa,' says spread reputation ' (Cyclop. Bibl. ii. s.v.) In
Pbilipot, in his Vi.^itation of the Hounty of
* 1680 Peter da Moulin Uie younger [o*
Kent,' a person who, for his favour and love
' dedicated to Knatehbull his Short View *-

to laaniing and antiquities in times irim of the Chief Points in Coiit .-oversy between
they nre both fallen under such cheapness the Reformed Churches and the Chaidi of
and coau^uipt, cannot be mentioned without Rome,' being a translation from aa unprinlsd
B eqmrftlflni to so just a merit.' Sir Norton manuscript by his father, Peter du Moulin
!

the younger sticcerAed to the family man.sion the elder, which had been made over to him
and estate at Mersham Uatoh u])0u hi uncle's for purposes of publication by the taffOMt.
dentil in 1036. He tA OBce confirmed the James I>aport Tq. v.], the tutor of his aon
j

dnt-d of endowment executed by his uncle John, addressed three Latin odee in his
I

in btdialf of Ashford grammar school, con- *

Musac Subsecivre to Knatchbull, and the
!
'

tinued to pay the master a yearly stipend of latter, according to Ballard, himself acted aa
I

oO/., and snhppqn*ntlv added to the build- tutorto the learned Dor<^)thy,lady Pakington.
rng^s. In Itiiiy IvnatolibuU was elected M.P. Knutv'hbull died at his seat in Kent on
1

for Kent, und was kiuglited at WhitehHll by 6 Feb. KiSo (N.S.), and was buried in the
j

Charles I. He was member for New Ilom- chancel of Mersham Church, where a Latin
neT in the Long parliament, and was made inscription describea him a-s Oioeronis et
j
'

lSuoiMeott4Aug.l641. On IS Nor. 1648 Chrysostomi facundia, Varronis et 1 1 ieronymi

I

he waf* summoned, with twenty-seven others, judicio omatufl.' He married, first, Dorothy,
to appear before the House of Commons- as daughter of Thomas Westrow, sheriff of Lon-
% delinquent (Ommums* Jmurmd*, ii. 846). don, hf whom he had deven daughton aad
i

But though a loyal St, Knatchbull seems to two sons. The elder on, Sir John, second
'

i.

ft?6 remained in strict seelueian during the baronet (16S0-l(>9i), was author of a nuuio*
m
I

% viA \oA name doM not atppeif aoript dftfy for 1688-8, from whi^ tm
the calendar of the commiTtef forcomponnd- tcresting narratire of the arrest of .Tames IT
'

ing^ OUiO May 16t^l he wa again Mfcumed ^at i'avenham was printed in '^atea) aasd

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Knelt KneQ
Querie*,' 3rd aer. vi. 1-3, 21-3, The younger K.NELL, THOMAS (7?. 1570), divine
oa, SirllMiiias, was third baronet (a. 1711^. and verse-writer, wa6 mada zaator of Wur^
By his second wife, Dorothy, daughter of Sir ham, Dorset, in 1669 he was appoint*,'d rector
;

lil 'bert Hony wood [a. v.] of Charing, Kent, of St. Nicholas Aeons, London, on 6 March.
and relkt f Sir Edwud SHwart, kt., lie 1570, and resigned before 3 March 1578k Om
ha^i no issu>. A contemporary half-length 21 May 1571 he was instituted to the vicarage
of Knatchball by Hoogstratea has
it of Hackney, Middlesex, and on 19 May L573i
~
(Etasb, d. 284). to that of St. Bride's. The last preMnneBfi
f R ,t.d'8 Kent,
ili. 287. 127. 444 Wotton's ;
he re-signed at once, probably because he
Baronetage, i. 40*2; Collios's English Brt.ronHHge, lia<l become chaplain to Walter Devereux..

ii. 252; Addit. MiJ. 5520, ff. 267-B (pedieree); first earl of Vlssex [q. v.] With Essex he
M'CIbtock, and Stxoac'a Cjdopw EcoW Lit r. proceeded to Ireland, and waa present at the
134 ; BupoKtfa Hum
SnbweinB. pp. 262, 295. earl's death on 22 Sept. 1576. contem- A
ioO, 311 ; Liff of Dr. R. Warren, prefixed to porary copy of an account which he dnnr
Sermonn, 1739, pp. iiisc}. ; KontciibuU's Wurks up of Es^>x'8 last illness is preserved in the
in BriL Mua. Library inAnraiation kindly NUp-
;
British M iiseum (Add. MS. 82003, f. 6). He
plied by R. F. Scott. e.*|.] T. S.
favoured the current rumour that tbf eurl
KNEIiL. PAUL (1615 F-iaOl), divine, was poisoned. Knell was authw of: 1. 0 '

padimtodBA. from Ctaf Hall, Oambridge, the Hurt done in divers Parts of this Reahn
ID 1635, and wa incorporated D.D. at Ox- bv a terrible Tempest, 20 Oct. 1570,' 167 1 (P)>
ford on 31 Ja. 1643. Ha wa for otte time 2. Epitaph on the Death of the Earl of Esmk,
'

'
chaplain t ft TCgimflnt of enrianierg in his in English verse' (in Tanner's time among*
aukjaaty's tnay/ a fact wlucU lu> [a e&reful to the Le Gros MSS.)
cntion on the title of aach of his ascmona. Knell haa been oonfiiaed with another
m
H* nppean bftftq nantly to liftTa lived at author of the time, known as Trowm Sitbll^
Wooaiord in Es<ex, wliert* in
"
(> In; joined JUNIOR (Ji. l'M)Ar>8l). Til.' latter, wlu

other cleigynuin and gentry lu a petition, was probably Knell'a ton, and was alao
*addiesed to the charitjr of all good Gline> cleTgyman, ivrot: 1. *An O to ih A B
/ in belialf of
'
the King's servante to the Chri6itianC()ngn>,MitIi)n,'ir)60('?),a1)rt)ui1side.
hvt of UffiSt betiig in present distress by 2. An
Epitaph^ or rather a nort Discomae
'

wnnn tliat tbeir aott dBpeadenM waa upon
the late King'* Majesty (LtsoffS, if. tlS')).
H* beeftm vicar o Newchureh. Romsey
Uagtik, m
1680, rector Hun and
Tir^r of St. Dunstan's, near Cant* rbury, in
1564. He died at St. Dunstiui's, and was
hmi m the efaardi S4 Aug. 1664 (HAsacBD,
Memt, iii. 4':s. .'04).
Knell published : 1. '
Isael and En^dond
Fnralelled (sie) in ft Sermmi praftdied bo-
frr- the Honourable Sot u ty of (iruy'f*8 Inn,
lj(kApall64& Addxessed to all those who are
fti fis to P^ftCftd King ChftrlaB.* S.^Th*
Life Guard of a Loyal CYirifttlan. Preachnd
ml St. Peter's, CocahilL 7 May 1648/ and pr^
ceded by a prayer Ibr toe Icing. 3i * ALook-
iag^glaeje for L. vell_'rft, lielJ out in a Sermon
uwnshndftt iSt. Peter'a^Paul's Whui;24 SeoL
IM8>' AiftTOgMMMlinpontlieftnayftndtlift
fi 1
p Till -tits, uniifliomjitising in
made upon tha Life and Death of Dr. Boner/
London, 1569, 12mo, reprintod in vol. i. of
the ' Harleiaa Miscellany.' 3. ' ^thj. Note A
m to Pftpista all and some that ioy loltonV m
Marty rdome,' London, L'70, r2mo. A copy
of this rare work is in the Lambeth Library.
It baa bean seprinted hr Collier in ^roL L oi
'Illustrations of Early English Popular Lite-
aatuie.' 4 ' An Answer at large to a moat
Henticall and P^iisticall Byll, in EngKah
Verse, which was en-f ubroade in the Streetca
of Northampton, and broaght before th
JndgeB at the UBt Assiasa tliara,' London*
1570. A copy of tliis work is in the library of
St. John's Ck>ilege, Cam bridge, and it has been
reprinted in tiia ' OdUeatton of Northampton-
shire ReprintJ.' Anotlier edition, also i^.-utrl
in 1670, was in the Heber Libraiy^ and is now
in the possession of Mr. S. Christie MiDer.
pftftirulfir The two editions difT'r in tln' Answer,* but
'

tte eendiiet of i?'airfax and hie bloodhounds ' ' <

tiie '
Bill' of course remains the same. The
at OMafaslep; thia fMMd tkmglk amal |
woA kt an anawer to ft Bomish ballad
ridi-
edition"*. TliejHi thru) Hermonswitb two others culing the marriage of the English clt r^-v^
weaa anyished oolleetivelj in 1660, and aoaia 6b ' An Historieal Discourse of the Life and
ht M6t,nndAfttit]0 ^livfrSeanoaUaSer. I

Death of Dr. Story,' 1671, ISkno, in Engliabi

pr. acbtMl U-fore the King's Majesty verse. Tliis has been attributed tn the elder
the Seas, and other eminent Audi- Knell. 6. * ATreatise of the I *i nnd .Vbueo'
k Bagland, formerly proUbilad, but of Prayer/ London, 1681 (Tasiti ui Tb
ynbliahedand dedicated to hiu Majesty.' yoiin^'^er Knell was also author cf tlie I'^pistTtt '

[Wee^s ftalr,ed Biw^ii.M;,

Saster'sAIuniu 60 the Uhriatiaa Reader' pretixcd to I^ortb^
IPM^'a *ISni Maa'a Ctedov' Alt

Digitized by Google
 Knell
renee by Knell junior are charaeterlsed
by a strong bias a^^iist the Roman catholics.
Thomas Knell, lunior, has been erroneously
Umtified by GollierwitlitheKinnL(>C.1688)
mentioned (wit^umt a christian name) by
Nashe in Pierco Penilease and by Heywood
' '
iabis'Apology for Adon'M a notable etor.
Heywooa speaks of him df^ad before 1609.
The actor seems to hare been son of John
Knell, a Tintner, who was buried ftt St.
James'y, rjarlick Hill, in 1574. He married
at the same church one Alice Turner in 1568.
Jobn Heming or Hemminge [q. v.] the actor
niarricil in March 1587-8 Keuecca, widow of
William Knell. Collier coiyectures that the
latter wee the actor to wboee ebristian name
we have no otlicr clue. If ColliiT bo rifjlif lle-
becca Knell was the actor's second wife. In
leOl a player named Nill Ufed in Sonthwark,
and bad a ehiUf Aliea, kqitiMd on 18 Ang.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit ; Nowcourt's Report, i.
317, 605, 620; Collier s Reg. of the Stationers'
Company, ii. 3, &c. Collier's Bibl. Cat. art,
;
' Knell ;* Collier's Lives of the Actors (Shakesp.
Soc), p. 63; Heywood's Apol. for Actors, ed.
Collior(.SIiakcBp. Soc. ), pp. 43, 64; N.ishe' Wurk.s,
d. Grossrt, ii. 93 ; Bitson's Bibl. Angl. Poet.
tSOS ;Dsreien** Idna of the Bsrls of Ebmz,
1<K IM.] W. A. J. A.
KNELL, mLTJAM ADOLPITT^S
1875), marine-painter, first exhibited at the
Royal Academy in 1836, tending a Tiew at
Eastbourne. lie was a clever pnintor of ship-
pii^ and the sea, and a frequent contributor
to^eKoyal Academy and tbeBritisblttatitu-
tion,Pi iidin^^to the former in 1835 'Folkes-
tone from the Dover lioad,' in 1816 * Ves-
eels off tbe Flemisb Coast,* in 1809 *The
Action in which Van Tromp wa. liilled,' and
in 1866 {the last year in which he exhibited)
'Outwara-bound Veeael enterinn^ Fonehal,
Madeira.' Knell painted a picture of 'The
Landinir of Prince Albert,' which was pur-
chased for tbe royal eolleetion, and was en-
graved by Miller for the Art Journal in'
1857. Ue died on 10 July 1875, and was
buried in the Abney Park cemetery, Stoke
Newim^on*
pleagianni Blek. of Artists.]
KNELLER, Sir GODFREY,
originalname was GoiTF&lED Kniller way home he visited Nuremberg, where he
<im-1723), painter, bom at Lttbedt in painted numeront portraite, and then found
North Germany on 8 -\ug. 1C40, was third occupatinn at Hamburg. Tliere ho painted
eon of Zacharias Kuilier and Lucia Beuten
bb wife. Hie fttber, bom at Elsleben in
fttnringia on 16 Nov. 1611, was son of a
leaded proprietor at Halle in Saxony, who
wee snrveyor-general and inspector of rere-
nues f sr tlw mine* belonging to th'- Cotmt
Manafddti he left Kielebeui ponibly through
940 Kneller
tbe eontinned wan, and eettled in LSbeek,
where he practiced as a port rnit-pfiinter, and
from 1659 was master of the works to the
diiireh of St. Oatberine. A
portrait by turn
of Joh[\nnf's fMeariiis was enoTnv*?d. He mar-
ried at Lubeck 31 Oct. 1639, and was tbe
&tber of three eone, beeidea the eminent
painter Johfinn, born 15 T)ec. 1042, Johann
Zacharias, bom 6 Oct 1644 (see below), and
Andreas, bom 98 Aajr- lO^t afterwafde
organist to St. Peter's Church at Hamburg.
The father died 4 Aoril 1675, and was buried
in St. Cstberine*e Gnurch, where, in tbe Ibl-
lowing year, a portrait of him was pointed
and dedicated by his two punter-sons ; a few
portraits from hit band enQ exist at Mbedc
, Gottfried was destined for a rnilltury life,
and was sent to Leyden to study mathe-
matics and fortification. His inherited love
of painting was, however, so strong that his
fat!ler removed him to Amsterdam, where
he became a pupil of Ferdinand B0I, with the
additional privilege, at there seems no reason
to doubt, of an occasional lesson in 1668
from the great Rembrandt himself. He then
returned to Liibeck, where he soon found
employment. Two portraits remain in the
town library, one of an aged student, painted
by Godfrey Knil ler in I608, and a companion
(d. portrait of a youthful srliolnr, by Godfrey'*
elder brother, John Zacliarias, in the aamo
year. Godfrey appears at first to have in-
tended painting large script jiral or historical
subjects in the stylo of Rembrandt's school,
and one of ' Tobit'andtbe Angel,' painted in
1672, remained in his own collection till his
death. In 1072 the two brothers went to
Italy to study historiail painting. They first
visited Rome, where Godfrey studied from
the antique and the paintings of Kaj)hael and
the Carracci, and worked in th^ studioe of
Carlo Maratti and Bernini. T1h> latter held
him in high estimation. After spending some
time in Naples they went to Venice, where
'
Goflfrey studied tlip works of Titian and Tin-
toretto, and laid the foundation of his future
fame as a portrait^painter. There he was
largely employed by the leading families, espe-
cially that of Bassadonna, for whom he painted
L. C.
a portnut of Cudinal Baesadonna, which was
whose sent to Rome as a present to the pope. On his
i a Urge family portrait, which attracted much
attention, tmta wealthy noebant, Jacob del
1 an amateur of art. who had inherited a
I valuable collection of Dutch paintings from
I bis brother, Pre feetof Sybrins of Leyden.
The collection included fine works of Gerard
I>ouWj FrauA van MieriS| and others, and del
oogle
 Kneller
Bde gave the painter free access to them for
tudT. Ailer iheir fkthflr'iB deatli in 1675,
Kneller, as he then wrote his name, purposed
returning with his brother through France to
4 Kneller
JamM heard the news of the landing of the
Prince of Orange at Torbay. An engraving
of this jinrtniit by George V'ertue adorns the
folio edit ion of ilapin's History of Sngland.'
*

Italy, and went to England on the way ; he
b^rj a. recommendation from del Biie
I'^tterof
to a wealthy Hamburg merchant in Loudon,
Jonathan Banks.
Banks ^ave Kneller a warm wolcomr,
lodged him in his house, and commissioned
htm to paint poitmitB of himself and his
Limily, Thesi' won' seen by mnny ])copk' of
consequence, inciudmg Mr. Vernon, stK-retary
to the Dh1 of Homnouth, who had his own
picture done, and secured for Kneller u suit-
Kneller received further marksof favouriVom
William III and Queen Anne. Ho was made
principal painter to the king, and was
knighted at Kensington on 3 March 1891,
when the king pre^iented him with a gold
chain and medal worth three hundred
guineas. On 7 June 1605 William granted
him an annuity of 200/. {Addit. MS. 57(53,
f. 81). During the reign Kneller went to
Brussels to paint the Duke of Bavaria (life-
size, on horseback), and also painted he Czar,
1

able houae in Durham Yard, where he re-
oM fat four years. When the duke saw
Vernon's portrait he gave Kneller permis-
sion to execute one of himself, aud he was
omeh pleased with the result (the picture
ilDOw in the collection of the Duke of Rue-
cleuch) that he recommended Kneller to the
kin^. Charles II was (1678) abont tO sit to
Sir Peter Lely f^. v.], at the request of
James, duke of lork, when Monmouth ob-
Peter the Great, of liuasia during his visit
to England. Tlda portnit ii now at Hamp-
ton Court.
Kneller's equestrian portrait of William III
|
with allegorical figure.^, now at Hampton
j
Court, is one of his be^t-known performances
it was painted in 1097 tocdebrate the signing
of the peace of Ryswyk. At Hampton Court
there are also eight of the twelve portraits
of Beauties,' painted by Kneller for Queen
*

tiined leave f<w Kneller to draw the kind's Mary in imitation of Lcly's series of .similar
p'vrfriit at the same pitting. The first sit- portraits at Wind.sor Castle; and the series
tmg took place in the presence of the two of Admirals,' painted for the king, to which
'

lOyal dukes and other members of the court,
and nt thr- cl'ii.' Kni'ller had not only nearly
cumpietA-d the portrait, but ha<l obtained so
fsoa ft likeness as to excite the wonder of
all present, including the kinc find Lely him-
self. Being still young and good-looking,
with a grse^nlllgitte and confident manner,
Kneller'.' .ttipcess was from thnt dateoMured.
Kneller contributed some of his oest work.
Kneller retained allhis dignities under Anne;
the queen sat to him seveml times*, as well as
Prince George of Denmui k ond the youthful
I )nke of ( Tloiicester. In 1703 Kneller pointed
t!ie Archduke Charles, titular king of Spain,
att. nvards the Emperor Charles VI (now at
1 Innipton Court ), and was rewarded with the

Commissiuns poured in upon him, and he soon patent of a knight of the Roman empire by
hsd to remove to a larger house in the Piazza the Bmperor Leopold I, Under Queen Anno
St Corent Garden, where he co!itinn"d to he was paid oOl. for each portrait, besides
*

r^ide for twenty-one years, lie painttKl fees' {Cal. Treas, Pamrs, 1710, cxxi. 23).
Charles II more than once (one portrait, George I treated Kneller with even greater
=*>ited, being in the royal collection), j
He
favour than his predecessors. was con-
nnd ius queen, Catherine of Bragunxa. Not t inned in his olilco of principal painter, and
I

ioof^ before his death Charles sent Kneller to was created a baronet on 24 May 171fi. Poi^
Pans to paint the French king, Louis XIV, traits of George I and his son, as Prince of
'

and when, after the work was done, Louis Wales, are also at Hampton Court, In
sfland hini sonenurk of esteem, Kneller, at jl711, when the first academy of painting
\i own requMt, received permission to make was founded in Great Queen Street, Lincoln's
a drawing of Louis for himself. He kept the Inn Fields, Kneller was unanimously elected
dmring all his life. James II was as gene- the first goTemor^ and continne<1 so for some
Many artists subsequently bore testi-
I

roQS as his brother in the patronage which years.

ks beetovred on Kneller. Kneller painted so mony to the great advantages which they
wncf portraito of the king, of his queen, derived from his advice and supervision, and
!

Karr Beatrix, and of other members of the to the care and interest which he bestowed
fiunily, that he subsequently claimed to be a on the institution.
competent authority on the question of Prince Kneller enjoyed continnotts f;ood healthf
James Edward's legitimac^y, because of his and was thus able to accomplish an enor-
exceptionally close acquaintance with the mous amount of work up to the last year of
futures and peculiarities of the royal family. his life. He amassed great wealth, and though
It was while sitting to Kneller for a por- he lost heavily in the speculations of the South
taix, commissioned hj Samuel Pijpys, that Sea BubblSi be left a large fortune. About
TQb SI.

Digitized by Google
 Kneiler Kneiler
1706 lie piurdiaMcl bovM m Gnat Queen aqnakv in Am^sfrien, and to hive eerved
Strt;t, Linroln's Tnu Fiol ls, where he resided him !i-raudfd.
fi By her Kneiler had an
iUegitimato daughter, Affoeei whom he edu*
UD t II hi 3 dath, aodhe iuvestad money in othat
property in London. He voRltaaed ta 0M
eoted, andjpaanted aeveral timea ae 81. Agnes,
ut Wliitton, near llounslow-, where he builtSt. Catherme, &c. She marriBd a Mr. Huckle,
lumaelf a mogniticent houMj deooratod with and had a aon, Godfrey KneUar Unckle, to
nunl puBtingB by LAruenreiuidl wMimanj of -whom EnallBr stood god&ther. The aoa
his own work?, liere he resided gome months wa. Kneller's ult im a: heir and assumed the

of the year, and zeoeived visits from royalty name. By hia mamage with Macr, daugh-
and tm nobilily. The adnlatitm paid lum ter and heireaa of lidw Wedn luMikle
made him extremely vnin, nnd vx^tre are came pos.'^ffwed of property at Donhead, Wilt-
W
many anecdotes a( his ecomtric di^lays of shite. Kneller'swillis dated 27 Aprill723,
acMi^MiOBi He pooooeaed, hvwsmf a shiewd with a oodMl of 94 Oct. (pri nted at length
wit and eound jiKlg-nvnt, and as a justice of in German in ITeinrken's Xuchrichtcn von
'

the peace for the county of Middlesex exer* Kiinstlem und Kunstsachen,' Leipsi^, 1768,
w
rind a waA-mi ady eort of equity which p. 253). He left nnmerotts legaciea, iablvd*
OflBUnandea ro?pect. Pope alluiles to liia ing Home to the six daughtrrn of bis brother
methods of dispensing justice in the lines, Andreas at Hambtorg. Upwards of five Iiiiiif*
dred portratti leBBMuned Q&Aiiidmdfto beeoi>
I think Sir Godfrey should decide the suit,
pleted by Edward Byng, who, with his bro-
Who sent the thief that stole the cash away,
ther, ha^ been his regular assistant for man^
And pnaiibed him that pat tt in his way
years. Msliiiaa OestSReidi, afterwards di-
(Pope, ed. Elwin, iii 880 Walpole, Anec- rector of the royal picture pnllery at T)pn<^-
;

dotet (d Faintuu). He was churchwarden den, is osoally stated to have been Kneller's
of TwMslwiiliais (Ainfeb, and took aa aetire grandaoii % ho wae more probaUy his gxea^
Krtinits rentoratirm in 1713. llewaBtnken nephew. Kneller's house at Whitton still
in London with a hreg in May 1722, euatSf thourh much altered : it is known as
whidiaa eBodlent eoukitatian vnd the care Knellsr Hafl,end ienow used aa the Sohoolof
of Dr. Richard ^fcad [q. t.] enabled him Military Mu.iic.
to partially conquer. But he never wholly Ten reigiiin^ sovereigns in all sat to
reeoreied hem iU effint; and after heing Kneiler for their partnita. "Hh sHten ttp

movod to Whittou in November wa^? soon eluded almost all persons of rank, wealth,
brought back to Qrrat Queen Street, where or eminence in his day, and examples of his
he momij saak, preeenring his faculties to bnuh may he feond in nearly every historie
the last. He died during the nif?ht of 1 9 Oct. mansion or palncr in the kingdom. He
1723 iSist. RegitUr, Chron. Diary, p^). kept a great number of a-ssistants, to whom
On 7 Not. he was carried in state to Whit- he delegated the lem material portions of the
ton, and was buried in \\\^ garden. The re- painting, "udi as the draperies and acces-
gister of the church at Twickenham records sories ; latterly he seldom nainted more than
bia hdriil. For kmbm time before hie death the ftee, and aometimee the hands, himse]
he wftP enfpged in arranging his own monu- His praises wen^ sung by Dryden, Prior,
ment, having models made by Francis Bird Addison, Steele, and Tickell. Dryden ad-
and RysbraoK. He intended it to be placed dressed to him one of his best poems on
in Twickenham Church, but, being unable receiving a copy of the 'Chandos portrait
to obtain the particular spot in the church of Shake-speare , done by Kneiler sa a pre-
wUeh he desired, he left money and direc- sent to the poet. The engravings from hie
tions in his wiU for Rysbrack's design to be works by his friend John Smith whose por- (

carried out in Westminster Abbey. The trait by Kneiler is in the jNational Gal-
monument was placed there in 1729, with an lery), John Faber, and others form quite ft.
epitaph bv Pope^ imitared tttm the epitaph school of mesarfint-engraving in themselves.
on Haffaelle. Kneiler is said to have tried his hand liimself,
K nolier married Susannah, daughter of the and engraved his own portrait and a portrait
Rev. John Cawley, archdeacon of Lincoln and of the r'arl of Twecdilnle, which, if really the
rector of Henley-on-Thames, and son of Wil- work of Kneiler and not of Smith, is an ex-
liam Cawley q. v.^ the regicide. She sur* cellent performance. His paintings vary in.
vived him, without issue. Slie died at Hatlj eTcnl! -nee, the best being of the highe<4t ord^r,
on 24 Nov. 1729, and was buried on 11 Dec. while others, oven when authenticated, seem
with her husband. Early in life, according unwocAy 4^ a gieat reputation. He was-
to some accounts, helMre he left his native always a pt-ulent of the works of other
ODuntry, he had a mistress, a Mrs. \ o% who great portrnit-pamters, and at one time quite
w Mated tlwhew to haie bMn theinfe of ~
Ut Mplo of spbniimi^ orav to lim

Digitized by Google
 Kneiler
ftr ertem portaitts hy Rnbens.
Ai Bionutony of dress and attitude in ivnel-
Wt pocteaiu in due much more to the com-
jMm of fashion and the imitative ten-
<4 Knevet
[Vwlue's Diaries (Brit, Mua. Addiu iia^,
23068-78) ; WiUpole's Anecdot of Painting,
ed. Weroom; Notea and Queries, 4tii mr. iv. 77,
vi. 1 76^ 262, $79. x. 828, 879 ; SaDdmifa TeotMb

inej in the Knglih character than to the Akadmio, \f''r>; H<M)bnik.n'h Grosf^f fkhou-
pkoiter himself. Ilia Mtters themselves d&- burgh, ed. vou \S'urzhHgh; W. Ackerinimn's Der
Portrait maler Sir G odf rcy K n 11 1 r m Verhaltniiv
BMiied that he should depict them in the 1 i

cur Kunbtbildung seiner Zeit, Liibeck, 184/);

we familiar attitude. Poetcritv has not en-
dowed the ejitravflgantly high opinion in
wliich luwiler's talents were held by his
contemporariee.
rnn best be studied at IfRmpton
KntilJer
Court. In hsH own opioiun his finest por-
Ueineken's Nachrichten von Kintlcrn und
K in St when C'hidoner Smith's British Meuo-
;
tinto Portraits: De Pilea'a Lives of the Painters;
HimVi Pedlgresa of Knights (Hari. 8bc.):
linrk' V Extim-T BaronetRg; IT iirrV Md lnn
Wiltshire, iv. 31 R. S. CJobbett's Memorials oi
;

Oait was the fuU-leagtll pflTtmit of Francia Twickeahan ; Miss BracHey** Bopeler OviAe to
r<mp!pt, a Chinese convert and Jesuit mis- Wfc<minBter Abbey ] L. C.
Monarr, now in the ro/al eoUeciion at Wind-
Castle (engrmrod bn menotfait hy John
KNEVET. [See tiao SvrvBr and
KWTVKIT.]
F&W, jrin.) Among' the most remarkable
las p riormnnces was the seriesi of por-
1 KNEVET, RALPH
a<j<^ l^'l), Poet,
traits of fortv-eipht members, including hira- wa8 a native of Norfolk, and seems to nave
*eif, of.the Kit-Cat Club [see Cat, Cnuis- been closely associated as tutor or rhaplain
rorasRj, painted for Jacob Tonson [q. v.], with the iamily of Sir Williuni Pustun of
tb|wbhslier, engraved in merzotint by John 0.\nead.^ He is piolMUj identical with the
l'mr,jan.,and published as awrie.^ in 173"). i Jalph Knevet who was rector of Lynp, Nor-

ud now in the poseeeston of Mr. iiaker ut folk, from H5ty2 till his death in lti71, at the
Bajfordbn^ in Hntfordahira. Other his affe of seventy-one. He was Imried in tlie
!:t-knownportrairs ar thri!eof theCnuntess chancel of his ohorch (BUHUDnU^ iKflJ^U!^
ofKsaelagh at Cas^'^iobury, the fuU-ieogth of viii. 2dl-'2).
ijneen Anne, and the Duchess of MafUKMoagh Knevet published: 1. <
StmtotieoB, or a
t Qrore Purk, Lord-chancellor Cowpor at Discourse of Militnrie Discipline,' 1()28, 4to,
Ptoshaoger, the Grimston portraits at Qor- in verse. 2. '
Khodon and Iris, a Paatoral,
hamforr^aiMlStrljnMNewUiDatKad*. He Rs was presented at the Floriste* FoMt in
it
fMquentlv painted his own ^Krrtrait, and was Norwich. May 3, London, 1631, 4tO,
"paoally invited bj the Grand Duke of Tua- dedicated to Nicholas Bacon, a8q.,of GiUing-
<af to Mtfffbiit UspoBtreift to the gallery ham, with an address to *tho Soeiety of
"futi't^'i^.irrniit?;, which still remain in the I 'lorists,' and verses by Ri. Pert,Win. Dennye,

lifia at irlorence. One of his own portraits and John Mingay. The seene is laid in
of liBMtf WBM engraved by T. Bedrett in The^sttly, and the metre is very irregular
^
by John Smith In 1694.
and another ( Drit. Mu^."! '
Funr-riill Eleeirs, couso-
of him bj iiavid van der Plaea was
V portrait Immortal Memory of the Kight
c rated to the
(gnmdbyP.Selnnelr. Knellei'sdntwingH, Hon. Isd^ KatMflB Futon, late Wife to
which there are ome fair fxiiniplesi in the the truly N hlM mtd Tleroicke "William Paston
'

pnat-room at the Britiah Museum, display
*m dTetthrely his greet tffeifltio genius ttum
of the ptrtures i;iui]ied bj Otlwn and
MT^j beigim bj him.
Knucit or KnusB, Joav ZAOnuOAe
^''44-170^ painter, older brother of Sir
).
<ji6ey KneUer, bom at Liibeck on 6 Oct.
1644, aeeompanied hi brother in all his
tmvel* OB the continent in early life, and
Htled with him in England. Though he
pmctiaed as a portrait-painter, he never
^*)
Utiied the same e.\L. 11- nte. He in better
of Oxned, esquire,' London, 1637, 4to, dedi-
eated to liody KatherhMV meter, Lady Etit>
heth Bertie, dnug-ht. r of lloh-jrr, mirl of
Lindsev. The book is very rare. copy A
ie in the OrenviUe Lihraiy at the Britun
Muneum.
Among unpubliahed jwpera, now in tho
Britisfa Huaenm, of Sir WilUaan Fasten aai
other members of the family, is a collection
of sacred poems by Knevet, oititled 'A Gal-
lery to tlio Temple. hjiioM Poemee upon
sjicreil occasions, by Thx. Knonott {Addit. '

fawwB s a painter of architecture and rtiins, m. 27447, ff. 11-67). The verse is imitated
i of still life, and in tho hist-
f'pecially from George Herbort, and the eoUection is
liiio'ti mbject did some meritorious
work, intended to form a supplement to Herbert's
flsdwd in London in 170i', and was buried ' Temple.' Some of the poema are worth
^ St Paul's, Cii%ieut Garden. His brother printing.
J|afeBd e 9ood pOTHMft f luv, wkich hea [Knevet's WoAa; W. 0. Baiffiti^ BiUlovra*
^leal teAeek.] bTL
b3

Digitizer l/> 'Google

 Knewstubs
KNEWSTUBSorKNEWSTUB,JOHN
(16-14-1624), divine, bom at Kirkby Stephen
in Westmoreland in 1544, entered at St.
John's College, Cambridge, whence he gradu-
nN'd B.A. 1&4, and on 21 March louT was
fleeted a fellow of the society. In 1568 ho
proceeded M.A., and in 1576'took his degree
B.D. He appears by this time to have
U4 Knight
by the priests of Isis.' Barlow, the historian
of the conference, describes him as speaking
throughout the proceedings * most affection-
ately, but excuses himself from reporting all
his interrogatories on the subject of baptism
on tlie ground that *he spoke so confusedly
that his meaning is not tO be collected thom-
in (Sum of fhf Om/erencr, p. 65).
'

become eminent as a controversialist, and Knewstub died at Cockfield, where he was

was 6Sp6nally prominent a writer ug^ninst
a.s buried 31 May 1624. His epitaph, which has
the teaching of Ili nry Nichola.-^, the founder disappeared from his place of interment, has
of the sect known as the Family of Love. been preserved by Peck {De/tidfrata Curiotttf
In 1576 he preached against their doctrines p. 216>. He does not appear to have been
at Paul's Cross, The Evangelium liegni'
'
marriid but a Richard Knewstub, whose
;

of Nicholas, composed originally in German,
hftd been tnoislated into Latin, and in 1579
Knewstub translated a large j>ortion of the
Latin version into English, with cemments
in whieh heunaparingly denounced thetenets
advanced. In the onistle dedicatory to * his
very good Lord and Maister, Ambrose, Earle
of Wsrwiok,' he says that ' the errours of the
sect bee so many, so foule and po filthy, as
name occurs in the Cockfield parish registers,
was probably a relatiWk
He founded in connection with his own
college two exhibitions ; one to be held by
a scholar bom and brought up at Kirkby
Stoplii'n, or, failing that place, at Appleby;
and one from Cockfield, or, failing that place,
from Sudbury.
He published 1. * A Sermon preached at
:

woulde force the very penne in passing to
stay and stop her nose.* The contents of the
volume show that Knewstub was by this
time well known at court, and on 13* Aug.
Paules Crosse the 1*Vyduy before Kaster, com-
monly called f(00d Fryday, in the yeere of
our T.iOnle, 1576. By John Knewstub.' b.l.
2. The Lectures of John Knewstub, upon
'

1579 he was presented 1^ Sir William Spring the twentieth Ob^tr of Ebtodnt, and oer^
to the rectory of r.x-kfield in Suffolk, in awc-
t' ini- r)t her places of Scripture, Seene and
cession toDr.Longworth,ma8terof St. Joha'^, allowed according to the Queenes Majesties
and continued to nold the living for a period InjuneUotts. Imprinted b? Lncas Harrison.
of fortv-fivo years. Knewstub, howovor, was Anno 1577; ' 2nd edit e To the Reader
(
*

not less opposed to the teaching of llomauism, b.L 1578. The Lectures are dedicated to
and nnder his influenoe CockS^d soon he- <Anne, Ooonteese of Warwick,' as 'aome
cam e a centre of puritan doctiioe (cf. his r'^meinliranco of my thankful nesse anddutie.
towards any of that honourable house of
Ahont 16^, according' to Fuller, an as- Warwick, to the whidi I am (in the Lord) so
sembly of clergymen from Norfolk, Sntl'ilk, many waye> in'lt bted.' A Oonfiitation
'

and Cambridgeshire met inCocktield Ciiurch of monstrous and horrible Heresies, taught
' to confer ahoiit the Gomnion Prayer Book by H. N. and embraced of a number who call
na to what nu^^lit be tolerated and what themselves the Fmnilie of Lovf. liy I.
totally rejected,' and abo about 'apmrel, Knewstub. Imprinted in London at the
holidays, fastings, injunctions, &c.* From three Oranes in the Vinetree, by Thomas
Cockfield, according to Neal, they somewhat Pawson, for Richard Sergier, 1579,* b.l.
later repaired to Cambric^, and there again 4. 'An Aunsweare untocertayne assertions,
enunciated and disseminated their views. tending to maintiune the Church of Home to
St. John's College was at that time noted for be the true and Catholique Church. By .Tohn
its leaning to puritanism, and Knewstub's Knewstub. Printed in I^ndon at the throe
teaching so far recommended him to the Cranes in the Yintree, by Thoniat Dftwson
favour of his college that on the death in for Richard Sergiar, 1679/ b.L
159o of the master, the celebrated theologian, [Tlakcr's Hist, of St. John's Collogp.ed.aTayor;
William Whitaker, he was one of the most Barlow's Snm of tho Conference (Phcnix. vol.
popular candidates for the office, but Richard ii.); Neals Hivt. of the PariUns (ed. 1733),
Clayton [q. v.] was elected. His reputation vol. ii.; Clnircliill Babingloa's ]fatcriHl<) for a
continued to rise, and at the conference in History of Cockfield.] J. B. M.
Hampton Court in 1004 he appeared as one
of the four ministers deputed to oppose con- KNIGHT, CHARLES (1743-1827?).
formity. On behalf of some honest ministers engraver, born in 1743, is sometimes stateKl
'

in Suffolk ' he took espedal exception to the to have been % papil of F. Bartolozsi, RJL.
use of the sign of the cross in baptism and 'q. v.] He appears, however, to have pra<*-
I

also to the surplice, a kind of garment vumd iumd stipple-engraving independently, and
'

oogle
 Knight
rulwequently became quite as skilful as Bar-
toloczi himself. He was at first employed on
lomewhat indifferent printa for such works
a^s Ifari^in^r's
Sliakespeart" Tlhttrntc(l,' * Mi?-
Bioirs of Grammont,' &c., but later obtained
a good TepotfttioB, ad was extensively em-
plojci! on more important work. lie en-
fpkTed numerous subjects after H. W. Bun-
MiT, Angelica Kautrmann, F. Wliettley,
T. Stothfinl, J. II. Ren-wfU, J. Hoppner, J.
Northcote, J. K. Smith, and others, as well
as many jwrt raits after Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, Sir Tl>omH Lnv^Tcnce, &c. Others
are often crfdite<l with his work. His en-
na\'ing of 'The Spirit of a Child borne to
Heaven,' after W. Peters, is usually as-
245 Knight
a good bibliographical knowledge. An im-
prfect copy of the tirst fulio Shakespeare,
nought by the father in a librarjr, was given
by him to tlio son. Having access to a fount
of similar type, and ' abundant llyleaves of
17th-century Dooks which matched the paper,*
Knight composed, with the aid of thf far-
simile, and printed himself every missing or
defective page, and made his copy perfect.
Ho sold it f >r a ' t'ni]iling price' to an Eton
tutor ; but kis careiui study of the text was
of value to him in lutor days, .\bont this
time he began a lifelong habit of dabbling in
verse. He wiselj' burnt his early at tempt
but later he pubbshcil a little of his work.
In 1813 he wrotf fi play, Arrainins,' wliich,
'

cnbe<l to W. Dickinson; and his fine fuU-
kn^rh Dortrait of Elisabeth Forran, countess
of Derby, has been ranked amonjr the best
productious of Bartolowi. One C. Knight
xhSbilad fimr miniatures at the Koyal Aca-
demybetwecn 1793 and ISIO. XniLrlit resided
in 1781 in Berwick Street, Soho, in 171)2 iu
BnaptOD, and later in Hammersmith, where
he was still living in 1^20, when he pub-
lished, although aged 83, a portrait of the
Key. Thomas Stephen Attwood, minister of
Hammersmith. Hp probably died soon after
though declined by the management of Drury
Lane, was printed. On the marriage of Prin-
cc-vs Charlotte he produced a 'most,' entitlt d
'The Bridal of the Isles,' called by LcigU
Hunt ' very crisp and luxuriant.' He w as
among the founders in 1810 of a short-lived
*
Reading Society ' at Windsor. The am-
bitionto become a popular instructor already
possessed him, Ilis first idea was to achieve
this end by journal i.sm, and during the sesj>ion
of 1812 he began to learn the trade by re-
porting for the Globe' and ' British Press.'
*

this. Id 1803 Knight was one of the original On 27 Eeb. he was accidentally left alone to
giwwota of the abortive Society of En- rep|ort a speech by Canning. In August 1812,
gravers. His daughter Marthi> mbo prac- as joint proprietor with his father, he started
tised as an engraver. the * Windsor and Eton Express.' His e.\-
(Bodd'f namweript Hittorjr of English En- perience mado him aware of the obstacles
pvtr- rr.rU. Mas. Add. MS. 83402); Rcd- placed in the way of * popular instructor ' by
^rc's I>ict. of Artists, p. 2d3 ; Loblanc's Manuel the stamp, advertisement, and paper duties.
de Amitteur cnEitMDp: Tosf^a BsrColoHd aod
l In 1818, his father being mayor of Wind-
his Wflcka.] L. a sor, Kni^t was appointed overseer of the
iNunsh. He threw himself into t he work with
KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873), au- his usual enthusiasm, startUnl his brother
thor and pablisher, son of Charles Knight, oiBciala with a proposal that they should
bookseller of Windsor, was bora in 1791. visit the * out-poor ' at home, and once ano-
The elder Knight, a man of cultivation and cessfuUy chased a supposed bigamist, who
pabUe spirit, published the ' Microcoam,' had left a wife ' on the parish ' at Windsor,
written oj George Canning, Robert Smith, into Oxfordshire. He took the opportunity
John Frere, and other Eton boys in 1 7B0 and of visiting the house at Burford reported to
17d7, and ita auoceasor, ^ the Miniature,' have been Lord l^aLkland'a, and nushed on
edited by Stratford Oumlng rixteen years to Wantage, that henughtieethe mrthplace
later. The father also spent much time on of King Alfred. In 1817 h' edited and ])ul>-
local affiura. He was on very irieadiy terms liahed an edition of Fairfax's Tasso (Singer's ' '

with George in, who uied to oome to torn edition appeared m

the same year). He was
over his book.-*. One morning in 1791 he was still keen about popular instruction, and -o
horror-struck at finding the kiiup in hia shop earlv aa 1S14 haa sjcetched out the plan of a
poring orer Fine's ' Righta of Mao,' then weekly series, which should bring all Irinds
ja-*L ]'ublished. The king nin<le no Cdtnmcnt. of knowlcdgf, mixed with lighter matter,
In la(l3 Knight was sent to a school kept by within the reach of the pooreat. At last, on
aDr. Niehoias at Bilinf. Befbra ho eonld 1 Feb. 1860, in ooirittnction with Bdward
acquire more than a rudimentary knowledge Ilawke Ix^ckvr ''q. v. Kninfht produced the
|,

of the classics, his iiather zemoved him from first number of the Plain Englishman,' com
'

school, and took lum as aa amientioe in the prehending original compontions and ai^ee-
s;imm-'r of 180.5. The elder l\night sold old tions from the best writers, \mder the heads
aa well as new bookS| and Knight acquired of 'The Chhatian Monitor/ 'The BritisU

Digitized by Coogle
 Knight Knight
Patctot/ The iTivaside CompAiuon.' i. li. proprietor in March 1828, and elsewhere, h
' :

SuBnar (sftermv^ afdilibO|p of Canter- ttndertook to superintend the publioatioDS

I

bury) wrote Conversatiom with an Unbe- th^ Society for tn DitruBion of Useful Know -

Uover/ and apmventlj P^oa on political led^e, which (taking its title from tliat of an
.

eeoBoniy ; J. if. Tamer {tndiop of Caleutta >

article in the ' Plain Englishman ') had been
1821)-32) wrote on 'Naval Victories,' and or-nitised a few months earlier by Brougham,
Locker on 'The Bible and Liturgy.' The M. D. Uill, and others. At first hiH duties
editor wrote a series of simple t-ales. In Junewere mainly thoiH> of rt^der for t he com- ' '

18S0 Knight became editor and part too- mittee .subgt quently ho wrote and edited,
;

wietor of a London weekly paP|^> 'The He had not wi re-i'stiiUi,s1itd himself a.4 a
Qiiardiain/ in wkieh he combined literature publisher, and the firi^t number (for 1828)
with politics, and (apparently) set th^flxBt of the British Almanack and Conpanion,' '

example of summarising articles in the mnga- which In- hi\d Innp projected na an antid<>t.>
ziues. J. W. Croker, m spit* of their poll- to the trash which was still diseiniiiated
tieil differences, hel])cd him in both depart- under the name of almanacks, and which
ments. ' Croker waj*,' says Knight, 'always th'' :npi..tv haw u>nk up, hcaiiB the imprint
ready to give me liis opinion, ab I believed ot liuldwiu & a ick.
c 'l But by 31 March
l

hOBMlly, and was always glad to goflsip with 1 1629 he was o^u ill in Till Mall East. On
meon Fubipcts of lireruture.' The Plain Eng-
' tlmt day appeared The Menageriee,' writ fen
'

lishman came to an
'
end in Poceniber 1822 ; by him tt> the first volume ot" the Library '

the ' Guardiaa' was sold at the same time; of Entertainin}; Knowledge.' From this time
and in thf course aT 1823 Knipht, partly at till iti dissnlutiun in iSUl Knight remained
Croker'e luatigatiou, started as a publitiher the society's pu!)liihtT. lu thi capai ity he
in LondOD. In the cotuwe 4f the past two produced the 'Quarterly Journal of Educa-
years, as an interlude to more serious busi- tion,' i '-^'^I ; the I't nnv Magazine," 1832-
'

ness, he had Uen publishing tlu Etonian ' '

1845 this by the end of its tirst year had a
(Oe(o1ier]880toJlU7l891), nv.d liad hy this sale of two hundred thousand; the 'Penny
menns come into contnct with W. M. Praed, Cyclopedia,' 18-3.'l 1 tlit Callery of Por-
1 ;
'

J. Moultrie, W. S. Walker, and 11. N. Cok- traits,' 1832 } besides smaller works. Earlv
ridge, who now were Cambridge undergra- ' in ISSS new poet, whioli it WAS proposed
duntes. With the help of these, reinforced to create at the l>oard nf trnd for nrrnng- ',

bv Macaulay, Maiden, and others, he started ing olhcial documents, was otiered to him
'Knight's Quarterly Alagazino,' edited by him- by Lord Auoklaad, ^en president. Kng^ht
self, and 'printed for Cluirles Knight ('^o.. A\ ;M ly r* fu^ d, for lii^ iititure, at once prac-

7 Pall Mall ast (1823-4). Matthew Da-

' tic&l and impatient of restraint, would have
iFenport HiU, De Quineeif , <^ othefe oontri*
ebnfed bejond eodunmoe at the pedantries
I

buted (cf. iVbf* anrf Queripf, 1st ser. of a governiu. nt department. However, in
ix. lf>3,

334); but the magazine was hardly successful, 1835, when the new poor law was coming
and prac^ieaUy t>pped with the eixlli num- rnito operation. Knight was a]peBMed pub-
b+T, rliough nn<' otht-r was published a year lisherby authority to the commission. About
later. In 1824Knicht published Vieusseux's this time he removed his place of buaineaa
,

* Italy and the Italtane/ and in Jnly 18S5, to Ijodnte Street. Tn 1681
' 18S9 be md
for the Cambridnre T^nivorsify Pregw, a tra!^^- wrote The Ke.<ults of Maehin- rv (i>f which
' '

lation by C
K. Sumner (aiterwards bishop of Spring Rice said ' that it had eflected more
Wmelieater) of Milton^ *Treetiae on Ohria- good for the reprefleton of oatraj^ then n
|

tian Doctrine.' In Nov''!ii'"r be was pre- nglment of hoi"se') und 'Capital and I^a-
paring a scheme for a national library,' a hour.' These were afterwards reprinted in one
'
.

cheap series of books which should condense volume under the title *Know1e<lge isFowctr.'
'

the informcfi'in (iiilMined in voluminous and In 1830 he began to publish in parts tile
(

extensive works. But this was cut short bv Pictorial Bible.' This was quioikly followed
,
'

the flnanoial panic. The prospectus ulti- by Land's' Arabian Kights;^ then came the
|

inntely jipj)eared in the name of Messrs. Mur- ;* Pietorinl History of England' by G. L.

ray, and arrangements were even be^un for Craik and 0. MacFarlane, with other con-
the merging of Knight's business in that tributors, published in monthly parts for
firm. Thew, howt-ver, fell through, and with seven years, from 1887, a book which is stfll
them Knight's business. In the summer of unbeaten a-sahl^tory of England for dompBtio
1827 he was compelled to place his affairs in use. ' London' (1841-4) was in great part
the hands of trustees. After a short period written 1^ Knight himself. From 183/ ke
of promiscuous literary work on James Silk had been occapii*d with what he himself pro-
Buckingham's paper, ' The Sphinx,' on the bably r^ardea as his matfttum opus. From
-<TiiMiAcmMagHiiifi^'of whidiWhecMnepart|tiie time of his bogriah esperienee htt li^d

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Knight 47 Knight
vish^ to edit In 1838 ap-
Shake^pi'iire. book-hawker?.' The Pictorial Wurld,'
calli-d *

th tiret numtxir oi thu Pict4>riil '

\* K]iiglit1i4itioa has doubtless
Wn srTp*.'r9edefl at many pointa.
in the turst folio may possibly have been too
,WH^iadBaagi but H. N. Coleridge was not
iv wrong when ha called it * th' firsit in the
tamskry conceived in a right smrit/ and no
future editor can alFord to neglect it. The
'
Pietonal Shakei)eri' was eonroleted in 1841.
' to whicli Miss Martinenu contrihuted; but
Before the last part appeared Knight had
illuiitrative oi uat ural ktstory,English topo-
gmphy, &c. In 1847 he b^an his * Half-
His faith hours with the He.vt Authf^rs.' and 'The
Land wu Ijive m," coulaiiuug picturea and
descriptions of everything noteworthy in
England. To obtain madTtuls he travollpd
all over the country. In 1548 he started a
weekly periodical, *11m Voice of the People,'
it failed after a career of three weeks on ac-

befuti to publish ' a series of original txea- count, she says, of the dictatorial interference
(isea by varions authors under the name of
' of whig olhcials (Habribt Martineau, Au-
'Knight'sStoreof Knowledge for all Headers/ tobiography., ii. 298). In 1846 he had begun
heding olF >>ii#Alf with two numbers de-
*
to publish in parts *
A
liifit/:)ry of the Thiz^

voted to Sbalfespeaie. The ' library edition
began to appear in January 1842, and dming
1842 and 1843 Knight went to Stratford,
Oxford, Edinburgh, Glasgow, in search of
nateriala for the ' Biography,' ap<m which
he was now at work. la the spring of 1844
appeared the twenty-seTenth and last volume
01 the ' Penny Cyclopedia,' and the event was
eelebrated by a dinner, at which Knight was
* entertamed ' br hia friends, Brougham being
in the cbanr. Tne ' Weekly Volamee,' a series
started largely owing to a suggestion of Har-
riet Martineau, were begun at thia time. The
firgt appeared on 29 Jane, the publisher open-
ing with a biography of "William Caxton.
In this series (appeamig every week for iwo
nd every month for two yean more
u theshilling volume ') many well-kuown
* of Literature and Art.' He had already been
woiks nade
their fitat agearance: Miaa
Marthmra'a *Ta1ea,*0. H. *Biogn^ XsWb
phical H istory of Philo.'Wphv,' Mrs. Jameson's
'Barijr Italian Paiaten,' lUMUue's
*Th kap of Befnge,' and Howe.
Arelute<i,'
mjinv iiiAre.The 'Ponnv MtL'u/.n va> In 1805 he was a juror at the Paris exhi-
Ytars' Peace, 1816-1846.' Aftersixteen cha^
ters had been written Miss Martineau took it
up, completed it in 1849, and in the follow-
ing year wrote an introduction, taking the
history back to the opening of the century
Thi, published in 1861, would seem to be
the last work of gtstieral literature ^*""g
Knight's imprint. Since thai time with the
exception of one or tworeecuitsof his works,
only oihcial or eemi-official pabUcati(i8 have
been issued by tke house, whidb in his later
years had migrated to I'leet Street. His own
books were in fature published chiefly
Bradbnry & Evans ; a lew by Mnrray.
lu 18ol Knight was in vit>'d by Dickt nsto
take a part inBulwer'a oobu(^, ' ^ot ao bad
as we aeem,' in ooBBeetton with the 'GmU
connected withDiekuui'a amateur companies
bat this aeena to have heen the fifet time Uiat
be waa cast for a part. lie played Jacob
'Inseet Tonion ia the pecibimanca at Devonshire
'

now drawing toaaen<Laal witii it Knight's bition. In the same ;[Mur on the repeal of
OMK0tion with the VmM
Knowledge So- the atamp duty (to whidi hb exerthms had
ciety. Tlf" miiiU- a short effort to coutiniie liir^'ely contributed), he started a *
Town and
lha magaaiae in hia own name; but thia CounUry Newsp^er.' The method (which
arffltiilf lived nx montlia. Tbne aumllM filled at tiie time, thongh it haa ttnoe heen
V'^fore thia, ia March 18-lH, the society itself ndnpted ) wa.s to print general news in Lon-
MM W ta Md. Hitherto Knight had
bad don, leavinjg^ a apace bunk for local news, to
%Am tiMTiak of Ibe wrfaraa woifa orooght bo sup|died m
the plaoM to which the paper
oyt uri]^r its auspices, the society receiving was sent. The Entrlish Cyolopedia IS.'
*
'
('

a ' rent,' praefcaeaUy a lojalty, in return for 1861 ) waa nracticaliy only the old Penny '

tht^rMtigvofilaiMaMi Tha'Bbgraphical CyHopedia' TCVued and wought up to daHe.

Ihctionarr/ which it undertook at its own Knitrlit now set about tlin Pijjnilar History

tnmmf Cailed after devotmgaenrenexoeiUint of England.' Xhepiaa of thia waa ' to trace
mMBtotks kMMr AyWMn thvloMwas through oar amuda the eatentiid eonneotimi
nearly 5,00<NL mi
th Mmttf ffaflBUkly between rmr political hi<tory and our social,'
vooad op. to enable the people * to learn their own his-
Knight gradually wkliJfgw ftgn minel-
tory how they have grown out af sUvo^,
laa^M publishing, thoogh his pen was as out of feudal wrong, out of re^rti! despot ism
aetiva aaever. Th * Waaldy Volnmes only ' into conatitutional liberty, and the poaiiion
ftii Aeir way, but h had faraomatimebeen of the gMrtMt flotate of the realm.' Tha
earryin? on with bottr succeap a -crit m of history, in eight voluroee. waa completed
*yctai-book,e^aciaHy adaj^ted^ur aaie by by. the end of 1862. In i8<y appeared.

Digitized by Google
 Knight
nbridgment called the * School History/ re-
paUuhed in 1870 as the Crown Hiatorf
*
nn excellent scbool book, the merits of which
more recent works have obscured.
In 1864 and 1805 Knight wrote 'Busagee
of a Working Life/ being his own autobio-
graphy ; and Shadows of the Old J iook-
'
gellers.' Two series of * Half-hours with the
Best Letter-writers* appeared in 18G7 and
Knight
Knight's position as author, editor, and
publisher makes it difficult to ascertain ex-
actly how much is due to him in the first
capacity. The following'', however, seem un-
doubted, besides articles and pamphlets:
I. 'The Menageries,' 182S. 2. 'The Elephant/
i8;i0. 3. 'liesults of Machinery,' 1831.
4. 'Capital and Lobour/ 1831. 6. 'Trades
Unions and Strikes/ 1834. 6. Shakespere's '

1808, and in the former year he ventured
with ' Begged at Court' into tiia field of fic-
tion. His sight was, howpv^r, failing, and
he had to be led by a friend at the dinner
giraa to Diekans on 1 Oct. 1667. His re-
maining years were passed at Hanip?toad
and at Addlestone in Surrey. lie died at
Addlestone 9 Haidi 1873.
Biography/ 1843. 7. 'William Caxton/
1844. 8. *01d England' (first book and
part of second), about 1844. 9. * Studies of
Slmkespere/^ 1849. 10. 'The Struggles of
a Book againat Excessive Taxation, I8oO.
II. ' Once upon a Time,' 1854. 12. ' The Old
Printer and Modem Press,' 1 854. 13. ' Know-
ledge is Power,' 1855. 14. Popular Histoty
'

Knight was n mnn of middle stature, with of England/ 1856-1802. 15. Passages of '

finely cut features, and a countenance indi-
eatira of lua diaractcr, in wUeh a sanguine
temperament somewhat preponderated over
accurate jud^ent. His scliemes, though
Cffteo sound in themselves, were apt to bo
a Working Life,' 18t>4-o. 16. ' Begged
at Court/ 1807. 17. *Shadoi of the Old
Booksellers,' 1867.
[Passages of a Working Life during Half a
Century, by Charles Kni^-lit Harriet Marti-
;

canied into effect somewliat prematurely, Dcau's Antobiography, 187(i Tho I\f<:urdcT of
;

and without sufficient regard to probable ob- liirmingham, a Memoir of Muttlicw Davtu j>ort
stacles. Consequently aftv aQ bia gnat Hill, by his Dnughtors, 1878; obituary noticiS
publishing operations he remained a poor ID the Times and Atheiueumt &c,; phvate iu'
man. He was thoroughly honourable in busi- foniurtion.1 A. J. B.
ness and considerate to his fellow-wodkew. KKIOHT, EDWABD (1774-1826),
His temper was quick, and when moved actor, commonly known asLittle Knight,'
'

he could speak ana write strongly but he

; and spoken of as a Yorkehireman, was bom
bore no ill-will, and seems never to have made in 1774 in Pinningham. While practisinff
an enemy. The often-auoted jest with which as a sign-painter, or, as is sometimes said,
Jerrold took leave of him one evening after on artist, he was stirred to emulation by the

a social meeting ' Qood Knight * gives the performance of a provincial company. He
measure of the estimate formed of him bv appeared accordingly atXewcastle, Stufibrd-
his friends. In politics he was a liberal, shure, as Hob in Ilob in tiie Well,' and was
'

and was one of the earliest members of the BO complete a victim to stage-firight that,
Keform Club. When M. D. Hill wos can- despite the encouragement of a friendly
didate for Hull in the first reformed par- auoience, he ran off the stage and quitted the
liament, Knight worked for him. 'Tell Mrs. towTi. Ayear later at llaither in North
Knight/ wrote Hill to his wife, ' that her hus- Wales, with a salary of five shillings per
band is one of the best speakers I ever heard.' week, he waa fortunate enough to get in
He was also something of an inventor, and safety tlurough the same part. Playing Frank
in 1838 took out a patent for improvements
<
Oatland in 'A Cure for the Heartache he waa
in the process and In tbe apparatus used in seen and engaged by Nuuns, the manager of
the production of coloured impressions on the Stafford Theatre. In Stafford he stayed
paper, Tellum, parchment, und pasteboard by some years* increasing in reputation, and he
surface printing.' His propoasl to collect married a Miss Clews, the daughter of a local
the newspaper duty by mt uiis of a stamped wine merchant. Tate Wilkinson, to whom
wrapper is said to have given to Kowland he introduced himaeli^ enjotfed lum for tbo
Hill fq. v.] the first saggeetion of the pennyYork drenit aliont 1808. His reception waa
post/ favourabli'. Aflcr a {'ww hu wu^ gratified
In 1815 Knight married Miss Vinicombe. by the present irom Wilkiuaon of a chest
Of their childrvn one bob (Barry Charles containing all the appliances of an actoi^a
TTenry, 1828 1884) and four daughters, two wurdrnbt", with the compliment: 'I havo
of whom married reepectively the Kev. C. F. been long looking for some one who knew
Tarrerand RobertKerr(Commis8tonerKerr\ how to ^ne
them you are the TfluT num.'
;

1821 1502, survived theoi. Another danrrli- Wlillo at Leeds bis wife died, and Knight,
ter, Mrs. Q. Clowes, died before her parents left with a young family, married in lb07
od a aoa and danghter died in inianey. Snaaii who had tuocaadad har aiatafy

Digitized by Google
 Knight
Barah BartVy [q. T.], as leading lady, and,
though au actress of uo great power, was a
lMfaMe fMWttrite. Enga^d by Wrougk-
ton. on th< r*?port of Hannistcr, for Drury
Lane for three years, at a salary risiug from
IL to 9/., Knight arrived with wife and chil-
dren in London, to find the theatre burnt
down. At the Lyceum accordingly, whither
149 Knight
Knight was a shy, careful, benevolent, and
retiring man, who shrunk from social inti-
macies, and was wholly domestic in habits.
His figure was small and ]ili,ibh', his lieight
being nve feet two, his hair and eyes dark,his
voice shrill, but not unmusical. He sang
well and made up well, and in various lines
of pert servants was unequalled. The Mir- '

the company betook itself, Knight made, ror of the Stage calls him a very natoial
'

14 Oct. 1>09, as Timothy Quaint in the 'Sol-
dier's Daugliter,' and Kobin lioughhead in
' Fortune's Frolic,' his first appearance in Lon-
don. The favourable impression he created
in these characters, and as Label in the
Pri,' was fortified by his creation of Jerry
Bloswm in Pocock's Hit or Miss,' 20 Feb.
*
1810, in which he and .Mathews as Cypher
retriered the fortunes of the piece. Scrub
actor. Oxberry, a rival, says that Sim was
his best part ; that in characters such as
Spado, 'Ralph, Trap, and Lingo he surpaased
Harley, was inimitable in decrfjiit old men,
was the best actor of the day in sliarp
footmen and cunning rustics, and, although
capable of |nithos, showed his art in squeezing
tears to his eyes. His country boys (the
sameentic adds are never onsophisticated
) '

in the Ii<^ux' Stnitagem,' Varlnnd in tho

'
they are shrewd, designing, knowing.' Terry,
* West Indian,' Zekiel liomesiuiu in tht- in his 'British Theatrical Gallery,' says:
* I Feir-at-Law,' Dominique in ' Deaf and '
There is always oddity, and sometimes
Dumb,' i^nm in Raisinfr the Wind,' ( ripe in
' i pathos, in his acting,' but ch!ir<re.i him with
the 'Confederacy,' uud Ili&k in 'Love laughs being 'a curious coiDpouinl ut quietude and
at Locksmiths,' are among the parts he took restlessness.' Knight liad a i^recise walk, a
at tht" I.rcfMim, where he was also the ori- firm bearing-, and a huhit (! laughing too
ginal liie^o in the Kiss,' an alteration of much,
'
lie wa.s author of a mu.sicul farce
llacchai^a ' Spanish Curate.' With the oom- in two acts, entitled 'The Bailor and Sol>
he w^nt to thf^ new theatre in Drur^ dier, or Fashionable Amusement,' which was
Cuv
jie-, to whit h he remained constant until produced for his benefit in Hull in 180o. It
his dtmth. Simple in the * Merry Wives of IS without BMVit
Wmdsor,* 23 Oct. 1812, is the first part in A famous nnfrrnved picture in the >[athew3
which he can be traced at this house. The collection in the Garrick Club by Clint
Clown in ' Twelfth Nigbt ' and Little John shows him as Ralph in*Loek and Key,' with
in ' Itobin Ilond were given during his first Munden^a? OM r.rummnfrem, Mrs. Orger tw
'

ceASoo. He pluy cd many part.s, chietly domcs- Fanny, and Mi>s Cubit t as Laura. In the
tifli^ niBtk,ftnn lubfinn m, and the like, and same collection are ])ietures of him by De
was the repros'-ntative of scores of characters Wilde as Robin lioughhead in Fortune's '

in feebb- pieces by T. Dibdin, Pocock, Ken- Frolic;' and by Foster as Jailor in 'Plots,
mn, And other writers. Francis in ' King or the North Tow. r,' and Jerry Blossom in
Henry IV,' Sim in ' Wild Oats,' Hawbuck Hit or Miss.' A coloured print after Clint
'

in Town and Country,' Quiz in * Love in a of Knight as Hodge in Love in a Village

' '

Gttta^* Tom in ' Intrigue,' Gripe in the 'Two is mXezxy'i 'BrituhThMtncal GaUwy.'
Misers,' Stephen Harrowby in the 'Poor [Books cited Genest's Accoant of the Stage;
;

Gentleman,' Solomon Lob in < Love laughs Oxberry 'b Dramatic Biography, vol. ii. Terry's ;

at Locksmiths,' David in the ' Rivals,' British Theatrical Gallery Biographia Drama- ;

Appletree in the * Recruiting Officer,' Silky tica; Theatrical Inquisitor and New Monthly
in the Road to Ruin,' Tester in the * Sus- Hag., various years ; Georgian Kra ; Clark Ras>
'

Sicious Husband,' Peter in 'Romeo and 1^ BspiMsntatifa Aeton.] J. K.

uliet,' Isaac in the Duenna,' Nym in 'King
'

Henry V,' and Crabtree, represent the range KNIGHT, ELLIS OOBNBLIA (1767-
of his abilities. Among his original part.'^, 1837), authoress, born in 17r)7, was the only
Tom in ' Intrigue ' and Farmer Enfield in child of the second marriage of bir Joseph
the 'Falls of Clyde' may be mentioned. Knight, reax^-^dmnal isK tha white. Though
During the season of 1825-6 ho retin'd from brou;,dit up in London, she was educated ut
the stage in consequence of iilneu. He died a school kept by a Swiss pastor, and early
21 Feb. 1826 at hia houM in Great Qomn ohtdned an acquaintaoM with eontinental
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and was luritHl languages and fiterature. She also became
OB tha 37th in a vault in St. Pancras New a good Latin scholar. Her mother, a woman
CSinreh. Hta aoa hj hit ftoife irifty John of great aeoomplishnenta, wee a friend of
FrejMV)tt KniffhtfhapoittMt<faintar,r a Ptster of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Miss
wlaljr noticM. Knight thus became acqminted with John-

Digitized by Google
 Knight
-mm. and his ciselei of whom ahe hat left
Mveml aaeedotaB. Admiml Knif^ dM
1775, and in the followintj yenr liis
And daughter, having failed to obtain a pen-
'MOBj wsiit abcoad froni noti'TW of Monom^.
For many years rhov lived principally ui
iieue and Staples, mingling with the best
todetj, and V^ing on pavtieaUurlrintiflute
trnttSwitL Sir Wiilinin and T.atly Hamilton.
In compliance with bur motlier's dying
' widies, Mtta Knight placed herself, after the
'
'latttr'fi df-ath in 1799, under Lady Hamil-
ten^ protection, and she returned to Ungland
wit^ ner proteetreas. NdaoB aeoompanied
them. Misr; Kiiiulit was iiln'ndv intimate
with the hero, and had obtained the title of
lua poet laureate by versee in celebvatkm of
Jkis victories. She naturally found the posi-
^ion embarrassing. Most of my friends
'
weva wry urgent with me to drop the ao-
fuaintanr . but circumtanced as I had boon
feared the charge of ingratitude.' Her
autobiography ^Misses very lightly over this
jscriod, but records her appintrnpnt as com-
panion to Queen Charlotte in 1805. From
^ia time there is an antuohioak until 1809,
and littl)^ of importance is recorded until
1613, when the principal event in Miss
Knight^ life took place her exchange of
the companionship of Qu- on Charlotte for a
similar position in the hout<ehold of Princess
Charlotte. By this step she gave mortal,
offence to the queen, wlin lost a )is<'ftil at-
tendant, and was probably aware that Miss
iKsight hada just grisfvaaoeagaiiiat thftdull,
tinint>ri>5ting, nnd monotonous ehancter of
the life which ahc had perforoa tO lead at
Windsor. Want of interest aad menotooy
c-omM not be imputed to her new employ-
ment, where she found herself entangh>d in
Intrigues, quansls, misonderstandings, and
n?cri mi nations amon^ a number of persons in-
spired by sell-in terei* ted views, and in general
animated by most undisciplined tempers, espe-
cially when theirrank plated thcni beyond the
reach of contradiction [sue Chahluttk Au-
mmskf Privojbss or WaswlL Miss K n ight's
autolHography is among the most valuable
sources of infurmatiuu for the court history of
^ose days. At length (July 1814) the prin-
Cess'g refusal to marry the Prince of Ornn<,e
isduoed the re^nt to suddenly dismiss all
her attendwita, including Miss Knight. The
princess consequently fled to her mother at
Comuiught Terrace, and general confusion
ensned. Miss Knight afterwards wrote of
her oM'n part in these transaction? :Either
'
I ought to have remained with the queen,
or I onght to have carried things with a
hij^er band to be really us'fu! while I was
With Princeas Charlotto.' I had the romantic
desiie that Pxinoees CSuurlotte should thn&
in for heraelf, and tUsk wisely. Was
thit to
widow bo e\-p>cted from a girl of seventeen, and
from one who had never had proper care
taken of hsr aiaoe eaiiy (dnldhooaf ' la
iHlfJ Mi>.^ Knif^dit again went abroad, and,
I although frequentljrevisitio^ ii^laiid,q>eiat
|
most
her life on the oootiiMat, ouuiig m
]
the highest soc-iety, anrl collecting the anec-
dotes which appear in her journals. She died
in Paris <m 17 Dee. 1887.
The most important pas.^^ages from her
'
autobiography, with selections from her
i diaries, were edited ia 1861 by Sir Joka
William Kayo, or rathpr, ns is virtually ad-
mitted in the preface, by Mr. James Uuttou.
j
t They are justly appreciated by Kaye vrfaen
he says :
'
Knight was no retailer of
'
prurient scandal or frivolons gossip ; she had
|
too good a heart to delight m
the one, aad
too good a head to in<fulro in the other.
Some, therefore, ma^ think that she ue-
'
gleetd her opportunities.* In ftet, her me-
moirs might en.'iily have been more piquant
without any breach of propriety. They are
matter-of-faet records without any attempt
at delineation of tho persons concerned, but
they bear the ."Strongest impress of sincerity
and truth. Miss Knight also wrote 'Dina^
has,' a kind of snitplom^'nt to' Rna^t'las '(1 71K));
Flaminius, a V iew of the Military, 8ocisl,
^
end Political Life of the Romans,' a didactic
romance in the form of letters (1792), which
was translated into German in 1794, and
readied a second English e^tion in 1808;
* Sir Guy de Lusignan,' a romance (1^S3);
translations of German hymns and prayers,
privately printed at Frogmore in 1812, and
published in 1833 besides her principal work,
;
*A Description of Latinm, or La Campagna
di Roma' (1805, 4to), with etchings by the
author,aworkof coosiderahlevalue in itsday,
and interesting even now. T. L. Peacock says,
writing to Lord Broughton, 22 Feb. 1862: I
have read Miss Knight's autobiography. I
i
have ra^t for a long time read anything that
|
pleased me so much but I am not sure how
;
much may Vx 'long to the book and how much
to old associations. Her '^Latium" has long
j
been ft
i
fcvmiriteboolt irith mflh'
[.Vutobiography of Miss Cornelia Kai^U^
ISni Quart f r!y Review, voLcxI.] E.O.
;
KNIGHT, FRANCIS (dL 1068X wdaka
[See Kkti.]
i
KNIGHT, GOWIN ( i:i.V1772), man of
'
science and lirst principfil librarian of the
'
British Museum, baptised at CoifiaglMHtt,
'
Lincolnshire, on 10 Si pt, 1713, was son of
liobert Knight, vicar of that place^ and ot'
j
Digitized by Google
 Knight
Elizabeth Ilia wife. His father, a virtuoso
who collected cj>in3 and medals, was ap-
yoiated in 1724 to the vicaxagd of Uarewood,
ttear Leeds, whore ho romnined until his
<ieath in 1747. Accordin^'^ to iho \S lUon
Mfifi. fnwrved in the Ix}i<Js 1 roe LftbMry,
Knight was educated at the Loedp gramronr
achool. He
matriculated at Oxford from
Magdalen Hall 6 April 1731, and held a
demyship at Magdalen College from 1786
4u 1746, OTOceeding B.A. 20 Oct. 17JJ6,M.A.
^ June i739, and M.B. 1 1 Feb. 1741-2. He
afterwards settled in London and is said to
have practised aa a phrsician. In 1749 he
waa UTing in Linoaiii^ Inn fields; he re-
tno'ved to a house in Crane Court, IHeet
Street, about 1750 (cf. Nichols, Xt^ary
uineodo/es, v. 584).
Knight be^an the magnetical researches
which gave mm his reputation before 1744.
Hia attention was directed to the subject by
witneaaio^ the efl'ecta of a flash of lightning
upon a riup^s eompass, and the first results
of bis labours were presented to the Royal
Society in 1744 {Phil. Trans, xliii. 161),
when he exhibited some bar magnets of great
powo*, and perfonned aome e.xperiments
which proved that he was in possession of
an entirely new method of magnetising bars.
A paper read by him in 1746 {ib. xliii. 861)
diecnaoes the various positions of the poles of
WMffneta. In recognition of the value of these
researches the Koyal Society in 1746 elected
hia a eUcni^ and in 1747 the Copley medal
was awaidea to faim. He found a ready sale
ibr hia m^i>ts, and in a further series of
pajpen laid before the society in 1746-7
xliT. 666-72) dealt more -particularly with
the theoretical aspects of the question. lie
withiield a fall disclosure of his methods
f opevalinif ferfeaor of injiu'ing the sale of
hi.-> magntts, but he soon found in John
Uanton, wiio had also begun the manufacture
of artificial magnets, a formidable rival [see
Cajttox, JoiLXj. Knight's papers on mag-
vetum were o^lected and publiBhed
-flat4>1y in 1758, with notee and additioas Dy
th'* authi'T It oppf^ars from T. H. Croker>!
Experimental Magnetism (1761). p. 8, '
idMtt Kn^^ttmied prnpoealilB i760TOr pub-
li-liiTie by sub-cript ion an fXten.siAB work
on magnetism, in two volumes 4to, but the
aha waaiMfver carried oat. Aiterbis death
ni - fri' n 1 I>r. Fothergill read a paper before
th Royal Society matter, and it appean that Knight's instru-
(t^. 1776, Ixvi. 591), in
^wWeh ixHAff% metbedi of magnetising were ment gradimlly came to be the etaadarft eom-
more fully ui^cloged. The pa]if r iil-io contains pa.^s for tbe royal n;ivy. Tin y wfrp rilso used
-a description of his 'magnetic magasine' or in the better olass of merchant ships.
battery. whioh was far many ycsn in Iflie oompaasee were made, vndar I&ugbt^g diieo-
pofe^^sifion of tbe Iloyal Socicfv, but is now
siaaiag. In 1779 Benjamin Wiis< {ib, Ixix.
Knight
51) gave an nrrnunt of Knight's method of
makiug an iiiciiil lujidfitcmes, which consisted
' in cemeoiting finely divided metallic iron into
a solid mnfin \tj tno idwiltHTO Olf liniood oB
varnish,
! Knig-ht's attention had meanwhile been
turned to th mariner's comjmss, and in a
piper read before the society in 1760 {^ib.
xlvi. 606) he stated that he had examincMd
soveral cnmyta-s-nci'dlfs ohtuiiunl from tin-
best makers, and found them all defective,
being mthairof faetala directive power or abfio-
,
lutely incorrect as retrurds direction. These
defects were duo to the shape of the needles,
| all of wbicb were possessed of four poles. He
recommended a plain rhomboidal bar, and he
j
also suggested improved modes of suspen-
oon. Borne further improvements ahody
made in Knight's compaeR by Smeaton were
communicated to the society at the same
1 time,
|
Knight brought his improved compam
under the notice of the admiralty, and there
is an entry in the official minute book ander
date 4 April 1761 to the effect that the navy
board and the Trinity House authorities hail
been consulted and TariouaexperimentBmede
, with the improredooaupaai and bar magnets,
|
Compasses were ordered to be supplied to tiie
;
Glory, bound for Guinea, the Rambow going
1 to Newfoundland, the Swan sloop bound to
|
Barbadoes, and to the Vulture and Fortune
sloops in the Channel. On 11 Sept. in the
same year there is a further order dixecting
the captain of the Fortune to receive Dr.
Knight on board at Harwich and to sail
northwards according to his directions, for
the purpose of expenmenting with the new
compass. He was accompanied on the voyage
by Bmeaton (see Axmuai Mtj^&ttr, 1793,
Cfnrontcle, n. 266). The Temiltsrir tbe trials
appear to have been satisfactory (though
the captain's reporta cannot now be iboad),
and by a minute dated MJmie 1768^ bond
recommend, d 1mt Kui^rhtbhouldbepaid "00/.
1
\ Itappaaxs^m this minute that the compass
|
bad atveady been brongiit tothenoliiee ofllie
board of loiigitudi-, prolmblv with a view to
|
ita use in determining the longitude by ob-
1 aemrtioB of tbe mafnetie yariation, bvt tbe
minutes for this ibitt^ are mi.-sln;^'^ from the.
records of the board preserved at the KOTal
|
Obeervatory, Oveenwieh. There ave other
entries in the admiralty bo; iks r.'ldtiiijrtotlw
!
1 The
'
'
tion, \>y George Adams the elder [q. v.] of
|
i^'leec Street, tlie mathanatieal instrument
Digitized by Google
 Knight
maker. Knight wa in the habit of cert ifying
each instrumMit hy ngning his name on the
canl. There is a compass preserved in the
adtniralty compass department at Deptford
certitiGd iiithiftwiy* It is stated by Captain
Flinders in a manuscript diary, now in the
possession of his dcscLMidant, Mr. Flinders
Fetrie, that Knight occupied the position of
intpector of compfts?e.s to tho admiralty, and
that J. H. de Majrelhaons was his successor in
theoiBoe. Captain Hinders had every oppor-
tunity of knowing the facts, but the statement
is not borne out by the admiralty minute
books. In 1706 Knig^ht took out ft patent
|
Kn^ht
from the oiBcial records that Knight died &t
the museum on 8 June 1772 (not 9tii, sain
Gent. Mag. 1772, p. 295). Hia burial is re-
corded intheregistersof St. George's, Blooms-
bury,a fewdayh afterwards, but it is probable
that lie was interred in tlic pnrochial ceme-
tery near the Foundling liotipital. There is
aportcaitof him in the board room at the
mnspum pres^enft^rl by his executor. It was
probably pamted by Benjamin Wilson, with
whom he was on terms of intimacy, but itis
not the original of the small etching in the
liembrandt manner bearing the inscription,
* Painted and etched by B. Wilaon, 1761,*

(No. 850) for some further improvements in which is well known to collectors.
compasses, the main object of which was to Although the bent of Knight's genius wa$
chceic the vibration, the card and box being decidedly experimental and practical, be pub-
made to oscillate in equal time.o, so that the lished a speculative treatise in 1748 entitled
card always remained parallel to the gloss. ' An Attempt to demonstrate that all the
Areflectin^ azimuth compassiaalso described Phenomena m Nature may be explained by
in the specification nf tliis patent. The vnhie two simple active principles, Attraction niid
of Knight's services to navigation does not liepulsion, wherein the attractions of Cohe-
seem to have raoeived adequate recognition. sion, Gravity, and Magnetism are more par-
A useful summary of Knight's work in this ticularly explained.' The book consists* of
department of science is given in Snow ninet^'-one propositions, and is of interest as
HtRu's ' Rndtmentafy Magnetiam,' 1869, ahowmgmarkaof an epoch in whidb attempta
chap. ti. were made to push tho Newtonian doctn:ie
Kniffht was an unsuccessful candidate for into molecular speculations. It preceded
the post of aeeretary to the Royal Society in Boseovidi's bettw^known wwlt on a ^y**!
i

1752, in opp<vstt ion to Dr. Birch. But when sul)j-Tf hy ten years. Knight also wrote a
the British Museum was first established at paper on the earthquake of 8 Feb. 1749-60
.

HoDti^fue House, Bloomsbury, in 1766, he I Trout. xItL 003) and some remaxla on
was appointeil principal librarian. Thosahiry W. Mountaine's letter on the effect s of light-
attached to the ofiice was only 160/. per ning {Ut. IL 294). lie was the inventor of
annum, bat the librarian was allowed to act 'dwuf Tenetian blinda,' which hare nnoe
|

al-n lis receiver,'and recf lvc'l i>u that account Ijccn largely used. He obtained a patent fiv
an additional 40/. a ^ear. lie presented to the invention in 1760 (No. 750).
^bemnseum set of his magnetical apparatus [Authorities cited; Foster's Alumni Oxonien-
(which were sliown in the early days of the BC8 Bloxam's Registers of Magdalen Colloge. ti.
;

institution, but cannot now be found), the

j
241 J Nichols's Literary llluatnitiotis, viiL 626;
Copley medal which he reomired from the <
Niehoti*s Literaiy Aoeedotes, t. <S4 ; AtheosMun,
Iloyal Society in recognition of his magneti- r. .Ian. 1849 pp. 6. 6. 15 Oct. 1849 p. 495 ; De
cal researches^ and a collection of coins and JHorgan in Notes and Queries, 2Dd ser. x. 281.1
medalBbequeathedtohimbjrhis&ther. There
are two papers in his hand among the Sloane KNIGHT, nEXrJETTA, Lady Lrx-
^ISS., one relating to alchemy and the other BOBOUGH (d. 1756), friend of Shenstoue, was
being notes of lectures on surgery, but with- the only daughter of Henry, viscount St.
out any indication of the time and pkoe of John, by his second wife, Angelica Magdalene,
delivery. daughter of Georges Pillcsary , treasurer-gene-
He seems to have led a secluded life, and ral oi the marines, and superintendent of the
during lii-> later yeajs was involved in finan- ships and galleys of France under Louis XIV.
cial dilhculties. Dr. John Fothergill on one Ilenrv St, John, first viscount Bolingbroke
occasion advanced him a thousand guineas [q. \.\ was her half-brother. She married,
to save him from impending ruin due to some on 20 June 1727, Robert Kniffht of Harrdls,
disastroxiB mining speculations (Fotherqiix, Warwickshire, eldest son of Ilobert Knight,
Works,ed. Lettsom, vol. i. p. ciii), and Ivnight cashier of the South Sea Company, created
was never able to discharge t iiis liability. By in 1746 Baron Luxborough of Shannon, and
his will, dated 9 April 177L*, ho left every- in 1703 Viscount Barrells and Earl of (^ather^
thing to his *good friend and principal lough in the peerage of Ireland. Horace
cnnlitor, John Jothereill of Harpur Street,' Wwpole describes her as ' hi^h-coloured ' and
whom he appointed sMeeiMCutor. Itappean Uua^/ with a 'great black onah of luur/ ia
 Knight >53 Knight
which at she wore the portrait of her
first Luxborough's portrait !iy an unknown artist;

bmbuidtfrom whom shf 5oon was parted '

. .
GrcnTlllt' Tapers, tai. Smith, ii. 48 Culvtle'a
;

Qpon a gallantry she had with Dalton, the WorUuMof Wanricksbirs; OffidallistsofMem-
revi^'er of Comus and a divine,' and retired' bars of Parltninent; Hist. HSS. Oeum. Srd Rep.
to a homitage on Parnassus.' The story App. p. 291; Nichnls-f, Lit. Aneed.iL879, vi. 204;
Burke's Extinct ra^e.] J. M.
mav be a soandal, but T-ady Luxborouph was I'< ' It.

certainlT separated from, or desortod by, her
ImkaDa within a few years of their'mar-
riafTp; and was an intimate friend of Francos
Sejmour, countess of Hertford, afterwards
duchess of Somerset [q. v.^ in whose house
Dalton re.-idfd as tutor to Lord Beaiichamp
[tee Daliu.v, Jonv, 17(X)-170^jJ. The her-
mita^ mentioned by Wnlpolc was her hus-
band 5 eftnto of liurrells, which she had
Uid out in tlit> artificial stylo of landscape
gardening. Hero she was within easy reach
of Shenstone, whom she fre(ju>ntly visited
at the I>eajsowes, aud withwhum ^he kept up
a regular eonTSBpondence. Shenstone cele-
brated their somewhat artificial Arcadia in
his ode on * Ilurul Elegance,' addressed to
tlwDadieai of Somerset (1750). LadyLux-
bnrough was also a friend of the poet William
Somervile [q. v.] She died towards the end
KNIGHT, liKNUY GALLY (1780-
184rt), writer on architecture, bom on '2 ]).<.
178ti, was the onlv pom of Henry Gnliy
Knight of Lnnpold Hull, Yorltshire, barris-
ter, by his wife Selina, daughter of Willinni
Fitzherbert of Tissintjton, Dcrbyshiro. His
grandfather, John Gaily (who assumed the
additional name of Knight), was M.P. for
Aldborough and Boroughbri(?ir'. and a son
of Henry Gully, D.D. [q. v.J, (he classical
scholar. Knight was educated at Eton, and
apparently at Trinity Colb'f^e, Cnnibriilfre,
though his name does not appt-ar in the list
of graduates. In 1810 and 1811 he travelled
in Spain, Sicily, Greece, Egypt, and Pales-
tine, in company with the Hon. Frederick
North and Mr. Fazakerly. Hia first publicsi-
tions were in verse, being ' Ilderim, a Svrian
Tale,' 1816,8vo ;
Phrosvne,a Grecian fale :

of March 1 7o6, and was buried in the church
of Wootton Wawen, the parish in which
Barrells is situate, whence her remains were
aft<?rwards removed to a mausoleum near
Banrells. Though she had been supposed to
bare her brother's religious opinions, she took
the sacrament on her deathbed. By l>ord
'Alashtar, an Arabian ^alo,' London, 1817,
8vo ; ' Eastern Sketches, in verae,' 3rd edit.
London, 1 830, 8vo. Byron (whose * Giaour
was published in May 1813) bestowed praise
on some of Knight's oriental verses (Moobd,
Life of Byron, under 4 Dec. 1813, p. 218, in
one-vol. ed. 1840 cf. ib. p. 245), though he
;

Lux borough she had one son, Henry, who does not seem to have relished 'Ilderim'
married, 21 June 1750, a daugltter of 'f homas (Byrox, Ifor**,' Ver8lcles:'*Itriedat "Ilde-
Heath of Stanstead, Essex, atui died without
rim" Ahem !') Knight turned from poetry
iMoe in the lifetime of his father also two
; to architecture. lu May 1831 he landed at
daagliten, one of whom married a French Dieppe, and during the year exandned the
count the other, Henrietta, married Charles
; buildings and libraries of N<inuandv. After
Wymondesold of^Lockinge, Berkahire, but, his return to England ho published ' An
1758 with the Hon. Josiah Child, Arehiteetural Tour in Nomnndy,' London,
other of John, second earl Tylney, was is.'ij. IJnio (French translation by M. A.

divoroed. and married her paramour on 7 May Campion, Coeii. 1838, 8vo). In August 1836
1754. Lady Lnzhorough^s ' Letters to TVif- H
he started fbr essina, and aftevf? ards puh
liam Shenstone, Esq.,' p: I shed bv Dodsley,
! lished The N'onii insi in Sicily,' London, 1^38,
'

Loadony 177ol are very insipid, f'our little 12mo (French translation by M. A. Campion,
fOOBS M slight merit, printed as 'hy a lady Gsen, 18S9, 8to; German translation, ed.
ofq'ialitv' in Dod>*lev's 'Collection of Poems C. R. Lepsiii.q,Leip7.it;, 1841, 8vo), and ' Sara-
by several bands' (i776VjiT. 313, are attri- cenic and Norman liemains to illustrate the
Mtedto her by Horace Walpole. See also "Nonnans in Bitnly^'^ London [1840], fol.
llall's Select Letters between tlie late He was assisted in his stiuli. s by profes-
*

Dochesa of Somerset, Ladv Luxborough . . sional architects in Normandy by luchard :

adthat%* London, 1778, 2 volt. 8vo. Hnssoy, in Sicilyby George Moore. In 1642-
1844 he The Ecclesiastical Archi-
publivli'fd *

(CQnia8'sVBniige(Brydges).Ti.75; Add. MS.

tecture of Italv from . . . Constantino to the
53728; mnrj^inalia and otluT mnnuscript notes by
E. Galston in the Britit^li Muncum copy of Liidy
I6th Oenturv'^ (2 vols., London, fol.), with
Luibonragh's 'Letters to Shenstone; ' Mrs. De- eighty-one htbo-chromntic platos by Owen
laay's Aotobtography, ed. I^dy LUncror; Gent. Jones. Knight was also the author of some
Mw. 1 74 p. 384. 1 751 p. 243. 1 756 p. 206 Horace ;
minor worha.
VaTpi!>'s Letters, ed Cunningham Knight, who had succeeded to the family
Ildrace
;

W4lpQi's Cat. of Kojral estates on his father's death in 1808, was

and iHoble Authors, ed.
Ili^ T.SflO, vlMcothare iaaa nganing of l44r oleetod M.P. for Aldboroiigh (betmn 1894

Digitized by Coogle
 Knight Knight
and 1828?) Malton in l ^^iO for Nort h
; for ; under the command of Captain JohnScrogg.
Nottinghamshire in 1835 and in ltt37. Tho i It met with no success, and the fate of Knight
laat seat he held from 1837 till hia death, and his oomjMnions remained shrouded in
which took place in Lower Grosvenor Street. mystMTf till in 1767 the ships' hulls, some of
Londao, on 9 Feb. 1846. He was buried t heirgims and anchors.anil other traces of the

In Firbeck Church, Yorkshire, on 17 Feb. ,

Kni^riit married in Is^-^ I^unetta, tluid
daught^r of Anthony Hardolph Eyre of
Grove, Not iughainshire, but had no issue,
By his wil ho directed that hi^ Ltongold estate
I presuBMldy of 1719, that in getting into tlie
should be sold for the benefit of some frieud->.
Ills other t'stAtes at Firbeck, Kirton, and
Wanop were left to his widow for her life ;
tlio Firoeck estate and mansion were to
after her death to the ecclesiastical commis-
sioners for charitable uses. Somemnniucnpta
relatingto Knight's tour in 1810 1 1 rt-mninptl
in the hamk of his family. In parliament
Kiu^t was a tlut^nt but iafn^quent speaker,
!T( was a kliul landlord, and on 10 Oct. 1841
wat< prt'senti'd by hiM t^'imnts with his por-
trait, painted at a cost uf *ioO gmnens. lie
held the onico of (I pnt y-lietttenant of Not-
presence of Europeans were found at Marble
MjUmd by a "whaling porty. Farther examina-
' tion nmoncr fh>' Itlskimo-i elieitt'fl the facts
that tho t>hjps had arrived late in the autumn
harbonr one. or, more probably, both of th'^m
8Utiuiried serious damage, that the meubuUt
a bouse and sojourned there tluit winter and
the ne.xt, suffering great hardships. At the
beginning of the second winter the original
fifty had dmndled to twenty, and at the end
of tliat winter to fire,all of whom died shortly
May or June 1721. As Knight is d-
after, in
scribedaaaveiyoldman, ver^goB Ai|^y;
we innv coniocturc that he died among tne
firsL.that is in the endof 1719orearly montrhn'
of 1790.
i

[Barrow's Chron. Hist, of Vojapes into th

tinghanjshire, and was a member of the com- Arctic Regions, p. 271 JoM)h Robwjn's Aecoant
;

roisflton for t ho advancement nf the fine arts, of Six Years' Ro^id 'nco in mtdaoo's Bay ( 1 762),
Tom Moore {Diary, v. 222^ rt hites that Lord p. 36 ; Sara. Heamc's Journey from Prinofl of
Wellesley, who once found Gaily Knight "Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern
Ofafoome with aea-eiffikneaa, applied to his Oeeaa (1795), p. xxviii; Report from the Ck>i-
OMB tkt Horatiaa lines mitte appointed to In^aire into the State aid.
CkinditioD of the Cooatnes adjoining to Hsdaon**
neqna
Deoadit mta
Irirml, et
Bay(l749), p. 49.] J.K.L.
Post 2MtfM Mdt atn eonu KNIGHT, JOHN 1606), mariner, ap-
{d.
parently of Scottidi birth, was in 1605 as-
(Gcnt.Mjig. 181R, iiewser. xxr. 1^2-4 Athe-;

meom, UFeb. 184d6, p. 174; Brit. Mus. Cat]

socMlM with two other Soott, Ctmmngfaam
w. w. and Lyon, in command of a Danish expedition
to the coast of Greenland, which sailed from
KKIOHT, JAMES {d, 1719 P>, tiotic Copenhagen OB 8 May. On the 80th, itt h*.
voyager, for many years an agent of the 51^50', they sighted high IaikI, -h'rh tlu v
HudfKm'a Bay Company, spears to have called Cape Christian, but the ice prevented
been goremor of Fort Alhaiiy in 1098. In them firom leachinfir it. On 19 Juno tbey
171 1 he wiuj appointed governor of the Ncl- si^rlitrd high land on the we.st coast of Oreen-
aon Kiver aettlemoit^ uid in 1717 or 1718 land, and named Cape Anna after J&mee I'a
estftUiahed Prince of WaWe
ftnt at the qneen, Cape Sophia after her mother, Kinf^
I

raotith of Chun liill Uivrr. IV'Mn the frieiKlly Christ inn's Fjord, and Cimniiigham Fjord, in
Indianahe heard ofa mine, which may po^ibly lat 67 10'. Some amall islands oil' Cape
.

hafo heen copper, or more probably pyrites, Sophia were named Kiu|fht*e Islands ( Danish
such as had formerly beguiUKl Frobisher, but Gov. Cimrf, 18.'?2). This ni;ii-li<< tlie extent
'

which his fancy atonceset downas gold. He of their voyage.of which few porticulArA have
'

hastened t England and urged the company been preser^cL They returned to Copen-
to fit outan expeditionto search for it. The hagen in August, and Kni>rht, passing' on
company reluctantly eouipped two v&seels, to England, was in the nejit year emj)loyed
which sailed in June 1719, with instructions by the East India merchants to discover
to search for the Straits of Anion and todis- the north-west passage. In the Hopewell
cover gold and other valuable commodities of forty tons he sailed from Gravesoud oa
to the northward. Except so far as related 18 April 1606, and, leaving the Orkneys
I

tothe conduct of the 8hi{>s, the command was on VI May, fell ia with a large ice-field,
vested in Knight. Nothing further was heard and after a long passage made the coast
|

of them, and it was at first supposed that of Labrador, in alx>ut lat. 57^, on 19 June.
thB!f Ina found the fabled Btrait and were The ice was still very troublesome, and af^^
I

returning to Kti^Inn,! the Piieific. But pushing throu<rh it for a couple of days tlie
i

ip 1722 a search expedition waa seat out Hopewell anchored. 1 In a violent ^;ala ob.
 Knight
Uk 29rd and 24tii the cabka pftited and the
Up ihore rtiaro> She wat got afloat again,
bot her rudder was torn off, and she wfts
umking a great deal oi water, (lorrcll, the
Mta, va aoBt on shore to look for a {rfaee
xherr sho could bo benched for rt'pairs, and
18 he waa uoBucceMiuI, on the next day,
M JM Knight went
W Knight
protestont nonconformists, and in 1681 lir
|
wu fined for an assaalt, and for calling aono-
'
ral Tnom!H!rs of rlif rommon council 'piipilt%.
;
pouibh dogs, jesuit^, and popish devils.'
j He had in the August of the prerwina
venr acted ns emissary from Willifim BckIIo-
[q. v.J to Chief-justice North previoiiB to the
;

hiuelf with Gk)rrell ;

tatter's reoetving Bedloe's dying deporilion
and fnnr men. I^eaving' two nion in the nnd it is npropos nf this tha! Rop r 'Nnrf?t
boat, linight and his three com|ienLons went sums hitn up tm ' the most perverse, clamor-
ibImmI over a hill, and were never seen again, i
ous old party man in the whole city or
It "srn? roncludrd thnt thoy won^ killed by nation' {Eramen, p. ^o.'?). Kni2"lit repre-
the natires people, tjiwny -coloured,
little sented Bristol dunng tiie parliament* of
is(40Wd, with thin or no heards. The sur- 1061, 1678, and 1679, and was highly in-
^VOBon board n-pairrdtho ^hipas they bet dijrnant at nothfMiin- rr-<'l> rtr-l in 1081. He
flBBldl,not without nppi^sition from the Eski- died in l(idij, and was buned the Templtr m
VMS, and so reached Newfoundland,whence Church, Bristol. By hb wife Martha, daimb-
(

on 22 Aog^aiid anived at Dart- ter of Thnmas Cole, eflq., of Br^lial ha^^

they sailed
mouth on 24 Sept. three sons and eight daui^'hters.
'.

[MarkhftTn's Voyages of Sir JsOMB lanesster, |

pLe NerBli Knij^hta. p. 175; I'arrett's Bristol
iw. (Hftkluyt .S<i<\ vol. IrL); PtechrtH his Pil- p. TiOl; '^fjf r'sMomoir--, :i. .>!'{; Kv.-iirt's rhrotK>-
|lims, pt. iii. p. 827.] J. K. L. {
logical Uwt. 246; Garrard's Life and Times of
p.
Edwud Oolsloa, pp^ S78, &e.l T. a
KNIGHT, Sin JOHN, 'the elder' (1612-
16>;i>, mayor
of Bristol, third son of George I
KNIQHT, Sib
'the younger' JOHN,
Knight, proTision merchant, by his wife (</. 1718), Jacobite, is supposed to have been

Anne, daughter of William Dyns, bomwm a kinsman of his namesake, Sir John th*
ta Bristol in 1612. He inherited his father's elder fq. v.] He was a nativo of Ilristol, and
boBioesa IB maaafla Stneti-aad heeame one was sheritV ot that city in 1681, when he
of the mnet proiperous merahants in the ri%-Bllwl his relative in Ins zt'alagint the ditf-
dty, and a prominent high church member nunters. Ue was ruwurded by bt>ing knighted
of the common council. He was knighted during March 1682. A prosperous merchanly,
hy Charles II on 5 Sept. 1663, on the oc- like his kinsmnn, Knight henceforth took an
eaion of the kings visit to Bristol, and was equally prominent part, in the town's affairs,,
elected laajf in the same year. His toMve and tibe politics of the two men being very
f>f office wa*' (ILstiniruiahed by his jtTVcii- 'irnilar their identity haa been inextncably

tkxt of quakerif!, Knight paying hirgp ^nmfK contused. Maaiulay .mms to have con-
taharatneir houses watened, and concerting fu.sed them, and Garrurd, in his 'Life of
lasvres with Guy Carleton [q. v.], bihop E<lward Colston,' uiulodbf Miy wrong in i."*

of Bristol, for their punihment. Nine bun- attributing to Sir John the rider {y>\xo was
iifA and twenty persons are .<wid to have deed at nuit time) the information givi
'

-iff rv-d for their religion during his mayor- njrninst a popish prie.st about which Sunder-
lity, and many moderate churchmen were land Mpeaks with irritation in a letter to the
miiidalised by the mayor's rashing ont of Duke of Beaufort dated May 1 086. It appeara
church on Sundays in pursuit of recalcitrant from local rtn^nrds that on 25 .Xpril in this
nonconformists. Knight's intolerance, how- year Sir John the younger seized eight or
\
' '

ever, only increased with years, and in 1609 ten papista and their priest who were in-
|

he denounced the other members of the com- tending to celebrate mas-; in i house on St.
OMm council, including his namesake, John Michael's Hill, and sent iLi m to Newgate.
Kii^ [aea ILsiGm, JowtjJL 1670, under Kni|^a aati-napist aaal was doubtless the
j

KllQirr,SrR John, 'the yotmger'], who was real cause of his committal to the King's
oajor of Bristol in the following year, as Bench prison in 168i>, though the ostensible
<teatickf>.' He took a prominent part in chMqga waa that he had been in the habit of
the reception of Qnf^en Catherine in 1677. * going with a blunderbuFS in the strecta
la 1660, ' by roaou of hi.** infirmity,' he de- to the terrifyeing of his majt^sty'g subjects.'
Ndthe<nty to nominate some other paiaoos Elected n nusmbcr of the convention in 1689'
toTukft care of their affairs in th'^ common and mayor of Bri.stol in lOiJO, luj signalised
coaodl, but though he ni longer had any his tenure
i
of the latter office by fostering
dkial alataa ha atUl cs-osionallT aotad as a demonstration against the judges of assiao'
|

n informer. His antip ithv to Txnmnn rn- and refiminsr to entertain them dnrinc? their*
(hoUca waa as suong as limt agaio&t j
vi^it to the town (MuL Otmm. 5thi

Digitized by Coogle
 Knight tjS Knight
Rep. pt. ii. App. p. 382 LrrrBELL, Diary, reduced to great necessity and want by the
;
'

'

September 1691). In the following year unnatural treatment of his son, and praying
Knight was chosen to reprwrnnt the city in for charitable assistance. Only 20/. was
parliament. The only occasion on whicn he voted. The Merchants' Company had a few
'

took ft prominent part in the house was in
1694, wlion, speaking with ability, though
with great virulence, against the pro^KMalior
naturalising foreign protectants in England,
he wound up a violent tirade with a proposal
' that the seijeant be commanded to open the
doors, and let us first kick the Bill out of
the hou8& and then all foreigners out of the
kingdom/ fHie speeeli was shortly aiVei^
wards printed with a prefnci' in which it
was said that 'if other corporations and
efalres would take the like care as Bristol,
th'.'v might Ik^ happy in tht^ir representatives;
weeks previously granted Sir John an annuity
! of 20/., but he did not live to enjoy it. He
]
died at an advanced age in the following
February 1718 {Hist. R^g. ii. 6). Macaulay
calls Knight a 'coarse-xninded and spiteful
Jacobite,' and speaks of 'his impudent and
savage nature.' There is, however, no spe-
cific evidence in support of these charges.
His brother^aoobite, Roger North, contrasts
him with his kinsman, Sir John the elder, and
j
describes him as 'a gentleman of as eminent
|
integrity and loyalty as ever the city of
Bristol was honoured with ( Rramfn, p. 253").'

and then, and never till then, mav we hope

|

A John Kkiohx {JL 1670), also of

third
to see poor Eng'land become Old Sngland I
Bristol, was apparently no relation of hit
again, rich and happy at home, gloriou - iind namesakes. Ilewaj; at fir.>t in opposition to
renowned abroad.' The soeech produced an i the dominant or royalist party m Bristol,
extraordinary effect, and uthough, in defer- and was in 1668 fined 400<. for refusing to
eiu f to the indignation of the house, which become a member of the conimon conncii on
ordered a copy of the printed sneech to be i election. He shortly afterwards became a
Innmt, Knight thought proper to disclaim any convert to royalist views, and was elected
'

connection with the puolication, his persecu- innvor of Bristol in IfiTO, but his conversion
tion, as it was considered, only served to <

did not prevent him from being denounced

render him more popular. 'The people,' {
as a ftaatic \j ISr John Knight < the elder
8^8 MacphcTSon, 'were inflamed to a degree I in the same year. He was suminnnrd to
of madness ; as for Sir John Knijg^ht, he was London, and appeared before the privy coun-
disconrsed of as a saviour, and in a manner cil, but was cnsred of all charges brought
n lored, for having made so noble a stand in against him, returned home witliout delay,
behalf of his country.' The government had ; and was honourably brought into Bristoll
'

to drop the bill. Aaslitt includes Knight's I

with 986 hone.'
ppeech against the Dutch in his 'British' [Garrard's Edward Colston, passim; Pari.
Eloouence' (i.220), and admits a preference fiiHt. V. SoO; Addit.MS.6510, tt. 8, 27 ; Somera

Tracts, iv. 973, Lut^reUls Diary, passim; Hae>

tat toe speakei's 'downriglit passion, oneon-
qnerable prpjudiro, and unaffected enthusiasm
pherfcon's History, ii. 62 Mucaiiliiv's History ; ;

over the studied eloquence of modem invec- information kindly supplied by Mr, William
tire.' George, llristol authorities citod for Sir John ;

At the very time that he delivered this Knight tho older J. Latimer's AnnaU of Bristol ;

speech, however, Knight was in correspond- in the Eigbteeath Caatury, in course of publica-
ence with St. Germains, and engaged tion in the Bristd Meienry.] T. 8.
in a
scheme for restoring James by the aid nf KNIGHT, Sir JOHN (1748 P-1831), ad-
French arms. On 18 March 1G90, after the miral, sou of llear^admiral John Knight (d.
discovery of the aasassination plot, he was 1788), was bom at Dundee about 17^. He
arrested as a suspected Jacobite, but no enterud the nnvy in 1758, on board the Tartar
definite charge being brought against him, he frigate, commanded by his father, in the ex-
was bailed on 30 June, and set at liberty on pedition sminit St. Mslo and Gherbouw
5 So])?. following. Having lost his seat at nn<h'r Lord Howe. After the peace of 17w
Bristol in the previous year, Knight hence- he served in the Komuey, cariying the fisg
ibrth lived in obscurity. 'Falling into poverty of Lord OolviUe as etmunander-iiMhief on
he gave much oftence in Bristol by threaten- th'' const of North America. Ho was pro-
ing to sue the corporation for his wages as moted to be lieutenant on 25 May 1770, and
*

A niliaffieBt man,' but finally retired to in 1779 wmit out to North Ameries aa seoond
Congresbury in Somerset, where he had a lieutenant of the Falrnn sloop with Captain
amall estate. In October 1 7 1 3 his dauffhter, John Linzee, arriving there three days before
Anne, set Ibrth her * deplorable estate^ in the flhinniah at Lexington. TheFuIeonwss
petition to the town council, and was granted one of the vessels that covered the attack on
m. In I>ecember 1717 Sir John himself Bunker's Hill. In the early port of the 61-
i

mda liiniltr qiiieal, aiMCtai^ Ihit h* wit I lowing year, in attenipting to

Digitized by Google
 Knight
tchooner which had been driven on shore in KNIGHT, JOHN BAVEKSTOCK
Gipe Ann harbour, Knight was taken pri- (1786-1869), painter, bom at the parsonage,
aoner. He was exchanged in December 1 776, Langton, near Blandford, Dorset, on 3 May
tad wu appointed bv Howe to command 1786, was second son of John
Forster
tile lUerlem hired dup^iawhidi he was ac- Kn^t, Innd-ngont, and Sophia his wife.
tiTel emplojed against the enemy's coast ing
y Ho was educated at home and in a commer-
inde. lie waa afterwards ordered toJoin cial school at Child Okeford.
He became
tlie fiai'--ihip, and in her he returned to Eng- asi^istant to his father as land surreyor
kad, October 1 778. I n 1780 he was appointed and agent, but from a love of art, which
totte Barflenr, going out to the West Indies encouraged, took to water-colour
liis ttttlier
with the flag of Sir Samuel ( afterwards Lord) painting. His careful studies fttmi nature
Hood [q. y.J, and was lieutenant of her
first brought him much local reputation, and he
ii the action off Martinique on 29 April, and exhibited one or two architectural subjects
off V^M Henry on 5 Sept. 1781. On the (It the BotbI Academy. In 1816 he pub-
ilA he was posted to the command of the lished some etchin^^s of old buildings in
Shrewsbury, from which in the following Dorset, one of which, a view of Bradfoid
Jin nary he waa moved back to the Barfleur Abbas Church, was published in the * Gentle-
u Hng-cipttia, and commanded her in the man[8 Magazine 'for 1 8 . After the death
1

engtgementt tt St. Kitts, in the skirmish of
0 April, and in the battle of Dominica on
liAprill782. In 1787-8 he was again cap-
tsm of the Barfleur wttii Hood at Ports-
aouth, and in 1793, when Hood went out
Mcogunaader-in-chief iu the Mediterranean,
biffhtwas flag-captain on hoard theVictory.
In 1794 Iif n.'t urnt'd to England with FTood
but on hie going back to the Meditemnean.
Ba*adBiiral Mann hoisted his flagon hoard
tbe Virt rv. In thr ^c^lm of l.S .July 17M.
haidftt shortly afterwards went home over- Dorset.
iiad,Mdwas apnointdl to the Montegn in
the fleet nder AdminlOinMMa in the North
IKct. of Artists,
Sea.
Ostlieovthrealrof the oratiny the Montagu
fas takf-n
by her crow to tlip Xorr', when'
was tarred and feathered, rowed
her lurgeon
tboQgh the fleet, and afterwards pnt on
hore with some other obnoxious offirt^r?.
When the mutiny was quelled the Montagu
njeind Doaeaa, and took a distinguished
it in xhf hittlp of ramju-rrlown. In 1?D8
Kaight commanded a detached squadron on
thseoist of Ireland, and tn 1799^1800 took
pwt in the blockade of Brest. On 1 Jan.
1^1 he was promoted to be rear4Mlmiral,
ud in the sammer of 180K sueeeeded Sir
Richard Bickerton at Gibraltar. Hp ))f caith'
rictsadmiral on 9 Not. 1806, admiral on
4 Dec 181S, and was made a K.O.B. on
2 Jan. 1815.
Knight died on 16 June 1831. He was
twiee fluurried, and had a large family.
Kniaht Island, to the south-east of
Zealand, in lat. 48" 8., long. 166* 44' K., was
iitmed after him hy Captain W. R. Brough-
ton [q. v.^. who. as a midshipman of the
Falcon, was a fellow-prisoner in America in
of his father and his own marriage, the care
of h is mother and younger brother deTolred
on Knight, and this, coupled witb Increasing
bad health, led him to abandon art as a pro-
fe8.sion. He died at West Lodge, l*iddle
Hinton, Dorset, on 14 May 1859. His works
were favourably noticed by Henty Fuseli,
Sir Thomas Lawrence, and other competent
authorities. A neighbour and intimate
friend of Knight's was Thomas Rackett
fq. v.] the antiquary, reetor of Spetishmy,
[Gent. Mag. Srd wtr. 1859. vii. 310; 0 raves s
ireOulSSO.] L. C.
KNIGHT, JOHN PRESCOrr (1803-
1881), portrait-painlMr, eon of Eilward
Knight [q. v.l bom at
tne comedian, was
Stafford in 1803. He bt>gan life in the office
of a West India merchant in Mark Lane,
London, who soon afterwnrds failed. He
then took to drawing, accordini? to his own
statement, out of sheer idleness, and after a
time his father, who had artistic tastes, con-
sented to place him fornix months with Henry
Sass to correct his drawing, and for another
six months with George Clint to improve his
colouring. In 1823 he became a student of
tilt Royal Academy, and in 1824 he contri-
buted to its exhibition portraits of hi"! fntlier
and of Alfred Dunn fq. v.], tlie ninnu^er of
Drury Li\nt> Theatre. The death of his father
in 1826 left him early to depend on his own
exertions, and for some time he continued
New to paint theatrical portraits, although some-
times producing pictures of a more fnnciftil
character. His first nyipenranee nt the lirit iah
Institution was in wh. iv he sent 'The
Whist Party' and List, ye landsmen all, to

me!' These were followed in 1629 by

IMte't Naral Biog. ii. 352; Marshairs Roy. Auld Robin Gray in 1830 bv Rmtigglers
;
'
'

{^.Bios.il64 ; NaTalChnn. (with a portrait), alarmed;' in 1831 bv 'The Auld Friends'

;
*.) >J.K.L. and The Pedlar in 1832 bj 'A Bit of Court-
'

Digitized by Google
 Knight
diip' and another 'Anld Robin Givf^^ in 1 'OmfM^ 188ft., i.TM ; Sendby'e Wdaty of
1 by ' The Spanish Refugws and John
'
' the Royal Academy of Art*, 186'2. ii. 174;
Anderson, my Jo,' and in 1834 by Sunset.' ' Uoyal Academy zhibiti<m Catalognoe, 1824-
In 1885 Im exhibited at the Roval Academy 1878 ; Exhibition Catalogues of the British In-
'Tam o* Shanter,' in 'The Wrockere,' BtitutioQ (lavii^ AEtiita)andSoaety of Britiah

in 1837 The English Harvest; in 1838 ' The

'
Artists.] R, K G.
Satnfs Day,' engrared by WilUan Cheva-
lier for the Art Union of London, and in KNIGHT, JOSEPH PHILIP (ISl:?-

1889 'The Broken Heart.' Haring been 1887), composer of songs, was the youngest
tleoted an aiwociiite of the Royal Aoidemy son of Francis Knight, D.D., vicar of Brsd-
In 183G, he was in appointed to the ford-on-Avon, Wiltshir*-, where he was bom
jvoifesioTship of perspective, which he held 26 July 1812. lie studied music under John
I' lvi.s Coifer oi^iaiuet of Bnatol Oatbedtail,
vstil l8O0f to too fnat adTantem of the
8tudent. About ><tO he ri'sumeu portrait- uud began composing at the age of twenty,
l

painting and obtained much succete, eepe- when he published a set of six songs under
maUy with his male ritten. The * Heroes the name of * Philip Mortimer' (183>.
of Waterloo/ l)ctter known as thf Waterloo
'
-Vmong thet5t Wf-n^ Old Times,' siin^ br
'

Banauet,' in the poeaeeaion of the Duke of Henry Phillips, and Go, forcet me,' wiiich
*

Wdlington, was exhibited fai 1842 and en- became popiur both here Mid in Germany.
graved oy Charles G. Lewis. In 1843 ap- Un 1 r bis own name, and in collaboration
peared 'John Knox endeavouring to regtmm with liayne.'i Bayly, he subsequently pro-
raerioleneeof the people at Berth.' ICnight duced very manv songs, the moet aetaUe
became a roval acaaemician in 184 ), and in of which were The ^'et('^an and She wore
' ' '

1848 was elected aecrettary, afler acting in a wreath of roses.' After these came, among
that capacity for a year previously as deputy other productions, a 8<mg, IRie Parting/ ud*

of Henry Howard (1709 -1847) [q. v.] This a duet, Lt'i's tuko thi.i world np snmr wide
'

office he retained until 1873, and discharged scene,' words of both by Thomas Moore, la
its often irksome duties with much tact and 1838 Knight viaitedAaerioa, andtliowieaai^
pri'ir'd lii-. famnn.i sonc TJ Dcked in the cradle
ability. In 1848 hM> he exhibited tlw < P >niT>- *

sular Heroes,' which has been engraved by ot the deepi which will always be associated

Frederick Bromley. Many of his works were withBfanain. On hia letum to England in
presentation portraits, anions; them being 1841 he produced T^r iiutiful Venice,' Bay,
' *

those of James Walker, for tin- Institution of wliat .sliall mv song be to-night P and ' The '

Civil Engineers; Arthur, duke of Welling-
ton, for the City of London Club ; Sir James
Duke, bart., for the town-hall of M<mtros-;
Sir Siuuuel Bijfuold, for St. AndrewV Hall,
Norwich Sir George Burrows, bart., for St.
;
Barth'ilumtnv's Hospital; John Cro.!3lev, for
the tuwii-iiali, Halifax the Duke of Qim-
;
bridge, for Christ's Hospital ; and Sir Charles
Lock Ea.stlake, r.R.A., pr'f>nt>Hl by the
painter to the Royal Academy, liia sitters
were very numeroBif aad f<nni' of his por-
tniits have been engravt>d. He exhibited
last in 1^76, in which year he whs nomi-
nated a knight of the Legion of (fouour.
Kniu'ht diiMl at 24 Maida Hill West. Lon-
don, on 2il .March 1H81, and was buried in
Kcnsal Green cemetety. He was an ardent
follower of Edward Irving, and held high
othce in the catholic ai>otolic church. His
wife, who died before nim, exhibited ait the
Briti.sh Institution and elsewhere between
1832 and 1837 a few pictures of domeatio
aabjeeta.
[Art Joarnal, 1840 p. 209 (HUtobiognwhieal
Aeteb, with 1881 p. 169 ; Timet,
portrait).
M Ibreh 1881IlluBtmted Londoii News,
; and continued to exhibx occamonallj up to
9 April 18fil, -with portrait; Athen.pum. 1881,
L 4M; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and ngrTMa,
j
Dream,' werde by tlie Hon. Mm. Noffteo.
Some years aftcrwarda ho took holy orders,
and was appointed to the chaigeof St. Agnee
in the SciUy Isles, where he remuned fn tmo
years. He then marripd, and went to veuda
abroad, but finall;^ returned to Inland and
reeiuned composition. 1^
death took plaoe
at Ynrraouth, Norfolk, 1 June 1887. Kni^t's
son^ duet& and trios numberin all about
two httttdreoL Many of theee have enjoyed
great popularity, but only 'She wore a wreath
of rosea ' and ' Hocked in the cradle of the
deep ' seem likely to hold their ground. As
a composer he had a remarkaue Mnannd
of pare Englisli melody. He was an excel-
lent organist, and was exceptionally skilful
in extemporising.
[Grove's IMol. nt Haale; 3Bron'a Diet, of
MosiciaDs.] J. C. H.
KNIGHT, MARY AXNE (1776-1831\
miaiatttre-painter,bom in 1776, wae a pupil
of AndrMrPfiner [q. v.], and waa a skilful
painter of miniatures in his maasier. She drst
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1807,
the date of her death. She resided for .some
jrean lk 61 Bemers Street and laUecly ia

Digitizer uy s^oogle
 Knight S9 Knight
Bbd SiMd, at Jioim't Wood, Landon, of Commons he aeted irftii Fox, but took no
~
died vaaarried in 1881. part m debato.
[IWgTaTie'g Diet, of Artists ; Orares's Diet, Knight's first published work was *An
of Artists, 1760-1880; Bryan's Diet, of P&inters Aoeomt of the BeaianM of the Worship of
Prinpns lately existing in T>.'rniu; to which
is added a Discourse on the Worship of Pna-
KNIGHT, BICHARD PATNE (1760- ?U8, and its Connexion with the Mystic
182ri. numismatist, born in ITiSO, was the heolopy of {lie Anci. nts,* 178B, 4to. The
ldett son of the Bev. Thomas Knight (167- book was severely attacked 1^ Mathlas in
17M^ <rf Wometlojr Chsngc, HerefoNUuf^ft, the 'PtiraoitB of Idteratnre* (Dial, i ), and
r-^-tnr nf Bfwfllt-y and Ribbesford, Worces- Knight endeavoured to buy u^ th' copiijs
(enhire, by hif wife, Ursula Nash. Tho- of his otTending publication (ct. Allibonk,
tm AMmw Knight [q. T.I, F.R.S., yrm hat Diet, of Engl Lit art. * Knijfht, R. P.*) Pro-
TOHntrpT brother. Krii^'ht was called Payne fessor Miohaelis (Anc. Marbles, p. 122) savs
after hia ffrandmother, h^lizabeUudaufl^ter of that the book is blameworthy, anart from ttie
Pavne, and irife of Bieurd AJBorht twpleaaantneas of ita aubject, for its adop-
I'l^^^^-l 7 {'>'), th." fnund.r of the Knight tion of tho mytholn_fical futitdsii s of D'lTacaP'
hmibft who aoi|uired great wealth by the ville, whose acquaintanoo Knight had made
iMB wofkaof SlifO|NhiN, umI wMlod st Iiowii> in 1784 at the hooee of Charlee Townley.
too, Her- ford^liiro. T'ichard Payne Knight In 1791 Knight published An Analytical '

being of weakly coiwtitution as a boy was asay on the Greek Alphabet,' London, 4t<\
i

KOt snt to Kbool till he wm

finirteen, and with nine plates, veriewed hy Pbrson in the
I

did not \>eg\n to l>nni Greok till h'- was 'Monthly Hoview' for 7 701. Knight was
wraateen. He was not at any university. the tirat to ^lestion in this work the genuine*
AlMMt 1707 h wmlt to Italy, and veminiMd Mas of the Greek iDaeriptioni slated to have
abn-ii'l '^ \ f'ril years. bern foimd hy Fourmont inLaconia C Ri ikck n,
Knight again visited Italy in 1777, and Corpua Inter. Gr. u 61-1W>, lie was the
inm April to Jbo of timt year in lirak to edit the 'Elean Inaftiption' (A.
Sicily incompany with Philipp Hackert. the No. 11), In 1808 ho printed privntely
German painter, and Charlee Qore. Knight fifty copies (Loudon, 8vo) of his ' Catrmina
k<nyt a joanial, which, under tho tHile ot Homenea, Ifiaa et Odyaaea.' Thia OOniiata
'
einor I't'iso nnrh Sicilien,' was
Tairebiic)i of Prolegomena, the text being added in the
trauslatvd and published by Goethe in his bio> later edition of 1S20, 8vo. Uis object was to
^'raphT of Haelmt (GonrBB, IFerliae, Botrii reetorathe text to its supposed original oon^
1830, pp. 14fl cf ]>]^. 320-4; Xotes and dition. and he introduced the diaaninia and
Querietj 4th eer. iii. 473). In 1786 ho again variousearly forms. Knight printdpn vately
tnmlled aorathwaida, and in that year laid 'An Inquiry into the Symbolical l^anguage
the foundation of his fine cnllectinn of bronzes of Ancient ArtandMythology'(London, ?!vo,
by the purchase of an antique head {* Dio- reprinted in ' Classcal Museum,' pp. xxiii-
nedeO fro Thomaa Jenkins, tiM dealer xxvii^ and in ' Specimens of Ant. Sculpt.,'
at Bane {Sp^r. Ant. Sculpt, i. pi. 20. ?1 vol. ii.; new <'d. by A, Wilder, New York,
When in Italy Knight spent much time at 1876). Knight abo wrote for the ' Claasicai
XapWs, wben his fhend Sir WilUanHamil- Museon,' the * Philological Hnaeiim,' and in
Uiri( 1730-1803) [q. V.J wan the British pnvnv. the Archseolngia,' and contributed to the
'

About 1764 Knight had inbented the estat^^s Edinhunrh lie view' (August 18lU^ an ur-
'

aiDMmtoa, Hefflfeidtlnn. He ornamented ticle on Bafty, and a severe critique (.July

'hf ^rroiinds, and thrrf> rrrrted from his own 1809) of Falconer's 'Strabo.' a publication
<iigns (acTerely criticibed by Bamox,*Tod- of the Clarendon press. Copleston of Oriei
fxBfttm/ 1640, 4to, p. 31) a atone mansion defended the Oxford press and Oxibrd aehop
rn-*'>llr\tpfl etvle. A
vioir if given in larehip in a 'Reply' fOxford, 1810), and a
Neale's' Seats (1826, 2nd &er. vol. iii., Down- controversy ensued ( j^oe the joint article in
'
*

tom Oaatlo;' of. Diet, of Archit^ure, Archi- Edinh. Iter. April 1810, pp. 1 58- 87, hy Sidney
t^M-t.Puhl. S0C..8.V. 'Knight^ R. P.') Knight Smith, Playfair. and Knight, who wrote pp.
invited Lofd Nelmn and Lady Hamilton to 169-77). Knight wa.s also the author of two
DowBtOQ Oaatle in 1802 (l>nrcuvB and didactic poems ' The Landscape ' (London, :

Cftorr. Herrford. xxx. 170). In London, he 1794, 8vo; 2nd edit. 179.")), a prote<;t ncainSt
ksid a hoase in Sobo Square (Walfobd, Old the gardening methods of Brown and Masou;
mi Sem Xsiulm, iv. 600), nd
used one of and ' The Progress of (^ivil Sof iety (I^ondon, '

th? laTjr*' rooms as his museum. In 17P0 1796, 8vo),WTitten in n quiiMi-Liicretian vein,
he hecame M.P. tot Leominster, and from wliich was parodied in the Anti-Jacobin.' '

1784 tA 1806 aatibrLndlair. ImtWHnne

Kais^a tea poetry and leaptioal principlaa
S

Digitized by Google
 Knight 260 Knight
ireve ftttaeked by Walpole {Letten, ix. 462, rBrlcabl, and was especially rieh in th
!

'
22 March 1796') and by Mathlaa (Amw'te money nf Sicily aivl Mngna (traecia, beautiful
0/ Lit.) eenes which lie Lad the good taste to appre-
Aa a connoiMeiU' and authority on ancient Knigfat'a article on Sjnoosan coins
ciatti (cf.
art Knififht's reputr\tinn sToofl vervhiph. A in the Arrhrrnlofjia, xix. 374 f.) lie also
Quarterly Ileviewer' described him (xiv. collected some ^ood gems, though he pur-
6^f.) as* < the arbiter of fashionable virtu.' chased as an antique, for 250^, from Boiieilia
In 1K)8 he published two editions of An *
cameo of Hora (now in the British Museum)
Analytical Inquiry into the Principle of which had been made by I'istrucci (^Quart.
Taste' (London, 8vo 4th edit. 180B; noticed
; | Mev. xix. 539). Knight wa^ vice-president of
by Jeffrey, Edinh. Iter. May l^^ll, find r^n- the Society of Antiquarif s, and a inemb*'r of
sured by Professor Wilson, I^^nt/^, I806, the Eumelean Club, a literary society which
W. 102).' In 1781 he had joined the Dilet- '
met at Blenheim Tavern in Bond Street, Lon-
tanti Sfjciety, nn l with his friend Charles don CSu KOL^, Lt(. Anfcd.u.diiS). The Latin
Townley suggested to it the publication of inscription on the monument erected in 1813
'Specimens of Antient Sculpture dieted toSir Joshua Reynolds in St.PauI's Cathedral
I

from several Collections in (irmt Bntfiin,'
vol. i. London, 1809, fol. Twenty-three (>.pe-
cimens from Knight's own collection were
included in the book, and Knight wrote the
was written by Knight (LESLIf'. liet/nnl/h,
li. 037).,
Knight died at his house in JSoko
Square, London, on 23 April 1824, of 'an
apoplectic afft^ction {Gent. Mag. 1824, pt.
! '

text, consisting of concise descriptions and iu p. 185).

1 lie was buried in Wormesley
a fitiriy creditable intiodnetion on the history Ghuveh^Heroford^hire, where there is a mono*
of ancient art. He was one of the c<Mitn- mcnt to him, with a Latin epitaph byCome-
butors to the semnd volume of the 'Sped- wall, bishop of Worcester.
! Iiis DownUm
mens,' edited by W. 8. Morritt. Unlike the estate passed to his brother. Thomas Andmr
other dilettanti of the time, Kniifht cared Knight. lie made to thp British MusMim,
little for ancient marbles, and his collection of which he had been Townl'y tru.stee .'-inee
I

imdaded only a few apecimens. He chiefly 1814, the mnnifioent bequest of his bronzei.
j

appreciated bronxes, coins, and perns. Tit* coins, gems, mrtrblp^, and drawings. The
told Lord Elgin at a dinner-partv that he collection wa.s valued at the time at sums
\

had Moat his labour' in briaging' over the vaiying from 30,000/. to 60,000/. Tlia ao-
|

Parthenon marbles (IIatdon, i. 272), quisition of the bronzes and coins immensely
aomeof which Knight supposed to be lioman, strengthened the national collection. The
'of the age of Adrian.' Knight gave evi- trustees of the British .Museum prints and
j

dence in 1816, before a select committee of publish(*d in iHliO (London, 4to) Knight's
the House of Commons, against the national own manuscript catalogue of the coins, with
acquisition of those monuments, which he the title ' Nummi Vetres.' It consista of
said he hs<l Innki'd over.' The contrary evi- brif'f df script inns in Latin and of a few note^
'

dence of llaycion was dispensed with, 'out Knight 8 luanuscript catalogue of \ns gema,
<f delioaey to Mr. Playno &night.' Knight's ' Sigilla antique,' la now in the departmeot
evidence was severely commented on in the of Greek and lloman antiquities at the mu-
* Quarterly Review (xiv. 533 f), and Knight
' seum. The drawings 273 works by Claude
himselfiaaued a supplementary 'Explanation'
had been purcha.sed by Knight for 10,0001.

of it. Revalued the Elgin cnlh>ctinn in- (FaoaX, Ilandhttok to Dept. of Prints, p.
eluding coins estimated by him at l,OtX>/.
133; Gent. Mag. 1824, pt. ii. p. 1G4). The
at 25,(X)0/. (Ellis, V//m Marbtcf, i. 8). In aole oomdition of the bequest was the ap>
|

1814 Knight had written to the 'Morning pointment of a perpetual Knitrht fainilv '

Chronicle' approving the natiunal purchase trustee.' Thi.s was arranged by a bill passed
.

of the Phigaleian marbles. Aa a collector Ion 17 June 1824. A

portrait of Knight was
of small antiques Knight had good taste and painted by Sir Tdoinsis Lawrence iu March
good luck, lie used to speak of his 'jewels 1792,andi8nowtheprapertyof theDilettanti
I

u bronae/ and hi.s collection of bronies far Society, to which it was present c.l liy Ivnight
j

surpassed any other. "NValpole sneered at in 1805 (Account of the Port mitt of the
the Knight of the Brazen Milk-pot.' '^iwny Dilettanti 80c, 1886, p. 5, No. 27). He is
'
\

6i Knight's bronzes had belonged to the described {^Qmt. Mag.) aa reserved in his
|

Due de Cliaulnes, who died at the bepin- manner8,thoughhewas hospitable, and rendy
ning of the French revolution. Knight togiveinformationonartisticsubjects. When
1

sent an agent as fur as Russia to hunt ap at Downton he passed a country gentlanuui'a

the bronzes from the Paramythia find, one life, and was a good landlord. He was an
'

specimen of which hod reached England. insatiable reader, reading, it is said, for ten
I
'

Hit ddlection of Gnek ooiaa "waa no leas Immucb at akxeteh.'

|

Digitized by Google
 Knight
[Burke's L an dd Gentry, b.t. *
Knight of Wor-
MiUji' fenoj Qyclopwdia, 'Knight, R. P.;'
BimiriA LHtm f the Foanden of the
Mni. pp. 401-12, 460; Michaelis's Ancient
Mu-blea in Givat Britain; Brit. MuB. Cat., and
MiharitiMdtdiathertiel.] W.W.
KNIGHT, SAMUEL, D.D. (1675-1740),
boniDber, bora in 1675 in iiondon (wheru
Ui ttther wu free of the Meroen* Gompany )
i*ivM his education at St. Paul's School,
vbere he wa elected Pauliau exhibitioner in
tad jDraeeeded to Triiiitj OoUege, Cam-
Wdge. He graduated B.A. in 17C)*J and
MjL in I7O61. After taking holy orders he
beeuae dteplain to Edwara, an of Orfoid,
vho presented him to th'- vicarnpe of Chip-
pecham^ Cambridgeshire, aiid also to the rec-
toiT of Burrougfa Orcen in tbe same county
(3 Kov. 1707). Aftprwnrtb hp was collated
\j Bishop Moore to the seventh prebendal
Mil IB the church of Ely, 8 Jnne 1714, and
"a^ preaented by him to the rectory of Blnn-
tuiuun, liuntingdonshire, S2 Jane'l717. He
tMSBK a fellow and one of the founders of the
Socitty nf Antiquaries in 1717. nnd he wa8
lso member of the Gentlemen's Society at
.^paldinii;. In 1717 he was created D.D. at
<-triibr,<!f^. In 1727 he erected in North-
wold Church, >'orfolk, a monument to the
Mogry of Dr. Robert Bnrlim [a. v.], a great
anta^nist of thf Unman catholics {Addit.
-V A'. 6847, pp. 147, 148). lie was appointed
'bapltin to George II in February 1730-1.
'
hi ')
March 1 734-0 he was collated Dy Bishop
.Sh*:H:k to the archdeaconry of Berkshire
nd m 1742 he was installea in the prebend
ol'Lfighton Ecclesla in the church of Lincoln,
He died on 10 Dec. 174G, and was buried iu
AsfhsDoel of Bluntisham Church, where a
monoment of whit^ marble was erected to his
Jnemory, with a Latin inscription composed
^7 lus niend Edmund Ca.stle, dean of Ilen^
fori AccoTilin-r to William Cole (MS. xxx.
1 11^) Knigiii was a very black and thin
man, and had much the look of a French-
so. Th.f same authority pays that he hud
Wen brouijht up a dissenter, which may ac-
coanl for nis strong proteetant bios.
He married in 17l7 Hannah, daughter of
T^botPpys,eflq., of Impin^'ton, Cauibridge-
Aiie. She died on 14 April 1719, soon after
tfcs kilth of their onlv child Samuel, who
^'e a fellow of Trinity College, Cum-
bridgc, and who, with the ample ilortunc be-
Soesthed to him by his father, purchased
MS OMBor of Milton, near Cambriuge.
In addition to some single sermons he pub-
libed: 1. The Life of Dr. John Colet, Dean
. and Founder of
School: with aa Appendix itmraining some
^ftont of tbenoie eminent scholars of that
s6i Knight
foundation, and several original papers re-
lating to the said Liie,' London, 1724, 8to,
Brit. dedicated to Spencer Compton, speaker of
the House of Commons. Knight s draft of
this work, which is largely founded on the
collections of White Kennett [q. v.], is now
in the Cambridge I'niversity Library. Tliere
is an index iu the * Life of Erasmus.' A
second edition appeared in 18S8. S. 'The
Life of Erasmus, more ])articalarly thnt part
of it which he spent in England ; wherein
an aeeonnt is given of his Ieaml ftiends,
and the State of Religion and Learning at
that time in both our Universities. With
an Appendix oontaining sevenl original
Sapers, Cambridge, 1726, 8vo, dedicated to
ir iSpencer Compton. Both bioffraphies are
illustnted with portraits and otner fine en-
gmvinp-s by Vertue, and were published in
German translations by Theodore Arnold at
Leipzig in 1786 and 1736 respectively.
Manuscript lives by Knight of Svmon Pa-
trick, bishop of Elyj and of John Strype, are
I in t^TJniversitv Library, Cambridge. His
collections for the lives of Bishops Grosse-
tete and Overall seem to be lost (Pscs,
Deridemta CbnisM, Pret p. v).
j
[Addit. MSS. .58.5.3 (index), 6874 f. 23, 32.5.56
f.11^ 92699 f. 343, 32700 f. 72; Archsologia,
Tol. 1. latrod. p. xxxvi ; Bentlmn's Ely. i. 263
Blonfield's Norfolk, ii. 218; Chanty Report^
xxxi. 131; Cooke'H Preacher's Assistant, ii. 204 ;
Dihdin's Library Compiinion, ii. 1 17 ; Faulkner's
j
Fulham. p. 42 ; Oont. Mag. toI. Ix. pt. i. pp. 85,
;
177 Rcliqui Hearnianse, ii. 647 Jortin's Life
; ;
of KniMiuu^, pp. 5.30. .^ST, 617; Nichols's Lit.
i
Anccd. 218, x. 610, and lUostrations, ii. 414
vii.
'
(containing a eonteroptuous aeooont of ^ight
by Warburton) ; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, Pref.
pp. xiv, xvii, 232; J^ecretan's Life of Nelson;
Sucy's Norfolk, ii. 692 ; Sale Cat. of Dawson
Tanm's Library, p. 114; 'Ward's Hist, of Gx8a>
| ham College, p. i; 'Wattoo's Biaqr on the
GfiVms and Writings of POps^pb 184; Wilford'a
Memorials, p. 407.] T. C.
KNIGHT, SAMUKL (ir.'n 1827), vicar
of Halifax, where he was born on 9 March
I 17A9, was son of Titus Knight bv a second
'
marriage. Ilis father, an independent minis-
ter at Ilalifax, came under Lady Hunting-
don's influence in 1762, became minister of
a methodist chapel in 17>;?, and for two
months yearly assisted AV'iiitt tit Id at Totten-
ham Court Cnapel and cIm nn Wiw He died
2 March 1793 (see Li/e of Lady Huntingdon^
ii. 28,5-7). The son, after attending Hipper-
holme giammar schodl, entered Magdaleno
Colli'pe, (^ambridge, as a sizar in 1779, gra-
St. Paul's duattid B.A. a* be*enth wrangler in 1/83,
and was elected fellow. In April 1788
he iras ^pointed curate of Wintringham,
Digitized by Google
 Knight
Lincolnshire, and took pupils. lie proceeded
M.A. in 178d. In 1794 he wa* presented to
the vioarage of Humbentone, Lincolnshire,
but continued to reside at Wintrinfrham,
where he received pupiU into his house,
and became also curate of Roxby, a neigfh-
bouring village. In 1708 he obtained the
i6b Knigfht
American,' &c., and gradually prew in public
favour. Wilkinson generously acknowledged
the error of his former judgment, and during
the five years in which Kni^^ht remained witix
!
tho company he took the lead, and had only
|
one quanel with the management. Finding
his nftme ns Twineall in Buch things are'
'

pt'rpetuttl curacy of Holy Trinity, Halifax,
tMing the first to fill that othce, and re-
moved thither with his pupik. In Decora-
ber 1817 he was institutud U) the vicarage
of Halifax. He died on 7 Jan. 127. Knight
was author of 1. 'Forms of Pravtr,' 12mo,
:
York, 1791, which passed through sixteen
: put third on the li.vt, the customary place
for the character, he insisted on its pbtes
IxMn;*- first, and being refused did not apprar.
On 27 Oct. 1787 he played at the feath
\
Theatre as the Copper Captain. Spatterdash,
|
Ramilie in the * Mi-ser,' Duke of Monmouth
in Such things were,' and Marquis in the
*

edition.H during hi8 lif.'timo. 'J. On Con-

* *Midnight Hour ' followed.
firmation,' I'Jmo, York, 1800 (four editions), i In 1787 Knight married at Bath Margaret
His 'SermonM and Miscellaneous Works,' Farren, sister of the Countess of Derby [see
it vols. 8to, HalitHx, 1828, were edited by Farrex, Euzabhth]. She had been seen at
his son Jamea (see below), with a memoir by an early age in London, having played at the
another son, the Rev. William Knieht Pre- . Ilayraarket, as Mies Peggy Farren, Titania in
txed is hU portrait, engraved by W.T, Fry. I
the Fairy Tale,' a two-act adaptation of the
*

The son. James KifioHT (1793-1863), wa
scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford, from 181
to 1815, ^M luatt dB.A.. 1814, and proceeded
ii
*Midsummer Night's Dream,' 18 June 1777.
She joined Wilkinson in 1782; left him to act
in Scotland and In>land and rejoined him in
;

M.A. 1817. He was appointed perpetual 1786. In that year she played with Knight
curate of St. Paul's Church, Sheffield, in '

in York, where she was a favourite*, and fol-

1824, and resigned the living in 18C0. He lowed him by arrangement to Bath for their
died at Barton-oa-Humber 30 Aug. 1863. wedding. Soon afterwards she made her first
He wrote: 1. ^Diaoonnes on the principal appearance there as Miss Peggy in the Coun- '

Parables of Our Ix)rd,' 1829. 2. Discourses

'
try Girl' to her hneband's Sparki.<^h. In the
aa the principal Mieacles of Our Lord,' 1831. '

course of the same season Knight acted thirty

8. 'DisbourBeaon the Lord's Prayer,' 1832. characters, among which Touchstone, Trap-
4. 'A Concise Treatise on theTraUl ajidlm- ; panti, Claudio in Measure for MeR.ure,'
*

portance of thf rhristinn Religion.'

j
Trim in the * Funeral,' Sir Charles Racket,
[Memoir referred to (i*nU Mai;. 1827 i. 282,
;
and Pendragon mav be mentioned. In Bath,
I

IfiGli ii. 515, 660; DarlingVi QjeL Bibl. 1741 ; aa at Bristol, which was under the saae
Foatcr'aAlimuii OzoD.] 0.0. management, he plnyed during the nine
years of his ongiigement an endless variety of

KNIGHT, TllOilAS (d. 1820), actor and comic parts feharles Surface, Antonio in
dnunatiatY waa bom ia Boraet of a unily of * Follies of a Day,' Clown in All's well that *

mort consideration than means. He was in- ends well/ Mercutio, Duret^te, Goldfinch,
|

tended for the bar, and received from Charles Droniio of Ephesus, Pistol, and Autolycua
JUaioklia[fL. t.] Hu actor lessons in elocution. being among the most easily recognisabfe.
A ftraotinte witli Macklin, he accompanied Knight's first appe^rnnce at Covent Gar^
him to the theatre, uccjuiring in his visits den took place on 'J^t Sept. 1705 as Jacob in
taatea which led him to adoot the etsee a a the Chapter of Accidents (when his wife-
*
'

pFofseeion. At an aBreeoraed date be ap- played Bridget ) and Skirmish in the * Deser-
gnare<l at the Richmond Theatre in Cliarle.s ter.' Knight was seen in an endless number
arface, and failed conapieuoualy. He then of parts at Covent Garden. The most im
fnned Anatin's company at Laneaster. Be- portant are Sim in 'Wild Oats,' Hodfje, Bob
fore leaving London he tried vainly to force Acres, Slender in Merry Wives of Windsor/
*

upon Macklin a remuneration for hia services RoderiffO, Gratiano, Dick Dowlas, Sir Ben
as a teaflher. TVite 'Willcinaen mew Knight, jamin Baekbite, Tony Lumpkin, Sergeant
it i^ said, in Edinburgh, and t'tig^Hged him Kite in the Recruiting Officer,' Sir An-
'

for the York circuit. Hia first appearance drew Aipiecheek, Touchatone, and Lucio in
-waa made in York in 178i a Lothario to 'Measure for Mearan.' Hw original parts
'

the Cali*tii of Mrs. Jordan. Wilkinson. w!io inclu<1ed Youn^' Testy in Holmun's Abroad '

waa greatly disappointed with him, advised and at Home/ Count Cauel in Mrs. loch-
kim to ijilit the stage, but Knight struggled bald^B adaptation, ' Lowrs^ Vows/ C7han|re-
on, playiiij^ Charles Oakley, Sjatterdash in able in Tlioma-S Dibdiii'.-* '.T*w and the
the l^ouug Quaker/ Carbine in. the Fair Doctor,' Farmer Aahfield in Morton'a 'Speed
' *
,

Digitized by Google
 Knight a63 Kioight
Ihe Plough' and Corpor&l Fofls in dur Poor * '
Manors'Note-book/ which appeared ift
Qentkman* After acting widi hw irifeftr tlie'New Monthly Magazine/ attribntee
tbree years at Coveut Garden, thuy went to- Knight the * Masked Friend/ an anonymous
Mtber to dinbiugh| where abeplayed on and unprinted reduction to three acta of
} Jnlj 1790 Am
in the ' Fkne and Holcroft's Corent <Jai
Duplicity,' given at
he m&de what was* called, pn)btibly in ernir, den for tli'^ of Mr. and Mrs. Knight,
ht-nefit
hb first appearance in Edinbuxvli as Sir 6 Maj with the former as Squire Turn-
Harnr Beagle in the ' Jealons Wfifo.' Mrs. hnll and the latter as Mim Tnmbnll, an^
Knigiit afterwards played at Newcastle and 'Hints for Painters/ an unpriiitni farce, given
clMwhera, rettimed to Bath, whore she waa on the same occasion ^ also What would'

wdeened, and died there in the Man be atP' a one-act piece, unprinted,
With Fttwcett, Holinan, Johnstone, Pope, in which, for his benefit, he j)!ayed Charles,
H. Johnston, Munden,and Indedon, Knight George, and Will Belford, thi^ brothers.
foad tiie well-known etttenent of the *lMf- Knight also wrote an ' Ode on the late Naival
fer ucf'* subsisting between the Proprietora W^ar and the Sieg^e of Gibraltar,' Hull, 4to,
ud Pexformere of Covent Garden,' liondon, 1784, and some comic songs or recitations.
nOO, 8vo (8rd edit.) The lease of the Lt^er- Kmght waa an admiraole aetov, and
f"Xi] Tljealri' haviiii.' C'lnii-- iiitnworthy man. Though li\ in;,'- in good style,
ihi- niarkt't,
tfae hoose waa taken by Knight in partner- and consorting with men of science and
Aip wiHi Lewie ibr fourteen years, atarent he realised an independence, wfaifeh
letters,
ekvatvd froin '300/. to 1 ,5()0/., and was opened was uugnienli V/v a legacy from an uncle. (1

6Juj>e 1803 with 'Speed the Plouffh' and His repertorv was not unlike that of his
'Hi 8or^, no Supper/ and an -iiddTess bf namesake Edward Knight [q. He had
T T>il'!iri. h|)oken by Kniffht. During this a light and elegant tiirure, a melodious voice,
Mason Knight remained at Ck>vent Garden, and much sense and tact. As VVatty Cockney
nhm his uwt perforauaiee took place for in the * Romp,* chosen fbr hie eeoond part,
hi* b^n-lit. 15 May 1804, as Farmrr A>h- ('.ill IK creiite much effect, and his wifb's
li it

Md in *:Sped the Plough,' and, for the Pribcilla Tomboy was a failure, the result
fcittiae, LenitrN} in the * Jniae.' He also being that both were rvlegated fbr a tiam
S4e&D ^iddr- vs. In l^Oi' !! was living at into obscurity. Hi- rrreat ports were .Tacob
Tavistock titreet, Covent Garden. While Gawkey, Plethora iu Secrets worth know- '

aoagiogthe Liverpool Theatre he lived first ing/ Count Oassel, and Farmer AshSeld, aO
at Norton Hall, Lichtield, and siih.^t quently very distinct imperBonations. His Master
St Woore, Shropshire. In 1817 a new lease iStephen in lien Jonson's * Every Man in hia
ves ifraitted to Knight, Thomas Lewis, a son Humour,* which he revived Ibr hi* heneAty
of hi* late pnrtin r, nml P>nnk'j, with whom also won much praise. During the latter
KnigUt bec^Liue absociated in the iii;ui!\i:f- part of his life he assumed the position of a
meotof the Manehoater llieatre. At the countrv gentleman, and left a reputation for
MnnoT IIoufe. Woon Feb. 1820, Kaigkt great liberality.
, I A portrait of him, by Zof-
did with appalling i>uddenncs8.'
'
fany, as Koger in the Ghost,' is in the Garrick '

Knight wrote many pieces himself. His CUvh, whenre also are other nortndte of hiaa
''ni<?lyphtbr.ra, or the Blessings of two Wives by De Wilde ub Jacob, and by Wageman.
at once,' a farce, was acted at Hull in 1783,
[The priucipai nirliculare are drawn from
bat neither printed nor apiwrently brought Tate Wilkinou' Wanderinp Patentee and fVom
to London; 'Trudge iiud AVuw.ski," a prelude,
the Maiirttr^Ts' Nolfbook. The KnnijH .m 5Iapi-
<*upjxdlj from ' 1 n itie and Yarico,' was acted sine,thti Monthly Mirror, and many ulher maga-
by knight for his benefit in Bristol 1790^ end sines bars been consulted, as well as Gsoestfv
'iloneat Thieves/ a two-act abriilgment of Apcotmt of the Ktiirliph Stuc*- tho Hioirrnphin
tL'Committee* of ."^ir Robert Howard, waa Dramutica, the Tltepiaa Dictionary, I>ibUin'
pnduced at Covent Gnrden with Knight as EdinbiBgh 8lsge, te] J* K
AW, 9 May 1797. )n 14 Nov. 17W he ap-
f

peared at Covent Garden bh Jlobt*rt -May- KNIGHT, THOMAS ANDREW (176^

fhoa in his own 'Turnpike Gate.' This farce 1838), vegetable phyniologiat aAd faorticul-
Wtiprinted in 6vo, was well received, \i in\ lit WormeslfV (irang-e, near Lud-
turi.'-t,

Wat through five editiutis iu
and kept pose8>ion of the iHge. Mnnden
ojsde in it as Crack a noteworthy suowws.
Knight's ' Turnpike Gate ' and the Honest
lUsree' are inoIude<l in collections of actiny^
plsTs by Oxberry, Cumberland, Mrs. Inch-
Uid, &C. The anonymous author of the
two years, low, llerefoniblure, on I'J Au^. 1759, was
the voungi r son of Thomas Knight, rectos
of Kibbenford and Bcwdley, WorttcHtershire,
'
B member of an old iJhropehire family,, whoeo
fortunes had been made by )m father, Ri-
chard Knight, an ironmaster. Richard Payne
j
Knight [q, T.j the numismatist was Thomaa

Digitized by Google
 Knight >4
Andrew Knight's elder brother. Knight was
educated at Ludlow grammar school, at a
school at Chiswick, and at Balliol College,
Oxfordi where he matriculated on 13 Feb.
1778. Ha WW early distinguished as an
eager sportsman, a good shot, anrl a keen
observer. He set tied at Elton, near Dowutou
Castle, Uerefordhin.<, his brother's residence,
and began there his experiments in raising
new varieties of fruits and vegetables. He
yna also a stteeaisfiil cattle-breeder, and was
accordingly recommended by his brother to
Sir Josepii Banks as a correspondent for the
board of agriculture. In 1796 his work as a
horticulturist lirst became generally kno\m
through some papers which he read before
the naytl Society on grafting and the in-
heritance of disease anionp fruit trees. In
IbOa Banks introduced him to Sir Humphry
Davy, who soon became his greatest friend.
Kniplit was an original monibpr of thp Hor-
ticultural Society (tatablished in 1604 ), of
which lie was president from 1811 lintil his
deatli, and he contributed to every part of its
* Transactions' issued during his lifetime from
their firt>t publication in 1S07. He was in
1805 elected fellow of the Koyal Society, and
in 1806 received the Copley medal from the
society. He became a faUow of the Lhinean
Society in 1807, and he was also a memlx r
of many American and other horticultural
societies.
In 1809 his brother made over Bownton
Castle to him, and lie thus had the manage-
ment of an estate of ten thousand acres. In
18lJ7he ent-ertained there, much to his atie-
faction, the French physiologist, Dutrochet,
In Vkmmheat of the same year he lost his
only son, who was accidentally shot when in
Lis thirt y-eecond year. In 1836 he was
warded the first Knightian medal of the
Horticultural Society, bearing his own por-
trait, by Wyon, and founded in his honour.
Knight died in London on 11 May 18^38, and
was buried at Wormcsley. He married in
1791 Frances, daup-hter of Humphrey Felton
of Woodhall,ni ar Shrewsbury. She survived
him with three daughters, of whom Frances
(6. 1793), a skilful botanical draughtswoman,
who shared in his e.xperimentfl, was married
to Thomas Pendarves Stackhouse Acton (d.
1881); the second daughter married Sir Wil-
liam BooaoBouditon; andthetliirdyKnnda
Walpolc.
Knight raised new varieties of apples,
dierries, strawberries, plums, nectarmes,
pears, potatoes, cabbages, and peas, many of
which bear his name ; and a genus of Prrn
Uttcea was called K
T Ui by Robert. Brown.
t
f as an ambasAador in
Though he will always be associated with
certain purely physiological experiments,
Knight
such as those on the influence of gravitatioik
upon direction of growth, his main olqeefc
was always utilitarian. His chief indepen-
dent works were 'A Treatise on the Cultur
of the Apple and Pear, and on the Manufacture
of Cider and Perry,' 8vo, 1797, 2nd edition
IfcU 1 'Jrd 1808 and Pomona Herefordiensis/
, ; '
4to, 181 1, with thirty coloured plates; but he
was also the author of upwards of a hundred
papers. Of these, one On the Aphis and
*
Blights on Fruit Trees,' and another (Jn the '
Fecundation of Vegetables,' are in Alexander
Hunter's 'Georgical Essays,' vols. iv. and vi.
1803-4; while another, 'On Blight,' is in the
'
Pamplileteer,' vol. iv. 1813. In 1841 was
published 'A Selection from the Physiological
and Horticultural Papers published in the
Tmnsnctions of the Royal and Ilorticultnral
Societies by the late Thomas Andrew Knight,
to whidi is prefixed a Sketch of his Life.' This
V obi me was edited by George Ik'ntbam and
John Lindley, the life being apparently by
Mrs. Acton. It contains a lithograpliad iKa^
trait, and comprises eighty-two papen*, sixty-
three read befoi"e the Horticultural Society,
togetherwith fifteen on plants, and four, dead-
ing with bees, and the influence of male and
female parents on their offspring and here-
! ditary instincts (dated 2.". May 1837), which
'
were presented to the Koyal Society. The
horticultural series treat, among other sub-
jects, of sap, buds, germination, bark, roota^
'
tendrils, early varictiet^, foreinp-houses, layer-
ing, manure, ringingj mildew, and the sup-
posed change of feiglish climate. Only forty-
six of his papers are enumerated in the Royal
Society 8 'Catalogue' (iii. 687-8), but it in-
cludes'one'OnVariegat ion 'from the Linnean
'Transactions' (vol. ix. 1>^0K), one On the '
Direction of the Itadicle and (iennen,' from
the Royal Institution * Journal' (vol. it.
1831), and fourteen Others not inclndwd in
the volume of 1841.
[Life preDzed to selection of pnprs, I84t $
Athenaeum, 1838, p. 358; Ocnt. Mag. 1838, ii.
99; Gaxdensrft' Cbronicle, 1841 p. 3Sl, 1871 k
199; Oaidsani*Hsta^ina.siv.M3w] G.S.&
KNIGHT, WILLIAM (1476-1547),
bishop of Bath and Wells, bom in Ix)ndon in
1476, entered Winchester School as a schoihir
in 1487, and proceeded in 1491 to New Cbl-
iMre, Oxford, where he became fellow in 1493.
1 He afterwards proceeded U.C.L. 12 Oct, 1631
{Reg. Univ. Or/., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 166).
In 1496 Knight went np to the court, whore
Henry "VII is said to have made him one of
his secretaries. He was frequently employed
he reign of llenry V 1 1.
t i
On 3 June 1512 he went with Sir dward
Howard to Spain, and, after many dangexs
Digitized by Google
 Knight 6s Knight
6om rtonng tnd sickneM, reached Vallndolid the disputes hetween the Enplish merchants
IS Feb. 1612-ia. He had xeceiTed (30 Jan. and the Tentonio Hanse, and went again to
ft flomunkm dated 18 Dee. 1519, antlMirifiinff the Netlierianda (ef. L^Un and Papers, m.
Wm and John Stile to treat with Ferdinand i. 808, 974). Sir Richard Wingfield, writing
(tf Angoa about the defence of the church. A from Oudenard, 28 Oct. 1621, reported that
bar Mterfroitt Stile and Knight in cipher (of Knight waa to take hia place aa aubaaaador
3 March) is preserved in the Brit inh Museum to the emperor (if>. ni. ii. 1712), bur it seems
(CoUon.Ma. Vesp.C.LSO). Knight remained {ib. lu. iu 1777) that the emperor objected
k TaUadolid tin June 1618. On 8 AprU to hia low hifthi and einteMed a pranvenee
151 4 be was at Mechlin on the first of a long for Wingfi eld's brother, Sir Robert, {ib. iii. ii.
series of emboaaies to the Low Countriw (cL 2033, February 1521-2). Knight made a
letteriBCbMa.je9.0albaB.iU.18). Wi&ff- jonraey on dipfomatie bnaineM into Switseir*
Hand Spindly were with him (18 April), land in 1522; vr.mt on an embassy to the
tnd on 12 June he was at the Ilague with empire respecting the woobtaple, and waa
SrEdwud PovningB. In July he seems to (11 Nov.) admitted andideaeon of Chester.
haTeriaited Switicrland (cf. misclfit<'d lettor In 1523 he concluded with the Duke of
*6. Vwp. F. i. 54). Probably to better (qualify Bourbon a treaty against France (t6. ui. ii.
biaite diplomatieirork, as weH aa in tewara 81S8, instmctioaa; 8908^ 8286, aoooont of
for past sen icps, hp rrccived, on 14 July 1514, the joumoy), but was back at Brussels in
a gruit of arms (party per fess or and gules, August. On 11 iSept. 1523 he was appointed
sa esgle with two heada displayed sable ; on afcdeaeoaof Huntnigdon (Lb Nbvb, ii. 62).
it breast a demi-rose and a demi-sun con- The next few years he chiefly passed in Flan-
jotofid into one, counterchanged of the field), ders. About August 1626 he became secre-
la tke grant Ike ia deMiifaed aa prothono- tary to the king.
tuy. In 1527, though he complained that he was
in May 1515 Knight ia stvlcd chaplain old and losing hia sight {Letters and Papert,
to the king, and in that montli Henry lent IT. ii. 8860), Henry decided to send him
him 100/.; in tlu' same year he became dean to Homo to promote the divorce. Wol-iiey
of the collegiate church of Newark, Leicester- thought Jerome de Ghinucci, bishop of Wor-
shire. On 7 May he was appointed ambassador cester, would have been better suited for the
with Sir Edward Poynings to Prince Charles work (ih. TV. ii. 3400). On 10 Sept. Knight
^afterwards Charles V), to renew the league saw Wolsey at Compiegne, and by his direc-
of 9 Feb. 1505. They bad a oonfaranee;mth tion went on to Vensee to wateh for an op-
Tonstal, 23 May, at Bruges, and an audience portunity to get access to the captive Pope
rith Charles at Bergen-op-Zoom on 29 May. Clement VII {ib. iv. ii. 3420; cf. 3422-4,
fle remained in Flanders during the mt of 3497 ). The KNimey was dangerous fipom the
1515, and, like most of Henry's servants, disposition of the Spaniards, hut he managed
found himself in pecuniary straits (cf. letters to get a safe-conduct by the aid of Crambara
and Paper; Jlenry VlII^ 11. i. 1236). In the prothonotary. He waa, however, well-
February 151.5-16 the treaty had been con- nigh murdered at Monterotundo (4 Dec
cluded (cf. RxJiLK, Fteilera, xiii. oii-'i, ii'.V.)). 1527), and when he entered Rome all that he
He probably cane to England in 1510, as he could do was to send in his letters of credence
as in that ye^ir collated to the prebend of with a minute of what thn king wished (ih.
Farrendon-cum-Balderton in the cathedral of IV. ii, 3638; cf. Fboudb, Catherine of Ara^
Lincohi (LbNbtb, A*<i;ii. LOO). On 30 Dec. ffon, p. 61). Oa 19 Dee. 1687 Knight, whil
1516 be was, in company with the Earl of still m Italy, waa made canon of Wf<tmin-
Woroester, again upjwinted amba^.sador to the ster. By the end of December, Jerningham
MpaRir(Dr nis instruct iuns see Letters and wrote that the secret of Knight*s negotiation
Paprt. IT. i. 2713), and he had an interview had not been well kept ns it should have
with barles, 22 Jan. 1516-17. Throughout been, and that theemperornow know Knight's
<

1518 he was English representative to the business, and had written to the pope accord-
Ladv Margaret in the Low Countries, and ingly (Letters and Papers, iv. ii. :i6S7). Full
Niilwi home firom Calais 15 Feb, lolfi-H>. As in.structions were thereupon sent to Knight|
one of Henrj^a* chaplains and clerk of the with a commission to Wdaey and anoturp
closet he was at the Field of the Cloth of which, if signed by the pope, would have em-
Gold in 1620 {Mutland Fapert, Camden Soc., powered them to settle the divorce (ib. i v. ii.
33) and seema to have been made pre- 3693 ; 3694, copy of hall). On 1 Jan.1627-8,
;

'*ndary of Uanvair in Banpor Cathedral in the pope beinp now at liberty, Knight visited
'he same year (Lb Neve, i. 120). On 10 June him at Orv ieto, and after Cardinal St. Quatuor
1520 be was coiMiftrioned, with Sir Thomas (to whom two thousand crowns were given)
Mon^ John Hmee^ aad HtnpMter, to lettle \A m adf fftftiMiltfttti ftUf in the itftnim^***!

Digitized by Gopgle
 Knigbt M Knight
the pope signed it {ib.3749). Leaving
iv. ii. xi. 573). When in Londoa Kni^
Uitd
for England, Knight was ordered back to in a house in Oaiman Bow, Wealufaufesr,
On ieto when he had reached Asti, but he ap- afterwards (1686) assigned, in accordant
pears to have arrived in London in lehnury
IfifiB (ib. vr. App. p. 146). B)b t baveMem
wit^an act of ^
Heary VUI, tothe bishu^
of NodPwieh. B7 his wiU he
admitted tlie failureof this embaMy {ib. Iv. Winchester and New OoittBges.
ii. 4ib<j), uud, want (IS Dec. 152d>, vith tome
[Wood's .\thenae Ox m. ed. Bliss, ii. 752 Cas-
;

BiisgiviDg, on aaotlier laiitkm with Benet to Ban's BishoiM of Bath and Wells, i. 447, dis-
Montmorency, to confer about Italian affairs, tingaishec Knight from William
Knight of
and was instructed to pvooeed thence again Mertoa Collego, Oxford, ho lived about tha
toBone ((.lT.u. 60S8,fi(e,614S-5O; 5179, same time; FuUev^s Worthies, ed. 1662, p. 205;
their instructions). On 31 Jim. 1528-9, how- Statr Papers, Henry VUI; Dixon's Hist, of the
ever, Gardiner joined Knight and Benet at Church of Enghuid, iL gives a cbaraolcr;
Lyons and brought newrastrnctions; Knight Strype's Ifemorlala^ 1. i. 89, 196, 186, n. i.
went back to Paris Hnil mil through March III. i. 452; Cninmer, pp. 77, 135; Thomas's Hist,

and April with J-^ir John Taylor Cmostiir of Notes ; iij^Uabas to. I^'mer's f ocdera ; Nicolas'*
:herolLs) a> ambassador; iu June Suffolk and Privv Puss EsMiues of Hien. VIII. p. 118; au-
Fitxwillium were with him. On 30 June thontiM quoted.] W. A. J.

1529, Knijfbt. with Tunstal, More, and
Hacket, arranged the- treaty of Cam bray (tb.
IV, iii. 6744). Ho wan at the con\ocatiou
of Canterbury of 1529, and was admitted
archdeacon of Riclimoud on 7 Dec. (Le
Neve, iii. 141).
In lebruarv 1532 Hacket and Knijrht
were appointecl to treat with the empuror's
eommissionen about oornmeitttal intereou ree^
and the Impe was fxprc^sod tlint ihcy were
well iuijtructed, as the^ would have to meet
*the polytikist Mows m
all this loade.' The
emba-ssv did not l^ar njuch fruit {Letters artd
Fcfer^ V. 804, 543, 94ti, 105(3). Knight
faera at this time the rectory of Romald Kirk,
Yorkshire. In N<tvi inlx?r 1533 he had diffi-
culties ftfi to jurisdiction with the Archbishop
of York, who, he writea, 'deals Tenrvnkindly
with me,' and cursed my olHcial,' Dakyn, the
*
ricar-general {ib. vi. 1440 ). The archbishop
offered to submit the dispute to arbitration
(A. p. 1441). On 30 Jan. 1635 Knight was a
commissioner for collectinrr the eccle'iatticMl
tenths, and on 15 Oct. 1537 was present at
the chrihtening of I'dwaid VL
On 2t> May 1541 he waa consecrated: [Cooper's Athena: Cantabr. iii. 16 ; Bishop
j
KNIGHT, Wn.LTAM {Jl. 1612), divine,
a native of Arlington, Sussex, was matricu-
Inted as a pensioner of Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, on 1 July 1579, went out B.A. in
1582-3, was ."subsequently elected a fellow of
and in 1586 commenced M.A.
his coUegt;,
His fnend Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of
Norwich, wrote, encouraging him to persist
in the callingof the ministry, and commended
hia ' variety of tou^mes and stjie ci arts.'
Knight was instituted to the rectory of
Barley, Uertfordslure, on 19 April 159Ji,' but
before the close of that year he exchanged
the benefice, with Andrew Willet. for the
rectonr of Little Gransden, Cambridgeshire.
On l8 July 1608 he was inoorporated ILA.
at Oxford. Willet terms him *vir probtOI^
prudens, doctus, mihique amicissimua.'
'Ha waa aathor of: 1. 'A Ooncotchmee
Axiomatical, containing a Survey of Theo-
logical Ptopositions, with the Iteasons and
tTsea in Hmy
Scripture,' London, 1610, foL
L*. Latin epistle prefixed to Joseph HaU*8
*
Mundus alter et idem," Frankfort, n. d.

Hall's Works (Pratt), vii. 251, x. 182; Hoywood

bishop of Hath and Wells, in succession to I

and Wrifiht's Univ. Trans, i. 465, ii. 10; Hors-

John Clerk v. ( Le Nevb, i. 144), and ho
tiold's Hui6ox, i. 322
j

y^^wcourt's Repertorluui,
re."5igned all lus other preferments. At Wells
;

i. srxi Strype's .inii.il.s, iii. 4 no. App. p. 201 fol.

;

Fuller relutc8 that he built a market crotss Willet's Epirt Ded. to Hiirmonie do 2 Samuel;
with the assistance of Dean Woolman. He Wood's Fabti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 229, 300.] T. C.
|

tfed in 15-17 at Wivnliccombe, Sonn rset,

and was buried in Wells Cathedral next to KNIGHT, WILLUM
(ir8ti-1844),
Sagar's Ckapel,. where a pulpit which Iw had natural philosopher, son- of Wilham Ibiight,
erected and whioh-bem hia aooa ssrvad as a bookseller, 0/ Aberdeen, was born in that
a monument. city on 17 Sept. 17^. In 179a he enteml
Knight was a fhitliftil aervant of Henry the Aberdeen gvaaunar aebooli iHwra he was
VIII, and a useful diplomatist of the old u contemporary of Lord Byron. Though not
school, which regarded dissimulation as one in the same class with him, he preaei^ed a
of tha xeqinsitee of flueesiB. TSb waa a vivid Teoollection of tha poet, whose disposi-
palBiM of Hency Cole fq. v.], whose education tion he described in later life aa ^most
he sterns to have paid tor, and C-ole calls him damnable.' He entered the Marischal Col-
'
my master {Letters and JhiperSf x. 22L, lege and Univeiaitj in 1798, graduated .^
' M

Digitized by Google
 Knight
there in 1808, and delivered seveml counas
of iectUTM to the studente in natural history
and chemistrr between 1810 and 1816. lu
1811 h M defeated in his. candidature fat
the efcair of natural philosophy, but was
elected in 1816 to the profeettorship of natu>
ntl phiI(K}phy in the Academioallnistituticni,
Blla8t. In 1817 he received from Mamchal
College and I'niversity the degree of LLJ).,
and in the following year he publiched his
ckief work, entitled ' ^act< and Observations
towmrd forming a New Theory of the Earth,'
ldl8, Bvo, being a series of desultory
papers mainly on geological subjects. Knight
mtumed to Aberdeen from Belfast in 1822,
6? Knightbridge
twopicturefiaceepit'd bv tho Society of British
Artists in 1844, iibaudoned tho lavv, and in
the folio w ing year caiue to London, lie took
lod^ui|[a in tu Kennington Soadr vfana 1
maintained himself by drawing- crayon por-
traits while studyiug at the iirill-ih Museum,
and in the schools of the Koyal Academy.
In 1846 be sent his firnt coutnhutiou to the
Academy, ' Boys playing at Draughts,' which
was purchased by idderman Salomons, and
from that year was a constant exhibitor; he
also sent many p'u;tures to the British Insti-
tution. Among his best works were ' A
Christmas Party prepariug for Blind Man's
Butf,' 1850 ; Boys Snowballing,' 1863; The
'
'

wiian he ^\ a.- tippointed professor of natural Broken Window,' 1865 (engraved in the 'Art
^ulosophy at the Marischal College and Uni- Journal,' August 1865) ; ' Tho Village School,'
Ttrsity. His style of lecturing, saya Professor 1857; 'Knuckle Down,' 1858; 'The Lost
MaMon {MarmiiUat* Magasme, be. SSI), was Change,' 1869; 'An Unexpected Trump/
chametensed by much pungency, oecaiionallj 1861; and 'The Counterfeit Ccin,' 1862.
nlieved by a * sarcastic scurrility wliidi no These titles indicate tbecharacter of Kuight'a
other lecturer ventured on, and which was far art, which was limited to scenes of everyday
from pleasant.' Though his teaching was life, with children invmineutly introdaoeo.
varied and interesting, its eflkct was greatly His pictures are of^ cabinet size, very ddi-
marred by the shallowness of his raathema^ cately hnishcd. He died on 31 July 1868.
tical knowledgi-. Knight died at Aberdeen leaving a widow and six children.
on 3 Dec. 1844. his cIoas during the seasion [Art Journal, 1863, p. 1S8 Rwlgravu M Diet, ;
1844-5 being taken by Mr. Alexander Bain, of Aitiita; ttntftH Amaaaj Chtalo^ue.1.]
afterwards professor of logic in the university F. M. O'D.
of Aberdeen. He married, on 17 Sept. 1821,
Jean, eldest daughter of Ciorgv< Glennie, pro-
KmGHT-BRUCE. Sib JAMES
fwsor of moral philosophy at Marischal Col-
LSWIS (1791-1866), judge. [See Bbtjce.]
lage from 1796 to 1846. By her he had two KNIGHTBRIDGE, JOHN (d. 1677),
ons and four daughters. divine, was the Iburth son of John Knight-
BeeidM (be wow mitioned above Knight bridge, attorney, of Chelmsford, Essex, by
SabUshed: 1. 'Ontlinee of Botany,' Amiv Mary, daughter of Charles Tucker of Lin-
een. 1813; 2nd e.Ution, 1828. 2. 'First cuIu'h Inn VUitations of Essex, Harl. Soc.,.
(

Bay in Heaven, a Fragment,' London, 1820;
a cvrioiu book, afterwards aappressed by
the author. More important than any of
his printed works are his eight vcdumes of
nanneeript ooUeotions relating to Marischal
Coll^'ge, now in the library of tho uni%'ersity
of Alwrdeeot which have fonaed tho baaia of
the *FMti Aeadouin MtrisealkiMft; editad
voL xiiL pt. i. p. 432). Ue graduated B.A.
in 1649 Ma memMr of wadham College,
Oxford, wat tnuislalcJ to Pt'terhouse, Cain-
hzidge, on 3 May 1645, and live days later
was admifctod to a feltowahip in place ot
Cliristopher Buukes of Yorkshire, who had
> been ejected {AMU. MS. 6874, 1 64). After
vasigning hia lellowdup in July 1669, he
\

bv Mr. P. J. .Anderson for tho New .Spnlding
Club. To theso moat be added some * Auto-
biographies! OoUoetMn^'aowia the hands
of relatives, which amlUll oliuqr oMdsms
of aontemporariee.
(InformivUoo kindly uppli'd by Mr. P. J.
AodcTBOD, aecreLary, New Spoldinf^ Club, .Vber-
Alna Mater (Abwdean Univ. Mag.),
Id Vrimny. ISM; Jomaa KiddtfTs
od il yatt; Phihw. Miig, adviii. 384.] fellows of P(jterhouso
became rtrfor of Spom>rth, YorksliirH (ib.
6861, f. 267). In 1673 he pcoceeded D.D.
(Oantabr. Ornduati, 1787. p. S99). He died
in the parish of St. Puul. ruvi.-nt flanleii,
London, in December 167? (Prolate Act
Book, P. O. C, 1677). By his will (P. O. a
57, Keove) he pavo -10/. to tho common fuaft
of Wadham College, and the same sum to-
PMezliome. He also gave to tlie inaafor and
fL'nflees in trust )\ig
a.-s

T. 8. fee-farm rent of the manor of Hadington, near

m0HT, WILLIAM HENRY (ISda. York, a Iummo in the Hhiorio8f London, 71*
I8<), p:i,uter.Ava bom on "20 Sopt. 1823 at a vt'iir from his Lunl in Choliayford called
Newbury, Berkshire, where John
his fatheri Little Vintaxsi and another houae and land,,
Knight, WM whcirtMMtori upon ooDdttiiMiiliaft thayfaidlKML annnaU^ta
hamsaitiaied |

ItAaolwiorSatiMttowii, but after haviagj a jkoAmov frf aBffral towdogy or aaaviatioalf

Digitized by Google
 Knightley
divinity. The first elect ion
to the chair, called
the Kntffhtbridge professorship, was made in
1(583. He presented a library for the use of
the clergj' of Chelmsford and the neighbour-
hood, which is pkced in a chapel on the north
tide of Ghftliiufoid puiah duneh.
[Addit. MS. 5861,
ff. 298, 299, 300, 304, 305
Cambr. Univ. Calendar ; Tiuds. of Essex Arch.
8oe.ii. 197.) O. O.
KNIGHTLEY, Sir KICHARD (1633-
1615), patron of puritans, bom in 1533, wae
the eldest snn ot Sir Valentine Knightley
(d. 1666j of i'awsley, >>orthampton8hire, by
Anne (d. 1564), daughter of Edward Ferrers
of Badesley Clinton, "NVnrwiokphire. The
Knightleys were descended from an old Staf-
fordshire family, one branch of which settled
in Northamptonshire, where they acauired
numerous estates and vast wealth. Richard's
father, Sir Valentine, was knighted at the
oootonation of Edward VI. His brother, Sik
EvxrKD Knightley (d. 1542) (Richard's
uncle), sexjeant-at-law, waa onft of the chief
cominiasioners for the suppression of religious
houses. He waa of a litigious temperament,
and for obstructing the kmg's claim to some
property in 1532 was committed to the Fleet.
A enrioua letter to Cromwell begging for re-
lease is in the State Paper Olfic (September
15S2). He made a ve^ distinguished mar-
riage with Urstila, wi dow ofGeorge, son of An-
drew, lord Windsor, and sister and coheiress
of John earl of Oxford. Between 1537
and 1649 he aeene to have built the hall oi
Faw.sley House. Ikying on 12 Sept. 1642,
he was buried at Fawsley (Nortkampitmshin
yotm and Querie$, i. llfr-SO).
RirliiirJ succeeded to landed property pro-
ducing 13,(XX)/. a Tear. He waa knightea at
Fotheringay in 1660 hy the Earl of I^tcester,
with whom he f.eems to have been intimate.
He was ahehti' of Northamptonshire in
1668-9, 1681-2, and again in 1689, when Im
was presint in his official capacity at tlw
execution of Mary Queen of Soots. H was
twice H.P. fm the town<rfI?oithainptoa (in
1684 and 1 585 ), and twice (in 1689 and 1686)
ibr the county.
Knightley is said to hare led a gay life in
YOnth. but fnmilv Inul alwuvs leaned to
the reformed re^gion, and he ultimately be-
came a rigid puntan.
In 1567, tindrr Lein iiter's patronape. It f-
ters patent were granted making Knightley
and others govemon of the property of the
ministfrsof the gosp<'l in AVarw ickshi re (Ca/.
&iate Fapen, Hum. 1547-^, p. 304). When,
in 1688^ PBMy and other adranoed puritana
began their determined onslaught on episco-
pacy by secretly issuing the tracta which they
268 Knightley
subscribed 'Martin Mar-Prelate,' they found
a patron and abettor in Knightley. Ihe
travelling printine-press, whence came the
famous tracts of Martin Mar-Prelate, was in
the autumn of 1588 concealed in Knightlf v's
hoaae at Fawsley, and in a small upper room
there, late in the year, the Epitome,' by Mar-
'
Prelate, was printed. The press was removed
aftarCShriatmaa to Knightley's house at Xor-
ton, and was Hnally seized by the Earl of
Derby in February 1588-9 at Manchester.
Many and Kniditlayaoom*
arrests followed,
plicitywas discovered by theconfefisionsof hia
servants. He was arraigned before the Star-
chamber for maintainirig seditious persons,
*
books, and libels on 31 Feb. 1588-9. Arch-
'
bishopWhitgifV, whohad himself been a chief
object of Mar- Prelate's attack, generoiulj in*
terceded for Knightley with the queen, and
rocured his release (see proofs against Sir
f
I. Knightley, Lantd. MSS. ccxxxviii. 327 x
Strtpe, Whitgiftf ii. 511; Arber, Intro-
duction t the Martin Mar-Prtlate CktntrO'
rerry, pn. 114, 120-SO). In Februaxy lOCM*
Knightley appears once more aa a champion
of the puritan party, when he, with two of
his sons and otner gentlemen of Northamp>
tonshire, siffned a petition against the sue-
pension of tne nonconformist ministers in his
county. For this he was severely rebuked,
was &ied 10,(XX)/. by the Sta^chamber, and
waa deprived of his posts as lieutenant of
Northamptonshire and commissioner of tho
peace {Cal. State Papen^ Jamea I, Horn.
1603-10, pp. 193, 435). An undated letter
of thanks to Salisburj- for the composition
of this hne, audfor some favour to his son, ia
aim in the State Papers (ib. 1611-18, p. 130).
Knightley and Sir Fnincis Hatitings [q. v.]
signed about 1608 a petition to parliament on
benalf of the Roman catholics, hoping indi-
rectly to benefit their own party by advo-
cating religious toleration. Knightley died,
aged 82. at Norton, 1 Sept. 1616, and waa
buried there with his .second wife (d. 1002 ).
By his firat wife, Maiy, daughter of Sir
Riemud Fermor of Eaaton Neeton, whom
he mani-'(l in ITi^'H, he luid three sons and
three daughters by his second wife, Klin*
;
beth Seymonr, youngest daughter of the pro-
teetor Soim rset, seven sons and two daugh-
ters. Knighthood was conferred on four of
hia aona: Valentine (d. 1618), Franeia (d.
ItL'O), who was cupVt'urrr to .Tnmi's I, S>-v-
mour, and Ferdinand, who saw much forei^^n
miUtary and was highly faTonred by
the t:]i rtn\=;?. Through the e.vtrfivagunce of
his elder sous, Sir Valeutine and Ivdward {d.
1598), much of the Knightley property was
sold and alienated during Sir llichard's life-
time i in 1591 a final settlement waa made^
Digitized by Google
 Knightley 969 Knightley
tod the esUtee of Fawsleyand Byfield were I
in 1638, and acted through that and the fol-
atiOdl upon Uaeight wnn tnd hit three bro- I lowing session in close alliance with Eliot
thers sxiccessively with their heirs malf. Tlie
'

and llampden. Ho spoke in favour of the

eldest SOD, Sir Valentine, who was sharply
KpriHMacled for signing the Northampton-
shire jytition in I6O0, inherited Fawsley,
and OD his death in 1618 it descended to his
Edward's ton Riehard [q. v.l
Th^re arr- r-,vn pnrtmits of Sir Richard, at
,
Remonstrance of 1 628. When Eliot was ar-
j
rested Knightley was his chief correspondent,
!
and fourteen of Eliot's letters to him, wriften
from the Tower, are extant ( Ei.ior. lie Jure
; Majetatu and LeUr-6ookfed.QTOiinrt, 18^2,
vol. ii. ) Tlu> intiTrinoy was of the closest nnd

iine agee respectivelT of thirty-three and most congeniaikiiui. ivnightley was in similar
"ft It VvwiHtj MmmHouaa. relations -with Pym, Hesilrigj^, and Hamp-
He
den. appointed the puritan John Dod
Churoh History, od. 1845, p. 181
[Fallcr's
[q.v. to the rectory of Fawsley in 1(>37, and
atrjrpe's AQnaU,Clar. Prea. toL iii. pt. n. pp. 102,
WS: Heylyn'd History of the iTMbytMniiiis, was one of the Company of Adventurers
T> 2W; nistnn- of N'orthnmptOBdllrs,
Baker'f* for Providence Island (('/. Strife Papcr,
I. 380. 384 Betbam's BHronetage, ir 386 "Fx-
; ;
Colonial, 15r-l-166(), p. 12.'i). He died in
enpU Hittorioa, p. 18; Northamptonshire Nutcs November 1680f and was Iniried at Fawsley
mi itmhm (IMftX > . T. . fllNov.) He married, in July 1614, Bridget,
uaughter of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote,
XBIOHTLEY, RICHABD (d. 1639), Warwickshire, but left no isBtte, and his pro-
iKaber of parliament, was son of Edwanl Eerty devolved on his cousin and the tep-
Knightley of Preston Capes, Northampton- rother of his mother, Richard Knightley,
Altf, in right of his wife Mary, daughter with whom he is often confused. This
of V^'t'T Coles of that place. Sir Richard Richard Knightley (16i>0-1650) was son of
Kiuir'iiiley (1533-1616) [q.v.j was hisgrand- Thomas Knightley of Burgh Hall, Stafford-
litther, and on the death of his imcle, Sir \&- shire {d. before 1621), and was a nephew of
Ifntine, in 1618, he 8uc<3eeded to the family Sir Richard Knij^htley, the patron of Martin
property of Fawsley. lie was returned to Mar-Prelate, ilis mother was Elizabeth,
Th> House of Commons as member for North- daughter of John Shuckburgh of Naseby,
amptoiuhire on 2*2 2iox. 1621, and he was re- whose first husband was Peter Coles of Pres-
elected forthe same constituency on 23 Jan. ton Capes. He was admitted to Gray's Inn
1633-4,and in 1625. From \n first entrance 22 May 1601 (Footer, iZ^.p. lOH. He seems
IMS public life Knightley displayed the puri- to have lived in retirement at fawsley, and
tlBMnings of his family, and in the first par- was buried there on 19 Sept. 1650. He mar*
liuacator Charles I's reign he took his stand ried Anne, dau^diter of Sir Edward Little-
htiide Sir John Eliot and the opponents of ton of PiUaton, Stafibrdshira^ and left a aoo,
Bsddngtiam and the court. A manuscript Richard.
journal of this parliament, which is still This son, Sib RicnAKD Kxightlky (1617-
sxUnt among the Knightley family archives, 1661), was admitted to Ciray's Inn 17 May
^fratad by the Camden Society in 1873. 1633 (ih. p. 191)), and about 1687 nairied
After tbedissolution in August 1625 Knight- Elizabeth, elde.st duu^jhter of John Hamp-
icjf Ukeotlier deputy-lieatenants of North- den, who died in 1643, nreatly to the dts-
MptOBshirf was directed to search papists' tieoB of ber lather. As ' Kcbara Knightley,
,

IwKsesin the count v, and proceeding to Lord junior,' he gjit in the Short parliam'^nt us mem-
Vila's house at llarrowden, was seriously ber for Northampton. He fullv shared the
Mnltsd by the owner. Knightley brought political sympathies of his family, and after
the matter before the privy council, and the dis.>^olut ion of the Short jiarli anient in
^^if^ed his assailant with Star-chamher May 1640 he invited Hampden, Pvm, and
?r<Keeding8 ( Court and TKmm of Ckartef /, other of the opposition leaders to meet at
56). Charles I eema to have alrfiidy Fawsley to concert a jilun of UL tinn. lie was
otioed Knightley 'apolitical hostility, and, in re-elected member for Northampton to the
j

apparently to exclude Knightley irom Long parliament in October 1640, and acted
i

liiss;ond parl wirnent of 1(!*2G, he appoint>d con.<istent!v ^vitll tin- opposition. He and Sir
^iberiff of Northamptonshire in tnatyear. Walter Earle were the tellers for their party
i

li Jtaoary 1027 Knightley was reported to on the Tofee on the Grand Renonstnmoe <ni
I

council as one whci ri'fnscd to ^(ubscribe 2a Nov. 1641.

'
On 21 Jan. V\\2 '^ h^- sub-
^ tiie farced loan. When summoned to ap- scribed a petition to the parliament from the
?<ar Mote the ooiraeil he made a defiant finebolden of Northamptonshire exprsssinff

rch, and accordinsjly was committed tO lyproval of the parliamentary policy. He

^ ^Fleet prison. Ue re-entered the House sipwd the solemn league and covenant, and
Ibr Ua oU
ooMUtUMicy early

Digitized by Google
 Knighton Knighton
tbrWoirlliBmptonshire in March 1643 (Hub- |
Abbey, Leicester. He is the author of a
BAyp", p. !'4l'; cf. Cal. State Pnpfr*, 1045,
' Oompilatio de evontibus Anj^lifp,' a "worV in

p. 411). Knightlej" strongly disapproved of
the pntm for bringing the king totrtal; was
cnnofquently imprisoned by ho nrmy fmm
t supplied by the initial letters of the sixteen
t> to 20 Dec. 1648, and was excluded from the
paifiameot {A fM lled!sfa<Mi Hm true
gfateofthe f^erhtfleil Mfmhfn^' Cme, 1660,4to,
.66). He had a license to go abroad, 24 June
f861 (Orl. State P(ipfrs, 1651, p. 529), and
in Decern Ikt lC">r) he was included in a list
drawn up by the Quakers of those ' who do
not penecttte bnt are loving to Friends * (ib.
four books beginning with Edgar and enduij{
{
in 1866. His name, Henricus Cnitthoo, is
chapters of each of the first three books, ia
! hii prologue he statea that he foUows tfca
seventh book of Cestren.'iis (i.e. HigdenX
and that he adds to his extracts from faim
<
tbaaeeomita of other maAters^ ' qun aqeeMi
moo sparsim se obtiilernnt.' Bat he fliie*
. fuU^ conceals that almost the whole of the
additional matter, -with the exception of a
\

1655-6, p. 64). He sat in Richard Crom- few

well's parliament in January 1668-9 aa mem-
ber for Northamptonshire, and was snggested
M
refiTence.f to Leicester find its ubboy. is
transcribed from Walter of Ilemingburgb.
When Heminfburgh speaks of his own monas-
,

spe&lier 9 March 1G")9, when he excused tery (GKsbum) as 'noetram/ this ia altered to
himself from taking the office (cf. RrnroTr, its own name (e.g. ' quondam eoclesiam de
Diary, vol. iv. ; Clarendon State Papers, iii. G vsbume,' Twtsdex, col. 2522). At the end
'

488). As ui opponent of the army he was or the third book he states that he is proceed-
not pnmmntipfl to the Rump the restored in.T nlonp, and thp fourth book, which is not
Long prirliuineiit in May 1659. But on 7 May divided into chapt^rn, and occupies from 1337
lie ftna Prynne made an att<mpt to enter the to 1866^ omj he original. It giTea needy
house (^A true and perfect Pelafirn? of what the same sequence oi events as is found in
7r(t$ done bettteen Mr. Prynne and the Seelitded Robert of Avesbury. He speaks of beit^
^

Members and those nowtitting, 1659, pp.4, 7). presmit at the visit of Edward III to Ite
j
'

(^n 17 Fell. 1659-6<'> h^^ took part in the con- abbey of Tjeicefiter in 1.S63. An the hiatorr
ference between the secluded and sitting breaks oif abruptly in 1866, he probably did
tnembers, and M KKm as the former members not survive that year.
;

tool: their places he was elected (23 Feb.) A

fifth book iR added in the manuscripts,
member of toe council of state which arranged begun ten years later (1377^, and canying
llie recall of the kmg. At the coronation of on the history io 1896. Tbs is deariy tihe
Ohnrles TI (.Vpril infill h*. wn^ (^nvnt-vl a work nf another "writor. wliO'^o well
Imisht of the liath. He died in London on as * his whole tone of speaking of chuidi
^ June 1661, and was buried on 6
Fawsley. He married
Jnljr at naMiert' is very di^rent ftrm lihst el
1^47
in a necond wife. Kni^'-hton. The docuraentf? preserved bvthe
Ann, daughter of Sir William Courten, and continuator, the details reqpeeting the rising
widofw or Sssex Derereux, son and heir of of 1381, and those of the histoir and opinions
Walter Peverenx, fifth viscount Hereford. of WyclifTe, are of great value. ' He * is a par-
His widow wa.s buried at Fawsley on 5 Feb. tisan of the Duke of Lanr-aster,' and almost
1709-S. aged 88. By her Knightlev had two 'the only writerof that day on the If sa popular
sons. Richard (1647-1655) and Eswx (1649- side.' lie was elearly, like Knighton, a canon
1 67 1 ). The latter's widow Sarah, daughter of
. of St. Mary's, l^iceater, but there is no clup
Thomas Foley of Witley, married as second The book was in the library of
to his name.
husband John HampdM the younger [q. v.] Abbey, as may be aeen in Nichols's
I>eioester
[Not. s kin.Ily supplied Lv Pn,f. C. H. Firtli 'History of Leicester,' App. p 102. It is
Le Neve's Fedigrves of Xuightd (HarL Soc ), prp'erved in two manuscripts in tho Cotton
m>. 17-18; Kakr^s ]fortbamptOD8b1re,i. 889 sq. collection in the Briti.th Museum, OlaadBus
Northamptorrihire Notes and Qncric. i. 120-1 E. 3 and Tiljerius H. 7, from the latter of
;

Beesk'V H Hist, of Banbury, 1841 Forster's Sir which Twygden printed his edition in the
;

John >t Return of Members of Parliament. 'Deeem Scriptovse.*

: A new edBtioa ia ia
A Richard Kni{htley, who. afcording to Woo.1, progress in the Rolls SfHes, undr tin 0dii-
joined the royalist Btandard in 1642, and on his torship of tho Kev. Dr. Lumby.
arrirnl with the Miirquis of Hftrtford'-s army in
Oafoid was ereatod ILA. on 16 Jan. 1642-3
[Authoritiis given in text.] H. R. Lu
|

< Wood's Itfti, ad. Bliss, ii. 88). was probably son
of a distant connection of the fiunily of Fiiwsloy,
'

KNIGHTON. Sir WILUAJrf (1776-

183t5),keeperrof the privy pone to Qeorjre IV,
Kdvard Kniphtley, a royalist."] S. L.
son of William Knighton, was born at Beer
KNIOHTON (orCNITTHOK.ashe him- Ferris, Devonshire, in 1776. His fatuilvhad
ielf toellt name), RENBY (Jt, 1868), M eatata at QrendTen, Whitchurch, Deyoo-
oomiilflr, wm oaM>f8tk Htm
......1
ahiMb \ft^ hi* itthar m
daini mfUiL
and.

Digitized by Google
 Knighton
dyiniT very early, left his widow in porerty.
Knig^hton*. after a little dboding Nidrtoo
Bu^ell, Devonshire, waa at an early ajjfp sent
tOKtadj medicine under his uncle, Dr. Brt dall,
a surgeon ofTrnviatock. Heafterwards studied
for two years at Guy's Hospital Lon don. At
, 1822.
the age of twenty-one he returned to Devon-
fthire, and obtained through the influence of
I>r. Geach, chief sur^^'on of tho Royal Nnrsil
Hc^pital at Plymouth, an assistant-surgeon's
08t there, and a diploma from St. Andrews
University. At the end of 1797 he settled in
TOUctice at Devonport, In 1800 he married
Dorothea, younjt^st daughter of Captain
Hawkfir, R.N., and in 1808 he removed to
London. He began practice as an accoucheur,
bat abort It remand to EdiabQiigli. After
thr' y<ars studythere.heonce more returned
to I^ndoii, received a degree from the Arch-
bishop of Cbnterbury, and the degree of M.D.
frr)m the nniverfity of Abf>rdeen (21 April
180B), and began practice in Hanover Square.
In July 1809 he attended the Marquis Wel-
U-sIev as his physician on his embassy to
Spain, and returned with him in October. By
bim he was in ISlOrecommended to the Prince
of Wales, with the result that he became one
of the prince's physicians, and was sliortly
tfterward<i created' a baronet (1813). Thie
prince told Sir Walter Farquhar,in explana^-
tioo of this appointment, that Knighton was
the best-mannered doctor he had ever met.
He had ben an intimate friend of Sir John
Macm ah on and when, on the lat tor's death in
. joke by Henry de Roa and Charles Oreville
1818, be came, as executor, into possession of
some of hift papers, which were compromising
to the prince, he at onoe detivered them up,
COSdoflt which BO charmed the regent that
hf Appointed him to the auditorship of the
duchy of Cornwall and of the duchy of Lan-
easter, and soon began more and montooon-
olt him on matters of business.
Knighton's firmness of character appeared
I !u8 management of George IV'b inex-
tricably confused afliiirs. In spite of the
king's ertravagance, Knighton grnduallv re-
duced his finances to order, caused the aebts
to be steadily liqaidftted, and asserted over
the king's weak viiid an authority which
few of the ministers enjoyed (cf. LoRn Elles-
BSBOOttB, Diary, i. 384 : QreeUU Mtmoirt,
Itt Mr. i. 100, 144; lam
OotcHHrruH
Diary), The king wrntc to liirn us '<le!in"-t
Iriei^' signed himseif Boost affectionately
'
and gave him written authority to
notify th>- roviil ti-iulesmen that lui tjoodw
weto be supplied or work done on account
f Ae priry pome OKeept upon Knighton's
ordf^rs giv'n m writintr. Knighton luul lU-
teaded Imib on the continent in 1821, and re-
eiiftii the dsgrw of M.P* from tiie nainwrity
Knig^iton
of GNittingen, and on the return of the court
to England he was appointed private seere-
tnn,' to the king and keeper of tho uri\y pnrw*,
in Hiicceasion to Sir Beujamiu Bloomfield.
He thereupon gave up practice on 11 Sept.
He was frequently fm ployed nn con-
fidential missions for the king both at home
and ahfoad, but their precise nature is qb-
known, as all his letters on tlte siibieet weoo
destroyed by his widow. He was sent to
Paris m 182^, and in 1824 made three jour-
neys in rapid pnecf^sion to Paris, Spain, and
Sardinia. *At a motnent's notice,' he writee
to his wUa, 'the king has again ordered mo
abroad . my situation involves very heavy
. .
penalties on me.' 1'hese sudden and toilsome
journeys, continued yearly and often seven!
times a year t ill 1 82.5 and 1826, probably con-
trihuted to bring on the severe illness which
overtook him in 1827. He was highly es-
teemed by the roval family and by the
ministry, having talten to heart the Duke of
Wellington's advice to beware how he in-
terfereu in politics hut he became the objeet
;
of considerable ill-will, owing to his un-
doubted influence with the king (i*ce Lord
CoLCHESTBB, Dtoty, ill. 527, bS9 Raikbb, :
Diary iii. 53, 64). A severe attack was made
f
upon him by T. Duneombe in his maiden
8.
speech in the House of Commons on 18 Feb.
1828; but Peel met it by a point-blank denial
(Hansard, JWf. Dehatps, l'ihI ser.xviii.540)*
The attack appears to have been got up ae
(see GreoilU Memoirs, 1st per. i. 128); but to
Knighton, who was then abroad and unable
to defend himself, it was very painful. Ho
attended the kingafanostnightanddayduring
his last illness, was present even at political
interviews in the closet, and appears not
only to have been sincerely attached to the
king, but also to have esteemed him. His
vigilance prevented Lady Conyngham from
profiting by the temporary disorder at Wind-
sor during the king s illness to lay hands on
any of the royal jewels, and after the kh|^8
death on 2H jTan. IR.'JO Kniphton was busily
occupied for several months in winding up hw
affairs. Hesirteqnently gnve up his house in
London and retired into the country, which
suited his failing health better than town.
, He died, however, in fiJtratferd Place, Oxfbrd
Street, London, on II Oc'. \>^'^e^ of nn rn-
largement of the heart, and was buried at
Sensal Oreen cemetery.
He had considerable taste, especially in
painting, very great social tact, a sound bust*
neas capacity,ad[honefitlyfulnlledthediittee
of a very delicate position. Thonph he long
^
held a position where hie court interest might
'
bayeoomBABdodftlBiottftny ftfoor, he proved
Digitized by Google
 Knill
fanaself groe<! y neither of money Bor bcoottn,
iLtul ki'pr (ihn)i' from all intrig'ue. He left *
widow, one son, and one daughter.
rUemuirs published by hi widow, 2 vols. 8ro,
which, however, Icare half the ntory of hii)
lutter ymm untold, and diaeowr no aecreta, poU^
tieel orotlMr; Monk's Coll. of Phya. Hi. M; lee
iilso the Age, 1(5 Oct. 1 836. This iirticle han been
revised by tiir W. Knighton's gmnddaughter, Mxi.
DaweoB.] J. A. H.
KNLLL, KICIIARD (17S7-ia>7), dis-
enting minister, fourth child of Kichard
Knill, carpenter (d. 15 Dec 1826), by Mary
Tucker id, 1820), was bom at Braunton,
Devonsbire, on U
April 1787. In 18U4 he
enlisted as a soldier, but wua short ly after-
wards bought out by his friends. He became a
student of the Western Academy at Axmin-
sterin 1812, and under the influencHof a ser-
mon by Dr. Alexander Waufjh, \ olunteered
for mif sionnry work. lIewa8H^<l]'t^-^l by the
JjOiidon Mie.>ionftry Socit'ty.and embarked for
Madras 20 April 1810. Ilere be engaged in
X^lish services for the sohook, soldiers, and
resident ys.wliilestudving the nativplnnpuages.
Hie health soon failed, and ho was sent in
September 1818 to Nigarkoil inTravancore,
whence, after suffering from the cholera, he
returned to England 30 2ov. 1819. A cold
climate being recommended, he sailed on
18 Oct. 1820 for St. Petersburg, intending to
proceed to Siberia as a missionary; but, on
the persuasion of the British and Americans,
consented to remain in that city. Here he
laboured successfully, and obtained the sup-
port of the emperor and the WftX family,
A Protestant Bible Society vr&n formed for
supplying the bible in their own tongues*
to Uermans, Finns, Poles, JLivonians, and
other persons not belonging to the Gn.>ek
church. Aschool was o}>ened for the chil-
dren of foreigners, and a mission to the
sailor-i fit Cronstadt establi-shed. Returning
to England m
August 18C3 to obtain funds
for erecting a larger church in St. Peters-
burg, bis labours were so succesisful in
creating funds and friends for the Liondon
Missionary Society, that he was requested
to remain at home, and for eight years he
visited almost every place in the United
Kin(jdomfadvocatingtheclaimsof the foreign
missions. Quite worn out by his incessant
labours, he on 1 Jan. 1842 settled down as con-
gregational minister at Wotton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire, where he remained until his
xtunoval to Chester in 1848. His last days
were not the least useful, and his preaching
in the Chester Theatre for twenty Sunday
afternoons was most successful. Few men of
his time hadgveater masteiyoverlarge aaaem-
Knipe
bltes of men. He
died at 88 Queea Btreot,
Che.^ter, on 2 Jan. 1857. On 9 Jan. 182:^ he
married Sarah, daughter of James and Isa-
bella Notmaa, a natiye of St.PBtenbiirg, hy
whom he had five children.
Knill was the author of : 1. ' The Farmer
and Ua Vnaafy; 1814. 9. * Moaoir of tlio
Life and Character of Walter Venning,' 1 822.
S. ' The Influence of Pious Women in Pro-
moting a Revival of Eeligi on 1 8S0. 4.'8oae
Account ofJohnKnili; 1830. 5. 'TheHappv
Death-bed; 1833. 6. A Traveller arrived at
'
the End of tlu Journey,' 1886b 7. *A Dia-
logue between a Romish Priest and M.
KniU, Missionary,' 1841. a'AScotchman
Abioad,' 1841.
[Rirreira Lif. of Jl. Knill. 1860, with por-
trait, new ed. 1878, with another portrait; Con-
gregational Year'Book, 1867, pp. 212-14; Evan-
gelical Mmp. Mnrch 1857, pp. 137-45; Scottish
CougrcgdtiuiiHl Mhc. April 1867. pp. 97-103,
May, pp. 1 29-33 ;
Waddington's CongregHtional
History, 1880, v. 18^96; Noaoooformitrt, 7 Jan.
1857, p. 16, 14 Jan. p. 24; Gbester ChToniele,
3 Jan. 18o7. p. 8. 10 Jan. p. 5.] O. C. B.
KNIPE. THOMAS (lB:i8-171I), b*>ad-
master of W^estmtubter School, son of the
Rev. Thomas Knipe, was boiii in 1688^ moat
prohablv in Westminster. He was educated
at We!<train8ter School, whence in 1057 he
was elected to a studentship at Christ Church,
Oxford, but did not matriculate till 31 .Tulv
]
l<).jH. He graduated B.A. 22 Feb. Itk30,and
i
M.A. 1 Dec. I(i63. In the interval he acted
as usher at his old school, and in 1003 be-
,
came second master there. Dr. Busby [(^. v.],
j
the head-master, is said to have appreciated
Knipe's merits. Knipe succeeded to Busby's
post by a patent dated the very day, 6 April
j
1095, of Busby's death, aiid,tluMigli aearcelj
I
so brilliant as his predecessor, was respected
and beloved by his pupils. A
letter addressed
by Knipe to Henry, lord Herbert of Cherburv
[see under Herbbrt, Hk.'^ry, 1654-1709],
i whose son was at West minster School, shows
that he was astriotdisciplinarian (cf. Warmer,
Epijttolaty Ciirt'on'tieg, 1818, where Knipe's
letter is printed). On 17 Oct. 1707 Knipe
was installed a prebendary of Westminster,
and died nt Hnmp^tead on 6 Ant?. 1711 in bis
seventy-third year. He was buried on the
9th in the north doifter of Westminster
Abbey, and a monument was put up to him
by his widow in the south aisle. Ivnipe was
married twice, first to a relative of Bishop
Sprat, who died 26 Aug. 1685, and secondly to
a widow, Alice Talbot,of St. Margaret's parish,
who Burvired him until 8 xMarch 172.3 ; l>otli
his wives and several of his children also
found sepulture in the abbey (see Cuestkb,
JR^fiiten^ WertmrntierAMe^y, Apoitrait
Digitized by Coogle
 Knipp
painted by J. Dahl, has been en-
of Knipe,
|pred(^ee NoBLS. Continuation Granger,
tL 1 19). Two or Knipe** deteendants
abo commemorated in tbt> Abbey: Captain
Joha Kaioe, 90th regiment, wEo died at
OMtv 8S Oct. 1706 ; aad Utpfeun Robert
Kcij*'. 14th lis'ht dragoons, -vvho wa^ mor-
uUj wounded at the battle of Jb'uentea
tOmm, 6 Ma^ 18lt.
Knip' implied and published two pram-
I.
UB for tile UM of Westminster scholars
**AciM^Mpov rov 'AA^ratov Tpaftputraeav
7 vtpi Qti> Bi,yX ()',' Sec, London,
I
and 'Uehratcs Grammatice Rudi-
fi
He also oertunly took eoma
t,'1706.
put in, and is even paid to havf been the
Htbor of, the * Grammatica Busbeiana.' To
Kiupe wn dedicated in laudaterf terma the
Oret-k dialogue.? 17(X5) of Maittaire, second
( tur^' I'i^pys bad 'ever heard.' She appeared
master atWestminster, and the ' Ilistorical
AeeooBt of tlie Heathen Gods/ by Dr. Wtl-
Hun King, an old pupil of Westminster.
[Wood'sAtheaa (Blias), ir. 643; Wood's
(Bliss), it. 223, 266; Weteh'e Alumni
WMtoonast, I!id2: Sunle/s Memorials of West-
MMlsrAbbej ; Jjb Neve's Fasti,iii. 364 Nicho1<i's
IllMlr.iiL 270 ; Aneedotea, L 26, 489, iy. 556 ]
KNIPP or KNEP, Mbs.
sctreM, made her <Mtot on the stage
probably
of the Theatre lloyal as amember of Killi-
gRw'i companj, as Epicene in Ben Jonson's
^flOeatWoiDai&'on 1 June 1664. Pepjs made
htr Bcqimintanco at his friend Mrs. Pierce's nn
6 Dec 1665, and thought her * pretty enough,
tat the most excellent, mad-humouied thing,
tad ?in?s the noblest that ever T hoard in my
fifie.' iier husband he describes as 'uu ill,
Bfdsncholy, jealou5-looking fellow,' suspected
of iU-treat iiifr her. On 2 Jan. 1665-6 he re-
cords the perfect pleasure
'
it gave him at
Brouncker's ' to bear her eing, and especially
b'r l.ttl'^ Scotch song of Barbarv Allen.'
Thev .^wn became very intimate, correspond-
in^f with one another as * Dapper Dickv ' and
Hirbary Allen.' On 23 Fob. 1606^ (his
birthday) Pepys records that she came to see
Us wife, and he spent the whole night tatk"
in? with her and teaching her his song
'
B*uiy, retire,' which she made go most
rly,' 0n9
Aug. 1666 he took her to dine
^ithbim at a tavern in Fish Street. OnDM
1-i Nov. 1GC6 he visited her at her lodging,
which be found * very mean.' He took her
haeband into the city, left him there, and re-
lUTDed to dine "n ith her tete-a-tete.
year she chose him for her valentine, upon
which he bought *
worth of things' for
bv. He also made her occasional presents
of money. From this time, however, out of
his wife, who b^ui to he uaatnAj
YuL. XI.
7S Knolles
jealouii,Pepys allowed the intimacy to cool.
Ue admired her in the part of the Widow in
Beeamont end Fletchers ' Seomfal Lady ' on
28 Dec. 1666; in the Widow's part in th--
' Uuatom of the Country,'
2 Jan. 1666-7 ; in
* Mrs. WeaTer's gnat part ' in Dryden's * In-
dinn Emperor,' 15 Jan. and her sinu'inp in
;
the Humorous Lieutenant,' 23 Jan.; and* The
'
Ghences,' a comedy by the Duke of Bnckmg-
linm, 5 Feb. She also fook some part in the
revival of Suckling's Goblins on 23 Jan.
'
'
on 6 Oct. she e^ipeued as Otrante in Hhodes's
Flora'.'?Vagaries; on 19 Oct. as Suvina in
'
Lord Orrery's historical play of the liiack'
Prince;' and with Nell Gwyn [q.v.] spoke
the prologue to Sir W. Howard's 'Gh^at Fa-
Tourite, or the Duke of Lerma,' on 20 Feb.
1687<-8, *moet excellently,' ' beyond any crea-
in Drydena * Mock Astrologer' and Tyran-
'
ttich Lovo' ia less end IWa-O, and in < The
llriross,' 2 Feb. 1668-9, entranced P. py ~
with her singing and a wink from the stage
with which she hononxed him. She appeared
fit Tiinroln's Tnn Fields, the Theatre Koyal
; having been burned down, in 1671-2, aa the
nun Hippolita in Dryden's ' Aasigimtioat'
E. T, B. and in that or the following year as Lady
(Ji. 1670), Fidget in Wycherley's Country Wife.' In
*
1674 she played Elisa in Wycherley's * Plain
DealiT.' and spoke the epilotrno to DitfTt>t's
'Spanish liogue.' She took the part of a
friestess of Bellona in Lee's ' Sophonisba, or
lannihriV? Overt !iro\v,' in 1676; and that of
a maid in Country Innocence, or the Cham-
'
bermaid tuned Quaker,' in 1677. Her last
recorded fippenrance was as Mrs. Dorotliy in
D'Urfey's version of Fletcher's 'Trick for
Trick.' Hw snhseqnent history ia wholly
unrertniii.
' [Dowiies's lioscios Anglicanas, ed. Knight;
Gcnest'a Aceoant of the EB|^ish Stage, vol. i.
Pepys-s Dinrr.] J. M. B.
KNIVET. rSeo Kn'tvet]
KNOLLES. RICHARD (1550 P-1610),
historian of the Turks, bom about 1550,
probfthly at Gold Aahby, NorthamptouHhire,
seems to have been son of the Fnimn'.
'
Knolles or Knowlis of Cold Aahby who
married Frances IIolmeby,his second wife, on
17 June 1660 (Bridges, Nortkamptonthire,
i. 553, note 4). He graduated BJ^.. from
Lincoln College. Oxford, on 26 Jan. 1564-5,
and M.A. in July \ "(). He wns electfd a
Next fellow of his college, and was still in residence
in 1671 (Oxford Univ. Beg., Oxford Hitt.
Soc. IT. ii. ?>^). Sir Peter Manwood, son
of Sir itojrer NianwcoJ [q. v.], hearing of
KnoUes's abilities, 'called him from the nni*
Tecsitx/ and obtaiiied Sat him the maatcoihip
Digitized by Google
 Knolles
of the grfiramar 8ch<)ol at Sondwich, Kent,
ft town to which Sir Peter and hi father
hadfirovtedlilMfni3tMMillictor. Acoordin^to
"Wnrtfl '
hp did murh pnod in his profeMion,
and sent many young men to t he universities,'
altiiongh he tired 'in a world of trouble and
cares.' He died at Sandwich in 1610, and
was buried on 2 July in St. Mary's Church
there, * leaving behind him the chamoler of
an indugtrioii!', Irnrrn^d, find reli pious person.'
Sir Peter Manwood was fully justified in
hb etimt of KnolleaTt nbtlitios. Owing
to his ppn"navinn and encouragement Knolles
completed kia Qenerall Historie of the
* fore
Tuvfeefl from tho first beiirinning of that
Netinn.' n spfK'.lmen of cnrofiilly elaborat'ed
English prose, althooch its historical value
M null. 11iohoolt,Wlitch occupied Knolles
about twelve vears, waspubli.-shcd in 1603 by
Adam Islip in London, m
a folio of nearly
l,900pBffei.tHth a dedication to JamsB I, and
engTavin portraits of t he sultans bvLawTPnce
Johnson [q. t.] A lonj? list of Byzantine
historians and Otht>r authorities is g-ivmi, but
Knolles seeiDS to have larpdy followed Boi-
aard's Vitie et Icones Sultanorum Turci-
'
conim (Frankfort, 1 596V Knolles's volume
' FVench and Latin copies, done into English,'
concludes with ' a brief discourse of the great-
ness of the Turkish Empire, and where the
gnatest strength thereof eonsisteth.'
secf nd edition, with the lives of the Otto-
'
maJi emperors and kings continued to the
'
date of publication, appeared in 1010, and
third and fourth editions, with further con-
tinuations, were issued in 1621 and 1631
respectively* The fifth edition, 16S8, in-
cluded ' a new continnation ' collected out
of the despatches of Sir 1'. Wyche and others
by T[homn^ N abbes [q. v. A lat^^r rdition,
l
revised by Paul Rycaut.is dated 1075^ and the
same editor, then Sir Paul Rycaut, brought
ont a fiaalaild extended edition, in threefi>Iio
Tolumes, between ](i*^7 and 1700, under t!ie
title of 'The General History of the Turks,
with a Continuation by Sir FhnI Rycaut.'
An abridp^ont by John 8avagO appeued in
1701 in 2 vols. 8vo.
Dr. Johnson lavished somewhat excessiye
prnispon Knolles'sstyle. 'None of our writers.'
he a'Hserted in the 'Rambler,' No. 122. 'can
in my opinion just]y contest the superiority
ofK\nollps. who in li " History of the Turks
has displayed all the excellencies that narra-
tioa can admit. His style, thott|g;h some w hat
obpeuTfd by time, and sometimes vttiate<l
bv false wit, is pure, nervous, elevatcnl, and
deat. A
wonderful multiplicity of eventjs
is so artfully arranged and so distinctly ex-
plained that each facilitates the knowledge
of the next.' Only in the orations which
]adilM plaoM bt (oa moatfaa of his leading
74 Knolles
personages does Johnson detect aught that
18 tedious or languid ; and Knollea's limited
reputation he attribotaa to hk choice of a
subject of which nnno dp.?ire8 to be in-
'
formed.' liallam commends Johnson's ver-
dict : * KiioUea*a doaeriptions ava vivid and
animated circumstantial, but not to fppble-
ness his chuim'ters are drawn with a strong
;
pencil.' Horace Walpole,on the other faaud^
Innnd the ^^tvle tiresome; but Southey was
ail ardent admirer, and recommended Cole*
ridge, when setting ou^. for Malta, to 'look in
old Knolles and rend the siege of Malta be-
you go.' Byron acknowledged dtajp in-
debtedness to Knolles. Shortly before his
death at Miasolonghi, he wrote: 'Old KnoUps
was one of the tirst books that gave me
pleasure when a duld ; aad I beliatwi it kad
much influence on my future wishes to ruU
the Levant, and gave perhaps the oriental
colouring which is observed in my pootiy'
(Btrok, Jf'brA,ix.l41i cLJ)mJwm,\ik,r
c. cxlvii. 7).
Knol1e<) iilso pulkliriied a translation 'The :
Six Bookes of n Common W^le
written by
J. Bod in, a famous Lawyer . . out of the .
Ix)ndon, 1600 (by Adam Islip), dedicated to
Sir Peter Manwood (cf, BuTDOES, Cenmra
A Litfraria, i. 349 sq.) Wood wrongly ascribes
to Knolles 'Grammatica Latina, tlrjpca et
Hebr.' (1665), which is bv Ilanserd Knollys
[q. v.] (Aihenmim, 6 Aug. 1881. p. 176).
Amanuscript Englinb tran"!atinn nf Cam-
den's 'Britannia' is among Ashmolean MSS.
at the Bodleian Ltlmayf Oxford. not* A
describes thi< copy as once Camden's pro*
perty, which was founde in his own libraiy,
'
focirt in a cnpbord, as a treasure he maril
esteemed and since his denth sufferod to ata
light.' It has not been printed.
[Wood^ Athuis Oxon. ed. Blias, ii. tt-tHi
KnoIWs Woilts Brit. Xaa. OsL]
; 8. I*.
KNOLLES.THOMAS(4l.]687%pnaidaat
of Magdalt-n Colb'g.', Oxford, was bom in
Weetgate, York. He wasasecularpriest.edu-
cated at Magdalen College, Oxfonl, whence
hegraduated M.A.,and becnmeinl4Q> fellow
of the college, proceeding B.D. on 19 April
1615, and D.D. June 1518. He is said to
have born rortnr of South Kirkby, Yorkshire.
From 31 .lulv lo02 ill his death he was vioar
t
of All Saints Wakefield. Wood ealla him
'a learned man,' and says he was much fol-
lowed for his preaching in Yorkshire. From
1507 to 1529 he was subdean of York, and
in 152!) b^'came a prebendary of the cathe^
dral. Un the resignation of LaurenceSt ubbs
in 1527 KnoUeswaaaleotadfVBsident of Mag*
i dakm. Ha aoeiw to faftfia oaartod aoma ia-
Digitized by Coogle
 KnoIIys 75 Knollys
lit the imrwnit^, ttnd % ft'imd of ww of Upclatford, called
JRookeB MaaoTt in
Cnniw-ell. witli whom
he rorrespondcd (see Hampshire ^partof the confiscated property
Letten and i^apers cf Henry VJII, vols. v. of Sir Richard Emtwon on 10 Feb. 16 10- 11
fiS. k. z.) On 8 Feb. 1686 he resided his [Letten, of Henry VUI, i. 94, 218).
lu?ft(l-liiy, in ftccnrdance "vsMth a promise made The ' Robert Knollea,' a dyer of Wakefield.
tbfl year before to CromweU, who deeired Yorkshire, who wa-s given letters of protec-
ikipoitftir Mother fiiendfBl^han). The tion on gi>inf7 to the war in France, in th*'
latt'-r wofl, hiiWfvr'r, not oloct^d. KnoUes retiniif of IJichnpl T.'tnp--'st, in April 161.3.
mired to Wakefield, where he died on 9 May can hardly be identical with the usher of
W. Bv his will, which is atiU eactaat at the royal chamber {ib. I 620, 640). On
Yftrk, L ' (If sired to he burit'd near hie parents 9 July 1614 the u.sher and his wife werp
is the Math aisle of All Sainta' C hurch/Wake- jointly granted the manor of Rotherfiehl
ieU. The grcvesbMie has disappearad, iMt Greys, near Henley-on-Thamsi, Oxfordshire,
WaltfT {si^ Cathedral Church <>/ Wakefi^M, in snr\'ivor-lii{i. at an annual rental of ii red
a 191) oopied the Latin inacription from rose at midsumni-r. The grant was con-
PrisTOttrs notes ui the Bodlema Library, firmed on 6 Jan. 1617-18 by lettscs patent
Oxford. own lives and thnt of one siicoossor.
for their
[UNere'a Faiti, iii. 131. S16. dl ; Wood's Other royal gifts followed {I'b. i. 841, ii, pt.
FmcI, a
Bliss, i. S5, 48, 48; Osf. Uiihr. K(^. ii. 1217,' iii. pt. i. 121, iv. nt. i. 231).
Robert Knollys died in 1621,nna w.is buried
(Oxt Hit. Soc.), i. 82 ; SiFw-n's Hist, of Wake-
Chanh. p. 15 ; Bloxam's iiegitr of Mag-
flaid in the church of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.
MbU8>w iLISl. iu. 89, iv. 7. 10, 46 ] His will, dntrd 13 Nov. 1620, wa.s proved
E. T. B. 10 June 1621, His widow, Letitia or I/t ttice,
KNOLLYS, Sib FRANCIS (1614?- was daughter of Sir Thoioas Penyston ol
15^6), 8tataman, was elder son of Robeut Hfiwridge and Marshall, Buckinghamshin.
Ki-oi.tr?(/f. 1521). TljeftttheriiiSiaidbyDug- After Ro'it^rt Knol1y"s death she became thf
(i&ie to have been descended from Sir liobert second wife ot Sir Robert Lee of Burntou,
KnoUytorKaollBs(A 1407)j;q v.j, the soldier, Buckinghamshire, son of Sir Henry Leo ef
but this 18 an error. Sir Francif'^ pt'tlipree Quarendon in the same county. Sir Kobcrt
cannot be authentically traced beyond Sir Ixe, hy whom she had issue, diod in l>'y^i7,
ThoniM Knollys, lord mayor of London in when she became the second wife of Sir
l'?^*^Und 1 11 0, from whom Sir Francis's father Thomas Tresham of Rushton, Northamp-
w&j dith m
(io^cfut. Lord-mayor Knollys tonshire, prior (under Queen Mary) of the
ws s member of the Grocers' Company. Knights of St. John of JeniMkm. Her wiU,
H- ! t 'd in 14(X) the rebuilding of tlif dated 28 Jiina 1567, WM
vronred 11 JoK
ijui.diaiii, and he also reboilt St. Antholin's 166H.
Omreh Wntlinpr Street, wlierp he wa^
in Robert Knollys*adlildren included, besides
baried with his wife .Inari, Jlis will, dated Irancirt, asnn Henry and two daughter.", Mary
30 May 14^5, wus proved 11 July 1436 at and Jane. The latter married Sir Richard
Limbeth, where it is still presonredL 8ir Wingfield of Kimbolton Castle. Th- son
Thomas's son Thomnt (d. 141C) possessed Henry (d. 16R3> wm
in some favour with
the manor of North Mimms, llertlordshire. Edwurd \ I and Qm-fn HiiiaWth. Heweai
Ihis passe d to his heir, Bobert, who died abroad with his brother FranasdittuigQillMa
without male issue. It was the second son, Mary's reign. In 16()2 he was sent on s
Richard, who swm? to have been grand- diplomatic miw^ion to Germany, to observe
ilther of Sir Frunci-i's fatJier, Robert Knollys the temper of German prot"9tanta (Fboudb,
{BenJd and (itmealc^t, vii. 663, viii. 280). Hist, vi, <'<^(y), and in 16(J0 was temjv)rfirily
Inl4S8 the latter was one of Henry VIl's employed in warding both Queen Mary (k
kodmien, and lato in that year was ap- Scotland at Tutbury and the Duke of Nor-
pointed to wait on the king's dearest son
'
folk in the Tower {Hatfield MSS i. 448).
the prince' (Arthur). He received 6/. 'by He was M.P. for Reading in 1663, and for
wy of reward for mch of the three years
'
Christehurehiol572. His will,dafeed87Jalj
14^ to 149C>. and when Henry VII m.-t 15S2. was proved 2 Sept. 1683.
Ajrhdttke Philip in 15(K) he accompante<l the Francis, bom about 1614, appears to have
&|fiA king as one of the ushers of the received some education at O.xford, but
^^vr^KsiMaterinb illujttrativeof Hmnf VII, AV^ood's assertion that he was for a time a
fiolit Ser. ii. 38.3, .394, 437, 662 ; Letter.'* of member of Magdalen Coll*ge is unconfirmed.
mtjurd III and Henry VII, RoUs Ser. ed. Henry VHI ext,ended Ui him the flavour that
Gatrdner, ii. SO He continupd in the same
). he had shown to bin fsthfr. nnd *erurp<l t
fioe under Henry VJII, and received an him in fee the paternal estate of Ruthcriield
if90l.anNr.lMe^tBdft.8niit Ctoigra IB im ActsofpMliMMntinl6l0*
8

Digitized by Google
 Knollys t76
1541 and in 1645-6 attested this grant, mak-
ing his wife in the second act joint tenant
vnth him. At the same time Fmieis became
nti" of the g^entlemon-pensioners at court,
and inir>;j9 attended Anne of Cleves on her
arnvftl in Knglaad. In 1542 he entered the
House of Commons for the first time as
member for Horsham. At the be^nning' of
EdwavdVI's reigrn he accompanied the Eng-
lish army to Scotland, antl wtvi knighted by
the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Somer-
mtf at the camp at Roxbiuvb, S8 Sept. 1547
(NiCHOM, Lit. of ^w. VI, ii. 219).
KnoUys'a strong protestant convictions re-
commended bfan to the yming king and to
liis Kistor the Princess nlizriln'th, und ho
peDt muck time at court, taking a promi-
nent part not only in tournaments there ii
889), but also in religions discussion. On
25 Nov. 1551 he was present at Sir William
Cecil's house, at a conference between a few
'Catholioa and ptotestants respecting the cor-
poreal presence in the Sacrament (Stbvpe,
C'rannier, 1848, ii. 356). About the snmo
date he was granted the manors of Cavern
ham in Oxfordshire and Cholscy in Berk-
shire. At the end of 1552 he visited Ireland
on public business.
The accession of Mary darkened Knollvs's
prospects. His reliffious opinions placed him
in opposition to the gorernment, and he
deemed it prudent to cross to (lermany. On
his departure the Princess, Elizabeth wrotti
to his wife a sympathetic note, expressing a
wish that they would soon be abl tn return
iasi^ety (Okeen, Letters qflUmtrious Ladietf
ill. 97^~9). Knoll3fs first took np his rBsi
denco in Frankfort, where hf was admitted
a church-member, 21 Dec. 1557, but after-
wards removed to Btrasburg. According to
Fuller, he * bountifully communicated to the
necessities ' of his fellow-exiles in Germnnv
{Church Hist. iv. 228), and at Strasbnrg he
eeems to have been on Intimate terms with
Jewel and Peter Martyr (cf. BtrRXET, Refor-
mation, iii. 500). Hefore Mary's death he re-
turned to Kngland, and as a luaii of assured
*
understanding and truth, and well atieoted to
the protestant religion,' he was admitted to
Eliaabeth's privy coxmcil in December 1668
(Haywarp, AnnaU, p. 12). He was soon
afterwards made vice-chamberlain of the
household and captain of the halberdiers,
while his wife ana her sister first cousins
of Elizabeth became women of the queen's
privy chamber {Hatfield MSS. i. 168). In
1560 Knnllys's wife anil son RobTt v.-ere
granted for their lives the manor of Taunton,
part of the property of the tee ofWinchester. position grew more and more distasteful , an<l
In 1550 KnoUy* was chosen M.P. for Arundel, writing on IR .Tuly to Cecil, whom he Icept.
and in 1662 for Oxford, of which town lie was well informed of Mary's couversatioo,
Knollys
also appointed chief steward. In I'Ti? he was
elected member for Oxfordshire, and sat for
that constituency until his death. Thsoogh-
out his parliament ary career he was a frequent
spokesman for the government on que.stions of
general politioa, bat in eecleaiastical mattera
he preserved as a aealoiis puritan an indepen-
dent attitude.
Knoll vs's friendship with the queen and
Cecil led to his employment in many offices
of anxious respousibiUty. In 1663 he was
governor of Poitamouth, and was much
harassed in August by the difficulties of sup-
plying the needs in men and monev of the
Earl of Warwick, who was engaged on his
disastrous expedition to Havre (see Dudley,
Ambbosb; Hatfield MSS. i. 274-6). In
April 1666 he was sent to Ireland to ooattrol
the expenditure of Sir Henry Sidney, the
lord deputy, who was trying to repress the
rebellion of Shane O'Xeil, and was much
hampered by the interference of court fac-
tions at home; but Knollys found himself
compelled, contrary toElizabcth'.s wish, to ap-
prove Sidney's plans. It was, he azplailftedy
out of the question to conduct the campaign
against the Irish rebels on strictly economi-
cal Unas (cf. Bagwell, Ireland' under the
Tudor*, ii. 105-7). In Aufnist 1564 he ac-
companied the queen to Cambridge, and was
created M.A. Two years later he went t
0.\for<l, alf=;o witli his sovereij^ii, and received
a like distinction there. In the same year
(1666) he was appmnted treasursr mihe
queen's chamber.
In May 1668 Mary Queen of Scots fled to
England, and flung herself on EUaabethV
protect ion. She had found refuge in Carli.sle
Castle, and the delicate duty of taking charge
of the fogitire was entrusted jointly to
Knnlly-i and to Henry Scrope. niiUli l)arr)n
Scrope. On 28 May Knollys arrived at the
castle, and was admitted to Mary's presence.
At his first interview he was conscious of
Mary's powerful fascination. But to bor re-
(|uests for an interview with Elixabeth, and
for help to fagain bar throne, he retiu-ned
the evasive answers whirh Eli;:nb'th'.'i ad-
visers had suggested to him. and he franklv
drew her attention to the suspicions in whicti
Darnley's murfUr involved her. montli A
passed, ond no decision was reached in I.<on->
don respecting Mary's future. On 13 Jaly
Knollys contrived to remove her. tlcspite * ho r
tragical demonstrations,' to Bolton Caatle^
the seat of Lord Scrope, where he tried to
amuse her by teaching ner to write and spealc
English (Hatfield MSS. L 400). Knollys'^
and
Digitized by Google
 Knollys
condnct, lie angrily demanded hia
OVrisht, Qiutn Eliz. i. 291). But while
lAiDenting hi occupation, Knollys conscien-
tiously endeavourt'd to convert hia prisoner
tohia puritanic views, and she read the Eng-
lish prayer-book under his guidance. In
hia discussion-^ with hor hf^ commended so
m
onRserredly the doctriues and forms of Ue-
that Elisabeth, on learning hb line
of amunent, sent him a shnr;> reprimand.
Koouya, writing to Cecil in self-defence, de-
Kribed bow contentedly Mary accepted his
rliin speaking on religious topics (8 Aug.
1566). jlaiy made in iact every effort to
tiiteia good relations with him. Late in
AujniM she gave him a present for his wife,
tlesiftrd his wife's acquaintance, and wrote to
Lim a very friendly note, her first attempt in
Englifh composition (Er.r.is, Ori;/. Jjettera,
Ik aer. ii. 252). lu )ctobt:r, when schemes
( made in 1579, but during the n^otiations he
ftraarrying Mary to an l^nglish ndUeman
ere undt r onsideration, Knollys proposed
that his wife's nephew, George Carey, might
prove a suitable match. In November the
inqairy into Clary's misdeeds which had
begnn at York, w as reopened at Westmin-
OfSnd Knollys pointed out that he needed a
lgwco:::]>any of rttainr-rsin order to keep his
wisoDi-r siu from apos&ible attempt at rescue,
lo Deamber he was directed bv Elizabeth
to induce Mary to assent to her nfidicatinn of
the Scottish throne. In January 1509 he
I^ainly told Elizabeth that, in declining to
Dow Mary cither to be condemned or to be
equitied ou the charges brought against her,
lbs was inviting perUs whieh were likely to
overwhelm her, and entreated brr to Icnve
the decision of Mary's fate to lier well-tried
eoaneiUotS. On 20 Jan. onlers arrived at
Bolton to transfer Mary to Tutbury, where
the arl of Shrewsbury was to take charge
flfber. Agninst the removal the Scottish
queen protested (25 Jan.) in a pathetic note
to Knollys, intended for Elizabeth's eye
tLaiAHorr, iL 284-6), but next day she
1* forced to leave Bolton, and KnoHys re-
mi\n<^ with her at Tutburv till 3 Feb. His
ife'i death then called him home, ilnry
Uaai d Elizabe th for the futal termination
of Lady Knollys's illness, attributing it to
hr buiiband'a enforced absence in the north
' Wki. ht, Quern EUz. i. .30H).
la April 1571 Knollys wtronply supported
the letrospective clnuAos of tl)e> bill for the
better protection of Qib tn Elizabeth, by
v^hich any person who hod previouidy put
inward a cUim to the throne was adjudged
gailtv of hip-h treason. Next year m* was
appointed treasurer of the royal houfindiold
'13 July), and he entertained Elizabeth at
Bssdi nf AhbcTf when he often nsided by
277 Knollys
recall permLsslon of tlie crown. The office oftW"
surer he retained till his death.
Although Knollys was invariaUy on good
terms personally with his sovereirrn, he nevt r
concealed his (fistrust of her statesmanship.
Her unwillingness to take* safe counsel,* her
apparent readiness to encourage parasites and
flatterers, whom he called Kin^ liichurd the
'
Second'8 men,' was, he boldly pointed out, re-
sponsible for nioHt of her djintri-rs and ditlicul-
ties. In July 1578 he repeated his warnings
in a long letter, and begged her to adopt
straightforward measure-s so as to avert such
disasters as the conquest of the Low Countries
by Spain, the Tevolt of Scotland to France
and Mury Stuart, and the growth 'of papists
in England (Wright, Qwen Eliz. ii. 74-6).
He did not opposet he first proposals for tlie
marriage with Alenyon which were
qm'eii'.H
showed reluctance to accept the scheme, and
Elizabeth threatened that 'his seal for le-
ligion would cost him dear.'
In December 1681 he attended the Jesuit
Campion's execution, and nsked him on the
scaffold whether he reuouuced the pope. lie
was a commissioner for the trials 01 Parry
the jcsult in 1 'jS.'), of Bftbinjfton and his fel-
low-coii.^piriitors, whom he tried to argue into
protestantism, in 1 580, and <^ Queen Mary aft
Fotherinpiy in the same year. ITo ".rrrfd
^Mary's immediate execution in 15S7 boili in
parliament and in the oouncil. In April
1589 he was a commissioner for the trial of
Philip Howartl, earl of Arundel. On 16 Dec.
1684 no introduced into the House of Com-
mons the bill lejralii^ing a nntimml oesnciation
t o protect the queen from assa.atiination. In
1686 he offered to eontribttte 1001. for seven
years towards the expenses of the war for the
defence of the Low Countries, and renewed
the offer, which was not accepted, in July
15*^0. In 1588-9 he was placed in command
of the laud forces of Hertfordshire and Cam-
bridgeshire which had been called togetlier
to resist the Spani.>*h Armada. Knollys wa-*
interested in the voyages of Erobisher and
Drake, and took shans in the first and second
Cathay expedition^.
Knollys never wavered in his consistent
championship of tho puritans. In May 1574
he joined liis^hop Grindal, Sir "SValter Mild-
may, and Sir Thomas Smith in a letter to
Parkhurst, bishop of Nom'ich, arguing in
favour of the relipous exercises known B3
'prophesying' But he was zealous in oppo-
sitioo to heresy, and in SeptanlNV 168i ne
begged Burghley and Ix'icester to repress
such ' anabaptisticall sectaries as members-
'
of the Family of Love,' who do serve the
'
'
turn of the papista' (Wjusut, ii. 162-4>
Digitized by Googlc
 Knollys
Writi^ to Wkitgift, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 20 June 16w, be hotlj oondflraned tb
archbwhop'h attempts to jirodecute purituu
preacliers iu the court of high commission
a4 aujastly despotic, and treading the high- '
way to the pope ' {Hatfield MSS. iii. 36).
He supported Cartwriglit with equal vehe-
meiuse. On L'4May 15^ he sent to Burghley
a bittiar attack on < the imdAnniiiiii^ aai^
tion and covetousness of some of ourbishops.'
aud on their perAecutious of the puritans
(ib. pp. 412-18). Rjpetitiug his views in July
1586, heurg^dthe banishment of all recuaants
and the exclusion trom public offices of all
who married recusants. In 1686 htt charged
Whitgift with endangering the qtwon's saiety
by hia poj>iBh tynnny, and em)x)died hia ac-
euMtiim in n wAm of articles which Whit-
gift charactcri5id as a fond and scandalous
syllogiam. Iu the uarlianient of 15d&-d he
Tttfauy endtavourea to pass % bOl agunet
non-residence of tln' cli rgy and pluralities
(Stbxpk Whitgi/ty p. iSi'ij. In the oouim
of tt mouMton he denouneed the elitms
of the hisliopA 'to keep courts in their owu
name/ and denied them any ' worldly pre-
eminence/ This speech/ related by himself
toBui^hley, was published in ItlOo, together
with a letter to Knollys from his friend, the
puritan Dr. Reynolds 'or Kainold.<t,' in which
bishop Bancroft's sermon at St, Paul's Crot-s
(9 Feb. 1588 0) was kH'n!y crit ifisecl. The
volume was eiitith*d *
Itu'urmations,
jPfeotestotion aud a Treatise from Se t;
. . all Bug^estin^ the Usurpation uf I'apul
. AVilliani Carey, cequire of the body to
Bii^hope.' Knollys 8 contribution reapurared
as Speeches used in the parliament by Sir
'
Francis Knoles,' in W illiam Stoughton's
'Aesertion for True aud Christian Church
FbHeie' (London, 1642). Throughout 1680
and 1590 he was seekinj^, in corresiKindence
with Buzghley, to convince the latter of the
imyoU^ofadlopting Whitgift'atheorrof the
divine right of bishops. On 9 Jan. ISQl he
told his correspondent that he marvelled 'how
hor Majestie can be persuaded thateheie in as
much (i.intrerof such as are called Purj-tane
as she is of the Papysts (WaieHT, ii. 417).
' longed' to Ueber(ef. BAl. Meber. ed. Collir,
Finally, on 14 May 1591, he declared that
he would prefer to retire from politics and
falitical oHice rather than cea.se to express
is hostility to the bishops' claims with full
fft'i-th )!U,
Kiiyllys's domestic affairs at times caused
him anxiety. In spit^ of his frieudlv rela-
liOlM ^th
tie Earl of Leicester, he ^id not
approve the royal favourites intriirues with
his daughter, Lettioe, widovT of Walter iJe-
vereux, earl of Essex [cj. v.], and he
first
finally insisted on their umrnnpe at Wan-
tead' 21 Sept. \b1%. The wayward temper
J78 Knollys
of his graadaou, Robert Dereraux, aeeond oarl
of Ermx (son of hb dangfatav Lettiee by Iter
first husband), was a source of trouble to him
in his later veats, and the qtteen seemed in*
cUnod tomalcehia TesponsiNe fiv the yoitth't
vagaries. Knollys was created K.Q. in 1^9<i,
and died 19 July 1590. He was buried at
Rotherfield Gro^s, and an elaborate monu*
mentf with effigies of seven sons, six daugh-
ters, and his son William's wife, is etill
?t (lading in the cliureh there. A
poem on
his death was penned by Thomas OhoMli*
yard, under the title 'A sad and solemne
funerall,' London, 1596, 4to (see reprint in
Park's' Heliconia'). Twoportraitsof Knollya
and one of his wife are !*ald to have be*n in
possession of a doM^endant at Fern Hill, near
Windsor, in 177ew
Many of his letters are printed in Wriglit*8
' Queen Elizabeth/ in the Calendars of
the
Hatfield MSS., aad hi HayiMa'it 'StMo
Papers.* Wood .states thtit a manuscript
'
Qeneral Survey of the Isle of Wight| with
all dio Foitnsasa and Castles iioar ad)<i&*
ing,' belonged in his time to Arthur, earl of
Anglesey. A
manuscript ' Diseourae of Kx*
change' by Knollys is at Penshuiet (Hiat,
MSS. Comm, 3rd Rep. p. 2iX)) ; his ' argo*
menta against the cross in baptism and t hr'
surplice are in Lansd. MS. 64, art. 14, und
a 'projeet' by him tor security of the ^ro-
'
tehtant religion by checking the rr 1 niantical
1
or a power is in Lansd. AIS. 97, art. lfc>.
'
1 ami Knollys maniod Catherine, daughter 4if
!! nrj VJII,by Mary, daughter of Sir Thomaa
Boleyn, earl of Wiltshire, and alitor of
Queen Anne Boleyn. Lady KnoUyswa^ thus
first cousin to Queen Elizabeth, and aiet^r
to Henry Carey, lord Hunsdou [q. v.l SOm
died, aged 30, at Hampton Court, wnilf in
attendance on the queen, 16 Jan. aoMi
was buried in Apru in 6t. ISdaiaidls Obsp^l
in "Westminster Abbey, at th r n al expense
iMat/Md MSS. L 416J. Eliaabeth koecaly
Mt her loss (A. L 400). A. bmadride epi-
tftph by Thomas Newton, dated in 1569, VcK
p. 66). She left seven sons and four daug^h-
ters. Of the latter, Lettice ( 1540-1634) was
wife suocewively of Walter Devereux, earl of
Esisex, Kobert Dudl.'y, earl of Leioester, and
of Sir Christopher Klount [see under Ovb-
LEI, Robert]; Cecilia, nuiu] nf.honoxij- to
Queen Elizabeth, married Sir Thomaa I>eigli
ton, captain of Guernsey (Nicolas, Uatton,
p. L'^l
)
.'\nne, married to Thomas, lord de Ia
;
Warr and Catherine, married (1) to Qei>ald
;
Fit7.gerald, lord Otfaly, end {%} Sir Plxili^
Botfter of Wat ton \S'oodhall.
All KuoUys's sous ti^ere piDmiuent ooui^
Digitized by Google
 KnoUys 79 KnoUyi
tuib in hit lifetime. They were, A<scordiag for Berksliire iu 15U7 uud 1625. His will
to Kaunton, at continual feud with the was proved in 1648. He maxHed LettioBf
Norrin family, and, aided by Leiccster'a in- daughter of John Barrett of Ilatdiam, Glou-
diusBcv, kept their rivaU m tiubjttction
until cestershire, by licea*ti dated 21 Dec. X588.
Leieester's death. Henry, the eldest sou, de- A 8on Sir Fraucis, who seems to have been
icribed a.-5 of Kingsljurj', Warwicks'.iire', woa M.P. for Heading in 1625 0 8 and 1610, died
oducatud at M^dalen Coliuge school, Ox- in 1643, and lua dttughter, JL^titia or Lettice,
IsdyMd after acoompta^g hi^ father tu wao sflcoad wife of Joha Hainpdan [q. y.]
Germany, is said to have matriculated at the ThoDiA.'-. fip])!ir.-ntly seventh son, distin-
eoUeg<e, aiiiiuu^h his name does not appear guished hiuitielt' ui the wariaru in the Low
ateinuTenttjrBgiater.and toluwreobtauaed Countries, acting as governor of Ostend in
them the reputation of beinga very culti vated 1586, and prominently aiding J\r' i^rine
Md n-Ug^iouamaii. He was elect^ed M.P. fur Ik^rtie [q. vJ in the ai^ of Bei^u iu 1588.
Sk'^iivham ni IfiOSM, and for Oxfordahire in lit- luutriad Odsliftf qwigjlitar of Jobn dt
li72, and accompanied his brothor-iu-law, Morada, znaiquess of Bergen.
Waiter Dover eu.\, earl of Essex, to Irehmd
fWood's Aiham Oxon. i. 663-6; Cooper's
i

IftlB74. lie was an esquire of the body to Atlama Canbabr. il. IM. 548 ; Oent. Mag. 184.
Queen Elizabeth. Hi-, will, dated 21 i)ec. pt. i. p. 250 (account of Lctlioo KnoUyK and hor
litS'J, wta proved 14 May lie uiurried, family) i^'roudo's Ui&Ujry Liala of Members ;
;

befon 11 Apol 1668, Margaret (1549 f- of FarliamoDt; Cal. St^ite Papers, Domestie^
ItfW^ daiiijhter of Sir Ajnlx>se Cave, by Colonial, and Scoitinh Dr. F. G. Lee's History ;

whom ho iiiid two daughters, Elizabeth (dead of the Prebendtil Church of Thame, p. 693;
Iwfcre 16Si' ), V ife of bir Uenry Willoughby Uersld and Genealogist, vulh. rii. viii. >icoUs'B ;

(d. 1649) of KialHV, Derbyshire, and Lettice, Iifa of Sir Qhristoitliar i^ttoo; Dereretts's

wifie of William, fourth lord Paget {d. 20 Aug. Livea of Earls of Ex ; I)agdala*s Barooage;
tnm wMm dmonAjlta MaiquiiM
of Strypti's "Wliiurifl, Ect-l. MemoriuUi, and Anmila;
Coateb's Tieadiii^f Zurich Letters (Parker Soc.) ;
;

Nichols's Lit. Iltjiuaius of Edward VI (Roidk

Wiiham, the second jbod, and eventual
Club); Nauntoa's Queen Elizabeth's Favourites;
tr, it aoticed separmtdy.
Pedigree of the family of Knollys and title to
Edward, the third a^n, waa electid M.V. the iiiunor of Rothorfield Greys, (iuhh'she*! by
Oxford 2 April 1571 aud died ubuiit iuoO.
,
the House of Lords, 1810; Daveoport's Lords-
Sobert, the- fuuth son, was appoiatad Tientaiwita and Shariflb ef (hfwedahite, p. 60.1
laep^ of Sion Jlo!.si! in lotK), and uslier of
tit- Mint iu the Tcft er, 6 1' eb. 1678. lie was
M.P. for Keadiaf from 1572 to 1589, and '

KKOLLTS, HAN8EBD (1^?-1691),

tar BrecoiishireiVom l.'Sf) to 1601, i>ub<*e- pHrticubir b!H)'ist divine, was bom at Cawk-
^uently ailtinflor Abingdon, 1G14, and again well, Liiu oIiK'.lan,', about 1599. He wa.-i
tn Uj-i-i tm
UKKb. and for Berkshire in educated privately under a ttttOf^ ma
for u
1820. He iu created K.B. -'4 July 1003. *lior( tinicatiTi-eat (riu3>by prommar school,
and died v Janunry 1626. He married aud aiterwurd.s graduated at Cambridge; his
KathenDe,^ughter of SirRowhtudVAU^ian college is not mentioned. Leaving 1in> CM
fPorthati^ Anj^loaey. versitv, he became master r^f rh<' s;Tanimar
Hichaw'^j^ tifth ion, described aa ol school at Gainsborough, Lmcoiushiro. Iu
Sinfoi^_j|^Vl*, Berkshire, M.P. for 1629 he wtm ofdained (90 June, deacon
Korthai^^jj in 1688 and for allinjrford W 30 June, ])rie!t), and he was presented to the
'21 Aug. vicarage of liumbertitoue, Lincoln^ihire, by
?Jf*!ied at Rothertield Greys
married Joane, dan^htar of Jokn ^ViUiamB, then bishop of Lincoln. He
'*\vintr I

iK hara of Cliffords, Sussex, and sister

liighw'" of Stanford, ller Htcond
preached also every Sunday in the in itrhbour-
ing churches of Holton-le-Ciuy and bcui iho,

^ i whI FVancte Winchcombe of Buckle- ,

but in two or three years resigned his living
il3-rkshire. She wa^ buried at llother- owinj? to scruples about ceromonies and ad-
lO Oot. leai. Sir iiobert KnuUys mi:isu>a to the commuuion, coniiuuin;?, how-
V-V8
;
)
hr son by her brat h unhand, was ever, to preach. By 1680 he hud b* c mu) u
')

He
I

'
10 Jan- 1^1 "'-13. ""tl acc|uired sopamtist. an'! rononncied hit< orders.
id
ttrey* fi^'t" uncle William removed to Loudon with hi wito and
f field
estate was floAlly
The family, and tlMrtly aAerwards iled .to Nor
Sch. 160O-*1-
family in 1686. England t-sraiie th*' hi;;h commi<iun
[ted from tbo
BOLtb. son, leabed
mow. from the crown ;
court. A warrtiut from that ourt reuciiud
I him nt Boston, but after ft hiufimprisouuienr
at court as 'youncr 8ir FranoL.' he was allowd to remain urnn'^'b-sted. He
tnown
for U^ord io72-Ci6, oud I
]ireached at Duver, ^'w Hutpp^birQ. Cotton

Digitized by Google
 Knollys 280 Knollys
Mather enumerats him among godlj ana- of Venner^ inaufreetion he waa coimaittid
'

hapfi^itp ;
tlio diite of his adoption of this
' to Newgate on groundless suspicion, and
type of doctrine and practice is not clear. detained till the act of grace on the king*!
Ob S4 Bee. 1641 he xeaehed London on coronation (S8 April) liberated him. Itvti
his return tn this country at the instance not safe for him to resume his ministry in
of bis aged father. He opened a boarding- London ; he made some stay in Wales, and
sebool on Great Tower HilL Soon afterwarda twice sought a refuge in Lincolnshire. Snip
h>' was elected to the mastership of the free ing thence fnr Holland, be made hia wavto
school ia the parish of St. Mary Axe. As a Germany, where he remained two or three
Bchoolmaater he waa Tery euccesafnl, but years, returning at length to Londoa tnr
after holding this office for about a year he way of liotterdam. In his absence, Colonel
SLve it up to become an army chaplain, Legge, lieutenant of the ordnance, in the
issatiafied -n'ith the spirit of the parlia- kin^s name took forcible possesnon of bis
mentary commanders, he returned to London property (a house and garden worth TOOt,
and to school-litM'pinp. He leamwl Hnhn-w and 200/. deposited with the Weavers' Qm-
from Christian liavy [Ravis] Berlinut, 'He- pany).
brew pco&aaor' in London. In 1644 we In London he once more resumed his s cVol
find him preaching in London and SiilVulk and his pastorate, preacbinp- alsn a morning
churches and churchyards, and occaiiiunally, lecture on Sundays at l'mueri>' HaU, OB
in what afterwards became quaker fashion, Broad Street, then in the band* of indepen-
endeavouring to supplement the regiilnr ser- dents. On 10 May 1670 he was arrested t
mon by a discourse of his own. This led, his meet ing iu George Yard, under the second
according to Edwards (^Oartgrttna, 2nd ed. Conventicle Aot, wiuch had just come into
164n. i. 1l>0 Rq.\ to riots und tumult^;,' for force. He was committed to the lii-lmp^^-ute
'

which Knolh's was twice brought before a compter, but was considerately treated aud
oommittee of'^ parllamenti Imt on each occa- waa allowed to preach to the prisoners it :

sion got off.' In fiict he was absolved from the next Old Bailey sessions he obtain"'] hi*
'

blame and protected in his action. lie discharge, Ue survived the Tolerutioii Act,
^thead a chmch of his own in 1645, meet- and t hough in extreVM old age, took a leadiDg
,

ing' first, for about a year, inGreatSt. TTrleu's, ])art in e<!' *rt s madeiil 1S89 for the consolida-
* next door to the publit^ue church,' then in t ion of the baptist caik|se. He retained gmt
Finsbnry Fields, next m
Coleman Street, vigour hoth of body hnd mind ; when at-
subsequently in Cu^ov^a Yard, "NVhitechnpel, tacked by illness he discwrded medicin>, aaJ
and ultimately at Broken AVharf, Thames resorted to anointing and prayer. lie con-
Street. His most important convert was tinued preaching to the last, when he ooald
Henry Jessey [q. v.], whom he baptised in scarcely stand or miJie this voiee hasnL
.Iunc*l()4r). 'a letter (11 Jan. 1646) from Kobert Steed was his assistant.
him to John Dutton of Norwich, in favour of He died on 19 Sept. 16'Jl\in his ninetj-
toleration, printed by Edwards {ib. iii. 48), tbird year, and was huried in^unbill Fields.
'Tiihittercd the presbytorinns against him. The funeruLermon was preaclled hyThorou
liut his ministry' was |K)pular; though Ed- Harrison (1<)9;3 1745), particular bsDtirt
wards him a weak man, and a sorry
calls '
minister at Petty France, and after^'aras t
disputant,' he attrncttMl nearh* a thousand Loriners' Hall. His jMirlrait, at the a;ze of
hearers, lie subscribed the second edition sixty-seven, was encTiived ; the Wiut, a* re-
(1646) of the confession of faith issued by produced by Ho|iW()i.d, is given yn WilKffl-
London baptists, but not the original edition An engraving by \ nn Hove. reprof-'V^'''^
(1644). Un 17 Jan. 1649 parliament gave a in his ninety-third year, is pretLxed to his
OOnunission to him and William Kiffinfq. v.] ' Life.' He
wore long hair, mostly covered
to preach in Suffolk, on petition from inuabi- by a loose skull-cap, and ne beard. 'He mar-
tants of Ipswich. His name is attached to ried in 1630 or 1631 ; his wife died on ^ April

pleaa Ibr toleration addtaaaed to nailiasient 1671 ; he had at least three aonj
in 1661 and 1654, and to the lora nroteefior daughter Inane, his last SOrviTing
; 1

on 8 April 1657. on 15 Nov. 1671.

I

Between 1646 and tiie Beatoration Knollys He puUiahedt 1. *A Otimpse o^

I

net with no inteiferance. He held some Glory, kc, 1641, 4to (this is j)robftU
oltices of profit under Cromwell's govem- 2. '
A
Modest Answer to Dr. Bastwid)
ment, resigning on 29 Mareh 1658 the post called '^Independent^notChid'sOrdini
!

of examiner at the nistnms and excise, with &c., 1645, 4to. 3. Christ Exalted J !" ' . .

A salary of 120/.| for more beneficial em- mon

I

'
at Debenham [Coloes. iii. llj
. . .

ployment.' He was clerk of the chock till Also, another sermon [Ephes. i. 4],' &c., 164
28Majl66& QnthoatbrBak(7 JMi.l66lj |4tO| find ed.l64fl^4t0k 4. 'lW Bttioing

Digitized by Google
 Knollys
of a Hamiii^ Fire in Ziou,' &c., 1646, 4to
(answer to * The Smoke in the Temple by
John Saltmar-h 'q. v.]). o, The RuoimenU
'
of the Hebrew (grammar in English,' &c.,
1618, 8to. 6. Grammaticffi Latiuie, Qnecie
' and Knolles seems to be piorad hj the ao-
et Hebraics Compendium,' &c., 1065, 8vo
i Bodleian). 7. 'An Expomtion
spos of the "VVliole
Ikokof the Revelation,*&c., 16(>8,4ttl.
Parable of the Kinpdom of Heaven . . . first
13 Terses of tlie UAth chapter of Matthew,'
Jte^ 1674, bvo. 9. 'An Essav of Sacred Rhe-
toric,' Jtc, lG7o, 8vo. 10. An Exposition of
the Eleventh Chapter of the Revelation,' &c.,
]G79,4to. 11. <TlieWofldfhatnowi8,and
the World that is to come: or the First and
Seoood Coming
of Jesus Christ,' &c., 1681,
12ino. Also 'The Exaltation of
prefatt' to
Chrirt,' lft46,8vo, by Thomas Collier [q. v.],
sad to an edition of 'Instructions for Chilu-
tw'by BtiiiiiiniaKeach [q. v.] Posthumous
was: 12. 'The Life and Death of Hanst r<l
. .
Knollya . . . Written with his own hand to
the year 1673. ... To which is added his
Last Lepacy to the Church,' &c., 1692, 12mo
ilited and continued by Kiffin) ; reprinted
ltl2, 12mo. ITie Ilanserd Knollys Society,
for the reprinting of early baptist writings
and the nublication of oriffinai records, was
is&titatea in London in leiB, and diaaolTed
ader issuing ten volumes.
sSi Knollys
the son of Richard Knolles by Eva de Cal-
'
veley, and nephew, not brotii>:r, of Sir Hugk
(Lysons, Cheshire, p. 543). That there was
some special connection between Calveley
pearance of Knolles's arms on Calveleys
tomb, while Calvcley'sarmsappear
armsapi with those
&'The of Knolles at Scultliorpey Nonolk; the urms
of Sir Hugh lirowe, whom we know to have
been a cousin of Knolles, also appear on Cal-
yd/tffB tmnb. No coatenponify authority^
however, mentions the two men as relatives.
The date of Knolles's birth is uncertain;
Fuller conjectureathat it was at least aa early
as 1317, but it may well have been some
years later. Jehan le Bel strangely asserte
that KnoHea was a German, and saja tiiat
he had been a tailor (ii.,216).
Knolles's lirst militury service was in
Brittany, whero lie served with Calvcleyand
. Walter Ilewett under Sir Thomas Dapvortli
nt the siege of La Roche d'Orient, in July
1346 (OxTERBOimKE, p. 130, eJ. lleame).
He was already a knight in 1351, when he
took part in the famous 'Combat of the
Thirty,' on which occaaion ho was one of the
survivors who were made prisoners (see the
i poem 'Combat de8Trente,'ap. Fboissakt, xiv
j
901-20, ed. Buchon). Knolles waa aoon re-
lensed, and, remaining in Brittany, acquired

{liU, 1692 ; Punexal Sermon by HairiiOD, great renown as a soldier. Jehan le B eays l

IIM; IbtWa Vagsalia Chriati Anarimna, tnat Knolles, Renault dc Cer^'ole,aii K .Hin
1

ITM, iii. 7 ; Crosby'it Hist, of English Baptists, were the first leaders of the Companies,'
*

1791 1 120 sq., 334 eq., ii. 91 ; Granger's Bio-
inpUcal Hifct. of England. 1770. iii. 338 ; Wil.
M8 Dier:tirt^ Churches of Ixjndon, 1808, ii.
>M gq. Bruoil. ^ Lives of the Puritans, 1813,
;
iii. 491 sq.; Confessions of Faith (Hanscrd
KmUjs Soeietjy), 1864, pp. 23, 338 ; Records
f tb Churdiea at Fenstaatoo. &c. (Hanserd
KooIlyB Society), 1854, pp. 303 iq.; Ciil. State
BiMr% Dom. 16^3aod 16d6; Atheoteom, 6 Aag.
ini.]
KNOLLTS or KNOLLES, Sn BO-
BERT 1407), milita]^ commander, was
(<<.
a native of Cheshire. Walsingham calls bim
'pamar mediocrisqne^ valletus ' (HiU,
^ AtifiL
, hundred men-at-arms and five hundred
of free lances and freebooters (ii. 216; cf.
Fhoissabt,* iv. IKi). Knolles was with
Walter de Bentlev when he defeated Guyde
j
Nesle at Mouron'ou 14 Aug, 13o2 {Gko-
FRET LB Baker, p. 120, ed. Thompson). Pre-
viously to 10 July 1356 he was in charge
of Fougeray and other castles in Brittany ;
he appears to have paid two thousand florins
for tneir custody (Fatlem, iii. .107, 312, <)22).
A. o.
When in 1366 Henry of Laucast^r made a
raid into Normandy in support of Philip of
Navarre and Godfrey de llarcourt, Knolles
came to his aid from Carentoir with tliree
,

i.28o), andMalvemesaysthathewassprunp archer?. The expedition started on 22 .Tune

*Qauideinfimo genere'(ap. liiOD>% viii and ruvai(ed Normandy up to the walls of
Sfl); but, de.spite anch enreaaiona, EnoUea Rouen. Knolles displayed his valour in a
*a probnbly of honourable parentage. On successful eldrmish at the end of the raid, in
1 ilay i;ir)4 the estate of Lea was entailed the middle of July (Froissakt, iv. 18G-9, and
on Hugh, David, and Robert, sons of Richard Ixx AvESBUBT, pp. 463 5, Rolls Ser.) "Q^
;

(it fhoold be David) de Calvylegh, while in then went to besiege Domfront, and in Sep-
thetDQuisition held on the death of Mabel de tember attempted tojoin the Prince of Walea
Cbbylegh in 1361, ' Bobert Knollus chivaler in Poitou, but found the Loire so strongly
iiK^luded in the entail with Hugh and guarded that he had to return {Chron. de*
IUrjd de Calveley [see Calvelet, Sir II uoh], Quatre ValoU, pp. 46-6), In 1357 he serv ed
M>d may therefore pos-sibly be their brother under Henry of Lanctater 'n hon ho besieged
OlJliniOD, Cheshire, ii. 704", 7G8, ed. Helsbv). Du Guesclin at Renne?, and at the end of
LywDSyOa the other hand, makes Knollea June he and Sir James Pipe defeated the
i

Digitized by Google
 Knollys Knollys
nBc1i before Honfleur (Babrm, Bkt. of chaefanas kt an anbuah, but was rsaenei by
Edvardlll, p. 531). his comrade, Hannekin Pranf oLb. Tie served
Next year Kuolles wm plunderiof in Nor- with Lancaster at the siege of Dman, where
mtxAjak tbeheMl ofa namerouaboay known he vainly eadeaieonred to arrange the quarrel
aa the Greftt Compnnv/ to whr^m his r^'-
'
between Du Guesclin and llionias de Canter-
oiariiable skill inaured abundant booty; he bury (CuvijJLEB. i. 82>84). Tbenoe he was
is nid to ham nerved for liis own sluuPB a summoned to join EdwsM HE in tbe
lumdnd thousand crowns (WaL8I&ham, pnign which immedintely preceded the peace
Bkt, Aa^L i. 366 : l^oiaBABT. t. 95). ven- of Bretigny i. 97). There is. however,
tmBy be eBtablinied hlnudf in tne valley no leoofd of KnoUea's abare In it, and be
of the Loire, nKul-' himself nifister of forty wn? in Brittany in April 1360, when his wife
eaBtles,aud ravaged all the country from Ton- joiued him with a reinfoeoement (^.Faedtnt,
DemtoVecdayftttd Keren to Orleeae. The lit. 480). H. Luee does not think KnoUea
mbarbs of Orli nns wore t;ackud and burnt, took part in the expedition it is certain that ;

iriiile at Anceni^. on tlie Loire, the people he defeated and took prisoner Bertrand du
wm eo ftigbtened at tbe tenor of bis naaie OuesoUa at fta d'Ansn ia Biittany, neav
that many threw themselves into the river. the end of 1360 (Sut. 4B,
Knollea declared that he foufht neither for 311-12).
Qumdm. pn. ^
the Uiigr of England nor Rir Oharlee of The struggle between tbe paartiHUM of7elni
Navarre, but for himself alone, and dSaplayed de Montfort and Charles de Blois eontiiiupd
on hi devices the legend in spite of the peace, and KnoUes remained ia
Qui Kubttrt CauoUe preudaia. Brittany to support tbe fomer (o^ Aidbrw,
Cent aille numtona gagneia. iii. 053, 062, 6y7j. In 13(33 he was at the
siege of B^erel {Uwon. du GuescltHf p. 14,
In October 1366 he captured the eaetle of Pantb. i
Idttivaire), and ssoit year was with
and on iniNfnrcli 13'i9
Ohfite:inn'nr-';nr-T.<>ire, T.ouii of Navarre in Auvergne, where they
the town of Auxerre, which he sacked and plundered the Bourbonnais and all the
beM till 80 April, exaetlnif an enormonsnm* oountvy between tbe Loirs and AUier. Im
sora. wrongly .s-tntes tlint lie wa><
Froi.vSfirt September 1364 he was with De Montfort at
with Philip of Navarre before St, Valery in t he siege of Aurav in high caaamABd. When
A|wil (. 144-7 ; f. p. xWi). On May Da Qneeolkft and Gbariea de Hois adranoed
}io captiiTfil riiutinon-sur-T.oingr, and a little to the rescue, Knolles supported Oliver dt
later mttde a great raid through Berri into dliaaon in advising on attack, ad in tb*
Auver^e, boacting tint be would Aim to battle of S9 Sept. was josnedwittifiir Waker
Avignnii and plunder the pjlpe (Bene- Hewctt and Sir Richard Burh gh in command
dict Xlllj; Knighton states that he actu- of the first division. Gharlea de Blois waa
allv came within twlv leasee of tbe city, defoated and rijdn,I>tt6tteseIiB eaptured, snd
and caused great alarm (col. ^filO"). When John de Montfort s(>cured in possession of the
the French of Auvemne and Ilouergue came duchv, a result lively due to the valour of
bat to oppose bim, Kiolles cSnded tbem by Knolles, who tooK prisoner tlie Count of
a i^trntngem, and retired into the Limousin. Aujcerre (Fboissabt, vi. 150-5; Cim't.iek,
Uis ravages during these raids were so ter- L 201-^). As a reward John de Mont,M:t
rible tbst tiie charred ffabkM which marbed bestowed on Enollea, in 1866^ the lands of
his route were culkd M\nnlle's mitred.' A D'^rv al and Roug.'', together with two thou-
contemporary epigram hus been prefcerved :
sand ' iivres de rente* in -the land of 0mi^
(Luce, vi. p. brri), whenoe KnoUea is sense-
O JbU>bert JvuuUia, rir te fit I'xaocia moUiat
times called Sire de Derval. Early in 13^
Eiwe^iio toUispneow, dau Tulae^
Knolles joined the Black jPrinee ia hia
On bis return Xjiigfaton says that lie sent Spanish wMi
^'\pedtttQll a ebosan band of
to Eno'lj'tul to say that all the town- and th-'
CtTvnX (^impany' (Walbjvqkam, 303X i.

castles which he bad captured were at the He crossed the was of Bonoevanx with the
long's disposal. iSdward III, who wsa mneh third batleottl7BBb.,aad joinedei^TlNNaaa
pleu>ed at hi< ''nrrt'--, S'-.-rns to have rewarded Felton ^q.v.] in his reconnoitre and capture
him by pardoning his iaformal nroeeedings, of Navaretta in Alsva (LuoB, vii. p. vih. He
. and it waapMhebiytotbistbattlieoewnotts was BtiU wifb Fslten ui bia-aneoMsAu sltir-
referred in 1376, when thev jjetitioned that in'mh arrtiinst Henry of TraAtamar, but was
Sir John Hawkwood
q. v.J might receive a not j^resent at hia defeat a few days aHer.
pardon in
terms to tbe one tfraoted to jProtssart aUudea "to KtraUea as ane of those
lib^
Knolles (K.viciiToy, ol. 2(520; Bahnhs, p. who were taken prisoners on that occAsion
;6e3 ; Hot. J*arL iL 372 6). Accordmg to (vii. 303), but KnoUes wa^ certainly present
i^ightoD, Knottea waa eaptnii*-ttboatjli* at thO'bi^tle'itfKigara, 8 April, wbtaMf

Digitized by Coogle
 Knollys 83 Knollys
to diesupport of Chaado on the left wing, Noyon, and, after onossiiu thm
battle before
and bj hu valour contribttted largely to the Oise and Aisno, made a doBMOttrttiaB vdott
rietoiy (Wauungiiam, i. 304 "Wright, Pol.
: U'leimts. Thonce he cHi"ectd his steps by the
8ii^ I 95, 106). On 2 May we hear of valley of the Mame and tieiue towianiB raiia,
KboUm at Burgos (Feedera, ill. 82^). He in the hope that he might induotthelVeiidi
returned with the prince to Fnnce^ aad MWii to fight. On '22 Sept. he eiiruiiipecl near
fftr went back to Brittany. At his-Mons and Ablon. and on the 2MAh drew
When in 1309 the war bfroke out anew in up in order of battle betweeii ViBcjuif sad
Aquit&ine, KnoUes equipped a amall force, Paris. But though the English army was so
ad, embarking at Conq in April, landed at near that the smoke of the burning villages
Bodielle andJoined the Prince of Wales at was visible from Fans, CSuufee V would not
.\jifouleme. The prince received him warmly, permit the French to oUer hat tie. On the
M* him master of his household, and en- lioth the F.nglM>h marched off iiowards Kor-
trwted him with the command of a strong mandy, and on tlie 89tJi laekad St. Genraia
force. IvnoUe^'s first exploit was to induce de Seez. Knolles was much hampered by
i'erdncat d'Albret to rejoin the English; di^sensious in his army. The young noblea
the free companies under other leaders then thou<;ht it a slight to M uodeir til* ordna of
^v4cu&ted Oahors and fortified the pnory one whom they regarded as an adventurer.
t Duta\-el, where KnoUes besieged them. S5ir John de Menstreworth stirred up this
Gbtndos came to join him, but the priory feeling by calling Knolles 'the old brigand'
wu 80 strongly fortified, and the weat ner so {tetwi viepilio), and eventually u conj^idor-
hid, that they had to raise the siege. Donune able portion of the army broke away from its
vu next besieged for fifteen days without leader under Grandson nd Ifanatwworth.
fucoe^i, but afl*<r sending for reinibrcement* Knolles thereupon decided to withdraw to
UMTMDtuzed Gramat, Fone, Rocamadour, Brittany; he marched kgrCimrtns and Oha-
M VQlefranehe. hi July Chandos was r&> teaudun, and spent November in subduing
c*lled,aud KnoUes, refusing to remain with- various sniull places in the A alley of the I^jire
out hm, returned to Angouldme. He then (LucB, viii. p. iv, note 4 ; the aooount given
Ht to Poitou and serveil with the Earls of by Froiasart is inacottrate\ Mmntime Ber*
Cunlcidge and Pembroke at the capture of trend du Guesclin had Ijeeu hastily sum-
l{odiar>Yoii. In Januuy 1370 he was at moned back ftom Aquitaine,aad was march-
Aoiroal^me, and took part ing in pursuit. Knolles, who
in the operations ww now m
for the relief of Bellt-perche. In March be
the marches of Brittany, detemiiiietl to giv*
returned to Itenral (l^BOiasABX, vii. 13d-50,
battle. He summoned Sir Hugh de Calvelev
M5, 870). from St. Manr-sur-Loire, andoideied Gimnd>
Knolles had scarcely been at Derval a son to rejoin him. Grandson was on liis way
BKuth when he was summoned to England, when he was toUlfy doiietedby Du Guesclin
tnd, landing at St. Michael's Mount, rode to at Pont Vallain on 4 Bee. viii. y. vi).
^Vindsor (tb. vii. 220). The French were Further action avhs now imposHtble, ami tlie
CMrtenrplating an invasion of Wales, and English dispersed to the neighbouring fort-
Mvira UI had therefore decided on two resses, Knolles going to his own eaatloof
couoter expeditions to France. One of these DervaJ (Froissakt, vii. 2i>.'> 4o, viii. 1-4;
VMtalanaat Calais, and Knolles had been Wal8IXiiam, i. 810} CvvjiLiEB, ii.
(ksMsSiitsoommauder. After three months 146-60, 186).
*^t in preparation, the ex^iedltion, consist- Although the expedition had ended disot*-
iag fifteen hundred men-at-arms and four troualy, it had not been inetfectiml: the in*
AoMBd archers, sailed from Dover early in vasion of Wales was averted, and tm
reoftll
July (Fadfra, iii. 892, 894, 896-8; many of DuGuesclin had relieved the English in
rafewDces to the (reparations will be found Aquitaiue. Menstreworth, however, on iits
^nnroBAM, Imu RolUy see index, a. v. return made the psrtiaiiyitm the gninnd df
'Kaolies'). Leaving Calais about S?2 July, an accusation, and Knollea felt it nect^fisary
kaoQss matched to Terouenae, which was too to send hone two squires to reprei<ent his
^aof ffir attack; Arras, where he sacked the case. Sir Alan BuxhiUl [q- v.l also supportod
uborb; and so through Artois into l*icardy his late commander, anl KiiuUe.^ wa^ fully
iBd Vmnandois. The F.nglish fupported acquitted on the ground that his iU-suooesa
t^MMslfies by phmder, ana 13m country was dae tothe pride middisobiidioboe of biv
pwple fled before them into the fortreasew. followers. Menstreworth fled over ^ea. und
KooUm, whose policy was to do as much in 1377 was captured and oKecnted aaatnutor.
^B^ as possible, did aot attempt any TValeingham, howe^-er, addetbatEdwatd III
iKtfes, and contented himself with the exac- withdrew many presents which he bad be-
tioa it heavy rsasoma Ue vainly, otiered stowed on KnoUea {pi BLOHfifXEU), rL HbSl),

Digitized by Google
 Knoilys
and that KnoUes could not return to England
till he had purchased the royal favour by a
lar^ sum of money (Walsixguam, i. 310).
This is confirmed by the articles of accusation
against William, fourth lord Latimer [q. v.]
in 1377, which charged him with having em-
bezzled four-fifths of a fine of tea thousand
marks sent to tJbe kiiig l)y KhoUm (Cftnm.
Anglia, p. 78).
IvnoUes remained some years in Brittany
to support John de Montfort. By 1373
Charles V had won over to the French side
all the barons of the duchy except Knolles,
and when John de Montfort went to England
in that year he left KnoUes as his lieutenant.
Knolles went to Brest, leaving Derval in
dut^ ef his cousin, Sir Hugh Browe. In
the summer Du Quesclin laid siege to Derval
and Oliver de Clisson to Brest. Browe, soon
ledaeedto extremiti' s. u'uvr hostages for the
surrender of the castle if not relieved hj a
sufficient force within forty days ; the time
seems to have been afterwards prolonged.
Knolles learnt of his straits through a spy, and
by promising to surrender Brest ifnot relieved
within one mont h by a force which could fight
the French, induced De Clisson to raise the
siege on 9 July. Knolles left Brest^ and suc-
ceeded in entering Der\-al with a small fol-
lowing. When he arrived at Derval, Knolles
disavowed the action of his lieutenant, Browe,
and declared the agreement for the capitula-
tion void. Thereujwu Louis, duke of Anjou,
who was now in command of the French,
had Browe*s hostages executed on 30 Sept.
Knolles at once retaliated by beheading an
equal number of prisoners, and throwing their
bodies over the castle walls. These acts of
cruel tv seem to have been regarded as inde-
fensible, but Knolles gatne<1 his object, for the
Freiu h raised tiie siejrf of Derval (Troissart,
viii. l:i3-4tJ, 168-00, and M. Luce's notes on
pp. Ixxx and xciii ; Chron. du Due Louis de
JJourbon, pp, 45, 47).
Knolles appears to have returned to Eng-
land, and, probably towards the end of 1374,
was sent with an expedition to Aquitaine
but after recapturing a number of places
from the French, and among them I^iort,
he came home without securing any per-
manent advantage {ib. p. 74: ^dog. lust.
iii. 839). On 28 Nov. 1376 he was one of
the conservators of the truce with France
{Fcedera, iii. 1066). In 1377 he was one of
t he commanders of the fleet who were sent
to attack the Spaniards at Sluys (AN'albino-
ILlMi L 344). Next jrear he was again eap-
tain of Brest, and while there defeated the
I^r.tons (ib.'x. 305; jFceAra, iii. pt. iii. p. 77).
lu April he left Breet for England, and at
'\Vhituntide wu witb the Earl of Arundel
284 Knoilys
when he attacked the French outside Har*
fleur (jC^rcn. des Quatre Valois,^. 263). He
then joined the Duke of Lancaster at the
siege of St. Malo, and in company with Sir
Hugh Browe plundered the neighbouring
country. In 1379 Knolles was with John
de Montfort in London, and in July returned
withhim to Vannee (Fboissabt, vii. 275-0, ed.
Buchon). Next year Knolles took part in the
great expedit ion under Thomas, earl of Buck-
ingham [see Thomas OF Woodstock, Dt7ke of
Gloucester!, which, landing at Calaia early
in July, marched through Artois, Vermandois,
and Champagne, and eventually descended
the valley of the Loire to Brittany, ^\'hen
near Vendumc Knolles's detachment had &
skirmish, in which Knolles defeated the
French leader, the Sire de Mauvoisin, and
with his own hand took him prisoner. Buck-
infl^umi e8tuljli-li<'d himself at Kennes, but
John de Montlbrt was idready wavering, and
it was only after a mission in which Knolles
took part that matters wore for the time
arranged. At the end of October the Eng-
lish laid siege to Nantes ; luiolles was sta-
tioned with Thomas Percy at St. Nicho-
las's Gate, and his valour alone saved the
English from defeat on 12 Nov. John de
Montfort was negotiating with the French,
and did not act heartily with his English
allies, who were thus compelled to raise the
siege on 2 Jan. 1381. Buckingham retired
to Vannes, and Knolles went with Sir Hof^
Calveley to Quimper Corentin, whence they
{injbably n'turned with Buckingham to Eng-
and in the following April (ib. vii. 316-426;
Walsikohaic, i. 444-6).
At the time of Wat Tyler's rebellion in
July 1381 Knolles was residing in London^
and guarded his treasure with 130 com-
panions ready armed. After the murder of
the archbishop in the Tower, the citizens
nut themselves under the leadership of
Knolles. Knolles rode out with the King
to Bmithfield. When Richard asked him
whether Tyler s followers should be massa-
cred, he replied, 'No, my lord ; many of these
;
poor wretAies iire here against their will
then, turn lug to the crowd, he bade them
disperse on pain of death if found in the city
after night. This is the account given m
the 'Eulogium Historiarum' (iiL 35S-4)>
Froissart transposes the parts taken by the
king and Knolles, and says the latter was
angrr because Richard would not permit him
to adopt violent measures (viii. 86, 55-7, ed.
Buchon). The Lcmdoners rewarded Knoll es's
services with the freedom of their city, and
the king by the grant of the manor of St
Pancras to liim and his wiib (BLOMBUau)^
vi. 174).
Digitized by Google
 Knollys 28s Knollys
The Monk of St.-Deny8 asserts that KnoUes command in 1370 on account of his great
sb ir 'l in the Flemish expedition of Henry skill and knowledp< in handling and crovem-
Dvsp'^ns.er [q. y.l bishop of Norwich, in 1383, ing an army
(iv. 186, vii. 223). His partial
and represents nim M
plajing tiie part at ill-success on that occasion was due to pre-
Berj-Uf"* which FroisAart more correctly os- judices which he could scarcely havp con-
cnbe to Sir Hugh de G&lveley {Chron. Itel. trolled, aud he seems to have possessed some
tU BL-Deny$,\, 258, S70, 872, Documents of the qualitiea of a true general as distin-
InWits, Froissakt, viii. 4424, ed.
. ; guished from ft merely .skilful soldier. In
Bucbon). Probably the remainder of his his own time and country he was scarcely
long Ufe was spent in quiet retirement either less renowned than Hawlcwood, whom he
in liDndon or at hismanorhousp at Sculthorpe, might have rivalled permanently but for hi.-*
Norfolk. In 1384 there was a serious not loyalty to his .sovereign and his native land
in Ixindon under one John Comer ton by ;
a characteristic specially mentioned by Froi'
KiioH- advice one of the ringleaders was sart (vii. 139). To Cuvlier he is Robert

behe<uitid, aud the movement subsided. On Canole qui moult greva Fran^oiz tons lea
18 Aug. 1S80 KnoUes had licante to go to jours do sa vie' . . 'qui ne prise Fran^^ois
.

Rome on a matter of conscience (Fa-dera, deux deniers seuleraent (i. loi, ii. 103).
'

iii. pt iv. p.
. 46 ). The ' regal wealth (Wals- ' The Chandoe herald calls him a man of '

ikghjUT, I. 2SG) which he had amaaaad in few worda* (ad, Ooxe, 1. 2725).
the vars enabl"d liim to acquire large estjites, Knolles was married to his wife Con.''tantia
chi'^lly in Norfolk, but also in Wiltshire, Kent, before 1360 {iwdera, iii. 480). Leland says
inJ lyindon (Cal. Inq. p. m. ii. 'Sj'i vstkd, ; 1 i that dia waa a native of Pontefiract and a '

Hi*t. of Kent, ii. 674 Itot. Pari. iii. 25K /,).

: woman of mene birth and sometime of a dis-
He frequently assisted Richard by loaus U solute lyvyng before marriage' (Itinerary, i.
OB the sectirity of jewels and plale (Blomb- 43). But her arms, argent a less dancette
'

nEip.ri. 176). His munificence was notable. between three pards' faces sable,' are those of
In l;i!;0 he joined with Sir John Hawkwood the Yorkshire familv of Beverley, to which
and C&lrelev in the foundation of an Enf^Iish she perhap.s Ix^longed (Coll. Top. et Gen. viii.
Wital at Rome MS. 211 1, f. 100 b).
(JIarl. 321). Dying a few days after her hu.sband,
In l.^S, together with John du Cubham, he she was buried bv his side. Sir Robert lell
febnilt and endowed the bridge and chantry no lemtimate malahaiiayaiid it ia Tarjr doubt-
8t Hx'litsU'r; thebridgewasdestroywdin 1866 ful wlicther he was even, as some have sup-
Hut. iii. ;'Ai7 RoL Pari. iii. 289 A;
; posed, the father of mme or Margaret
'BMMn^Hii't.'tf Kent,\\. 17-18). In London KnoUes who married John Bahington of
ke nms a liberal b<"iiffarfnr tn the hou'^f'
of Aldrincrton, Dt>von (^Herald and Genealogist
the Carmelites at Whitefriitrs, ami 111 Nor- V. 29(j Blomepield, vi. 175). Sir Robert's
;

fclk he rebuilt the ohun^hes of Sculthorpe name moet usually appears in contemporary
nd Harpley ; but his chii'f fuundation was English writers as Knolles, but Knolli.-*,
AcoUe^ and hospital for a ma.Hter, six priests, Knowles, and Knolh^ also occur. French
tnd thirteen poor men and women, at l*ont<>- writeta ttsnally orU him Canollea or Canole.
6act which was known as Knolles' Almes- ' The common statement that he was a knight
Iwtte.* The colb'ge was endowed with 180/. of the Qarter is not substantiated (Axstis,
Tw.from land chiefly in London and Nor- StffiUmrtftk* Order Ote^,u.80-8)>
folk, it was dissolved at th' Reformation, [Frois.virt' Cliruniques, ed. Luce (Soc. de I'Hist.
but the almshouse, revivfd in 1-')U.'>, .still exists de France), vols, iv-viii., and d. Buchnn (Col-
(BlOMEFIELD, vi. 21, 270: Cal. Hot. Pat. pp. lection des OhroniqiiM)^ Tola. vii. and viii. M.:

211, 220; Rot. Pari. v. in.", Lel\kd, ; Luce's valuable nf>tes arc somotinio reft rrfd to
Itiiuraru, u 43 Dcodalk, Mvna9tic<m, vi.
;
under his own rmmo. his editiuii i:* tliu oan used,
71S-14\ except when otherwise statc<i Chronique-s de
;

Knolles died at Sculthorpe 15 Aug. 1407, Jebao la Bel (Acad. Royals, Bruscels) ; Chron iqua
nd W&8 buried at Whitefriars, London dn Dae Louia de Bonrbon, Chron. des quatro pr^
( Weeveb, Funerall Monumenti*, p. 486; Coll.
miers ValoiH. Chnuiiquo Normndo(Bll published
by Sw de I'llist. de France) Cuvelier's Chron.
Top. et Gen. viii. 321>. His two wills in ;

do l'>. dn Quosclio (Doeaments InMita sur mist,

Fr*nch and Latin, and dated 21 Oct, l.'59'J
do France) ;the pro Chronique de 15. da
ad iO May 140^1 rBtpectively, are now extant
Guesclin in the Panth^n Littiraire Walbing-
t Lambeth. No mention is made of any ham's Hi.xforiii AiiJTlicana Chronicon Angliae,
;
;

children (Herald and Genealogitt, viii. 280), 1328-88; Eologiuni Uistoriaruin;Wrigbt*8Politi>

Asa soldier he must be placed among the most cal t^ngs (the iaatfoar are oootaiaed in the Rolls
tminentof his ape; Frois^art siwaksof him m S'ries); Knigbton's Chrooinlo ap, Twyj^den's
'themost able and skilful man of arms in all the 8criptores Decern ; Bymer's FoDdeni, R<>cord ed.
'andiajathathawaadioMiilbrthA I
~
Bhwwadd' ' ' Hiet. of Karfblk, ad. aaa

Digitized by Google
 Knollys
l; Falkr'a Wocihim. i. ISa^a, ed. 1611;
IiotriiiM^ Hiat de Brvtagne; HofWb Hist
Eccl. et CHrile de Bretapne Barnes's Hist, of
;
Edward lU; Bimld nod Qoimlogist, t. 289.
KNOLLYS, WILLIAM. Earl or lUx-
wovt i)Ml-l^)t second but oldest sur-
ivin^wmof Sir mnoitKaollys [q. w], was
born in \ ^A1, and wn^i tHlrirat-'J in early youth
bv Joflceline or Julius i'almer, who fell
vietttt to tbe NftrHm uei wewtkm in 1666.
William pf'rfnrrnt'd hi.'* first piibli.' service
captain in the army which waff sent to repress
1jliiMrtheRiTCibenionml660. Hewasdeetod
M.P. forTregonv in 1 ')72, and for Oxfordahire
in 1684, 1698, 1607, and 1601. In NoTem-
bar 1666 Qtwen Elimbefii aMt liim at < om
that appertnineth to us in blood 'his mother
waa tne queen'a first cousin to James VX
f Seotland to aaainra Han that aha had no
inti'iitioti of aiding' tlie banished Scottish
lords i^Corrttp. qf Eiiz, and Jametf Camd.
Soe., p. 'iS). In the foUowhifr January he
uoooinpatiiod Burghley's son Thomas in the
ex^dition to the Low Countries under
Laioaater (Zeifontar Onrexp., CamdL Soc.,
5S), and was kniphtnd hv Lrircstcr on
?,
Oct. 1580. He was colonel of the Oxlord
aad Oloveeater regimenta of foot which were
enrolled to resist the Spanish Armada in
1688, and was created M.A. of Oxford on
S7 Sept. 1600.
Elisabeth extended to him the favour that
she had shown his father, and on the latter s
death In 1606 and the eoaaeqneiit duuigvt In
court officf'^, Knollys wn^ mado comptroller
of the royal household and a privy councillor
(80 An^. 1606). He inhented hta fiithet^
etAtea in Oxfurdshiiv nnd I'.frkshiro, nuJ
became joint lieutenant of those countif^
on 4 Not. 16O0 sola lieutenant in July
1 mi, and lord-lieutenant 'JJ \Tfirch 1612-18.
He was a commiaaioner to arrange a peaoe
betireen the Duteh and die e perof in Au- m to the ebariim brought against him. in 1689
goat 15J)8, and was p-.ir.rcd Uxo n'vrrsion
to the office of constable of Wallingford
0bttle9Feb.l601. Atthefnd Ctialc^the
Earl of Fsscx (Jammr%- 1601 > hp entered the
witness- box to denv the statement of the
defMMe tlwt Shr Robert Oedl had in private
conviT^ntion acknowledpred the infanta's title
to the crown of England (Cecil, Corresp.f
Camd. 70
Soe.. p. and in Auji^ist 1601 he
rr\N'"' tn'l tiis Bovpro'pi nt hi^ house at
1 i
Caversham, and in Maj 1C02 at his residence
in St. Jame9*a Park. On 92 Dec 1008 be
succeed' 1 H i/pr, lord North, a treasurer of
the rojul household, a position which his
father nad filled befmo hun.
On .Trim' s I's nrc'O'^ion Knolhx retained
U his othce^ and waa further created, on
Knollys
IS Hay 1603, Baton Knollys of Bothecfield
Gtrys. He beeewe eofirer of the hooMbold
to Henry, prince of Wale?, in 1006. JuMtif
IfilS he represented his cousin the Snii of
Saaex in l&e aborttre oonftrenoe bold t
"S\niltehall to arrangf a sepamtion between
the earl and the earl's wife, Frances, who
waa a nster of Knolly^a aeoond wife. In
1014 111' provtHl his loyalist zeal by putting
a down the names of persons as willing to
subaerib<>> to the benerolenoe of tihat year
fi< witiKiuT consaUinfr them. IT" jicti^d as com-
missioner of the treasury from 24 Jan. to
11 July 1614, and was wide nuater of ib
court of wards on 10 Oct. following. <*hi
24 April 1615 he waa elected a knight of the
Oarter, and -was pRmioted in the pecrafje to
the Tisconntcv of WalHngford on 7 Nov.
1616w In the following month ha reeigned
tho treaaurership of the bouNhoid. Wal-
linpfford's influence at court w.a.-j nt the time
somewhat imperilled by his coimeotion with
the Howarda, his wtfe^ ftmily. Hia aiater-
in-law Fr;i!i 00, then Countft^s of Somerset,
(
was placed on her trial for the murder of
Overbnry in 1616, and all her Idndblk warn
.suspected of complicity. But the chief wit-
neaa against the Iloward.% Mrs. Turner, had
to admit, respecting Wallingford, *if OfttP
there waa a religious man, it was he.' WTien
Thomas Howard, earl of Sufiblk [q. r.\ hia
father-in-law, fdl into disi^moe in lOlB, bit
wife opt-nlv attributed her family's misfor-
tunes to i^uckingham's malice; the words
were reported to the kinf who deelared thoU
,
ho did not wish to be further servnd by tfat
husband of such a woman. ^ Wallingfocd
WM aoeofdin||]yfeKoed to reaif^ theviaata^
j-liip of the wards (DeC'-mhtT IBl^V Hp
p:radually recoven^d his position, and in April
1631 took a leading- part in tiie Honae of
Ix>rds in the case n( Uacnn, iti?iqtinif that
the chancellor should furnish a full anawer
he and his wife's relatives patched up a n*-
oonciliAtion with Buckingham, and Wallinsr-
Und aold to bim bia Loiraon raaidenoe, Wu>
liniford House, for 3,0001.
The earldom of BanbuiT waa conferred on
Knollys by C^ai^ee I on 18 Aug. 1696, poa-
siblv. ^^r. rjurdiiier tujLr'"<ts, in order to
11'^
complete the king^ and iiuckingham's recon-
eiliation with tbeHowurd fiimi ly . The patent
coTitained a clause that 'he shall have pre-
cedency as if he had been created the first
eai4 aftorhie Majesty^ aeceaae to tboerowne.'
The lords resiste<l this ^rnint of prisM dencv
as an infringement of their privileges, but
when a eomniittee net to eonrider tao(pM>
tiou. f 'hiirlt ^ a gracif'UF; me^s.ip-e. de.^irinij
.'nt
* this may pass for onoe in this particular,
Digitized by Coogle
 Knollys 87 Knollys
flOftsidering how
old a tnn this Inrrl i, find !
pftflpflof children bom in wedlock that the-
diUdiecs.' Accordingly, on 9 April 1626, the husband is the children's father, the House
|

loidi resolved to allow the earl the 'place of of Lords has repeatedly refused to admit the
pre<^lenr V for his life only.* On 15 Aiiril
' legitimacy of tlif Count efs of Banbury'^ wn.^,
the earl took hin seat ' next to the Earl of i or to allow the title to them or their de-
Berits,' the patent for whot9 earldom dated scendants. Between 1641 and 1818 the
from 7 Feb. 1625-6. Banbury proved him- que.tinn lias Keen frequently di^cufi^fNl in
weU no oompliant supporter of Charles I's tue House of Lords and in the law ctiurts,
decpotie policy, nd
iraeti in Febniary 1838 with the curious remit that \^Ue the {ud^
he was invited to collect phip-monpy in have distinctly ncknowlpdf::od the children's
Oxfordjshm), bluntly declined, lie died at legitimacy, the peers have persistently ad-
IIm li4MMe of Dr. Oraat, his physician, in hered to the contrary Tiew, mainly on ib
Pstemo'stfr Row, London, on 2o Alay 1632, grounds of thn enrl'^ npe nt tlip date of their
and was buried at Botherfield Greys. Ilis birth, and his alleged ignorance of their
M| m slatad to hsn htm (B^ty>five^ a]> existenoe at the time of his death. TIm
tMMwii he 'rode a hawking and hunting' p'ers' inference wss that Lord Vau ivaa
vitlnn half a year of his death. His will, their father.
whidi BialtM no OMntiaii of dutdren, was The long coatrttveiey opened with a l^gal
dat*^ 19 May 1630. nnd was proved liv hi^ docifion in favour of the claim to legitimacy.
widow, to whom he left all his possessioaH, i'Alward, the elder of the countess's two soaa^
B 2 July Htas. Th Ainnl oectiileate at was styled * arl of fianhury * in a ehaneeiy
the College of Arm? dpscribos him as dying suit to which in February TIIO-T ho wjvs
without iasue. Ue sold Kotlierfield Greys to part^ as an in^t, for the purpose of es-
son, Sir Robert KnoUvn tahltehtnfr hi* right to a plot of lutd at Hen^
f 8tanf-'rd-in-tbe-Vale, on 4 Mnrch 16.30-1. Ipy, styled tho linwllnj? Pl;ic\ an<l to other
The e&rl was twice married. His tirst property left by his lather. Under orders of
infe, hf iriion he had no ditldraii, was the oourt of wards an inquiry into the late
DoTotby, widow of Edmund Hrydges, 1nrd rrirFs property was held at Abingdon I April
Chandoa, and daughter of Edmund Braye, 1641, and the court found that 'dward^
lint 1<M4Bm^;slwdt0dai Oct 1006. Leas now Barl of Banbury, is, and at the thne f
thin Two months later ('JS Dec.) Knollvs, the earl's decease was, his son and nett heir.*
who was then about tifty-si^t, married Edward travelled in Italy in 1644, and in
firlof miosteen. Elizabetli, damffbitn of June 1645 was slain in a quarrel on the road
Thorjo.'' Hownrd. f-arl of Suffolk she was
; between Calais and Gravelines. He was
baptisBd at Sallron Walden, 11 Aug. 1586. buried in the church of the Friars Mmf
A dnapjirtor of tliii Btinup died Tonng, atCalaiii
before 1610; but the cotintcss gtivp birth to His younger iTrotln^r. XirnoLAS Kkollts,
a SOD, dward| at her husband's house, on called third Earl ok Banbubt (1031-1674^
10 AprQ 1687, and on S Jan. 1690-1 an- thereupon assumed the titte. He had tra-
otfc-- fon. Xir.bolns. was bom to hor at velled to France with Iiis mother in 1644,
Harrow den, Northamptonshire, the residence but both bad returned before 19 Oct. l&M,
of Bdwnd Vans, liMirth loid Vanz. ^ The when Lord Vaax settled all hit laada tfe
p-iV miry of these two aona bat giron tiia to Ilfirrowdon on his wife Knoll y*i's mother),
(

much ooutroversy. with remainder to KnoUvs himself, who wae

Witliin 'fl've wmIcb of her Inuiband^ death
(bpfor*^- 2 July \P>f^) T.ndy Banlinry mnrripd
Lord Vaux. 6he adopted Koman catho-
Ihiaui y ilie reli|poa of ner teoond hvsband,
and wft"* rnn<;.-f-juontly an object of mtiuh
suspicion to the iiong parliament. On 19 Aug.
16l9 the epedber tMued a pass enabling her
tn t Frnncp. nnd on 18 June 1644 tlic
i (^romwrll to rcniovn the si'r|ui"=' nition oB
Hoase of Commons resolved that should she
flctam she ehonld he eeited and he|it under
restraint. She dit*d in her soventv-pnrond
April 1668, and was buried at Dor-
Qhiirsr^ near the reeideoDeof her second
E17 nd. Th*^ latter sarvived till 8 April
1061, aad is said to have died without issue.
Ithov^ the legal doetnno, 'Firter eet
*B all
styled Eail of Banlmfj in the deed. At an
early age Nicholas married his fir?t -wife,
Isabella, daughter of Moun^oy Blount, earl
of Newport, and soon Ml mto peeuiuaffy difi*
cult icq. On 27 Feb. 1654-'), as Nicholas,
earl of Banbury, he, with his wife, his motfaei;
and Lord Vanx of Harrowden, petitaonea
Lord Vaux's estate, and to allow them to
eowponnd or sell eome of the lands, ^le eail
and connfcp'. tlio petitioners stated, were
both younz, and owed 10,01K}/., on account
of whieh eeht the eaii was eonfined at the
time in th' Tpper Rench prison ( Cat. Stat
i*apert, Dom. iCo4-5, p. 65).
Soon after*
wBids KneUm*B fint wifls died, and he aar-
' at StaiieMfLaioMlenhne^aft dOol.

Digitized by Google
 KnoII)^
1656, Anne,daughter of William, lord Sherard
of Lettrim. In June 1060 ha attended the
Convention parliament in the House of Lords,
but it waa not until 13 July 1660 that the
first attempt was madu to dispute his right
to his seat thexe It was then moved that
'there beinp a pr*<on that now sits in this
houj*e 118 n poor of the realm, vir. the Earl
of lianhurv, it is ordered that this buiiiflas
shall bo heard at the bar by counsel' on
the 23rd. Knollys attended the house daily
in the week preceding that appointed for
the hearing, and was present on the day
itself But no proceedings were taken, and
on 24 July he was nominated, under the s^Ie
of Earl of Banbury, to sit on the committee
on the Excise Bill. On 21 2^iov. it was or-
dered that the etarl ' hath leave to he absent
for some time,' On 29 Dec the Ckmrentioa
parliament waa diMolved.
No writ of sammons was sent to Knollys
for the new parlinmput, meoting 8 Mny 16(51.
He therefore petitioned the king for the issue
of tJie writ and for all the oldeari's rights of
precedency. HU petition when forwarded
to the House of Lords was referred to a com-
mittee of privileges. This committee ma^
mined the servants who wert; nt Harrowden
at the time of his birth. The attorney-
general argued on behalf of thu king that
the (rid earl had died childless, but the com-
mittee reported on 1 July lOGl that 'Nicho-
las, Earl of Banbury, is a legitimate person.'
The House of Lords, after a long debate and
an examination of witnesses before the wholf
house, declined to accept this report, and
the committee was directed to reconsider it,
and also to examine KnoUys's title 1o the
old earl's precedtmcy. In the result an-
otherraport was issued on 19 July declaring
the claimant to be 'in the eye of the law'
eon of the late earl, but denying him liis
claim to precedency. The House of Lords
adjourned before taking this second report
into consideration, and after reassembling
in November, although it was decided to
discuss it on 9 Dec. foliowiiiir. a bill declaring
Knolljs illegitimate was, on that date, read for
a first tfane. The report was never considered,
nor did the bill go beyond the initial stage.
When the house met on 26 Oct. 1669, nearly
eight years later, the committee of privileges,
at the suggestion of some friend ot Knollya,
was directed to examine the grounds on which
the Earl of Banbury's name was omitted from
the ToU, but their report merely rehearsed the
previous proceedings, without suggesting any
conclusion. On 23 Feb. 1670 Knollys once
move petitioned the lords toadnuthhn to their
house, but the petition was passed over with-
out notice. Chi 14 March 1673-4 Knollys
88 Knollys
died at Boughton, Northamptonshire. His
widow survived till 10 March 1670-80.
Charles Kvollts, called fourth Eabl
OP Banucry (1662-1740), son of the above
by his second wife, was baptised at Bough-
ton OS 'Viscount Wallingford,' son of 'the
Karl of Banburv,' June 1662, and on
IL) June IGSo petitioned the House of Lords
for a writ of suflrtnons; the committssef
privileges for a second time issued a report
of the earlier history of the case, and the
house resolved to hear counsel for and against
the claim on 6 July, but owing to ji'lifnirn-
ments and prorogations the case was uot
heard. The controversy entered on a new
ph:!> in HW. In that vt iir KnoUvs foun-ht
a duel with his brother-iu-law, Captain Philip
Lawson, and killed him. He was amstso,
and on 7 Dec. 1692 was indicted for murder
under the style of Charles Knollys, esq.'
'
He at once stated, in a petition to the House
of Lords, that as I'arl of Banbury he wii-
entitled to a trial by his peers. On 9 Jon.
1693-8 the lords heard arguments for snd
against the plea. Finch and Sir Thomas
Powis represented Knollys, while Sir John
Somers, attorney-general, appeared for the
crown and re;<isted his pMtensions. A pro-
posal to invtt.' the opinion of the ju<i2s
on points uf law was rejected by the lords
(17 Jan. 1692-3), and a naolation deelariog
the petitioner to have no right to the earldom
was carried. Twenty peers protested against
this deei^on. Meanwhile Knollys remained
in Newgate, but he obtaine<l a writ for the
removal of his trial from the Middlesex ses*
sions to the court of king's bench, and nhn
arraigned there in Hilary term 1093 in the
name of Charles Knollys^ he pleaded a mis-
nomer. The trial was delayed while thb
plea was under considfTiition in the law
courts, and the prisoner was admitted to
hail S May 1608. The attomev-geneTa] in-
sisted tlint thr' r-'solut i.)n of tin lords de-
stroyed Knollys's case, but in Trinity term
1694 Lord-ehi'ef-justieeHoIt fq. v.], with the
three other judges of the kings bench, unani-
mously quashed the indictment and set the
defenaant free on the ground that ho was Earl
of Banbury, and that his name was wronglv
entered. In January 1698, on 19 May 17l'i,
and on the accession of George II in 1727,
Knollys again petitioned the crown to isMS
a writ of summons. On the first of these occa-
sions the lords were once more invited to coo-
sider the question. Maintaining their hostile
attitude a committee of privileges summoned
Holt and the other Judges to explain theu*
recent judgment. Ilolt deelined to oihraay
explanation, and the matter dropped. Owin^
to accidental circumstances the ftdvisers ol
Digitized by Google
 KnoUys ti9 KnoUys
the crown arriTed at no decision in 1712 and by his wife (a daughter of Ebenezer Black>
172a KnoUys died in France in April 1740. well of London) a son. Sir William Thomas
One Elizabeth Prict* issued in lti9ti a pem- Knollys [q. v.] Since the decision of 1818
ohlet entitled * The True Countese of lian- the family have taken no steps to assert their
narf*s Case niaHiag to her Marriage rightly |
rigbt to tlie earldom of Banboiy.
stated in a Letter to the Earl of KHubury,' [For the life of William, earl of Banbury, see
Lond. 1696, am. foL The writer claimed, Dugdala's Baronage; Speddiog's Bacon; 6ar>
tfttr liring with KnoUjrs at London, Paris, dioet^t Htt of Eoglimd ; KiehoVi Fkogresses
i

'

snd Mantua, to ham married him at Verona, Doyle's Official Barttnage, Much of the oftrl's
7 April 1692, bat KnoUys denied her state- official eorrdspondeuee in in Brit. Mus. Addit.
ment, and was legaUy married at the time to MSS. (cf. indsK fsm 1864-75). Tl>n fuUt^t ac
Eliiabeth, daug-hterof Michael
his first wife, couQt of the peerage case is in Sir H. N. Nicolas's

Lister of Barwell, Leicestershire, and South Treatise on the Law of Adulterinu ikt<tardy
Carlton, Lincolnshire. By his second wife, (183G), which iDcludeji tlie reportH of prooeediugs
Mary (d. 1702), daughter of Thomas Woods in the House of Lords from 1661 to IfllS. A
Andrew'8,Holbom, he leftason, Charles
of St.
good svBunarr cf the litigatieB appoaie in O. B.
C[okayno]'8 Complete Peerage, 1887, i. 229 i-q.
(1703-1771), of Christ CBiurch, Oxford (B.A.
Burke s version of the stoty ia Eomance of the
1725, M.A. 172k\ who was titular Earl of
Peemga aad in Hixtinct Pesnge to wisatiafiic>
fianbury, and was vicar of Barford, Oxford-
tory.] S. L.
tUn^ftom 1760 tiU his death. The vicar's
two sons, WUliam (1726-1776) and Thomas KNOLL YS, Sib WILLIAM THOMAS
Wuods KnoUys (1727-1793), both officers in (1797-1883), general, bom on 1 Aug. 1797,
the army, were also sueoessaWiy titular Ekrls was eldMt son of General William KnoUys,
of Banbury. The hitter's son, called eighth Earl of Banbury, and until
WuxiAX KjfOJLLTB, called eighth Eabl 1813 Sir William held the courtesy title ot
r Baraim (1768-1634). took legal steps Viscount Wallingford [ vnder Ivnollys,
to reaasert his daim to we earldom. He William, Eabl op Banbttrt, ad fin?\ Edu-
was appointed ensign of the Srd foot-guards cated at Harrow and Sandhurst, Knollys
m. 177s, and lieutenant, with rank of cap- received his first commission in 1813, when
'ain, in 178B. He senred throughout the little more than sixte^^n, in the 8rd (now
campaign in Flanders in 1798, and became the Scotg) guards, uiid was almost imme-
lieatenaiit-colonel in December of that year, diately despatched with a draft to the Penin-
and in 1796 hrevet-oolonel. He was with sula. Thence he cro^.'ied tho Bidassoa into
the grenadier battalion of guards throughout France with the victorious English army,
tteMpedition to Holland m 1797. In 1802 and after the passage of the Adour was ct>
he was promoted major-general, and in 1808 tfiched to the force which invested Bayonne.
Ueutenant-gener&L In 1818 he became lieu- The first day he joined the headquarters of
teBant-gofOtBor of 8k. Jolmli. ill 1810 liii ImWailina hewas detailed for outpost du^,

ral in the mj, tad wm and on being' Bhnwn the area which he was
Limerick* to guard by Lieutenant-colonel (ufterwarde
In 1800 be petitioned the crown for his Field-marraal) Sir Alexander Woodford, be
writ as a peer. On 17 Jan. 1808 the at- found his own sentries stationed behind one
tenej-general, Sir Vicary Gibbe, reported hedgeside of a narrow lane, while the French
dmt the veeolution of the lords in 1692-3 ^entries lined tho other hedgeside. But
not a conclusive judgment against the Colonel Woodford explained that he need
< '

claim, and that no attempt had been made irive himself no concern alx)ut this anomaly,
to reverse the decision of the eoort of king^s rar tbat the pickets of both nations had lor
bench, but that the legitimacy of the Ni- some time held it a point of military honour
cholas KnoUys, the Sii&t petitioner, was and courtesy never to molest one another so
ieabtful. Aft^ five years' dieeomion and long as the respective d^'limitHtions of grouBd
a rec-m'^ifleration of all the former proceed- were observed. Indeed Knollys was wont
ings by the committee of privileges of the to dwell on the ditficulty e.xperienced in
Honse'of Lords, the lordsoiil5 luidi 1813 preventiDg this mutual forbear:! nee merging
resolv^'^lthat the claimant was not entitled into actual friendship, leading the opposing
to the title of earL An 'eloquent and for- picliets to exchange presents of wine and
rtble' protest, ennnmhtinf the ille^raUty of tobacco, and thus allowing nndaiinible in-
thi-i decision, was drawn up by Lord Krskine, telligence to leak out.
aud was sii^ned by the Buiies of Kent, Glou- On the occasion of the French sortie from
eeHer, and Sussex, and six other peers. The Baymmo, 14 April 1814, Knollys was again
pvncral died at Paris of influenza, 20 March with the outposts. Heluid iiotii f,] anominous
hsiA (see GeuL Mag. 18S4, ii. 209),h!aviiig star in bis front, aud his suspicions had been
VOL. XL

Digitized by Google
 Knollys
strengtlieoed by inlbraMlM brought in by a
French dosort/T. He Bent warningi^ to his
superiors, but Im information was unheeded
tiha surprise was complete, and the French
pen^trat*^d so far within lio Kn^lish lines hut
t I
after the firay Knolhrs found they bad ran-
neked his tnt. 'Whan moet haOj engaged
in the first onset, and as ho was running along
the ditch of the uaraUel, he stomblea in the
dark almoe into ih arms of two Fnoob fpre-
nadiers, who made a clutch at tbriv pVUM,
but the lad escaped capture.
On the signing of peaw returned to
Englaad, but directly after the hattle of
WntPrloo he was again sent with a draft to
join his battalion inraris, which formed part
(^the army of occupation. In 1821 he was
appointed adjutant, and thence working his
way through successive grades he became
lieatenant-colonel of his battalion in 1844, and
regimental colonel in 1850. He had had for
his own adjutant the present general, Sir
Frodflriek StephsuMB, asd under tkaiB joint
(frort^! the regiment was held to be one of
the best drilled, disciplined, and organised
in tbe Bfitkh annj. Aeeordingly, Colonel
Knollys was instmctcd to initiate Prince
Albert, who was titular cobnel of the Scots
ftisilier futfds, into tlw ait of aoldienng.
Beffinning in 1850 and for snccessire sea-
sons the ptinoe was in the habit of attend-
ing battafion and brigade field days in Hyde
Park at nine o'clock in the morning, dili-
gently mastering, under KnoUys's instruction,
the intricacies which chanoterised Hia dtill
of fof^ yeaza back, and afterwards study-
ing the interior economy of the reffiment.
From this penod Prince Albert became
KnoUys's steady tappoctar. In 1864 be was
promoted major-general and appointed go-
vernor of Guernsey, whence in 1856 he was
despatched on a mission to Paris to inTesti-
gate the French system of intendance,' i.e.
'
commissariat, transport, &c., which was sup-
posed to liave exemplified ita sttpeciatily to
our m'thod in the ( rimea.
At the some time the cam^ at Aldershot
~-tho flnl conception of whioh was due to
Prlnoe Albort wiiii in process of formation,
andiiocd liardinge, t he commander-in-chief,
entvosteid Knollys, at tho instanoa of Prinea
Albert, with tin- first conduct of the ex]>i'ri-
ment in 1865. The army at the time utterly
lacked admtnistratiTaeolierion. It therefore
fell toKnollys's lot not onl y to form his .^Vlder-
shot staff and to oigaoise tiie troo^ into bri-
gades and divisions, but to initiate tiw di-
vaftedepartments of commissariat, transport,
<:tore.s, and evt n tho medical and chaplain's
departments. lie found it necessary to ui-
feraot with hia own hMida aopo of uia flvt
290 Knollys
arrivals in camp in pitching t6afeayand,friittl
'
'
fiharinjr with thfm n t^nt lifp, to teach them
; the elementary duticH of soldiers in the field.
On the death of General Bucknall Estcoort,
rhiof of the staflfin thf Crimfa, in June 1865,
it was suddenly intimated to Knollys thst hs
liad been aaladiad to auoeeedlnnij votbeAne
the date flaad for his embarkation tho ap-
nointment was cancelled, on the ground of
nil eemority, whidi irooM hare entailed^
supersession of many othtT Crimean ^tnMnils.
Notwithstanding his disappointment, he n-
mmed hia UboiiB at Aldanihot with midi-
minished energy. Although Lord Hardinge
was then commander-in-chief, the principal
moving spirit in the English army, as re-
gvded the practical training of the troops,
was Prince Albert,and from him KnoUvBr^
ceived the most encouraging support against
the ill-will and olMtfiiollon of which Alder-
shot, at that time unpopular with the public,
was the object. The queen and prince consort
were frequent raadenta for days together at
thp Pavilion. Success exceeded xpectAtioD.
Qeneral von Moltke was one of the foreign
visitors to the camp, and on the rten aeea-
sions when he broke his habitual silence, be
evinced his siuprise and approval at the no-
greeamadeb^BMiiabtraopa. WhenKnouWi
command came to an end in ISHO, he
established Aldershot on a basis of efficient
W
o^niaation, whleh in ftamain Vnealiaaeen-
tinued up tn the present day.
In 1861 he accepted, at the instance of the
prince consort, the post of president of die
council of nulitnrv education. In IMS ha
was selected by the qiippn as treasurer and
comptroller of the huuijeliold of the Prin^
of Wales, who had recently entai od on his
'
twenty-first year. For fifteen years, 1862-
1877, he performed the responsible and la-
borious duties attaidied to fliis confidential
position, frequently accompanying the prince,
ei^eeially during the earlier neriod, in his
tMveb abroad and in hia Hmtrn to foreigs
courts. The honorary distinctions of LL.I).
and D.C.L. had been conferred on him by
the nniveaaitiee of Oxford and Oambridge in
1868 and 1864. In 1867 he was en att- l a
K.(aB., and in 1871 he was made a member
of the privy ooondl. Tn 1879 be liad ones
1 more a short Inft tIikI* of military dutVi
having been appointed, in conjunction with
Sir Hope Grant, umpire in chief during the
well-known Salisbury mancsuvres. In 1877
he resigned his position in the household of
the Pnnce of Wal^ and accepted that of
gentleman nsher of the black rod. At tiie
same timohewas nominated to thp honorary
groom of the stole to the prince. In
post of
1888 KnoUTB wna gaaaM to tho ookMlfej
Digitized by Google
 Knott t^t Enott
ol the Scota ffuardsi Uie wgiroenr. in witioh were both remarkable (c Folbx. MeooreU,
It lud bflguluB aUiea's wh
amiiy aeveiil^ 680 ; OUTBR, Jetmit CbUmstiomt y. 198>.
Tm proviooaly. He only 8urvive<l tlu8 T lis works are 1.
: A Moclest BriefeDis-
*

kfloour three days. Ha died on 2!i June cuaaion of some noints taught by M. Doo-
IMS at Blade Bod*a HottfO^ WeakmiiutOT tmir [Matthew! Kelliaon fa. .], in hb IVea^
PaUcf', iu h'\i eigkty-aixth year, and was cai> tis(> of the Ekiclesiastieali Ilierarchy,' BoaeOf

nTe
lied to his w
Uigl)gato oemefcery by 1630, 8vo. It appeared in Latin, Antwara^
nwiiiti of nia old gagfanwat. KnolWtaar- 1681, 19nM>. Tiia work, which niatea to
iiedinl830 EIiabeth,dAUghtr of Sir John the disputea between the secular and ref^ular
SLAubyn, andbyh0rhieleft, with other iaaue, cleigy, waa pnbliahed under the pseudonym ot
fimm. King Edward Vll'a privato eon- Nioiimaraith,andwaae8iapoied WKnott
tan', who Raron Knollya in 100*2. in the Clink prison. Another reply to Kellison
wa.^ created
iiaoUya pubiiahed Homa liemorka on the
'
was uui4ished by Father John Floyd [a. .],
(Mm to
1835,8vo, and
w
BaiMom of Btobmy,' Londoiii
AJournal of the lluasian Cam-
'
and Wh
theaa woiha were oenaiived hj the
archbishop of Paris 80 Jan. 1631, and by
jaipi of iblVtnuUtod rom the French' the Sorbonne 15 Feb. 1631. Father Charlaa
r&IlwdbFBiMUMi^;LaBdoo, 1852, 8vo. Plowdan hdie^ed the two hoolato be 'Ttry
deserving of censure, in the sense in which the
Pariaian dootora auppoeed them to have been
KNOTT, EDWARD (lS8^16fi6)Jeiiiit deUveved' (lUmant Bmuani, p. 247). m
whose- rpal name was Matthew Wilson, Knott waa attacked by an anonymous writer
wu bom at Catchbum, a townahip in the in a work entitled 'A Reply to M. Nicholaa
yaridiof Morpeth, NorthttmWland, in 1682. Smith, hia DbeuMdon of MMne pointea of M.
After ptudyin^- humanitiea in the colloofa of Doctour EelUson hia TVeatise of the Hier-
tiM Dgliah jeauita at St, Omar, he waa on archie. BTaDivine,'Doaa7,16aO,8vo. A.&
U) Oet. 1609 admitted & almnniia ci iOm joatiited Knott hi Defaee of N. Smith
EcgUah Colle^^ at Home, under the aaaumed against a Replv to hi.s Disou88ion,'&c., lO.'K),
BMse of dw4urd Knotty wkuh ke retained 8to. On 9 Hay 1631 Pope Urban VIU iaaued
tbough life. He yn ovdatned print- cm the brief <Bntannia/ in which he lamented
27 iUrch lfi06. He entered the Society of the divisions sown among the English catho-
JtMu on 2 Oct. th aame year, and unon the
9timAm of hii Mviftfala in laOTba
a|rpointd penitentiary in Rome. For some
m lice, and commanded them to oeaae. Bofcthe
ocptm t ai a yeoathmed vntil the iarae of
Urban VTH's brief dated 19 March 1633.
tune be waa prefect ot atudiea in the English 2. ' Charity Mistaken, with the want whereof
College. Ha waaffiMdtotlwfiBli4iCa pro- Oitholielw aa mgoatly charged, ibr aftrm-
feud, father of tfta Soetaly of Jmm on ing as they do with grtef, that Protestancy
untapented deatroyea Salvation fXiondonj,'

Pmn^ 16SS Im waa a mtaaioiier in tiia 168QCl6mo. TMawaaanaweiedby Dr. Obria-

Soffolk He waa apprebended in
district.
and waa comjaitted feo toe Clink priaou
m SmUhwvAj Imt at tba iaataaae of tiw
que-^n h- was released and baniahed in Fe-
bruAiy Hm-Sk In 1633 he aerved ia the
Loodoa distriet, astbg aa Tice-provi&eial to
Fisher Ricliard Blount, the provincial.
it36 ha ipaa ia the aama diatri^,
fbmt toVWtliOTHaBit 3Ie, wiioa he atio*
oeeded as provincial of the Enfjliah province
ia 1643. In Uiat capacity he aaatated at the
eighth geaeial eongregatiott of the Soeiety of
Jeeua, held inNoveml>r 1045, when Vincent
Ouafii waa elected seventh general of the
Mirin tiM pla4se of Iktber iCiitiaB Vitet*
Mki, Soon afterwards he returned to the
topher Potter, provost of Queen's College,
Ozioid, and afterwarda dean of Worcester,
in hoe <Want of Charity jnstiT charged,'
Oxford. 1833, Rvo; 2nd edit. 1634, 3. 'M^rcy
and Truth, or Oharilq^ maintayned by Catho-
lykes,' a lenly to Fetter [St. Omer], 1634, 4to.
In William Cniilingworth aubftequently replied
rio-pr>. to the iirat part of thia work in ' The Religion
ofFkoieatBnta,'168B. < 4 A
Diieotion to be
observed by N. N. [William Ohillingworth]
if hee meane to prboeede ia aaawertng the
booka eatitled Merey and Truth," 'London,
1636, 8vo. Knott, who had heard of Chil-
lingworth'a intention to reply to ' Men^ and
Tratli,' here aooght to pot ma'advenary ont
of court by ar using nim of Socinianiam.
:

^fjSA Bitnioni and thoncaft>rwaid xcaidad 6. 'Chriatiaaity Maintained ; OTiADiaooiiery

fw the mat pait in Lendon. He waa. te- of anadry Dertrtnea tmSSag to the Owm^
Vpointed provincial on 23 March 1652-8, in throwe of Christian Religion: Contayned in
wfwieioa to Father Francis Foater. He died the Anawere to a Booke entituled, " Mercy
falondon ob4 JaaL (0.8.) 1665-6, and waa and Troth [St Omer], 1688, 4to (anon^
bufiad the next day in St. Pancrajj Church. The di'dication to Oharle.s I is signed I. H.
Hia ulifioua larvoiv and intelieotual fifom aw' Infidiitj.Unsa8ked|0r the Cenfntatinnof
vS

Digitized by Gopgle
 Knowler 9 Knowles
OhilllngAvorth's ** Rdu^n of PratflsUnta," m^ * Ooa-
the press a translation of Ohrysosto
Ghent, 1662, 4to. In Daille*s ' Apologie for mentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Gala-
the lieformed Churches/ Cambridge, 1653, tians,' which was never printed (jib* it l^).
u 'The Judgement of an University-num He died in December 17/8.
[Thomas Smith] concaminf Mr. Knot's last A pedigree kindly communicated by the
book agninHt MrXyhillin^orth,' described by Rev. T. W, Openshaw of Bristol describes
Kuott himselt as a witty, erudite, and solid
*
Knowler as marrying Mary Dalton in 1749.
WOilu' 7. 'Protestan^Opndemned by the Kichols, quoting the 'Gentleman's Magarine'
*
expresse verdict and sentence of Protestants (Ixxv. 90), describes Mrs. Knowler as the
(anon.), Douuy, 1654, 4to. 8. * Monita utilis- daughter of Mr. Presgrove, surgeon in West-
aima pro patrilwM Miwkinli Aagliami.' minster, and states that she diad in 1806 (A.
Never printed. viii. 401 ). This may hare been a second wife.

[Biog. Brit. Suppl. Birch's Life of Chilling-

;
A letter from Knowler to the Rev. John
worth De Backer's Bibl. de la Compagnie de
;
Lewis it printed Miolwli ill *iniiilntioi
Jisos; l)i!8 Maizoaux's Life of Chillinfirwortb of Literature,' iv. 427 others relating to the
;

Dodtfa Church Uuit. iiL 106^ Folsy's Beoords. publication of the ' Strafford Papers will bs'

6M, vf. t%6, Tii. 860; HtUtstt and Laiog's miUiiihed iniheMXt Totana ftta 'Osmdca
Diet, of AQuiiyniuuB LiU ui. 2040; Lowndes's Mi.s<i^ llauy,' from manuscripts of Knowlirr'a
BibL Mao. (iioha)p. 12M ; Orthodox Journal, iu the possession of the author of this article.
147: FuiMfW Ximouib p. 184; SoothweU's
[Authorit ies cited.] C. H. 7.
Bibl.Scriptorum 8oc. Jesn, p. 185; Wood's
AthennOjUM. (Bliss), iii 91, 92, 181. 99d.]
T. OL
KNOWLB& [See also Kkolltb.]

KirOWIiER \VILLIAM (1699-1778), KN0WLE3, Sxs CHARLES (d. 1777),

divine, third son of Gilbert Knowler, gent., admiral, reputed son of (Charles EnoUva,
of Struud House, at Heme in Kent, was titular fnra mA of Banbury [see unosr
baptised on 9 May 1609 (Nichols, Literary KvoLLTs, WxcLLLK, EaBL ov Bakbitbt], is

Anecdotes, ii. 129 ). He was educated at St. said to have been bom about 1697, but the
John's College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. course of his service iu the uavy puuitij rather
in 1720, M.A. in 1724, and LL.D. in 1728. to a date not earlier than 1704. He entered
On leaving Cambridge, Knowler became the navy in March 171 h on board the Buck-
chaplain tu Thomas A\'atson Wentworth, ingham with Captam Charles Stricklsad,
then Lord Multon, who was in 1746 created whom in April he followed to tho Lldiiwr
Marr^uis of Rockingham. Lord Malton had with the ratmg^ of captain's servant, and so
inherited the papers of his great-grandfather, contintted till December 1720. During the
Thoawa Waitwarth, earl of Stt ord [q. v.], M greater part of this time the Lennox was in
and charg-e(! liis chaplain with the task ofpub- the Mediterranean under the orders of Sir
lishing a selection from them. This aro^ared Qeorge Byng, afterwards Viscount Toninf-
mlTdbimderthatitlAof'TliaBttlofBtnf^ tOQ [q. v.]. Mid it anpears horn "KnamUn
ford's Letters and Despatches,' London, 2 voIa own papers that in tne battle off Cape Po?-
.

folio. Tbey were selectedi says Knowler, in saro he was serving actually on board the
tlie deiKettion he addwseoJto Us patron, by Barfleur, Byng's flagship, bat of this tbsra
Lord Malton himself, and publlHhed accord- ie no note in the Lennox s pay-book, on which
ing to his instructions, in order to vindicate he was borne for the whole time. He wss
Strafford's memory from ' the aiperuons of afterwards, fttm June 1791 to June 1796, in
acting upon arbitrary principles, and being a the Lyme mgate with Lord Vere Beauclerk,
friend to the Roman catholics.' It is pos- and during tne first eighteen months of this
sible that the editor derived some assistance period with the rating of captain's servant.
InMM an Essay on Epistolary Writings with F^tiMTCtt of the time he was rated able
' <

respect to the Grand Collection of Thomas. seaman.' During the five years of the Lyme's
2an of Strafford,' which VV'illiuin >l(lys had commiHsion she was stationed in the Medi-
(

^Vnttan in 172V), and dedicated to Lord Mal- terranean, and it haa beea aopposed that
ton (Thomr, Memoir of William O/dt/s, 1802, Knowles spent mnch of this time in being
p. viii i Bolton Coritby, Uuriofitie of Lit^ educated on shore. It is certain that in
ratun Illuttratfd, p. 113). Knowler was his riper years he not only spoke Freneh sa
presented by his patron, firsit to the living of a Frenchman, but that ms attainments in
irthlingborough, or Artleburrow, between mathematics and mechanics were very far in
Welliaigboroiigh and Higham Ferren, and advaiMia of vHiatwas thea wraal in the navy.
afterwards to the living of Boddinpton, After paying off from the Lyme, Knowles
both in Nurthamptonahire (Nichols, LiL served in the Winchester goardship ut Porta-
'
JL129). Ial766ha intlia Tbrbay, canying tina flagcf

Digitized by Google
 Knowles
Sbt Cauurlas Wacar ; in the Xinaale, again
with Lord Vere Beauclwk ; in the Fevers-
ham and in the Lion, till on 30 May 1730
he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Trial.
In the following March he waa moTed to
the Lion, fla^ip of Rear-admiral CUmoAm
Stewart [q. v7] in the Weat Indies.
In 1732 he was promoted to be oommander
of the Southampton, a 40-gun ship, but ap-
parently for rank only,a he did not take poBt
till 4 Feb. 1736-7, when he wa appoiuted to
the Diamond. In her he went out to theWest
Indiee in 1739, and joined Vio-adniiral Ed-
ward Vernon (1684-1767) [a. .] at Porto
BaOo. The place had already been taken, but
hn wa ordered to take charge of the destruc-
tion of the forts, which proTed to be a work
of aome difficulty.
SCOI m
command of the
Diamond, Knowles was spnt in the following
March to uximime the upproach to Chagres,
andhadthe immediatecommandof ihebmnba
and fireships in the attack on the town,
22 March ; on it surrender he waa appointed
fovemor of the castle pendiagiiiodealraotion
of the defences. The work was completed by
the 28th, when the squadron withdrew. To-
warda tfaie end of the year he returned to Eng-
land and was appointed to the Weymouth of
guns, one of the fleet which went out to the
West Indies with Sir Chaloner Ogle [q. Y.]
In the Weymouth, Knowles took part in
the expedition against Oartagena in March-
Afril 1741, and acted throughout as the sur-
TeyoT and engineer of the fleet, examining
the approaches to the Keveral points of at-
taekyCaltiaytlMltoom across the Boca Chica,
talaBg possession of the Castillo Qrande. and
illii ojiiig the captured worka before the fleet
The pamphlet 'An Account of the Ex-
pedition to Carthagena. with Explanatory
Mm aad OkMrndou'fBvo, 1748), -wUch,
written fai a very bitter tone against the
amy. waa much spoken of at the time and
Kan through several editions, was generally
attributt-n to Knowles. The preface to the
Original i'apers relating to the Expedition
to Carthageoa' (8yo, 1744), published with
Vernon's sanction, dcpcribes the author nf
the pamphlet as 'an otticer of apuroved
akOitMt Md n^lution, who did aok aeipMid
on hearay and uncertain reports, but was
himelf an eye-witness of moat of the trans-
actions thnt he has giren an aeeount of.'
Aftf-r the failure at Cartagena, Knowles
was moved into the Lichfield, and in the
course of 17^ into tte SMKm of 70 gnns.
In her he commanded a sqnadron, sent by
Sir Chaloner Ogle in the beginning of 1743
to act againattne Spanish aattlementa on the
93 Knowles
the expedition a secret the i^paniards had
;
two months' warning for their preparations;
and the Dutch, though allieeof the English,
supplied them with powder. The result was
that when the equaaron attacked La Guayra
on 18 Feb. 1742-3 it was baMen off with
very hea\'y loss, and when, havijip rt'fiftfd fit
Gura^oa, it attacked Porto Cabelio ou 15 April
and again on the 24thy it had no better
success. On 28 AprQ a council of war Hf-
cided that the squadron was no longer tii a
'
coodMoD attempt any enterprise against
to
the enemy,' and Knowles, sending the ships
and troops to their respective stations, re-
turned to Janiaiea.
He was then appointed an stablished'
* i
commodore, or as it is now called a firat-
class commodore, with hia licoad pennant in
the Superbe and afterwards in tne Severn,
and continued during 1743-4-6 as second in
command on the Jamaica and West Indian
station under Ogle. Towards the end of
1745 he retumeo to England, and after a
short time in the Downs, as second in com-
mand under Vice-admiral William Martin
[q. v.], he was, irly in 1746, sent out as
governor of Louisbourg, which nad been cap-
tured from the French a few months before
[see Wabrejt, Sir Petbk], There he re-
mained for upwards of two years, repairii^
and renewing the defences of the fortress.
In the large promotion of lo July 1747 he
waa made iwiii dininl of the white, and at
the same time was sppoiated MmiiiMidar-
in-chief at Jamaica.
In February 1747-8, with his flag on boaid
the Cornwall, he took the squadron along
the south coast of Cuba, and after capturing
Port Louis on 8 March arrived off Santiago
on 6 April. An attack was immediately at-
tempteo, but Captain Dent in the Plymoiith
who led in, found the pii^c^age hlodBed by
boom, which he judged too strong to be
forced. He turned back, and the ships fol-
lowing did the same. A
second attempt
was considered unadvi-'^able. Knowles was
much annoyed by the failure. Dent, who as
senior officer had been for a short time com-
inanrler-in-chief before Knowles's nrrivsl,
was not, perhaps, inclined to undertake an^
extraordinary service, the credit of wfaieh,if
successful, would be placed to the account
of the newl^ arrivea admiral. Knowlea
doubtless believed this to be tiie eaae, and
sent Dent home to bo tried on a charge of
not having done his utmost. Nearly a year
kterthe coort-martia] tookplaeeaiid reliefed
Dent of all blame.
Meanwhile KnowleSi having retitted the
ships at Jamaica, took tiraiii for a cruise otf
Havam ia hofea of inlatwftiiif the SpaaiA
Digitized by Google
 Klnowleb
plate fleet. On HO BepU he was joined by
Captain Oharlet Holmee [q. r.] in the Len-
nox, with the news that he hud been chased
the day before by a aquadron of seven
Spanish shipa. TheM came in si^ht tiwMKfe
mominf (1 Oct.) in the southom quarter.
When first seen, the Spaniards were strag^
gling in two divisions, ^y closing witii them
at once, and before they could get into com-
pact Older, Kiwwles thought that he would
xiak hMiBg the weathsMi^, withovt which
according to the Fighting Instructions
no attack would be poasiluB. He accord-
ingly spent some tioM ia tratUng to wind-
ward, and when at last he steerpd for the
enemy, the unequal sailing of his ships dis-
oidcved hit liaa^ aad renaaiiedl tlia attooii in-
effective. The leading ships, t^o, misundeN
stood oar disobeved the signal to engiwe more
doariy, and took little part in the aatwii. The
bnint of it fell on the Strafford, commanded by
Captain David Brodi6rq.v.l| and onKnowlee's
flagship, the Oofmrafl, wudi, owing to the
disordered state of the line, was singly op-
poaed to three of the enemy's shins, and sus-
totead aevava damage, ffiie dio, however,
beat the Africa, the enemy's flagship, out
of the line ; the Conquistador struck to the
SmliiMrd, and the OafttaK^aij, whieh had
been delayed by the bad sailing of the War-
wiok, coming up, the Spaniards took to
ll^ht. It waa then juat daric. Knewlee
made the ftignal for a general chase but the
; of government to Kincston, thus Cflueing a
Ooruwali had lost her main topmast and was
diiaUed, and aa the Oonqniatodor juat tiien
rehoisted her flag and endeavoured to opcape,
Knowlea oontented himaelf with compelling
Imt to atiike BgiiB and with takinffponee-
sion of her. In the pursuit the Africa wa^^
driven on shore by the Strafford and the
0iBteriNU7,ndwBaiAerwardihnRit The
other Spanish ships escaped.
In writing of the engagement to Anson,
Knowlei apohe of the ' oeahftilnetoto ^ve
it no harsher term/ of Nome of the captains
and he puhUcly aahnadverted on the conduct
ofOnpteinBowlett oftheTilhuryythe leading
ship. Powlett applied for a court-martial,
which waa granted ; but he waa afterwards
al]ewedtowithdfawhisapplicHon. When,
however, it waa openly said on board the
Cornwall, the Stsanbcd, and the Canterbury
that the eaptuna of the other fear ships had
been 'shy,' they retalifited by ofRciany accus-
ing the admiral of haviug given 'great advan-
tageto the enemy by engaging in aatraggling
liru' and late in the day, when lie might liave
attacked much earlier;' of having 'kept hi^
majesty's flag out of aetion;' and of haTing
*
t ransmitted a false and iiijurioiiw account
' to
the admiralty. A court-martial on Knowlea
394 Knowlefi
waa accordingly ordered, and sat at Deptford
in December 1740. Captain Innea of theWk^
wick act*'d as pro8t rii*nr, in the name of the
four captains. The trial, based ezdueivelj on
points of seamenahip awl taotiea, waa neoea-
sarilyoxtreraply technical. The rourt decid*d
that Knowles was in fault in taking his fleet
into action in each a straggling line, and also
in not going on board another ship and hand-
ing the chase in person. He waa sentenced to
be reprininded. The fear oaptaina who had
acted as prosecutors were then put on thf^ir
t rial. Holmee of t he Lennox was honourably
acquitted ; but Bwlett and Ml, who bad
commanded the two leadinjT shiji-j, yyvre re-
primanded, and Innes was suspended for
three mootha. Many doflla felbwed. Altor
The trials Knowles, who received four chal-
lenges, interchanged shotA with Uoimea on
24Fbh. Anweting took plaoehet eea lmea w
and Clarke, the captain of the Canterbury,
thenineipal witness against him, on 12 March
17^-^, and Innea waa mortally woided.
Several more duels were pending, when the
king not only feri>ade them, but ordered the
challengen Uto onatody ( Oent. Mag. XX. Si^
137).
In 17fiS Knowlea waa appointed governor
of Jonaiea, and hoU the offloe fer neatly
four years. He offended the residents by in-
sisting on the euprame jurisdiotion of the
English pariiament, end hy movhig ths aeat
depreciation of property in Spanbh Town.
A petition tor Ida removal, signed by ni^
teen members of the as-^emhlv, waa presented
to the king, and charges of * iUe^i cro^,
and arlritrary aeto* wra hrfd hafeto the
n<ni=;e of Cnmmons. After examination by
a committee of the wliole houae, the action
of theaaaeinbly of Jamaiea waa oondenned
as * derogatory to the richts of the crown and
people of Great Britain,' and Knowles'a con-
duct, by implieatkm, fully justifled. Bat
Kuowle.s had already r>'tiirned to England
and reeigned the governorship, January 1756.
On 4m. 17(iS he had heen prooMtod to
be vicp-admtral,and in 1757, with his flag in
the Neptune, was aeooud in command imder
Sir Edward (afterworda Lord) Hawke [q. v.]
in the abortive expedition against Roche-
fort. On the return of the fleet public indie*
nation van Terv high, and though fer t&
most part li vefled against the government
and Sir John Mordauut (1697-1780) fq. vj,
Knowlee waa a3ao Utterly reproached. Me
published a jiatnpldet entitled 'TheCondurt
of Admiral Anowles on the late Expedition
net in a trae light ; ' but thia met with eeaat
favour, and a notiw of it in the Critical *
lieview ' (May 176ti^ v. 438) so fiir eaoeeded
Digitized by Google
 Knowles 95 Knowles
wliAt was thenconpiflered decent, that the of the Peregrine sloop in 1762. Secondly, at
editor, Tobias Smollett [q. v.l, was tried for Aix-la-Chapelle m
July 1760, to Maria Mag-
libel, sentenced to A fine of 100/., and to dalena Theresa, daughter of Com te de Bovget,
three months' imprisonment in the KinpV by whom lie liad, besides a daughter, a son,
Bench. Nevertheless, Knowlos's share in Charles Ueury, who is separately noticed.
the miscarriage, and still more his diampioi^ A poftMit by T. Htidam his been engmvttd.
^hip of Mordaunt, offcndod the government. [Charnock's Biog. Nhv. iv. SM ; Naval Chro-
He was superseded from his command in the nicle^ L 89, ii. xri. 416; eommission and
mad fleet, and though he had his flag flying mnxant books, official letters, minntse of eoarts-
rorsometime longer in the Royal Anne, gnarf' auftial and other documents in the Pnlilic
ship at Portsmouth, he had no further active Beeord Office; infonnation from Rear-aUiairal
lervice in the Knglidi saTJ. Sir Charles O. F. Knowles. The minntes of tiie
<>n 3 Dt-c. I7(KJ he WM promoted to flu- coart-martial on Knowles, I>ecember 1749, were
riiili of admiral; on 31 Oct. 1765 he wu.s printed so also was the defence of Captain Dent
;

created a baronet; and on 5 Nov. 1765 was at iiis trial inMarch 1749. KnowWu correspond-
nominated rear-ad in iral of (treat Britain. flooewith Anson is in Add. MS. U966, 119.74. fi*.

Thiit othce he resigned in Uctober 1770 on

Besides the pamphleta noted in the tesB, thnv
arc many otheis rslating to different pasMagee in
accepting a command in the Russian navy.
Knowlos's career. Among these may be noted
Bosnia was at that time at war with Turkey
Journal of the Expedition tola Ouira and Porto
[see Elpulnstok, JoitN],but Knuwles'a ser-
Cuvallos in the West Indies, under the commaod
Tioe seems to have been entir*'!}- ndministra-
of Commodore Knowles .. . 1744, 8vo; Reln-
tivB. and to have kept him at St. Petersbur^'^ c'ion de 1h glorioMi
;
y singular victorirt qm- li:in
r tae neighbourhood. On the conclusion oi conseguido las arnuw de 8. M. Catolica contra
|>esce in 1774 he returned to England, and ana eeeoadm Brltaidaa <iiie inradid l dia S de
m 1776 pnhlished a tranBlation of Abstract
'
Marco de 1743 la plaza de la Guaira, comnndada
on the Mechanism of the Motions of Floating . . . por Don Carlos Wnoles (reprinted Cara-
Bodiss,' by If. d la Croix ; in the prefatory cas, 1868, 8vo. A mBMMsript note in the oopT
nof'cp hn gaid that he had verified the in the British Maeeum says that the original,
aathgre principles by a number of experi- which bears neither {riaee nor date, bnt probably
msBts, and had als found tlmii 'flanrer Cadis, is extremely rare); AuUieuii^k I'ttpers
perfectly well whenput into pniefice in ooneeming a late Remarkable Traosactkm, 17^6,
several line-of-battle saipe and frigatee that
a eorioos ootrespondenee between Kaowlss and
the Bank of England respectio^ a lar^e quan-
I bailt whilst I was in luii^' M died in tity of silver he brou};ht home m the Diamond
BnlstriKle Street, London, on 9 Dec. 1777,
The Jamaiea Association Devdop'd, 1755. There
tod was buried at Guildford in Surrey.
are also some pamphlets about toe case of Captain
ftmnKnl oflton f bigli imk hsve been John CrookshaukH [cj. v.], and many relating to
tbp rabject of more contention or of more the Rochtfurt expeilition. Slu ;>Isu I> ,it;jon'e
cuniradictory estimates than Knowles. He Naval and Militanr Memoirs. toU. i. and ii.l
ma beyond question a man that made many ^ J.JLL.
and bitter enemies, and when in command
wa neither loved nor feared, though he may KNOWLES, 8ia CHARLIES HKJhUV
Inve been bated. On the one hanid, he has (1754-1831), admiral, only surviving son of
bmi descrilied as vain, foolish, grasping Admiral Sir Charles Knowlee [q. v.], was
vren dishonest
tyrannical, ' a man of spirit-bom in Jamaica 24 Aug. 1754. He entered
hm Old inactive mind, cautious of incurring tlie navy in 1768 on board the Venus with
Cen-*iire, but inrajmblo of acquiring^ fame.' Captain the Hon. Samuel Harrington [q. v.],
On the other, Oliiirnock, who in this may be ana wats afterwards in the ^eaibni witn Cap*
apposed to n>present the traditions he had tain Macbride. Three years later he watagwi
ncived from Captain Locker, 'believes him with Macbride in the Southampton on the
to have been a man of ^iriL ability, and in- home station, and from 1773 to 1776 in the
t^ty ; but to have thougnt too nig^y of flagship in the West Indies with
his own merit in regard to the two first, and
Oeorge
llodney and Rear-admiral Gayton. Gayton
^
to have wanted those conciliating and oom- promoted him, 28 May 1776,to be lieutenant
flMMt naniian which are abaolntlvMefl^ of Bowaa. In August the Boreas was
uy to render ven tba laat agiwwMO and sent to New York, and in tlu* following
ptable.' January Knowles went home in the Asia in
Knowles was twice married: first, in 1740, order to b<> with his father, whoae he^th
tpMafy, eldest daughterof John AUeviie, and ^vl\ failing. In June he again went out to
<w John (Jay Alleyne, created a baronet North America, and was appiinted by L(HPd
she died in March 1741-3, tetvinff Howe to the Chatham, but on he newt of t

M% Edwifdi who WM
lost i QommuMi hiaiSithar'a death, 9 Dec 1777, and hia own

Digitized by Google
 Knowles 296
suoceesion to the baronetcy, he returned to
England to arrange his private affiiirs. After-
wards he weat out to join Barrington in the
West Indies, yn appointed to the Oeres,
and in her was prpsent in the action in the
Cul'de-Sac of St. Lucia, 16 Dec. 1778. A for his ' Materia Medica Botanica ' (London,
lew daya later the Oeree -was eaptnxed by
the French squadron, and Kuowles being
shortly afterwards exchanged was appointea
by Barrington to his own flagship, the ninoe
ot Wales, in which he took part in the action
oS Grenada on 6 July 17/9, ^vhen be was
sightly -wounded. lie returned to England
with Barrington, and in the following De-
cember went as a volunteer in tlie Sandwich
with Sir George Rodney, who promoted him
it Gibraltar to the command of the Minorca
doop, 26 Jan. 1780, and a week later, 2 Feb.
1780, to be captain of the Porcupine.
For the next two jDtM Knowles continued
in the Mrditcrranean, sometimes at Gibraltar,
more commonly at Minorca, convoking or
aending ves^Is loaded with pnmaions, or
engaging IVcnch or Spanish privateers or
cruisers, lie returned to Kirglpn^ in the
spring of 1782, and, being ordered to mrame
the command of the Porcupine at Gibraltar,
took a passage on board the Britannia with
AdnunuBarriogtoa in the grand fleet under
Howe. He was then appointed to command
the San Miguel, a Spanish line-of-battle
ship, which was blown ashore and captured,
ana on the departure of Gaptain Curtis [see
CuETie, Sir Rookk] remained at Gibraltar
as senior oHicer unt il the peace. In 1 793-4
Knowles commanded thel>aKlalus frigate on
the coast of North America, and after his
return to England commanded the Edgar of
74 guns in the North Sea. Towards the end
of 1795 he was appointed to the Goliath of
74 guns ; in her he joined the Mediterranean
fleet in the summer of 1796, and took part
in the battle of Cape St. Vincent on 14 Feb.
1797, for which, with the other captains, he
reeeiTed the thaaka of parliament and tbe
gold mi'tltil. On thi.- rL-turn of the fleet to
Lisbon he wasap^ointed to the Britannia <^
100 guns, but bis ill-bealtb eompelled him to
resign the conunand and return to England.
He had no further service, though promoted
in due course to be rear-admiral 14 Feb.
1799, vice-admiral 38 April 1804, and ad-
miral 31 July 1810. On the accession of
George IV he was nominated an extra Q.C.B.
He died S8 Nov. 1831, and was succeeded in
the baronetcy by his eon Sir Francis Charles
( 1 802-1892),whose sou Charles George Frede-
rick is the present baronet.
Know les was the author of nuraernn? pam-
phlets ou technical subjects (sec alao Britiah
Knowles
[Ralfo'e Nar. fiiog. ii. 227 ; MailhaU's Royal
NaT. Biog. i. lift; Bai^'a feeiage and Baro-
netage.] J. K. L.
KNOWLES, GILBEKT Ui, 1723),
botanist and poet, bom in 1074, !s known only
1723, 4to). This work is dedicati d to Dr.
Richard Mead [q. v.], and coubistii of 7365
Latin hexametots. HVnir hundred plants of
the materia medica are describe<l and their
uses in medicine explained. Varioui; episode^,
some of wbicbmavTet be read with pleasure,
are interwoven witn the subject for the sake
of ornament. Knowles alludes to his versee
as being written 'mdi Minerva,' and eri-
dently was a close atttdent botb of ^HigiTl
style and matter.
A portrait engraved in menotint by John
Faher from a painting by T. Murray, sub-
scribed Mr. Gilbert ^owlea, aatatis 49,
'
anno 172^' it prefixed to the voliune.
[KneirWW book IB Brft. Haa ; 'NidioMi lik
Illuhtrfttiona, viii, 442-3 ; Pultenev's Sketcbiaef
the Piogrwi of Botanj, i. m.] '
JkL Q. W.
KNOWLES, HERBERT (1798-1817),
poet, waa bom at Gomersal, near Leeds, in
l70d. Hia parentage ia aaid to have been
very humble, but it is also stated that W
was the brother of J. C. Ivnowles, subse-
quently Q.C. He lost both parents at aa
early age, and waa about to enter a mer>
chant's office at Tiiverpool when his talent*
attracted the notice of three benevoleat
clergymen, who raised 20iL a year towards
his education on condition of his friends con-
tributing 30/. more. He was sent to Ricb>
mond grammar school, Yorkshire^ 'totally
ignorant,' he tells Southey, of clnssical auJ
mathematical litorature. It had been hoped
that be might obtain a tuarship at ek.
John's College, Camhridpe, but the inability
of hia relations to fulfil their engagements
aeamed likely to put an end to the project^
when Knowles conceived the idea of apply-
ing to Southey, aendinghim at the same
time the poem of <The Tfaxee Tabenaoles,'
which he had composed on 7 Oct. 1816.
Southey, with his usual generosity, entered
warmly into the matter, promised 10/. a year
from his own means, and pnxmied 20/. more
by a])plicnfinn to Karl Spencer and Rogere.
KuowleH wa^3 actually elected a ^izar on
31 Jan. 1817, but he was already in a hope-
decline, and dit-d on 17 Feb, following,
at Gomersal. A letter from him Iaj rfouthey,
dated 28 Dec. s (>, conveys the most favour-
I 1
able impression of his modesty, candour, iind
good sense. He deprecates all extravagaat
of hia aflideiniBal aaeonb hat
Digitized by Google
 Knowles 897 Knowles
Bodertakwto 'Btriye that my passage through Riohard Honsley Sheridan. He continued
auTcnitr, if not splendid, shall be re- his career as a schoolmaster, and in 1813,
fpf'Ctible.' Verses from his pen were printed ni III Illy by his son's influence, he was ap-
ia the 'literaiy Gasette for 1819 and 1824,
' poinied head-master of the English depart^
Mil Am f .Um Sl^,f^a^im* fr^m 1 QOR / >_ ment in the Belfast Academical Institution.
In 1816 he was dismissed by the directors, on
the ground of inability to maintain discipline.
dtatliimaeu to be in poeseasion of several un- Knowles declined to be dismissed, and pre-
publUhed pieces. His reputation, however, pared to resist ejectment; but eventually he
CBtirely restson the poem sent to Souther, gave way, and in 1817 published An Appeal '

tttMsd bj himself ' The Three Tabernacles,' to the Dignified Visitors, and the Noblemen
but better known as ' Stanzas in Richmond and Gentlemen, Proprietors,' invoking the
j

QfaiiRbyard,' which had a large circulation principles of the British constitution to prove
J

a separate sheet, and first appeared in I

that he had suffered injustice. Before leaving
book form in Carlisle's <
Endowea Gnunnuir I
Belfast he received a testimonial from some
SdMxda.' It would be difficult to overpraise of the leading citizens. He returned to Lon-
tUi DfliUs masterpiece of solemn and tender
I

I don, where he appears to have carried on his

: 'h 5, exquisite in diction and melody, and profession as ' teacher of reada^ eioertion,
ooij maned by the anticlimax of the laat gn^nunar. and composition for several yeazs.
'

Musa, but out of keeping with

fine in itself, In 1829 he seems to have joined his son in
sentiment of the poem,
tbe general thk u Glasgow, where he brought out a little book
kid been omitted and the two preoedinr on 'Orthoepy and Elocution.' About this
itiuis transposed, the impression woula time, though he was now seventy aud sulTer-
We been one of absolata ptriiMtk. Even iug from a painful diHafla ha hagan the com-
uthey stand the stanzas are tmparallelod as pilation of a dictionary. This was published
tfcswwkof a schoolboy for faultless timsh in London in 1835, under the uome of A '

ad freedom all the characteristic fail- Pronouncing and Bcplanatory Dictionary of

ngl of inexperience. This extraordinary the English Langiiage.' A dispute with the
^rity discriminates Knowles from other printer led to a protracted lawsuit, of which
t'lamplM of pveoocious genius, Keat, MehM most of the expenses were borne by his son,
Blsie, tad Chatterton, and inpures him a James Sheridan Knowles [q. v.l Knowles
riqae place among youthful yoGta. His in- died at his Hon's house, Alfred Place, Bedford
tellect must have been as active as his emo- Square, London, on 9 FA, 1840^ and Wm
Uontl nature; and even had the poetical im- buried at Hiphpute.
piliB deserted him. he could not have failed Knowles married, lirst, Jane, daughter
leicUne dbtiaetnm in wu muaiM, of Andrew Peace, medical practitioner, of
[S-vh-j's Life iiDi! Correspondence, iv. 221- Cork, widow of a Mr Daunt, and after her
22(j Qii.irtcrly lievieir, voL zzi. ; Notes and death, in ItiOO, a Mias Maxwell. James
<M. 2Dd ser. vol. viii.; ObfUds's Endowed Sheridan -waa the albpriny of tha flm nai^
riage.

[B. fi. Koowlee's Life of James Sheridan

KNOWLEBy JAMES (17M-1840), lexi- Kiowlcs; Gent Hag. 1640.] T. B. 8.
MgiMher, bom in 1759, of Johnwas son
MOwIbs of Dublin, by Frances, daucliter of KNOWLES, JAMES Slii-KiiJAN
Ht v.Dr. Sheridan of Quilca, the friend of (.1784-18(32), bom at Cork on
I,

8*ift, His mother's brother, Tbomas Sheri- 12 May 17l^, was son of James Knowles
on, mthor of a ' Pronouncing Dictionary,' [q. v.] the lexicographer, by his tirst wife.
father of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ilichard Brinalijf Sheridan, tnm whom he
directsd his education and intended him '

derived his second name, was his father's

^ the church ; but an early marriage led
XnrleA to esteWsh a school in Cork in
lir&i cousin. At the age of six he was
I placed in his father's s<ool at Cork, but
ITOO^ which prospered until 1793. In that in 1793 moved with the family to I/onflon.
Knowles, who was a liberal as well m There he made early eii'orts in verse, and at
K protftnt, first signed a petition
for ca- the age of twelve attempitod ftfilaj, inwhiah
I

tholic emancipation, and a little later went he acted with his juvenile companions, as
Maftr the editor of a liberal paper, who had well as the libretto of an opera on the story
(w^o prosecuted at the iiiS>inoii of the go- of the Chevalier de Grillon. A
few months
'^Mient. His pupils, who were the flons later he wrote ' The Welch Harper,' a ballad,
0> flulestent gentry, desert^nl hiiu, aud he which was set to muisic and became popular.
entto Ixmdon, where, according tohisaott's He was befriended by the elder Hazlitt, an
Moont,lie ma
itelped by Jus iixmt oowta, acquaiatanoa of the ianuly, who helped iuoi

Digitized by Google
 Knowles Knowles
with advice and introduced him to Coleridge months; but by the time it was ready Keen
and Lamb. had accepted anotiiff pli^ OB the same
His mother, from whom he received much theme, which was not performed at Drury
enoouragement, died in 1800; and on hia Lane until 29 May I8i!0 ((iENEST, Hift.
Mm^b seeond marriage to a Mias Muwell Stage, ix. 36). Knowles meanwhile produced
soon afterwards, Knowles, unable tn afrrve his drama at nia.gow, where Tait, a friend of
with his stepmother, left the parental roof Macready, saw it, and brought it under that
in a fit of anger, and lived for some time actor's notice. It was afterwards performed
from hand to month, heljied by his friends. at Covent Ganlen on 17 May 18^, with
During this period he served ns an ensign in Macready iu the tiUo-role, Charles Kemble
the Wiltshire, and afterwards (1805) in the us IciliuB, Miss Foote as Virginia, and Mrs.
Tower Hamlpts militia studied medicine Faucit m Servia and although Oenest de-
; ;

under Dr. Willan, obtained the degree of nounces it as doll, it ran successfully fox
M.D. fttnn the uniTenitf of Aberdeen, and fnirtaen nights ijb. op. 56-7). Among the
became residpnt vaccinator to tlic .rfnTu-rian congratulations wliica Knowles received was
Societj. Meanwhile he was writing small one in verse from Charles Lamb. Knowles
tragedies and '
dabbling in private thea- then remodelled hia * Oaioa Gfaodhns,' and
tricals.' EventiinHy lie abandoned medicine Macready brought it out at Covent Gharden
and took to the provincial stage. lie made on 18 Nov. 1823. At Macready's suggestion
Ufl first appearance probably at Bath. Sub- he afterwards wrote a play on 'William
aequently he played Uamlet with little sut - Tell,' in which the actor appeared with equal
oeaa at tne Crow Street Theatre, Dublin. In success two years later. Knowles's reputa-
a eompan J at Wexford he met, and on 25 Oct tion was thus estaUishedy and Haalitt m
his
1809 married, Mif Maria OharterLs of Edin- Spirit of the Age,' 1826, spoke of him as the

burgh. They acted together in Cherry's com- first tragic writer of his time. But Knowles
pany at Waterftnd, and there Knowne made made little money by his dramatic successes.
the acquaintance of Edmund Kean.for whom In 1823 and 1824 he added to his income bv
he wrote Leo, or the iii^ey,' 1810, which conducting the literary department of the
*

was perfoffmed withikvonr at the Waterford 'Free Prses,' a Glasgow organ of Itbenl and
Tl'catrc. About the same time he published social reform. His school did not prwjjer,
a small volume of jKiema. After a ^isit to and he took to lecturing upon oratory and
9ifuiMa, whoe hit eldest aoa was bom, the drama, a field in wbioh he -won the
Knowlos appeared on the boards at Belfast. praises of Proftasor Wilm i& the *NoQlas
There he wrote, on the basis of an earlier Ambroeiause.'
work of the same name, a pl^ entitled I^nowles's first oomedy, 'The Beg^'s
* Brian Boroihme, or t he Maid ofEm/ 1811, Daughter of Bethnal Green,' was prod need
which proved very popular. at ihrury Lane on 28 May 1828. It waa batted
Bat theee efibrts prodnced a veiy amall on the well-known ballad, whidi had already
inOOme, and Knowlos wns driven to seek n inspired a jilay by Henry C'hettle and Jolm
living by teaching. He opened u school of Day (written about ItiOO, and printed Lou-
liiaowa at Belfast, and compoeed for his don, 1659). Though expectation ran high,
pupils a 8rrie^< nf cxtriU'ts for declamation Knowles's play was damned at the first per-
under the title of The Elocutionist.' which
'
formance ; the verdict was perhaps unduly
tan tkroogk many editions. la ISlo he was emphaused by the presence of many SDb>
invited to ntTer himself for the pfi;t of first wisliers fi^m the rival house of Covent
head-master in Engliah subjects in the Jkdi'ast Garden, then temporarily closed. Knowles
Afladeaucal Instituttoa ; mit this apnoint- at onoe set to work to redeem the f^Iiira.
ment he declined in favour of his rather, In 1830 he and his family left Glasgow and
contentiiu^himself with the position of ae- settled near Newhaveu, by Edinburgh, and
dutaal Thiee Tears later Ihe diamissal of there, while working at a now oonodj, he
hi^ fntlier made it nece.ssary for the son to put the la?! tonrhes tohis' Alfred the Orertt,
leave Belfast, and Knowles removed to Qlaa- or the Patriot King.' This came out at
sow, whan ha oarrisd on a aAioei tar about Dnuy Lane on 98 April 1681, aad mat with
twelve years. (tome succcN'^, partly. pprha])s. from'tiia poli*
Un in Feb. 1816 his tru^inly of Caiu.<
'
ticalcircumstances ot the time.
Gtaoehtis' had been brought oat with great Knowlss^ osooad oomedy, *Tho Hmch*
at the Belfast Theatre. When Keun
iicce9.( back,' wa.0 meanwhile accepted by the autho-
visited Glasgow he suggeeted to Knowlfs a rities at Druiy Laue, with some qualiflMlioia
play em the snbgeet of Virj^niua. Though as Co vnderplot, whieh, in Maersady's
!i his i)eriod he was tenehing thirteen liours judgment, was defective.
t I Tho ]dny was n-
a day, Knowles wrote the drama in three modelled, and again offiaced to Druzy Laoa

Digitized by Google
 Knowles 999
tt the beginning of lH^3i'. but tbere was
deUv in producing it. Knowles demanded
hi manuscript back, and took It to Charles
KemMe at Covent Garden. It wn? jiroduced
tiert- on 5 April 1H82 Julia was played by
; of the birthplace recorded their belief tliat
MiK K' m})It', ami .Mu.-<ter Walter by the
I'ltb^r himself, who thus returnM to liis
earlv calimg. The comedj was a great suo
eMi, and enjoyed an alniott uninterrupted
ran till the end of the season, but Knowlep'H
acting did not meet with much approval.
l>n t&kinff '
The BiiMhback toQlasvow ud
' Trutees' Minute-book, 31 Pec. 1862).
Minburgli, he was received with entnnniasm
hj hisformer friends and pupils. When his
Mliaportaiitplay, 'The Wife,' was brought
tmt St Covpnt Garden on 24 April IKS.'^,
Qitrles Lamb wrote both prologue and epi-
hgoe; and an article in the Edinburgh Ke-
' evangelicalism and joined the baptists, pro-
riew'at this date described Knowles asthft
BKct sacciMlui dramatist of the day.
On 10 Oct. \8S7 s|ipMnd *The Love
fWc,' which, with the exception of The '
Hunchback,' has retained more public favour
thin any of Knowlee's plays. With Strick-
land Fondlove, and Klton, Webster, Mrs.
GloTflT, and Mrs. Nisbett aa Waller, Wild-
nto, Widow Gtwii, and Oomtanoe mpec-
mvhIv. \hi*piny was a brilliant sueoeUi and
ran ontil the end of December.
Kaawlee, notwithataiiduur adverse criti-
rinj, continued to act up tul 1843, and by
his own account thus made a fair income.
Be aiMed in ' Hacbeth ' and in aome of his
nwn p<nys at t!ie Coburg Theatre, and al^^o
in tl^ pruvinceM and in Ireland. After
|l^iiuf wHh Macready in ' Virginius ' before
n enthusiastic lyondon audience, he paid, in
183}, a very successful visit of nine months
to tlje I'nited States. Between his return
from \ni> rira and 1843 he brought out eipbt
tnore play.s of hiii own (see list below),
i<lM ad&pting^ Beaumont and Fletcher'^
*Mii'l'- Trau-edv under the name of 'The
'
Bridal,' and later on the same authors' 'Noble
Oentknman;' the lattOP, however, waa not
i^f^ In 1841 he composed the libretto ol
i balkd-opera, 'Alexina,' which after his
^MtiiVBs re-arrangiBd and brought out as
pUy iin ler the name, 'True unto Death.'
He also wrote tales in the magazines and
continuedhia public lectures. Two novola
b;him 'fieorge Lovell and 'Fortescue'
' a drnmntist.
appeared in 1H46-7, but neither of them is
IMMntble. Although he was wm bi tMaipt
af a comfort-able inronx', bin n'-onrep< were
hampered by his reodjchurity and Ins ehivul-
nxu efforts' to di^chaij^ Ua fether's debtH.
la 1848 Kiiowlea wa^ grntitwi a civil-list
p>^iuinii of 'JiXU. He was an original mem-
brf of the committee formed for the pur-
ikm f ahataipaaitfa hMtfLanm at Stml'
Knowles
ford-on- A von, and it was reported in 1B48.
when the purchase was corauleted, that the
custodianship was oflFered to him. He never
filled the office, but at his death tbp tni-^tee-s
he had been in receipt of the dividends of
l,o()0/., invested in the names of Forsternnd
Dickeus, for the ostensible purpose of found-
'
ing a custiidianahip of the Urthplace,' and
inquiries were made into the investment and
appropriation of the dividends (extract from
Knowles had always had stronsfly relipinn =
and philanthropic interests, and had in early
days been greatly impressed by the prarh-
ing of Rowland Hill at the Surrey Chapel.
About 1844 he embniced an extreme form of
fessing that he had hitherto liven without
'
(iod and without hope in the world.' He
delivi'f'd sermons from chapel pulpita and
ttt Exeter Hall. He denounced Homiin Ca-
tholicism, attacked Cardinal Wiseman on
the subject of tmnauhstantiation, and wrote
two hooka of controversial divinity but be ;
avoided preaching against the stage. He
was a great believer m
the watairare. In
his last years he visited various parts of the
kingdom, and in 1862, soon after entering
his seventy-ninth year, was entertained at a
banquet in his native city of Cork. On
30 Nov. of the same year he died at Tor-
quay. He was buried in the Necropolis at
(ilasgow. His first wife died in 1841, and
in the following year he married a Miaa
Elphin8tone,a former pupil, who had played
Meeta in hi.i Maid of Mariendorpt.' His son
'
by his Grst wife, Richard Brinsley Knowles,
is noticed separately.
There is a portm f of Knowles in the ' Li fo
i
*
bv his son, Richard Brinaley Knowles, and an
outline kldi of him in Haeliae'a Poftvait
*
GaUery*
Judged by hterary tests alone, Knowles's
plays cannot lay claim to much distinction.
His plots are conventional, bi.s styl'- is simple,
and, in spite of his Irish birth, his humour
is not conspieoons. Occasionally he strikes
a poetical vein, and his fund of natural feel-
ing led him to evolve many effective sit ua-
tiona. But he ia a playwright rather than
A nn actor, liis style, from a
want of relief and transition, was apt to be-
eom tediotta, hut his nnmistakable earnest-
ness strongly recommended him to nudienres
with whom, as a dramatist, he was in his life-
time highly popular (aee Wbbtlawt) H4B8-
; ToK. Our lietrnt Artnrit, ii.
11 is published works way be conveniently
divided into thne daaaes. The datea given
axe thoae of first puhUcatton.
Digitized by Google
 Knowles Rnowles
L DmniAtic works C&ius Gracchue,' a :
' [i'ife of J. Knowles bv his son, Richaird
S.
tragedy in five aets, 1816 ' Virginias/
a ; Bnnsley Koowles, revised ana edited by Francis
tragedjr in five acts, Ih20; 'William Tell,' Hervdj, London, W2i
oafy tvsn^-flva espies
a play in five acU, lb2b (manuscript copy, printed. <me in British MnseBm. This gives fUI
information, and refcn^ to contemporary aathori-
Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 27719, f. 29); Alfred
the Great, or the Patriot King,' au historical
ties. For special criticisnu see HaElitt's Spirit
of the Age, London, 182d Edinburgh Review,
play in five acts, 1831 The Hunchback,' a ;
'
;

Oetolwp 1833; Homo'b New Spirit of tho Ag,

play in five acts, 1832 The Wife, a Tale of ;
'
'

Ixindon, 1846 Dublin University Magazine, Oc-

;
Mantua,' a play, 1833 TheBeggarof lirthmil;
'
tober 1852 AthenmuD, February 1847 ; Black*
;
Green,' a comedy in three acts, 1 834 (an abridg- ynofHB Sdinbwgh Vmesms, October IMS: see
ment of ' The Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal |
also KMnedyli SseabdeesBBie t Betea^ llieb
Gn'en,' 1828) The I)au^(liter,' a play, 1 837
;
'
; M ;ii&btiee'SffaaHii.i6^| llMiise's Portrait
'The Love Chase,' a comedy in five acts, 1 837 Gallery.] T. B. 8.
* Woman's Wit,' 1838 The Maid of Marien-
Aojyt; a play, 18:i8; 'Love,' a play, 1839; KNOWLES, JOHN {JL 1646-1668), anti-
'John of Procitla, or the Bridals of Messina,* trinitarian, probably a native of Gloooeat^,
a tragedy, 1840; *0\A Muds,' a comedy, first aopears as a lay preacher among the in-
1811 'The Rose of Arragon.' 1842; 'The
; depf^naent8 there. In 1648 he described him-
Secretary,' a play in five act, 1843. All of sell" as a preacher of the gospel, formerly

the above are in verse, with the exception of in and neer Glocester.' He was well ac-
parts of Cains Graech m,' The HttttcUiack,'
'
' quainted with the Greek text of the New
and The Beggar's Daughter.'
'
Testament and with Latin commentators, and
n. MiaocmneoujB poetical works and his antitfinitaiian sentiments were the result
adaptations 'The Welch Harper,' a ballad,
: of his own scriptural studies. He admits
1796 ; Fugitive Pieces,' 1810; * Leo, or t he
'
having had upon occaaion some communion'
'

Gij^y,' 1810 (a fragment preaerved in Proc- with 'one who appeared infected therein :'
tor a Lifo of Edmund Kean ') ; ' Brian
'
clear reference Tnhn Biddle [a. v.], who
ti-,

Boroihme, or the Maid of Erin' (adapted left Gloucester in 1646. But he dia not adopt
from D. (rMeasa), 1811 ; ' A Masque on the Biddle's specific opinions, his dootvine being
Death of Sir Walter 9cott; 1832; 'The of the Arian, not uie Socinian type. He ex-
Bridal,' 1837 (adapted from Beaumont and pressly states in 1668 that he had not read
Flflfecher^ <Maid*s Tragedy'); 'Aleadna,' a any of the writings ot F. P. SooimBi. Bf
drama in two acts, published posthumou.'-ly the parliamentary committee at Gloucester
as ' True unto Death,' 1803 ; various p<^tical he was examined (1616 f) on suspici<m of im-
poems and songs eet to maaio. eottndaeee in the ectide <rf the Trini^, aad
III. Miscellaneous prose writings: Tales gave in a written statement in which he owns
and novelettes printed in various forms be- to having had some questianings,' but gives '

tween 188S and 1848; lootiuee on dramatio hie for heiiw aow aatisfied of^the feme
literature, 1820-50; 'Lectures on Oratory, Godhead of the Holy Ghost.' H ms to -

Qeeturei and Poetry, to which is added a have left Gloucester for London, where he
Ootnepondence with fovr GlergymoD in de- lodged with Bdwwd Atidneoii, ab aali>
fence of the Stage (these talus and lecturer, trinitarian, in Aldersgate Street. Joining the
'

together with various dramatic worka coming pariiamentarv amy, he belonged in 1648^
muhr daae 11, were veviied, edited, and aeeoidingr to UB own eMoont^ 'totlto UIh
privately issued in five volume by Francis guard of his excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax.'
Hervevin 1873-4; only twenty-five copies He etiU continued to preach, publishing
of ea^ volume were minted. A
complete de^^Boeof 'aprivstemaa'apreMUui^.' Eulj
set is in thr British ^^lIseum) 'TheElo- in 1650 he becfime 'public preacher to tho
;

cutu)nist,' a collection of pieces in prose and girrison at Chester, in suooeesiw to Samuel '

verse, peenliady adastod to dip play the art at.on [q. V. ] The biographer of Jokii Unroot
of readmsr, 3rd edit. Belfa>t. ISJ.}, 28th edit. [q. v.], writing in K357, speaks of Knowles
London, 1883; various articles in the 'Free as having been 'a foxmidable and biasing
PlWSS* of Glasgow, 182:i-4 George Lovell,' oomet at Uheeter,' where ' in publte eennons,
;
'

a novel, IBiQ * Fortiv-( ue/ a novel, 1847; private conferences, and by a manuscript' he
;

'The Bock of Rome, or the Arch lieresy,' denied Jesus Christ to be the Most High
1849; 'The Idol Demolished hy its own God.' lAiort paper of argumente for lae A
Priest/ an answer to l*'Ctar's on traii-ul>- deity of Chrit^t, >>'ut by Ivulon to Che.sttr
Mtautiation delivered by Cardinal Wiseman, from Dukinfieid, was published by Knowles
1851 ; ' The Gospel attributed to Hatthsw in 1660, vrith hu own reply. Th(f pamohlet
in the Record of Uie whole odiginal Apoetle- purports to have hrpn printed liy T. N. for '

hood,' 1855. Ggrlse Calvert,' the well-known publisher of

Digitized by Google
 Knowles Ktiowles
MMotno theology; and in July 1660 John 210 sq. Unriek's NoocoofoniuU in Cheshire,
;

WlilliD, lirffler, at Milk Biraet, Losdon, 1864. pp. 16 sq., 46 eq.; OsLof State Pmmvb,
via hrou^hf before the council of state ou Dom. 1662. 1665.] A. O.
Um eluzge of haviaff caufled it to be printed. KNOWLES, JOHN (ltiOOh-1686), uou-
Rnfiamwa jnUiAed bgr eonfimniet divine, waa bom in Ltnooinsbire
Baton (I860 and
ltwl),And bj Thomas Porter of Whitchurch, ahniit 1600. He was educat>d at MagrlHlfno
Shropshire ( 1651). The iia^imatur of Porter a UoUege. Cambridge, his chamber>fellow being
pmphlBt, entitlM *
Senous EzfltdtatuMi/ Riokazd Vines [q. v.] In 1<IS6 be was elected
u dated 26 Dec, 1650, and by that time fellow of rtithanno Hall, nnfl acriuin>(l ii^raht
Kaawkt wu ' late pseaoher at Cheater.' He repute as a tutor. On the advice of the
i ff M H te luMre ntumod to Qkracester, for master, Bidtttd Sibbes, he joined in sleethig
en irt N'ov. 1650 the mayor of that city was to a fellowship Laud's nominee, .fohn Ellis
daedid hj the council of state to eyaminift (1606P-16B1) [q. T.] an act of compliance
etliMiM OB olih leepecting Knowki^ wUeli he after w aida wgrettod . In 1686 tibe
preathing^ ftffainat the divinity of Christ. He corporation of Colchester elected him to a lec-
noored to Penhore, Worcestershire, where tureship in that town. Here he exercised con-
W Ihrsd MOM fifteen years * a profttiod iderablepablioniflneaeek Hiewaaintnnate
miiiidter.' with the noted puritan, John Rogers, vicar of
At Penhore be was apprehended on 9 April Dedhami EiMK I preached bia funeral sermon
1666 byThoauMOTaBtli baron Windsor, and in 1686, and obtained the appolntmea* of
impwoed first at Worcester, and then in Matthew Newromen [q, y.l as nis successor.
Um QttehoMei Westmioateri on 2d May. A vacancy in the mastersnw of Coleheeter
ftftwMil in hia home WW
made tbe basis grammar aohoel tree filled u1687 hy the
of charges he had been invittd on
of heresy; appointment of William Diignrd [q. v.], on
6 Jvas ia63 by it Hed of Huntingdon to Juiowles's recommendation, in opposition to
nsit Ohristopliar Orall, tho
antitrinitarian, at Oxford
Palieh
on 19 Nov. 16W
;
mM a eandidate fcvonred by Iiirad. 'The get*
ting in of a schoolmaster,' says Calamy,
hs had been invited to London by Thomaa * proved the outing of
a leeturar.' Knowles
Fimia [o. t.] Letters ftom biefrmida ware bad laid bmaelf open to interftveuee by op-
roQtniea aa implying that he was ready to posing the ceremonies. Laud reprimanded
oooateasaee seditioa. Aoollectiononhehalf himandthreatenedfurtherprooeedinn. Ulti-
f tU Midi ezilea was thought to be reaUy mately bbi Uoanae we nwAed; Knowlee
ff* Enrliflh rebels. On 23 June and again resigned his lectureship before the end of
oa 7 July he petitaooed (writing also to 1687, and Uii Oolehester. In 1639 he em-
Voaek, doke of Albemule) fbr liberty to go bavbed Ibr ITew Bngland.
out on bail, as the plaj3;iie was then raging For about ten yefirs he was teacher,* i.e.
'

ia Londoa. Hie netition was repeated on leeturer, as colleague with Qeorge Philipe. at
tVib, 1066, and he gained his liberty soon Watestown, Ufaiwebniiefte, <{n a eold wudier-
tfttTwards. On his relea'^e he mixed in con- ness.' After this he went (7 Oct. Wi2) on a
tnifsnial talk with London cler^, who r> misiiontoVizKinia. The governor prohibited
ifMt4 his learning and sincerity. With bin ftom pnUlo pfeadring, as be would not
lui publication in reply to * Justification onelv use a surplice ir the pr!iyer-!)ook. The
pwa Satisfaction,' Sec., 1668, 12mo, by governor's chaplain, Thomas Harrison, D.D.
nahrt Ferguson (<f. 1714) [q.y.l he drops ri619-1682) [q. v.], seema to have acted a
OQt of notice. A pamphleteer of 1698 states aoublo part, openly favouring, but privately
beoueathcKl some TaloaUo booka to a opposing, the pnritan preaohora. Knowles
nfy tt Oloooeeter. preaebed in private hooesi w4th much accepts
published : 1. '
II*- A
Modest Plea for Pri- anoe until he and others were expelled. He
^Men's Pleaching,' &o., 1648, 4to (nnb- returned to Watertown, and was still in New
oAaJSO March; inanswwto 'Private Men England on 81 Deo. 16(10, on which day he
r Pulpit Men,' &c,, 1646, 4to, by Giles
signed a letter addressed to Oliver Cromwell.
Workman). 3. 'A Friendly Debate. by . . Soon afterwards he returned to England, and
Writing oetwixt Mr. Samuel Eaton and was appointed leeturer in the eathednd at
Mr. John Knowles,' Ac., 1660, 4to. 8. An < Bristol, On 18 Oct. 1853 an augmentation
Aamrto
^ h
Mr. Ferguson's Book,' &c. [1668P],
he mentions other projected
this last
^b)i(>ations, bat he is sot hllOWtt to bftVO
Bristol oathedml.' He
was ordered to be paid to * John Knowles of
several *=
interrupted hy (juakers. On 17 Dec. 1664
times

anything further. Elisabeth Marshall, a quakeress, was sent to

[flroand* &ad Occwions of the Controversy prison for delivertng ' a message* to Knowtsa
mag ths Unity of Ood, 1698. p. 16 Wal- ;
ttt the doee of the st rv ice. On 20 June 1667
bMTs iatitibHtariaa Bk. L IM^ UK m. bb aermoa in Ail Hallowa Ohurob waa dia-

Digitized by Google
 Knowles
turbed by Nathaniel Milner, and on 6 Oct.
16o9 Thomas Jonee was committd for assail-
ing Knowles's door with a chnppinjj-knifp.
The Reatoration deprived him of his post
Ht Bristol, and he repaired to Jjondon. In
lO'il was lecturer at All Hallows the
h<'
Qrf at on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
The Uniformity Act, 1662, made his preach-
ing illf-Tal, but he continued to exercise his
minist ry as opportunity served. In August
1064 he was reported as having 1,000^ in his
hands for the benefit of ' ^otlly men.' During
the great plague of lt>05 ho was assiduous in
giving his servioee to the sufferers. On the
indulgence of 1672 he became colleagite to
Thomas Kentish in the charge of a presby-
torian congregation meeting in the parish
of St. Catherine-in-the-Tower, afterwards in
utcheM(ultimAtely at the King's Weigh-
hMBM)) had mUKW ainow escapes teom
arrest after the cancelling of the Act of In-
dulgence in i67S. He died on 10 April
im,
[Cotton Mathrr's Ma(?nlia Christi Americana,
1702, iii. 8, 216 sq. ; Cakmy't Account. 1713,
pp. 606 eq. ; Wilvon's Dissenting Charches of
London, 1808, i. 164 sq. ; Darids's Evang, Non-
eonfurmity in Eseez, 1863, pp. 6i7 sq. Pike's ;
Ancient Meeting-Houses, 1870, pp. 336 sq.
Oalaodar of State Papen (Domestie). 1650,
1664.] A. O.
KNOWUBI, JOHN (1781-1841), bio-
gmpherof Henry Fuseli [a. v.], bom in 1781,
early in life became a clerk in the surveyor's
department of the navy office. He attained
the chief clerkship there about 1806, and
held this post until 1832. He published two
or three works on naval matters, including
* The Elements and Practice of Naval Archi-
tecture,' 1822. For his scientihc researches
he was elected a fellow of tlie Boyal Society.
Knowles is best known, however, from his
long, iutimatK friendahip with Henr^ Fuseli
the painter, and the circle to which that
artist Ho was the executor of
belon^f'd.
and a devoted uiimirer of his
Fuseli's 'Will,
ait. In 1880 ke published an edition of
Fuseli's Lectures on Painting,' and in 18.31
' portrait; Lettemof InaaSewdttvols., Kdiab.
in 3 vols. 8vo, the life of Fuseli, written &>i
a labour of love, to which WM added an edi-
tion of the paint or'f! writings on art. As a bio-
the work has some merit. Knowles
nhy ,
unmarried, at Aahburton, OefiQiMhiiie,
on 21 July 1841, aged 60. He was one
of the original memoers of the Athena um
CAllb, and his portrait, drawn by C. Land-
seer, is No. 26 of the series of lithographs,
publieiunl as Athenoium Portraits,' by Tho-
'
IMB McLean. He was corresponding mem-
ber of the PhiloMphiMl SooMir f
Knowles
[0nt. Miag. new ar. 1841, xvi. 331; Knowlesli
Life and WritinRs nf II. FuA'li ; Smith's Nollo-
koos, ii. 42.)-7 pnrate informHtion.]
;
L. C.
KNOWLES, Mas. MARY (178^1807),
quakereas, eldest daughter of Mones and Maiy
Morris nf Hngeley, Staffordshire, was born on
6 May 1733. She was witty and beautiful.
One of her accomplishments was working in
worsted what Dr. Jolinson called 'satile pic-
ture (Orokbb). Specimens having been
'
shown to the qneeiif she was sent for and com-
missioned to execute portraits of G^eorge III
and the young princes, which were much ap-
proved. She married Dr. Thomas Knowlea,
gradimto of Leyden 1772, L.RC.P. 1784, and
author of Tentamen Medicum,' Leyden, 1722.
'
They trarclled abroad, and were received at
thellague and at Versailles. Dr. Know!.
died in Lombard Street 16Nov. 1784, leaving
eonriderable wealth. Mn. Knowles waa in*
timate with Dr. Johnson. She was a brilliant
conversationalist, and said of Johnson's read-
ing that 'lie lure the heart ont of a book.*
Shf* T\Tot<', abotit 177n, a 'Compondiiim of
a Controversy on WatcT-Baptism ' between
Rand, a clergyman of Coventry, and herself;
'A Poetic Correspondence* bt'twfpn her and
a Captain Morris was printed in the British '
Friend,' April 1848, p. 1 10. Other verses by
her appeared as small tracts without date.
Boswell records her talents, but declines to
accept as authentic her account of a ' Dialogue
between Dr. .Tohn^nn and Mrs. Knowles'
respecting the conversion to quakerism of
Mm* Jane Harry, whkli Mis. Knowles for-
warded to him while engaged on the bio-
graphy of Johnson. Its anthen ticity waa cm^
roborated by M
ias Seward, who was nieaeal
at the interview. Mm. Knowles published
it in the Gentleman's Magaxine,' June 1791*
'
p. 600, and it haa been many tfanea wifriated
separately. Mrs.Knowleshadonec
She died in London 3 Feb. 1807.
[SmftVhOalaiogtie; Benrall'atifteflolnMOD,
ed. Croker, 1831.iii. 440-2, iv. 142-5 Monthlv
;
Repoaitoryof Thaol. March 1807, ii. 160 Lady's ;
Monthly Mnasam, Novembar 1803, with engraved
1811. paiwim.] C, F. 8.
KNOWLES, RICHABD BRINSLBT
('1820-1882), journalist, son of James Sberi-
aan Knowles tq. v.], dramatist, was bomaA
Ql&sgow on 17 Jtm, 1880, and about 188S
ht'lil an appointment in the registrar-gvne-
ral's office, Somerset House, London. He
waaadmittedaatiideattff tbe Middle Temple
on 14 Nov. 1839, and called to the bar
26 May 1843. His tastes, however, in-
clined towards literature, and on 19 NoT.
1846 he produced at the Haymarket Theatie
a oomadf, The MaidMi Aunt,' which, aided
'
Digitized by Google
 Knowles
br the acting of William Farren and Mrs.
uIoTvr, had % nm of thirty nights. In 1849 he
Ilome, and became editor
joiQed the efaurch of
of the 'Oatholie Standard/ a publication
wUdii was subsequently purchased by Henry
WUberforce, and re-named the ' Weekly Re-
citer.' From 185:j to 1866 he edited the
'Illustrated London Magazine,' a series of
five Tolum^. He was one of the cluef writers
m the ' Standard' from 1867 to 1860, but
$ome display of religious intolerance on the
part of toe proprietors led to an abrupt ter-
mination of nia engagement. Professor John
Shem-n Brewer v.], who was then con-
ducting the paper, indignant at the treatment
of hi^ colleague, at once relinquished his
editorship. Knowles was afterwards editor
of the * London Review,' but in later years
iiii chief engagement was on the Morning '
Post,' until ill-health obliged him to resigTi
bk conaection witb that naper. He edited
\kt * C3micle8 of John of Oxenedes,' a manu-
Mmt copy of which was found in the Duke
of Newcastle's collection ; and his edition
vu published ia IBBO in the Holla Series.'
'
la lo71 he was onpngetl under the royal com-
minion on hii^turlcai manuiicripts, and de-
ariked many valuable collections of family
mniments, chiefly belonging toRoman catho-
hc familiia. Among these were the eollec-
tioaaofthe Marquis of Bute, the Earl (if Dt ti-
bigb, the Earl of AshbTimham, and Colom-l
Towneley. He was the uuthor in 1872 of
'
The lin of James Sheridan Knowles,' an
edition of twenty-five copies for private cir-
COlatioQ. He died fiuduenly at 29 North
Bnk^BcfBBtfs Park, London, 28 Jan. 1882,
htving married on 26 Oct. 184/3 Eliza Mary,
TOuaffet child of Peter and Kiuabeth Orow-
uyd Dublin, and sister of Nicholas Joaeph
Ctowley(1819-18o7) [q. v.], painter.
(Atbemnin). 4 Feb. 156; Timen,
1882, p.
MJtB. 1882, p. 7; Law Tini-. 25 Feb. 1882,
f3<M; Ilijif. M.'^S. Comm. 3rd Rep. 1872, p.
3M, ksd succeediog reports ; information from
Ui soa. Bidwd BriMlqr Shandan Knowles,
m-l 0 c. B.
KNOWLES, THOMAS, D.D. (1723-
1802), diTbia, ben at Ely in 1723. was son
vergers and master of the works
ef one of the
irfElyCathedml. lie received his eduaition
in Elj grammar school and Pembroke llall,
(kmbriage, where he graduated R.A. in 1748
nd )LA. in 1747. He was elected a fellow
Qfhi<>Ue9eMi8Harchl748 9. On 10 Jan.
1748 he was instituted to thf rectories of
Ickvorth and Chpdburgh, Siitfolk. He waa
also chaplain to Lady Ilervey, baroness dow-
ser of Ick worth. In 17ri2 he had a ili-;-
PMsation to hold with Iclcworth the livuig
fAvwdwn^OtiahiidgcduN. HevMmade
Kaowlton
D.B. by Artshbiahop Seeker ia 1768. From
about 1771 till his death he was lecturer of
St. Mary's, Bury, and on 10 Oct. 1779 he waa
collated to a prebend at Ely (Lb Nbvb, Ftuti,
ed. Hardy, i. 362 ). In 1791 he became rector
of Winston, Suffolk. He died on 6 Oct. 1802,
and was buried in his church of Chedburgfa.
One of his daughters married Benjamin Un-
dorwood, rector of Great Bamet, and the
other, Eliza, married Sir Bdiamid Lieon,
afterwards baronet.
His principal publications are: 1. 'The
Existence ana Attributes of God not demon-
strable a priori, in Answer to
the Argument
of . .
. lit. Clarke and his Followers, and
more particularly to a late Fiunphlet, en-
titled '* The Argument a priori, &c., stated
and considered," Cambridge, 1741), 8vo. This
'
elicited ' SomaTlioayhta concerning the Ar>
fjument a priori* anon., London, 1748, 8to.
2. 'The Scripture Doctrine of the Existence
and Attributed of God, as manifested by the
Works of Creation and Providence. In twelve
Sermons.' With a preface, in answer to the
pamphlet, entitled ' Some Thoughts,' &&,
bauioridge, 17r)0, 8vo. 3. 'An Answer to
an Essay on Spirit,' Loudon, 17r)3, 8voii
4. ' Observations on the Divine Mission
and
Administration of Moses,' London, 17<52,8vo.
6. * ApreparulorvDiiiCOUrseou Confirmation,*
'Jth edit. Ipewici, 1770, 8vo ; 10th edit. Ipe-
wich, 1784, evo. 6. 'Letters between Lord
Uervey and Dr. Middleton concerning tho
Roman Senate. Pu bl i.slicd from the original
manuscripts, Loudon, 1778, 4to.
' 7. Tlie '
Passion or a Descnptiou of Christ's Sull'er-
;
ings,' London, 1780, ISmo; 2nd edit, hom
don, 1706, 12mo; a new edit., witli additions
by the liev. Henry Halted, M.A., Loudon,
1890, 8vo. 8. Primitive Christianity,' Lon-
'
don. 1789, 8vo. Capel Lofft wrote ' Observa-
tioni< on the tirst part of this work, 1788, and
'
James Edward llamilton published 'Strio*
tures' upon it, 1700. 9. Advice to a young
'
Clt-rgyman upon his entering into IVieet's
Onlers. In six Bttfeonl Letters,* and adit.
London, 1797, 8vo.
[Addit. MSS. 6874 f. 21 ^, 19167 f. 13 Hawea ;
and Loder's Framlingham. p. 285; Cat. of the
Library of John Holme*, ii. 97 Gent. Mag.
;
1802 pt. ii. p. 980 ; Tyms's Hist, of 8t. Mury'a
Chorch. Bury, pp^ ISl, IM; KieboU's Lit.
Illuitr. vi. 4flS.l T. C.
KNOWLTON, THOMAS (1692-1782),
^rdeiit r and holMUSt, bom in 1802, super-
intended from an early age the botanic
garden of Dr. Sherard at KItham in Kent.
In 1728 he entered the Bervice of Riehanl
Poyle, third earl of Burlington [q. v."l, at
Luieaborough, Yorkshire, and there he au>
ftift to hafia maiiiiil fm tht iwl oC Ida
Digitizeu w-j ^jQOgle
 Knox m Knox
life. Ho became knowu & a botanist of At an early age he became
father. for a time
merit, oorreeponded with Mark Gatesby, a member of Wesley's society, but ' a growing

E. M. Da Costft [q. v.], and other members disposition to think for himself caused his
of the Royal Society, and won the esteem of '
relish for their religious practises to abate
S& Hana Sloane. To him ia due the first liofore he was twenty.' His weak hMtK^
discovery in England of the ' moor-ball/ a ]irt'V(>nted him from pn.'^sinp- through any re-
species of fresh-wat^r alg of the conferva gular course of e<iucation at all, tnougrh his
liiidlj,tiltd lij Linneeits J^^apropila, from writing prove that he managed to pick up
it* reeemblftnce to the hairy balls found in n considerable knowledcro of the classics and
the stomachs of goats (Dillwtk, British of general literature. He attributes his low
OM^bfM, 1809, pi. 87). In order to find Mptrito to his hnving been bcooght up to no
even a moderate number of these balls, he r^ular employment ; but he was also ^itbjoct
had to spend many hours wading in the lake to epileptic tits. Twenty letters to hmi from
t Wallmgfen, in water from two to over Weeley, published in the ' Remains,'
thrpe feet deep. Knowlton was also some- him mu(^}i nious and rational advice, tor a
thing of an antiquary. He discovered the while he threw himself into politics. He
ntefe sit of the ancient city of Delgorieia, was a good public speaker, as well as writer,
near Pocklin?ton in Yorkshire, and commu- in support of parliamentary reform in In land.
nicated 8ume obsorvations on this and other His alarm at the proceedings of the United
subjects to the Philosophical Transactions
'
Irishmen oonfiaoed him that ' any def^vee of
(xliv. 100, 102, 124). Two lar^o deer's popular reform would infallibly lead to com*
horns which he discovered, one resembling plete democracy,' and he finally became ' en
tbo horn of an Irish elk, are figured in the unqualified supporter of the existing ooneti-
flame volume (plate 422). Knowlton died lution.' In 1797 he renewed an intimacy with
in 1782 at the age of ninety. A botanical John J ebb v.j, which had commenced when
genus of the order Ranuncitlaoece, compris> Jebb wee a hcj at Derry schooL He wee
ing five or six species of plants indifrenons private secretary to Lord Castlereagh during
to the Cape of Good Hope, has been named the rebellion of 1798 and afterwarde. Alter
aflr him. A John Knowlton, gndener to the vnion Lord Oaedawegh urged him to
F^rl Fitiwilliam, whose will was proved in accept an offer of representing his native city,
February 1782 (P. C. C. (Jostling, fol. 95), Derry, in the united parliament, and also to
was probably a brother of the botanist, and ymte u history of the union. Knox, however,
Charles Knowlton, who trmduated M.A. from retired from public life and devoted himself
St. John's College, C'amljrulp-e, in 1751, and to theology, in which his chief interest had
was presented, on 7 April 17r>;{, by tlie Earl always lain. He lived a recluse lifeinlodgy
of Burlington to the small livinpc of Keigh- ings in Dawson Street, Dublin. He spent
ley in Yorkshire, was almost certainly bis 1801 and 1802 in England, where he made
son (WmriAXER, Deanery qf Crai^, ed. the acquaintance of Hannah More, William
Morant, p. 202 Gt-nt Mag, 1838, i. 544).
; Wilberforce,and othersof similar tendencies,
[PuUeney's Progress of Botany, ii. 240 Biog. lliis society, periiaps, deepened his relionraus
;

Univpfselle, xxii. 498 ; Nicholson's Diet, of impraiiioat, ior after his return to Iveuuid
Oardenin?. ii. 220; Nichols's Illustrations, it. he commenced in 180.'? a strict^jr course of
469, 748, 78.'j, where evcml letters to and from life; but he always differed widely on many
Knowlti.il are printed.] T. S, unportent points from the evengeucal party.
KNOX, ALEXANDER (1757-1831), He now made the acquaintance of the La
theological writer, bom at Londonderry, Touche family, and spent much of his time
17 March 1767, was desopnded from the at their country residence, BeUevae, near
Scottish unily to which John Knox the Delgany, amid the Wi('l<low mountains.
reformer belonged. The &ther was a well- Bellevue became practically his home, though
to^ member of the eoiporaiion of Derry. he still retained his lodgings in Dawson
In 1765 John Wpgley, while in Ireland, be- Street, Dublin, wliither he retired on the
came acauaintd with Mr. and Mrs. Knox, death of Peter 1^ Touche in 1827, and
wlio botn joined hk society. Alexander where ho died, unmarried, 17 Jane 1881.
formed an intimftcy with Wesh'v. wliir-lt He kept up a close intimacy with many at-
was kept up until Wesley's death in 1791. ta(*hed friends, the chief among whom were
Knox always expr- used w deepest obliga- John Jebb, bishop of Limerick C^arlea ;

tion to Wesley's influence, but u't)i>d that Brodrick, archl)ishop of Cashel ; Hannah
he owed to him his early religious itnpres- More, whom he enthusiastically admired;
iions, which he attributed entirely to his William Wilberforce, whom he charmed
mother flatter to Mr. Butterworth in 1807). with his conversational powers; and tho whole
When he was twelve yeen old he lost hi^ family of Ute La Touches ; Joseph Butter-

Digitized by Go
 Knox
to whom Sflveral of his moat interest-
inir letten are addressed. Qeorge Schoalas,
J. ilarford^aiid Adam Clarke were among
his fre(]uent (MrreApondent in his later years.
Kiiox wa univtTsallj admitted to be an
dainrideflonventationalist ; and people used
to visit him in Dawson Street, much in the
.same way as people used to visit S. T. Cole-
ndiT*' at Hif^hgat^. Unfortimately no records
oi his talk have beeu preserved. Coleridge
&ad Knox rt>embleeacn otheras having done
Moh to stimttUt thought by unaystematic
methods, and to influence the succeeding
gtiaerat ion. But, as Cardinal Newman points
Q% Knox difibrad tnm OidsridM iu that
*b rculi^i^ his own position, and is an in-
itancein rudimentof tuose restorations which
he foresaw in denralopmint' Oritie
iar April 1839).
Kuux published a Tolume of Esauys ou
the Political Circumstances of Ireland during
die Administration of Lord Cumdeu; with
an AppMidix containing Thuiiirhts ou the
Will of the Popl ' (1799). This is merely
a collection of ' papers intended in nlmoat
^rery instance for msertiou iu ueweipuper!},
'>r for enealation in the fonn of handbills.'
TV;' - v. -rt:* writt'Mi at intprv.ils Wt ween 1795
jti'i ITid", iu a bri^'ht, lively, popular style.
In l^rJ bo published a pamphlet in deCsnoe
jf W ^irainst a Calvinistic clerpryman,
James tt,iKr, fellow of Trinity College,
Dublin, who
had Dublishodaa* Sxpostulato ry
Adilress to the ^I(tIl^M'^^ of the Metliodist
Society in Ireland.' Knox'a ilmurivs on
this addn*5S called forth & 'Defoioe' from
Walker. A
little lator he wrote two nrticles
for the Eclectic liavic w.'
' In l6'20 he issued
a short tract *0n the Doctrine retipecting
B'ln'iti'ii held by the Church of Enirlmid,' In
which he shows the doctrine of buplibinal ro-
(reneration in tho case of intunt.'^ to be that of
th^ church of England. In 182i ht- contri-
twitKi some
short but interesting llemarks,*
which were inserted at the end of tlie second
edition of Southrv's r.itV of We*ley.' '
In
It&i he published An J'luyuiry ou Ciruunds
'
f Scripture and Reason mto the Ilee and
Import, of the Euc!i;iri'<tir Symbols. He also
pubUshed prt faccB to J ebb's two tjditions of
Bamet's * Lives.'
of Aksxdnd. r Knox,' edited
*nu' Kf'iuain.'^
by Mr. Hornby of WiuwicK. appeared iu
4 \',U. tivo in 1834-7, and in
'Thirty Years' Correspondence k-twoi'ii Bi-
shop ^ehb and Alexander Knux,' t-diiud by
the Benr. O. L. Fontor, Bishop Jebb'b hio-
^phpT. Th^.se letters show his close a^pw-
Beot in many points with the leaders of the
Oscford movement, tihea hegioning. In an
Mticle in the ' CantMuiKMiy Iteview/ A-
TOL. XL
305 Knox
gust 1887, Professor Stokes traced the move*
meut of thought from Wesley to Kno.v, from
Knox to Jebb^aadftrnD Jebb to Hugh James
Uoi*.e, Newman, and Pusey. The the<try wan
impugned by Dr. Church, dean of St. I'aul's,
and aefended by Ptofeesor Stoke.i in the
Guai-diau (7, 14, 21, and 28 Sept. 1^87)
'
but both agree that Knox anticipated much
of what was tfteirwards insisted upon bylih*
leaders of the revival. Keble, while udinirin'/
Knox, thought him an eclectic, looking down
upon all schools with an air of Buperkrity
(Coleridge, Memoir, p. i.'41).
Knox contends that 'the church of Eng-
land wnaitlier Oalviniun nor Augustinian,
but eminently and btrictly catholic, and
;
catholic only that our vitality as a church
'
'
{Mikk is in our identity of organisation with th*^
church catliclie '^that the church of En^^land
;
'
is uut protcbtaut, but a reformed brunch of
the church catholic; that the English church
is thf only represientative of the 8]tirit of the
Greek fathers, and that we ought to aim at
union with the Qnek ehurch. He dislikes
Calvinism in every form and ho iirfjiies that:
our justitication is an imparted, not an
puied, righteoneness. This laat view was
.-pecially obnoxious to the evangelicals, and
was opposed, among others, by G. 8. Faber
* The Primitive Doctrine of Jostift-
[q. T.] in
cation investigated ( 18.'!7 ). Knox laments
'
the general deadne^.s of the &ervices as cun>
ducted in bin day : hn rebels against the iden*
titication of chnrrhmanship with toryi-'ni.and
' '
takes the primitive church in aacicut tunes,
and the seventeenth century iu modem, as
his models. Like Wesley, be admired mys-
Kempis, De Sales, and
tical writers like u
De Renty. He had no tendency to Rome, al-
though he was a steady advocate of catholic
emancipation and a supporter of Maynooth.
He exi M ist'd a great influence through his
l
friend Bishop .lebb. The appendix to .lebb's
'
sermons in I8I0 (not (juite accurately de-
scribed aa the first pubhcation that recalled
HK^ ii's attention to .\ngla-oatholic principle'^^,
wa^i avowedly the joint production of Ivnox
and Jebb, and it is plain tnat Knox was really
' theiiispiarofthetMii|^jqiouadbdhjJehb.
[RemainH (jf Alexaodor Kuox, Esq., 4to!k. ;
Thirty Yt-are' Correspondonoe between John
Jebb and .Muxander Knox, 2 vob.; Alaiaiidw.
Kitox, by the lata Mrs. Alexander Ijeper, an
18J4 appeared
aniclo in the Cliurchman, July 1889; .\Iex>
ander Knox and the Oxford Moveinont, an article
^ ProfeMor O. T. btokes in th Contemporary
Rsview, AugTut 1887; Geatdiaa, 7. 14> 8t,
and 28 Sept. 1887; Weslsy's Journals; Fors-
ter's I^e of Bishop Jebb ; letters from Knox in
the Qwdsiaagh ObweepoMence, vols. i. and iv.l
J. H. O.
Digitized by Google
 Knox
BLNOX, ALKXANDER ANDREW
(1818-189r), journalist and police magu-
trat, fton of Goorge Knox, liuKi'-d propriotor
in Jamaica, woii bom in liondon F'b. 1818.
He WM educated at BI undoirs bcIioo] Tiver- ,
ton, whence lir prorpMl'd with a s< li<>|,irsliip
to Trinity Collie, Uarabridge. In J une 1842
he wie ordwiM to the soutn for hts health,
and lie travtjlled with Mrs. Shelley (the
vridow of the poet) and her son Percy, hia
college firimd. The party wa j<^ea try
iiuotlu'r of Knox's Cambridge friends, Ro-
bert I^8lie EUia^q.T.l nd during thia inte-
resting experience of Italittn travel Knoix
met Trelawny, the friend of Byron and of
Shelley. Owing to ill-health Knox was un-
able to compete for honours, but graduated
B.A. in 1844 and MA.
in 1847. He was
called to the bar a* membt'r of Lincoln's
Inn in 1844. In 184C he Ix-carao a writer
of leading artidee on the staff of the ' Times,'
and continued to write for that paper till
1660^ when he accepte<l Sir Goorge Come-
well LewWa offer of tho oihce of police
magistrate at Worship Street. In 18^2 he
was transferred to the Marlborough Street
oonurt, and renainad there till 1878, when a
paralytic eeizuri" comptdled him to retire. On
three occasions he received the special thanks
of tlie home ofRce for hie magiBteorial lenrieee.
Knox was a man of wide culture, a good
and a brilliant talker. He was a
linguist,
^auent guest of Dr. Ptois, at ivhfMe house
in London ho met Funidny, Sir B. Bnxlie,
Babbage, and other men of acienoe. Among
his intimate friends wove Batah Brooke,
Admiral Sherard Osbora.Kinglake, Sir Spen-
cer St. John, Kingsley, Thomas Mozley,
Win^ve Cooke, and Miss Marianne North.
He died in London 6 Oct. 1891. In 18')7 he
married Susan, daughter of James Arm-
strong, esq., of the Bengal civil service.
Knox published The New Playground, or
'
"VVanderirps in Algeria,' in 1881. Besides
his work ou the Times,' ho contributed
'
articles to the ' Edinbui^h Review,' * Black-
wood,' and many Other periodicals.
[Article by the present writer, ' Alexander
Knox and his Friends,' in Tem^e Bar, April
189S.] aA H. 0.
KNOX, ANDREW (lINW-imSVhiahop
of Raphoo, the second son of John Knox of
Raniiirly in Kenfrewahirei was bom in 1559.
He was educated at the muvereitj of Glas-
fow, where he graduated M.A. in lo79. In
581 he was ordained minister of Lochwin-
noch in Renfrewshire, and in 1685 was trans-
lated to the nlilxY chuioh of Paisley. On
(> March 1589-dOhe was appointed on a cnm-
miiMtou of select clergymen to promote sub-
Knox
seription to the confession of faith and core*
uant over the whole kingdom. In December
1 50l> he was instrumentar in arrest ing George
Kerr ou the Isle of (Jumray as he was outlte
]H)intor sailing for Spain, and was thersby
the means of bringing to light and frustrat-
ing on the eve of its execution the dangeroas
conspiracy of the Earls of Huntly, Enol, and
A!it:n>. Tn 1597 he was appointed a com-
missioner, with others whom he thought
'sseitest to employ,' to sedi and apprehend
'allexcommunicut pupistis.jesuitis, seminarie
S-eistis and suspect trafBcquaris witli the
ing of Spayne, and having in the eswm-
tion of his othce accidentally caused the
death by drowning of Hew Barclay of Lady
land, who had intended to capture and for-
tify Ailaa Oraig against the coming of the
Spaniards, he wan by parliament exoneratetl
from all couso<juences arising therefrom, and
commended for his ' loyall and gud seruice
to his Majestic and his cuntry (Acta Pari.
'
Soot. iv. 148). About this time Knox, who
appean to haye been of a oontentious diRpo-
Bition, was involved in several discn ditaole
disputes with his fellow-citizens {Geaeaiogi-
eal Memoirs of the FamUy ((f XttoXf n. 11
llMjisterfi of the Priry Council, v. 17l, vii.
52). During the ooume of one of them Knox
ea fer iSragot himself as to strike his ndTer^
sary, Oi'nrpe Stewnrt, Th-.t^tsb of Paisley, in
public court. The outrage was reported to
the presbytery. He was suspended 4 Oct
1604, and was ordered to do public neaanoe
in his church on Sunday the 19th foUowing.
'This being done, the bailies and sum of the
honest men of the paroch sail reoetve him be
the hand* (Oenealogiral M^oirit, p. 12). On
2 April 1606 (the episcopacy hav ing been re-
stored in Scotland) Knox was created bishop
of the Isles, and having obtained leave from
the presbytery he immediately proceeded to
his diocese. On 31 July he was commissioned
along with others 'to meit with David, Lord
Scone, comptroller, and hear the offers made
by the inhabitants of the Isles and the High-
lands ancnt their obedience and suritie for
his Majesties rents.' In Januazy 1606~7 he
was appohrted eenstant flMidentor of the
pre-sbytery of the Isles, and on 4 Ju^e he took
the oath of allegiance. His absence rom his
dinge atPudeyoannngBoaie inoouTenienoe,
the presbytery suggested the appointment <rf
a colleague, but his parishioners would only
accept the proposal if he would altogether
'
denude himself of the bishopric and tak to
the ministerie.' Knox preferred to rosign^
and on 12 Nov. 1607 ho wa^j relieved of hit
chaige.
In accordance with King Jamos'a mt^'n-
^
tion to reform theWestern Isles and high-
Digitized by Google
 Knox
land.e. wns on 8 ^fnrch 1(109 joiiu^l in Lord Salisbury a roport of the state of reli-
fCnoT
commission witU Andrew, lord St 0 wart of gion in his diocese. In consequence of his
Oeyhne,tota]ietliiii*ttertBhftiid. In May report the king instnicted Sir Arthur Ghi-
hevi-iti d til' liiiiiffit Oropnwich, nnd bron^Jit cheptrr to roqnirethe Archbi.li of A -ina^^li >]
buck infltructioa*; for a military expedition
tgtiiniittbe Mes, of wfaieh Tjord Oehiltree was
to rnmmander, aaaiAtt'd by a council, of
wbich Knox was to be the liead with a salary
nd bodygnard of hifl own. The expedHton
Mtled p'arlv in Angiist, and tho rn?itli>'; of
Dnnivaig and Lochgorme in Isla liaving been
by Angus Macdonald, Ochil-
tTf*" opnHd n court at tho rn^tlo of Aro'^ in
Moll on 15 Aug. The cUiefloina ahowuig
tame nluetaaoe to come to terau, Ochiltrne,
actinf on the advice of Knox, induced them
to Tuit him on board bis Teasel on pretence
ef t dhmer md
a serin011 fton ihe bMiop.
TTavisHr thus sticcwded in kidnappinj^ them,
Ochiltree sailed to Glasgow. On his return
Ibox aeeompukied OmutawtoLoiidoii, and
wai^ commanded llj the king fiw biB in MM
thesorriee.
The chief oheteele to e BSttlement of the
ills* was thus rom n 1, and Knox was in .
Febniary 1609 appoiut<.>d one of acoiiimiaion
to t)<>gotiate wit the ehiefteins for the pur-
pose of devi'singf a scheme for tho civilisation
ol the Western Islands. In May he was the
btaser of a oonficleiitial message from his
iwllsy'"-' to thp king. ITc ret timed in Tun.^
with matructions for a fresh expedition, of
whidk he hfanself was to he the head, end he
f'ODdurtod the bu^infiA with prr-at credit to
hinself. Before the end of July he met the
ffiairipal ehieftatns ait lone, and wMi theit
eonsCTit . nnctt'd tho statute-^ of Tcolmkill.
Es leCumed Edinbuigh in September, but
to
imediet<>iy proceeded to London. He seems
t.) ^ \ II Jit court till the follow-
d^ tnirvNl
ii^ July, when he
returned to Edinburgh,
aad muM fennel tedethrery of * the Bend um
Sta^it. s of Icolmkill bpfore thn council. On
' Dunivaig, and a free pardon for all crimes up
16 Feb. 1610 he was appointed a member of
the ooort of eeeleeiastieel high commission
for thf province of Cjla'ci'""", find on 8 May
HUmud of the whole Wesiem Isles, with in-
anietfawe to meke the eeatie of DnniTaig his
hi u rirters.
! ,
In the same yftnr he was pre-
finred to the bishopric of iiaphoe (patent
II Smma 161 1) ' to the eflbet that by li is panes
and travellis the i^niorant multitude within
that Dioeie may be reclamed from their su-
pentitioan end FsfNshe onnionis' (Laim,
n T^tteri^, i. 427). Ho continued to
hold both bishoprics tUl 32 Sept. 161U, when
he fesigned that of the Iilee in fsroor of his
4d(>st son, Thnr.i;.q.
Hairing established a garrison in the castle
flf DomTaiff. he immediately proceeded to
-
m AprU 16U tmnemilted to
307 Knox
to convene a meeting of the bisihops uf iiib
province in order to consider the reformation
of eccb'sia.sticiil abuses in the north of Ire-
land (the report of their proceedings will be
found in Rvbsbll and PRnrDBMAST, OaUn-
(Irrrafln'Mh State Pappri>, iv. 142). On 1.3 Oct.
1 (H I Chichetiter wrote of Knox : ' He is a
gr)od bishop for that part of theUngdora,
and jtenlously ofTected to convct ftnd r. form
the (>rrors and abuses of the priests and
people, and Imb done more good in church
govfmment in tho short time of his b.'ing
among them than his prodeceior in all his
time ' (tft. 149). It was prohaUy in con-
swfuoncoof CliichcPter'.*! report that on 1 Feb.
10 1 2 tho kinjg authorised his admission to the
pri vy connctir As a reward fer his good suc-
cess in n frjrraing tho "NWstem Isles, Jame**
addressed a letter to the council of Scotland
<m tiie 84th of the lame month, fe^uiring
them (1) to roftko payment to him of aU
arrears of a pension formerhr granted to him
oat of the dutiee of the Isies, in compensa-
tion for his expense in raninttiining a garri-
son at Duuivaw : (2) to srant him a charter
in fen farm ferine of the Tale of Barm : ^3) to
restore ns fur as pnsslltlc all the lands belong-
ing to his bishopric that had by chance beoi
alienated ; (4) to rrannex to his bishopric
the abbey of Icolrakill and the priory of
Ardchattan, formerly held in oommendam
with it. In 1614 the castle of DnntTaig was
surprised by tho Macdonalds, and Knox, al^
tempting to retake it with insuflicient fone,
was defeated and compelled to treat. He
consented to solicit alensc of thn rrown lands
of Isla for Angus Oig Macdonald, together
with the proprietary rights in the oasde of
to date, aad to lesTe his son Thomas and his
nephew John Knox of Baaftarlj as hostages
for his goo<l faith. The council, however,
refused tliese terms, and pru^red to reduce
the Moedonalds bj force. Knox, who was
alarnii'd for the .latety of hig hostages, openly
counsoUed the employment of deceit in deal-
ing with the Mocaonalds, to he ibilowed by
their total extirpation, iind the plantation of
their lands by uouesi men from the north
of Ireland and the west cf Scotland. His
scheme was in part realised. The Earl of
Argyll desired to drive the Macdonalds into
desperate coorses on behalf of his kinsman,
John Campbell of Cahh r, who hud under-
taken their reduction on condition of suc-
ceeding to their inheritonoe. One John ( 2r-
baa, who acted, it wm sapposed, at A rgylPt
x2
Digitized by Gopgle
 Knox
instigation* contrived tbftt Thomas and John
Knox sbouid be mt at liberty, and on 6 Jan.
1616 (' itdjiIk II of Colder, with the assistanco
of sir Oliver Lambart [44. t.^ cwturedOiini-
so8 Knox
rtendiBgin 1785. but haa since been pulled
down. TThe eini)eettm that hie hirthplioe
j
was in the neighbouring parish of Miu haui,
founded on his statement that his lather, '

Taiff. Some time dniing' bis lif(9tinie Knox
hacf carrii d ofTtliO two principal bells from
the abbey of Icolmkill to Baphoe. These
his successor, Bishop John Lesley, was hv
royal pdict compellea to restore on 14 March
1686 (^Collectanea de rebus Albamcis, p. 187),
Knox resigned the bishopric of the Telee
in 1619, but continued bishop of Rnj)lion till
his death on 27 Maroh 1633. He married
htfl cousin-german Elisabeth, daughter of
William Knox of Silvieluml iliont^li, by
( himself 'of base condition/ and is described
another account, the daughter of John Knox,
I gudschir, and grandsehir' finight under the
Vt\T]-i of Rotliwell, who liad lands in that
1 parish, bujt not in Haddington, is ingenious
'
hat not tcoved lo aa to displace tiw ami-
I roent of Leint^^ in favour of Giffordgate. The
leformer's father, William Knox, is supposed
I
I to have heen a sdet of the family of iCnox
of Ranfurly in Kenfrew ^hire. Butthenanv
,
is too common to support this descent, which
is opposed bv the fiust that the reformer cells
I
as ' of linea^ small by John Davidson in
'

merchant, in Ayr). By her he had three sone, ! the panegyrical poem published the year
Thomas, James, and and two daugh-
CioorfTe, aft-er his death, while his personal character
ters, Margaret, who married John Cunning- indicates a burghal rather than a gentle aa-
ham of C^mbuskeith, son of James, sevMitn '
oestry. His mother was a Sinclair, and t
earl of Oleucaim, and another, who married note to one of his manuscript letters, Kifj^ned
John Hamilton of Woodhall. The three John Sinclair, mentions ' this was his mother's
sons took orders in the church. Thomas, the surname, whilk he wearit in time of trabelL'
eldest, was educated at Glasgow Univentity, A brother, William, mentioned in two of his
where he graduated M.A. in 1608. He be- letters and in his will, was a tiadtf with
came inctunbent of Sorabte in Tiree, and on England, and settled in Preston.
4 Aug. 1617 he was constituted dean of the Knox was educated at the school of Had'
lales. In February 1619 he succeeded his dington. In 1522 his name appears in the
father as bishop of the Isles, and in 1632 was rugit^tur of the university of Glasgow among
appointed non-resident rector of the parisli of the students incorporated on St. Crispin's
Clandevadocrk in the diooese of Baphoe. He day, 25 Oct. lie was attracted to Glasgow
was B.D., and died in 1638 wit&>at issue, by the fame of John Major [q. v.l, himself
ad is reported to have been a man of loam- bom at Gleghornie, not &r from Haddiiig-
ing and piety. ton, and probably educated at the burgh
Knox's house, 25 High Street, Paisley, is school. On 9 June 1623 Major was traas*
tud (Oenealof;tcal Memoire of the Family ferred to the university of St. Andrews; so
Knor, 1879) to be still standing, and in an Knox, unless he followed Major to that uni*
oak panel over the chimney^ of toe principal versity, of which there is no proof, can have
room are cagntred hie initiala aDO^thoee of been his pupil only one session, vet this may
his wife. have sufliced to disgust Knox, like Buchanan
and other of Major s hearers, with the echo-
\0, Bogers's Genealogical Memoirs of the
Fudlyof Knox (Grampian Club). 1879; Ool- lostic logic, of which he retained littia eouept
lectanea dt rchm AlV>iiiiicis (lona Club), 1839; the argumentative spirit.
Laing'sOrigiual Ivoiters (BannatynoClab), 1851 The name of Knox does not appear in the
Book uf tht Tbaoes of Oaxrdor (Spalding Club), list of graduates of either university. The
1859; Begister of ths Frivy Cooocil of Scot- trtidition that he was led by the study of
land, vols. T-ix.; DoBild Gregory's Hist, of Augustine and the fathers to abandon scho-
the Western Iliphlands; Collcctioos upon the lastic theology is so far confirmed by the
Lives of the Kt-formerR (Maitlnnd Club), 1834 citation in tiis writings of Augut;fit!>' n
C:dderwoo<l'8 J list, of t!io Kirk; Spotiswood's
that learned August lue,' Clirysostom a
'
'

lli>^t. of the Cliurch George Cr.i'.vfui-d's Hist, of

;
ancient godlie writer,' and Athanasius se
JU rifVi-wnhin? Bishop Keith's Cil. uf Scottish
;
*
that notable servnnt of Jesus (^hrist.' W^ith
Bi l,..ps; (V.iWh FiuitiEccl. Hib.; Roid'sHist.
Latin, still the languago of educutiou, he wse
of the Presbyterian Church io Irel nd Russell;

and FrendeisMt'sOiL ef State Ilspeni, Ireland.]
KNOX, JOHN (1606-1572), Scottish
rcfoniit^r and hisiorian, was bom in loOo
of course familiar, though he rarely used it.
He is the first, almopt trif only, great prose
writer in the venuicular, though his Scotch
liaH been criticised for ite intermixture with
English and French words and lionis. (H
i

at ( Haddington, in a house oppo-

'lillxnl^^ate, Hebrew he confessed his ignorance, but
sid iht> fust end of the abb<>V) on the other '
his fervent thirst to have sum entrance
aide of the Tyne from the burgh. It was thairin' (latter to Biahopof Dnrhan), whioh

Digitized by Google
 Knox 309 Knox
be to Bomo extent gratified when he went to mpe the jj^exaecution of Cardinal Beaton.
tlh eostiDeat. He abo atodied lair, and ths He bad frienda among the gentry of that
next clearly ascertaiiipcl fact in hialife is that shire, and the fathers of Knox s piii)ils, Dou-
lk Mted as a notarv in Uaddiiwton and the glas and Oockbum and Crichton of lirunatonf
BaighlMiriioed. fBuawritiDgBnenioiretlian gave bim an asylum in th^ bonsea. Knox
one- cites the Panrlect^, IIo appcfira as pro- wa.s constantly with him in Lothian, and
curator for James Kar in SamueLston, a vii- acoomnanied him before 1546 to Haddin^
lg9 abovt time milea from Haddington, at ton, wnera Wnbait preached on two days in
Ih*? market-cro^ of that biirgli, on 13 Dec. [
succession, 16 and 16 Jan. of that year. After
1540} as umpire^ alooff with James Ker, in a the second sennon. whose invective shows
|

fiipiiteoii jnNoT.lSffiaaintiWttto adeed

cniir.rninp RanneltoD, Berwicksliirt', in a
Haddington protocol book, 28 March 1613 ;
adaalfieaoduywboirioleaiiotemltBstni-
ment on 27 March l.'>43, still cxfaiif aiiiongtho
Eariof Haddington's payeraat Tynninghiune.
la the earKeet ct ibeae doonmeiits be is de-
eiirned ScUir .Tolin Knox,' and in tht,' notarial
'
iaatnunent he designs himself Johannia ' shut themselves up in the castle of ^t. An
Kmam mm altans nunister sanoto Andree
dioce5>i authorjtafc apostolica notarius.'
Tbeae designationa prove that he had been
admitted to minor orders (Kxox, Works, i.
556). Housed as his motto as notary Non
&lsam testimonium perhiheo,' and as witness
* Per Christum fldelu cui gloria Amen.' He
|
tbe model on wUsli Knox fbmed lus own
.style, Wishart hade Knox po back to Long-
1 mddiy. Thesameeveniug, i(i Jan., Wishsjrt
was aeawd at Otmiston bylBotbwell, and was
burnt at St. Andrews for hftrsy on 1 March.
i On 28 May fUwttn^l Beaton was murdered
in revenge fat HHUwrt'e death [see Lmn
; NormanJ. The participators in tlif deud
|
drews, and, having opened oommnnieation
by sea with En gland, held it in >s]>ite of a
siege. Knox had intended about thia time
to visit the German unrrerstties to avmd
'
persecution. He apjroved, thouph hu had
no hand in, the cardinal's murder, wiiich he
calls the godly act of James MeWtne,' in a
'

may hare aerred at the chapel of St. Nicholas marginal note to his ' History,' and at Easter,
at ^iamnelston, bat he hela no cure, and in 10 April 1547,hewas persuaded by the fathers
the pre&ce to his sermon published in 1566 of his pupils to go with them to the castle
he dates his study of the scriptures as com- of St. Andrews. In the chapel of the castle
mencing within twenty years. A Romanist he continued to teach them tne gospel of St.
contemporary, Archibald Hamilton, alleged John, beginning where he left off at Long-
within five years of his death that, ' although niddry, and after the siege was raised he cate-
rery illiterate, be contrived to be made a chised them publicly in the parish kirk. The
pwbyter, and employed himself in teaching leaders of the party in the castle, and espe-
m pmrate houses to young people the mdi- cially John Rough [q. v.], a preacher, Heniy
ments of the vulgar tongne (Z>e Oon/esstone
' Balnaves, a lawyer, and Sir David Lyndsay
OaivmiaHa Sectce apud Seotos, fol. 64, Paris, [q. v.], the poet, seeing bis ability, urged him
1577-8). Between 1633 and 1644 the record to assume the office 01 preacher. He refused,
of bis life is blank. From 1544 we follow his as he had not received a call. This vras
life in the pages of his ' History/ which is speedily supplied. Rough, after a sermon on
laigely an autobiography. It is truthful and the election of ministers, charged Knux, *in
snbetanttally accurate, except as to dates, but the name of Ood and Christ, and of those
Tebement and prejudiced, and requiring to that presently call you by my mouth, not to
ke checked by contemporary writings. refuse this holy vo<-ation.' The congregation
Rejecting the career of a priest, which his publicly expressed their approvaL The call
adoption of the principles of the reformers was irregular, but it asserted for the first time
saoe impo8ible, and abandoning tint of a in Scotland the claim of the congregation to
notary, which can scarcely have oeen more choose their sjiiritual guide. Knox accepted
congenial, he adopted, perhaps earlier, but it, and on the next Sunday, appointed for his
eertainly in 1544, the Tocation of a tvtor. sermon, preached from a teilb the seventh m
His pupils were Francis and John, rods of chapter of Daniel upon the corruption of tho
Hogh Douglas of Lougniddry, near IVanent papacy, VL& seen in the lives of the popes and
in East Lothian, and Alexander Cockbum, the bishops. He ended witli a challenge to
eldest son of the Laird of Ormistnn, hnv^ his old master, John Major, or any or his
about twelve years of age. Their studies hearers, to dispute his conclusions. The chal-
were grammar, the Latin classics {Hxtmarug lenge was acct'pted, and a conference held in
lAtereB), the catpchism, and the goswl of the yards of St. Leonard's.' Certain theses
*

St. John. It was while thus engaged tliat drawn from Knox's sermou were proposed

Wiabart [9>T.], a chamnion of Lu- for debate, sttdh M
thait * tbe pope is ane anti-
.jm^ Lotbian te ce- ohiiaty' thai 'tho acrainenta e< tke TAvm

Digitized by Gopgle
 Knox 310 Knox
Testament onght to be ministered as they recovered by Richard Bannatyne [q. t.]^
were instituted by Christ, and nothing added Ivnox's amanuensis, in the hands of soma
to or taken from them/ that the mosa is
'
children at play. As the earliest of his known
abominable idolatrr/ and that ' there is no writings, it is remarkable for the cleamoes
piugatorv, and there are no bishops unless with which it propounds the Lutheran doc-
they preach themselves,' AN'inram, the sub- trine that faith is only justifiable before God,
'

with Knox, but left the

prior, first disputed
condusion of the argument to Arbucklu, a
grey friar, whom Knox, according to his own
narrative the only account preserved
CMilj overcame by a combination of texts,
logic,and ridicule. Knox refers, for his share
in the debate, to 'a treatit^ he wrote in the
galleys,' containing tlie pith of his doctrine
and the confession of his faith. This has not
been pre8er\-ed, unless the reference be to the
letter he wrote to his brethren in Scotland
in 1548, whfn he sent them Balnflves's 'Con-
fession and Treatise on Justification.' The
without all aid and merit of our works.' In
February 1549 his own release was efl'ected,
probably by the intercession of Edward VI,
and he came to England.
On 7 April 1549 Knox received IS/^ *hf
way of reward, from the king's privy council,'
and was sent by the council to jireach at
Berwick, where he leouiaed two years, at*
tracting a large congregation. While tliere
he prejMired and probably issued a tract, ol
which the first edition extant was published
in 1654 A
Declaration what true Prayer
is, how we should pray, and for wlmfc we

firiaiaattempted to stifle a voice they could should pray.' On 4 April I60O he was sum-
not answer by occupvinp the pulpit at f^t, moned, at the inntaiice of Tnnhtall, the
Andrews Sunday ubuut, but Knox evaded Romanist bishop of Durham, lo answer for
thiadeviee by preaching on the weukdavs and hanng Upheld in his preaching Hhat the
protesting that if the fnars preached in liis iil>- mass was idolat ry.' His deft iice, afterwards
sence the people ought to suspend their judg- printed along with a letter to Mary of Guise,
ment till the^ heard him ogafaL The effiMt theqneen regent, in 1650^ was a syllogistic
of hi." prrnching was that muny in the town argument: 'All serv'ice inventctf bv the
as well as the ca.>Ttle accepted the reformed bnin of mau in the religion of God, without
doctrine, and communicated at the Lord's his own express command, is idolatry. The
Tnblp nftr r the reformed rite. On 31 June mass is invented by the brnin of man without
1547 the I'rench gal leys, under St ro/.zi, prior the command of God; therefore it is idolatry.'
of Oapua, appeared in the Forth and besieged lie explained that tlie mass wsb abomination,
the crtftlc <in 18 July. Thr regent soon nHer and concluded hy dist in[:uishiDg the Lords
joined in the siege on the land side. On Supper of the pro(etnlb at the commumoji-
;

31 July the castle capitulated. Bjthe terms t^able frotii the sacrifice of the mass, which the
of the cnpilidation the prisoners, of whom priet^t ((llered at the altar. Neither Tnnitall
|

Knox was one, were to be sent to France in nor any one else answered him. Probably
the gaUem, and either libemted tbew or sent most of the coihmU Were lukewarm or iaviMP*
to nny otner country they clm.ao except Scot- able. MothingcfeiM of thill hiafint^oeeen-
land. They were taken to Fecamp, a port tion.
of Normandy, and thence up the Seine to A
tract of two or three pages, cont^iining
Rouen, but in breach of the terms of their sur- ' in n Sum, according; to the Holy Scriptures,
,

render, were dispeiwd in several prisons. what opinions we Christians haif of the
Knox remained with t he galleys, which sailed Lordis Supper, callit The Sacraim nt of the
to Nantes and lay in the Ixiire all the winter. Bnd!'" and lilude of onr Saviour .It sua ( 'lirL-it,*
In the summer of HAS the gallevs returned printed without date, was j)robal)ly issued iu
to the Scotch coast. The prisoners^ traalmenty the same year for genotaleirculat ion. About
|
though strict, was not very rigid. the end of 1550 he removed to Newoantle,
t

Balnaves coninosed his ' Treatise on Justi- where he served as preacher in the cliurch *
fication by Faith' in the castle of Rouen, St. Nicholas, and in autumn 1551 he waa
and managed to send it to Knox in the galley appointed one of six royal clini'luins, with a
NotreDame. Knoxdige^^ted it into chapters salary of 40L, of which ilie lirst poyment
and Ibrwaided it, with an epistle, to the was made by the privy council on 87 Oet.
congregation of the castle of St. Andrewf^ in ]ry'y2. Wliile at Newcastle he denounc^^
1548. It reached the hands of his i'riends from the pulpit the execution of Somerset.
at Ormiston, but was first published in 1684 Asking'SOhaplainhe took ]mrt in then>vi$iou
{

by the French printi-r VmitmlliiT. who ex- of the second prayer-book of lulward V'l,
plains, in a dedicatiuii to Lady Sanditauds, issued 1 Nov. 1552, and is credited with the
I

the mother of Knox's pupil Gockhum, that * black rubrio** which explained that the act
it had been unsuccessful ly soxtphf for hy Knox of kneeling meant no adoration of the hr. a 1
'

after his return to Scotland, and accidentally and wine, for that idolatry is to be abhurreU
*
|

Digitized by Coogle
 Knox 8" Knox
by all faithfulChmtians.' A letter from ' objections to the English ministry, he wss
Jolm Utenhow to Bullinger, dated Lon- I dismissed with the gentle admonition 'that
n. ]_' Oct. loo2, doubtless refers to Knox they were sorry lie was of a contrary mind
a a pious preAcher, chaplain to the Duke of
'
to the common order,' to which he replied
I
Noi4SdBbCTlaiid,* who, ia Mtmoa liefi^ *that he was more aony that a oommon
l ing, inveighed with neat freedom against
' order should be cfmtniry to Clirist's institu-
kneeling at the Lord's Simper/ 11 went to tion.' In the same mouth he ueached his
LoodoB in eomwctioii with the prti]tamtioii seoond and last sermon beftm Bdwavd VI
of the church articb s. vvliicli wen; submitted on the text He that eateth bread with me
'

on 20 Oct.. beare their iasuoi to the rojai hath lifted up his heel against me,' in which
dttplatiw,
(h\ H
W
MMMi letumed to KeweMm. he affirmed tnat the most ^dly princes lud
Oct. Northumberland wrote to Cecil, most ungodly ofllcfra. Citing the example of
recommeading the king to appoint Knox to the good kingliezekiah,he applied it to the
tibe Bodieetw Uahopru. On 88 Nor. tlie English oourt. No wonder Uie bold preacher
duke again reminded the king's secretaries had enenii.'s ut court. But the Eni^lish re-
that ' tome order be taken for Jnox, other- formers could not afi'ord to dispense with his
wiie yoQ cball sot amnd the Soots fraoi out snrices; and on S June 1668 he was sent asm
of Xfwca-tlf liit on 7 Dec., after he had
:
' preiR^lu r to l^uckinyhHmahire, an (ifUce wliich
Men hLaox at Chelsea bj Cecil's request, and gave him more liberty, and which his conp
fend lum not ao plnble as he thought the sdenee distinguished- from a settied diaTM.
offer of a bisshouric .should have maue him, On theOtli of tue following nioiitli Edward VI
liorthumberlaua altered hia tone. He had died, and as Mary Tudor lor a time tolerated
fewd KnoK nnther gnteAil nor pleasable/
* the proteatants, ne eontinned Us prsaching
and wiaheato have 'no more to *!<> with him tour in Uuckingham and Kent till October.
than to wish him welL' On Chnstmas day England wss iast becoming unsafe for a
1692 Knox was a^ain at Newea^le, where man of Knox's opinions, and a tract entitled
he prt-aohed and d' clured that 'whosoever in * A Confession and Declaration of Prayer
hia heart was enemy to Christ's gospel then upon the Death of that most virtuous and
pteadieJ in England was eaeniyideo to God, &mons King, Edwaid VT,' issned in July
a secret traitor to the crofs-u and common- 1554, though it contained a pniyer ' to il-
venlth of Kngland.' A
letter If orthumber- luminate the heart of our Sovereurn Lady
hmA reeeiToa from Knox in JaaQBiy 1668, Queen Bboiewith pregnant gifts offhy Holy
when th* latter had been threatenM witli Ghoste,' had to conceal its place of printing
an accusation by Iiord Wharton and Brand- under the ironical imprint, ' At Home, before
I

Inir, mayor of Newcastle, eneourafjed that the Gastel of St. Angel, at the signe of Sanct
i

noll-mftn again to befriend him, but in a Peter.'

way which ^ws he no longer rwanled him
wimmaaof mnefaeonsflqveooe. He calls bim
r {-'jif <]]% pour K iio.\.'
' 'his letter Hhows
.-iiiys
what the poor soul remaiuoth in,'
perpl(}.\ity
and, wopping all mention of the bishopric,
a-ks onl\ iliiif >oin'-i]img might bo done for
'
hiaoomibrt.' In Marchnew charges, to which
KnoKTCfiBmiBhialettflntoHmBowee, were
made to Lord Westmoreland, but these, too,
broke down, for on the 23rd he says : This
iaaautt of itan has been to his oonftuion
asd f n the glory of Gk)d.'
Knox himself statsa that ho declined the
bishopric because be was unwilling to accept
t!\<rtu the modifii'd formularies of the English
church ss leaning to Uoman doctrine, though
bo fiiTonraue to an office simikur to the
bishop's. A warrant of 2 Feb. 1553 to the
afchhishop to appoint iiim to the living of
All BsHows, in Bread Streel, London, was
perhaps a compliance with Northuniberluiid's
iat request, but in April he declined this
Kuux returned to Newcastle in December,
but befiire the pnblieatim of his tract he baa
fied toDieppe,wlu're he rtuuained fnmi 2().Tan.
1664 to the end of February. While resident
at Benriek in 1549 be bad ma^ the acquaint-
ance of the family of Bowes of Streatlam
Castle in Durham, and rained the friendship
of Elisabeth, wifb of lUdiard Bowes, captain
of Norham fsee BowB8, ElizabrthI. This
'
lady acoeptea him as her sniritual adviser, and
promisedTUm the hand ol her fifth daughter,
Marjory. Their marriage, or betrothal, opposed
by her father, was probably not celebrated till
July 1553, after which he refers to Marjory as
hie wife. To her mother he had long u.^ed the
sijpiature ' your Son.' Mrs. Bowes was about
his own age. The correspondence that passed
between her and her soii-in-law was always
aifectionate : she was confiding and importu-
nate, he consolatory and invigorating, though
as time went on he found hi.s position as her
spiritual guide somewhat tiring ' fasdiions

preferment, and wss summoned before the is his expressive Scotch word. Mrs. Bowes
privy council. After a long debate between was alfiicted with the religious melanclioly
him and the council, in which he set forth his whieh the Onlvinistic docteine of

Digitized by Google
 Knox Knox
sometimes produced. Enox himself in one |
or Dieppe. He thora diieets tihe whoklbiw
htter to Mr Srdmits that he wa also on one j
of hk attack sgsinst the Spanish ntsiriifi
occafiion oppressed by a doubt whether he wns [
of .Mary Tudor,
ouo oi the elect. This was lor him the rarest i In the summer of 1654 Knox returned to
eispeffieBce. A complete conviction that iiis j
Geneva, and remained there till November,
sins were forkfiven, and that he and those who |
when he accept<id the rail which thn Eu?lish i

believed with iiim were the chosen people, ao- ,

cougr^atiou at Franktort-ou-Aiaine liud sent
OWnpanied him through life. As Mrs. liowes . him on 848^t. to be one of thr pastors, fie
subsequently left her huisbund and joined accepted it unwillingly, he says m
his Hii-
'

Knox and her daughter at Ueneva, the con- tory,' at tha commandmrat of that noUbls
' I

neetion gaye rise to anwarranted scandal (cf. ! servant of God, John Oalvin.' The dittieultics
Kkox, Anmcer to a Letter of a Jesuit named ,
whicli he had fnre^enn snon iinxse. The English !

Tjfritt 1572, advertisement). Just as he was . oongreffation at I raoklort had beenfomudtii

learing Diep{>e in tho end of February 1664, 1 the end of July 1664 bj a fowrsftti^Bes ttm
he sent hniue two tracts :
*An lOxposition of the Marian persecution. Tli<- mitiist rates,

the Sixth Psalm,' in a letter addressed to Mrs.
Bofwes signed, ' at tbeyery point of my jour-
ney, your Son, with sorrowful heart, J. K.,'
{tart of which had been written in London. A .
ouger letter was entitled 'A Qodly, Letter
with the iriendlj oo-operatiou of a i:>Ysiack
protealant oongre^tion already estabKsbed,
allowed the Enplish the use of the French
church. The English subscribed the French
oonfeB8ionoffaith,andwere allowed the Eiig>> I

wnt to the Faithful in London, Newcastle, lish order of service, with some modifications,
and llerwick t)f this there are two editions,
;
' the omission of the responses, the litny, &nd
one with the colophon from Wittemberg,
' parts of the sacramental lit urgy which were
by Nicholas I>orcai$ter, anno 1554, the 8th 01 f
doemed superstitious. Soon after Kdoz%
May,' and the other with the fieiitious im- arrival, the b^np-lish exiles in Stni-<biiri:
print, In llome, before the Cartel of St. Angel,
' oftertxlto join iheir fellow-country meiv m
at the signs of Sanot Peter, in the mouth of Frankfort, but first inauired what parts of
July in the ye;ir nf our Lord 1654,' and the the p]nglish service booV were winctioned at
device of H.ugh Singleton. A manuscript Frankfurt. Knox and other members of hi^
Oopy has the postscript, 'The peace of God oongregation answered (3 Dec.) that what*
rest withyou all, from ane sore-troubled heart over in that book could be shown to etant^
upon my departure from Diep 1663, whither with God's word was admissible. It was
God knowetB.* It it avehenient denunciation amed to anbrnit the Bnglith aerrioo book,
of the mas.''. In tho spring (1554) he jour- of which Knox and Whittingbam and ftth 'rs
n^ed through France and 8witaerland, and made a summary in Latin, to Calviu. Calvin,
at Geneva met OslTin for the first time. while oouneeliing moderation, recommended
.

Calvin gave him an introduction tu Dullinger, a new order for ii new church. Knox, W'hit-
the reformer of Zurich. Knox sent, on 10 and tingham, and three others were directed bj
80 May, epistles to his afliicted brethren in the congregation to draw up ' some order
England after returning to Die]ii>e to learn meant for their state and time,' and acoord-
the position of afl'airs in Engliuiu and Scotr- ingly compiled the liturgy, afterwards pnb>
land. 'Since the 28th of January, 'he wrote in lished in 1556, and known as The Order of *

the OBclim letter,' I have travelled through all Genova.' But the work proved unaatitfaetory
the contrrepations of Helvetia, and reasonit to many, and Knox, WTiit tingham, and two
with ail the pastours and manv other learned others were invited to make a second at*
nun upon sic mattanaanowlTcannot submit tempt. Some modificatioawaa agreed upon;
to writing.' The matters were ind- ed dan- Knox counselled eonctwions, arul it w;i8
geruus, and involved the questions whet her determined that the new order should be
' '
'

ft fanmle can rale a kingdom by divine right, observed till tho end of April 1666. If any
and transfer the right to her husband;' further disput4 fimse, it was to be referrd
' whether obedience
is to be rendered to a to Calvin, Martyr, and Bulliuger, and two
,

tta^n*tfate who enforcea idolatfy;'and *to other divinea.

, A
noonoiliation fbUoiwedf
which party must godly persons attach them- and 'the holy communion wa-i^ upon this
selves in the case of a religious nobility re- happy agreement ministered.'
|
But the ces-
tsting an idolatrous aoverei|rn.' BuUuiger ntion of hostilitiea wa tamporaiy.
,
On
reported to Calviti the cautiously vague re- 13 Marcli Dr. Richard Cox [q v.] ranie with
plies that he made to isuiox. In the same others frx>m ngland. The small band of
,

year Knox publislied 'A Faithful Admoni- proteitantearilee were thereupon divided into
,

tion to tho Professors of God's Faith in Eng- Ooxians and Knoxians. At church the new-
;

land, 1554,' which was printed on 20 July at comers insisted on making responses after
|

* Kalykow/ perhaps a pseudonym ibr Geneva the minister, although Knox and the seniors
,

Digitized by Google
 Knox
of tbe church had previously admonished
tiMm to dosiit.
Knox one Sunday cliRr^^crl
frotn the pulpit with breaking tbe agreement.
Th nsttw WM AiUy debated on the Tnee-
day following. Knox urged, in a spirit of
brmrado^ that the Coxians should be ad-
itted to TOte aa membm
of the coiigrega-
r.. If,' bade th<^m rnnderan him if tliey
danxi. He was taken at hia word, and the
ajority deekmd against him. He was now
prohibit .'1 frorn jiri'jicliin<r, nnd tinothor cnn-
teeace of thre days iieuled to reconcile the
eoafiictingr piutiee. On the third day Kbok
pa&aionately df Tiniinced the proposal to use
in tbe morning service prescribed words of
prayer and pratae not to be ibond in scrip-
ture. He wius thereupon accu.-fl before the
anatrates by a friend of Cox of treason
in desenhittir the emperor, in bit ' Admoni-
ti'.-n to the PeopU- of Eii^'lund,* as uo less
eoemv to Christ than l^ero/ and in attack-
ing Mary, thb magistrates ftoaOy, throuiorh
Williams and "\^'hil iiig-lmni, two of liia
t Sir James Sandilands, one of who.se sons wa
friaadsnsent him au order to leave Frank-
Art Tile night before he left he preached
at his lodpni^ii to some fifty persons on the
Bssunection and the ioys prepared isa the
elect. EieaiTted by his fhends for a ftur
n;.!' lit? proceedetl at once to Geneva, where
he was well received by Calvin, who con-
dsmned the proceedings of the majority,
li H-y wrote to Grindal shortly before his
own martyrdom, lamenting ' that our brother
Knox could not bear with our Book of Com-
mon Prayer/ and while admitting that a
man (as he is) of wit and learning may find
plausible gprounds of dissent, doubtea that
he could soundly disprove it by Qod's word.'
Bat to Knox any colour of Horn an ritual
neeessarUy meant lloman doctrine, and was
therefore antl-Cliristian.
Onhis return to Geneva, he and his friend
Christopher Goodman [q. v.] were chosen
Buisters of the l^lnglish congregation, but
his heart still turned nomewara*. Th rof^h-
terof the church of Nostre Dame la iSeuve, to
the aouth-eaat of the cathedral, where tlie con-
areir&tion was allowed to worship, records in
15&5 that Goodman and Anthony Clilby i^. v.]
Win appointed to fill Knox's place as'mmis-
ter in m-* nlwicnce. In Atij^iist
to I>ifp|>.-, cro!i.<ed to the eaat coast of Scot-
land, and in November joined Mrs. Bowes
and her rinuyhter at Berwick. The com-
paratire toleration which the regent waa at
that time allowing to the ^rotcatants en*
abled him to sprnd about nine mouths in
his native country. The progress of the
Beformation since he left SoolilAnd had been
lifid. Ha fMmd liouaes npen to him in
8S Knox
every town, and, when the churches were
elosed, tlio aeata of the eountry gentlemen
thf Coxians became preaching centres. The Cf)nvert8 to
the new doctrinee belonged to every class.
Eoox went tfaroagb the country preaching,
discussinr, mul writin^r. At Edinburgh lie
lodged with a burgess, James Sym, to whose
house Eteldne of Don, in Angus, and many
countrymen and their wives came to hear him.
Among other topics he discussed at a supper
given by the Laird of Dnn the question, then
much np'ifnti'd. whcfluT it was lawful tO gO
to mass. ithingtou was of the oompAuy,
and 'nothing was omitted,' says Knox, * that
;
might make for the temporiser but every
'
point was so fully answered that Letbington
at last conftased, *I that oar shifts will
p;lv<' unthing before God, Hi.fiiij^' tliey slund
US in so small stead before man.' From
Edinburgh he went to Dun, where he 8ta;fed
'
a mouth, preaching (]a\]y to the principal
men of the county. From Dun he returned
to Oalder in West Lothian, the vssidence oif
Sroceutor of Tornbichen and head of the
Inights Hospitallera in Scotland. Re met
there, besides many gentlemen, three young
nobles, who became leaders in the Remrma^
tlon : Lord Erskine, afterwards sixth earl of
Mar, Lord I^ome, afterwards fifth earl of
Argyll, and I^ord James Stewart, prior of
St. Andrews, afterwards the regent Murray.
During the winter of 1655-6 he taught m
Edinburgh, and after Christmas went to Kyle
in Ayrshire, whore the doctrine of the lollards
' still lingered, and preached in tlie houses of
coimty gentlemen, chiefly small banins, who
supported Knox in large numbere, while the
bur^ses were even more enthusiastic. For
a time a common catise united burgh and
country. Before Easter, 5 April 1556, Knox
was summoned by the Earl of Glencaim to
Finlayston, near Port Glasgow, and preached
and administered the sacrament. He then
returned to Caldor, whesedlsciples from Edin-
burgh and the country cnme to hear him, and
to sit for thtf tint time at the Lord's 'Table
a scene painted by Wilkie. A union, per-
haps a formal bond of smaller numbers oat
of sinii la r character to later covenants, * to
maintain the true preaeliing of the gospel to
1555 he went til" utt' Tmo^t of thfir power,' was hallowed
by participation in the most sacred office of
religion. Alarmed al tfia success of his
preaching, the bishops summoned Knox to
appear at the Hlackfriars kirk in Edinburgh
on 15 May 15.56. Ho came, attended h;^
John Erskine Fq. v.] of Dun and a number of
other gentlemen, like a feudal lord with his
retainers, and the bishops suddenly dropped
pioooediagi, Knoi, instead of a|ppearing aa
Digitized by Google
 Knox 514 Knox
a criminal, preached in the Bishop of Dun- and the nobles, including old Argyll and his
j

keld'8 lodtpng to a laij^er audience than
before. lie continued to preach forenoon
aud afternoon for ten days, and after "VVil-
liam Keith, earl Marshal, and Hcnnr DraiB>
son Lome, Glencaim, Morton, and Erskine of
- Dun, and other p-entrv, sicrneda bondat Edin-
burB:h on 3 Dec. loo7 by which they promised,
'before the Mnje.^ty of Ood aiidhiscongrega-
|

mond had heard him, tliej- di-sin u him to tion, with all diligence to etabliah the
. . .

write to the regent to t ry to move lior to hear
the word of God. He sent his famous letter,
printed in 16o<3 (enlarged edition, Geneva,
ld68), entitled 'The Letter to the Queen
Dowager/ wliich Olencaim presented, but
Mary nf (luise pastitd it on to I^aton, bishop
of Glasgow, saying, 'Please you, my lord,
to mad a pasqml.' This term, derived from
the scurrilous lampoons Italian satirists cir-
culated under the eyes of the pope and car-
most blessed word of God and his congrega-
tion.' They also sent urgent letters to Calvin
and Kno.x urging las n^tum, which were de-
livered in November. Knox, on 1 and 1 7 Dec,
sent letters to the brethren in Scotland and to
the nobility, with exhortations to maintain
their principles, not to suddenly disobey au-
thority in thinga lanrfhl, but ' to defend their
'
brethren from persecution and tyranny, be it
;
against princes or emperors.' Ue finally re-
*

dinals, irritated Knox. Before issuing the
letter from the pregs he adtlrd words declar-
ing, in the prophetic strain he uifected, ' God
wui shortly send his messengtnrs, with whom
she would not be able to jest.'
About this time a call reached him from
the English church at Genei?a, which he ac-
cepted. His farewell Berv'icfs in Scotland
were held for several days at Castle Camp-
bell, near Dollar, with the old Earl of Argyll
and others of liin clan and neighbourhood.
In July he crossed to Dieppe, wmther he had
eat htt wife and motheiMn-laWf and they
went strnitrht to Geneva. The bishops, after
he was gone, agaiu summoned him to din-
httigh, and in his ahoeoeo oondemned htm,
solved not to run tne risk of returning;
otherwise he might possibly have ph.tred the
fate of Walter ^lilne [q. v.l who was burnt
i for heresy by Archbishop iJjunilfeoa.
WJiile i^till at Dieppe he wrote on 7 Dec.
a preface to an ' Apology for the Protestaut
in Prison in Pane,' which he translated, with
additions of his own, for the benefit of his
i
Scottish brethren. He at the same tuuu
oElciated in the protestant congregation not
only at Dieppe hut also at Roclmle, wln-rc
he declared that within two or three vears he
i hoped to preach in St. GOea in Edinbur]^.
|
Early in 1558 he returned to Geneva. In
that busy year he published six tracts, which
covered the whole ground of the ooniiet
|

and burnt his effigy at the cross. "Rut In - raf^inp in Scotland. The titles of four were
fore the end of harvest 1566 he had reached respectively The J^'irst Blast of the l^rum-
'

Geneva. On 16 Deo. in thethree fidlowing pet against the Honattoea Regiment of

years, ISTjG, 1557, and 1 5.'^, Knox nm\ Good- NVf)men,** A Letter to the Qufcn l>owagt.'r
man were chosen ministera by the congrega- ivegent of Scotland, augmented and ex-
taon. CSUMWOonlaetbfeuafat aim into ter^ plamed by the Author,' 'The AppeHatioii
of warm friendship with (Mvin,who directed from the ^entenre protuninced by the Bishops
not otdy the sfihtual, but the temnonl affairs and Clergy, addx^ed to the Nobility and
of the Swiee wpuhlie. As gjnag loeint fioiB EMateo of Sootkad,' and 'A Letter ad-
Wishart how to preach, he now leunt fiom dressed to th<i Commonalty of Scitland.'
Calvin how to ffovem. The ' Appellation was appended to Giiby 's
'

In Hay ISSTJamoB 8|ym and Jonee Bar- ' AdmoDitioa' (Geneva, 1668), and, like the
lOWf Edinburgh burgesses, c&mc to Geneva 'Letter,' restated hie cloctrituil viow.s,(ind wa.s
with a letter from Glencaim and other nobles, addressed to the commons in the tone of a
whieih entreated him to letuni to Seotland, demoeratio leader. It included a aonunaiy
now that the j)('rs<>cutiiin wii'i rlimLnishing. of the Second Blast
' against Women,*
. . .

Knox, after consulting Calviu aud others, re- the only form in which the First Blaat waa ' '

ptied tbathewmild eome ae soon ai he might oontiniied. In a flllh publication of the aame
'put in order the dear flock committed to his year he bade ili'^ inhubitant.s of Nt'wcastle
cWge.' Whitttngham was chosen to fill his and Berwick stand by his doctrine ; and in
flaoe, and m S8 Oct. he aniTed at Dieppe, a rixth he bri^y exhorted EnglaBd to em*
le found there letters of a contrary purport, brace the gospel .-ipeiHlily. The la.st tw( were >

dissuading him from coming to Scotland, and written at fever-heat, and in hia most fiezy
t oneeeent on d7 Oet. a sharp letter rebuk- style. To the exhortation which he addressed
ing his Scottish fTiend.s for their vacillal ion. to England he appended a list of the n;imes
Wnen tiue letter was received, along with of nearly three hundred Marian martyrs, * in
aaotlMr aftorwaida published to the whole thee aaid by thee, O England, moat emelly
nobility, and special missive to the lairds of murdered by Fire and Imprisonment for the
Dun and Pittanow, a consultation was held; testimony of Christ Jesus and his etemai

Digitized by Go
 Knox 3J Knox
Veritj,whote Blood from under the AlUr fully reign over a people professing Christ
Mtb tlood to be ftTsnged.' by ueotioD, not by mrni nor propinquity
The attitude of Knox, avowed in the Fint a doctrine as little palatable, tihon^ not BO
'

filMtf' towanU the political ^verument of irritating to Elisabeth.

voMBWMdSctated bythe hostili^tothsB^ Knox uA Geneva on 7 Jan. 1660, after
fnrmation alrt ly (lisj)layed by Mary Tudor, receiving the freedom of the city.
;i Rejieh-
Utheiine de' Medici, and Mary of Goiie. ing Dieppe in March, he sailed for X<eith on
Kam labomecl to nrof tibat ' to momote a 32 A pri 1, and arrived at Edinburgh on 9 Mar.
srnman to bi*nr rule, f-uperiority, aominion, Next dav he wrote to Mrs. Lock, one of
aremptxu above any realm ib repugnant to his Kngfish friends; 'I am come, I praise
aitne, contrary to Ood, and, finally, it ia tike my viOu even in the heart ofthe battle. . .

bfersion of g<x)d order, of all equity and Aa.istme, sister, with vour jiraNrrs, thiii
initioe.* Hia work waa pabliahed 'without now 1 shrink not when the battle approach-
SIMM, but the authonhfp was iroll koown, etlL' Remaining only two night, ne went
Mdit tv'iis lutiuidtcd that lie would himself straight to Dundee, where tht; refurmi rs of
aaonace it when he blew his third * Blaat,' Angus and Meams were assembled. \Vith
vfadi MTW appeancL The ' Bleat ' did Hum be advanced to Psitli. Jobn EnUae
not prmJuce the "jlTect intended. Foxe tlic of Dun brou^rht in May the news that Mary
mart,>'rulflgiat expostulated with Knox, who of Guise was, contrary to her promise, pz>-
replied OD 18 May 1068, admittnif bia ve- ooodin^ iHtb the trial of tbe mnisteni wlio
hemence, but adding, 'To me it is enough championed the lloforraatinn. Knox was in-
to K&j that black ia not white, and man's cluded in the number, and was one of those
trnnny and feeliahtma ia tieit Cfod^ perfeet wbo were outlawed fot not appeai'inif^. On
orvlinance.' Calvin, more inclined to com- the day of Erskine's arrival in Pi rtli, Knox
woBtiie, aazed Cecil two yean later that preached againat the mass as idolatry. A
'farawhole yeair bewaa ignonuirtof hapvb- priest began tO Celebrate by opening tbe
lirtlon,' that h' had never read it, and that tabi^macle on the high altar. A riot fol-
hw diiMtaded Kjoox rom publishing it. On lowed. Stones were thrown, and tbe altar was
17 TSw. 1668, witUn the yoar of it pnblioa^ soon demolisbed.^ The peo^jle, proeeeding to
lion, Mirv Tudor dun! and Elizfibeth reipucd. seek some spoil' (in Knox s jdira.'^e), !acKed
'

It WM then aeen how imprudent had been the monastenes of the Qrey and Black i*'riaia
tke aifament of Knoau The new queen, and tbe Obarterboase. In two days only
tie tnoet powerful ally of the rrfMrmers the walls remained of the religious founda-
moag crowned heads, treated the work as tions in the city. Knox calls these the acts
penooal ioaolt, and wonUI not alknr Knox of 'the rascal nrahitnde,' bnt his voice gave
to pxv through f^nplnud. Her attitude the .'iirrnal. lie stayed in Pertli to instruct
UuDugh hfe towards the Soottiah reformation the people who were 'young and rude in
aiseted by tiie vnttmely vubUeatieti. Ofarist,' while tbe men of Angus returned
It rHjuin d all the tuct of (yecii to prevent home; but hearing that Mary of (iui.se was
a nfta breach. It was in vain that Knox detennined to avenge the monasteries, they
ttmpled to explain. My First Bla^' he came baak, ioftifled we town, and on ay MM
'
haih blown from me all my friends addressed a letter to her, declaring that they
u iijiglaad.' John Ayimer [q, t.I, alter- had taken up arms solely because pursued
ewdstbe Udhopof LondoB, one of Oe ng- for conadenee sake, and threatening to ap
I'iil. ~, wrote an answer to it, in which peiil to the king of France, Mary their (j^uem,
>w ^eaks favourably of hLnox's 'honesty and bar huaband* Koox probably was the
Md MdUnees/ and even says tlit be will antborofthis 1etter,and ofaaotiier addressed
wit ctifldain to hear belter rea-sons. Knox to the nobility, claiming their aid. In re-
hit been sometimes npresented aa having plv to messeMers sent by Maiy of Quise to
vitUmwn bb epinton oat of defarenoe to ask die meanuig of tbe movement ia Bnrtb,
Ki/aU'(h, but he himrielf wrote later to it was stated by tbe leaders of the reforming
qoeen : ' I cannot deny the wnting of party that if the regent ' would suffer the
a Bwk against the naorped AnAority and religion then begun to proceed, they, the
unjiL-t Regiment of Women; neither yet nin town, and all they had were at her com-
I mmdird to retract occall back any principal mand.' But Knox went to the messengers'
point or propoatUon of tbe same till tratb lodgings on 86 May, and boldly directed
nd verity do further appear.* Still he felt them to tell Mary in hi.s name that whe was
he had OMte too faC| and in tbe sununaiy fighting not against man, but God. This
if As 'Second Blast' his proposttjons are speech was reported, aoeording to Knox, * so
altered from pjiecinl a|)jilicatinii to women to far an they could.' Her reply was tn end
Agnal argument that a king can only law- the Lyon hecaU, ordering ^jiox and his

Digitized by Google
 Knoz 316
IHesds to leave Ptetli vnder
Meanwhile the Earl of Glencairn reached
Perth, with the news that the congregations
of Kyle aud Cunningham were advancing to
the reformezs' lelial But after negotiations,
Mar\f's envoys (Arg^'ll and Lord James
Stewart) on 26 May loOd persujided the re-
fiNmen to ^raGuat^ Perth on condition of
Knox
the ' idols and domifory were pulled down,*
and all he oould do was to preser\'e the
bishops' girnal. Stirling was next taken.
On 28 June 1659 ' The Congregation,' as the
main body of laAmers was called, carae t4^
Edinburgh, accompanied by Knox and Gooti-
man. Knox pri;achtd the same day at tst.
Giles, and on he morrow in the church of t he
t

an amnesty, and that no Freurh frnrrison abbey. On 7 July the inhabitants met in the
should be left in the town. Argyll and Lord Tolbooth, and chose him for their minister.
Jamee promised that if the conditum was He seems shortly altemrards to have revisitea
not l{.']it thfv would jiMii the rtuipregations. St. Andrews, but was aerain in Edinburgh
Next day Knox preached, thaniiuig God there by the 'JQiiL The queen regent, at Dunbar,
had been no bloodsbed, but eshorting all to deeliiiad to make terms, and mardied 00
be ready, for tle promise would not Lf l<L-]tt. Edinburgh. Leith opened its gates to her, and
On the 30th, Ar^ll and Lord James before Lord Erskine, who commanded the castle of
I
kaving entered rate a bolid with Glmeaim Edinburgh, was 4iendly, or at least neotnL
I

to support, tlie congre^^ations if anytlilnir Placed between two lir. tlio rontrregation
waa attemoted against tliem, and shortly was forced to a truce on 21 July, in accord-
altor tbey left Perth they rejoined the re- ance with wUeh Kncncand tiie oongrcgatioa
formers at St. Andrews, and issued a smn* left Edinburgh on the 2dth, and marched by
mons to the men of An^us to meet them on Linlithgow to Stirling, where they subscribed
4 June for reformation in Fife. Dun, \Vi- a bond, binding themselves not to negotiate
hart of Pittarrow, and the provost of Dun- with the regent except b^ common consent.
dee kept the appointmont, and broiii^^lit Knox The regent temporised with th*^ lords of the
with them. On Friday, J iine, lie prtached congregation, and issued proclamations to
1!

atCrail, on Saturday at Anstnither, and an-
nounced hia intention of preaching on Sunday
at St. Andrews. Archbishop Hamilton sent
a message that if Knox preached in his town
he would be saluted with ciUverins. Tlie
queen with her French troops lay at Falk-
land. The relbrmera hesitated bo# to act,
but on Sunday Knox mounted the pulpit,
and the archbishop fled to Falkland. Tak-
iiur as his text the ejection of the buyers and
sellers from the Tl'di]>1\ he (ippH'd it to the
oonruption of the papacji and as a result the
towDf headed by the ma^strat^, proved
their zeal by removing all the monuments
' on 20 Jtily, enclosing his letter to Queen
of idolatry with expedition.' Knox continued
his preaching for tnree days, and the doctors
were as dumb, he says, as the idols bmut in
their presence.
The French troops of the queen regent,
udertheDukeof Ohatelherault and D'Osell,
were meantime advancing towards St. An-
drews. The lords, the gentlemen of Fife and
Anmia^ and the burghers <^ Dundee and St.
Andrews collected at Cupar Mnir to resist
their approach. Aforce came to the re-
formers aid from the other side of the Fortii.
rained men' is Knox's foreihle exprr ^sion.
It
But neither side wished to risk an eugafe*
inent, and a troee or assurance to last for
eight days wns made. Both .'iides at onco
the people in expectation of the arrival of
P^rench troops from Francis and Mary, now,
by thti death of Henry II, king an j queen
of France.
Immediately after Cupar Muir, Knox had
pointed out to Kirkcaldy of Grange the
necessity of aesScing English aid. Kxracaldy
bad consequently entered into communica-
tion through Sir Henzy Perc^ with Cecil,
who Teoeired the oveftuies in a oswtioos
but fri''n<lly iniiimer. Knox, who hd
already written to Cecil from Dieppe* with-
out receiving a reply, again addressed Cecil
Elizabeth. lie addressed the latter as * The
virtuous and Godlie Queen Elizabeth/ and
made a double-edgod apology for tbe'Slut/
which he said neither touched her person
nor was prejudicial to liberty, if the time
j
when it was written was oonsidsnd. To
I
Cecil he eiud that the time was come for
the union ot the protest ant party in England
and Scotland, and that he nad a oommuzii-
cation he wished to make if some ono were
appointed the sooner the better to meet
him. Percy in reply, by CedTs orde^ alted m
him to Alnwick, and Cecil requested a per-
sonal interview at Stamford. Thia arraiipe-
inent was ncfwr caitied out. CteeQ, writing
to Knox from Oxford on 28 .Tuly, the dny h -

complained of infringments of the agree- expected to have met him at Stamford, de-
neat. Perth was vstalteB by the reftMnners clared he was ready to meet him if duly
before Sunday, 26 June, and the abbey of accredited, but forbore till thai to ' d eaeeiw i
\

Scone demolished. Knox represents liimself to th'* bottom of things.*

as sent to try to save it, but before he came About the buginuing of August, Knox and

Digitized by Google
 Knox
another minister, Robert Ujunilton, wunt hy
am from IHttenweem to Holy blimd, and in
Percy's absence Knox visited Sir Jainrs Croffc
t Berwick. He had received on 1 Aug. loOQ
iBstructioDS from tlie con^o^gation at Stir-
ling luving the necessity of a league with
Inland to luppreas the Roman antichriat,
ad to maintain the libertiee of England and
Seotland against furtfign Tiolation. Knox
BOW suffge^tod to Croft that money should be
trantea to support a garrison in Stirling and
loraaa sent by seft to Dundee and Perth, and
to seize the fort at Broughty Ferry ; he added
that pensions would be acceptable to some of
the nobility. On 6 Aug. Knos wrote to Croft
of his safe return to Stirling ; and urced the
English council to be ' more forward in the
eommon aetkMi.' The lords of congregation
TTTot*? to thf f>ra6 purport, and a convention
vkt^i'iDg at Glasgow on 10 Aue. appealed to
Cecil tar a plainer answer. Writing from
St. Andrews on the 15th, Knox frankly in-
formed Cecil '
that unless without de'Iay
OMgrbe furnished to puythdvioldiers, . .
they will be conip)olled every man to peek
the next way fur hi^ own safety,' and
aidad in a postscript ' Mute nmwerot the
: under Admiral Winter before thn end of
former articles, for wo have great need of
comfort at the present.' At la^t, on 24 Aug.,
Sir Italph Sadler, who was on his way to
Sooflanrj, wa-s diructfd to et'crolly furnish a
Uttle money to Knox's friends. The conven-
tioa again met on lOSspt. t Stirling, whore
Amn jo!n<*d ihf ponerpcrntion, and through
biui Cimf llieruult, who as Duke of Hamilton
< The
claimed to ntxt heir to the crown. On
21 Sept. Knox wrote to Croft from St. An-
drews, again pressing that monev should bn
ffiren to the particular men of whom he had
famished a list. The re-jfnt Imd vainly at-
tempted to detach individuals irom the re-
faming party. ICnox and otlu'rs r**fusod to
ppcf ve her letters because of t ht> pledge they
1 the castle of Edinburgh. On 7 May an a.'8ault
kad given not to treat with her separately,
la his second letter to hr1i0 asserted that he
haul never shown any hate against her, but
only gave her good counsel, yet threatened
Qon plague upon her and hflf posterity if
the penisted in her malice against Christ
Jena, hia rel gion, and ministers. This letter
i done to his image,' a prophecy which he be-
Lodchart the regent's OMtStBgWVdeoluied to
, lieved was fulfilled by her death from dropsy
df'liT(*T to his mistress.
'
Eocooiaffed by the adhesion of so many
C thsdwa nobles and the hope of English
support^ and alannr rl by the tortification of
Leith and the arrival of more French troops,
tiw convention in Edinburgh, on 21 Oct. 1559,
fcoeeeded to the bold step of deposinf; t he re-
Igmt. The sentence, owing to Knox'8 counsel,
wm worded SS OM of suspension.
Tba idbtneei now fattd iicge to Lotii, bo*
Knox
there was dissension among their leaders, and
a sally mads om Edinburgh by the besieged
French gamson forced the reformers to with-
draw to Stirling on 6 Nov. Ioo9. ^'ext dav
Knox praachedon the 80th Psalm, and a-
cril>od their discomfiture to their own Bins
and dissensions, applying his discourse to the
Duke of Hamilton and his friends who were
present, and whom he specially distrusted.
He ended with a strong a.Murance that God
would give his children the victory in the end.
The council met on the afternoon of thistsr-
mon, and Lethington, formerly the regent's
secretary, who had joined the congregation
before it left Edinburgh, was gent to London
to implore the help of Elucabeth.
Knox was still writing urgent letters to
Croft, Cecil,and others, pressmg not merety
for money, but for troops and experienced
commanders. In one letter he adroitly al-
luded to Mary's cbim to the Englidi orafm,
an argument for supporting the congregation
which touched Elizabeth, he knew, more
nearly than the principles of the Seottbh
Keformation. At length those tactics suc-
ceeded. Elizabeth sent a fleet to the Forth
January, and a treaty Wtween h-r and the
lords ot the congr*gation was concluded at
Berwick on 27 Feb. Ift.'iO CO.
Knox had remained in Sf. Andrews since
November 1 559, and I ho T rench troops in tlieir
raids on Fife had come within eight miles of
the town and placed him in imminent danger.
arrival the llnglish ships filled him
of^
with exultation. The French troops with-
drew frotn the noiirlibnnrhood. Towards the
end of March the I'vn^lisli land forces joined
the reformers, and Leith was again besiepod,
Knox returned to Edinburgh in April l.'i(JO,
and was active both in preaching and in coun-
sel. On 1 April Mary of Guise tooknfuge in
on I^ith failed, and Mary, watchinp from the
caslle wall the corpses of her enemies lying
in the sun along the wall, PTclniniMf],' Yonder
is the fairest tapestry I ev^r saw.' Knox de-
nounced her cruel speech in the pulpit, and
aflinned 'that God would revenge the cruelty
on 16 June 1560. Two days before prelimi-
naries had been luljusted at Berwick for a
treaty between Franco and Enjrlaiul, which
was conehided at Kdinbiir^'h on ft .July, and
which provided for the withdrawal of English
and French troop.
The Scotti.sh parliament met on I Aug.
The commissioners of the burghs, with some
of the nobility and barons, had previously been
appointed to sse to tlM*eaiul distrilmtioaof
Digitized by Google
 Knox 318
and idea of Knox's. Knox
oiiiustera/ a phrase
himself wm appointed to Edinburgh, and in
all the pmooedinps which quickly followed for
theecclesiustical settU'raent he took the fore-
moat part. During the f)itting8 of parliament
in August \ ')H(} ]w preach* (I from ITfl<:^mi,
with special Hp))lication to the times, and to
the duty of providing for the temponlivaats
of t!i' rhurch. A
commission was at once
given to Knox and others to draw up in several
Eeads the sum of the reformed doctrine. In
four days the confession of fuitli, which Knox
had already at his iiuffers* ends, was com-
pleted. It WM adoptM on 17 Aog. withottt
alteration of n w.ntvncc.
Tbxw short acts abolished the authority of
the hhhop of Rome, idoktry, and the mtn.
Death was enncttHl as the prnaltv for a third
ofonce in celebrating the mass. Letters were
direeted to Fhmcia and Mary requiring them
to ratify these acts according to the terms
agreed to in the treaty of peace, hut there
can have been little expectation that such
ratification would he obtained. Knox boldly
declares in his Ilist'iry that the want of
* '
ratification mattered nothing. The sword
'
and aoeptre ia rather a glorious vain ceremony
than a substantial point of necessity required
to a lawful parliament.' The thin veu of a
monarchy, whoso representative was absent,
was easily rnnt, and the democratic Reforma-
tion stood revealed.
Fkrliamait roae on 96 Aug., tnd after its
disiiolutioii a consultation was neld, which led
to a commisaion to Knox and other ministers
to dw up in volume 'the policy and diaei-
plin<5 of the kirk as well as they had dmu^ thr>.
doctrine.' The result was the compilation of
the <Fint Book of Discipline,' as it called
to distinguish it from the second, of which
Andrew Melville was chief author. The
first embodied the opinions which Knox
had thought out for himself or embraced at
Geneva. A more rigid discipline, rather than
the absence of set torms of worship, was his
standard of a tew church. Although little
of the corre^ondence between Cids in and
Knox is preserved, Knox evidently kept the
Swiaa leader informed of the fortunes of the
Reformation in Scotland, and received from
him counsels of moderation, which Knox did
not always approve. Aia critical moment in
the conflict with the regent Knox consulted
Calvin whether the children of idolaters and
enoommunioatod petsons ahonld he baptieed
until their parents tostifiod their repent ancf.
Calvin answered in the adirmative, but Knox
inclined to the oegatiTe. In regara to oeve-
moiues, Calvin wrote subsequently: 'I think
that your strictneBS, although it may dis-
pieeae many, will he vegulatodhy diaaration.
Knox
. .Certain thinp not positively opposed
.
must he tolerate*!.' Knox's Book of Di*.
*
ciplino showed little tolnrntion it treated
' ;
(1) of ofliee-bearers, orgunisinii the kirk on
the Calvinistic model of presbyt'-rian spols
and general assemblies; ("J ) of worship; (3)of
discipline, or the penal law of the kirk, and
(4) m
the patrimony of the kirk. AIthoiii(ii
many of tne laity disliked the third |N)int,
which placed, despite the institution of ky
elders, too much power ill Che hands of the
ministers, it was chiefly on the last that KnoT
and th(> ministers diffiexedfrom the noblessiul
gentry. The proposal made in ^e
hook was
that the whole revenues of the old chunh
should be devoted to the maintenance of edu'
eaticii in the parith and hm^
sdhooli, tbs
expenses of the ministers, and the relief of
the aged and infirm poor, for able-bodied ooor
were to be compelled to work. The noUei
had already whetted their appetites with the
benefices transferred to lay impropriator8,and
the lairds had ceased to pay titiies. After
perusing the book many days, the opposition
was found so fornii lnble that its adoption
was delayed. Lethington culled it a 'devout
imagination.' Lord Erskine, the future regcat
Mar, led thenpposition. No wonder, remarked
Knox, ' if the poor, the schooln, and the mi-
niflten had theurown, his kitchen would Isck
two parts and more of that he unjustly pos-
sesses.' On 20 Dec. 1660 the first general
assembly, of which Knox waa of oonna a
member, met, and after passinp- acts, chiefly
relating to procedure, adjourned till 16 Jsa.
1601. A
certain numher of tho nohility, md
among them the loaders of the reformed party,
however, signed their approval of the Book '
of Di8ciplinB*on S7 3wili6SI^ hut the diMWk
of others and their own lukewanUMaBaHMsd
it to remain a dead letter.
Knox soon afterwards compiled the farm
and order of the election of Buperintendents
and the order of election of ehiers and dps-
coos, published 9 March likil. The Book of
I
Common Onh-r, whiA took tho plaoa of the
I English Book of Common Prayer until tho
time of Charles land Laud, with the Psalms
in metre and a translation of Calvin's cate-
chism, were issued on 26 Doo. 16434, and wwa
chiefly pre]^ared by him.
Meanwhile, the only one of hia worfct en
which a claim can be made for him to b
called a theologian, hia ' Treatiau on Prede.^
tination,' writtan inl660, wai first pnhUahed
at Geneva in 1.'60. Its title ran,* An An<wT
to a great number of Blasphemous OavilU*
tioBt written hy an Aaahaptistand A dveiwrie
to God's Eternal Predestination, and coBr
futed bv John Knox, minister of God's Word
in Scotland.' With an intense belief ia the
Digitized by Google
 Knox 39 Knox
eaiusotence of God and the corruption of Four years later Knox reoroached
enemies.'
Hi,M aoeepto theneoositariaa hypotbiMiSy himself forwent of ferven^, that ' I did not
what in me lay to hnvr suppressed that idol
ind -iihstitiitirip tho will of God for law, ap-
in t he begiuniug.' Uu was summoned to tbe
plied the doctrine of neoessity to the spiritual
w BMidtni aeienoe does to the phyitieu world.queen's presence, and the first of the inter-
About this time Knox lost hie wife, the views which ho hns so vividly drscribed wo
hitliful companion of hia exile. Calvin, con- have only his own account of them took
wUn;^ him, calls bar * Yoor fHend and wife, plaeeatHolyrood. Maryaeensedhimofnda*
wlwMe like is not found fvcrvwliore,' and ing hersaUect agriinst h(>r niotlier and her-
rdetf to her in a letter to Goodman as the selJf, and of writing against the liegimeut of
'
'

WMt dd^tfbl of wtree.' Knox felt ber Women.' He answieiedhehadoiilynhuked

death, but his few extnnt letters to her. and idolatry nnd taught people to worship God
ftletter to Foxe the martyrologist, in which according to his wora^ and Uiat the book
he mp, 'I vaed the help of my left hand, had been written against the wicked Jese-
tliat w of my wife, in scriblding ihcs-' fow bt 1 of Fngltind. W
aile he maintained hia
bnM to voo.*' do not present him in the cha- opinion, he promised not to hurt her autho-
ncier a a nmd hnaMod. Hia opinion of the rity if she cud not defile her hands with the
inferiority of th>- sex was tno firmly rooted to blood of the saints. A conversation fol-
idmit except ioa, even in his own household. lowed, in which he asserted the right of sub*
Queen Mary's husband, J^raads II, died jeets to rise against a sovereign who opposed
hike. 15<>0, and in the convention of estates, God's word. The queen de( lured the Roman
16 Jul 1661, the coufossion was read, and a kirk was hers, ana that Knox wished her
Msts on the mass was held hy Knox on subjects to ohe^ him instead of tiieir SOTO
tbe one side, and I^itlt-'y. bishop of Ross, reign. On leaving he prayed Ood she might
OB the othor. The noblemen present leadilv yet be another Deboran, but when aaked his
mpted Knox*s -views. By the conTentiotrs thought of her by his firkmds, he answered,
'li--. Lird James Sf'wart wa.s sent to Qufpu '
Tf tlirn' ho nut in hern proud mind, a crafty
Jiftrj ui Franco, and foond her at St. Dizier wit, and indurate heart uainst God and his
OB IB Anil. Befbra bis departure Knox had word, my judgment fidlel me,' and he wrote
wrnrtl himtliiii if lie consented toherhaving to Cecil, In communication with lu r I espied
'

BMB publicly or privatelv within Scotland such craft as I have nut found in such age.'
he hetatyed the canse of God. While op- Tn the autumn of 1561, after Mary's return
poewi to public I^ord Jiimes was willing to from a tour through the coontiyi mass was
c(mcde private celebration, asking who could again celebrated at Uolyrood on All Hal-
^ her. Af^inst this Knox protested, and lows' dav (1 Nov.)
;a a letter to Calvin, on 24 Oct. 1561, Knox
Aconference was at
once hel^ in .Tames Macgill's house between
MuU the greeting of James Stewart, the the leaders of the congregation to consider
9wB*B broker, ' who, alone of those who the situation. Lord James, Morton, the Earl
Dfeqiient the court, opposes himself to im- Marshal, Lethington, Rellenden the justice
; yet he is
fascinated amongst the rest.' clerk, aud Macgill himself were there, with
Ky re esn be no doubt that Lord James ^ve Knox and other ministers. Macgill expressed
lu sister assurance that her own religious the opinion that 'her subjects mitnit not
ohHrTtnceB would not be interfered with. lawfully take her mass firom her.* Rut the
While Lord James was absent a riot ministers were of a contrary mind, and pro-
wrurred in Edinburgh betwHPu th*' romiiKm posed that letters should be sent to Qenova
peo^, who wished to play Robin Hood, and for the opinion of that church. Knox offered
tis nacpstrate^, who put it down and sen- to write, but Lethington shrewdly remarked
t'^need the rinacleaders. Knox wax asked to that there lay much in the information sent,
inUmde for Uie latter, but declined, for, as and proposed to act himself as secretary.
be pointed ont, he feared the mob as little as The lords prevailed, and no letterwas written.
ihft sovereign or the nobles. In December the general assembly met, but
Ob 19 Aug. 1561 Mary Stuart returned to Lethington objected to its sitting without
Seotlaad, and the conflict that Knox had the queen's sanction, to which Knox replied
forese+n between her Roman catholic con- ' Take from us the freedom of assemblies
and
ncti<ms and the j^rotestant convictions of you t^ke from us the evangel.' The Iniotty
10 many of her subjects at once commenced. point of the Rook of Discipline' waa again
'

'hi Sun hi y, Ji Auj?., nui s was celebrat-ed brought forward. To objections raised by
ia the chapel of Uolyrood, Lord James Lethington, Knox rejoined 'that the book
hsephig the door to prevent a riot. Next had been read publicly and all knew its con-
Soodav Knox preached, declaring 'one mass tents.' He failed igun to carry its adoption,
VMS Bors iearful to him than lOLoOO armed but nsoJotions were passed that idolatrf

Digitized by Google
 Knox
should be Ruppressed, the churches planted
tdtlitrtte ministers, and 'some certain pro-
vision made for them iirmrilit!': to equity and
conscience.' The discussion ended with the
oomoeesion that the churchm* n (i.e. the lay
or 6Cclf";in.;ticnl impropriators) sliould have
tWO-thinli* of t hese benefices, and the remain-
ing third should be ia the Iiands of a com-
mitteo for such uses as should be afterwards
settled, ho thu d was afterwards reduced
i ,
to a fourth, with the proviso that if a fourth
wa'' !ot found enoutrii fir tin* "npjvort of the
minifiters and the ([ueen, a third or more might
be taken. A return which was ovdered of
all ecclesiastical f venues was apparently
never made. Knox inveighed against this
compromise. 'I see twa partis,' he said,
'
freely triven to the devil, and the third m^
be divided betwixt God and the devil. It
wiU not be loni^' before the devil shall have
three parts of tlie third, and judge yon then
what God's }>ortion shall be.'
The ministers stipends were at lost fixed
at a hundred inerks for tiie ordinary, and
three hundred for the chief charges. TJie
superintendents got double. Knox himself
liad two hundred mid a free house. On
H Feb. 1562 Loril .iaines, who had been
created Earl of Murray, was inarrie<l at St.
Giles to the daughter of the luirl Marshal.
Knox ofFiciuted, and in tlie nuptial address
warned Murray that if he became less favour-
able tn The refnriiiers it would be said his
wife had changed his nature. He was much
offended at the vanity of thedresscs and ban-
quets, and the divergence between his views
and those of the future rcirent nf)w began
to show itsdf. Bariiyin lof'J l\m>.x made
Tain en deavours to reconcile Jomes Hepburn,
fourth earl of JBothwell [q. v.], and James
Hamilton, third earl of Arrun [q. v.]
On a Sunday towards the end of Uie same
year (ir>02) Knox preached another violent
sermon against the queen and her court,
in whid I.e denounced dancing and other
. poral sovereign.
vanities. He was sent for by 3Iary. Murray,
Morton, Lothington, and some of the guard
WSfS present. According to Knox s account,
he said that he did not utterly condemn
dancing provided those who prsc^tised it did
not neirleet their principal vocation, and did
not dance for the pleasure they took in the
displeosureof Qod^ people. Mary dismissed
him, !*nyingstronger words liad been n"'pnrt(>d.
an<l Knox jumbled at being called away
from his boos. Ho left her with 'a reasoti-
ably merry countenance.' Some of the by-
Mtanders wondering that he was not afraid,
hs remarked^ ''Why should the pleasing face
of a gentlewoman frighten one who had
kked uu the faces of many angry men ^ith-
3M Knox
out fear?' The assembly presented a sup-
lication tothe queen, in which the hand of
iiox is visible, demandiiif^ n'fonnation of
the matis, uuuishmeut of vice, proviaion for
the poor, the restomti<m of the gUbM to tihtt
niini-itors, obedienco to the superintendents,
and, lastly, support of the ministers out
j
of the thirds. ^Sjioz was appointed to viait
j
Kyle and Galloway, and met the barons and
gent leuien of these districts at Ayr on -l Sept.,
j
when they subscribed a declaration pflvmua-
inoc to a^si^t the whole body of prot<;,>int^.
He then pa-isi il by Nithsdale to i iullowuy,
where he induced the Master of Maxwell to
write to Bothwell to be on his pood beliaviour,
and wrote to Chattlheruult wuniin^j him
af^rainst his biistard brotlier, tlie new arch-
bishop of St. Andrews. While in A yraliiro
Knox was challenged to a disputatioa by
Quintin Kennedy iq. v.],abbot(nCroBra^eI,
on the doctrine of the moss. It was iiuld
at Maybole in Ayrshire in September, and
the substance of it was printed by LekpreTik
at Edinburgh next year. Both sides claimed
the victory, but it was a drawn battle. With
another Roman apologist, Niniaa Winaet
[q. v.], schoolmaster of Linlithgow, who sf nt
knox a p^er withquestions in February 1 rAi2,
the refiirmeirbadan epistolary but incomplete
correspondence. In the beginning of 1 5>'i he
acted as one of the commis^^ioners appotut43d
by the asssmlly of 1663 for the trial of Pant
Methven, minister of Jedburgh, for immo-
and takes credit for the condemnation
ralitv,
of Atethvcn as a contrast to the license the
Roman church conceded to its ecclesiastics.
In the middle of April the queen sent for
him to Lochlevon^and in on audience of two
hnnr" before supper urged him to ?tav tli
per^ution of the Romanist for say i tig
mass,6tpeeiUyin the westem shires. Knox,
in return, exhorted her to administer the
i
laws, and reminded her that the sword of
]
justice belonged to God and not to any teoi
Next morning, before day-
break, she again summoned him to meet her
when hawking near Kinross. Without going
back on their former coti Terence she ."Started
fresh topics the olTer of a ring to her by
Ruthven, the appointment of Geraon, bishop
of Athens, afterward'* of Gallo'vuy. a.s a
superintendent, and the quarrel between the
Earl of Argyll and his wireyhsr bastard sister,
in which sue asked Knox to mediate. ?lie
|
concluded by promising to put the law in
;
force as hs nad requested. Knox v^porta
this conversation, to 'let the world 8e,' he
}
says, 'how deeply Mary Queen of Scotland
oould dinomhW Whiw at Glasgow OQ
2 May, on his wa^- to Dunifrie.'?, where ho
, was sent to assist in the election of a supev*
Digitized by Goo<7f'
 Knox
Knox wroto a severe letter to At- house she wished to have him prosecuted, but
fatendent,
^11, whom he had already once before recon- wae advised to let him alone, and the ' atorm
filed with his wife, although he was unable to
Lel the breachpermanently. During the par-
liament whiidi met in the l\)lbo<ith<m 20 May
] j63, the barons, especially Murrav, showed
tipu of yielding to Ai&ry, against the wish ol'
haoi and the minietm. Knoz accordingly
'^larrell-xl with Murray, reminding him of
iuinae,and, in his habitual vein of jprophecy,
wining him that if he bore with impunity
p^stil^nt pnpl^^ts ho would lose God's mvour.
la the retiuli they ceiu>ed to speak to each other
ftr eighteen months. Parhament confirmed
M j'-nv in hisearldom, and passed an act of
iimucaiy but while pretending to take up the
; council decided it imported treaj.on, and
fldgMt of dL^cipline and the assignment of
TOAn^ffi anJ pl<;bes, the acts passed were so
modiiiwi as to be of uo value. Before the ses-
iMidoaed Knox preached a political sermon,
rwaUingtothe nobility how he had been with
liieminthe hour of danger, and exhorted them
tektthe queen understand that they would '
agree with her in God,' but won^ not bound
*
to agree with her in the Devil.' Ho con-
doded by saying that he heard of muaj
m'.oTi for tht! queen's hand, but if they con-
eutL-d ilmt an inOdel, and all Papists are
' council, lie came with sd great a following
iaidebi' should be head of thdr aovereign,
they would so far as in their power banish
Chnstfrom the realm, and bring Qod's ven-
fMHl Ofon Uie country, themselvea, esd
thr tOTereign. Incon?ea bv Buch language
the queen again summoned Ivuox to her pre-
MBOt. When he came she burst out in
iBTecUres, mingled with tears, and vowed
nreoge. The charaber-boy could scarcely
ittbiieoiunoawealtlif ' To which he made
m>morable answer, *A subject bom
Wlthiu the same, and though neither earl,
nor baron, God has nuuie me a profitable
, silent until pre.ssed to speak, when he ttked
Hnber,' after whirh ho repeated his de-
Macution of a papi:^i luurriagc. Mary once
sre resorted to the feminine argument of
Utt^but Knox told her he never deliglited
* was taken, and the whole kirk found that a
IS t Wt,'* ping of any of God's creatures,
nd could scarcely abide the tears of his own
k()T when he flogged ihcni. But as he had
wy ^poken truth he must sustain, though
unvillin^lj, the rojraltean nthwthan hurt
^OQoscience or injure the commonwealth
hyiBsBce.' Mary, still more offended, ordered
li m
ut of her cabinet, and to remain in the
sa Utr ju m ber. He obeyed, but occupied his
hi warning her maids of honour that
u their' gay gear would avail them nothing
'
the coming of the * knave Death.' Aftor
tte quen had ordered him to go to hi3 own
lii.lL
Knox
quieted in appearancf but never in the heart.'
In the summer of i ut>.'i slie i ru veiled t hrough
the west, and everywhere had the mass oeie
brated. On hearing this Knox bo^jm to use
a dailv prayer at table, 'Deliver us, O Lonl.
from Idolatry.' Soon after he wrote to the
brethren in all rjuartcrs to come to Edinburgli
for the del'euce of u zealous protestant, John
Cranstoun, who was being prosecuted for
violently denouncing the altar at llolyrood.
Ilis letter was divulged by a minister at Ayr
to Henry Sinclair, president of the CoUemof
Justice, and commiinicftted to the queon. The
Knox was summoned to answer for it in the
middle of Decfmljer 1503. Whr>n became
his fearless and constant counige divided the
hostile camp. The Master of Maxwell ze*
proved Knox for convoking the lieges, and
their friendship ctused, but Spens of Condie,
the queen's advocate, stood by him, saying,
' You will
be accused, but God will assist you.'
Murray and Jjethington made vain efforts
to induce Kuox to OOnfeM hie offence, and
in a few days ho was summoned bi^fore the
that the Itetn and pn-^sngu leading to the
chamber were full. When the queen had
taken her seat, and saw Knox bareheaded at
the other end of the tahle, die hunt out
laughing, and said: 'Yon man garred me
greet and grat never tears himself. I will
see gif I can gar him greet.' When Lething-
ton asked if he hod written the offending let-
ter, he acknowledged the writing, and at the
court's request read it elood. After it was
read the queen, looking round, said : ' Heard
ye ever a more treasonable letter?' Knox
ilenied that he had comn i r Iany offence,
and the nobles voted in his favour. "When
on 25 Dec. the assembly met, Knox remaiuud
the assembly whether he had done more in
his letter than obey their commands. After
hf had been removed from the bar the vote
charge had been given him to summon the
brethren ae often as danger appeared, and
the act of writing was not hia only but that
of all.
In the beginning of I6d4 the dancing and
banqueting of the court went on, notwith-
standing tne threatenings of Knox and the
preachers, who pointed to the great rain and
frost in January and the meteors in Fehnmry
1 as warnings from heaven. Knox now 8ar-
prieed both friendl end foes by marrying for
a second time Margaret Stewart, daughter of
i Lord Ochiltree^ ' a verj near kinswoman of
Digitized by Google
 KXkOK,
IIm dtike'0, a lofd*8 daughter, a y oungr lasa nat |
aw thani.' Ho abo nIkintA to tbe puolil*
above sixteen years of age' (Randolph to ment of Ahftb because he did not correct
Cecil.. January 1664}. queen 'stormed j
tbe idolatry of Jezebel. Damley left tbe
wottderfblly/ lor tbe Mdotrai' of tho blood ehim^ in dfepkeaare. In tiie nftnwMn
Hud nnme.' *
If Mary keeps promise,* Ran- Knox wna '

brouR'ht before the privy council

dolph proceeded, he shall not long abide in
' and prohibited firom preaebinfjp so longMtlw
Scotland. If I be not much deceived, there
will be much ado before he leaves it.' Knox
himself does not mention the marriage, nor
are any letters between him and his second
urift prest^ rved, but the union pcovod happy.
He canii it be chained with marrying for
money or rank. His father-in-law was one
of his debtors in his will. The dauf^hter of
aamaller baron who embraced the reformed
doctrine was not, in the opinion of its fol-
lowers, disparaged by a union with a leader
like Knox.
Tbe assembly met on 2^ June 1504, and
Knox opened itirithexhortatioQ and prayer.
It wfis nrtended only by the ministers and
commissiopera of provinces. The court partv
and tbe ofRoem of state -were absent.
Confert'Hce between oornmil ti^c-) of the two
parties was arranged, Knox being one of the
yepresontatiyes of the popular ^arty, but 25 Aug. The eastle was tliO beU for tbs
king and queen were in Edinburgh. TIm
i town council pessed a iwolution that tbej
I would 'in no manner of way con;:rat or grant
! that his mouth should be closed.' Knoxptib-
! lished this sermon, the only one of bis we
j
have in full. Frim the preface we learn that
i his practice was to preach without writing,
j
and that ho ooneidered his vocation was t
teach 'by tongue and lively voice in thwe
most corrupt days rather than to compose
books for the ages to come.' The prbted
sermon concludes: 'The terrible roarinjr of
guns and the noise of armour doe so pieroe
|
my heart that my sool tbirstetb to depot
The last of August 1565, at four nt f\ftemoon,
; written indignantly, but truly as memory
A -would serve of (fcoM things, tnat in paMv
preachlnsf T ep^l^'Mipnn S'lUHluy, thf 10 of Aa-
i gust.' Alary and Bamley left Hkiinburgh oa
I

nothing wns to be dociued on without the nu(ou, though the insurgent lords, led bjr
eonsent of the whole asaemhly. The prin- Murray, occupied the town before the 31t.
cipal subject of dLacussion was iCnox's refusal It does not clearly appear where Knox was
of all compromise respecting the mass and during t]it> troubled months of the Rouml-
{

his willingneM to pray for the quen only on about Raid.

'
But if the statement in hi*
condition of her abandoning it. Lethington * History is accurate, thnt the snperintend*
I
'

naintiuned passive obedience, Knox open re- ents of Lothian met on 1 Oct. at Edinburght
'

sistance to the civil authority, however high, 'all the ministers under his charge,' hp was
if opposed to God's ordinances. Knox re- probably present and joined in the suppUcsr
sistedLethington'sproposiil that a vote should tionthen sent to the king and queen forpaf*
.

be taken on the question 'Whether it was ment of ministers' stipends, to which aseetn-
proper to take the queen's mass from her' ingly favourable but dilatory answer vm
ualees the matter was submitted to the whole returned, that they would cause ovdevtobt '

esflpmbly. A few votes on subsidiary points taken to their contentment.*

were, however, taken, apd Macgill, tiie clerk On 26 Dec. 1565 the assembly met in
I

registw, finding the Totee going against the ^inbui^h, and Knox receiTsd aoommission
court, rovivt'd a suggestion that Knox should alonjf with .Tohn Oraig (1512?-1R00"^ fq. V-
write to Ctvlvin. The assembly broke up to ' set down tbe Fonn of a Public Fast and
without coming to any conclusion. cause Kobert Le3qmvik to print it>'
|

Although Knox, like the rest nf thf pm- tract was publi.she<l early in t.^<). under tlie
testi^t party, was opposed to the inarriage title of ' The Ordour and Doctrine of tbe
i

with Barnley, and seems to hare IhYonred Qeneral Faste ap|)ointed be tbo OensrsB
I

the Karl of Leices^ti r its a suitor for Mary's Asseinblic of the Kirkei of Scotland.' 'T't
'

hand, he did not openly oppose the Damley Form of Excommunication,' published in
marriage. It was uncertain whether the 1569, completed his labours on the sfcmdirdi
'

vounfj King might not turn protectant. On of discipline, doctrine, and ritual of the
19 Aug. 1665 Daniley went in state to St. formed church of Scotland. As in the esse
Giles to hear Knox preach. The text was of Knox's liturgical hooka, he emphasised tht
fnm Isaiah xxvi., beginning with the IMth distinction between a public or jpeiiera] f&t
verse, 0 Lord our God, other lords b^ide and the private fasting on set days of the
*

thee have ruled us, but we will remember Roman church. This fast was limited to a
tbee only and thy name;' and quoted the week, from the last Sundav of February 1566,
passage, 'I will givo children to be their of Avhirh only from Saturciny at eight to Suih
prince8,and babes shall rule over them. ObiU day at tive was to be a time of abstinence,
:

dren iM their oppt ewiM tmd women nJe { the Nit htimg devoted to fmachiag tad.

Digitized by Google
 Knox 323 KnoK
One of the main ends of the &st he asking for toleration in favour of the clergy
llolw ft protest agatut the mass. It who oigected to vestments. What parts oi
luently postponed for a week, but England he visited does not clearly appear,
d on Sondaj, 8 March 1666. On but it seema to have been chiefly the north,
flitaHty, the 9th, Rtcao was mnrdered. On and probably the county of Durham, where
th ? following day Murray and his party re- hi.s wm sending with their maHku^s
Umed to Edinbuigh, and a proclamation was reiaxiaoa.
mmti in the kmg's name that all papists He was absent when Damley met Riuio's
should quit the town. Where Knox was at fate, but returned home after the &ghit of
thia time, and whether he was privy to the Bothwell from Carberry Hill and the im-
midar or Rizzio, is not clearly ascertained. prisonment of Mary in Lochloven. Throg-
The l&n^ge of the * Historv,' ' The next iiiorton, the English envoy, mentions that
day, which was the second Sunday of our Knox came to Edinburgh on 17 July 1567,
nat in Edinburgh,' suggests that he was still and that he had several meetings with him,
in Edinburgh, but there is no sufficient proof when he found him * very austere.' In his
that this passage was written by Knox. sermon on the 19th, which Thro^orton
In
a liat of tne conspirators sent in a letter, onheard, he inveighed vehemently agamst the
91 ^f&rcb, by Randolph to Cecil, the names queen, and the envoy tried to persuade the
of Knox and Craig occur, bnt as they are privy council to advue him and other mi-
deacribed as being ' at the death of Rixzio/ nietere not to meddle with affairs of state.
The attempt was vain, for Knox oontinndd
which they were not, * as well as ip*tvy there- 1

nato,' and their names are omitted in a secondhis custom of preaching daily against the
fiat, sent in a letter of 27 March by Randolphqueen and Bothwell, in favour of the Eng-
and Blford to the English privy council, it lish and against the French alliance.
is fiair to infer that the foreknowledge of the The assembly appointed him, John Dou-
Border ia not brought home to Knox. His glas, John Row, and John Croig commis-
approval of it is scarcely open to doubt, and sioners to request the lords who had hitherto
he aj^ears to have remained in Edinbui^h remained neutral or belonged to the party
tin Sunday, 17 March, when the queen re- of the HamiltODS to come to Edinburgh and
turned along with her vacillating husband join with the lords in the settlement of God's
and a force, which compelled Murray and true worship, the maintenance of the minis-
i

the ntt of his party once more to take to ters, and the support of the poor. But the
j

i\'isht. The same date is given by the Diur- commissioners ua not succeed in their mis-
'

nal of Occnnenta/ a contemporary diary, for sion, and the articles which ratified the re-
Knox's denutifk>om Edinburgh. The fifth fbraiation of 1660 were the joint work of the
book of the 'History of the Ret nmntion' assembly and the nobles of Murray's party
bstantiallT agrees with the Diurnal,' for alone. After Mary's forced abdication and
'

it ttatee: 'Mow a little before the Queen's the call of Murray to the regency, Knox
Titrance into the town [i.e. thb 18dl] . . . went to St irling for the coronation of Jameu,
Knox nassed west to Kyle.' and preached the sermon on 29 July 1567
In tne assembly in December Knox ob- fVom the text * I was crowned young,' in the
tained leave to visit England on condition Book of Kings, relating to the coronation of
that he returned before June 1567. Before Joasb. He refused to take part in the cere-
leaving Scotland he wrote, along with the mony of unction. On 22 Aug. Murray was
other minifters, to Bexa, now head of the solemnly invested with the regency, and a
Geneveae congregation, offering to send a parliament was summoned for the middle of
eopy of the Scottish confession, and pointing September. From this time Murray and
mit that they did not dare to acknowledge Knox were again closely associated. Before
i

the feetivala of the life of Christ, because they parliament met the regent appointed a com-
were notpreocribed by scripture. He also sen t mittee of nobles and bnrgeeses to prepare
a letter in the name of tne superintendents the business. Knox and four other muiiti-
ad ministers in Scotland to the biRhops and ters were added to assist in ecclesiastical
paetow of God's church in England in favour matters. The parliament at last made an
of the clergy who refused to wear vestments. arrangement as to the thirds of bent-Hces
|

He probably had a share in the supplication
of the general assembly of 95 Dec. 1 566 to
the nobility, exhorting the council to n cnll
the conxmlssion granted by the queen to the
Archbishop of St. Andrews. He received a
favourable to the ministers, but the provision
for education, on which Knox set great store,
was still delayed.
While the presbyterian reformation was
confirmed no notice was taken of the Book'

safe-conduct from Elizabeth, and a letter of Discipline.' In the assembly which met
Mt mummtd him to the fittgliab hidiopfl, on 36 Dec Kaok was appointM to join the
i2

Digitized by Google
 Knox Knox
uperintendent of Lothian in hia visit&tion south aisle of St. Giles. Knox preached the
Utom Btirlinif to Berwick, and thereafter funeral sermon from the text 'Blessed are
to visit Kylp, Carrick, and Cunninj?-ham. the dead who die in the Ix)rd.' Despite
His name stands iirst, with that of Craig, ou the general affection inspired in the ScoiU/ih
the lut of the ttudliig oommittee whieh was people by the r^ent, dievs were not wanting
to concur with thn committee of the privy contrary voice.^ which accused him of uitnin?
council on all matters touching the church. at the crown by the death of his sbter, and,
He was pfoHably not nude a superintendent if necessary, even of his nephew. A satirical
only because he disliked nn ntHce which pimiphlet. cdiiefly aimed nt Murray, by a
might lead, as in fact it did, to the restora- I
brot her of Letliingtou, described a pretended
tion of a modified prela^. In Febmary 1 56S conference between Munay, Knox, and
Knox wrote a letter to John Wood of TuUi- others, in which Knox was made to persuade
davy, the secretary of Murray, in which, in Murray to seize the throne. Knox never
1

maiwvr to request that ha should pnUiah gave any sQch advice, either from the pulpit
I

his history, he states that he proposed leav- or in private.

Neither Lennox, who succeeded to and
I

ing it to his friends after his cieath to decide

Whether it should be suppressed or come to held the regency till hia assasMnation ia
I

light, and fiturdily maintains that his Blast September 1571, nor his successor, Mar, who
'

against the Kegiuent of Women had never was regent till his death in October 1572,
'

been answeied, implying, no doubt, that was a triend of Knox, and his influence m
;

its argument had been confirmed by the
conduct of Mary Stewart. He concludes
with a declaration that he would gladly end
his days with the dispersed little flock of
Geneva, as it had pleased Ood to prosper the
work in Scotland, for whieh he had left it.
But the situation at home was still full of
auAiety during the four remaining years of
his life, which be pA.<uied in increasmg bodilv
suflreriiip-. Whihi Murray and the Scottisli
commissioners were at York and Westmin-
ster seeking to press home the charge against
Mury Stowart, Knox recalled in a letter to
Wood (iSe^tember 1 568) a passage of a ser-
mon in which he had expressed his fear that
some of those professing the ICvangel would
follow the example of Judas when the ex-
pectation of gain Ihiled, and he now applied
his prophecy to the conduct of Hamilton,
who was daily expected with French troops
* to restore SatAn to his kingdom.' He im-
pressed upnn his corresipondent the necessity
of theEnglishalliance. The rumour of Mary s
marriage to Norfolk roused all Knox*s old
fury. *
It shows,' he told his fri^'iul, 'that
i^ugland is more foolish than foolish Scot-
land.' Well might Lethingtoo, who HiToimd
the marriage project, write to Mary, * I have
of late dealt with divers mlnistew hero who
will not be repujrnant to a >^ood aooord,
however I thinl< Ku ox iiifl> \il)li
On 2 Jan. 1670 Kuox wrote
Cicil, *If ye strike not at the root, the
branches that appear to be broken will bind
again.' It is dimcult not to detect a counsel
to putHaxy to death, which comes painfully
from one vA\o signs himself your- to rmn- '
raand in God. Jonn Knox, with his out' loot
in the grave.'
On 2-H Juu. Murray was shot nt Linlitli-
g0W| and on 14 leb. was buried m the
politics decreased, thnn^h he contintied to
direct ecclesiastical atl'airs. In October I'uO
his bodily infirmity culminated in a stroke of
apoplexy, which, tliough of the milder kind
called by physicians resolution, threatened,
to the joy of his adversaries, to silence his
tongue. But his indomitable spirit knew
no decay, and within a short time he so far
recovered as to resume preaching on Sundaja
The course of events in Scotland more than
his own illness preyed upon his mind. Ihe
party of the nobles headed by the Duks of
Hamilton, and supported by Lethington
and Knox's former friend and supporter,
Kirkcaldy of Grange, now openly raised
Queen >fary'8 standard. Edinburgh Castle,
g^arrisoned by its governor, Kirkcaldy, for
the queen, made war upon the town. One
of Grange's soldiers having killed nt I.;fltli
Henry Seton, a soldier in the opposite camp,
Knox on the Sunday following, 24 Dee. 16m
in his sermon at St. Giles, boldly inveighJ
against this outrage. The same afternoou
Kirkcaldy sent a ticket or short writinff to
Craig, which he required him to read Ironi
the pulpit, in which he declared that he wft
not a mtirderor, as Knox intimated, and
called upon God to prove his vengeance on
the man who was most desirous ot innocent
blood. He also sent a charge of slander
.'
against Knox to the Icirk st-^sion. Cni;
briefly to ; refused to read the ticket, and the sesaion
to take any action. Recrimination fothmed
recrimination. Inthe springtheassemblympt
j
in Edinburgh, and Kirkcaldy renewed bii
j
accusation agunst Knox, when Bsnnat^.
;
his secretary, appeared and protested. Knoi
i himself wrote a long answer to the accuu-
tion. More acrimonious correspondence fol*
I lowed, until, KirlccaMy having received the
j
llamiltons into the catitie, Knox was reluc*

Digitized by Google
 Knox
ttntly per80fli3c(3 that it was prudent
to qoit Edinburgh and go to St. Andrews.
He left on 6 May 1671, and remained at St.
Andrews till 17 Aug. 1572. While there
be resided iu lodgings near the abbey, and,
nim dioagfa he was, his ridibed neeame
the seat oi probvterian pcclcpiastiral go-
vanment. He wrote to the brbthren in
E&bargfa, exhorting them to stand by the
good cause and avoid jealousies. 'Be faith-
ful and lovinff to one another/ he writes
winSk nwontea eafannees, ' let bitterness and
"uspirions be far out of your lipnrts, nncl lot
ererj one watch for the preservation of an-
other widuMit grudging or mormuring.'
Bis general assembly mot in Stirling' in
AMUtyand he addressed it iu aimilur terms.
ToUooglasof Drnmhinrig he wrote denoun-
nnp the traffic held with 'tliat Babylon the
Usstle of Edinburgh.' ^ To ishart of Pitt-W
nmr he condemned in even stronger Ian-
Z^kfrc 'the murtherera assembled in the
35 Knox
him
for Mr. Colvin, when a play was acted repre-
senting the taking of the castle and the cap-
tain acoordingto *Mr. Knox'e doctrine.'
In St. Androwp, tliouirh the colleg-e of St.
JLeonard 8 was on his side, and he was sup-
ported by many, he had fierce opp|Onente>-
mcludiiit^ Robert Hamilton, the inini.-^ter of
the town, John Ruthwford, the provost of
St. SaWator, and Homer Blair, a young !^tu*
dent of that college, who attacked liim in a
public oration. One Archibald Hamilton re-
taliated on him for stating that all * Hamil-
tons were murderers' by sayinpr that 'John
Knox was a greater murderer than any, for
his hand wotud be found to the hond for
Damley*8 death.* Kno.x indirrnantly denied
the caiumnv, and his faithful ser\-ant Banna-
tyne tried, DUt in Tain, to extract an apology.
Another slander wn.^ that he would take no
part in the inauguration of liobert Douglas,
the first tulchan bishop, although denrM to
do so by Morton bocan=o be sought a bishop-
,

Castell of Edinburgh,' and denounced the
srff ssehiny of the nobles. He added, ' out
<){ my b<-'l nnr! from mj bookl OOOM UOt
onoe in the week.'
Of one of his weekly sermons, wbieh,
^pite of infirraitie-<, he still delivered with
his old vigour, James Melville [q.v.], then a
young stadent of St Andrews, has given
The often quoted account '
I saw him ovory
: :
day of his doctrine [preaching] go hulie and
frirlv [slowly and carefnllyl, with a Airring
yf E;>irtri<"ks about his neck, a ptnff iu the
we hand, and guid godiie Kicard liannatyne
holding up the otner oxtar [armpitl from iunsdiction.'
'lie ahh.'v to the pirnoh kirk, and hy tlio said
Hicfaard and another servant lifted up to the
I ric himself ; to which he was able to retort
1
with effect that if he had wished thia he
bttt i
could have had a greater bishopric from a
greater man, referring to Cecil's offer of the
in see of Rochester.
, When the general a^^^embly mot at Perth
in Auj^t 1572, he seut it a farewell letter,
in which he exhorted them ' above all things
to preserve the kirk from the bondage of the
;
universities. Persuade them to rule them-
I
selves peaceably and order their schools in
Christ, but subject never the pulpit to their
j
judgment, neither yet except them from your
The accompanying articles
iave been erroneouply interpn ted as aproof
that Knox accepted the modihed ojpiscopocy
!

pnlpit, -wfaar he behovit to lean at his first sanctioned by the convention of ministers at
r.tTy :hot or he ha-l been done with his Ijcith througn the infltionreof Morton. Their
iermon, be was so active and vigorous that aim really was, assuming a moditied episco-
he was Ijfc to ding that pulpit in Mads pacy to be re^tablished, to curb ite power
Aod fl'^o out of it. Tho tbr -atc nin^'^ nf and apply its revenues to the penoral benefit
. . . !

bit sermons were very sore, and so particular of the church. The assembly informed Knox
1

thi* eneh ae liked them not took oooaaion to that his articles seemed reasonable and would
reproach him as a rash mnter without war- he adopted as far as pos.tible.
I
Tbo .same as-
iiat. . . . And Mr. Uobert Hamilton asking sembly granted the request of commissioners
lit vsrmnt of that particular threatening from Edinbnivh to choose a new minister in
a<;*inrt tbe Ca.stell of Edinburgh that it the place of Craig, -who lind fallen out with
Bboald run like a sand-glass; it should spew his congregation, on account of suspected
oitdMenptain with shame; he should not leanings to the party in the castle. The
come out at the gate, but down over walln conimi.ssioncrs had aln-ady sel'Tted Kiin\-,
and tich lyk
Mr. Knox answered, God is and after the assembly closed they went to
mj wtrrant, and ye sail see it.' Bnt Knox St. Andrewa to announce their choice. He
bsd frontier moment-', and wntild 'come and was to have a colloapue James Lawson, sub-
repo<e himself in our college ground [i.e. St. principal of the college of Aberdeen. Knox
I^eonard's], and call os sehours unto him, consented to return, on condition that he
ad bb s=i u and exhort us to knn\\- (in l sbould not be cxpfctcd in any way to bridls
and his work iu our creation, and stand by his tongue or cea.se to speak against the trea-
thegoid caoee.' He even took part in autism sonable doings of the castle of Edinburgh.
t tne maniage of On 17 Ang. 1672 he left St. Aadnwa and

Digitized by Google
 Knox'
reMshed Leith oa the 22nd, when, after a rest
of a^yortwOylwewBwtoBdblraiiilL On
the firet Sunday after, and every Sunday till
oonfined to his deathbed, he waa oacried to
thejpulpit, not, it wotdd seem ftom a latter
of Killig'rew,the English envoy, nt St. Giles's,
fant at aonieamaller place, where he preached
with hia old TelMRttenee. Through Killifrrew
he sMnt a incKsiip^ of the respect that hf ft^lt
lor CeciL In September 1 672 thid news of the
masaacre of St. Bartlioloniaw reaehed Edin-
burph, and adJfd anotlitT to the cansea of
and disappointment of his last jeara.
ief
athe filat be preaalied in the Tolbooth^
w]ii( h had been fippcially prepared for him,
and on 9 Hoy. he was able to preside at the
adwiaMon of hia colleague, Lawson, when he
preached on the duties of a pastor and liis
flock. On leaTin|[ the pulpit he returned
, leaning* on hn etaffnna atl attended bj the
OOngregatii >n . Tlt> iip\ er left liis hotisc Hu^filn,
being seized next day with a violent oouglu
and gradnally losing strength till the night
of 24 Nov.. %vhi->n he breathed his lust. Tht>
house in which he lived and died^ has been
identtted on lihe eridenee of tradition with
thepictiut sqiw rc^idt^oe in Notherbo\e Port,
whose projecting angle still forms one of the
^roninettt ftatassa of the High Street of old
CdiTiburrrh. A recent ontvoverRV on the
l Morion's wordi ait Iril torab, 'TTere lieni
point led to no absolutely certmn result.
Twoaeooiiiitaonel^Bannatyne, hia aeere-
tary, and the other probably by his colli ague,
Lawson describe the dosing fortnight of
hia life. Tlie aeoond aeeonnt was pnoliahed
by Thomas Smeaton in his '
Answer to the
Violent Dialogue of Archibald Hamilton on
the Oalrinistie Sect in Seothmd.' Both ao-
coniits treAt of those who vi-ited him. liis
conversation with them, the pa.ssages of Scrip-
tnra he desired to be read, his prayers fat tihe
church, his bitter mef-'^agi Kirlcculdv. hi.s
t '
excuse for hia vehemence, and his lost^rayer,
' Lord Jesus, reeerve my spirit/ ' Snrely,'
concludes Smeaton. 'wlmtev^r o])probrioii.'?
penons may say, in him God hatli stit us an
example both <n living and dying well.'
On 26 Nov. Knox was buried in thi' kirk-
yard of St. Giles, now the paved courtyard
of the ParliaaientHoiise, where the initiale
*J. K.' mark the spot. His coffin lie liiid
liimself ordered. In this, aa in the discharge
of hia aervante* wages and in making his laat
'.vill. his lontr illnes.s had not deprived him of
the power of punctually performing the last
earthly duties. Hia fttneral was attended by
Morton, who had been appointed regent. Hi."*
will, dated 13 May 1572, was confirmed on
U Jan. 1678 in the oommiasary court of
Kdinbiirph. where it is still proeerved. The
auns owing to the testator amount^kd to
3i6 Knox
880/.19s.erf.Soot. He owed oolihiiig. ffit
wife vaA ihme daughten vrere exeeatoc*.
By his first wifeKnox bad two ?^mp,
Nat^taniel, bom at Geneva, May 1567, ao4
Eleaaar, baptiaed at Geneva 99 Ifor. ISBB.
Thev were l)rouL'ht np by their mother'a
family, and sent to St. John's College, Oaas
bridge, ofwUoh they beoainefelI(nea(CoOiaB,
AtheTKT Cantabrif/ieii'^p^, i. 430,508; KOOBBS.
Gentalog. Mem. <^ -^^^^o^t 99- 188-8). Ka-
thaniel died in IGBO. Eleuar vraa viear ef
Clacton. Essex, from 1587 till his death in
lfi9L Neither son left issue. Knox'a second,
wife, who snrvived him, was granted by the
general .i.'^S'MTjbly, at Morton's suggestion, the
sum of ve hundred marks. In 1674 she
married Andienr Ker of Fhldonside, Rox-
burghshire, who died 1 0 T)fc. 1 599. She her^
self died about 1612. By Knox ahe had three
daughters ? Ibrtha (WSSf-lBOISiX wife of
Alexfiuder, son of Kobert Fairlie, laird of
Braid, and left issue Margaret (6. 1567 P),
;
married Zachary Pont, ardideaean of OaiA-
ness, in 16()M. bv whom she had two f*ona
and lisabeth (1570 P- 1625 ), married John
Welsh, minister of Ayr [q. v.] BeaeendmilB
of this dancbter fir^ sf ill tniceable. The line
of descent from JbLnox's other daughten is
believed to be extinet.
one who never femed tim iaoe oit man,' wwe
not biassed by intimate ftlendahip. Ther
are confirmed by his life, and reveal the
source of his power. Bannatyne calla him
*the light of Sootlaod, the eomfert of the
kirk, the mirror Mid example to all true
ministers in purity of life, soundness in doo>
trine, and boldness in reproraig of wicked-
ness.' He dird. worn out by a life of con-
tinuous conflicti and althougu he won <mly
a part of that for wUeh he fought, the eanae
into whirli he flung nil his strength ulti-
mately triumphed, and that largely thvoogli
his ininenee. Barely has any eonntrr pro-
dured a stronger will. In Britisli annals Oliver
Cromwell is his nearest parallel f but^ while
both are examplea of the power of selTHBOBi-
dent faith, Knox mastered his rnnntrynien bv
the influence of speech^without the atain o
self^iggran^sement. Hia egotfam waa not
\ anitv. It was tlie spirit required for the re-
formation he desire (L the essence of the ohasao-
ter of a people which prises independence aad
self-reliance above humility and reverence.
The breach of continuity with the Boman.
chnvdh that Knox effeeted waa a aign of the-
continuity of Sent tisli history. Robert Bnice
ahm had <ufied the pope. Knoxwaa aScottaah.
patriot, irith two important mbdifletttioaa.
HiiJ patriotism wns limited to the body of be-
lievers, andextendad beyond the bcmn^apthiik
Digitized by Google
 Knox
own eoavtiT to all of like beliefl He had a
ux>ag attachmeat to that part of the English
aatioB which afierwarda became pimtan and
republican, and to the reformed churches of
the continent. He carried the Scottish people
with him, and for a lime, during the crisis
of the Reformation, ho -wftp political leader of
the Scottish nobles and the guide in Scottish
fion of the English statesmen. But the
reul aim of both these allies dift'ered from his.
Thr(Hi|fh their aelfishness, as he thought, he
dM wUktheniNMation of religion he wished
only partially accomplished, ana the reforma-
ttOQ of education, which was an integral part
itf'hi* endeavours, scarcely begun. The spec-
tacle of a single democratic leader holding
the chief influenoe| not as Calvin in a re>
pablicaa city, bat ill n nnliMnlie country
ttill gDveriipd bv a manarch, commanded thrt
attention of the cotemporary world. He left
deeper mark on his own oonntr^menf
whose ecdesiastical polity liM eonthmed
lamly to reflect his spirit.
U h mm to detoot his fitults. They lay
on the surface, yet pranp from the depths
of hia character. BellcHbeim, the modem
historiiB, dwells on the cruelty
by his approval of Beaton's murder,
enactment of a death-penalty for the
debnition of the mass, hi* inordinate
lore of power, bis vehement language in
jnjen a& well as in sermons, and lus meagre
Inns of theology. It menoneous to charge
him with inconsi'tenry as to his views on
epucopacy. or with profiting by Lord Ochil-
tniTe wvink. He wee aaarow. fierce, with
rprard to TOme8ubjectscoarBe,and with repird
to aume persons unforgiving. At lus best he
lewiMeu s prophet of the Old Testament,
not n evangelist of the New. At his worst
he was a political partisan and ecclesiastical
ligot, who could see no merit in an opponent,
and could ort'rlook any faults in a toUower.
Yet he was unselfish ma time of self-eeek-
ipp, straigUlAiff wtid in an a<re of deceit. A
*rin of numoTir suvpd him from pedantry,
sad his severity was occasionally exchanged
fora tenderness, more valued beetvee so rare.
A shrewd discpmpr of the character of others,
and a close observer of civil as well as reli-
glens politics, his foresight was nriatofcen for
spropberir
fjift. As anauthor hisreputation
re^ on The History of the
'
lieformation,'
aoeqnnluifl laeimiflete^lRrt unsurpassed for
its Ti^rr>tifl representation of tho principal
acts and actors of the historic drama m
which
ktUaeelf plays the leading part.
A portrait of Knox, painted by Vaensoun,
WM fvent by James VI in 1680, along with
ofte of himself to Beza, and was engreved
37 Knox;
,
reproduction that bv Jodocus Hondius
is
fq. y.j, in V
erheiden's ' FrBsstantium aliquM
llieofegomm/ Hague, 1602. It was t^ftim
enpraved by Boissard in the ' Bibliothiva
Chalcographica,'4th edition, Frankfort, IdoO.
This portrait, undoubtedly genuine, presents
a long straight nose, large eyes, sunk cheeks,
firm brow, strong under-llp, and 'a rive*
of a beard. In 1&6 another quite different
head was given in Knight's Gallery of Por-
'
traits,' from a uicture in the possession of
Lord Somerviliei. Tliis represento a ftce
with an oblique nose, which gives an obp
pleasant expression to somewhat common'
place eyes, and a weak chin, covered hf ft
short pointed bf-ard The white tippet coyer-
.
ing the shoulders, which takes the place of the
high wB<a eoUar in Beza's portmit, dunli
have put any one on his guard against ao>
cepting it as a di\'ine of the sixteenth century.
The eostome belongs to the seventeenth.
Unfortunately, Carlyle in his old age insisted
that it was the oul^ likeness of Knox, and
was becked up in his opinion by Boehm the
sculptor, and by injudicious friends with no
quahficatiouB to oiler an opinion on such
point. Mr. James Drummond) ILSJLt
clusively refuted Carlyle in a paper read to
the Roval Scottiah Antiquarian Societ sty m
1878 entitled '1
and Buchanan.'
After Knox's death the general assemblj
granted Bannatyne 40/. (March 157d-8) tO
enable him to put in order Knox's manu-
script ' History of the Ueformation of Reli-
f^ioun within the Realmeof Scotland,' which
lehad completed as far as 1561, hut nothing
was heard again of the work tUi lob4, when
Vautiollier printed in London the first three
I
books. Most of the copies were seized and
destroyed by order oithe Archbishop of
Canterbury (February 1586-7). In 16G4
an f'dition of the whole five books by David
Buchanan was published (London, foL);
but Buchanan's interpolations destroy tBnA
of the value of his labours (cf. NlcoLSOir,
Scottiah Hut. Library, 1776, jp. 109). An
improved edition, called the fourth, edited
by Kuddiman, is dated 173L*. The best edi-
tion IS in the first two volumes of David
Laing's Knox's ' Works ' (vols. i-ii. 1846-8).
Hie other woda have been alimdy dMBwhedi
[irtiox's riirn-ipondence BupplemeDts the His*
tory as the chief source of his biography. The
other Mmrces are the Nnrmtive of Richard Bao-
natjme and tlio MemoirB of James Melville, pub-
lished for the Bannatyne Club; Thomati Smoa-
tun's Aci'OUDt of his last Illness and Death,
puiilished by CfaartoHs in 1679 reprinted m
WMb^
Lning's edltieki ef XieeAi vi MV; Hwi'
gleglSth- aiile' or LtHiW Hlilel|fc>
Digitized by Google
 Knox 3tt Knox
ThiodnnortOD Crofu and Cecil's Correspondence great influence in the twelve general u*
OrUiNMMMldA an oollectd in the CaleodftTS of semblies of which he was a meanbr. In
Docanients relatini* to Scottish Affain in the he declined to suKscribe the articles of re-
English Records; tiiu Corrcstpondence and Writ- ligion promulgated hy Socretarv Maitlsad.
iogtof MaitUud of Lethin^ton, and bis brother's He was eleeM modualor of ijBod in tM
aan^ Um Bulwiaiio* of wbieh it givtn in f\c- October 1586, and on 6 Marcli 1589 he was
taYMqite style in Slwltonis 1dbiH1nitd of Lstlitng-
one of the commissioners apjpointed bj the
ion, Edinburgh, 1880 the Zurich Letters of the
,

privy cottifeil to seenre the vreserration of

Koj^lish Keformers, published bj the Parker
religion ;n the .therifTtlnm of Edinburph. In
Society; the Llrre dee Asgloi^ or register of
tho Kiiglish Church at Geneva, printed in fac- 1590 he was one of the commissioners for
the

bimiie with nofci by Trofpssor Mitchell of St. south who were direeted to meet dulf the
Andrews; the Roman catholic writers, Winet, Edinburgh presbytery in order to consult
Tyrio, Kennedy, uil>ot of Crosraguel, with whom means of reaistuncc to the actions of the ex-
he had controvtrsics, and the tract of Archi- communicated popish earls and their ad-
bald Hamilton, De ConfusioneCalv-iniunEC Scctae herents. His uncontrolled seal is said to
apnd SeotM^ bat tbe Iset la too o(mtxoTexil to have led to his discharge from the assembly
b of nraeh btitonoil vahte. Of nodern Kvthors, on 7 March 1597. lie was. however, a mem*
the Life of Knox, by Thomas M'Crio, If-t ed. ber of the assembly in 1001, when he refused
1813, 7th ed. 1872*14^ in spite of its partisanship to vote for tlic royal recommendation con-
ivnd preiodieM, u exedlenb biogruphy, wbicu cerning the trauBlation of ministers. He v\a
leftTes few facts unascertained it requires, how-
;
aeeofdingly regarded as hostile to the go-
rer, to be read ailon^ with the slfindurd edition of
vernment. When nominated moderator of
tbe Works of John Knox, Iviinburgh, 1 864,6 vols.,
the assembly of 1000 he declined to accept
collected and edited with oot4>8 by David Luing,
and with the more recent biography by Prof.IIume the otlice, and vnis accordingly put to thehon.
Brown, 1895. '2 vols. A Oermun lift', John Knox, In 1008, however, he had refrained favour
voa Fried rich Braodes, Elberfdd, I862 his Avith the government, and was appointed to
nothing original. The Itres rad corrpspondence visit the kirks of Annandale, Ewesdale, and
of Calvin and Beca contain less tliaii might lie 1-skdale with the Archbishop of Glasgow. On
expected. Both the civil and ecclesiastical his- 4 May 1609 he oLno attend^ the conference
toriee of Tytler and Burton, Cnnnineham, Grab, at Falkland. He kd the resistanoe to the
Jind Bellosheim, re;r,ir<' to bo consulted, l-'roude re-e.'itablishment of episcoparv, admonisliiuf:
in his Uifetory uf Knglaml has given a chanic- the Archbishop of St. Andrews in the
terisation of Knox, which in the main agrees sembly of 1617; and in a eennon dfllivend
with that of Carlyle. As regards Knox's own by him at the synod of Perth ("November
writings, a full bibliography of the different
1018^, which had been called to acknowledge
editions is given by M'Crie, and they are all
obedienoe to the Artidee at Berth, he ex-
Eublisbed with exact bibliographical details by
horted his hearers to uphold the liberty and
aing. 8ee also Loriiner't J<^n Knooc and the
ChurcTi of Kn!^lnnd and Rogrrs'fs Gi>ne.i!ii<rical Svexnment of
the church as it was before
Memoirs of Knox. 1879; Essay on John Knox B mtvodnetion of bishops. He died in 162o,

and his Relation to Women brR. L. Stevenson
and BttckU'a Oinliaatioa, iU. 76 aq.] JB. M.
KNOX, JOHN (1556P-1623). Scottish
presbyterirtn diviiu', born about 1555, ap-
pears to have been third son of William
Knox, a merchant of Preston, the reformer's
brother (Rogers, Geneal. Memoirs of Knox,
aged about 68. Livingston mentions him and
others as 'eminent lor gnoei giftsy faithful-
ness, and success.'
Joiix Knox 1021 1G54), who wa*
laureated at St. Amlnws about 1G13, find
was minister of Bowdcu, on the presentation
of James VI, from 22 Not. 1631 till 26 July
1 654, is said to have been son of the shore.

p. 70). But tliere is somo ground for the He gave 10/. towards building the library oi
Delief that his father was the Preston mer- the college at Glasgow on 1 Aug. 1082, was
chant's eldest son, William Knox, rnini>;ter member of the as.sembly in 1^38, and of the
of Cockpeu from 1667 till his death in April commissions of 1G46 and 1046 (Hsw Soon,
1603 (Hbw Soon, JRuti BeeL Soot pt. i. pp. FustiSeel. Seot. pt. ii. pp. 644-6).
271-2, pt. ii. p. 519). John graduated M..\. ut [Hew ScDtt's I'ljsti Eecl. Scot. pt. ii. p. ;

the university of ^t. Andrews in 1575, and i

VVodrow's Misceliaaea; Calderwood'a Uibtorit
ID the following year beeamo minister at of the Kirk ; Jottae Melville*e Avtobu (Wodrev
He was a member of the general
j

Iisuder. Soc) Livingston's Characters.]

;

assemblies ^in October 1681 and October i KNOX, JOHN

{d, 1688), pxosbyterian
1682, and in 1684 was transferred to the divine, was youngerson ofJorai Knox, minis-
ministry of Melrose. Knox was a resolute ter of llowdt'ii in Teviotdale, Roxburghshire,
I

champion of the ecclesiastical principles of and grandson of John Knox (lo55 .^-1023;
iiis great Idnsinan and namesake, and gained 1(1. v.j, nunister of lielrose, who
[
ia said to

Digitized by Google
 Knox
ham been nephew of John Knox the refonner.
Handiicta MJL. st Edinburgh University
m ft Jolf 1641. When itill fmbfttioner
he pined the rovalifit nrmy as chaplain to
Sir John Brown's regiment of horse^and was
|RMBtl the royaUst defeat at InTericeithing
on 10 Julv 1651 . He shortly afterwards be-
came chaplain to Archibald Douglas, earl of
Onauada (1G09-I66d) [q. v.], or, as he is
inore often called, Earl of Angtis. He was
oaa of tlw inmates of Tantallon Castle when
itiraabsiiegvd hj Colonel Lamberty and dar-
ing the progress of the siege was selected
to escort the Countess of Onnonde and her
if f
v. rth
nlaw, Ladr Alexandar Douglaiy to
i
Berwick, wlienoeitwas arranged that
thev should cross to fife to place themselves
UBoer the proteetioii of the royalist army. At
North Berwick, while waiting for the tide,
the pirty was surprised by a body of the
caemy, upon which the lieutenant and troops,
to whose protection tlicy hnd been entrusted,
made a hurried escape in lishing boats, leav-
ing Knox and the ladiee to the caxe of a ser-
eeant nd a few sentinels. Knox offi red to
orrender on beine allowed to convey the
ladiee to a boat, ana aa the nnkof htt enaifree
"viis unsuspected his terms were accepted, and
the countess, together with her infant son
and aater-in-Iaw, was safely put on board.
By a bold and da.hinp stroke Knox subse-
qoeatly manafr'd to escApe from his captors,
aidffiding ofi* on their ofUcer's horse, rejoined
tbe^arrifcon in Tantallon. There he remained
oatil the castle was surrendered, when he
Has cmied a prisoner to Edinburgh. He
appears to have regained his liberty m1658,
in which year he received a letter under the
kxBg's own hand, dated 8t.Gennain8, 31 Aug.
1653,and asking' for a 'seasonable obligation'
la the shape of a loan. (The letter in p^ivenin
fdlni WoDROW, iT. 89.) In this nnau; year
be was ordained minister of North L'itli, but
St the Restoration his services were forgotten,
aad in conseqiuence of his firm adherence to
the presbyterian church he was in 1662 de-
prived of his chai^ by the privy council. In-
inlged by the council in September 167 2, he
ministered at West Calder until 16 Sept. 1684,
wben he appeared before the council on s
charge of breaking his confinement, not keep-
iai; Ilestoration Jay (29 May), and bajitiving
children of other parishes. Convicted of these
offences, he was imprisoned until the doM ot
Charles II's reign. (Wodrow's statement,
iv. 41, that he was confined on the Bass Rock,
is disputed by M'Crie in his 'History of Bass
Rock,' p. 380.) Liberated nn 5 March 1C85,
'onderoond to re-enter, when called upon,
Mdtr fain of five thousand merks,' he re-
tUMd to hia duuge at Leith, whra he eom-
3^ Knox
tinned umnolwated until his daafli in Mansb
1688.
Knox married, on SS June 1660, Jean
Dalgleish of Cramond. Pbe died on 26 Oc^
1673,leavinff ason and a daughter, Jean, who
married, on SOFeb. 1691, the Rer.JolmTolli-
delpb, mini.stcr of Dunbamey, Pcrthsln're, pou
of I'rincipal Tullidelph of St. Leonard's Col-
lege,St Andrawe.
[Hew Scott's Fasti.pt. i.pp. 94-5, pt. ii. p. r)4 1 ;
Bqgsn'sJIemoirs of John Knox, pp. 72-3 ; Wod>
nw'a Mult. td. Bums, ir. 88. 39, 2X4 ; CMchtoa'a
Life of OoL Blaekadar, ^asS.] T. 8.
KNOX, JOHN (1720-1790), Scottish
philanthropist, a native of Scotland, bom in
1720, followed for many years the trade of
booksellerin the Strand^ London, ret ired with
a large fortune, and from 1701 until liis death
devoted himself to the improvement of the
fisheries and manufactures of Scotland. Be-
tween 1764 and 1775 he made sixteen tours
through Scotland. The Highland Society
of London gave him eveiy assistance and en-
couragement, and he was a leading member
of the British society formed in Scotland for
extending the fishraries and improving the
sea-coast. This society was incorporated hy
act of parliament in 1786.
Knox's carlieat work, 'A View of the Bri-
tish Empire, more especially Scotland, with
some Proposals for the Improvement of that
Country, the Extonsion of its Fisheries, and
the Pvt lief of the P'opli-.' was published
anony mously in 1784, while Knox was living
at Richmond, Surrey, and was dedicated to
'the members of the British Society.' A'third
edition, greatlv enlarged,' in two volumes,
was issuM in 1786. Among- other sugges-
tions, Knox rpfvtnimoiulrd flif ffirmntion of
three canaLs in Scotlutid -between tlio Forth
and Clyde, between Lochfyne and the At-
lantic, and between Fort William and Tn-
vemees. All liave since been constructed
(see BuCKLB, Jlitt. of Cin'liMtionf iiL 188).
After the publication of Knox's next work,
' Observations on the Northern Fisheries,
with a Discourse on the Expediency of Eata-
bli-shinp- Fishing Station.sor Small Towns in
the Higiilands of Scotland and the Hebride
Islands '(1786), the British Pishery Society,
which had collected 7,000/. for the purpose
of establishing fishing villages, commissioned
Knox to make 'a more extensive journey in
the highlands and isles than hnd ever been
performed by an individual.' On his return
the aooiaty voted him a gold medal, and at
its request he published his journal in 1787,
under the title, ' ATour through the Uigh-
landa of Seotlund and the Hebride Isles iu
UKCULSxnJ QsL QmL Mag. 1787 (t. iw
Digitized by Gopgle
 KiroK
no. 704-7). The work iru
txaasiated by T.
Mandat into Trmeh (9 toIs. Fnru, 1790).
Knox proposecl, on the four hundred raili s
of oout froDLtlitMullof Oantireto tLB Dat-
Hebrides, to erect 40 etntinns, or fifihing
toiwiUi at 26 milee from each other, mora or
leaa, aa dramataaeea auk, to oonaiat of abont
16 houses of two stories and two rooms, with
an km and achooL-houaa, and an acre, or half
aa aore, to eaeh. Each town to coat 2J00QLf
and the wliole luimbor 80,000/. Each town
to havA GO Scota acres.' To meet the emer-
flmndeaofwar, Enoxreeommended tliat Great
Britain Bhoiild alwaT^holditwolnindEiedtlum-
aand aeamen in readiueas.
Before hiadeatli Knozprojected an eU1>>
ratework on the Picturesque Scenery of
' negroealnrSt. Helena; and in 1686 his vessel
iScotland,' whih was to he ' one of the moat
splendid vaUtoatjons ever atttmnpted in 1^
or any otiier country.* His Adaref^s to the
' Hakluyt Soc, vol. ii.) In If'on h,- oarri^ d
Public explaining his plan appeared in the
' a cargo of slavee tern Madagascar to ^unw'
'OentUnuui's Magazine/ 1789 (pt. L pp. 396-
328). Joseph Farington [q. v.J and Charles
Catton the younger [q. v.Jweie among thoae
who were engaged to prepare ^iriaga and
plates. But t he jirojoct was abandoned owing
to the death of hLnox at Dalkttth, near Edin-
burgh, on 1 Ang. 1790.
[Imp. Diet. xii. 108 ; Scots Mag. August
170; Gent. Mag. 1786 pt. ii. p. 794, 1787
pt. ii. pp. 704 et seq., 1790 pt. ii. p. 8^7; Noa-
Bogv^e OtoMe.]
Telie O. S-a.
KNOX, ROBERT (1641 P-1720>, writor tholdand ofOeyloQ inthoBaat Indies top&-
on Ceylon, boru about 1641, was the son of tlu r with an Account of the dothinim in
Robert Knox, a Scot, and commander in the Captivity the Author and divers other Joiag-
EiSk India Oompany'a service. His parents iahmen nowliriair there, and of the Atititon
were strict purilauB. His bnylinod whs ])ii-sc(I
nt WimbledoH, Surrey, where his mother
(Abigail Bonnell) was buried in 1656. n
January 1668 he sailed with liis father to
Fort George. On the homeward voyage in
November lCo9a storm obliged them to put
iuto Cottmr Hay, Ofvlon, where Knox, his
lather, and iourteen others were made pri-
soners and carried into the interior of the
ialand. His father died in captivity on
9iFeb. Ii361. Knox remained a prisoner at
Urge for nineteen years and a half, during
whir !: ^me he supported himself by knitting
i
caps, lending out com and rioe, and hawk-
ittg gooda about the oonntrjr. He aiadel
several unsuoci'ssful a' tempts to escape. The
rajah presaed him to enter his service, but
Knox eboae to risk losing fani heed xttber
than do so. The East India Company did
what they could to obtain hie rwease.
At length, on 93 Smili 1079, Knox, along
with a faithful cnmrsJo named Stephen Rut-
land, contrived to elude the vigilanoe ot
|
KdOX!
the aentiaels, and att)ri^ dangecona j.oar^f t
reached Arippu, a Dutch uttcfemflit on tM
north-west cofuit, on 1 H Oct. Thfinc3 they
Ea!>eU to Colombo {28 Oct.1 Here he waa
ospitably reoehned, ecBt to Bateria^ aad
thence to England, which he reached Uk
Sept.l68U. HaviogentruatedhiaMS&toBo*
bert HooIM) aeereUry of the Royal SooietT,
he entered the service of the East India
Ckympany. In Oct. 1680 he aailed aa fourth
ante of the New London, than bound fcr
Rantam, and on his arrival he had the option
of aerring in India by aea or land at a saUxy of
40L a year. In May 1681 the eompany made
him captain of theTonqueen Merchant, which
he commanded for thirteen years. Jn 1684 he
tookhertoHadaffascar, there toihinn eaifo of
joined the fleet sent to India for the intewM.
capture of CSiittagong (cf. Hbdow, INS*yy,
tra. laiaOihe wMdimniaaMtheEMtlsdta
Company's service, and by way nf revrnp-
^
took command in 16(t8 of the Marr, prirate
!
tmB&n^ Teaeel or interloper, wbieh wm sent
to India by the new rival 'English East In-
dia Company.' He died, a weu-to^ baoho-
ler, 19 June 1790, in the peridi of St Feter>
le-Poor, London, nnd was buried beside his
mother at Wimbledon. His letters to hia oou-
M
sin, John Strvpe Tq v.l, are proB 'eJ in die
Univ.Libr.,{"anibridge'(CVie.<)/"iV.W v. 1 ',1).
Knox wrote '
An Hiatoncal Relation of
;
1
^liniciJous Escape. Illustrated with figuree
and a map of the ialand,' fol, LonikiO|I^L
A pnfroe waa Hamiebed by Boibeit nookev
M.D. [q. v.], who probably apsisted in the
compilation. The book, which is both delighb-
fU ud traetworthy, is the flnl aooonat of
Ceylon in the English language. It was re-
printed in J. Harria'a Navigantium Biblio-
'
theca (vol. ii.), withsddltionsftn the U>
'
tory of J. Ribeyro, fol., I>ondon, 1705, and
as an appendix to the ' Hiatory of OwloaJ
by Phi&ilethee, A.M. Oxon. fBobeft Fel
lowes [q. V.]), 4to, London, 1817. It was
tranalated into Dutch by S. de Vriea, 4to,
Utreehfe, 1699, andiintofWoeh, 9*fols. 19nra,
Amstordntn, 1693; while a German version
appeared in voL viii. of J. J. Schwahe'a 'All*
geneine Histafie d^
Baieen,' 4to, lj747, fte
Knox bf'qiicnthed to his nephew, Knox Wanl.
'my Booke of Ceylone, with manuacnpu of
my owns Idfli.!
Knox'ipoitndt'
in 16^.
Digitized by Google
 Knox
pTraeMit's Cejlon: Knox's Ceylon; Noblo's
Coot, of Orukiter, L 268-269 ; Fergiuoti's Cnpt.
R. Kaax ; Oeat Mag. May IWH; Crawlej-
Boer^'t The Perrerse Widow.] O. Q.
KNOX, ROBERT (1791-1B62), anato-
BMitud ethnologist, dwawidfld firom a family
of Kirkcuilbrifjht iknaers, wae the eighth
child and uiih son of Robert Knox {d. 1612 ),
mathematical maater at Ueriofe's Hosptal,
Edinburgh, and Mary Sherer or Schrerer,
daughter of a t'anser of German extraction.
KnoKwaa bom on 4 Sept. 1791 at EdLnbuxg)!*
and earl V lost thf si^hr ofhis left oye through
a riralent attack of small-pox. At the Edin-
barsrh High School he rapidly rose to the
hpal of every clnps, and was dux and gold
EiK tklliat ol the school in 1810. In Novem-
lr of that year he began medical study at
bxiinburrfi University, ami was twi<-' presi-
dent of Uie Koral
vorai Medical
JU< iSocietj beiore his
Failing examinutiun
7n anatomy, he entered as a pupil of John
Barclay a 758-1826) [q. v.], and gained a
HMtany Knowledge of tne subjtict He gra-
duated M.D. in 1814. His thesis, 0n the
Effects of Stimulants and Narcotics on the
Healthy Body/ wwb fidlnwed in January
1815 by an important paper on The Diunial'
Variations of tne Pulse and other Function**,'
-fp^ lally as afl'ected bv muscular exertion
{dmb. Med. and Surg, ^oum.zi.f^^ ('<'k 1 H I-
1&7). In 1815 he obtained a commission as
Mcijtant-^urgeon in the army, and was sent
to Bruaeebi, where he g^necT much surgical
experience after Waterloo. In April 1817
he vaa sent to the Cape with the 7l^nd High-
landers, and made ethnologlcnl, zoological,
geographical, meteorological, and medical re-
Marches, becoming at the same iiiiM a prac-
fi-ed shnt and ke(m collector. He returned to
Lofiland on huli-payon Christmas-day, 1820,
au vcniaini ! m Edinburgh, contributing
papers to the Wernerian ."^oci'fy. Tn the
satumn of 1821 he obtained pi'imi^isiuu to
tody for a year on the oontinent, and spent
^e time in Paris under Cuvier, Geoffroy St.-
Uilaire, De Blainville, and Larrey. At the
cad of 1839 ha returned to Edinburgh. He
remained on army half-pay till 1832, when
he received KXH. as a commutation pn3'ment.
During the nartfaw years he contnhuU d to
the Wera^rian and Royal Societies of Ivlin-
burgk soological and anatomical papers, some
af vMdi eootaioed important discoveries on
the .tnifture and physiology of the eye. lie
soccaeded in persuading the Edinburgh Col-
Ispaaf SoKgaoaa to iboi an ad< uat e aasanin
(
J of sabjaota, and aspecially in allowing his
TOmprirative anatomy and pathology, and
was ap{xiinted it^s conseryator in 18:^, be-
eonuiu[ also a fallow of the college. He ai^
vised uia pudiasa and anngpd Mriba tnaa
3SX Knox
fer of the collection of SirCharles Bell from
London, and worked actively in the museum
until 1881. Id 18l'4 he privatelj married
a person beneath him in station, and thus
greatly iniured his prospects. His wife died
in 1841, bavilig borne him six children, nt
whom only one son, Edward, ftirvived liim.
His old teacher, Barclay, being di-sirous to
retire, Knoxsigned articles of partnership
with liim on 2 March
IH'25, undertaking the
\\ Barclay's death in 1826
huk' ot the work.
left his anatomical school entirely under
Knox's control. He at once took tirst rank
06 un anatomical lecturer, and his classes
increased until his students numberud 6(Mt
in 18^8-9, wiwa he lectnred for tkiee
daily.
Naturally Knox, who was an eBtltllMssi
for practical dissert ion, was the best customer
of the 'resurrectionists,' from whom
alone
' subjects ' could be procured.
for dissection
He gave higher prices than others, and coa-
sequentl^ offered a tempting market in 1828
for the vustims of Burke and Hare [see Bttrkk,
William, 17!>2-lHLHr. The populace in-
volved Knox in the obloquy of the murderers,
and mobbed and burnt mm
in elfigy. For
months he was in danger of viol^oe, but
attempted no public defence of himself. He
was caricatured in lithog^^hic prints, termed
'Wretch's Ilhistrations ot Shakespeure,' in
one of which the devil was renre-sented with
a hig pair of shears in his hanu about to cropi
*anox-i-ons plant;' in another he was de-
picted as Richard III looking for Tyrrel,
whom he finds in Burke. Burke in his con-
fession exonerat''*! Knnx from nil hlatue, but
John Wilson, in 'Blackwood ^' M octes,' MarcJi
'
1829), attacked him savagdj. Ob 17 March
1829 Knox addressed a letter to tlie Cale- '
donian Mercury/ with the report ol au inllu-
etial eeaunittee, including John Robinson,
seeretary to the Koyul Society of Edinburgh,
Ku3sell, professor of surgery, W. P. Alison,
professor of medicine, and Sir W. Hamilton,
bart., to whom he had given every facility-
for aBcertaiuiug the facts. This committee
reported that tlMff had 'saao BO otidsiwa
that Br. Knox or his assistants knew that
murder was committed in procuring any of;
the subjects brought to his roonia,*aBa'firail^
lielieved in his complete innocence.
*
There
were circumstances calculated to excite sus-
picion of murder, but no proof that they didi
excite such suspicion. They thought that
Knox had acted incautiously in the reception
assistants to receive them without makings
particular inauiry whence they came. Many
did not consider Knox cleared by this verdict,
I
aMl hia chitf aasiataa^r X. w; Jones^ Wi^
Digitized by Google
 Knox 33t Knox
li&m (afterwards Sir William) Fer^russon, application he sarcastically criticised not odIj
and Alexandflr Miller, sharod in his unpopu< the tinivni|^ eonree, bat the other candi-
Urity. 8tr R. Christi^on thought Knox had dates, Allen TTiomson, who was elected, Jol.a
rather -wilfully shut his eyes to suspicious Reid, and W. B. Carpenter, and spoke of the
circumstance's. The difficulty of procuring chairs of the university as having ' fall^ much
subject 8 was at lut remedied hj the Anatomj bekmr tlia income of a steady-going retail
Act of 1832. grocery or bakery.' After having formaUy
Knox's pupils were enthusiastic in las resigned hisri^^ht to give separate lectures in
favour, ana on 11 Apfil 1 * jirosonted him Edinlmrgh (with the idea, it is believed, ol
with a ^Id vnse, acquitting him of every emigrating to the United States), he an-
im])Utation and expressing sympathy witli nounced a course of anatomy there in Novem-
his mental sufferings. He continue<l his ber 1842, bat got no obMS. In the follovrini;
anatomical work, published various boolc soKsion he attempted a course of physiology
and pa^rs, and esuecialljr devoted himself to with a similar result. For lack of lx;tter occu-
anatominnff and aM!ribBg^ fine whalebone pation be joined the small Portland Street
whale in 1831-4. school of modirinc in Glasgow in November
W hen the College of S urgeous vacated their 1844, but returned his fees to his pupils before
1

old hall in Sorgieons'Sqtiare in I8S9,hemoTed the end of tbe month.

I
1848 to 1846 he
tiiither from Barclay's old premises, and was very unsettled, now living with an old
built a la^ class-roomi in which he repeated pupil, now seeking employment in London.
his morntng's leetare each erening. On In 1846 beleetnrad on 'The Races of Hsn'
Saf Knlays he lectured with orainent 8ucco>'^ at Newra-tle-oii-Tyup, Manchester, and other
on ' Comparative and General Anatomy and towns, and gained considerable popular re-
Ethnology,' often rousing enthusiastic cheers. putation. 1^ believed that the Toees ofomd,
In January 1833 Dr. John Reid [q. v.] joined like the species of animals, were distiiu t, and
Knox and I'^ergusson. Soon afterwards Knox's that the secondary laws of evolution, aa well
popularity in l-xlinburgh declined, partly in as the origin of life, were beyond human
COMequence of his h)>terodoxy and of his inquiry. In 1 846 he vainly sought a goven>-
aarcastic and yiassionate habits of speech, and ment appointment. In iK' '2 he tried to ob-
in 1836 lU-id led him, to lecture on phy- tain oiHce in the British Museum. Meanwhile
ioloigy at the Argyla Square school, and he was deliverinf^ pO|Nilar lectures, and was
ItailgURSon almost gave up his work as assist^ inoepsantly writing papers in the scientific
ant. Knox had now to rely principally on journals and popular }>eriodicals. Some of
his younger brothar, fVederidc John, out ana^ these were successful, and the proceeds, to*
tomical material was scarce, and the students get her with those from his text-books, en-
at Edinburgh decreased. Knox's Edinburgh abled him to keep his family in Edinburgh.
'

Dissector/ brought out anonymously in 1887, In May 1864 the death of his son Robert
to rival the Dublin Dissector' of Harrison, greatly distressed him. He shortly after-
'

fell flat. In the same jear ho unsuccessfully wards made application to be sent as suigeon
eonteeted the profesiorship of pathology, to the Orimea,and when bts application wkd
vacated V)y Dr. John Thomson. In April he retaliated by attacks on tlic administrati m
1838 ho failed to induce John Qoodsir to join in the 'Morning Advertiser 'and other news-
him, bnt Henrjr Lonsdale, bis biographer, papers, based on letters from eorrespondsnts
beeame his demonstrator and partner in May in the field. In O -ToVht 1856 was np-
1840. Alexander Lizars abouttnia timegained noiuted pathological anatomist to the Cancer
the professorship ofanatomy at Aberdeon,and Hospital at Brompton. In his latter yean be
Knox took his place at the A rgyle Square took to medical practice, especially obetetric*.
medical school as anatomical lecturer. In in the Hackney district, continuing to lecture
the Medical Gazette' of 30 Oct. 1640 Knox at public institutions in London and large
'

announced as his own a discoveiyraapecting towns. In 18t)0 he was made an honomry

the placenta which had been previously fellow of the Ethnological Society of London,
Bhown him by Dr. John Heid. Reid strongly and in 1862 honorary cumtor of its museum,
Oensured Knox, and public opinion went lutrly in 1861 he was elected foreign member
apainst him, although he claimed to have o{ the Anthropological Society of Paris. He
Bveti his new views to his cla.ss in \b'.i9. formed many abortive projects, and in the
'

nfortunateljit became evident that Knox's autumn of 1862 talked of writinfr his own
tnithftilness or memory could not be strictly life. On 9 Der. li'^ hnd an apoplectic seizure
trusted. In 1841 he was a scarcely serious after returning from his duties at the Cancer
candidate for the professorship of tne insti- Hospital,anddiedon20Dec.l682,at9Lambe
I

tutes of medif'ijif ( ])hv^iolnfr\' nt Krlinburgh, Terrace. Hackney, arrr-d 71. Ho waa boiicd
) I

vacated hj W. P. Alison. In his letter of ^ at Woking on 2ti Deo,

Digitized by Google
 Knox 333 Knox
Knox WM slightly above middle height, took M.A. He subseauently studied at the
with tlroiig miueaUr body end firm, upright old Belfiwt College, wbefo during his student
jfnit. Tlia features won^ coarf and nuirred cliiys lif> was an active promoter of the union

by small-poz. lIiB left eye was atrophied,
Mt the nght wee very vivid end expteaii ve.
In sp'-'v'h nf> acrrefable and pnrsua*ive,
end m lecturing he rose to high eloquence
HedvMMd far lecturea in the nighest style
of fashion. He may be ranked among the
greatest anatomical teecbers, though, owing
te bis disepipointnents end bis untened ec-
c*- Triririos, he failed to produce works of
permanent value. His religious opinions
WCTO deistic.
Knox wrote, besides mnnr memoirs in
Mieutific transactions and contributions to
edicel, edentifle, end ether joumels : 1. 'The
Edinburirh Dls-rctor,' Edinb. 1837. 12mo.
S. <The Races of Men/a fragment, 1850; 2nd
fdition, witb eupplenentar\' chapters, 1863,
IjOndon, 8to. 3. *A Manual of Artistic
Aaatomy/ London, 1852, 8vo. 4. 'Great
Arlirta end Ghet Anetomtsts' (Leonerdo, honorary
Mlcha* ] Anpr-lo, Rapbatd, Ciivier, GeofTrov
iit^Uilaire), London, 1852, 12mo. 6. 'A Irish Presbyterian, and published numy
between the s^nod of Ulster and the seces-
sion synod, which resulted in tbe formation
of the p'nern] a<'pmbly of the presViyterian
church in irvlaud m 1840. He was licensed
to preach in 1840, and sent es e miistonery to
the south of Ireland, being ordained by the
pre&by tery of Strabane in April of that year.
Several congregations owea their origm to
his labours. On 10 Juno 1842 he was in-
stalled as assistant and successor to theKev.
Jdin Whiteside, pastor of the second oongrv"
gntion of Coleraine. Next year ho became
minister of the Linenhall Street Church,
Belfast.
Knox was soon onp of the most enor^Totic
of the Belfast clergy, being particularly ac-
tive in promoting tbeeree^m of newebmehea
nnd .school-houses, and in furtherinE- the work
of the town mission, of which he became
secretary. He eatebUabed end
edited a inonthly periodical entitled the
'

Maena] of Htmen Anetony,' London, 1868, eermons. A prolonged newspaper eontfo-

8rr>. 6. Fish and Fishing in the Lone Qlens versv with the Kev. Tht ophilus Campbell
'

<d Scotland,' London, 1864, 8vo. 7. Man, of Trinity Church, Belfast, afterwards dean
'

bk Surueture end Pujpsiology popularly ex- of Dromore, on the question of beptiemel

jlebed,'London,18.'>7,8vo. H. 'The (Jreateat regeneration, broiip-ht nim into much promi-
itmx Social Evils, Prostitution, liy a Phy- nence. The letters were subsequently col-
1897. He elio trenelAted or edited lected and published. In 1868 ne received
ScarpA'A Engravings of the Cardiac Ner^'es,' the degree of D.D. from the university of
'

with dei>criptive letterpress, 1829, 4to; Clo- Schenectadv, U.S. lie was one of the
quet's SvBtem of Hnmen AnetooiT/ with founders of the Sabbath School Society Ibr
'

note,1829,8vo,2nd r ritlnn, 1 llt'-rlard's Ireland in connection with the presbyterlan

:

'liinte of General Anatomy/ 1830, 8vo; church, and onu of the earlie.<<t and most en-
QnttalttVAeetiee on Men end the Develop- tbnsiastic promoters of the presbyterian ellt-
ment of his Facnltios,' 1842, 8vo: J. Fan's ance, in which all the presbyterian churches
' Aoetomy of the External Form of Man,' 1
849, of the world are represented. While actively
8*o end 4to; Milne-Bdwerds's < ICennel of engaged in preparetionelbrtbeineetingofthia
Zoolojry,' IftJSG, 8vo. His name also appeared body in Belfast, arranged for 1884, ho died on
ie 18S1 on the title-page of a new edition of 16 Aug. 1883, leaving e widow, daughter of
'Anetony of the Boneef^ the Hmnea Body,' William Gilbert, esq., of Belfiwt, wbo aufaee-
af^pf Sue and Albinos, witb ea^lenetione oy quently married the Rev. George Martliews,
Dr. Barclay. 1) J)., of Quebec. Dr. Knox was buried in the
[I/Misdale's excellent Life of Knox. 1 870, vith Belfcat borongb oemeteiy*
tT'j portrJiltB;Life of SirR. Cliri.stisrm yol. i. .
[PtTsonal knowledge; cUtaety notice in Bel-
psaim ; U. Cockburn's Memorials of his Time, tut Witness.] T. 11.
pp. itlS Journal of Anthropoloi^, 1870-1 , pp.
; KNOX, THOMAS FRANCIS, D.D.
332-8. bv C. C. lUnkc; LAncot. 1863. i. 1. 19; (182-J-Ies2 superior of the Ix)ndon Oratory,
),
Medical Times, 27 Dec. 1862 (hy Dr. Druitt); bom on 24 Doc. 1822, was the eldest son of
Wretch's lUiutrations of Sbakeitpcare, Edin-
John Henry Knox, M.P., third son of Thomas
Isush, 1829 Nosiane (six; earicatores), Bdio- Knox, first earl of Ranfurly. H father died
bvgh. 1829.] O. T. a I

on 27 Aug. 1872. His mother was I>ady Ma-

-s

KNOX, ROBERT (1815-1883), Irish belle Josephine, eighth daughter of Francis

pmhyterian divine, third son of Hugh Knox,
who was for forty years a ruling elder of the
Srih of Umey, ca Tyrone, was bom at
ady in that parish in i Slf). In 1834 he en-
toed Qlaigow Unifersity, where in 1837 he
.Tnck N<'. (llirmi "n. ^ .], first earl of Kilmorey.
He was educated at Trinity College, Caro-
brid^, where be grednetea B.A. in iai5.
coming out in the first class of the classical
tripos and as eeoond chanoeUor'a medeUiat.

Digitized by Google
 Knox
On MNo^. In tli wuajwe 1iend FMderick
William Faber [q. v.] were recwved into the
liotnan catholic cnurch at Noithamptoo. At
the besinning of 1848 he was admitted a mem-
ber of the congregation of the Oratory by
Father Newman at Mar^ale, and in the fol-
lowing year he went with Father Faber to
ftnmd tile London Oratory, in which he pe-
maiaed till hia death. He was oreated D.B.
by Pope Pius IX in 1876, at which time
he held the office of superior of the London
Oratory. His learning and prudence were
highly Tslved by Oarainal Manning. He
held tor several years the office of 'Defensor
Matrimoniorum' in the archdiocese of West-
minster, and he took a leading part in pro-
moting the canonisation of the English
martyrs. He died at the Oratory, South
Kensington, on 20 March 1882, and wis
buried in the private cemetecy Ok tiM OkIt
torian fathers at Sydenham.
His works are : 1. ' Life of Blessed Henry
Snao, by himself. Translated from the Ger-
man,' London, 1865, 8vo. 2. ' When does
the Chwrch speak infallibly P or the Nature
and Scope of the Church's Teaching Office,'
London. 1 Bd7, 8vo ; 2nd edit., enlarged, Lon-
don, 1870, 8vo also translated into Gorman
; bation lists of Merchant Taylors' his name is
and Italian. 3, The last Sun^ivor of the
'
ancient English Hierarchy, Thomas Qold-
woU, Bishop of St. Asaph' [London, 1876,
8vo]. Reprinted from the Month and Ca-
*
tholic Review,' January and Febmary 1876,
and republished by the Rev. T. E. Bridgett,
in his True Story of tlie Catholic Hierarchy
'
deposed by Queen Elizabeth,' London [1889],
8to. Knox prefixed 'Historical Introduc-
tions' to the 'Diaries' of the EnefH-li College,
Douay (1878), and Cardinal Allen's 'Letters'
( 882), which form respeetrrelyTols. i. and ii.
1
of Records of the English Catholics under the
' !
Penal Laws.' He also edited the Be v. Thomas
Whytehead's 'College Lifis. Lettera to an
UikIi rjfraduate,' Cambridge, 1845, 8vo.
[Bowden's Life of Faber, pp. 238, 363, 424
Browne's Annals of tha Tractrin Movement,
3rd edit. p. 101; Oradoati Cantabr. Tablot,
; to Charles Dilly [q. v.l the publisher, giving
. 26 Maieh 1882. p. 471, 1 April, p. 6U ; Times,
2 MiaTdi 188S, p. 12, col. 1; WasUy Bss.
S5 Hatch 1888, pp. 885, 888, X Apiil, p. 386 ]
T. 0.
KNOX, SiB THOMAS aEOROE 0834-
1887), consul-general in Siinn.Lorn in 1824,
was eldest arviving son of James Spenoer
. Xbox, DJ). (1789u189), nttor of Maghera,
CO. Derry, and his wife Clara, daughter of
the Right Hon. John Beresford, and was
, iprsndaon ofWilliam Knox [q. v.], bishop of
Derry. On 17 April 18^{0 he was appointed
f nsign 65th foot, and on 7 Oct. 1842 was pro-
.
iaiitdtoalNiitunoyiB A* MO. Aftwr
Knok
aenring irhh the 98th in China Bd India, he
sold out in December 1848. He subsequently
served with the Siamese army from 18Q1 to
1857. He was appointed interpreter at the
consulate of BangKok on 7 July 1857, was
acting consul there from December 1859 to
May 1860, was appointed ocMUHil on SO Nor.
18(4, and promoted to be consul-general in
Siamon 18 Julyl868jad ^gsnt and oonsol-
generol in Siam on 8 Feb. 1875. He retired
on a pension on 26 Nov. 1879, and was mode
1LC.M.G. in 1880. Ue died at aux
OhMidea, Fytwees, on S9 July 1887. Knoac
married in 1 8.">4 a Siamese lady, Prniii;, daugh-
ter of Phya (Count) SomJcok and Mjm ^en of
Somkok and Bangkok
[Foster's Peerage tinder 'Ranfurly,' Dod's
Kmghtags. 1887; Hart'a Armj LisU 1848;
Foreign Offlea UA, 1887.] K. M. O.
KNOX, YICESOiUS (1752-1821). mm-
Cf'llaneous wrttor. only son of the Rev. Vice-
simus Knox, B.C.L., by his wife Ann, daui^h-
tcr of Dovereux Wall, was bom at Newini;-
ton Green, Middlesex, on 8 Dec. 1752. His
father was a master at Merchant Taylors'
from 1763 to 1772, when he wa8 appointed
head-master of Tunbridg-ePcliool. In thepro-
given as y ock,' and be sipned himself *KnoA'
'
until 1772, when ho adopted the spelling
of 'Knox' (KoBiNetijy, Merchant Tat/Ian
School Register, ii. 90 n.) Young Knox was
sent to M'>rchant Taylors' in 1704, whence
he was elected to vSt. John's College, Ox-
ford, where he matriculated on 13 July 1771,
and graduatwl B.A. 1775. M..\. 1779. Hf
was one of the apeakem at the enccema m
July 1773, when Lord North was installed
chancellor of the univorsiity ( fr^nt. M<i<j.
xliii. 351). Knox became a fellow of his
college, and resided some four years aftr
taking his bachelor's digrt^e. devotinc: hi**
attention chiefly to the study of Engliah
literature and eompontion. fore learing
Oxford Knox sent the manuscript of his
* Essays Moral and Literary anonymously
'
him the option of publishing or destroying
them. DiUy obtained a highly favourable
opiniottof tba&frmi Johnson, and publi.'^had
them in one volume in 1778. In 1778 Knox
succeeded his father (who had resign^'d) as
head-ma^iter of Tunbridge School. Resigning
this post in 1812, lie retired to London, wheie
he purchased a house on the Adelphi Ter-
race, Strand. Knox was ordained prie^st by
Bishop Louth about 1777 {Kr.tt and Querieg,
i^
5th eer. x. 60S), and was rector of liunwfll
and Ramsden-Crays, Essex, receiving a dis-
pensation fo bold tliese livings, both of which
were in his uwu patronage, in 1607 (6'mr.
Digitized by Google
 SIS
Ifi^.TQl. facxTii.pt. ii. p. 1066). Hewasabo
wufter of the parochial elwpefay of Ship-
Vmm, Kent, to which he wa!^ presented by
Lord Vane. The degree of D.D. was coaferrod
OD htm by the university of Philadelphia. He
at Tunbrid^ on 6 Snpt. 1821, a^?ed 6S,
ud was buried ia the chancel of Tuiibridgu
Chvellt vhNS annument waa erected to
hisBemory, An entrravingbyWilUamWard,
dter a portrait ot hLuox by A. J. OliTer, is
fwfixed to the fintTohmie of his collected
'Work.*,' which were published in 1824 iu
een volumes (London, 8vo). Knox mar-
ried a daughter of Thomas MHIer of Tun-
Vid^e, by whom he had rhrtM* sons and an
only daughter, Sariih, who bt caiue the wife
of Bobert Clemenr Sconco of IMymouth, and
ik'Jon 17 June 1818. Mrs. Knox died on
^^ May lei tn. Vicesimua, the elder of their
two urvivm^'^ sona, was called to the bar at
tbe Inner Temple in 1804, became the ro-
conier of Saffron Waldou and a buuchur of his
in, Old dkd on 86 Jn. 1856. Thomas,
tha younjjer son, 8uccee<li'd his father as
hnd-mater of Tunbridge iSchool^ and held
until his dMCli, trhidi 4Scwted on
tlut poAt
July 1843.
Koox was a good scholar, an imprpssive
fttadm, gad a popular and voluminous
writer. He was a staunch whig, and, though
astnaaous snpportarof the establishment,
WBt itrongly in fntmr of Roman catholic
WUdpation. A sermon which he pmnchod
oathe unlawfulness of offensive war at the
laririi church at BriErhton on 18 Aug. 1798
tttmrtcd notice, ana some indignant militiu
otficecs drove him and his family out of the
BrigtooaTlieatre. Heinbsequentiv published
extracts from this sermon in a 'Narrative of
Trtnjiactions ' (1793; 3rd edit., corrected,
and th<> whole of it is printed at
Wh in his '
Works' (vi. 351 70).
Boswt'll sjiys that Knox 'appears to have
ifceimitari ai^o of Johnsnn's .otylo per-
petually in his mind: iind to his as.-^idiiotis,
though not servile, study uf it wo may partly
scnbf the ext^/nhivc popularity of liis writ-
iniTj' [Lift' Johnson, iv. 3<)0-l). Though
a an original writer Knox has been forgotten,
liB is still n^nt Tiihercd ns the compiler of the
once familiar' Elegant Extracts.' Resides two
rinjelf'c-rraona and anonymously iasued edi-
tions of * Juvenal and Persius' (l784> and of
Catullus' ri 784; reprinted 1824), he pub-
lished: 1. 'Essays Moral and Litomry,' anon.
Lond. 1778, 8vo ; 2nd edition, corrected and
enlarged, Lond. 1779, 8vo ; * Volume the
Second' [containing thirty-nine additional
et-avs"! waa published in 1779, Lond. 8vo,
11' - 'li '
wcond edition of the originni vo-
Uiae had appt&red with Knox's name on the
Knox
title-page; 12th edition, Now Yorir, 179Q,
12mo, 2 vols. ; another edition, Basil, 1800,
8vo; 17th edition, Lnnd. 1815, 12mo,3 vols.;
in Ferguiion's * British K^sayists/ 2tul edition,
vols, xxxv-vii. Lond. 1823, 12mo; new edi-
tion, Lond. 1823, 12mo, 3 vols., a duplicate
of the preceding, without the collective title-
foges ; another edition in Lynam's British
'
Issayistf,' Tol. xxii. and x.xiu., Lond. 1827,
12mo. Other editions are given in Lowade'
' Biblio^phei^B Manual (Bohn). 2. < Liberal
'
Education, or a Practical Treatifw on the
Methods of acquiring Usefid and Polite
Learning,' Lond. 1781, 8vo ; 10th edition,
Lond. 1780, 8vo, 2 vols., with a letter tn Lord
North, 8. 'Elegant Extracts, or Useful and
Entertaining Paawiges in Prose, selected for
the improvement of Scholars at Classical
and other Schools iu the Art of Speaking,
in Reading, Thinking, Composing, and in the
Conduct ot Lif.,'unon. Lond. 1783, 4to; 10th
edition, anon. Lond. 1816, 8vo, 2 vols. 'The
Prose Epitome, or Elegant Extracts abridged/
anon. Lond. 1791, 12mo. 4. 'Winter Even-
ings, or Lucubrations on Life and Letters,'
non. Lond. 1788, 12mo, S vols. : 2nd edition,
Lond. 1790, 8vo, 2 vols. 3rd edition, Lond.
;
1795, 12mo, 3 vols. ; new editiun, Basil
[printedl, Paris, 1800, 8vo, 2 vols.; new
eriitinn, I.on'l, 1H2M, 12mo, 3 vols.; another
edition is contained in Lynam's ' British
Essayists,' vols. xxix. and xzx., Lond. 1827,
l?mo. 5. 'Elt'pant Extracts, or Useful and
Entertaining Pieces of Poetry, selected for the
improvement of Youth,' anon. Lond. 1789,
8vo other editions, anon. Lond. 1801, 1805,
;
and 116; 'The Poetical Epitome, or Elegant
Extracts abridged,' fee, anon. Lond. 1^?07,
12mo. 6. 'Elf'L'^nit Epistles, or a co])iou3 Col-
lection of Familiar and Amusing Let ter.s, s>-
lected for the improvement of young P rs -. m
and for gtincral Entertainment,' I..ond. 1790,
8vo; another edition, Dublin, 1791, 8vo. The
* Elegant Extracts,' both in pvoee and verse,
and the EU-gruit Epistles* were freommt lyre-
'
printed toffcther an fvlition was pnblishffl by
:
Shaqietn 1810, 18mo ( 18vols.) ' u new*>dition
:
. . prepared by J. G. Pcrcival,' 1842, Boxton,
.
Mass., ovo (6 vols.); sometimes the 'Family
Lectures' were added. 7. 'Fomihy Lectures,
or Domrstic Divinity; being a copious Collec-
tion of iSermons, selected from Divint'.s
. . .
of the present century, for the Use of Srh ols,'
&c. [anonymously edite<l by Knox], Lond.
1791-6, 8vo, 2 vols.; the second, or 'nw
volume,' has a somewhat altered title r> - :
printed in 1815, and subsequently nublished
m 1 vol. 8vo to match the Elegant Extracts/
*
8. Sermons, chiefly intended to promote
'
Frilrh, Hope, and Charity,' Lond. 1792, 8vo;
2ad edition, corrected, Lund 1793, 8vo.
Digitized by Google
 Knox 33 Knox
9. 'Pemonal Nobility, or Letters to a young [Biographical preface to the first rolame of
Nobleman on the Conduct of his Studies and Knox's Works, 1824 Memoir nrsfixed to J. 0. ;

the Dignity of the Peerage,' auon. Loud. 1793, PercivaVs edition of Elegant Extracts, 184) ;
10mo this was dedicated to Charles James Life and ChjiniL-ter pr(.-fiied to tha cli venth .xii.
;
t ion of the Spirit of Despotism, 1837. Kiving-
Fox. 10. '
Antipolcmus, or the Plea of
ton's History of Tunbridgo School. 1869, pp.
lieason, llcligion, aud Humanity against
124-38; Annual BioTriphy and Obituary for
War; a Fragment, trondatod from EnuBus 1822. ri. 360-63 Monthly Magiwine, 1821, pt.
;
find addressed to Aggressors,' anon. Lond. ii. rol. lii. pp. 275-6
;
Europoin Magazine, 1822,
1794, 8vo. 11.Dospotism
'The Spirit of
Ixni. 195-9 (with portrait) ; Public Choroctsts
. .London, printed in tne year 1795; Plii-
.
of 18(S-4.1804.pp.619-30; Oent.Mag. 1821.tiaL
ladelphia, reprinted Nov. 28, MDCCXCV,'
. .
xci. pt. n. pp. 2:''j-8l ; Annual Register, 1821,
.

I2mo; four editions, 'dedicat^'d to Lord App. to Chrou. p. 242; Boswell's Life of Joho>
Oastlereagh,' and 'edited by the author of son,ed. Q. B. Hill. i. 222, iii. 13-14, ir. 310,
the "Political House that Jack Built'" [W. 390-1 Georgian Era, 1834, iii. 569-70; Foster's ;

Hone], were published in 1821, Ijond. 8vo: Alumui Oxoa. 1888, pL ii. p. 80G Robinson's ;

another edition by the same editor oppearM Bagister of Merchant Tylors' S.hool, 1882^.
in 1822, Lond. 8vo, with Knox's nftme on the ii. 90, 126j Clodo's Memorials of the QttiU of
title-page; the 10th edition appeared in the Mraehaat Taylors, 1876, pp. 081, OSS; Hotea
(iflh volume of Knox's collected "Works
; and Qapries,5th ser.x. 448. 608-4, xl 06, 414;
Dictionary of Living Authors, 1816; HalVett
11th edition, with A
Preliminary Disserta-
'

and Laing's Diet, of Anon, and Pscudon. Lit.

tion on Government, Law, and licform, and
1882-8; Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824; Lowndes's
the Life and Character of Dr. Knox, the Bibl. Moo. ffiobn): AUibone; Brit Mus. Oat.;
I

Author, &c.,' J^nd. 18o7, 8vo, with portrait; iafiwrnotieo nom Mr. Alan JL fitenning.l
Hone states that the booli was first privately
printed at London in 1795, during the war
'
O. F. k. R
npainst France, in a duodecimo volume of KNOX, WnXIAM
ri732-1810), official
VAiO pages ' it is said to have been shortly and controversialist, was born in Ireland in
;

afterwards suppressed by Knox, and that 1732. He received the rudiments of his poli-
only three copies were left in existence, one tical education from Sir Richard Coi [q- v.]
of which went to America, and another sub- Lord Halifax appointed him one of his '

eequontly fell into Hone's hands; no trace, majesty's council and provost-mtnhol cf
liowever, of the three copies is now discover- Georgia,' when flenry Ellis [q. v.l
able, and in all probability the American governor of the colony. Ellis aud Knox ar-
tuition was really the first one (Note$ and rived at Savannah on 16 Feb. 1757, and Knox
iiturief, nth ser. xi. 43, 174, 0th ser. vii. did not return to England until 1761. Lord
407). 12. 'Cliristiau Philosophy, or an At- Grosvenor was then his friend and patron;
tenupt to Display the Evidence and Excel- tliey were at Paris together in 1763, and at
lence of Revealed Religion,' Lond. 1795, was probably throu>;li Grosvenor's in(laonri
1 2mo, 2 yoh. ; 3rd edition, with an appendix that Knox obtained his introduciioa to
on Mr. Paine's 'Pamphlet on Prayer, on George Grenville. He became agent in Great
Psalmody, and a short List of Books for th" liritnin for Georpia and Ea.st Florida, and
tiseoftlie . unlearned reader,' &c., Lond. in the interests of the colonies sent a memo-
. .

1798, 12mo; < First American edition, with rial to Lord Bute, reooBUnonding the crea-
a translation of all the quotations an- tion of a colonial aristocracy and thi* inclu-
. . .

nexed,' Philadelphia, 1804, i2nio; another sion in parliament of representatives of the

edition, with an intiodlieCoiy vs^ay by the colonies ; but his services as agent were dil*
I{ev. Henry St ebbing, ppeare<l in vol. xix. pcns'vl with by resolution of the Georgia ns-
ofCuttermole aud Stebuing'a * Sacred Clas- bombly on lo Nov. 176.3, for two pamphlets
sics,' Lond. 1835, 8vo; other editions, Lond. written in defence of the Stamp Act, which
ll:*54, Svo, &c. 13. 'Considerations on the he con.sidered to be the least objectionable
TJature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper,' mode of taxation. In the same year tl 70o) he
^Vc., Lond. 1799, 8vo; 2nd edition, abridged, gave evidenee before teommitteeof the Hoom
Lond. 1800, 12mo. 14. 'Remarks on the of Commons on the state of the American
tendency of certain Clauses in a Bill now colonies, and from the institution of the se-
|HMiding in Parliament to degrade Grammar cretuythip of state for America in 1770 to
.^rhools. "With cursory Strictures on the its suppression by Lord Shelbume in 1782,
national importance of preserving inviolate he actd as the under-secret ary. His views
the Classical discipline prescribed by their formed a basi^ for the conciliatory pKopon*
,

Founders/ Lond. 1821, 8vo; th' 'second edi- tions of Lord North in 177f); he aucrgested
tion . . . corrected,' in the ' Pamphietour,' the creation of a separate loyalist colony in
Lond* 18S9y 6tO| wtH tuju Maim in 1780^ ^tdi was ftp|oved tiho

Digitized by Google
 Knox
iegtldifficaltie.%and to hi.^zeal were ascribed
Mojof the measures taken against the Ame-
MM Mloaies. On the siyywrion of his
post he sought for compensation, but it was
jneAud on the ground that his services were 1769, republished 1793. In this Knox was also
wfcisBtty lowavdod in the two Mnnons of assisted by GranTitte. 6. *
*100L a rear Mch bestowed by the state on Quebec Act,' 177 t wo edition.'?. 7. Conside-
him an<f his wife for the loan, as loyalists, of rationa on the ^tate of Ireland [anon.], 1 778,
kiir pro^rt J in America. In 1772 the ' re- reprinted in ' Sztn-Oflietal State Papers,*
union ot the pUceof secretary of New Ynrk' App. i. 22 61. 8. Helps to a Right Under-
{(kUndar of Hvm Office Fapert, 1770-2,
n. 681) was granted to him, but it never
oroupht bim anv Hmnluiiiont. Knox ron-
tuuied to be consulted eveu after hi.s dte-
iMl ftoB office. He drafted in July 1783
an order in council excludin< American ship-
piag from the West Indies, and on his aug-
fHoon thn pvorinoe of New Bmnswick was
creited in 1784. and lands \vi re granted to
tiu expelled loy alists uf IVew i'ork and New
Ebflaiid. After the death of Sir Svum
^Vnp^T in ITRH the loyalists of Georjfia made
Ilia their attorney to press their claima to
eoameiiMtioii, but Bis active life than eeased.
Ue died nt Etlittg, Bstr London, on 86 Aug.
i6ia
KioifnUielied numerous pamnhleta. The
rliief were : 1. *A
Letter to a Member of
i'arl lament, wherein the Power of the Bri-
tish Legiilatnre and iJia euo of the Colo-
nists are briefly and impartially considered'
[sMu.!. 1764. '2. ' The Claim of t he Coloniee
an ExemntHNi ftom Internal Tazea inn
posed by autnoritj of Parliament examined'
'aaoB.^'1765. Inaaewere the two pamphlets
tbtloiftUmU poet of agent. 8. * Three
Tracts respecting the CDnversion and Tn-
tneiion of the Free Indians and >iegroti
fflme in die Ooloniet' [anon.], n. p. or d.
[17e"; now edit., with his namef 1789. They
vwe written at the detire of Archbishop
Mer. 4. The PreeMrt fltatn of the Watioi^
fi.iicularlv with respect to itJi Trade, Fi-
naaces, kc.* [anon.J, 1768^ 4th edit. 17t)9.
ma w ritten bjr Kinn, with the aieietanee
C'i^T-^^ rirenville, and many portions wliich
wens traniilated into Franch and ^^nish
iKR openly nttribnled to GrsuTiUe. Many
of itsprognosttcattons were rerjf gloomy, and
ii contained numerous reflectiona on llock-
iaghMB^efrieada. Tli eie iwwoked Bmto into
rvpljing with * Obser\'ations on the Present
State
the Nation,' in which he ridiculed
his oppooaBt aa writing 'a ftmend sermon
< Worh, 1852 ed., iii. 7-108). Burke's tract
wot through several editions, and evoked
frm IbMx 'An A^ipen^ to the PNnent
8tate of the Nation, containing a Reply to
tiieOfaaervations on that Pamphlet' [anon.],
Vtm, Wa^ole laja IbM fron tb '
337 Knox
mint' of Gvenville and liis friends had pre-
viously come Considerations on Trade and
'
Finance' {Memoirs qf George III, 1846 ed.,
iii. 833-6). 6. ' Controversy between Great
Britain and her Colonies reviewed' [anon.],
Defence of the A
1
, '
'
'
standing the Merita of the Commercial Treaty
with Fnnoe^' 1768. Knox's deaho to aug-
ment Irish trade is shown in this tract, and
in his letters described in the Hist. MSS.
Comm. 6th Rep. App. i.
p. 900, and App. iii.
39. 9. Kxtra-Oiii, ial State Papers ad-
5.
ressed to Lord liawdon and others. By a
late Under-Seeretary of State, 1789, 2 vols.
8vo. 10. ' ronsirlcrationci of the Present State
of the Nation, addressed to Lord Rawdon
and others. Bt a lata Under-Seeretaiy of
State,' 1780. upon the
11. 'Observations
Lit urgy, with a Proposal for its Reform. By
a Lavmenof the Ohnreh ofEngland, late an
Und. r-Spcretar)'of State,' 1789. 12. 'Letter
from W K., Esq., to W. Wilberforce,' 1790,
.
reiipecting the lattei'ii enrtionflfbr the alavea.
13. *I/ettertothePeo})lf' of Freland npon tlu-
intended Application of the Roman Catholics
to Fkrliament for the Exerofoe of the Elec-
tive Franchise,' 1792. 1 4. Friendly Addres.s '
to the Clube in St. Ann, Westminster, as-
Boeiated to obtain n Reform in Parliament,'
1793. 15. ' Considenitiona on Theocracy, by
a Layman of the Church of England,' 1796,
in ftTour of ' univeiBal goodwilitowarde our
fellow-creaturea.' Watt attributes to Kno.x
' The Revealed Will of God the sufficientRuh)
of Men,' 1808, 9 Tole. Several lettFi to and
from Georpe Grenvillo nr in the Grenville
Papers,' vols. iii. and iv.,and Knox's opinions
are often mentioned in Thomas Hutehimon'e
Diary.'
[Almon's TJiog. Anecdotes, ii. 112-15 Dr.ikc'f
Diet, of Americau Biog. Corrcsp. of Gcorpp III
;
;
and Lonl North, ii. 402-3; Gent. Ma- ISIO.
pt. ii. p. 197; Halkett and lAiog's Auoo. Lit.
pp. 409. 605. 866, 1791. 2004.] V. P. O.
KNOX, WILLI^VM (1789-1825;), Scot-
t ish poet, was bom at Firth, parish of LtUie^*
h>af. Un xburghshire, 17 Aiig. 1789. Aft.T
receiving elementary education at Lillicjiluut
and Muaaelbuigh, he fiarmed without succes:*
near Langholm, Uumfricushire, from 1812 to
1817. Ue became too soon his own master,*
'
saysSeott, 'and plunged into dissipation and
ruin' (Journal, i. 39). Ilisfarmingcaret'rover,
he returned to his native place. In 1820 the
liuBiljwMilodinEdiiybuiga, andKwoifhseamn
Digitized by Google
 Knox
ajoitraalist. Sir Walter 8cott, Professor
"Wilson, and others befriended him, and Scott
froquentlv gve him substantial pecuniiiry
relief Ptis convirial habits undermined his
health, and hediodatEdinbttn^dmnlvsis,
12 Not. 1826.
BMidM a prose 'Yisift to Dublin* and a
Christmas tale, 'Manamne, or the Widower's
Daoghter,' Knot published 'The Lonely
Hearth, and other Poems,' 1818 The Sontrs
: not appear to have contributed to the later
of Israel ,'18i?l: niul 'The Hnrp of Zion,'182r).
His lyrics are jjraceful and thf)Ufrhtful. Scott
Hionght Knox in 'The Lonely Mearth supe- '
rior to Michael Bruce, and * Mortalitr,' in
'Sonffsof Israel.' was a favourite with l^resi-
dmtuneoln. A complete edition of Kiox's
poems appeared in 1847.
[Sir Walter Sootl's Journal as in txt Lock-;
hart'sLifeof Scott, n. 152, d. 1837; Rogers's
Hinatnl vol. UL]
Sflottiib T. B.
KNOX, WILLIAM (1 762-1 R31), bishop
of DexTf, foortb Uk of Thomas^ first Vis-
count Korthlaad, a title now Biefged in
tln> earldom nf Ilfinfurly, was born 14 June
1762. At the age of about sixtoan he entered
TMj College, Dablm, where ia 1781 lie
graduated n A. In 17S6 he became rector
of Pomeroj in the diocese of Annaffh, after
vrliidi he ohieiaed the reetofy of CaUiii in
the diocese of Ossory, and became chaplain
totfauB Irish Uouee of Commona. On 21 iSept.
1794 he wae eovseemted biehop of Eilleloe
in St. Peter's Church. Dublin, hy the Arch-
biab<9 of Dublin, aMisted bj the Bishops of
linuviek end Kjlmove. In 1808 he was
translated to the see of Derry, where he was
enthroned on 9 Sept. of that year. During
hte tennire of tlue diocese he became widely
knoxTii for hiaphilnnthropy and benevolence,
end was held in high esteem by people of all
dsBomineUons. HecUedinLondmtonlOJnlv
1831. He published several sermons. Knox
married in 1785 Anne, daughter of James
Spencer, esq., by whom he had twelve chil-
dren, eig'ht (laughters and fmir son?. Tlis
eldest SOU; James Spencer Knox,
Ihther of Sir Thomae Qtorm Kaox [a. v.]
George, the third son jl7ftO-l A.(l ), was lieu-
tenant-colonel in the Coldstream guards.
rOotten's Fasti ; Burksll and Fostex^s Feeraeo.]
T. H.
KNYFF, LEONARD (1050 - 1721),
painter, bom at Haarlem, on 10 Aug. (SfW,
was third son of Wouter Knyff, painter, by
his second wife. Lydia T.ppnderts of Delft,
widow of Jacob Bas of Haarlem. KnylTwas
hnown as a painter of bird and animals. He
came to England about U?iK), and settled in
Westminster. He devoted himself in Eng-
iMid to topBgml^cel Afinriag and petatlny,
338 Knyvet
and made many drawinge in Westrainrter
and its vicinity. He is known principally hy
the series of bird's-eye views of palacee and
gentlemen's seats in Great Britein, dntwn 1^
him and engraved by his fellnw-coTintryinan
and neighbour in Westminster, JohannesKip
[q. .], m
rot I of ' Britannia Hlnatrale/
or ' Nouveau Theatre de laQrande Bretagne,'
published by Mortier in 1708. Knyff doee
volumes. These drawings, though stiff and
uninteresting as artistic productions, are of
great arch(Bolog4eal value. A good specimen,
'The North Prospect of Windsor Castle,' is
in the po8j?*ssion of Mr. .Tohn H. Arkwright
(Eton Loan Exlnl)ition, 1891). Knyff died
in Westminster in 1721. Hin collection of
pictures was sold by auction in May 1728.
[Vorta's MRS. (Brit Mns. Add.MSS. 230^9.
23073) ; Van.'.fr Willir-on'M Artistes de Hiu^rl-m;
WalpoU's Aaecdotes of Painting, ed. Wconam.]
L.O.
KN YVET or KNE VET, Sra EDM UND
(d. l ->18y, eeweaiit^porter to Henry VIII,
was the second son of Eldmund Knyret of
Buckeuham Castle, Norfolk, by his wife
Eleanor, sister of Sir James Tyrrell, knt. Sir
Thomas Knyret [q. v."]was elder brother.
One Edmund Knevet was grand-nephew of
the mother of Dean Colet he is believed to
;
be the ' Edmund
' who received religious in-
struction from the dean and was a legatee
under OdetV will in 1619|^see Colet, Jons].
The sergeant-porter married .loan, dnuirhter
and heire of John Bourchier, lord Berners
[q. v.l, and thus came into pos.<iession of Aah*
wellt norpe, Norfolk. In 15z4 Knyret is men-
tioned as sergeant of the king^s gates, and in
16^ was matle in addition keeperof the kincr's
woods in Rnckingham Forest. He was .lUo
receiver of the revenues of the royal dnmnin
in Denbigh, North Wales. NumerouK prunts
of land were made him bv Henry VIFI. Early
in 1041 Knyret struck Thomas Clero, a Nor-
folk gentleaua,aildetabor and friend of the
was Earl of Surrey, so as to draw blood witliin
the tennis-court of the king's house. recent A
statute had adjudged tbe penalty of losing
the right hand to any one guilty of snch an
offence. At first
both Knyvet and Clere were
arraigned on 28 Feb. 1541, and bound in a
recorrni.^ance of five hundred marks each to
1 attend the privy council daily till dismiaaed.
On 27 April "they were fordiany aoeused
and were committed to the porter's ward
to await trial. On 10 June Knyvet was
arraigned before the king's juttices at Green-
wich, nnd found guilty by a quest of gvtntle-
men and a quest of yeomen of malicionaly
tWriMnyCTtwti fi^TMiv mmiaiBif d li lim
Digitized by Google
 Knyvet ^39 Knyvet
Ui riiHbt londf Md there it detailed ao- and other lands over sea, aud aftowards in
cnnnt in S^toVs ' AtmnlB,' p. 581, of all the each parliament down to 1380, oxrept wliib
diAsreut household otlicials required to assist he was chancellor, as a trier of petitions fur
iftVlmiVM evidently anew form of poniah- |
England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (Rot.
meat. The af'.'tiBtants include the master j
Pari. vols. ii. and iii.) On 30 June 1872.
oook for the king with the knife, the sergeant after the death of Sir Robert Thorpe, who
of the hfder to Mt tke knife ri^ht in the I had been 8(>pointed ohaaeellor in conseqncnee
joint, tlip pprcreant of thejponltry with a cork, of a pptitioTi by the commons that the great
iti bead to ha smitten on on the same block seal should be entrusted to laymen, Knyvet
Old hj ^ Hune knife to be QMd for the
rriminal's hand, finnllv the senreant of x\w
-was appointed bia aueoMBor.
i
Knyvet held
the office for four years and a half^ acting
cellar with ale and beer. All bein; ready, with great wisdom aud discretion XJbxw ;

K^rvei was brooffht out, and aftr humbly speeches which he made at the openin|^ ef
confp5sinc liis gfuilt begpl tltnt the lufl in- parliament in 1372, 1373, and 137'! respec-
'
stead ot the right hand mi^ht. be taken. tively, are gt\ eu in the ' Rolls of Parliament
*FDr/aaoth he, ' if my right baud be spared (ii. 30r)a, 316 a, 321a). la Juinarv 1377
I may nereafter do 8Uph good servkle to his Fklward III, under the influence of John of
paoe as shall please him to appoint.' The Gaunt, reverted to the custom of appoint-
jMlieM, nleaeea by this submission, inter- ing ecclesiastical chano^ora, and Aoua de
ceded witti Henry VlII, who, ' moved by the Houghton [q. vj was appointed to succewl
geotle heart of the said E^dmund and the Knyvet on 1 1 .Tan. Knyvet did not again
ZDod report of lords and ladies,' granted him hold judicial oiTice, though he was appoilited
> free ptrdon. Knevet died on 1 May 1546, with the two chief justices to decide a ques-
sad wu buried in Aahwellthorpe Church, in tion between the Earl of Pembroke aud Wil-
ednfd edjmntng the chancel ; the inscrip- liam la Zouch of riaryngworth {Rot. Pari.
tion on his tomb is given in Weaver's Fune- '
iii. 79). Knyvet dir rl in 1381. Sir Edward
nli Monuments,' p. bl 5. II is widow survived Coke speaks of him a.s a man famous in his '

Urn tin 17 Feb. 1561, and was also buried profession,' and praises his administration
at .V-shwellthorpp. Their son John, bom, it of the law {Fourth In/it. 78. 79). Further
IS mi, in 1524, di^l befure his mother, and testimony to his worth is given by his ap-
byUiwife Agnes, daughter of Sir John Har- pointment aa exeovtor of Edward Til, and of
i^^art of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, was other em in 'Tit persons. He married Eleanor,
I

fatter of Sir Thomas Knvvet {d. 9 Feb. 1616- daughter of liidph, lord Baaset of Weldon,
,

1617), who raeiiocesfifully claimed the title and bj bar left two sons, John and Ralph
,

of I/)rd Bemere. The piirnntun; E. K.' iit- (cf. Brfdoes, History of yorthamptmshire, ii.
'

tarti^d to poems in a maniis<rnpt collection 354-5^. He owned lar;^c estates in varioua

Tr>!i*'rTed in the British Mu.<wum (Addit. MS. counties, but eapeciallv in Northamptondiife
l749i) is fxjdnined as that of Knrv<'t th {Cal. Inq. p. m. iL 833, iii. 30).
;

pnndpal contributors to the collection are [Aothoritifla mutad; Foaa'a Llvea of the
ud Sir Thomae Hotnud. Jedgea. iH. Ml
a; Cbmpbiiirb Livae of tba
[Holinshed, iii ;
Dogdale's Baronngo. ii, ChaMdIora, 1. 264-8.] C. L. K.
424; Nichols's Proceedlngsof the Privy Cjuricil
ObUMttraStete Trials, i. 443 Blomefleid's Nor-
: 8iBKNYVET, THOMAS
(d. 1518),
fctt. i. 379 : Cal of State Papers Le Neve's officer in the navy, eldent son of Edmund
;

Padignea of Knights, p. 21 ; Notes and Qnerics. Knyvet of Buckenham in Norfolk, by Eleanor,

:

tii MT. T. z. 91% 477 ; Lapton's Life of sinter of Sir James Tyrrell of Ginping, Suffijlk,
OoUt] . T. B. was brother of Sir Filiniind Knvv.-t fi). v.]
KNYVET or KNIVETT, 8ni JOHN Thomas waa knighted by Henry VIU in 1509,
(i. dmoellor ot Bnfirland, was eldefit
ItBiy, became master of the liorse 26 Fob. 150^0,
son of Richard Knyvet of Southwick, North- ftod held among othfT offices
that of keeper of
smptoDshire, and custos uf the forest of Clyve the Now Park belonging to the lordship of
,

>-i that oonnty, by Joanna, danghter aad Berkeley (27 Aug. 161(^ He married tbe
!

h*;ires of Sir John Wurth. Knyvet was widow of John Hrey, swond viscount I.isle,
pnctumg in the courts as early as 1347 ; in whose christian name appears in the 'State
Utfbawas called to thedegree of serjeant-at- Papers aa Marcella, and in the genealogies aa
'

law, andoin SO Sept. 1H61 wns appointed a jus- Muriel. Sill" wn^dniijjhterofThomas Howard,
tios of the court of common pleua. On SiU Oct. second duke of Norfolk, and tluw sieter of Sir
UM be waa raiaed to the office of chief jus- ESdwamlIIownd,lord high admiral [q. v. In
I
j

f the king's benrh (Fn-tlrrn, iii. 777, 1512 Knyvet was rfiptain of the Repent, th.'
led.) In the parliament of 1302 ho largest shin in the navy royal, ono of tlie
wm%tam^ frtiiaow Ar Afiitwiie ^Mt witb ois hrothw in law cff JBiMt*' In
9

Digitized by Google
 Knyvet
tlieengagement of 10 Aug. the Kegent was
grappled by the Marie In Oordeliore, the
largest ship in the French Heet, commanded
by the Sieur de Portzraoguer, whose house
had Ix'cn burnt a fi-w mouths Ix'fore. Owing
to an out break of tire on board the Cordeli6re,
lioth ships burnt and \Amw up, with the loss
of almost nil their men, estimated at about
seven hundred on board the Regent and one
thousand on board the Oordeli^rf. It was
said that Howard, who was warmly attached
to his brother-in-law, swore that he would
not see the king's face till he woa reTenged
on the French for his death and it was pro-
; Lane, London, on 21 July 1697, Eiixabe^,
bably the desire to wreak this revenge that
prompted the enterprise in which, in the fol-
lowing April, he lost his life. Knyvet left
four sons and a daughter. Sir Edmund, hi.s
heir, succeeded him at Buckenhara. Sir
Henry, his third son, obtained the estate of
Charlton, Wiltshire.
[Letttrs and Papers of Henry VIIT, i. M91, band Thomas Howard, first carl of Suffolk,
3308 Jul, in Anaales MaritimM et Colonialea and whoso seventh son was Edward, created
;
(1844), Ixzsri. 99S Egetton MS. 1075,
; M i lord Howard of Escrick [q. v.] Lord Knyvet
Addit. MS. 5530. ff. lGS_7n Metcalfe's Hook of must not be confounded with his cousin. Sir
:
Knighta j Chtooiclfl ut Cal&iii (Camdea i:>oc.), p. 9 Thomas Knyvet of Buckenham, the head of
Blomefleld'a Novfblk. i. 379.] J. K. L.
KNYVET, THOMAS, Lord Knyvet op leos.
E8caiOK(<<.1622),wa8 second son of Sir Henry
Knyvet of Charlton, Wiltshire, by Anne,
daughter of Sir Christopher Pickering ofKil-
lington, Westmoreland. Kdmund Knyvet
[q. v.], sergeant-porter to Henry Vni.waa his
fjrand-uncle. Hi.-i brother Sir Henrv Knyvet,
ofCharlton {d. 1598),high sheriffof Wiltshire
in 1677, wrote in 1696 'The Defence of the
liealme,' fir.-^t published in UKMJ (Oxford, ed.
Charle>i Hughes). Thomas was educated at
Jesus CoD^, Cambridge, became a gentle*
man of the privy chambe r to Queen Elixa-
beth, and was created M.A. on her visit to
Oxford on 29 Sept. 1592. He sat for Thet-
ford in the parliament of 1001. On 5 Aug.
Id03 James I gave him the manor of Stan-
well, Middlesex, to which a neighbouring
property was added by roval grunt in 1613,
and he gained much favour with the king.
He was knighted at the Tower on 14 March
1603-4. In r:ipaf itv rf justice of the
peace for Westminster, and as a gentleman
of the privy chamber, Knyvet made the
searrh ot" the cellars of the hou.ses of parlia-
ment on the evening of 4 Nov. 1(K)5, and dis-
covered the powder; to him Fawkes made a
confession ot the plot. Knyvet was shortly
afterwards appointed o privy councillor,
member of the conncil of Queen Anne, and
warden of the mint. James confided his
daughter Mary to him to be educated, and
ihe died at StanweU on 16 SepL 1607. On
4 Jdljr 16O7KajV0t WMtiuttiBoned toptriUtp
340 Knyvett
ment as Baron Kny \ et of Escrick, Yorkshire!,
and had gifts of 500/. from the king in 1612
and 1613. He regularly frequented the court,
and seems to have had a town houae in
King Street, Westminster, lie took part in
the trial of the pyx, at which James wa
present in 1611, and was at the funerals of
the Prince of Wales in 1612 and of the
queen in 1619. Knyvet died on 27 July
1622, and was buried with his wife at Stan-
well, where there is a large monument, with
effigies in the chancel of the church, lie
had married, at St. Pancras Church, Sopjr
daughter of Sir lloland llayward, and widow
of Uichard Warren of Essex. She died on
o Sept. 1622 her two daughters predeceased
;
her. By his will he left 20/. a year for a
school for boys at Stanwell he settled Stan- ;
well on a nephew, John Cary, and on a niece,
("atherine, who married as her second hus-
the familv, who was knightod on 11 May
[Lysoiis's Pd-i'.'ji ^ i:i M^iJdle?ex not described
in the Emiroiis of Lotulon," Stun well
;
Gardioer's '
Hist, of England, i. 250 Cooper's Memorkds of
;
Cambridge, i. 374 Barke*8 Extinct Peerajf
;
Davy '8 Suffolk Collections, Ixii., Brit. Mu. Add.
MS. 19ISH (ptditT p); Lodge's lUustr. of Brit,
.
Hist. iii. 203 ; Wood's Foati Ozoa. ed. Utiaa, i.
260; Jatdine's Oonpowdsr Plot, p. 101; Gent.
Mag.l79t.pt.i.313 (tonib) ChI. of State Paper.-
;
Dom. 1603-23 (voiy few notices) ; Nichols's Pn>-
Kittssss of King James, passim.] W. A. J. A.
KNYVETT, CHARLES (1752-1822),
musician, descended from the family of
Knyvet or Knyvett of Fundenhall, Norfolk,
was born in 1752. He possessed a fine alto
voice, and was one of the chief singers at the
Handel commemoration of 1784. On 6 Nov.
1786 he was appointed gentleman of tho
Chapel Royal. In 1789, in partnership with
Samuel Harrison, he directed a series of ora>
torio performances at Covent Garden. In
1791, again in partnership with Harrison, and
with the additional assistance of his brother
William, ho cstabru^hed at Willis's Rooms
the Vocul Concerts, which were successfully
carried on for three years. On 25 Julv 179t>
he was appointed organist of the (Siapel
lioyal, t'tre Thomas Sanders Dupnis, de-
ceased. In 1801, with the co-operation of
his brother William, his son Charles^ tnd
Messrs. Greatorex and Bartleman, he re-
vived the Vocal Concerts at ihe Uaaover
S^vmn Booiiia,fatttiiithtidliimiBg jaarlN
Digitized by Google
 Knyvett
withdrew from the m&nagemcnt. In 1808
be resigned his post of gentleman of the
Chapel Royal, and was Buccocdcfl hy !" .?on
C3iarle8. Knjvett was a member of the
JEbjyal Society ofMuieiaiia from 4 Jan. 1778.
He was for many years secretarj' to the
Xoblemen's and Gentlemen's Catch Club,
wboee meetings were held at the Thatched
House Tavern, 8t. .Tamos'." Stroft, and he
was a frequent visitor at the meelinf^ of the
Madrigal Society. For one season he re-
placed Joah Bats [q. v.] as conductor at the
Concerts of Antient Music. He died in
Blaodford Street, PaU MaU, on 19 Jan. 18i>2,
and was succeeded as organist of the Chapel
Royal by Sir G. T. Smart. He Imd pur-
diased an estat*- nt Sonnin^ in Berkshire.
Parke {Muficul Memoirs, ii. 77, 2^36) states
that be considered Knyv<>tt one of the be.?t
'
Ullgiais <if plee?,' and perhaps the best cateh
'
liilger in Kngland.' Knyvett married in his
tweuty-tir&t year, and had three sous, Charles
^see lIow), WiUiam [q. v.], and one who
entered the army.
Hi* eldest son, Charles Kstvett (177tJ-
1652), born in 1773, was a chorister of West-
minster Abbey under Sir William Parsons.
He was educated at Westminster School,
where he formed a cloe friendship with Lord
Dudley and Ward which lasted until his
death. He studied the organ and pianoforte
uader S. Webbe, and in 1802 was appointed
organist of St. George's, Hanover Square.
In 1801 ho assisted his father in the revival
if tbo Vocal Concerts. He died, after many
years of retirement, on 2 Nov. 1852.
He published in 1815 Six Airs harmonised
' Lord has mode,' written lor the corouatiou of
iir three and four voices
;
and also edited,
' Queen Victoria.
in 1800, a 'Collection of favourite Glees,
Catches, and Rounds presented by the Candi-
dates for the Premiums given hy tho Prince
of Wales in the year 1800.'
[Grove'*! Diet, of Music, ii. 67, iv. 319 Burke's;
Extinct Banmetiiffe; Bemrose's Choir Chant
oek, App. p. niii; Gent. Hag. 1822 pt. i. 94;
Osorgiaa Era, iv. 5S6 ; Recoras of Boyal Soc.
of Mosit^iaDK Reconls of Madrigal .Soc. Chapel
;
; the CSmieerts of Antient Huaic in 1813 and
Royal Cheque Rook; Cat of Music io British
" R. F.
WILLIAM (1779-1856),
musical coTnj)ooer, third son of Charles
Knjvett (17.j2-1822) [q. v.], musician, was
kooioii 21 April 1779, most probably in Lon-
don, and ediicnted by his father, by Samuel
Webbe, the glee composer, and by Signor
Gmador. In 1788 he sang in the treble
eboros nt thr- Onrerts of Antient Music, and
in 1795 appeared there as the principal alto.
In 1 797 he was appointed one of the gentlemen
of th*" Cliapel Royal, and soon aftern lay vicar
of Westminster Abbejr. He succeeded i>r.
341 Koehler
Samuel .\ruold in 1802 as one of the com-
posers of the Chapel BoyaL In singing' lu
took the alto or contra-tenor parts, invariably
employing his falsetto, though nature had
supplied him with n deep bass. He attached
himself to the Harrison and Bartleman school,
and became the third of a fashionable vocal
triumvirate. For upwaida of forty years he
sang at the best Ix)ndon concerts and at the
provincial festivals. Callcott's glee, ' With
sighs, sweet Rose,' was composed e.\pressly for
him. In 1832,on the death of ThomasGreato-
re.v, he became conductor of the Concerts of
Antient .Musie,an oHir<" which heresignndin
1840. He was the conductor of the Hirmin^-
ham festivals from 1834 to 184-3, and of the
York festival of 1835. With the e-xceptknof
Sir George Smart, he was the last of the musi-
cal leaders who inherited the Handel tradi-
tions as to tho method of inducting anonp
i <
torio. Heproduced vocal works that were very
popular, many of which will be remembered
for their sweet mdodj and good harmonv.
Among them were There is a flower,' >I v
' *
love is like the red, red rose,' 1803 The Bells
;
of St. Michael's Tower,' 1810; 'The Boatie
Rows,' 1810 The ^iidges' Dance,' and ' As it
;
'
felltipon a day,' 1812. lie also wrote * When
the fair rose,' a ^ee for which he gained %
prize at the Harmonic Society in IHOO, pre-
sented to him by his steadv patron, \\iv. Prmcc
of Wales. Upwards of thirtv-five of his com-
positions were printed. His unpublished
works include the grand anthem, The King '
shall rejoice,' produced olHciallyfor the coro-
nation of George IV, and This is the day the
'
Knyvett impoverished himself by unsuc-
cessful speculations. He died at Clarges
House, Ryde, Isle of W
ight, 17 Nov. 185G.
His second wife, whom he marriwl in 1 '^2^,
was Miss Deborah Travis of Shaw, near
Oldham. Sli- was celebrated in \m day for
'
her knowledge of llandtd's music and her
superior mode of delivering it. She sang at
at the principal London concerts from 1815
8. to 1843. She died on 10 Feb. 1870.
[Qent. HaK. 18ff7, pt. i. 621-2; Groves
Dictionaiy of Humc, 1880, ii. 67; Champlia'a
Cyclopedia of Haste. 1889, it 380.] O. C. B.
KCEHLERy OEOBOE FREDERIC {d.
IHOO), brif^i^adier-geneml, cfiptain royal artil-
lery, a German (cf. Gent. Mag. vol. ixxi. pt. i.
p. 377), was appointed to a direct commission
as second lieutenant in the royal artillery at
Gibraltar during the siege on 20 Jan. 1780.
The of&cial records do nob show deafly
whether he had previously served thers or
arrived as a volunteer witli Rodney's leiiefi
Digitized by Google
 were : want of tli miiaon {Life
i LMtn, ITR- mS
first nant royal artillrv, 1 Dec. 1782; 1806, ii. 211 et Mq.) Kcehler
lieiitf quarter- wm
tjievet-iuajor, October 1793; oapUun4iett- master-geuexftl of tne BritiBh troope t tiie
i

tinuit royal ntilkiy, 6 Dec. 1798; btovot- mibMqttontiiediietfQB of tko Fwwioli gorfi
!

Motttonwife-colonoLApril 1794 atptain roynl in Corsica (Duncan, ii. (W\ and was after-
;
w
ArtiDflKy, 9 Dee. 1796 ; brevet-colouel, iJaa. warde aaeistant qu&rtermaater-generai of the
1800. BOitli-eestem dietriot of Ett^Und, with heed-
'

Kcehlor distincui.^hcxl himself during the quarters at Newi-astle-on-Tyne. When the

defence of Gibraltar in 1782 bj the inveation French gained & footing in l^Igypt in 1796, a
ofagimHrria<reai!lowiiif tiieuieoftkofMi military minion of eztinMpy end eif^Mer
to be depressed to an nnLjlc of si'vciitvdfgTccs, nffiiiTs, with dft jichmeiit.s of royal artillerr
t he model of which ia now in the rojal miii- and royal military artitioers, waa sent to orgs*
tar>' repoaitoiy, WoolwidL The aeeomoj of nise the Turktsli enor. KfleUer wee placed
the fire was so great that at the first tri;i1. at its heud. with the local rank of brigadier-
on 15 Feb. 1782, twenty-eight shot out of general. The mifeaiou arrived at Conatantv*
thirt;^ fired took effect in one trerene of the nople ia Jnne 1709, and Jeaooiy 1600 m
Spanish San Carlos battery, at a distance Kfthler with sorm' f is staff, disp-tiispd n-. l

of fourteen hundred yard* (D&inkwatbr, Turks, proceeded overland to Syria, return-

i.lOO* Geor^'v AugufitusBliott,lordHeaili- ing ia April On 1ft Jan. 1800 tho %Me
neld (jQ. v.], the governor, who is said to have party proceeded to the seat of war in Syria,
didilmK<Bhleratfir8t(BBOWirB,p.60),took arriving at Jafiaon^July. At the gicand
bim on hie etcff. In a letter to Sir Robert viriei'B request plane wwe prepared UMPtlia
Murray Keith [q. v.~, nnn after the siege, dffeiice of Jalla. Attended hy a large body
Ueathiieldsueakaof Kaihler,then at I'isaon of Turkiinh troops, the mistiiou made a edit
hie w^-to Vienna, ai * mj moat confldwilial of royal progresetoiruda Jeraaaleoi. Kedder
|

aide-<l -( nnip' .SMYiH,lMmMrfOmqr. and hia men were jealou.^ly watched, but
( '

iff Keith, ii. ititi). pravers were reed eveiy day in the camp
\

EitBhleriaatatodtohambeenatoiietiiiieim
'l'urkey,probablyduring the war with Au.stria
and Ru.s8iain 1788, andto haveacq^uired the
language. Ho aftor w arde aeeempmied Lord
Tb athlirld to the continent, ana wae witli
him on his way to Aiz-la-Chapelle when the
Flemiaga befw their attempt to throw off
the Austrian yoke. They applied for the
services of a skilled artillerist, and Heath- j
fteld, through Count Dilkm, reoommended '
K ivhler, who it'Ceived the rank of cnlnncl of '
wttboiit moleetatioB. A
mali^iiiaiit Ibver,
produced by the filthy snrroundmp?, carried
oQ' Koshlers wife on 14 Dec. IbOO, and
KoAler was 8001k afterwarde atUioked. and
died near Jaffa 29 Dec. 18<X). The remainder
of the party suheequently marched with the
Turkieo army to Ao British troopa fas
Egypt in 1801. A narrative of the mi s>i in
was subsequentlvpubltshed by the medical
offleer in ^arge,'Iv. W. Wittman.

Koehler died intestate. The balance of

artillery, and afterwards
thaeervioeof the
commanded the
engagements with the Austrian^ in 1790, in
OBO of whidi, at Ardtonnea, IS July 1790, he
peaks of the fif^htinir as having lasted from
8 A.H. to 7 P.M. Kwhler's reports to the
' SoToreign Congresa of the Belgian United
States' wen- published at Brissels in 1790.
Divided counsels frustrated the Belgian at-
tempt, and Kcehler vejoined lua company of
artiliery at ftibmltar, and fserv.d wltli(juirifs it was finally derided in lB6!i by ^Ice-
it
labourer, and Elisabeth his wife filed a bill
in the (noir abolidied) eoBeheqaer ooort at
Westminster claiming Kajhlnr's f.tnt.e as
.
surviving next of Idn. It was stated that
he was the only son of Oeorge KesUer, nativa
of Ringen, who had enlisted in the British
,
artillery and been killed in the service of the
; East India Company. After long legal in-

at Toulon in 1793. When the place was chancellor Kindersley that the sum was doe
evaeuated in Deeemhw 1798, Koshler was to hit lepd vepresentatiTea, oerlun pereoaa
li ft ulth two hundred men in Fort Mnlp-rc of the i)ame.i of Ktehler and Schmidt, and
to cover the embarkation and spike the after an appeal to the House of Lords in
.

guns, a aeryioe ha aoooesafallf aooompUihed 1861 the dedalon waa oonfliined and the
1

(DOKCAX, ii. 67-8). orl'.'inal sum. togpth- r with 14,45;0/ 12*. 6rf.
With Gilbert Elliot, afterwards hist Kurl interest, vras restored to these claimauts.
of Vinto [q. v.l, and Lientonant-eolonel [Kane's ListofOfBeem. Royal Artillery (Wo*
!

(aftiTwards Sir .Tolin) Moore, Krt^hler waH wi -h, revisaiJ ed. 1869); Browne's England'^ Ar-
senC in 1794 to Corsica to ooufer with General tiiler^aieu (Losdoo, 1865); Drinkwatr's
Vtolt. I^Miato haatoftiBaittnaiDg ac- or6ibB]lac(Iioadaa,lH4ad.); psio^

Digitized by Google
 Kollman 145 Kmig
tim of the raroit in the NetiiAflanda, iadezed London, 1791. 2. 'An Emy
on MnaicaL
in Brit. MuF. dt. under Koehler's namp, with Ilarmony,' London, 1790. 3. An Essay on '

(ae atunt8 in Aun. Ktg. 1791, und Flt3init.li Ptaciiual Musical Compoeition,' London^
MB, forming Brit. 'Sinn. Addit. MS. 25058 1799, A *A Fkaotical duide toThocongb
fiwoMi't Hii^ Bojral AxtiUenr (LcMidon, 1872), Bass,' Loudon, 1801, 5. A ^^udication of
'

^8.; lift ami LttttcfCrabertEniot,firat

a Passage in the ^* Practical Ghude " against
EarlofMinto. 1751 1806 (London, 1874, 3 vols.),
rol. ii. ; Lettt- r from Kcebler to the Marquis
aa Advertisement of ICr. M. P. King, Lon-
Wellesley in Welleley Desp. Tol. i. W. Witt- ;
don, 6. A New Theory of Musical
*

man's Tnivtls in Turtey, &p. (London, 1802). Harmon v/ London. 1^^> 'A Second
Se- also Preston's Undiiimed Money (Lon- Practical Guide to llMnottgliBass,' London,
<\oo, 1880); the Kt^^ords of the Court' of Ex- 1W7.
dM^incdr and Court of ChMoeiy in the Public He instituted the ' Quarterljr Musical Re-
BKord OSes, Loadoo, ISSOutfO : Bumr s. Hut gister,'London, 1812, of which only two
Solidto>'('i.i ral and til* AtftoCttej-goneral t. numbers appeared. Some Remarks of Koll-
' '

JLuhler luid othen.] H. M. C. man's u^n Logier's qrstem ofteaching, which

were originally eontrilrated tollie * AUgii-
KOLLMAN, AUGUST FRIEDUICH mcine Muslknlische Zeitung of Leipzig, went'

CHRISTOPH (176d-18fij9), oiguiiBt and collected and published in pamphlet form,

eonpoier, u Mm tt EngnIbMld^ iMar together vnth lemarka oa the aaaie aaljjeet
B&DOTer, in 1756. His christian name is by C. F. Miillcr, at Munich in 1822.
T0iM0usly given bT F6tis as ' August Fried- His published compositions include: 'The
odi Mmri/ m srialaka wbidi b
mlowvd by Shipwreck, or the Loas of the East Indian
Gro%e and Brown, and which iijBoaeibly due man " Hiilsewell," an orchestral symphony'
to a confuaum with his brothflti UMfg dhiis- (programme music), London) 1787; 'The
toph KoUmaii, wbo was aa Ofgaoiitt of tamt ftrst Beginning on Ae Plaaofotte, aeeefdliiy
repute in Hamburg. The corrpct form of to an Imijrovea Method of Tfaclnnp Rt>pin_
th naae is giren in full uuon the titie-p a^e nurs,' Op. 5, London, 1796 ; An Analysed '

af ikftorigiml editions of tkraeof KoQinava 8ym])b()nv for the Piuioforte, VioUa, end
|

theoretical works. His father was school- Bns^; Op.' 3, London, 1799 Concprto for ;

Buater and Qcganist at Eu^boateL He re- Pianoforte aud Orchestra,' Op. 8, London,
,

mvadfabfltstaiasieallniflangat the hands 1804 : 'The Melody of tlie One HmidNdtk

i

f the pastor of the village, and at the age Psalm, with e.xamples and Hirpctions for a
af faoiteen was sent to school at Hanover hundred different harmonies in four
.

Artwo ymn. He atndied matSc wmd the Op. 9, London, 1809; 'Roadoeatiiei
I

inrar under J. C, Biittner, and in 1770 was of the Diminished Sevonth,' London, 1810;
sdmitted to the normal school of the eloc- 'Twelve Analysed Fugues for Two Per-
i

tenia of Hanofrer. Two 7eailatK he ob- fimners,' Op. 10, London, 1810, Sbd edit.
tained thfpost of organist to a private cliapel 1823; 'An Introduction to Extemporarj-
at Litii, near Liineberg.On 9 April 17d4 Modulation,' Op. 11, London, 1820; and
ha HM appointed ohapel-keeper and aduol- several songs, sonatas, and other pianeflnrte
master at tbc ( J^'niKin Chapi l, St. James's pieces.
Falaee. From this time KoUman lived in |
KoUman also edited an edition of Bach's
l<aJao, ad keenBo aa Ehgliihinan by ;
' WohltemperirCee Glaviw/
adoption. I

[Grove's Diet of Mosie^ iL 9$, iv. 692 ; F^ti/s

la 1792 Oeozge HI presented an organ to :
Biog. Univ. dee Uunciena.v. 81; Brown's Btog.
IhaOafmanOh^id, and lCftllFn played it Diet, of jUosic. p. 364 Kollman'a works in Brit. ;

until his death. He was a man of consider- Mus. Libnry.] B. F.

sUs vi^nr, and ia aaid on the occaaion o a i

in blSt. Jana^ Fdaeo ia 18W to have KONIG or Ktma, OHAKLKS USET-

|

avod the German Chapel from destruction RICH KBERHARD (1774-1851), minera-
!

by standing in the doorwaj and preventinjg^ logist, was bom in Brunswick in 1774, edu-
lia fccaaan from aBtering' it Jhaag hw eated at OSttingen, and came to this country
|

later years he taught mu.sir: in many nohL^ to arrange tho collectionB of Queen Charlotte
in London. He died ou Easter duy
t'tiaihui at the end of 1800. On the completion of
UMt EQa aon, Ooorge August, aueoaaded this work he became assistant to ihyander,
lum u organist to thr German Chapel, aud librarian to Sir Joseph Bank-. In 1807 he
be ia his turn was succeeded by his ai&t^r, succeeded Dr. Shaw as assistant-keeper of the
departBMBt of ttatural histoiy in the British
Museum, and on tho death of his .superior
'

Kollmnn was tho author of tlie fbUowlng

rheoretical woiica: L *Aa Introduction to i in 1813 he took his place. Afterwards he
tha Alt of MndUbig and Bxtmporising; |
turned hie attentioo to aunerak aad filaulBi

Digitized by Google
 Kot2\vara 344 Kratzer
and arraneed the recently acquired collec- Cologne and Wittemberg, pradnatlng B.A.
tions of Mr. Greville. At the time of his at the latter place. Coming to England h
sudden death, 6 Se^t. 1851, in London, he made the acquaintance of Kichara Foze,
liad charge of the mmemlopcal dqwrtasnt bishop of Winchester, who on 4 July l')17
of the British Museum. appointed him to a fellowship in his newlv
Besides various papers in journals, he was founded college of Corpus (jhristi, Oxford^
associated with Dr. Sims the iflsm ofm and on 20 Feb. lo2l?-.'i lie was incorporated
'Annals of Botany,' 1805-7. B.A. He proceeded M.A. 18 March, whea
[Athenffium, 1861, p. 964.] B. D. J. he was described in the ' University llegister*
as 'notiaaimua Sl probatissimus et in mathc-
KOTZWARA or KOCSWARA, maticie et in pbiloophicis.' Kratzer lectaxed
FRANZ (,1760P-1798), niiisidan, of Bohc-
on astronomy in Oxford, and soon aft erwarde
mian origin, was bom in Prague about 1750. I

was appointed mathematical reader there by

lio sceniii to liave led a vagabond life in Gor-
Cardinal Wolsey. He was skilled in the oon-
I

numy and Holland previous to 17B4, when ho !

struction of sun-dials, and erected two in Ox*

waaattrnct^d to England by the Handel com-
ford, one in the garden of Corpus Chriati, re-
memorution inWestminster Abbey, in which
produced in Fowler's ' History of Corpue
he took part as a member of the band. He was Christi College,' p. 84, and another in ihB
subsequently in Ir*'land,but returned to Lon-
south churchyard of St. Mary's Church (re-
don in 1791,wheu ho wasengaged by Giovanni movedinl744'|. Aftertheaseemblyof bishops
Qallini [<!>] es a doable-bass player at the
new Italian opera-house. He was about the
and divines wuich met at ^olse^rs house m
1521 had condemned Luther's doctrines, a '

samo lime engaged by various music-sellers testimony was sent to Oxford, and fastned on
to compose trios and quartets. His sonata,
the Dial in St. Marys churchyard by Nich.
ibe Buttle of Prajjuo, for pianoforte, violin,
'

Kratzer, the maker and contriver thereof.' Le-

and violoncello (which is still performed), at land refers to this dial in his ' De Encomiis.*
once achieved popularity and enccess. He
In 1520 Kratzer was at Antwerp on a rlait
wrote also three sonatas for piano and violin, to Erasmus, where he met Albert Diirer, then
three for the piano alone, besides some sere-
on his famous journey to the Netherlands.
nades, and three solos for the viola. In the
On 120ct. 1520 Tunstal wrote to Henry VIII
>prinp of 1792 he wan travelling on the con-
saying that he had met Kratzer at Antwerp,
tinent, and Francois Joseph F^tis, then a bov
'an Aimayn deviser of the King's Horoloeee/
of eight Jiers old, describes a visit whictl
and he asked that he shoald he allowed to
Kotzwara paid to his father at Mons. After remain \intil the pending election of the em-
Kotiwara had heard Fetis play a sonata of peror was over. ' Being,' Tunstal added, ' bora
Hoiart, he invited him to play at sight on the in High Aimayn, and having acquaintance of
harpsichord his Battle of Prague.' lY'tis's
'

many of the Princes, h' might be able to

lather accompanied him on the violin, and
And out the mind of the Electors touching
Kotzwarahineelf on the 'cello.
the affairs of the Empire {Letten and Paper*
'

Kotiwara was very versatile, and played a

Henry VIII,U1. i. 1018). In the same year
great number of instruments with fluency if
among Henry's payments appears the quar*
not distinction. He waa, however, as dissi-
terly salary of 100*. to Nicholas Craser an

]mted as he was clever, and on 2 Feb. 17tK3

Estronomyer' {ib. p. 408). Diirer drew
he was discovered hanging in a house of ill-
Kratzer's portrait, but it is not known to be
fame in Vine Stieeti Covent Garden. Ho
extant. On 24 Oct. 1524 Kratzer wrote to
had been making experiments in. hanging Diirer from Londonaletteraskinghimtodraw
in the company oisome half-drunken women,
him a model of an instrument for measuring
and his death was the result of an accident; distances, which is in the collection of Herr
1 n
1 p art e 3 i m pi cated were eneated, but were

i i
Lemjertz at Ckilogne ; the reply from Diirer
uiLimutely acquitted.
to Kratzer is in the Guildhall Library in
[Fitis, V. 380 Imperial Diet, of Biog. pt. xii.
;
London. When Hans Holbein [q. v.] came
p.l Reis.'.mftnn'KMusikalisches Conver.sat iuns-
I ft ;
to London, Kratzer was one of nis earliest
Lexikon Clianipiius Cyclop, of Music, ii. 388 ;
;
friends. Holbein painted a me^pificent por-
Dictionary of Music (1827), ii. '-^i <f rove, ii. fi9
trait of Kratzer at a table on which are many
,

Biown'a Diet, of Muaiciani, p. 364. The fire

mathematical instruments; this picture L*
lut4iBtioDed avthoritiea all ^fe the date of
Ketemre'e death wrongly as 1791.] T. 8. now at the Louvre, and was painted in 1 '>.'.
when Kratzer was forty-one years of iigf. A
KRABTREE. [See Crautbee.] good copy was lent by Visoount Gal way to
KRATZER, NICHOLAS (1487-1550?), the Tudor Exhibition, 1800 (No. 120). In
mathematician, was bom at Munich, Bavaria, 152D Kratzer waa sent with Hugh Bosrell
in 1487| and etadied in the univenitiee of and Hau Bour to eeaxdi the Idng^ woodsand

Digitized by Google
 K'rause
mines io Cornwatt and to try to melt the ore
(A. T. 814). Among Cromwell's 'Kemem-
orance* for 1533 is an item 'To send to
Nich. Cracher for the conveyance of Chri-
topher Mount's letters.' Kicohis Bourbon, the
French poet, in a letter to Thomas Soliman,
the king's sticretary, prefixed to Bourbon's
'IIai8ayi*yrioi'/ Lyons, l(j3(). scnd^ greetings
moOBg other friends, includinrr Holbein, ' Jj.
"Sac Cratxero r^io astronomo, viro honestis
alilms, fKetiisque ac lenonbus eonefeto/
Payment" to Nicolas, the king's astronomer,
frequently occur in the accounts of the royal
bousehold.
In the preface to Guide Bonatu-^'s trentisn
on astronomy (Basel, 15tK)^ Kratzer is praised
u mathematieuui, ' qui ita bonus ft probtu
est ut majore auam mathematicorum fortuna
ftit dignus.' He died soon after 1560. Many
of his books came into the hands of Dr. John
Dee [q. v.] and Richard Forster.
Kiatxer left two books in manuscript,
eoptaa of which are found in Corpus Christi
clii.) and the Bodleian (MS. 604) Libraries
at First, Canones Horopti,' dedi-
Oxford. ' most noted of the evangelical clergy of that
cated to Henry VIII, with a concluding note
to mtimate that the subjects of his Oxford
lectures were ' Astronomiam super spha'ram
mateiialeaa Johsnnis de Sseio Bosco, com-
positionem astrolnhis, & geographiam Pto-
laci.' His second work, 'Be Compoeitione
Horologioram,' contains (1) Conpositio & '
vtilitatea quadrautis; (2) De arte metrica
ve mensarandi; (3) Compositio cylindri
ft slkiuiil instrumentorum mathematico-
ruis (4) Scripta plurima mathematica per
; D.D.,chapIain to Queen Adelaide, was horn on
X. Kratz.' In the Cottonian MSS. is a letter
tmV. Krsoerus to T. Cromwell, dated Lon-
don, 24 Aucr. IM'^. and conveying informn-
tion received from Germany about the Turks.
[Notes kindly supplied by lioasl Oast, esq.,
F.S A. Wr
od s AtlR-nae Oxon. i. 59, 62, 190, iL
; continuously on the home station and tho
457, Taaoer'sBibl. Brit. p. 460; HossorsEccles.
Land. Batav. Archiv. i. 3, 888-0; Wood's Hist,
and Antiq. of Unir. of Oxford (Qutch), vol. ii. pt.
i. p. 1 9 Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. lii.
ilp. 836. pt. ;
I44.8th Br. ii. 1 J6 Leland.De Encomiis, ed. 1 8.59,
;
P-19; Thausiog'sAlbenDurer'a Life and Works
'Gagl. timas. 1882); Woltmann's Holbein und
^ilTjf7At, 1874-6; Cf.sel van Mander's Livre
1 Peintres, ed. Hymaus, 1884; Privy Purse
ixfenttnot Hnuy VIH; dark's Oxford Col-
Itgis, 1891.] K. E. A.
KKAUSE, WILLIAM TIENRY f 170G-
I85i3)l Irish di vine, was bom on 0 July 179tiin
Uis idand of St. Graiz, West Indies. At an
early hp:"ho was brought to England, and
education in a school at Fulham,
\>hc>t'\ tor
from which he was aftcnv ards sent to another
tt Richmond. In 181 4, having made up his
laind to enter the army, he obtained a com-
345 Kuper
mission in the 61st light infantry, then in the
south of France. Next year he was present
at the battle of Waterloo. On the termina-
tion of the war he was placed on half-pay,
and soon afterwards returned to St. Croix,
where his fat her still resided. In 1 822, being
on a visit at the house of a brother oliicer
in Ireland, he came under deep religious
impressions and resolved to tnke lioly orders.
It was a long time, however, before he suc-
ceeded in receiving ordination. In 1826 he
was appointed by the Earl of Famham * moral
agent on his Irish estates, his duty being to
'
look after the schools and endeavour to pro-
mote the religious and moral welfare of^ the
tenantry. While discharging these function*
with grreat zeal, he also entered himself at
Trinity College, Dublin, and on 2" Feb. 183
received the decree of M.A. Un 2(J MarcU
1 838 he was oraained fof tlie Curacy of Okvui
hy the Bishop of Kilmore, and for two years
ministered most earnestly there. In 1840
he was appointed incumbent of theBethesda
Chapel, Dublin, and soon became one of the
city. He died on 27 Feb. 1862. Thre volumes
of his Sermons * were published after hi*
'
death (Dublin, 1859).
[Memoir by the Re^. C. S. Stanford. D.D.,
Dublin, 1864.] T. H.
KUERDEN, RICnARD, M.D. (1623-
ItiOO.^), antiquary. [See Jacksox.]
KUPER, Sir AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD
( 1 809-1885;), admiral, son of William Kuper,
16 Aug. 1 809. He entered the navy in April
1838, and after serving on the South Ameri-
can and Mediterranean stations was pro-
moted to be lieutenant on 28 Feb. 1880.
During the next seven years be served almost
coast of Spain or Portugal, and in July
1887 was appointed first lieutenant of tho
Allip^ator, with his father-in-law, Captaiu
Sir James John Gordon Bremer [q. v.] Ho
a.ssisted Bremer in forming the settlement of
Port Essington in Xnrtli Australia, and Ott
27 July IHiid wa.s promoted by hira to the
command of the Pelonis. In a violent hur-
ricane at Port Essington the Pelorus was
driven on shore, high und dry, and was got
off* with great dimcultv and labour after
eighty-six days. On 5 ^farch 1810 Bremer*
bemg then senior officer in India, appoint^
Kuper acting captain of the Alligator, and in
June 1841 moved him to the Calliope, in
which he was confirmed by tho admiralty
with seniority 5 June 1841. In the AUh-
gator, and afterwards in the Calliope, he was
]
actively employed during the first Chinese^
Digitized by Google
 Kuper 346
, nd was Honourably mentioned for his
it at the capture of Chusau in July
1640, at the reductiou of the Bogue forts in.
Slsbruarj 1841, and in the operations leading
up to the capitulation of Canton. In ftc-
knowltclgiut rit of his services durmg tliLs
period he w tis nominated a C.B. on Sl Jan.
iSiti. From 1860 to 1853 he commanded
tke Thetis frigate in the Paciiio, and the
liMidon in tto MeditemiMui
.months in 18o5.
m a km
Oa 29 July 1861 he was promoted to be
raar-admurttl, and in the autumn of 18fl3 mie-
j?.dBd Sir .Tanit Hope [q. v.j as commander-
f;
iu-ohief in Uliina, where aflau^ were atill ia a
vwy unwttled state, owing to thevebdlion of
the Taepiii^s. It was Kuper's first business
to load au e^^edition against them, to defeat
theoif and capture llteiretrongholdf Kahding
ou 23 Oct. 18G2. lie wa.s quickly called
away to arrange matters in Japan, where
great nobles were in a state of fierce
-excitement and indignation, consequent on
the treaties with occidental uutions and the
threatened introductiou uf fureiimers and
fueigu cu(itt)ms. On 14 Sept. 188S a Bmall
party of En^'Hsh riding in the country was
savagely at tucked by the retainers u{ the
Daimio of Satsuma, and one was killed.
Keparution and compensation bad be n de-
manded both from the im^rial goverument
and frmn die Prince of Satauma, and as they
were not given, Kuper was reqnc'^ted to bring
tha squadron into the boA' of lokohama. He
nivBd diara in Maxdi 1888, and under this
threat,followingthe suspension of diplomatic
relatiaus, the Japanese govemmeut agreed
to pay the 100,0001. deBsnded. BntSatsama
proved less compliant, and on 14 Aup. the
iidmind brought the squadron before Ka^o-
4ima. Oa t&lPth tluwesteanwwVlongmg
'to tha refractory prince were seized. There-
upon his batteries opened fire and were
speedily silenced. The prince's palace was
sLslled, and by an accident the irreater part
of the town was burnt. On the 10th the
prince submitted to the English demands.
Tha following year the Daimio of Nagato,
whose batteries commanded fhe Straits of
;Simono8eki, tho ordinary and most conve-
nient channel into the inland sea, a.ssertedhis
right to close the uavipation to all foreigners.
The French and Dutch squadrons, as well as
(oae ship of the United States navy, made
common cause with the English, and acted
fiir the occasion under the orders of the Eng-
lish adndml. The ships opened fire at 4 p ji.
on 5 Sept., and by the next day all the bat-
teries had been silenced and stormed, despite
thegalluitightangcf tlieJapaneac^ Oatho
Kyaa
that ' all ships of aU countries passing through,
the Straits of Simonoseki ehall be treated m
a friendly manner.' The battle led not only
to the opening of the inland sea, but to tna
downfall of the old country party in Japan,
' '
and to a social and political revolution the m
organ isatian of the empire.
in the course of 1865 Kuper returned to
England, lie had no further service. He
had been nominated a E.C.B. on 25 Feb.
1864, in acknowledgment of his services at
Ksgosima ; and on 2 June 1869 he was ad-
^eaood to thegiand crose of the ord. On
6 April 1866 he became a Ance-admiral, and
admiial on 20 Oct. 1872. He died on 29 Oct.
m6. He nerried, m Jnae 1887, Emma
Margaret, eldest daughter of Sir Gkirdon
Bremer, but had no issue.
[O'Byruc'h Naral Biog. Diet. Bemiie'a Bri ;
tish Arms in China and Japan AoQaal Register,
:
1863 FarL Dabatsa. 9 Fsbw 1664 Corrt^pond-
; ;
enca respecting AffiUxs la Japao ^PorL Paper),
1864; TUsal0w 12, sad 19 Kor. 1864.1
J. K. L
K.UILZ. SULPIZ ^im ?-l&7S), botanist,
was a native of ]lfiiaMh,cad a nupil of Mar-
tius the Brazilian traveller, ana professor of
botai^. UsiTing quanelled with his amily,
he suled to Jwaand eatMaed the Dutch tar-
vice, in which he st ay ed for several years. lu
1864 he was induced by Dr. T. Andenaoa,
who WBB Tisiting the Diitda posseMeQB% to
return with him to Calcutta as curator of the
herbarium, which post he held till his death,
to the great advantage of Ksdiaii botany.
Kurz had an intimate acquaintance with
Indian and Malayan plants, and was fre-
quently despatched on botanical missioB^.
He explorea Burma and Pegu, and spent
three months in the Andaman Islands, of
which he gave an exhaustive report in 1870.
His most extensive work is his 'Forest Flon
of Burma/ Calcutta, 1&T7, 2 vols. 8vo, and
many articles in the Joumul of the Asiatic
'
Society of Bengal and the * Journal of
'
Botany.' He died at Ptdo-Penang on 15 Jan.
187ti, ixis death being probably hastened by
neglect of the vxoeaatloiia neeioAil irbm ex-
ploring tropical countries.
[ Touro. Bot. 1878, |L Wi Muoo'sD.Guide
Lit. Bot. p. 397.] B. J.
KYAN, ESMOND (d. 1798), Irish rebel,
was a landowner, reading at MoaaoKfelin,
near Oulart, co. Wexford, Ireland. On the
outbreak of the rebellion in Wexford, *^^^;^
in 1708 Kysn joined the insurgents. 'ELe
command^ the rebel artillery at the battle
of Arklowi where he lost au arm. Owing^
to thai wooad he was compelled to ae-
laain^ MiB^timaia WoxtoditMlL A>
Digitized by Google

cording to the uaanijiunu authority of coa-
temponury wntsn^ Kjan dntaflfpnuMd bim-
eelf by lus efforts to previ-nt thu massacre
of loyalist prifiouen by the rebek oa Wex-
MWdga Alk8rhftlt<rfWKftdhe
joined a baud of insurpfiitswho tried to pune-
umte the county Carlow, tad. took a part iu
the Iprt mumm of tbe wv
xn the Wicklow
aOBBtaina. On the suppivasion of the rc-
boUkn Kyaa retarnoi iwme in disguiM to
8BS his nifttivMf Iwt VM
dbooWfod and
arrested. lie -nns ('xecuttd iu July 1798,
aft^r a short txial before a court-martial.
[Wfcbb'a CompADdiam of Iriab Biography
0>rjTiylor'i Histoiyof the Wexford Rebellion
of 1798; Mmoin of MilM ByriM,
voL raLJ P>
KTAV, JOHK HOWARD (1774^1860),
iiiTfutor of the l^yimipincr' process for pre-
* and at theCity Koad Basin. O n at thingawere
serving wood, sou of John Howard Kyau of
Hot H<m$acA and IMy iimiiiHli, flO>
low, wiH in Dublin, Nov. 27, 1774. His
father was the owuerof valuable copuer miues
ia WieUow (noiw iradbed by the Wicklow
Copp>^r Mine Company), ana for some time
at the end of the last ceutuzy wodtad them
hinalf. TfaesoawaaedeHled toWke part
in the manafi^t'ment of the mines, but soon
tiusT he entered the concern ita fortunes de-
eliaed, and in 1804 his &fJier ed almoat
p-nnilcss. For a timo Kyan was eniplovcd at
Mjme vini^jar worka at AS'ewcastlo-on-Tyne,
Int mhaeqnentlj xeaiovad to London, to
Oreaves'svmt'fjnr brewery in Old St reet Roiid.
The deca^ of the tinibersupportaiuhisfatber'a
eo|iper flumaliad already dineted hii attan-
fion tn t!.*' rjtt('5tion of preaerving wood, and
aa early ae itii:^ he b^an ejqpezimeuts with a
nav todifleorariBgainedioa ofpeeventing tlio
decay. Eventually be found that bichloride of
mexcuzy, or oorroaive sublimate, as it is com-
SMoly eallfldf gavv tiia best reaoha, and, with-
out rev ilinc' tlie nature of tho prru i>.p, he sub-
- used in building the Oxford and rjimhridpfo
outtod a block of oak impre^pmtal Vr'ith thali
miktimatB to the admiralty m
1828. It waa
placed in tb.' 'fmi.-iJ it'at Woolwich, wbert^;
] roof of the Temple Church, and the Ram^ate
it remained for tliru years exposed to all the
neiditiima Cuvwable to decay. WImd taken
w in 1831, it waa found to ho pjrfectly sound,
and after further trials it still remained un-
aibeCcd. Kvan patsnted his diaeovery in
1832 (No>. (i2o3 and a?r-0), extcndinfr'th
a|iplicatiQQ of the inveutiuu to the preerva>
tiDtt of pafHrr, oanvM^ oloth, oordase, ke.
fcrther Mtent was granted in 1836 (No.
TttM.). The pre8er\'ative action of a solutiim
of bichloride of merotnry waa previously well
known, and Kyan's process merely consisted
iathieaabiaenuHutf tinbncoroUier lailprlala
$4f KyzA
in a tank coutauxuig a soluUou of oorroaive
auUimate in wator. It ivaa maintained by
the inventor tliiit permanent chemical corobi-
uatiou took place between the mercurial salt
and tha woody fibre, but thia was contested.
The process attract L'd prvaX attention. Fara-
day chose it as the bubject of his inaugural
lecture at the Koyal Inatttution on 9Sfnb,
1H">!5, on hi.A appointment as l''nlL'ri;in pro-
fessor of cheuiiatry. Dr. Jiirkbmk gave a
lecture upon it at the Society of Arta on.
9 Dee. ls;U, and in ISiio the aJinirulty pub-
lished the IX' port of a committee appointed
by tha board to inquire into the value of the
nt'W tnethod. In IKKi Kyau sold his rights
See aliK) to the .'Vnti-Dry Kot Company, an act of par-
liament being passed whush authorised tlw
M-^ raising of a capital of 250,000/. Tanks were
constructed at Grobveuor Basin, Pimlico, at
the Grand Surrey Canal Dock, Rotherhidw,
predicted of kyani.sing,' sta the process then
'
Wkk- began to be called. A witty writer in ' Bent-
ley V Miscellany' for January 1837 told how
the luusea had adopted Kyau's improvement
to pnaerve their fitvouritotfeee. At a dinner
civcn to celebrate the success which attend>d-
the experi ment, a song, w hich became popular,
waa fint sung: Tha opening Tana mas:
Uave you henrd, have yoa beard
.\iiti-*iry Kot 5 the void?
Wu<h1 will nsfr wsar out; thanks to Kjaa* to
Kym '
Ha di|M >Q a tauk aiiy rafter or pUak,
it iouBortal aa Slant aa IManl
AmonuT the early applications of tli pro-
cess was the kyanising of tha paliiws round
tba Lmer Carcle, Kegent'a Fmr, w&h waa
carried out in 1885 as an advertLsement,
small bxaas plates beins; attached to thepalinga
at intarraAi statinf tnat tba wood liad batn
submitted to the new proce^sa. The plates
soon disappeared, but the original palingps
noMUk in good ocmditioii. Tha timber
Club, British Museum, B^al College of
Surgeons, Westminster Brimwell, the new
harbour works was also prepared by Kyan'a
prooeas. Whan woodan railway aleepemb-
came p- neral (in pluce of the stone bloclw
used on the earlv iinett), a vary profitable
business for Kyan's company was anticipated,
and for a time tht-se hopes were n alised.
But it became evident that iron fasteoings
A oould not be used in wood treated with
rosivo sublimate, on account of the con-o.'-iv?
action, and it was said that the wood became
brittlsb The aalt waa aomawbet expensive,
and Sir William l^tirnctt's metl.uil of pre-
4r>'iag timber
hy chh>ride of siu$;,.aad aiter-
Digitized by Google
 Kyd 34* Kyd
^nrardfl the application of creosote for that MSS. 29109 f. 811, 29171 f. 327, 29172 ff.40,
puri)OBe, proved Mren eompetitors. Doulika 424), and dlier letters are among I/ord Braj-
be^an to be expressed as to tlie real efficiency brooke's manuscripts {MUt, MSS. Oomm,
of kyanising (see Proceedivgt of the Jnstitu^ 8th Rep. i. 290 s^.)
twn ofCh'ilUnffamrttll Jan. 1868| pp. 20G- '\Vritrs on India owthnes confuse Robert
'2 i^), and theproceM gradually coaaed to be Kyd with Lieutenant-general Alexander
emploved. Kyd, Bengal engineers, who built the govern-
Besides the invention withwhidi hisnune ment dockyard at Kidderpur, near Calcutta^
is associated, Kyan took out patents in 1833 which village is named after hira. Alexander
(^No. 65^) for propelling shipe by a jet of Kyd was the author of some tidal obsenra-
-water ejected at the stem, and in 18St (No. tions on the Hoog^ly^and died is London
7-160) for a method of obtaininfr nrnmoniacnl 25 Nov. 1826.
Baits from gas liquor. He was also t he out lior [Information supplied by the India Office.
of The Elements of Light and their Identity As the Obdet Fapen tbere eonmeDee in 1789.
*

with those of Matter radiant or fixt^d,' 1S.38. it has not bc<ju possible to get details of Kyd"i
He died on 5 Jan. 1860 at New York, whore fiarentngo, dc. Hunter's Gazetteer of Bengal,
he was engaged on a plan for filtering the viil. viii. (Kidderpur) Murray's Handbook of
;

water supplied to that city by the Gtoton Bengal : Jierocario's Complete Monumental Be>
aqueduct. gister, ^Iciitta, 1815.]
[Faraday's Prevention of Dry Rot in Timhcr,
u Lwttire at the Royal Institution n 22 Fob.
'
1833; Birkbeck's Pftsanration of Timber by
Xyan'a Flntent, a Leetnm at the Society of Arts
oa 9 Dec. 1834 ;
Report of Arlmiralty Com-
mittee on Kyan's Process (Piii 1. I'liper. No. 36"
of 183A); An Act to enable John Howard Kyan
to aBsign certain Letters Patent, 6 WilL IV, cap.
26, 18S6 ; Bnrke's Landed Gentr}-, 4tb edit. 1868
art. Kyan's Process' in Architectural Publica-
*
tion Society's iJict. of Arcliitecture.] R. B. P.
KYD, ROHEIIT (d. 1793), founder of the
Botanical GardenSjCalcutta, obtained a cndet-
ahip in 17G4, was appoi nt ed ensign in the Ben-
jral infantry 27 Oct. 17(5;, liexitennnt 16 Oct.
1765, captain 8 April 1768, major 4 Sept.
1780, li.'iiteimnt-coloiiel 7 Dec. 1782. On
the latter date he was appointed secretary to
the military department of inspection in Ben-
gal, which post he seems to have lield until
his death. He was a man of cultivated tastes,
fond of botany and horticulture. About 1 786
ho laid out the Botanical Garden, near Cal-
cuttJi, which was taken over by tlie company,
nnd of which Dr. Koxburgh wa^i appointed
superintendent on Kyd's death. Sir Joseph
Hooker, describing a visit to these gardens
in 1846, han said that * thej have contributed
more useful and nnmmental tropical plants
to the public and private gardens of the world
1 ban any other establishment before or since
{Himalayan Journah, i, 3-4)* Kjd died at
Calcutta 26 May 1793.
Derozario ( Complete Monumental Begiater)
states that iiyd was buried in the old burial-
gnwnd of Fort William, under a flat marble
slab level witii tbe ground, on the right of
H. M. O.
KYD, STEWART (<f. 1811), politiciaB
and legal writer, a native of A rbroat h. Forfar-
shire, went at the ago of fourteen from Ar-
broiith pjranimar school to King's College,
.\berdeen. Abatidouing a design of entering
the church, he set tled in London, and was*
called to tne bar from the Middle Temple.
He became a firm friend of Thoinas Hardy
[q. v.] and John Home Tooke, whose poli-
tical opinions he admired. In November
1792 he joined the Society for Constitutional
Information. On 29 May 1 794 he was arresttxl
and examined by the privy council, but was
soon di sell nrped. On 4 .Tune he was again
summoned before the council, and three days
later was committed to the Tower on a chai^
of high treason, with Hardy, Tooke, and ten
others. On 25 Oct. all the prisoners went
brought up for trial before a special com'
mission at the Old Bailey, but after the ac-
quittal of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, the
attoniey-general declined offering any evi-
dence against Kvd, and he was discharged.
In June 1797 he ably defended Thomas Wil-
liams, a bookseller, who was indicted for
blasphemy in publishing Puine's 'Age of
Reason.' His speech was priuied during the
same year. Kyd died m
the Temple on
26 Jan. 1811 (^Scots Mag. ham, 169). Hia
portrait has been engraved.
Besides a continuation of Oomyn's 'Digest'
(8vo, Loudon, 1792), Kyd published: 1. * A
Treatise on the Law of Bdls of Elxchancre
and Promissory Notes,' 8vo, London, 1790;
.3rd edit. 1705; 2nd American edit., .Vlbanv,
A
New York, 1800. 2. Treatise on the Law
of Awards,' 8vo, London, 1791 2nd edit.
;

the entrance. Ain'"in"rial urn, executed by
the sculptor, Thomas litink-*, was put up in
the centre of the par<ien. wliere it still
stands. Some of Kyd's b ttcr* to Warren
fiastiDgs are ia the JBritish Museum ( Addit.
17fM>. 3. A Treatise on the Law of Cor-
])oration8,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1793-4.
4. 'The Substance of the Income Act,'8t>,
London, 1790, two edition.s. 5. 'Arrange-
ment under distinct Titles of all the Pro*

Digitized by Google
 Kyd
risions of the Mveral Act* of Parllnment re-
lating to the ABaessed Taxes,' Svo, London,
179e(IVMtocrtpt, 1801).
[Gt. Mag. 1811, pt. i. p. 190 CobVett and
;
Howell's State TriaU, toIa. zxir. xzr. xxvi.
Bri<4'man' Legal Bibliogr. ; Bmm'B Catof En-
gnred Portmits, Tol. ii. ReWsReg. of Authora,
;
1790-1803, pt. I p. 689; Rivew's Memoirs of
linog Autliurs, i. KM; NotM ud
Qaeries,
th r. ii 12.] O. G.
KYD or KID, THOMAS (1558-1504),
^iuMtut, OB of Franei* Kjd, a London
catTener, was baptised at the church of St.
Ifarr Woolnoth, Lombard Street, 6 Nov.
165&, He entered Merehant Taylon' Sdiool
' n 20 Oct. l-'>65. John Kyd, apparently
a near kinsman of the dramatist, was ud-
BUtted a freeman of the Stationers' Com-
pany on 18 Feb. 1583 I ( Aubeh, Tratutcripta,
iL 091}. John published some pamphlets of
news and popular narratives of exciting
crimes, but very few of liis publications art?
extant. He died late in 1592. Mention is
Hide of his widow in the Stationers' liegis-
tt-r? on 5 March 1592 :i (U>. i. .liT^, ii. 021).
The dramatist waa well educated, lie
could write a rough sort of Latin verso, which
he w'.' fond of introducing into his plays,
and he knew Italian and French aulHciently
wdD to twnalate from both. He aUo gained
s 'lijrht acquaintance with Spr\nib. He was
probably brought up to hts faihcr'd profession
f ieri'vener or notary. But he soon aban-
doned thnt frnploymi'nt for literature, and
Umioeforwardsuliered much privation. Kyd't
career doabtlcia anpigeated to Nashe (in hi.s
pp facf- to flr.rrxKs Mmaphon, 1589) his
descziptian of thode who, ieavinff ' the trade
of wnrerint wbeieto tliey were ooni,* busy
them.' Ivo- with endeavours of art, pose tis
agiiah Senocas, at tempt Italian trausIatioti.s
or t wopenny pamphlets, and ' botch up a
blank-vrr^f with ifa and and' Of all these
ofienoes Kyd was guilty, although his bUink-
ipfloo b ondaiery iBy < tuch sannmry con-
<!*'mnation, and mark? an advance on earlier
efiorta. When Nashe proceed? to point out
that Seneca's famished English foUowen imi-
tate * the Kidde in Aesop,' he is apparently
punning on the dramatist's name.
Kyd's earliest published book was a ren-
dering from the Italian of 'The HouHe-
holdeXB Philosophie, first written in Italian
hjftlnt enellent orator and poet, Torquato
TtsaOf and now translated by T. K.,' London,
1588. (An imperfect copy is in the British
MnaBun.) It is signed at the end after
Kvd's manner, with his initiiils beneath a
Latin pentameter, and is dedicated to Maister'
fhoBMBeade.' In IISOS Kyd wrote for his
Infekfltytht puMbhwy ftpmnphlet daanilMif
S49 Kyd
a recent murder. The title ran, 'Thf Truotli--*
of the most wicked and secret Mnrthering of
John Brewen, Goldsmith, of London, com-
mitted by his owno wife.' This was licensed
for the press on 22 Aug. 1592. A unique
copy is at Lambeth, and it was reprinted in
.1. P. Collier's '
Illustrations of Early English
Popular Literature' in I8(i3. Murderous
topics were always congenial to the drama-
tist, find it is quite po^v-ible that ht* was also
the author of the True lieportoof the Poison-
'
ingo of Thomas Elliot, Tailor, of London/,
which liis hn >tli.'r j)ubli8hed at the same date.
liut It was as a writer of tragedies which
clothed blood-cunlling incident in ' theswell-
in;? bombast of bra^'gin;i blank-verse' ( to um'
2^ushe's phrase) that Kvd made his reputa-
tion. Two plays from his pen, with Iliero-
nimo or Jeronitno, marshal of Spain, for
their hero, achieved exceptional popularity.
They are the best extant specimens of that
'tragedy of blood' in ^vllich Klizabothan
playgoers ch iefly delighted l>elbre Shakespeare
revoftttionisod public taste. The one dealing
with the earlier events in tlie career of Jero-
nimo or Uieronimo was not published till
1605, when it appeared anonymously in the
only edition known with the title * The First
Part of leronimo. With the Warresof Portu-
gnll and the Life and Death of Don Andnea*
(London, for Thoina.*? Pn'iycr). Tho other
piece, dealing with the mui-der of the hero'it
son Horatio, and the hero's consequent mad-
nes.s and donth, was licensed for the press to
Abel Jetle^ in October 1592, under the title
of 'The Spanish Tragedy of one Horatio and
Bellimpcria' (Horatio's lady-love), but th '
oarliestextantcop;^is a second and revised edi-
tion of 1604 (British Museum), which bears
the title, * The Spanish Tra^redie, containing
the lamentable end of Don Horatio and Bel-
imperia, with the pitiful death of old Hiero-
ninio. Newly corrfcf cd and amended of such
*
grosse faults as paii.->ed in t he iirst impression
(London, by Edward Allde). A later edition,
printed by "William Wliitc, is datf^d
All impressions appeared auonymouslv, but
the authorship is established b^ Thomas
Ilt vwood's inr;d ntal mention ot *M. Kid'
as the writer of The Spanish Tragedy' in his
'
'Apology for Actors,^ 161d {SSiaJup. 8oe,
45), and tli'^ro is adequate internal evidence
for assigning ' The First Part of Jeronymo'
to the aaine pen.
The date of the production of these pieced
is only ascertained from two contemptuous
rcfereneea made by Ben Jonson to thmratub-
bom hold on popular favour. In lfiO(), intho
induction to ' Cynthia's llevels,' Jonson as-
signs above a dosen years to the age of ' the
Old Haatonimo it was fint aotodt' and
Digitized by Gopgle
 3S
writing in 1614, in the induct inn to his
' Bartholomew Fair,' he declanra that thoe
'wha tCUl commend ' JeronymO) or Androni-
rn.' represent the popular opinion of *five-
Hiid-twenty or thirty years back. The pieces,
' Many external proofs of the popularity of
4t mav therefore be stated with cf^rtainty,
'first saw the light botwwn ir>84 and 1589.
There is nothing to show which of the two
*f]fty8 should claim prec<dence in point of
time. In Henslowe's Diary ' (p. 21), men-
' munlers of Horatio and l^^'llimperia; with
tion is fiixt made under date 2J} Feb. 1591-2
of the pt rfomumce of the * Spanes C'omodye
^IKmnp Oracoe,' doubt less an ignorant de-
scription of * The Spanish Tragedy.' This
fUtkJ'VnB far ninre popular than its com-
panion, and it is quite ponsible that after
ita BucceM was assured '
The First Pwrt of
JiflRHuno* WttB iMpsred, in ordt-r to satisfy
fmblic cnriosity respecting the hero's earlier
ife. Throughout 1592 Ilenslowe confusedly
raeoids perfonMnuMS of Don Oracoe,' ' The
' in Germany,'^. Ixv).
OomMley of Jeronyrao,' and Jeronymo/ the
*
first two titles being applied indifFerently to
'
The .Spanish Tragedy,' and the third title to
' The First Part.' Contrary to expectation,
'
The First Plart' aeems to hare been usuallv
played on the night succeeding that on whicli
'Thf Spanish Tragedy* was represented.
Dekkcr, in his Satiromastix,' insinuated that
Ben .Tonson was the creator of the hero's role,
but according to the list of Burbage's chief
characters supplied in the 'Elegy' on his
dtnth, the part was first played hy that actor,
mad ms one of his most popular assumptions.
The titlo-page of a new edition oi ' The
Spanish Tragedy' in 1602 described it as en-
larged, with new additions of the Painter's
'
part and otliers, as it hath of late been divers
acted.' The new scenes exhibit with masterly
power the development of Hieronimo's mad-
ness, and their authorship is a matter of high
Kterary interest. Despite the abuse lavished
on ' the old Hieronimo' by Ben Jonson, and
despite the superior intensity of tlie added
oenee to anything in Jonson s extant work,
tliere is some reason for making him respon-
sible for them. Charles Lamb, who quotetl
the added fcenes 'the nlt of the old play'
in his 'Specimens of English Dnunatic
Poets,' detected in them the agency of some
Vioro potent spirit than Jonson, and sug-
gested Webster. Coleridge wrote that the ' applauded it.
parts pointed ont in Hieronimo as Ben Jon-
ran's boar no traces of his style, but thev are
very likeShakeepears's' iTblf Ta/k, p. 191).
On the other hand Hensiowe supplies strong
external testimony in .Tonson's fiivour. On
25 Sept. 1601 he lent Jonson 21. 'upon his
writingeof hisadieions inGeronvmo, and on
34 June \("i0'2 ho advanred 10/. t< the same
sniter * an aannste of a boacke cailod iUchaid
Kyd
Crockhaclcf*, and for new adicyon^ for Jero-
nymo' (Henslowe, Diary, pp. 202, 22;i).
Later revised playwcnlmwd
i'lhtionf^nt' tin '
in 1610, 1611, 1628. and 1633.
Jeronimo ' are aocessible. Bet^iaea 1690 and
le.'iS at least seven editions appeared of a
ballad founded on the play and entitled ' ITie
Spanish Tragedy, containing the lamentable
the pitiful death of old Hieronimo. T the
tune of ()ueen Dido. In two parta ...
printed at London for H. ( Jiissnn.' A curious
wxMMlcut adorns the publication i^Koxburghe
Hallnds, ii. 4r>4sq.) Before 1600 a tmw-
tinn of tho play was adapted to the Ger-
man ft age by Jacob Ayrer, io his Tragedia '
on dem One^isehen Keyser xu Constan-
tinop<'l vnd Winer Tochter Pelimberia, mit
dem gehengten Horatio ' (Cohn, Shakespeare
In 1621 A. van den
Bergh published at Ctrecht a Dutch version
of Jeronimo, while another Dotob rendering
appeared at Amsterdam in 16.38 and was
republished in 1644, 1660, 1686, 1698, and
1729. At home Richard Brathwaite stated^
in his Emrlish Gentlewoman' in 1631, that
'
a lady ' of good rank declined tho conso-
'
lations of religion on her deathbed, and
died exclaiming ' Hieronimo, Hieronimo, 0
!
let me see Hieronimo acted Prynne, '
when penning his Histriomastix ' in 16S7,
<
found in this story a convenient text for
morali.^ing. Two of Hieronimo's expres-
sions 'What outcry calls me from my
naked Ix'd !' his exclamation on being rouaed
to learn the news of his son's death, and the
warning i^eh he whispers to himself when
he thinKs he has offended the king, ' Beware,
Hieronimo, go by, go by* were long used as
expletives in ^utabethan slang. Kit Sly
quotes tho latter in the vernacular form,
* Go by, Jeronimy,' in Shakespeare's ' Taming
of the Shrew' (cf. Holtdat, 8hoemake/$
Holiday, leOO) ; while as late as 1640 Thomas
Rawlins, in his Rebellion,' introdu(e de-
'
risively, * Who calls Jeronimo from his naked
hedP' amid many parodies of Kyd 's grandilo-
quence. Ben Jonson was never weary of ridi-
culing both the bombastic style <n KydV
masterpiece and the vulgar taste wfiich
In bis ' Every Man in his
Humour' and his'Foetast^r' a number of ' its
tine speeches 'are quoted with bitter sarcass.
The sole play to which Kyd set his name
was a translation of a French tragedv bt
Robert Gamier. On 26 Jan. 159.3-4 ' a book,
called Cornelia, Thomas Kydde being the
author,' was licensed for publication. It op-
peared in 1594 anonymously , but a dedica-
tion to the fVtnB|sss of Ss^pest is fg**^
Digitized by Google

T. 1!.,* Ibe title-page of a new edi-
tnfl
b'on nf iriP.*) nins: *PomppT the Great his
fftire Cornelias Tngedie: eSected br her
tefaflf ndhnibtttidos duwnccsBtf ^dfttn^ and
firTune . translated into English by
. .
ThomM Kid.' London (Nich. Ling}, 1695,
4to. taliis oraicatMni Intantlior'wntee tbt
Iw endnr.'d liittcr titno-i and privv ^ir<)k>*n
fMNoni ' in writing Uie piece, and promiMs
to dial liemllr iHtli Gmhim^s ^Pbitia'
('Poreie'^, a promise never fulfilled. ' Cor-
adia' follows the Senecan model, and is very
tedious. The speeches in blank-verse are in-
ordinately long, and the rhymed choruses
ih'nwl'ttle poetic feeling. Unlike 'The Spa-
nish Tragedy,' the piece wems to have njet
with a better raeepbon from cultured critics
tliaa from the general public. In 1694 the
intbor of an 'Epicedinm' on Lady Helen
R-snch, who is doubtfully id^'ntified with Sir
WUllatn Herbert, d. 1093 [a. v.], bestowe<l
eqoal commendation on sliakespeare, the
pocttf *Lacretia/ and on him who 'pen'd
th? p.-a'?e of sad Cornelia.' year later
William Gierke, in his Polimanteia,' wrote
iktt 'Gofnelia'a Tragedy, however not re-
jected, was excellently well done.*
Od strong internal evidence Kyd has been
cndilid with two more nsmojmwM tragedies
offb<;' Jeronimo' tyje, closely rr'Sfmhrtiifrfuch
otlter in plot. One, first printed Edward
AUde for Edward white in 1688, was en-
titled * The Rare Triumnhs
Fortune,' and may bo identical with 'A
Bistory of Love and Fortune' which was
acted at court before 23 Dec. 1582. Col-
lier reprinffd it for the I?n\-bur^lie Club
in 18-51. The other piece was 'The Trn-
ffdve of Solyman and Perseda. "Wherein is
ukfopen Troves Constancy, Fortunes Incon-
itaocv, and Deaths Triumphs.' The_play
lic<>naed for the press to Edward Wnite
on Nov. 1592, but an edition dated 1599,
f?0
piBted,like * Love and Fortune,' by Allde for
whiter is the earliest extant, and in some
copies is described as newly correcte<l and ' '
aaKsded.' The plot is drawn from H. ^V.'s
'ACbnittie Controverme of Cupids Catitels,'
157^. which Collier a^^i;'ns tn Wntton. and
dnunatiat's description of the beauty of
tiia
heroine Fertida is partly horrawed irmn
aionnet in Watson's 'Ekatompathia,' 1582.
Kyd makea the whole story the subject of
Um play with which Hieronino entertains
ths^aniah court in ' The Spanish
Oreene refers familiarly to the leading tneme,
the ltrothed faith of Ernsto to his Persida,'
in V-th his * iramillia,' 1583, and his Owy-
dooius,' l '>-*^7, .tiid the tragedy was prnhnMv
vmtn in the former year.
li Masted 17 ShahMgeMtfi
S5t Kvd
in King John' 244^ to its
(i. 1,
poHure of the cowardice of BaiIisco, a
glorious knight (ed. Dodaley, v. 272).
Other plays hatre hnii attribated to
on le?:? convincing grounds. Malone beliererl
that be had a hand in the * Taming of a
Shrew,' 1094, whenee Shalraepeere adapted
hiswell-known conitMlv, ntwl in Tir un Andro-
'
^
nicua,'which recalls The iSpanish Tragedy
'
in eome of ita iwoHnair tneraents, and -m
luded to by Jonsnn in close conjunction with
' Jeronimo.' But in neither ease is the interna?
evidence strong enough to admit of apositin*
concUivion. Mr. Fleav's theory that hewrott-
' Arden of Feversham^
is unsatisfactory. But
the argument in favour of Kyd's authorship
of a pre-Shakespcarean play (now lost) on the
subject of Hamlet desArvea attention. Naabe
in 1589, when describing the typical literarr
hack, who at almost every point suggests
Kyd, notices that in nddifion to his other
accomplishments he will afford you wbolo
'
Hamlets, I should say, handlUs of tmgieal
A oppi^rhcs.' Otht>r reforences in popular tract.*
' and plays of like date prove that in an early
trage<ly eoneeminjif Hamlet thenmwagliiMt
who cried repeatedly * Hamlet revenge r an<l
that this expression took rank, beside t he qoO'
tstions from 'Jeronimo,' in Elinbetihsn mofs
Ccf. H<T.LnvELr.-PiriLLTPP8, Mfmorrmtla mt
i/am/e^,pp.7-31). The lesemblanee between
the stories of ' Hamlet' snd ' Jeronimo' sog^
of Love and gests that the former would have sup^mid
Kyd with a congenial plot. In * .Teronimo
a father seeks to avenge his son's murder, in
'Hamlet' the theme is the same, with the
position of father and son reversed. In '.Je-
ronimo the avenger resolves to reach his
'
end by arranging for the perfimnance of a
play with those whom he <nnp<ct!' of the-
crime, and there is eood ground for crediting
the lost tragedy of < Hamlet' with a similar
plny-'icene. Shakespeare's debt to the lo^r
tragedy is a matter of conjecture, but the
stilted speeches of the play-acene in his
Hamlet read like Intentional pnrod!p< nf
Kyd's bombastic efforts in 'The Spanish
Tragedy,' and it is quite ponihle that ther
were directly suggested by an almo^r lt n*ic.il
i
episode in a io!;t iiawlet' by tbesam^ author.
'
Kyd's reputation as one of the best-known
tragic poet.i of \C\< time, and his clo^e per-
sonal relations with the leading dramatist,
Marlowe, strengthen the atsmnption that he
Tritfedy.' was directly concerned in the composition of
many popular anonvmons play?. Immedi-
ately af^er Marlowe^s death in 1593 he was
'
chained with holding scandalous ojiinions
rerrnrding morality and religion. Accord-
Its popularity ing to memoranda made from contemporary
dfaeet illttiida docttoents coiioeniin^ that duugSy tan now
Digitized by Gcj,v ^
 Kyderraynster S5 %ffin
preserved amnnp Thomas Baker'smanuscripta clety in IRP', from a copy tlipn supposed t0
iMa. Harl. 7042, f. 401), one Mr. Thomas be unique in the Lambeth Palace Library.
Kydde had been eeuaed to have consorted There is, howerer, a second hat much muti-
with and have maintained Mnrlowo'a lated copy in Archbinliop IT arsnett's Library
to
opinions, who seems to have been innoceut, at (^olchester^pdf. qfJiarmett Library, 1886,
and wrote a letter to thelord keeper Puckering xxxi-ii, 96). An inaccurate reprint
to purge himself.' ]iftlei|2fh was itnularly in- Ep.
ad previously npppared in Huth's 'Fugitive
volved in these proceedings. Tracts in Verse,' 1st series, 1875. This fine
Kyd died shortly beforaSODee. 1691, when pieee of Tersifintion is a eulogy on the go-
his parents Francis and Anna Kyd reno;mccd vernment of Queen Eli/.abfth, and an ex-
administration of his estate. 11 is name was hortation to loyalty, provoked, as it would
long remembered. In Gierke's ' Pol m anteia i which
seem, by Babington's conspiracy, in
(1595) hf is numbf-red nraong the cliief tragic two Wflslimcn wero inijilirnted. A second
poets; in Meres's I'alladis Tamia ( 15d8)men-
' ' edition was issued in 1588 newly set foorth
'

tion it nude of him among the best writers
'for tragedy.' Hen Jonson, in hi^ elegy on
Shakespeare (162^), points out Shakespeare's
nperiority to 'Sporting Kyd and Msnowe's
mighty line;' the punnintr tpitfiet 'sport-
ing' is derisively inappropriate, lleywood
wntes f * Famous. Rid ' in his
of Rlessed Angels' (1635), and DekkL-r
speaks of Industrious Kyd' in his ' Conjur-
' earl's grandfather and father.
ing Knight.' QuotaUons from Kyd's works
figure in AUot's England's Parnassus ' and
' ' Aiulr'ui 'of TorF^nco, Ito, Ijondon, 1588.
tn Bodenham's Belvedere (1000).
'
' had nearly finished, but abandoned, a trans-
Th four plays, ' The First Part o .fe ron mo,'
*The Spanish Tragedie,' (Jornelia,' and 8oly-
'
man and Perseda,' are reprinted in Dod^ey's
^OldPlaTS,* ed. Haslitt, vols. W. and v. *The
Spanish Tragedy 'has been cnn fullyeclitedby
Prof.Schick u
< Templel )ramatists'^lbd8)and
in 'LitteratnrFor8changen'(Berhn,1901),
unci by J. M. Manly in * Specimens of Pre-
iShaksperea u Drams ' (Boston, I9(X)-d, vol. ii).
Aoolleetivecdition or Kyd's woihs was ekbo-
rately edited by F. S. Boas in 19U1 concor-
dance to Kvd's works by Charles Orawford is
in Banf^s* Haterialien sur Knnde des ttlteren
Englischf nT)r:ima.s* (Ix)uvain, I906-8,3pts.^
[Mr. F. S. Boas'a Introduction to itjd'B Works,
Oxford.1901. See aloo EngliseheStndifn^.pt.ii.
(by O. Sarr .zin ,\vi. pt. iii. pp. 3.W sq. (by K.
Koeppel). unci Ai.glia (n. folge. i. 1 17 sq by G.
Sarrszin); Fleay'flBlog.Chron. English Dramn.ii.
26 ail.; Greene's MDphoD,witb Niisliv'.s
OrosMTt Notes and Queries. v. i. 463 Collier's re-
; ;
prints of Kyd'H tnict on Brrwen an'i nC I/jvoand
Fortunc(Koxb.Club),18dl ; II enslowe's Diary ,ed.
Collinr ; Honfer's MS. Cboraa Vatnm.] 8.
KYDEBICTNSTER. [See
KYFFIN, MAUlllCE (d.
ad translator, was the wcond son of Richard
KyfHn of Glasgoed, in the pari!,h of Llan-
with a New Addition containing the late
Accidents and Occurrents of this yt^ero SS,'
of which the only two copies known are those
in the British Museum and Hnth Lihrnrj
(Cat of Huth Library, iii. 810 1 1). KyfUn.
in dedicating his poem to the arl of Essex,
< Ilierarchie gratefully rmtsn to the Idndnesses raoMTed
by liis docpnsed father at the hands of the
In the same
year appeared his prose translation of the
Tip
t i lation in verse. Tne tone of his dedieatoiT
*
opistlt's to William, Ilonry, and Thomas
Sackville, sons of Lord Buckhurst, makes it
dear that he had been thdr tntor. In j Ma
150'2 Kyffin held theofficeof vice-treasurer of
Normandy (Co/. Papers, Dom. 1591-4,
D. 319). In 1604 or 1696 he issued hia
Welsh translation of Bi?hnp Towel's * Apo-
logia pro Ecclesia Anglicona,' a work re*
marhahle fbr its pure idtomatie diction. It
. A was republisliptl in 1671 by Charles Edwards
of Rhydycroesan, and again in 1808 by T.
Charles of Bala, b his preface Kyffln an*
nounccd his intention of making a tranMa-
tion of the Psalms into Welsh verse, which,
hoirtyver, never i^ipeared. He seems to have
(lied unmarried in 1609, a.s on 'JO April of
, that year administration of his estate (with
will annexed) was granted byoommtssion to
pref.,ed his brotlicr Kdward KyfHn, 'preocher,* his
cousin William Meredith first renouncing
executorship of tiie will (registered in1P.C.(^
Kidd). Kyflin was a devout believer
U in astrology, and bequeathed 10/. to John
Kbvbr. and Jane Dee of Mortlake ; he also left 51.
to ITupb T?ronr:hton 'towards the printinge
lo99), poet and publishingu of some of his oWervacons
on the Bible/ There are commendatory
V('r-;e.i by him before Sir Lewis Lewkenor's

siiin, Denbighshire. In l'>87 he published translations of Olivier de la Marche's ' The

'The Blessednes of Brytaine, or a Celebra- Resolved Oentlnan,'1604,andof Gontarini^
tion of the(^)ni>.nt'H Holyday. and ioyfull
. .C^mmonn-cali h and Government of Venice,*
'

Menioriail, of her Mui3lies nri^*ent entrance 1590. An anonymous tract entitled ' De- A
into the Thirtieth y o> re of ner raigne/4to, fence of the Hononble Sentence tnl TSaa^
JUmdon, reprinted bjr the Cjnunrodmioa 8o> cutioii of th Queen* of Sbot^' 4fto^ LgodoDy

Digitized by Google
 Kyle 353 Kjmuer
l/JT, hu been wrongly as^i-rnctl to KylRn Record ed.) On 18 March 1348 he was ap-
(J. F. CoLUBBt Bibliograplucal and Critical pointed archdeacon of London, which poai-
AmmmU u. 907<^ Gabriel Harvey men- tion be held for two years. In 1363 he wae
i ns Kyffin with respect in his 'Piorcos Su- made dean of St. Paul's. He died in l.'^tfl,
pererugatioii,'
phot).
1693 ^ 194 of GoUier'a r- azid wa buried in 8t. Paul's Cathedral. Kjl-
mingtoB is mMiioraUe Ibr his sham in the
[HnnUjf's Choma Vatum (Addit. MS. 24188, cnntrov> r^v on evangelical poverty between
L MS); Bowlaads's fiainhriaa JBiblioeraphjri i KiduurdFitsralph,archbiahopof Armagh,aBd
(kL MvsssM' LiWaij, it. ttl; fiskerii Blof. I Roger of Oon way [q. .]theFriiotsea]i. Ae-
Tkm. ISIS, i. 442. ii.SSi NoISS and Queries, '

coining to Wood, Kylmitigton was the first

lidMr. zii. 6, 142.] Q. G. oppose Con way {Hist, and Antig. Univ.
KYLE, JAMES FRANCIS, D J). (178&- arfoni,i.476,ed.Gutch). Kylmington'scon^
l(ki^ Scottish catholic prelate, bom at Edin-
, tributions to the controversy were : 1. '
Pro
borgb on 22 8ept. 1788, was received into Armachano contra fratres,' inc. Quod domi- '

tbe teminary of Aquhortiee, on the banks d nuaarchiepiscopus Armachanus.' 2. 'Oontra

tfaDoB, in Aberdeenshire, on 23 Oct. 1790; Bogenun Conway,' inc. Licet ex resj^nsioiie
'

w appointed professor in thnt seminary in Arroachani mei.' 3. Contra mendicitatom

*

loOc, tmd was ordained priest in 1812. lie otiosam.' None of these seem to be extant.
remaioed et A4|ilhortieH till Januarv 1826, Rig other writings were: 4. ' Sermo de Ad-
Tirhf n he was sent to St. Andrew's, Olasffow. ventu Domini (Hodleittn MS. Auct. F. inf.
'

Un l^Febk 1827 papal briefs were issued ap- 1.2); this M8. contains some soveutv other
petaUDfi him iMsnop of GcrmMliflia, par- anonymous s<<rmonA. 5. Opuscnla Loupes,*
'

fi/<w.ind viciir-apostolic of the newly formed in MS. at St. Petwr's Colle|^% Cambridge,
nortii^m dutrict of Scotland. He was con- , No. 37 (Bbbnaiw, CSae. Mim. Aatyiiie^ ii. i4o).
sewlsd AheHeen 28 Sept. 1828 by Dr. \
6. < QiiMtioiMi Theologion.' 7. 'De genec>
Peniwick, virar-apoetolic of the northern dis- tione ac corruptione.' Lelfind cnlls him 'most
thet of Engiaod^assisted by Bishops Pater-Aristotelian : ^ in Bodleian MS. Auct. F. int
sMMdSsott. HediedetP>eshonie,iathe 1.9,heisspoitenof ae'fiwtrihaiiiieHdicenti^
Ekuie of Brtuff,on 23 Feb. i SOn. bus infensissimu8.' His immo appears aa
yk collected maav earlv documents, Kilmyn^n, Chillingtoo, Kylvyngtou, and
mm Ibrmeriy in the Seote Golleffe, Paris, Ohelmeston.
relating history of catliolicism in
to the [Lelaud's Comment, de Scriptt. Brit. p. 45
Scotland. He computed
that his letters and Bale, v. 9.'^ ; Pits, p. 490 Tanner's BibL Brit...
;

papers c onnected with the eocleeiaetical his- Uib. p. 990 ; Whiulon, De Episeopis et Deeanis
UKJ aS Scotland fimn about 1597 to a com- j
Looduisiisibas, p. SSI.] 0. la K. -

jnraHTely modern period '^"^ounted to thirty

Kvle supuhed Prince Laba-
,

^^ME, titular Eabl of. [See XJuTBL-

lliouiand.
noff
aliio
with valuable materials for hU 'Collec- I "'^v,? / m/u
^'^-^
tjoa
i
i>iotI
* *
. Taa.
^
tion of the Letters of Queen Mary of Scot- ^

kad.' Kyle's collectiona are now in the KYMER,

libftry at Buckie, on the coast of Moray
Firth, togethei with voliim*^ of materiHls,
eoliected either by Kyle hiiuH^lf or under his
{fSm tiOM, for a history of the catholic nil>
(JILBEKT {d. UiiS), dean of
Salisbury and chancellor of the universitj
of Oxford, was educated at Durham College,
on the site of which the pr^eut Trinity Col-
lege stands. He graduated as master of afti

gion in Scotland since the Reformation. and philosophy, bachelor of laws, and doctor
(Bidj'spiK?opalSaccewioB,iii.474;Catho- of medicintf previously to 1420 (Takhbh). In
lb IKMctory. 1891, p. 62; Hlit. IfSS. Gmam. UlS-18 he Mrved the oflee of proetor, and
lt Kp. 120; Ix)ndon and Dublin Orthodox from 1412 to 141 4 wn? principal of Hart Hall.
Joeroal. 1837. iv. 121; Regilr and Magazine On 16 Dec. 1420, being still a layman, he was
,

of Biography, i. 290; Stothert's (^olic Mis- pMsented to the liviagofLutterworth, Leioae-

I

sbn in S^.otland. pp. 509. 643.] T. C. tcrshire. by William, lord Ferrers of Groby
KYLMINOTON or KYLMETON,
this prefement he resigned in 1 423. In 1427
;

KICHARD (d. 1361), dean of St. Paul's he heoftme dean of Wimbome Minster; OH 98
1

aad theologian, was educ ated at Oxford, June of that year was appointed treasurer of
where he gratlnated m
doctor of divinity Sali8bury,andon28 Feb. 1427-8 waaordained
;

before 1839. lie waa afterwards a clerk of sub-deacon by WiUiam, bi8hopofLondon,and

BjihaiddeBo>7(WHABiO!r,/>0.^i;^. Lond. priest on 29 May following. From 1431 to
p 221). and ^>-*'m to have been a friend of; 1433
he was chancellor of the university. On
Kiehard FitJiralph I'q. v.] In July 1339 he 12 Feb. 1-^4 he waa presented to SU Martm a
,

wmploved in the embassy sent to negotiate VliHiy, London, andrf^-"- previoudy to 1447 he-
__v-_
with Pliilip of Mamt
(ibMtott, aii. 1064, of WeUs and
'
nghami
^ Gilli
lOU XI. AA

Digitized by Google
 Kynastoii 354 Kynaston
and rector of Fordingbridm, HampBhire when Pepys saw him play a female part hi
{Munimmta Aoad. ii. 676). In 1446 he onoe the ' Loyal Subieet,' and says * he made the
more became chancellor of Oxford, and on loveliest lady tnat ever I saw in my life,'
t hia occafiionietunedhisoffioe for sevenyean, adding, ' after the play Kinaston and another
resigning on 11 Maj 1468. In 1447 be wm by Captain Femrr means came and drank
one of uiose who became sureties for the with us.' Some of the female parts played
carrying out of Cardinal Beaufort's bequeet by Kynaston at this time were Arthiope in
for the building of the new schools at Ox- the Unfortunate Lovers,' the Princess in
'

ford (ib. ii. 668). In 1461 he is described as the 'Mad Lover,' Aglaura in Suckling's play
of Coventry Hall in St. Martin's parish of that name, and Ismenia in the Maid of '

iWoOD, Sut. and Antiq. App. p. 63). On the Mill.' Shortly after this he was engaged
6 Jone 1449 he wa.s elected dean of Salis- with other of the 'Old Actors' in Thomas
bury, and died in that dtj om 16 May 1403. Killigrew's famous company of ' his majesty's
He was buried in the cathe^il, having made servants,' who firom 6 Nov. 1660 played in
A bequest for the endowment of a chantry. the theatre at Veio Stveet Hem on 7 Jan.
There is an effi^ of him, with a Latin in- KWl Kynaston appeared as Rpicoen in the
scription, in a window of the south transept. '
Silent Woman,' and somewhat later as
Kymer was a physician of reputation, and Evadne in the Maid's Tragedy.' Pepys saw
'

in that capacity attached to tne household him double a male and female part in the
of Humphrey, auke of Gloucester, whom he same month, and declares that he made
probably induced to give his library to Ox- successivelj the handsomest man and the
ford. In June 1466 he was called in to at- prettiest woman in the house. It is of^en
tend Henry VI at Windsor {Fadera, ix. 866, asserted tbat Kynaston waa the queen on
ori]^. edit.) Kymer was author of a treatise the oceaaion when, in teplj to the king'a
whicb he nddreitsed to Duke Humphrey, inquiry why the actors were not ready, tn*^
*
Diffitarium de Sanitatis Oustodia.' Two master of the company fairly told kia ma- '

chapters of the work, together with the titlei jes^that the queen waa not shaved ' (seeBBb*
of tne remainder, were published by Heame JKXB, Le Public et /m Homme* de Lettrm
in the appendix to his '
Liber Niger Scao- enAngleterre,jf.3^). This is, it would appear,
enUf'pp. 660-9. It exists in manuscript in only an inmnoa, from tiie ftet that OiMMr
Sloanfi MS. 4, tf. 68-98, in the British Mu- relates the anecdote when speakinpr of Kynas-
seum. The treatise was written iu 1424 in ton, but it ia certain that Kynaston was,
nuMftult, whither Kymer had no doubt ac- with James Nokee or Nohe [q. r,\ the lait
companied Duke Humphrey {Lib. NigmSooM. male actor of female parts, as ne was not tm*
PreL pp. xxxiv and 5/M9). probably the beet. His forte consisted in
[Tannera Bibl. BriL-Hib. p. 461 Le Neva's moving ooniBeMion and pity, in which,* my9
; '

?j:c\. Angt. ii. 616, 646, lii. 467, 480,682; Downcp, 'ithsB alnce been disputable among
MuuiiueutA Acfldomica (RoIIb Ser.) Aubrey and the judicious wiiether any woman that suo-
;

Jackeon'8 Wiltshire, p. 386; Maxwell Lyte's oeeded him so sennUy touched the audieooe
Hist. Univ. Oxf. pp. 319. 337.] C. L. K. as he.' At the same time 'he was/ saya
KYNABTON, EDWARD (1640P-1706), CSbber, so beautiful a youth that the Ladiea
'

Mior. Mm of Edward Kynaston or Kinaston, of Quality prided themselves in taking him

was bom in London about KUO, and was with them \n their Coaches to Hyde Park
apparently related to the Kynastons of Oteley in the theatrical Habit after the Play' {Apo-
in Shropshire. Acoording to Downes aad Umu od. Lowe, i. 119-21).
Gildon, ne was Bettorton's under-apprentice Kynaston's first important male part was
at the sign of the Bible, a bookseller's shop Peregrine in the Fox,' which he played with
'

in Charing Cross. The diap was kent by one the king's company at their new theatre in
Rhodes, who hnd been a wardrobo-keeper to Oovent Garden on 14 Jan. 1666. Other im-
the king's company of comedians before the portant parts played by him at the Theatre
dtil wen, and who in the year before the Koyal between this date and 1682 went Ha>
Restoration set up a company in the Cockpit court in the' Country Wife,' 1678 Freeman in ;

in Drury Lane, where Kynaston first ap- the 'Plain Dealer,' 1674; Moratin' Aureage-
peeied in 'women's parts in 1669 [see Bbt- Zebe,' 1676; Scipio in Sophonisba,' 1676;'

TERTON, Thomas]. Kynaston probably left Cassander in the Rival Queens,' 1677 and'
;

Hhodes's company when it migrated from Cassio in Othello,' 1683. Although his per-
<

the Oooikpit to Salisbury OoQrt. It is not sonal beauty and imperious mien made nim
knovm precisely when this occurred, but it a general &vourite, his conceit could hardly
is certam that Kynaston was acting with ttSito make him some enemies. He was
the more distinguished company known as paitiMlarly vain of his perMnal xeaemblanoe
<01d Aoton' at ttio Oookpt on 18 Aqf. 1660^ te one of tlM eUaf wifei and hoann of the

Digitized by Google
 Kynaston
time, Sir Charles Sedley, whose dress and
demeanour he imitated as closely as possible.
Sedley, to show his resentment of what he
considered a gross insult, hired a bravo to
chastise the actor in St. James's Park in the
spring of 1668, under the pretext that he
mistook him for the baronet. Some time
latr Sedle^, for the further instruction of
Kynaston, mtroduced the incident into his
play, 'The Mulberry G^a^den,'actedon 18 May
1668. The actor, however, was so far from
uUkizig the hint that he proceeded to imper-
sonate Sedley on the stage, with the result
that on the night of 31 Jan. 1668--9 ' he was
exceedingly betaten with sticks bv two or
three men who saluted him, so that he is
mightily bruised and forced to keep his bed'
Pep I S. V. 103). * They say,' continues Pepys,
* that th king is very angry with Sir Charles
Sedley for his being beaten, but he do deny
it/ uk 8pit of this severe treatment Kynas-
fOBWisable to appear on 9 Feb., wheaFepys
aw him in the 'Island Princess.'
On 140ct. 1681 a memnrandum was signed
bjr Hartand Kynaston of the king's company,
with Davt-nnnt, Betterton, and Smith of the
liuke's Theatre, by which the two former,
far a consideration of 5s. each for every day
on which then* should be a play at Dorset
Garden, undertook to do everything in their
w
po er to break ttp the king's company. The
object of the intrif^e was to counteract the
declining support from which both thunatent
tfwateree were at the time suffering, the m ofOtelej.
result a union between the two houses was
iwmed on 16 Nov. 1682, when at thu Theatre
Borml Kynaston played the King of France
to Betterton 's Duke in Dn-dcn's 'Duktj of
Guise.' Between thiti date and IHDr), when
heftDowedBatlertoiktoIiBisofai'B Inn Fields,
his most important parts were Sir I'liiliii
Luckier iu tue Northern La.s8,' and Mark
' of the Stage, iv. 282 ; BosmU's Beprsentatl?e
Airthony in 'Julius Csesar,' with Betterton,
Moun^fort, Jevon, Underhill, and Leigh in
the cast, 1G84 Lord Btli><ard in Crowne's
; KYNASTON
*
Sir Courtly Nice,' iHtt^, lielmour in Luoky
;
* FRANCIS (1587-1642), poet and scholar,
Chance,' and Kinp nfTidore in Tate's Island'
Princess.' 1690; Sir Thomas Delamoru in
'
Edward III,' and Uukeof Guise in lyUffty's
*
Basy d'Ambois.' U3S>1 In lf)93 ho whs pre-
. father, whose family originally came to Oteley
Teiit4?d by illness from playing Lord Touch-
wood in ibongreve's'Iwuble Dealer' before
Queen Mary, und wns replaced by CoUey
Gibber [q. vJ^Stkicklasd, Queen*, vii. 406).
t tnj I^naston's powers were in no way
impaired, and he wfis, gnys GencHt, remark-
*
^bie for a piercing eye and a quicli impetuouH
vivocity in his voice, which tainted the
Tyrant truly terrible, particulHrly in ^f'THf
and MtUey Moloch in" Don Sebastian," wiuie
i 'Homy IV,* whsa ho whis|eMdtoii<>
355 Kynaston
rntir, " Send us your prisoners, or yoa'Uhcar
of it," he conveyed a more terrible menace
than the loudest intemperance of voice could
swell to.' After 1695 he took less important
parts, but ' even at past sixty,' says Cibber,
'
his teeth were all sound, white, und even
a8 one could wish to see in a reigning tOMt
of twenty.' His chief fault as an actor seems
to have been his strident voice, conconiing
which an anecdote more pertinent than
pleasing is nven bv Da vies, and repeated bv
Genest (il. 174). That characteristic, as well
as his stately step, has been attributed to
his earlv experience in female parts. Cibber
praises nim nighly,and when he took Syphax
m ' Cato,' played it
'OihotiUMIght KTHBSttm
would have done.'
Kynaston appears to have retired in 1699,
and to have diea in January 1705-6, He was
buried on 18 Jan. in St. Paul's, Covent Garden
(PamA Reg. 1703-39, p. 199). Another Ed-
ward Kynaston, of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields,
was buried in the same church .HO July 1712
{ih.) The actor had made a considerable sum
of money, with the hdp of whida he set up
his son of the game name as a mercer. The
latter had a lurgo shop in Bedford Street,
Strand, where Kynaston spent the last years
of hia life. T)avie9,in his '
Miscellanies,* states
that ho met Kynaston's grandson, who was
a cloigyman, but he was not disposed to be
CommnnJrfttive about his fine''3try, though
he mentioned his kinship with the Kynastons
[CoUoy CibV'or's Apology, cd. Tx)we, passim;
Downee's Roscius .Vnglicanns Genest, i. 492, ii.
;
174 .Mftlont's Historical Account, p, 180; Popy^a
;
Diary, i. 128, 173 Gildon's BetterUu. pp. 6,0;
;
Curlf's English Stage, pp. 91, 116 Lowe's Bet-
;
terton Doran'8 r'nglish Stage, i. 71-4; DaviesTa
;
Diamatie Htsceliani, iti. SS7 ; Dibdinis JBistii
Actors, pp. 9-11 ; Whsatlay mi
Oiasbgham's
London, i. 148-9.] T. S.
or KINA8T0N, Sir
bom in 1567 at Oteley, Shropshire, was
eldest son of Sir EMward Kinaston, by Isa-
bel, daughter of Sir Nicholas Bagenall. Hi<
from Stoke, near Elleemere, was sheriff of
Shropshire in 1 599. On 1 1 Dec. 1 601 Francis
matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, and
graduated B. A. from St. Mary Hall on 14 June
1604. According to Wood he wus more ad-
dicted to the superficial parts of learning,
'
poetry and oratory (wherein he excelled),
than to logic and philosophy ' ( Vf ooHf AtJlunm
O.ron. ed. Bliss, lii. 38). Kinaston removed
to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated MJL ia 1606^ hot ww
moorpocated
Digitized by Google
 Kynaston 556 Kynaston
BLA. at Oxford on 1 1 Nov. IBU. lie was tlie nstn>lo|Ter, bequeathed 10/. to tlip insti-
oalled to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in Kill, tutiou. Very shortly after ttuBf Kynaston
On leaving the university in 1013, ho mar- [
was time much oueopMi with a
for a long
ried Margaret, dan^r|i(<'r of Sir n um]i]iry Lee, ot^rfain hnnging furnace,' recommended by
'

bart., by whom he had one sou. lie was
knighted by JamMl at TlMobaldsoii SI Deo.
1618 (Lb Neve, Km)//ifji, p. 112), was M.P.
for Shropehira in Iti^i-^^waa taxor of Cam-
him to the lords of the admiralty for ahi^
| of wr. Between 1687 and 1688 there em
several letters nnd potitions in the 'State
i Papers ooncemiog a quarrel between Kinma-
'

bridge UiUTenitj in 1683, and wm

pvoelor ton and his ISrther with regard to tin ietkfe>
there in 1634. He b<'i inne esquire of the i
ment of the latter's estate?. Tlie king and
body to CharLea I on hia accaaaion* Laud both inteifatad on the aon'a behaln but
At court Klnaston waa the eentre of a i
no leenlt aeemato haTnheen ant^ at (OmL
brilliant literary coterie. Inl636hefounded Papert, Dom. Charles I, 16P>5 9).
an academy of learning, called the MuitsBum Kinaston died in 1642, and waa buried at
MinervoD, for which he obtained a license Oteley. The museum appears to haTe
uudsr tha great seal, a grant of anna, and perished with the death of its founder. It.^
a common fioal (IIymkk, Fu'dfra, xix. 638, ftit-eipRtill madiedbf Kynastaa'aAUeuTf Bed-
&C.) Chiirltj3 also contributed 100/. from the fordbury.
treasury (11 Dec. 1636; Cal. State Papers, Kinaston published, besides the Constitu-
\ '

Dom. Charles I, 1636-6, pp. 213, 561 Notes tions,' a translation of Chaucer's * Troilus and
;
j

and Queries, 3rd ner.vi. 2do). Kinaston gave Cresaida.' with a commentary, prefaced by
his own house in Bedford Street, Covent Gar- fifteen short poems by Oxford writers, inclua-
den, for the college, which he furnished with ing Strode and Dudley >i_'u'w (Oxford, 1635, I

'
books, manuscripts, musical and mathema- 4to, BodL ) Waldron proposed to reprint the
.

tieal iaatniBwnta, mintmga, statued, &c.,* at * 'mlna and Oresaida' in 1706 in moalhly

his own expense. He was niui self the regent, parts, but no more than the first part ap-
andhia friends Edward May, M.ichael Mason, pesred. iunaston also contributed to the
;

Thonaa Hunt, Nioolaa Phiske, John Spiadal, * Moan Aalion ' hj Aithnr Johnston [q. v.]
J

and Walter Salter were professors. Ac- u renderinp in Enpli.sh ver>e of Johnst-on's
cordinff to the ' Constitutions of the Mu- Latin poems, Lon<bn, {
and waa author
ssBum Minerm,' published by Kinaston in of an herolo vomanoa IB iwne, * Leolina
j
md
1636, only the nobility and ^t nt ry were to be Sudanis,' containing some of the legendary
admitted to the college, the object of which history of Wales and Anglesey, published
was to give language and instruction, witii with some sonnets addressed by Kinaston to
'

O^er ornaments of travel, unto ourgentlenien his mistress under the name of Cynthia (Lon-
. . . before their undertaking long journeys don, 1042, 4to). In the preface he bonsts of
into foreign parts.' The approval of the king haviii); nuiuypiecesof' real and solid learniag'
and some k>rds of the privy couneil wa> ready for the press, and apologiscA for sendin^r
claimed in the prefece, and the nnivor^itit s forth thistrifle. The sonnets, which do not
nndinnsof court were assured that no rivalry technically deserve that title, are often of
was intended. AbngUatof tiMatudiaafoi- genuine merit. They woe piobaUy pub-
lows; the full course was to occupy seven li.shed earlier in a peparate v(dume. Ellis
jears, the students who completed it to be ( Specimens qf Early iatglish Pveu, iti.

ctdled septennals, with privileges over those quotes from an editm dated 1641.
(railed the triennals) who only finished tlie mwnn' HenildicVisitationH of W.iIm and pan
half-course. No gantleman was to exercise
MHrches.ed, Meyrick, 1846. i. 320 ; HuuterV
himaelf at onoa about more than two par- ohoms Vatum, Addit. M8. 24488. fol. 280 ;
ticular sciences, arts, or qualities, whereof Nichols's Progre.m*es of James I. ill 49s, : ',2 ;

one shall be intellectaal, the other corporalL'
The regent tan^t the following Bubiects
heraldry, a practical knowledge of dri ds (uid
the principles and processes of oommon law,
Faulkner's Chelsea ; Brydges's Ceosura Litemria,
: !
ii.383 ; Oxf. OmT. Beg. (Ozf. Hist. 6ee.>, n. i.
369, ii. 264, iii. 247; Collectanea (Oif. Hist,
,
Soc), ed. Fletcher, 1885, i, 280 Corpus Chriu
;

antiquities, coins, faabandry. Moale, dano- |

OoUeg, Oxforf, MS. 307, Ko 83 f 75 Fostaf'a ;

ing and behaviour, riding, sculpture, and Alumni Oxoo. IfiOO-lTU; Oal. State Papers,
1636 9.] E. T. B.
writing formed important parts of the cur-
rioulum. On 27 Feb. 1636-U Prince Charles, KYNASTON, HEIIBERT (1809-1878),
tha Dvka of Yoiil, and others visited the high-master of St. Paul's School, second
museum, and a masque by Kinaston, entitled .ion of Roger Kynaston, by Georgiana, third

'Corona Minervne,' was perforine<l iu their daughter of Sir Charles Oakeley, governor
HNMnce. In Julv of the same year Sir nf Madras, was bom at Warwick in 1809
SBfKfa PeokhuB [q. .], tha iriMd oC LiUjr adiMatadat WastmiaitorfiramlSaa. i He wm

Digitized by Googlc
I
 Kynaston 357
elected to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1827.
~
mtxiealated on 80 May. He obtidiiea
the collepo prize for I..itin verse f^uhi'Tt,
*S<7thae Nomade')in lt<29,took a first-claas
in anricB In 1881, tad was appointed tutor
and' Jr^ reader inl886. He praduated B,A.
in 1831, M.A. in 18S3, and B.D. and D.D. in
At the imhrerritf he wee fleleetl
{
1849.
preacher in lHll,and wns subsequently a.
lecturer at hia college in philolo^y^, a sub-
feet to whieh he was nracn devoted, end to
which he continually directed the attention
of his pupils. In 1884 he was ordained, and
mied as entste of OuBiain, OxfeidshfTe.
Four years later, at the early aj^'*- of twenty-
eu^ty he was elected to the bigh-nutsterdbip
or 9t. mPk Sehool, London, on the ntite-
nent of Dr. John Sleath. During the thirty-
ei^t yeaiB of his sncoessful rule he num-
bered among his scholsnmany who grew up
to be distinguished men. Demogeot
md Montttcci. the French commissioners
who Tiaited toe sdiool in 1866, especially
mention the paternal manner in which the
hi^-master dealt with the boys. Lord
^oxo, an old Pauline, oresented him in 1860
to the citv living of St. Nicholas, Cole Abbey,
with St. Nicholas Olave, which he held until
the parishes were amalgamated with St. Mary
Gknnerset in 186<5. lie resigned the muster-
ship of St. Paul's in 1670, sjid the only nre-
ftiment which he held at the time or Ids
death was the prebendal stall of Ilolboni
in St. PauVs Cathedral, to which he was
presented by Bishop Blomfleld in July 1853.
He died at 31 Alfred Place West, South
Kensington, on 26 Oct. 1878, and was buried
at Friem Bamet on S Nor. He ttmied
Elizabeth Selina, daughterof Hitg^ Kennedy
of Cultra, CO, Down.
Kynaston's taste and scholarship led to his
selection as a candidate for the chair of poetry
at Oxford in 1807, but he was defeated by lus
ooUege contemporary, Sv Frands Hastings
Doyle. Few scholars of hit age surpassed him
as a composer of Latin yer^. He was the
author of numerous poetical compositions in
praise of Dean Oolet, the founder of St. Paul's
School, which wore yiroduced each year at the
apposition. Amnn^' these the 'Numberof the
I^h,' 1856, and the I^ys of the Seven
* Ilnlf-
oeoturies,' written for the seventh jubilee
(1859), are the best known. To the outer
world he was most familiar as a writer and
translator of hymns. Tn the library at St. Impietate
Paul's School are an fiigraved portrait of jectata.' In 1784 he issued 'A CMketion
KviMSton and a marble bust i>y (\. Halse. of Papers relative to the Pro&pcution no\\-
Xynaston's chief works were I. 'Psittaco carrb'ing on in the Chancellor's Court in
:
ftUumXaipr,' 1840. 2. ' Miscellaneous Poetry,' ().xford against Mr. Kynaston, by Mattiiew
(contains reminiscences of bis life as a Maddock, Clerk,
&
*PNlaiionea Utenun in 1>. tery uiiegod against (he said M. Meddork.'
Kynaston
Pauli ScbolarecitatB comitiis nia.ximis,' 1841.
4. 'Terentii Adetphorum Frologus et Epilo-
rru,s'lR4L\ 5. 'SlrenaPoetica,' 1S49. f]. Tom-
memoration Address in praise of Dan Colet,
1869. 7. **0 'Apt0nht r&p tj^Bvnv. Bv the
Scholtc Paulinnn Piscator primarius,' l8o(5.
8. 'Iraum Audite. Hymnus super funds-
tione D. Fkttli Scholn,' 1887. O.'TheGlorv
of Paradise. By Peter Daraiani,' edited, with
a translation, 1857. 10. ' Puerorum centum
?uinquaginte trium canticum centenaritmi.
thy tlimus inD. Pauli Scholse auditorio modis
admixtis recitatus,' 1858. 11. *Rete Cole-
tinum,' 1861. 13. 'Satumalitumlntermissio.
Carmen Latinum in divi Pauli Schola reci-
tatum,' 1862. 13. 'Occasional Hymns. Ori-
ginal and Translated/ 1863 2nd ser. 1884. ;
14. ' The Number of tlie Fisli. Poem on A
St. Paul's School,' 186^4. 15. 'Doce, Disce
ftut Discede. Carmen elegiucum anniver-
sarium,' 1864. 16. Cantica Coletina, nuo-
'
tidiana anniversaria centenaria,' 1867. Be*
'Misaiones Coletinte,' 1873, ' Ooleti Sepnl-
crum,' 1878, may he mentioned, Kynaston
also wrote a long series of Latin hymns in
the Guardian,' the last of which, entitled
'
*'lX&v<ov Kordkoyot' was recited at the Win- '
ter Speeches of 1870, whsn Kynaston xetiied
'
from oHice.
[FordialTs Westninster Sdiool, 1884, p. S24
Gardiner's St. PnnYs School, 1884, p. 298;
Athenajutn, 2 Nnv. 1878, p. 563; Academy,
2 Nov. 1878, p. 428 Guanhan, 2 Nor. 1878;
:
Times, 29 Oct. 1878, pp. 1. 4; article in Lsiirars
Hour, Mafofa 1879, pp. 180-8, hj the Bev. J. H.
KYNABTOK, JOHN <17S8-1788),
author, born on o Dec. l?!?*^, wti-i eon of
liumphrey ikyuaston, mercer. On 20 Feb.
1 7444( hewBs almittod to MeiMliester |[Tam-
mar school; proceeded with an e.xhibition to
Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matri-
culated on fiO Much 1746-0 ; was elected a
scholar on 1 Aug. following-, and graduate*!
B.A. in 1749, M. A. in 1762 (Foexiui, Abmni
Oitm. 1716-1860, ii. 807). Hewweleeted
fellow on 14 June 1761, end died at Wigan
in June 1783.
for the charge of Adul-
. . .
Digitized by Google
 Kynder 358 Kynewulf
Ho WM a frequent contributor to the ' Gen- *Virtus post fun era vivit,* 1636 ; and in
tleman's Mnpizine.' Nichols, in his ' Literary Latin before Sir John Beaumont's Poems/
'

Anecdotes Vii. 42 n.), acknowledges valuable 1629; and was a contributor to the col-
hidp from Kyuuton. The Latin inscription lection of elegies on the death of Henry,
on the monument of Dr. Peter Francis le lord Hastings of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, entitled
Courayer [a. v.] in Westminster Abbey w* 'Lachrymffi Musarum,' 1049 and 1650. He
written by him. He also took an aotive put was also author of the Latin monumental in-
iu behalf of Miiry Blandv [q.v."| scription to Lord Hastings which is printed
[Smith's Keg. Mancbeeter Grammar School on a folded leaf bound up with the aL^^iea.
(Chetfaam 800.), L 37. S34 ; OhaliMnb Biog. He wrote oomplimentaiy Tenaa on Ohariea
Diet. ziz. 4W-7; 0iit. Mig. mi. 11. 9i7-S, Cotton's Poems.'

803.] o. a. Kynder 8 * Booke,' a collection of miscel-

KYNDER, PHILIP (JL 1086), miMel- laaeons tracta, obsenrations, letters, and
laneoue writer, born on 12 April 1597, was poems by him, is preserved in the ]?odleian
second son of \V iliiam Kynder of Snenton, Library \MS. AsWoL 788). It contaiaa
Nottinghamshire, by Kstherine, daughter of eighty-six diflbrent pieces relating to theo-
William Ihinn of Nottingham {Reliquary, logy, medicine, pnt trv rind the drama, astro-
XT. 167). He was educated at Pembroke logy, genealogy, mathematics, topography,
Hall, Oamlmdge, graduated B.A. ia 1615- stenography, and the universal character.
1616f anrl received a license to practise phy- He incidentally mentions that at the age of
aie Queries, 2nd ser. viii. d80). eighteen he wrote a Latin comedy or pastoral
(Ss^
Is 1^0 he was pnetising at L^oester. He munded on Sir Philip Sidneys 'Arcadia/
was at York when fhnrlos T wa.< j^roparing for entitled 'Silvia.* The most valuable piect^ in
hifl expedition against the Scots in 1640, and the collection, his quaint 'Historie of Darby-
compiled a description of Torir Minster and shire/ was transcnbed in 1882 by the Bev*
of the coats of arms therein, but his not^ W. O. Dimock Fletcher, and printed in Uio
were stolen, or periahed at the plunder at ' lieliquary ' (toL xxii.)
Nottingham in 1648. In October 1648 he TAddit. m S4488, ft SS4-fi; Blade's CM.
was emiilnyt'd at Oxford to draw the patent Af^limoL MSS., cols. 404, 4(i8, 410; LysonVs
for creating Henry Hastiofs
^ 1667) [a. v.] Magna BntaDoia, ' l>erby6hire,' p. ir and elaa>
(aeeond aoa of Henry, ean or Huntingdon) where.] O. G.
Baron Loughborou^-^li, and was appointed an KYNEWULF, CYNBWXJLF,or OYN-
affuit for all other att'aird at court, out he com- WULF (li. 750), Anglo-Saxon poet, floo^
iSains of being ill requited fbr nia services. rished in the eighth century. All the poemi^
For some years he received an annuity from with certainty and uncertainty, ascrioed tO
Koberty earl of Kingstoni which probably him are contained in two manuscripta : tho
ceiaedattbelattei'a death in 1648. In 1664 'Exeter Oodex,' a ToAnmeof Anglo-^xon
he was in great distress, and had to remind poetry given hy Leofric, bishop of Exeter, in
varioua influential acquaintances of their pro- 1046^ to his cathedral library, where it still
miaea to help him. These appeals he aner- remams; and the 'Verodli Codex,' * boolt
varda collected tocretherin manuscript, under of Anglo-Saxon poetry pre8er\ rd n thecathe-
1

the titb of ' The Ao ua-vit itettl^or Letters dral library at Vercelli. where it was found and
Expoetukrie.* He sov^t relief from his made known by Dr. Iriedridi Blnme in 1889
troubles in anglinc. and m the society of his and 1884. Both these manuscrintsare written
friends Charles Cotton and Selden. Another in Wert-Saxon (the Uteraiy dialect) by hands
of his &TOttrite diTenrions was composing of the trath century. In 1640 J. M. Kemble
ornate Latin ep itaphs on his deceastKl irlt nds in England (Airhcii'!,,i/icr, xxviii o(')0-2) and
and relatione. He raised an imposing ceno- JacobCirinuninUermauy(.^Ri2/*astt}u2JS{eiiy
tnph to his frtlier^s memory at Benton ed. Qrimnif Cased) independently found that
(RcUfjunn/, vol. xvi.) Tn Ait^nist 1(566 he till nitiic letters interwoven with the text of
was living at Nottiju^ham. His wife was ' Crist and ' J uliana,' two of the Exeterjpieoee,
'

Elisabeth, daughter ofJohn BarMsyof War. and'Elene,'oneoftheyereel1i,formed in each

wickshire. case the nameof the author' Cynewulf.' Pro-
fessor A. Napier n^cently found' Cynwulf' in
'l ata Apostolwum,* anothsr Vercelli poem.

With the^c four poems pynewnlf hiBow ere-

in the aroendix to his ' Keli^uisBHeamiante.' dited with certaintv.
The antnorship of this eunons rolnme was Hie 'Crist/ which fills sixteen leaves of the
l<mg attributed to Philip Kiny, archdeacon Kxeter book, was first printed by Thorpe as
of Lowes i^Qent. Mag, 3rd ser. xix. 220-1). fifteen separate poems. But Dietrich recog-
Ue has venal befim WIBiaai Sampson's nised tiiat the pieces form acjcle on the three-

Digitized by Google
 Kynewtdf
feld eoming of Ohxiat; thej Kn BOW sooofd'
ing-ly treats! as one pot'm. The runes occur
near the end of the ttxst half. The 'Pusion
of St. Juliana ' appean in the middle of the
Exeter book. In the Vercelli book the pO'in
of ' Elene/ the subject of which ia the old
l^iend of Con8tantme*8 banner and the in-
rention or finding of the cross by his mother,
Helena, is preceded ^though not immediately)
br a ahorter poem oi much beautv, describing
the poet'a viaion, or ' Dream of the Cross.
From comparison of passages in the two, and
other internal evidence, ten Brink and Sweet
fiwifliii'f (as it seems justly, although Wulker
diikAgreeawith them) that Cynewulf was the
author of both. The 'Dream is, in fact, an
' many books, and the mystery of the cross,
jBtrodnetkn to * Elene/ lliese poems, all
religious narratives, combine with their de-
ToutChristiau fervour much patriotic feeling.
Their pontio Talue vaxm, Int the ' Dretn'
displnys vi'ry realintic imagination.
M&uy mure poeuib iti the two manuscript
booln hftTe been attributed to Cynewulf on
more or le?? substantial grounds. If we admit
his reapoiiBibiiity for all the lyricu aud de-
scriptive pieces that hare been placed to his
crecit, he would be the most versatilo and
prolific, a well as one of the loftiest, of Old-
English po<^t*. Dr. Sweet Iteader,4lh
i. 1884, p. 169) aacribea to him the majority
of the poems preserved in the Exeter book,
inelndinff a collection of poetical ' Riddles,'
ninety-three in number according to Thorpe,
eighty-nine according to Grein, but written
in the manuscript in three groups. Leo be-
lieved that the nrst of the Riadles in the
*
' oxiatence in a manuf>crij)t nt T.f^ydcn of a
Exeter book was a charade (not a riddle in
ordinary sense as many of them have
proved to be), which in his hands yielded the
three-syllable name Cyu-e-wulf, Cen-e-wulf,
or Coen-e-wulf. Ri^er agreed with him; but
Leo's Bolution of this riddle has been keenly
eonteeted by Trautmanu and II. Bradley un
tfcn ground that Cynewulf and Ccenewulf are
etrmologically and phonetically distinct, and
Mr. Henry Morley disputes Leo's interpreta-
ti jn by arguments other than etymological.
Ten BrinK, following Dietrich, Leo, and
Rieger, is equally comprehensive ; besides
the Kiddles his list embraces the * Dream,'
' wulf; and 'that the oomplete original text of
'
Christ,' I>ecent into Hell,' ' Phopnix
'
( Exeter M6.), * Life of St. Guthlac (Exeter '
MS.), Juliana,' * Andreas (Ven elli MS.),
'
' The Exeter end Vercelli MSS. must, ao-
and Elene
'
but he rejects the Wanderer,'
;
'
'
' Sea-fkrer,' * Rhyming Poem,' and several
ahoiC fOMUL Cmin eraditB Cjnewulf with
even more.
Of the new inquirers led by ^^'iilker, Ram-
horst contends that Oyuowulf v^-rote An-
lr**s,' while Gibler supports Dietrirli's as-
criptkm of the ' Fhoeuix ' to him. Oharitius
Kynewulf
and LefSvre diaenM ' Outhlac,' a portion of
which, at least, they allow to Cyuewulf.
Wulker in 1877 (Anglia, i. 483) came to the
conclusion that all previous theories reooired
more investigation ; but he admitted Crne-
wulfs responsibility for the ' RiddleSi' which
Trautmann only in part accepted.
It seems that Cynewulf was a professional
minstrel, a Northumbrian, and that he pro-
bably wrote in that dialect. Towards the close
of 'Elene' he tells us that in his joyftil youth
hunting, the bow, and the horse were his
pleasures; that he was known in festive halls,
and rewarded for his song with golden gifts
and that as he became an old man he studied
over which be had often pondered, became
clear to him. Kemble ana Thorpe thought
the ^ydt might be identical with Kenul^hus,
made abbot of Peterborough in 992 and bishop
of Winchester in 100(3 Dietrich tried to
;
identity him with Cynwuii (so spelt in the
'
Saxon Ohnmicle' and in Cotton MS. Vesp. b.
vi.), who was bishop of liindisfame A.n. 737-
780; while Gritum supposed him to be a
scholar or a contemporary of Aldhdm.
H. Leo, in 1867, hrst triud to prove, from
the runic letters forming the poet'o name (in
the three flnt poems above named), that Cyne-
wulf WHS a Northumbrian. He contended
that the form should be Cynevoif, although
Dietrich pointed out that vn^fy not is
the Northumbrian form. On the assumption
that Cynewulf is the author of the Riddles,'
'
his northern origin is conoborated by the
riddle in Northumbrian dialect which is evi-
dently one of the Exeter riddles (both in
SWHBT, Oldest EnyliKh Texts, Early English
Text Soc., 1886, p. 160). At Ruthwell, Dum-
fries, moreover, ttuds a largo fltoes of the
eig'hth ceutury covered with runes; ivemble
and others succeeded in deciphering these,
which are found to correspond to a fragment
of the ' Dream in Northumbrian dialect. Dr,
'
Sweet declares that this inscription cannot
'
well be later than the middle of the eighth
centnry,'and 'holds fast to the opinion* that
it is a part of the Dream,' the work of Cyne-
'
'
the [Ruthwell] cross poem is that from which
the Vercelli recension was copied (ib.^. 125).
'
cording to these conclusions, be renderings
of the poet's eighth-centurjr Northumbrian
wurk into West-Saxon of toe tenth centttiy.
This theory is further borne out by the ooca*
sional presence of truces of the northern dia-
'
lect, such as a copyist or tmnslator imper-
fectly understanding hi text would lenve. ns
is found in the somewhat anaioguus csm of
Digitized by Google
 Kynewulf
Osodmon. Thd poeitive asa^rtlon uf ten
Briak, Sweet, and Grein that Cvnewulf was
a jKorthumbrian is denied by \Viilker and
'
Mad0f, but it has the greatest oolunifrmoe
4) probability on ita bemilf.
The textofCynewulfajpoemtiiiay be found
in print in 'Oodx ExonMnais^'witii tnnilft-
360 Kynnesman
Anglia, iz. 271, and Joliaoa, ift. zt. 148; Holt-
* buer, ib. viii. 1, and Rossger, viii. 338, treat of
the UM of the genitive in certain of the poeou.
E. Sieveirs, t6. xiii. 1, l890,di8CUB8eetheOHmsasd
runes annonaeed by Napier in Ztsfu fur deo. Ai-
tarthmn, xuiii. 70. For fuller bibliography see
B. P. "Widkcr's Cynewulf und sein Kreis' (aa
'

important article in Grundribs zur G each ichtc der

tion by B. Thorpe, London, 1842, of which a
A.-S. Litteratur, pp. 147-217, l>ipdg, 1885).
new e^tioD, witiu a tramiation by Mr. I. Gol- and Wulker's edition of Grein's TCliliothek dtr
lnei, it thortly to appear (Early English Ansel-sachsiBchen Poesie, Bd. ii. lliilfto i. 210, xs
T.'Xt Soc.^ in The r.^t try of Um Codex Vei^
;
'
well as ZapitMi't end Xsntfa editions of Eli-ne ]
callansis,' with translation by J. M.lifimblie, L. T. S.

AUSne Society, 1844 and 18G6t in Gnin's

Bibl. der A.-S. Poesie,' 1867, i. 149-282,
KYNGESBURY or XYNBUfiY.
288-48, 862-5, ii. 7-146, 369-407; and in
|

I
THOMAS, 1890), Franciscan aodp.!). of
Oxford, was twenty-sixth provincial mini-^ter
Wiilker's edition of Grein, Kassel, Bd. i.
of the English Minorites from 1380 to ISyO,
1883, Bd. ii. 1888 (not yet completed). The
or longer. At the beginning of the great
'Elene' has Ix'en edited hv J Zupitza, 'ird
sf^hism lie induced the English Franciscans
ed. Bt'iliu, 1888 ; und by Uhuries W. hLent,
to take an oath of adln^n-nce to "Tr^an VI.
Boston, U.8.A., 1889. *
Translations of Cynewulf into Oprman
|
He wasiu favour at court Richard II urged
;

Boniface IX to provide him to the Mit

BppL-ur lu Diclit uug^en der A.-i:>, stabreimend
'

vacant bishopric (c. ISiK)). Perhaps Thomaa

iibtirsetzt, von C. W.
M. Grt'in,' Gottiagien,
I'ud L'd. 18r)9. The following English trans-
died soon atterwards. He was ouried at
Nottingham. Though no writings of his
lations have been issued: 'len^' by li. F.
remain, he clearly enoottnged the ttudj of
Weymouth, 1868, and by J. H. Garaett,
science in his ordor.
Boston, U.SA., 1889; 'Drenm and 'Sea- '

farer,' by U. Sweet in Wartou s Hiatory of ' [Mor>. Frnnciscana, i. English Hist. Rev. vi.
;

Po6ti7,'ed. HuUU, 1871. il 17-19; 747; Budl. MSS. 692, fol. 88; Digby, 90, fol.
< Dnan of the Cross,' in H. Morlej^s ' Engl 6 bi Cotton Faust. A. ii. 1 1, Vosp. B. vii. f.4.]
L
i

A. 6.
Writw%' 1888, ii. 287 Wanderer ' by Miaa
Hickey, in < Academy,' 14 May 1881. KTiniBSlCAK, ARTHUR (168S-
[The difficult qufstimis involved in Cynewulfs 1770), schoolmaster, son of Harold Kynnes-
works and life tire gencnUly diocussed by tan man, wae bozn in London on UhiiaUnas dav
Brink is History of English LitecatVM, vol. i., 1689. He was eduratod at Ohiist^ Hospital,
Kennedy's trHiislution. ri viscd by nutiior, 1883, and admitted to Trinity CollLp\ Cundiriil;;,
p. 386-0, ttud in Zvitschrift (Anzeiger) fiir iV) June 1702, whence he ipradu&ted BA.
eutflches Alterthum, xxiii. 60 by Fra. Dietrich 170C, and
in TMiiT Crist, in theMtnc Zeitwljrift, 1853, ix.
;
.A. 1700. For M
time he wme
was an usher at Westminster School, but in
193-214. iind in his Diaputiitiu do Cruce Jiuth-
1716 resigned this appointment on becoming
woUenai. Marburg, 186.5; by Rieger in Ueber
master oil the grammar school at Bury St
Ornowulf, iu Zacher'H Zeitsehrifb f&r dentscfae
PMIologie, i. 215, 318 by Dr. Sweet fn Sketch of Ffdnmndt.
Here he worked for thirty years,
;

HiHt. of A.-S. Poetry in Warton's Hifrt. English and secured for t\u' school ahiirh reputation,
Poetry, ed. Uaslitt, 1871. ii. 16-19; by B. P. liichard Cumberland (1 7ai!-lbi 1 ) [q. v.] was
Wilkar in Anglia. i. 4M^07. al v. 401 a pupil, and has left some aocount or Kynnss-
(iiccount of Vprcidli MS.); by Henry Horley in ninn. On one occasion, spt'fil^int,' to TV-ntk'V
Kngliiih Writers, 1888. ii. 192-248. The Riddles (^Cumbtfiland 8 grandfather), lit' t-md that he
are coasidend by H. Leo in Quic do se ipw would make Cumherland as good a sK^olar as
CvnowTjlfuH . tradiderit, niillc. 18,37; by his grandfather, to which Bent ley replied,
. .

Diotrich in Ebert'fc Jalirbuch, i. 241, in Ztit- * Pahaw 1 Arthur, how can that be, wneu 1
Bchrift fur dcutwhcs Altorthum, xi. 448, xii. 232, have forgot move than thou ever ItnewatP'
and ID Commentatio do Eynewulfi poctte state, Kynnf';-rann bt^ninie rector of Barnham, in
Varfnir^, 1860; by Tratitmann io Atiglia. 18K3,
1751 he was reader of St. James's, Buiv, for
vi. 158 of Anzeiger byA.Prcbn, in Kump iMt ii.n
;
a few months, and in 1706 he obtainea the
und Quelleu der Ratsal des Ezeterbucbtis, Pader-
living of Eriswell; all threo places are in
bom, 1888; and by H. Bradley in Aeademy,
xxxiii. 198. Outlilac is trr-ated }>y Charititiis, Siiii'oiic Ue resided the mastership of the
Anglia, ii. 265 and by J/etivre, ib. vi. 181.
; The grammar school in 1765, and died 10 July
Phoenix by Gabler, ib. iii. 488. Awbeas by 1770 at Bury, lie married a Miss Mnddoi K^
Frit.-'.sehe, I'A. ii. 4i\ (F Hamborst opposes this- i a of Tro6ton, *8uUolk ; she died in 17iH), and
l>t;r bt'iligeu Audri^ob imd der Dichter Cynewulf both were buried at Boruham.
.

iMf^im^ QMUeiidevSlMMwlgrO.CWMt| pirtnit Ikjunsanan and his wift wat

Digitized by Google
 Kynsige S6i Kynyngfhatn
t IVntoB Hall in tlie pocsewion of Capell senior theolojpte lu 1508, 1504, 1506, 1507,
Loift the fldi'T [q. v.] A
portrait of K yiiiu'8- 1610, 161S;aiid 16ia He preached the uni-
aan bj Wbter is the Burj gnumuar versity sermon on Easter Sunday 1515. He
adiool. It WM
eiwTmTed in mezsotintt at the was among the four doctors of divinity ap-
cost of foiirtt-cii olapujiilg, by Jaiut s Watson. pointed by the university in 1521 to consult
A
Ikjanesmau wrote ' Short Introductiou to with Wol^cy about thr Lutheran doctrines,
Gnmmar/ Ipswich, 17^8; 2nd edition 1776. and he assisted in a further cxuininatiou ol
[Dary's Soflblk Collections, xc. (Brit. Mus. the rafiormer's works undertaken bytlwtllMH
Add. MS. 19166); Cumbfrlnnd's Mitnoirs, ed. logians of Oxford at the king's cnmmand;
FUcders, pp. 25. 26. 31. 6^, b8. 43 Nichols's ; he is said to have written on this occasion a
Lit. Anecd. riii. 4.'!3, ix. 634 ; Nichols's Lit. treatise ' Contra Doctrinam Mart. Lutheii.'
IlhMic; iiL 390. 281. 848. n. 319. 376.1 He was divinity reader to Magdalen College,
W. A. J. A. and third Margaret professor of theolosry ; he
resigned the latter pott In 1690; thadataof
KYFBiaB, ftimtllUH, KI17SI,
or
C7YNESIGE (//. 1060), archbi.'.hop of York,
his election is unknown. In 1530 he waf
who. it is aaid, was brought into the world one of the leading members of the committee
of Oxford thfi ilogians to whom the quMtiQii
%y n OnaxMui 0|>erat{oB (dfwrfffc yiresft-
of the validity of the king's marriage was
bi'hofn)^ was a tiiouk of Peterhorongh, and
becaine ona of the chaplains or clerks of Ed-
referred. Kyutou died on 20 .Jan. 1536-6,
ward tfce Oonftaaor. Re was eernsaerated and wai buried in the cluipel of DuAaak
:.r. hLi?hop of York in 1(151, and in 1055 College, now Trinity College, Oxford.
want to Rome to fetch his pall, which he re- fOxf. Univ. Archives. Acta Cor. CancelL d, %
eelred from Pt>p Victor, ne gave gifts to EEE.; BmooVb Biaoida of the BsAmuillaa,
I'-t' rbMrourrh, wlnc-h (^lu-en Kadfzrj'th rol.
i. Wood's Athtus, L 94; Fnsti. !. 6, fta.;
;

Lytc's Oxford.] A. G. L.
EdixbJ afterwards took away, one of them
hmg a copy of the gospels splendidly en- KYNWELMARSH, FRAiS'CIS (JL
ricl rj with gold and jewels. At Beverley 1670), poet. [6ee KlvwUMBBmi.]
he boilt a tower to the minuter, hung two
hiXb in it, and emiehed thto chinvb with KYNYNGHAM or OUMmNOHAM,
ho*ik- h.:v\ omnnient."^. He also g^nvc bells to
JOHN (d. l:)9), Carmelite, was n native of
Sullblk, and since he appears to huve been
^Southwell and Stow. While his household
older tlian WyclifFe, must have been bom
Ihwl at (Treat expense he is said to Itave
about 1820. Kynyngham entered the Car-
practised abetinence, and whf.'n travellinrr
melite order at Ipswich, and tiieuce w^ent
from nUee to place to preach, as his custom
WM during Lent, to have gone on ftot. In to atody at Oxfora, where he graduated as
lO-liW he andKgplwin*',bi>tl.{ip of Durham, and
doctor of divinity previously to 1363, the
probable date of his iix-st controversy with
Karl Tostig joined in conducting Malcolm,
king of Seota, to King Bdward. On 5 May yiytmA{FaKiiMUammi)rum,^.Abi). He
10h- dedicated Earl narold'M 1022? IWJfi)
wR present at the council of London on
10 May l.'iH2, when WycliiFe was condemned,
[q. T.^) new church at Walt hum. Stigaud,
arrhbtahop of Oanterbnry, being held to be and preached the sermon at itt ooaulusion
a ^( liismntic. On 22 Dec. following he dit 1
CKxiOHTON, ool. 2650). He was present at
the condemnutiou of Henry Crump [q, v. at
at Yorkf and was buried, in accordance wit h j

the council of Stamford on 28 May 1^83.

Us wiab, at Peterborough, on the north side
Previously to the latter date he had l>een
of the choir near the high ultar, where his
appointed coul'essor to John of Gaunt. He
tomb and his bones were discovered in the
s^teutcenth centvyt
was choaen twenty-first orovincial of bis
nnb'r in n council held at \armouth in 1.393,
[Baisa^a Tiwti Ebor. p. 187 ; A.-S. Cbroo. ann. and held the otlice till his death. In 1398
li53. lO.Sfj lOGO (Rolls Scr ); Symeon of Dur-
he was appointed to take part in the dolib^
ham, Hist. Jieguni, an. 1059, ap. Synieonis 0pp.
rations at Oxford relative to the termination
i. 17* (KoUs Scr.); Chron. of Arehbishopft of
of the great Kchism (Wood, Hiitt. and Anfif.
York. ap. Historiaiis of York, ii. 848; Hiuo
Univ. Oxford, i. 534, ed. GutcJi). He died
CMd8,p.48(8prhe); DelnveaftioaeCiM.
in the llOlI^t I'f liis iirdt-r at York 12 May
1391>. Kwiyngham d*b<:nU!d as gentle of
i.-^

KFNTON, JOHN (AlSae), divinity pro- diapotition and si)eocb, though a strenuoua
f.'aaor Oxford, was a Franciscan friar,
at opponent of ^^ yclifTe and ot his doctrines
though hin connection with the Oxford eon- j
during nviuy yeur.N (/',><<. Zis. p. 3). The
^taUasann to have been slight. He riH^ ived j
BoUandists s]H'jik of iiim as * blosaed ' {AotM
flip i-h,'incf'n(ir''S lici'iisi' to uir<'|it &B in Sfttirtontm, July, ii. 211) h').
iUjU. lie uppiii-ii as vice-chuuceilor uud i l^yuyugham'a controversies with WydiiTe

Digitized by Google
 Kyrk 361 Kyrle
to ham embnced raoh tnljeote as worlliabont600l.ayear. Ho
logic, the humftnity of Christ, civil dominion, at the Ross grammar school and at Balliol
MM the ondowment of the ohuxch. Those College, Oxford, where he matriculated (m
woriDi of lib whieli hmwe urv i foJ we: 20 JtUy 1954, bat took no degree. A
oQter
I. ' In^ressue contra Wicclyff.' 2. 'Acta tankard holding five pints, embossed with
oontra ideas magistri Johannia Wyclif,' an his arms and inscribed with the words Pocu-
'

answer to a tract bj Wyclitfe. 8. ' Seounda lum charitatis ex dono Johannis Kyilo de
dftaninatio contra Wyclyff. De amplia- Rom in ogro Herefordiensi et hujus Collegii
tioM temporis,' a rejoinder to WyclifFe's reply. commensalis,' but without date, is still pre-
4. ' Tertia determinatio contra Wrcliff. i>e served at the college. Kvrle was admitted
esse intelligibtli creatone.' These war tmets. a student of the Middle Temple in 1B57.
which may be referred to 1363, are contained After leaving the university Kyrle retired
in * Fasciculi Zizanionun (MS. E. Mus. 86 in
' to K088, where he lived a life of extreme sim-
the Bodleian), which wm edited for the Rolls plicity, devoting his sarploB income to woxto
Series in 1858 by the Rev. W. W. Shirley of charity and the improvement of the town
(pp. 4-103). Another manuscript of these and countryside. He owes his fame largely
tnete is Oorpne Ohristi OoUege, Cambridge, to the eok^of lum which Pope introdaoea
1 0;^. Bale speaks of a fifth tract of Kynyng- 'Moral Epi.stle' (173-2) on in-
into his third
ham's, Determinatio ^lurte ad auctoritates
' fonnation supplied by Jacob Tonson. An
J. Wyclif/ ine. 'Jem lealat dieere ad ftnefeo- enthutiMtie amateur anshiteet, bnilder, and
ritates,' &c., but this is only a portion of landscape gardener, nothing pkaaed Kyrle
No. 4 (of. Fasciculi Ztzaniorum, p. 80). Other better tnan to advance a neighbour the funds
treatises aacribed to Kynyugham are : 1. Ser- necessary for enlarging or rebuilding lus
'

mones de tsnpore.' 2. ' Sermonee de Sanctis.' house, stipulating only that he should him-
3. * Contra propoaitiones Wiclivi,* inc. * Ut self plan and superintend the execution of the
ait Casfliodorus. 4. Super Sententias, lib.
' work. His own estate he greatly improved
6. '
De Anffelis,' or ' De Natura Angelica.' by extensive plantations of timber. His fa-
6. 'De Nativitate Hiri^ti.' 7. 'De ejus Paa- vourite tree was the elm, of which he planted
sione.' 8. * De Spiritu Sancto.' 9. * Com- two avenues on either side, east and west,
mentarii Metaphysioea.' 10. ' Ad queedam of Rosa Church. He also acquired from Lord
loca allegata.' 11. 'Qunpstionos Ynrii.' Weymouth in 1693 a lease for five hundred
IS. ' In Scripturas Commentarii.' Bale gives years of a small eminence near the church
tiie ftnt worai of some of theie^ Init none of called the Prospect, which he dedicated to
them seem to be extant. the public and laid out in walks shaded by
K}myngham's name is sometimes spelt ornamental trees interspersed with ahrub-
Kenyn^hun and Kiningham, wbHeWyciiflb beriee. In the centre he erected ft finmtaiiL
calls him Kvlyngham. The form Cunning- which, having become ruinou.s, was remoyed
ham is probably due to Dempster, who claimra in 1794. The right of the public in this
him for Scotland, and attached him to the plantation, having been disputed in 184S,
family of the Earls of Glencairn. Dempster was, after prolonged litigation, secured in
alsn states that ho studied at Paris, ana was 1 857 by a conveyance of tne land to the town

otiered but refused the bishopric of Fader- commissioners m

perpetuity. Pope's lines
born (JKfaC AdL x. 768). plainly attribute to Kyrle the constructiOB
[Fan call Zizanionun, ed. Shirley (Rol?8 S r.),
i
00th of Uaas Church and the raised stone
see index Lelaiid'B Comment, de Scriptt. Brit, causeway which connected the town with
;

p. 386 ; Bale's Haliades, Harleian MS. 3838, ff. Wilton. Both, however, were in existence for
30, 31, 78; Bale, De ScripU. Brit vi. 4 Pita,
;
centuries before Kyrle's time. It Is said in a
pp. 564-6 Tanner's Bibl.Brit.-Hib. p. 213, s.v. letter of 1746 (Spenck, Anecdotes. 1820. pp.
;

'Cunni nghui;* 0.daVil]isti^eBiliL Carmoli tana, 423-6) that he gave a gallery and polpit to
a. 21-11 C.L. K. the church, the spire of which yvm n con-
KYBJ^ JOHN (1637-1724), the Man structed in 1721 j and the same letter iiujilicii
of Boss, bom et the While Hoose, in tbe that fine avenne of fllmt along the Onwoe-
parish of D\Tnock, Gloucestershire, on 22 May way was planted by him. Pope's further
1687, was eldest son of Walter Kyrle of Boes, statement that he fed the poor in the nuurket-
Hernbidshire, wbeie fhe funily had been Elace possibly means, as suggested in Oham*
settled for centuries, by Alice, daughter of era's Book of Days,' ii. 5i57, that he acted
*

Tohn Mallet of Berkeley, Gloucestershire. as almoner to the lord of the manor in the
From hi.** fat her, who wan a barrLster, .n ju.stice distribution of a weekly dole. 'He feeds
of the peace for his county, and M.P. for Leo- yon almBiioiise' may refer to RudhalFs Hos-
minster ill the Long parliament, Kyrle in- Eital, which was in close proximity to Kyrle's
herited ui iOoO estates at Boss and el^where ouse. The cluiracter of general mediator

Digitized by Google
 Kyrle
attributed to Iiim Pone supported by
is
Uenie {Diary, Apnl 1733), who says that
'when any litipious suits fell out Kyrle
'would always i>top them aad prevent
people gomg to law.' Thatf however, he
did not succeed in exterminating the local
attorneys is proved by the fact thai towards
the close of his life he WM
himtdf involved
in litigation. Voim does not confirm the
tmdition that Kyrle used to release poor
debtors from prison and re-tablish them in
life. He took a lively interest in a dame's
achool in the town, paying it a visit of in-
ipection every week, and making minute iu-
quirie- into the behaviour of tlie children,
and r^proving delinquents with Od's bud,
' caster was supposed to be in possession of the
Od'e bud,bat I will mend you.' Though his
rank in the county was but that of a squire
who worked like a yeoman on his land, and
limd on intimate terms with his labourers,
be was cho-son elierifFin 1683. He had little
literary culture. Strictly temperate, he was
fbnd of entertaining his friends with solid
joints, washed do^Ti witli cidor, pcrr}-, or ul-.
llie firagments of the re^wst were alwayts
glw to the poor. He usually smoked two
n^M of tohacco a day. He remained a
nehelor all his life, hi^liouse being kept by
ne of his female relations, Miss JwuthBubb,
and he died of old age on 7 Nov. 1724. The
bod^, alter lying in state for nine days, was
hnned in the duncel of Rom Ohvroh, with-
out any monument or inscription. A
blue
slatoetone, with the inscription, < John Kyrle,
Biq^ 7 Not. 17S4, nt. 88,' was placed to
mark the ppot in 1749. The exi^t lnpr monu-
ment was erected in 1776 by Colonel James
Money, ezeentor of KyrUls ooiuin Gonston-
tia, I^dy Dupplin, pursuant to a direction in
her wilL It is a pyramidal marble tablet on
the north well of toe ehancd, inih ahoetof
Kyrle in rrliff, atid tliroo allog'orical figures,
withooftt of arms and motto, it is inscribed
i 'In nMonor^of Mr. John Kvrld, oommottlj
called the M&n of Koss.' A more recent
onoroent is the Kyrle Society, started by
the cAnte of Misecs HOmndn end Ootsvia
Hill, and inaugurated by Prince T/eopold in
1877. The society endeavours, by giving
populer oonoerts, pronoting the eonversion
<j[ wa-tf plots of ground into gardens, and
encouraging the growth of flowers and dt>-
onntien or sottaget, to brighten the lives of
the working? classes in the lnrpt towns (see
Good Words, xxii. 609). Kyrle left the e^-
tsAe* to his kinsman, Vsnderfort Kyrle, for
Uhf with remainder to his sons in tail male. ('umminga) (see Kkith Miij^kb, Memoitn-
Kyrie's house continued for some years tu latttiif to a PvriraU tffJlattdelt 1829).
be occupied by the family, but was afterwnrds
converted into the Kijig'^ Arms Inn, iinU tmitfl; Dodd's miiJiii-oript Hint, of English E2d-
fiaallly into shoj^ It faced the souUi-oast Uravws (Brit. Mus. Add. iAH. 394021.J L. 0,
363 Kyte
corner of the market, on which Kyrle had in-
scribed a monogram intended to signify Love '
King Charles from the heart.' Kyrle r!f'ufled
to sit for his portrait ; but it was painted I'rom
a ekttch talcdu wiUKMrt his knowledge in
church. This, or a copy, long hung in the
King's Arms, whence it was removed in 1795
to the Swan Inu, Tewkesbury, and thenoe to
the Tulbot Inn, Shrewsbury, and was ulti-
mately purcliased by Sir Mark Sykes of
Strettingt(ju Hull, near Mslton, Yorkshire.
A print of it is in the ' European Mugaxine
for 1786, ii. 161. There was also a copy in the
King's Head Inn at Ross. Heath {Ercurtim
down tAe Wye, 162G) states that Lord Mun-
originaL In person Kyrle was tall, broad-
shouldered, and well built, red-faced and
hearty, with a large nose and a loud voice.
He won a short Imshj wig Mid hrown suii,
[Robinson's Miinsions and Manors of Here-
fordshire, p. 280 ; iieg. Matrie. Oxford Foster's
;
Alumni Ozon. 1600-1 714; Pope's Works, ed. Elwio
and Courthope, iii. 150, 629; Hth'8 Exeursion
down the Wye, 8th edit., 1826; Cooke's Colleo-
tioDS ... of tboCoanty of Hereford, pp. 108 et seq.;
Strong's B(^s and Arhenfield,p. 12 ; OenU Msg.
1786, pt ii. p. lO'JG Notes and Queries, Istser.
;
Ti.642. 2nd ser.xi. 4CC, iii. 72, 4thser. ri IM;
Burke's Landed Gentry Money Kyrle.^
'
KYETON, EDMUKD {d. 1486), ftbhot
of Westminster. [See KiRTON.]
KYTE, FRANCIS iJL 1710-1746),
uesaotiiit'^ngnver and portrait-painter, wis
author of a few fair mezzotint-engravings,
mostly published by Edward Cooper, for
whom he probably worked. They include
two portrait** of Thomas Parker, earl of
Maoclestield, ailer Kneller (one dated 1714),
Glenrietta, oounteee of Godolphin, sftw
Kneller, Harriet, duchess of Newcastle, after
Kneller, two of John Gay after W. Aikmsn,
Aiehbishop Sharpe, and a set, en^ved with
John Faber, junior, of The Wort hi ea of Great
*
Britain.' In 1726 Kyte was oouTicted of
forging A hank-note, aad senteneod (0 the
pillory. Later in life he seems to have de-
voted himself to
his sitteiB were]
engraved by T.
type-founder (1740), engraved by J. Faber,
iun. ; the Kev; Graorse Wbitefield, whole
length (1743), engraved by J. Faber, jun. ; and
George Francis Handel (1742), engraved bv
I^ewis (now in the possessiOB of Mr. W. H.
[Chalooer Smith^i British Mw
UlaUi Fiac^
Digitized by Google
 Kytb 3^
KYTE,""^JOHN^(rf. 1637)j^archbi8ho^of
Armagh
.rtna, * tad Utiuip of Ovlisle. (oee
KxfB;4
KYTELER, Dame ALICE (JL MM),
routed witeh. [See KjBrcL&]
KYTSON, Sm THOMAS (1486-1540),
sheriff of Ixtndon, son of Robert Kytaon of
Warton in Lancashire, was boru ia 1485.
fib came to London ia his jronth, laid was
mppientioed to Richard Glnsyer, merc<r, nnd
on the expiration of his indent ureti waa ad-
mitted a froeman of the Mercero' Company
in 1507. lie twice served the office of
warden of the company, in loiio and 1634,
and hold the oiBM of master in 1536. Jn
1521 Kyt3on purcha^ied of the Duke of
Buckingtmm the manor of Heugrave, Suffolk,
end the manor of Colston Basset in Notting-
hamshire for 2,;} 10/., the estates being valued
et 116/. yearly. On the attainder and execu-
tion of tne Duke of Buckingham in the follow-
ing year, Kytson was for a tinio deprived of
the estates, but they were ultimately re-
alond to him, and were confirmed to him by
nn nrf nf pnrliflnient of 1524, which describes
huu it.s a citizen and mercer of London,
'
otlierwi^e called Kytson th merchant.'
At ntMiprrave he ol'tairicd a license from
Henry Vill to build au embattled mauor-
houee on a magnificent scale. The building
was begun in ir)L'r), and finished in 1588. An
elaborate inventory of the furniture and
goods at B>'u<^v9f taken in 1(>08 (QaB,
Uigtortf of Uengrape, np. 21-37 ), illustrates
its great extent and elegance, and the va^t
wealth of its owner. In the valuation of the
lands and enodsof the inhabitants of lx)ndoii,
taken in 1622, Kytson was assessed in goods
ata thousand marks (altere<l to four thousand
marks), and in lands at btx hundred marks
(State Puvem, Hen. VIII, iii. pt. ii. p. 1062).
In tho following year he appears mdebted
to the crown for (ioo/., and at the time his
financial dealin^i; with the crown were on a
large_scale(j7., p. 15.'W, vol. it. pt. iii. p. 2771,
ol. ix. p. 667, iii.) His mercantile trans-
actions were very extensive. He was a
meulMir of the Merchant Adventurers' Com-
iwny, and traded at the cloth fairs or staple.H
iield by that company at Antwerp, Middel-
hugi and other i)lace8 in Flanders. Like
many other wealthy London merrhants. he
appears to have had a house and statl' uf
'eemnta'at Antwerp {ib. vii. 10).
Kytson served the office of sheritf of Lon-
don in 1633, and un ^0 May in that year wivs
knighted, OB honour which was not conferred
upon his co-fherift', William Forninn (i7;. vi,
279). hk May 1534 he was associated with
Kytson
Koland Lee, bishop of Coventry and Ldcb>
field, in receiving oaths of fealty from pRMtt
and monks {%h. vii. 283\ Kytson wa* as-
sessed lor the subsidy oi 1636 at four thou-
eand marks {ib. rilL 184).
Subsequently he ptirchased several other
manors in Suffolk of the crown of the yearly
value of 202/, i/f. 7</., for which he paid
3,710/. 1. %d. From an inventory of his
effects taken after his death, it appears that his
warehouses in London were stored with elolh
of gold, satins, tapestry, velvets, furs, fnstitBay
bag^s of pepper, cloves, madder, &c., to the
value of 1,181 /. 1 6,-(. d., and t he ready money
1
and debts (good, douljtAil, and desperate)
amounted to a very considerable sum. He
had a dwelling-house in Milk Street (with a
), the
chfti)el ttnche<l implements 'in which
'
were valued at 164/. 8. 3^^; a garden in
Coleman Street, and a house and idiapel at
Stoke Newington. Besides Hengrave, he had
houses at West ley and Kisby in Suffolk, and
at Torbrian in Devonshire.
Kytson died 11 Sept. 1640, and was
buried with much state in Hennave Church
(flf. Gage, pp. 112-15). In the north-east
angle of the chapel is a well-executed tomb
to the memory of Margaret, counts of
Bath (his widow), and her three hmlwadl
A recumbent figure of Kytson in armour is
placed on the step in front of the tomb, the
nieWOf which contains au inscription toUs
memory. On 22 Sept. 1540 allegations were
taken to prove his ntmcupative will, by wbidi
he left his nmnora of Hengrave and FeltOOS
and all his other property to his wife, IHune
Margaret. The will ia dated! 1 Sept. (P. O.C.
Spert., 30).
Kytson was twice married. By his first
wife, whof^e name is not knowii, he had Elixs'-
beth, wife of Edmund Crofts of Westowem
Suflblk. By his second wife, Margaret, only
child of John Donningion of Stoke Newing-
ton in MidglosSK and Elizabeth Pye, he hM
a posthumous son, afterwards Sir Thomas
Kytson, and four daughters (I) Katharine,
:
married to Sir John Spencer of Wormleigh-
ton, Warwickshire; (z) Dorothy, married to
Sir Thomas Packington of Westwo ui, VVor-
oeetershire; (3) FraoMS, wife of John, lord
Fitiwarn-n, ehh^st son of John Iknircliipr,
earl ofBath; and (4) /\nne, wifeof Sir Wil-
liam Spring of Pak- nham, Siiffollc.
Dame Marj^aret (d. 1661) was married
w'condlv to Sir llichard Long. and afterwardi*
to the fCarl of Bath.
A portrait of Kvtson by Holbein is at Hen-
grave, andwas engraved by Siovier for Gage'.*
^History of HengmTo' (p. 106),
[ Um)rdH of the rorpomtion ot London and of
the Mercers' Cktmpuuy.J 0 W-.
Digitized by Google
 Labelye 565 Labelye

LABELTE, CHARLES (1705-1781 ?), architects, and especially to Batty Langley,

zciutect of the fixvt Wegtmiiuter Bridgiet who, in a drawing in one of his booksi shows
NO of Fnm^oia DangMa Label7, bom wh 'the Swiss impoetor' hanging in m^i^tr from
Rt Vevey, Switzorlana, in 170.5. Ilf was bap- one of the arches of the bridge.
UMd at Vevey on 13 Auf* 1705 as Uaajau, '
The original idea was to build a bridge
CbtcAm Paul, fils de M Fmn^
. Danjan La witli a wooden
snpentmeture, and Labelye's
Hvlyi* et de Mm. T^li- il tli Orainmont
- oommisaion only exte nded to the construc-
femm.' In the enlrj of the baptism of a sub* tion of the stone piers. The foundations
sequent ABA in 1700 the UMiher is deMmbed warn laid in what are known as catseona,
116' Monsieur Francois Dangeau, Sieur de la being huge wooden tanks, open at the top,
B61je, ifiigi6 m oetteTille par sa Heligion.' eigfa^ fiaet by thirty feet,oonstructed on shore,
Om of the eodHOthen of anotiier child, bap- floated into poettion, and titen snnk watU the
ti*d in 1714, was the Madame de Warens bottom rested on the bed of the river, a
oelebrated bj J. J. Roossaau (J. Oba.yasvb, cavity having been previously excavated for
^eirroeefti on Thepieriraethenlmiltintibe
.

l^u-anne, 187 J, p. 2f]2). The father \< sfi'ul oaifwon, and when it had reached above the
tebeTa been related to the well-known Mar- level of high water the sides were remoTed.
ijida de Dangeau, a prominent figure in the Labdye was not the inventor of thb mode
court of Tx)uis XIV, and the author of a of building, as it was mentioned by Batty
volume of Memoin.' Some confusion ap- Langleyin his Design for the Bridge at New
' '

paan to ham afisen in oonsequenoe of the Palace Yard ' (1786), bat it had never been
vdriouh modt'H in which Tjal>eryt-''8 ntime is carried nut on any large scale. The first pile
wntten, but with one exception he always was driven on Ift Sept. 1738. and the iirst
fUed Mnwalf Ohariea Lahe^. HeprobaUy eaiseon lannohed on 16 Jan. of tlie ibllowing
eame to England about 1725, as he states in y*'iir. On the 20t li of the fiarac month the first
the peeiaoe to his acooontof Wec^minster stone was laid by the Earl of Pembroke*
Bridge that he ' aefer heard word of Eng- About a year afterwards the commissi oners
lish spoken till I wa near twenty years of a^.' changed their plans, deciding upon a bridge
He appears to have beoome acquainted with entirely of stone. Labelye submitted a de-
JdmTlieophilea Desagoliers fq. v.], to whom sign, whieh was accepted, and tiie bridge was
he addreM(:d a letter dated l5 April IT'^Ty, practically finished at the end of 1746 but ;

dealing with a certain view of the lawa of soon after a serious failure of one of the
motion then prevalent, and displaying much piers became apparent. The public grew
matliflaBatical knowledge. It in signed alarmed, and a ballad wa'* written, 'The
' Cbarles de Labelye,' is printed in JUesagu- Downfiall of Westminster Bridge, or my Lord
lian^a 'Ooobm of Experimental Philosophy in the Sods,' in windi My I^rd (the Earl
' '

(1745, iL 77), and is the earliest authentic of Pembroke), the commis.'^ioners, and the
endenoe of lus presence in this country. He architect were severely handled. The cause
is said to have been onployed in Hawknnoor's of the disaster was atlnbttted to tiie unsound-
nffice as a draughtsman, but the only evidence ness of the foundations. 'The Grace CoUeo
for this seems to be that Uawksmoor, in tion of London Views 'in the British Museum
his * Propositions Ibr Erecting a New Stone contains two oontemporaiy drawings of the
Bridge at Westminster,' 1736, gives at p. 18 broken arch (portfolio v. Nn3. 93, 04). The
'

the results of some calculations made by bridge was consequently not open pubUo
Labelye to determine the probable efibet of traffic until 18 Nor. 1760. It waa the &i|;eBt
the bridge upon the current of the river. work of the kind executed up to that tune,
The original act of parliament for build- and was an object of admiration for many
ing Westminster Bridge was passed in 1736 years. The views of it whieh were published
(9 Geo. II, cap. 29), but it was not until May are very numerous, and had Labelye carried
1738 that Labelye was appointed engineer,* out his original intention of laying the cais-
'

a word wliioh had not been previou^y em- sons on a foundation of piles Inatiaad of on
ployed in the sense of architect.' His salary the unprotected bed of the river, the brid|pa
'

waa 1001. per annum, and lOv. per day su)> would probably have stood longer. In this,
sisteneettcmejr. The appointment of ayouth- as in other resets, he seems to have been
U ftM^pMT five OBinne to the wijiiiH

Digitized by Google
 Labelye
UbeWe published in 1738
count of the Method niMle um of in Laving
the Foundations of Wostminater Bridge/ and
m 1743 'The Present State of Westminater
Bridge in a letter to a Friend (anon.) But
It was Labelye'sintent mn to publish a full
deachption of the bridgejand iu 1 744 heiasued
ftdetailed prospeotos m
the propoeed work.
It appeared in 1751 under tlie title ' De-
oription of Weetminater Bridg^' which is
pSMtieally a Moond edition of the ^ffluwtAo-
count,' brinprmg the history of the bridge
down to the date of iU oomoletion, and con-
taining the prospectne ci 1744 hy way of
appendix Both works are said to contain
engravings, which, however, were never pub-
li^ed. The original diawinn are to be
found in the library of the Institution of
CMl Engineere, bound up in a copy of La-
hdye*a < Short Aeoonat,^ together wHh a
number of other drawings relating to the
bridge. This volume was presented to the
inmtution by ICr. Pige, the areUteet of the
present bridge. The drnwing-s are signe<i
* T.Oayfere,'aclerk
or draughtaman employed
hy the eontraetora, who suMequently beoune
'college mason '
at Westminst.
belye states in the Description that as bis
'
heatth waa ikiling- he had arranged that all
t . , ^ ,
his papers were to pass into the hands of a
competent person who would carry on the
woA in eMe ef Ua daelh before ita oomnle-
VI- L J .mL
Mr *
S-lflKL'SlL?Til2
ViewoftheOreat * Lerel of the
. Feoa'
. (1746),
t& abstract of his Report relating to the
'
Snprovement of the River Wear and Port of
Sunderland (1748), and a plan of a new given in 'LeConservateur Suisse,'
'
, , CI J V
V
harbour at Sandwich, engraved by Hamfl,but 298, and also by Albert
none of the suggested works were executed. ' Dictionnaire Biographique
HesttppliedDesagulienwithadeieriptionaad
drawings of Newsham's fire-engine, printed
in the * Ck>urse of Experimental Philosophy,'
ILfiOft. Ial746hebeeaaieaiiatiiral{iedBri-
.
tish
np. 26), in
suWby
vi *.v
wh^e
I- i
/ 1-r
act of parlmm. nt (19 Geo. 11,
is described as 'Charles
lAbelye, son of Fnoda I*belye, by Elisa-
beth his wife,' and his birthplace, Vevty, is
wrongly placed in the canton of Bern in
owiieenana.
Upon the completion of the bridge in 1751
Labelye Buddenly vanished. It is aaserted
by eertab VnoiSk writen tiiat he retired
to Paris, disgusted with the treatment which
he had received in Fingland. Not a trace
of thia difliatiafiiotioD ts to he feond in his
published works, and the greatest harmony
aeems to have prevailed Iwtween the oom-
adaiioiien and thmr enghMer. On 96 Feb.
1761 commissioners jacjut
.k,vx the -r..^..i..^',>...iuio u him
presented mill with
wiifi
aa honorari um of 2,0(XW. ' for hi* great fide-
5^ Lablache
'A Short Ac- lity and extraordinary labour and aftend-
ances, skill and dilif?ence.' According to I
Sage (liecueil de divers memoirs extrait de
|
h Bibliothique de Fonts et Cham^Se.^, 2me
'
partie, p. 275, Paris, 1810), Labelye made
the acquaintance in Paris of Perronet (the
head of the deparf m'nt of Pont et Chaos-
86es), to wliom Ik* bequeathed his papers and
A a model of Westminster Bridge. TheoollM-
tion at the Ecole de Ponts et Chauss^es con-
tains amodel of the bridge andeomedrawinga,
[
but nothing which can witheertaintyhe et-
j
tributed to Labelye. He appears, however,
\ to have been in commuuicittion with the
French
Fi engineers of that time, since Belidor
(Architfpfnre Ift/drauh'gue, ii. 198, Pari^,
1753) gives a description and drawing of
the mode of laying tlie foundations of the
bridge, which are not to be found elsewhere.
Le Sage also has a drawing of the machine
invented by Labelye for cutting off pika
under water, the particulars of which can
hardly have been obtained fiomany one but
the inventor.
The date of hi,-? death is uncertain, though
all the accounts agree that it took place in
r Ahbey. La- Paris. Hie * Gentleman's Marine states '
'
that it ocrnrred 18 March 1762. Accord-
ing to Le bage (op. ciV.) he died about 1770,
and this is to some extent borne out hr a
letter in the ' Journal Helv6tique,' Septem-
'
ber 1770, p. 61, irom Ritter, an architect of
. ,
Berne, who Writes as a friend of Labelye to
correct an error in Grosley's lx)ok ' LonJlres.'
*
Hitter writes throughout as if Labelye waa no
longer living. But the real date of his deadi
is probably 17 Dec. 1781, which is that
. 1817, viiL
de Montet inUl
d^GenafOie ft
des Vaudois,' Lausanne, 1877.
[The eUef aotiiorities an dted above. A
very full deacription of We^tminsttr Bridge
I
nrssented to the Institution of Ciril Kn
ginaJTln 1838 by Mr. Francis Whidxaw.
was reirardt>d with the Telford medl. A short
X
j
abstract only iippearod in the Proceedinga, 1838,
i. 44, but the manuscript is still preserved.
This
paper is particolarly valaaUe, as theaathor had
aeesss to all Aa nannte books and doeumDts
of the bridge commissionerR, wliich are not now
to be found, and have probably been deaUrayed.
The British Museum possesses the joonal and
letter-book of Andfjws .Tolfo and Samtid Tuf-
nell, the coiilractorB fur the bridge (Add. MS. Jio.
27.^87), which contain many curious particulata
The name of ThomasQayfera^alreadjreferrvd tfl^
frequently ocem in tfaii book.] R B. P.
LABLACHE, FREDERICK (1814-
~
looi
1887), Yocausc, oioiaB
vocalist, eldaat eon of
01 ljuun
Luigi
),
1 Uaohe t.^ TOoaUity wm ban. mmAa,
Digitized by Google
 Lablache 367 Labouchcre
1815, ant? pducated hj his father. Aboat he was first heard in London as Oeronimn
1637 he appeared at the King's Theatre, in n Matrimonio Segreto,' and thenceforth
'

tad afterwards appeared there annually, alMltnging in n^ny

frequently aang at Manchester with Mario, provincial festival.^. His success in Enpland
Qnn, aad Favanti. In 1844 he took a part was assured frum the first. His voice waa at
tutte ' at Her Majeet 7*8 Theatres all times extraordinarily ptmarfvl, but he
and in 1846 in ' 11 Matrimonio Segreto.' He could produce comic, humorou.'?, tender, or
^jed the part of Ckrant Rodolphe to Jenny sorrowful efiect with equal ease and mastery.
LiilA Amiofton her ftrat ^imA toManchester, As an tetor he excelled equally in comic and
98 Aug. 1847, and he also appeared with her tragic parts. His chief roles were Leporello
B oAmt chaneten under the jnani^zement of (his greatest part), Qeronimo the PodestA in
MidMlBdftial8l0. About 1866 he with- 'LaOazsaLaora,' Dandini in 'LaProva d'uii*
drew from the r .re, and devoted himself Opera Seria,' Henij Yin in ' Anna Bolena,'
fit

to teaching. He died at 61 Albany Straet, the Doge in ' Manno Faliero,' and Oroyeso
Rgwit*aftrk, homAm, 80 Jan. 1887. Hm in Norma.' Towards the doieof his career
'

ion. Lui^i l>Ablaphe, is a well-known actor. he played two new characters of quite diffe-
His wife,FasirT WTSDHaM I^blachb {d. rent types with ^peat suocess, Shakespeare's
1877X vwdiat, whoM naidfln name waa Wil- Caliban and Gntsenko, the Kthaaeh, ia
tMy was bom in Scotland, studied at the ri b p'8 L'Etoile du Nord.' At the fVineral

Bond AndemT of Masio, London, 183C-7, of Ueethorenin 1627 he waaone of the thirty*
ad then Badbr AMtlttllLyoeumThea- two tofohbeeien ^vho wuiouaded the eoflla.
r, afterwards appearinj? at Her Mftjesty's He taught singing to Queen Victoria. He
Ihaatra. She waa a serviceable vocalist and died at rianlea 23 Jan. 1868, and was bntied
fttaadtsrof OMHliakilL Afttr her marriage at Maisoa-Iiailtte, PhfisL
ehe retirt^d from tteifeigt^ tad diadia Paris [Grove's Diet, of Music. 1880, ii. 79-81 ; Dra-
23 Sept. 1877. matic and Musical iiev. 1844,iit. 27-8, 377-8;
[Timee. 4 VA. 1887. p. U : tiMatse, VuA Ton haw Hsard of Tham, bgr<|., 1864, pp. 88-
l^H', p. 178: Brovall MiV. IK0t. of Muiciaoa, 90; LamlcjV Reminiscences of the Opra, 1864,
1886. p. 39.] O. as. pp. 186-8, 369; L. Eogel'if From MoKart to
Mario. 1886, i. 23, ii. 81, 378; lUnstrated Lon-
LABLACHE, LTJIOI nTM-lSBS), vo-
don News, 1842 i. 124 (with portrait), 1843 ii.
calist, son of Nicholas Lablache, merchant,
276 (with portrait) ; Morley's Journal of a Loo-
of Ifarseilles, by aa Lrish lady, waa bom afc
denPiajBosr, 1888, pp. 81 t esq.] 0. 0. B.
Nsnlea 6 Dec. 1794. He ma ednested tmm
l&OS at the Goneervatorio della Piet4 de' LABOUCHERE, HENRY, BARoirTAtm-
Torchini, whero Oentili tau|[^ht him the el- xoa (1788-1869), elder son of Peter Cmar
menu of muaic^ and Valeai initmelad Mm Labcmdieia of Hylaads, Enez, sad Ofr
ia raging, while at the same time he studie d Stowey, Somersff, by his wife, Dorothy
the yioltn and violoncello. His voice waa a Elizabeth, third daughttt of Sir Francis Ba-
beautif^ contralto, and jost before it broke ring, bart., was bora on 16 Aug. 1798. The
hesmg' the solos in the reauiem of Mozart on family of Lahoiichoro ]ch France at the time
the death of Haydn in IBOH. Before Ions he of the edict of Nantea, and established them-
became possessea of a magnifloentbaas, which selyef iaHoHead. FsfeerOmatrLaboiieherB,
|BMl'.ially increased in volume until at the a partner in the great meri anflle firm of
sge of twenty it attained a oompaaa of two Hope, was the first of his &mily who settled
oeuvea from B flat below to flatBabove the in Englaad. wm Heaiy was educated
hMi tSV*. In 1612, when only eighteen, at Winchester, and on 24 Oct. 1816 matricu-
he waa engaged at the San Carlo llieatre, lated at Christ Ghovoh, Oxford, where he took
Naples, and appeared in 'La Molinara' ot a ink tHam la daaiiee Bsster term 1820,
Fioravant i. Two years later he married Teresa and graduated B.A. 1821, and M A. 1828.
Pir^ ni, the daughter of an actor. In 1817, at He was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn
La .->c4la in Milan, he took the part of Dandint on 90 April 1817, but was never called to the
in * Generentola.' The opera of El isa e Clau- ' bar. In 1 824 he travelled with Stanley, iWi-
dio* was now (1821^ written for him b^ son, and Stuart Wortley, afterwards Lords
Mercadante ; was made, and hu
his position Deriiy, Ossington, and Whamcliffe, through
reputationipteidthroujghout Europe. From Canada and the United States. At a by-
Milan he went to Turin, returned to Milan election in April 1826 Labouchere was re-
in 1822, then appeared at Venice, and in turned to the House of Commons for Michael
MM at ^^anna. Going back to Naples after Borouffh in the whig interest, and at the
Kn absence of twelve years, he created a great general election in the following Juno was
as Asaor in 'Saminunida.' On reflected. His first reported speech in the
1880^ dnriag tb daMi on 8h8

Digitized by Google
 Labouchere 3^
cWn gorerament of the Canada^ In May 1828 1852, and took no part in Lord Aberdeon'a
j
(Par/. D^atM, new ser. xix. 316-18), whi administration.
'
he d raw attim tioii to thv> abuses of the system member of Lord Palmerston's first ministry,
of government, and declared that if we oould Jjabouchere was appointed secretary of state
'
not keep the Canadas with the good will of
the inhnbitanta, we could not keep them at
all.' At thy {feneral election in August 1830
he was returned at the head of the poll for
tlw borough of Taunton, and continued to
represent that constituency until his retire-
ment from the House of Oommons. In June
18flfi he was appointed a lord of the admi-
ralty in T.<ord Wrey's udministration, a post
which he resigned on Sir liobort Peel's ac-
cession to omce. Upon the formaticm of
Ijord Melbourne's second miniHtrv in 1835.
Labouchere became master of the mint, and
on offering himself for re-election was op-
^sed by Benjamin Dii^rnt'li, whom he de-
leated by 452 to 282 votes. On 6 May he
-was adiaitted to the privy oouncil, and wn-s
further fippointf>d vice-president of the board
of trade. Labouchere filled the post of under-
aeotetary of war and the colonies firom Fe-
bruary to August 1839, when re<*!Enii?ir the
vice-presidentship, in which he waa buc-
oeed^ b^ R. Lalor 8hiel, but lataiMin^ the
mastership of the mint, he was appomted
president of the board of trade (29 Aug.) in
niccession to Poulett Thomson, and waa ad-
mitted to the cabinet. On the resignation
of Lord Melbourne in September 1841, La-
bouchere ratived from office with the rest of
his rolleagues, and upon the formation of
Lord John Russell's first administration in
July 1846 became chief secretary to the lord-
lieutennnt of Ireland f.rohn William Pon-
aonby, Earl of Bessborougb, q. v.) The
authorisation of reproductive employment
by the famous Labouchere letter' of 5 Oct.
'
1846 (O'liot lUCE, Hu^tory of Vie Great Irish
Famine 1847. .Vc, 1875, pp. 549-61)
failed as a remedy for the -u'ldt-^pread dis-
tress (SiK Cha.klrsTkkvki-van, Jrith Cruis,
1880, Some two montha after Lord
p. 49).
BeseboTOuph's death Labouchere was suc-
ceeded as chief secretary by Sir W. M. So-
merville, and was reappointed president of
the board of trade (22 July 1847) in the
place of Lord CJlarendon, the new lord-lieu-
tenant. While holding thia <Aoe Labouchere
sucofessfiilly rarried tlirough the House of
Commuufs the bill by which the navigation
laws were repealed (IS & 13 Vict. c. 29), in
spite of the strong opposition of the shippinff
interest, and was also mst rutnent id in passing
the Mercantile Marine Acts (l.'i & 14 Vict,
c. 93, and 14 & 16 Vict, c 96) and the Sea-
man's Fund Act (14 ic 15 \ ict. c. 102). He
retired with the rest of his collogues on
l40rd. John BuaaaU'e ovMtbww in Irabcaai^ WeaBieAwv&ir Thonae JUmnMI
j
Labouchere
Though not an original
for the colonies (21 Nov. 1855), in the place
of Sir William Molesworth, after the refusal
of the post by Lord Derby and Sidney Her-
l>ert (nRBViLLB,.VtfMM>, 1887,3rd ser. i. 292,
295), and continued to hold this office until
Lord Palmerston's resignation in I'^f'Viruary
1858. Upon Lord Palmerston's return to
power Ijabonchere was created Baron Taun-
ton of Taunton in the county of Somerset,
by letters patwiit dated 18 Aug. He
took his seat in the House of Lords for the
first time on 24 .Tan. 18<K) (JoumaJx of JLnne
of Lord^, xcii. o); but though lie took part
in the debates firom time to time, he held no
further ministerial ofHc 's. He spfike for the
last time in the lloose of l^trds on 9 .July
1869 (Pari. Debates, 8rd eer. cicvii. 1493).
He died at No. 27 lielrrnive Sfjnare, London,
on 13 .iuly lad9, aged 70, and wa^ buried at
Over Stowey (%iuch on the 20th foUowinf.
Taunton wns a highly respected public man,
and a hard-working administrator, liord
Campbell describes him ' aa a very pretty
speaker,' and such n perfect f^entleman thl^
'
in the House of Commons he is heard with
peeoliav fiivear' {Ltfe, 1881, it 310). He
served as one of the commissioners for the
Exhibition of 1861, and presided over th*
ooBmiaeiou appointed on 32 June 1868 *te
inquire into the existing state of the corpora
tion of the city of London' {Pari. Paperg,
186^ ToL zxtL), ae well as over the schools
inquury commission appointed on 28 Dec.
I8a4. (For First Report see Pari. Papen^
1867-8, vol. xxviii. pt. 1).
He married, first, on 10 April 1840, hia
cousin, Frances, the youngest daughter of Sir
Thomas Baring, hart., by whom he had three
daughters,>'iz., 1 Mary Dorothy, who married,
.
on 19 Sept. 1872, Edward Jaines Stanley of
OroBS Hall, Lancashire; 2. Mina Frances,
who married, on 2 May 18<54, Captain .Vrthur
Edward Augustus Ellis of the grtuiadier
guards and 3. Emily Harriet, who married,
;
on 18 Oct. 1881, the Hon. Henry Comwallis
Eliot, now iifth Earl of St. Qermans. His
first wife died on 26 May 1850, and on 1 3 July
1852 he mnrriefl, secondly. Lady Mary Ma-
tilda fJeor^aaua Howard, the youngest dail|^
ter of George, sixth earl of Carlisle, by when
he hftd no eliildren. In default of male is.^ue
the bar >ny of Taunton became extinct upon
hie deatli. There is a fine whole4engtli eti-
crnvhirr of Labouchere, wlien youn:;', with
his brother John (the father of Uraxy La-
bouchere, long M.P. for Nefthempleii), \i
Digitized by Google
 Lacey 369 Lackingtoii
PDRTaring^ ' from a pirtiiro in ownpossos-
li's tantfl' [see KxoTT, EvWAKd]. 2,
Heavto-
aoUf taken later in life, was published by
macbia. M. Chillingwofftb against himselfo*'
ThooMs OolltiiB. Two of his spesolras whkh 4to, pp. 46. Printed as an anpendiz to the
iJt Ii\>irL'<l in tho Hons of (/ommnnsi wort' preceding work. Wood and Oliver erro-
published aeparatelv, vis. his speech on tho neously ascribe to him another attack on
Qfar duties OB 10 titty 1641| and h\> speech Chillin^orth, <Tho Totall Sfnme/ 16W,
on morinj: tho resolution for the iibnlition 4to, which was tho workflf the jemit Father
of thf navigation laws on 15 Mny Itt48. John Floyd [q. v.]

J Spencer "WaljHjlc's Hist, of EIngland, vols. iii.

iv. Sir D. Le Marchant's Jlemoir of John,
; Hist.
Lifoof Chillingworth; Dodd's Church
[Birch'.s
iii. 320 Foley's Records, iv. 098, i. 2.^1,
;

tldid Earl cf Spencer, 1876^ pp. 62, 2i,92, Tii.860; Oliver's Jesait Collections, p. 128;
943 Lord Beaeomfldd*! OnrmponQMiee with
; SoathweU's fiibl. iScriptontm Soe. Jesu, p. 315.1
his Si-tcr. ISSfj, pp. 34-6; Times, 14 and T. a
22 Julj 1869 Ulastrstad London News, 24 July
;
LACHTAITSr (d. (52-2), Irish saint, whose
1M; Dod's PMrsge^ fte., 1999, pp. 589-00; name also appears in Irish literature as
Bvrica's Extinct Pcorairo, 1883, p. 300-; Foster's
Honours Laichtin {Martyrology of Donegal,^. 80),
Alumni Oxon. 1888, pt. iii. p. 808 ;

Begi*tfr of the Univ. of Oxford, 1883, p. 206;
Lioeola's Inn Begisters ; London Gazettes
Hardo's Book of Dignities, 1851 Official Return
;
of lasts of Members of Pftrliament, pt. ii. pp.28/},
301, 320, 332. 344. 356, 369, 386. 404, 420, 436,
40; Notes and Qusxiis, 4th aer. t. 175, 211,
437, nil ser. z. 168, 214 Brit. Mas. Cat]
O. F. R. B.
LACEY, WLLL1AM (1684-I673),jesuit,
wiMse nttl namo nw WourH bom
borouijh in 1684, was son of a tanner and
leather dealer. He was sent to Oxford hr
mm beoi % stadont in Iffsgdilsn Ool-
leiare in 1600, and crnflnated B.A. on 2 July
1606 {Ojtford Univ. Meg., Oxf. Hist. Soc.,
oL iL pt. uL p. 264). HaTin^ beeonte a oon>
vert to the Roman catholic relig^ion, he was
well zeceived by the Jesuits at 8t. (Jmer was
dhwittad aa aramnns of the English College
at Rome in 1606; aad ailer receiving minor
feast is edebrated 19 March.
osdan,l^forLoffnBM 8 Sept. 1611, in order
t enter tho SoMoty of Jmh m
the noritiate
Lachtnain {Annala Rioghnchta Etminn,
i. 244), Lachtoc, and Molachtoc (^Felire
(Engtua, ed. Stokes, pp. 57, 64), belonged to
the tribe called Mn<( r!ii:rhe, v\-ho claimed
descent from Conaire Mac.Modblamba, a king
of liolend in the second century. His fathers
name wa.s Torben, and he wns bom in Mun-
ster. He became a disciple of Comgall [q. v.]
of Beennohab and fl>nnded two churches,
one in Ossory at Achadh-iir, now Fre.^hford,
l Sear-
county Kilkenny, the other at Bealach
f^bbntdh, of wnidi the site is now uncer-
tain. A later church, with an Irish inscrip-
tion of tho eleventh century over the door,
represents his earlier edifice at F^hlbrd,
and near it is a holv wi ll, called after him
Tobar Lachtain. lie died in 622. In the
museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Dub-
;
lin, is a silver rel'qiiary, made in tin- twelfth
century, to contain an arm of this saint. His
[Oolgan's AclaSaDCtoruni Hiiierniae Hartyro* ;

at Nancy. After his tertianship at Ghent, and logy of Donegal. Irish ArchsBologioal and Celtie
a ocMirse oi teaching at St..Onier, he was sent
Socirty, 1864 O'Donovaa's nets ; Annala B. m
i. 244 Lt'.ibhar Brcac, facs. fol. 83 ; Dunraven's
j5
l Engtoid, and in 16S6> ivas a nissionor in
;

Notes on Irish Architecture, 1877, ii. 91 : Mo

the LAnca^hire district. In }(iSii he was in
Tnras ar Lsebtsln, 1877.] N. M.
tho Oxfordshire district, or St. Mary's ' resi-
imom,* and two years later in St. George's LAOKIVGTON,
GEOROB(176.1844),
residence.' whicfi comprised Worcestershire bookseller, bom in 1768,
'
'
was a ' third
cou.sin
and Warwickshire. He wasproiessed of the of James Lsokinfton [q. v.], and entered
fear vows 91 Nor. 1087. la 1649 hm
the ImMe^ hoohseUing Dnaineea in Ohbwell
again at St. MaryV, where ho remained, as Street, London, at the age of thirteen (J.
aiaeaoner at Oxford, until his death. He Lackingiom, <Jonfedon$, l804f p. vtii). His
dM at Qzflofd on 17 July 1678. Be was felber was a prosperous ooal merohant, and
V>ijrled in the pari.h church of Somerton, provided his son with the nece.s.^ary capital
Uzfoidshire. N\ cod says ' he was esteemed to purchase a share in Lacicington, Allen, ft

h^ dOi^eepeeiAlly bv thosoof hitown opuiioiB* Oo. 8 great shop, known as the ' Temple of
(^/A^vfT Oron. e<l Bli??, iii. 995). the Muses,' in Finshury Siniare. lie became
lie waa the author of : 1. ' The J vdgmeiil} head of the firm in 1798. The first volume of
id' mm Vnaronity^Maii ooncat ni ng M. Wil* their 'Oatalogue,Miehaelineel700toMichnel-
fitaa Chillinfrworth his lato Pamplilet, in nias I '^OO,' described upwards of two hundred
AnawefTO to Charity Maintay&ed,'4to (anon.), thousand volumes; the second volume, .which
USA Aobably printed M
'St. Omar. A
deeeribedtipwaidBof eight hmdiied thousand
rsply to OhDlMyrotiA * TMijwn ol VMm- "ilaOS. SeUinir cheaply
TOL. XL B a

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lackington 370 Lackington
in qotiititiM for cnsh only continuM out his wifo. Tho following year he opened
lays
lo Im tbe ntun feature of tho buBiness, to a book.stall nnd shoemaker's sikop in Feather-
which wereaftervvardsaddiMl manypubliahin^ stone Street, St. Luke's, commeneinff with a
peculations. Besides Lackinjrton tho other sackful of old theological books, wnich he
memben of the firm weru Alhm, who pos- bought for a guinea, and a few scraps nl
aaned gmlfaunrledse of books acqtiired leather. He was able to borrow fi%'e pounds
from early training with James Tjackin^on, from a fund started by Mr. Wesley's people'
'

and HuA ea The latter was also leesoe of to assist deserving members of tlieir body.
Sadler's Wfllla. Subsequent partnen mm The eufdaa of gnat mdustry and frugality,
A. Kirkman, Mavor, a son of Dr. Mayor of in which virtue his wife excelled, enabled
Woodstock, Mid Jones. In 1822 the busi- him in six months to inoreaae his atock ia
neM was oondocted under the style of Lsok- aloe from fire to l/weuty-llTB poonda. Ha
ington, Huffhea, Ilardinff, Mavor, k Lepard. gave up his slioemaking find removtMi to
On the retirement of Lacking^n, Joseph 46 Chiswell Street, where his wife died a ftw
Harding became the chief partner, and tne months after. On SO Jan. 1776 he married
business was removed to Pall Mall East by Dorcas Tarton, who was a lover of books, and
Hardinff and Lepard. Many well-known who became very helpful in the business.
booksellers received their training in this The reading of Amory s 'John Buncle' upset
famous house. The last of the l>}ickingto- Ijsckingtoirs methocitsm, and gave him a
'

nians,'Kane8 James Ford, died 11 Dec. 18J^6, sceptical turn. The hupiness prospered, and
at the age of ninety-four (/?'>o^:^///t, 16 Dec. John Denis, an oilman and collector of books
j

1880). on ahdiemy and mystical divinity, brought

The EfTvptian Hall in Piccfldillv was in some capital. In 1779 the firm of Lex-
bought by Lacki ngton, and let for miscella- ington & Co. produced their first catalo^e
nMNwexhibitions (Whbitlbt and Oummra- of twelvo thomand TPlnmes, all describedby
HAMf London Pn/tt and Present, ii. 7). He was I.ackington. The partner.^^nip with Denis
usually known as the ' nephew of the elder only la^od two years, but Lackington was
'

Ladnngton, and Nididls tpeaks of him as afterwards joined by Allen, who had wotM
'well educated and gentlemanly (ZtV. Anecd. his way upwards from })oy]iaod in the busi-
'

iiL 646). In his later jeors he was an official ness, and the firm became famous as Lack-
assignee ofhankiiipta in IiOndon. He mar- ington, Allen, & Oo.
ried a daughter of Captain Bullock, RN., In 1780 Lsickington determined to sell for
and left two daughters. He died at St. cash only at the lowest possible price, and
John's Wood 31 March 1844, aged 76. four years later published catalogues of twelve
[Nichols's niostrations, riii. .51G Timperley's and thirty thousand volumes respectivdj.
;

Encyclopn'dia, 1842, p. 862; Sir E. J^rydgcsH He broke through the tradecustom of destroy-
Aotobiograpliy, 1834, 2 vols. also RcisonH for ing all but a few copies of remainders, and
;

Amendment of Act 64 Geo. Ill, c. 1.36; Qent. sold the whole atock at little profit. FVom
Mag. 1817 pt. ii. pp. 1818 pt i. p. 860. buying books in small quantities he rose to
May 1844 p. 649.] H. K. T. purchasing entire libraries, and was able to
LACKINGTON, JAMES (1746 181 o), set up a carriagaand a country house at Mar>
bookseller, bom 31 Aug. 1746 at Wellington, ton. His shop occnpied a large block at one
Somerset, was the eldeiit son of George Ijack- of the oomers of r inaboiy oqoare, with a
ingtOB, a joomeyman shoemaker. His grand- frontage of 140 fret It waa known aa 'Hie
fatner wns a gentleman farmer at Langford. Temple of the Mnaes,' and was one of the
near Wellington. Young Lackington's father sights of London. Oharies Knight remea-
waa adiunUTd, but hia mother was a woman hered a vlalt liieM in 1801* A donWi hi
of remarkable energy. The pnn showed liis which stood 11 flap, was a conspicuous object
business capacity when ten years old as an at the top of tbe building. In the middle of
itinerant meat pieman (jlfemouv, 1792, pp. the shop waa an immense cifcolar counter. A
67-66). In 17m) h was bound apprentice broad staircase led to tbe ' lounging rooaa/
>

0 Gtoorge Bowden^a shoemaker at Taunton, and the first of a series of circular galleries
and two years later became a professed around which books were displayed, growing
method ist. He worked as ajoumeyman at cheaper and shabbier in condition aa one
Bristol and other places. While living at ascended (Shadows of the Old BookxeUen,
Bristol he bought books and read much. I860, pp. 282-3). Some years later the shop
Although he eoud no! write he composed was destroyed by a fire. There is an engrav-
ballads, which were sung about the streets. in^ of 1789 (F. Orice, Catabtgm, 1878^
f.
In 1770 he married his first wife, Nancy 492), and manv later prints.
Smith. He went to Ix)ndon in August 1779, In 1787, ana again in 1790, Lackington
with the tiaditional half-crown, &t vitii- toavvUad thfoosh England to Edmhiiigh.

Digitized by Google
 Lackington 371 La Cloche
In 1791, when he calculattnl he was sell in? self in a Series of Letters to a Friend,'
Lou-
4boat one hundred thousand volumeti eacn don [1791], 8vo. A new edition, corrected
'

fwr at a proiit of 4,000/. {Memoirs, y. 890), and much enlarged,' London, 1792, Svo, por-
he publistied the first edition of Lis well- trait; further enlarged, eight cflitlousto 1794.
imown Memoirs,' which mve an intorcvitins
' 'Thirteenth edition, with index,' London
pictfe of boofcnllin? life. The original '
[1810 ?], sm. 8vo. A
German Tenion, ' Anilr-
numonmnH ?tnripfl iinfl droll anecdotes? with ' uoten,' from the fifth edition, was printed at
which the buck isdistigured are said to havo llumbui^ in 1795, sm. 8vo. 2. 'The Con-
been ftmiehed bj the pen of a friend (P. fessions of J. Lackington, late Bookadler at
PnrDAR, Ode to tie Hero of Finabury Square, the Temple of the Muses, to which are added
p. 90 ). In 1 794 appeared The second volume
' two Letters on the bad Consequences of
of J.Hckinf^'^tou's Cat&logae, from September having Daughters educated at Boarding
1703 r March 1794, consisting of utwve one
) Sch(Xis,* London, 1804, sm. Svo Nos. 1 ana;

knndred thousand volumes.' His second wife, \ 2 (the last in abstract) form vol. xviiL of
Dorcas, died 27 Feb. 1795, seed 46 {Gent. the Autobiography series, 1827, sm. Svo.
'
'

Mag. 179.5. pt. i. p. 173), ana on 11 June, '

Lackinixton's Coiitessions rendered into Nar-
with his usual promptness, he married a rative by Allan Macleod [pseudonym],' Lon-
nislive of hers (t6. p. 526). He is said to don, ISOI, sm. Svo, is an attack upon Ltek*
hf.vo advprt;*pfi for a wife with 20,000/. (P. ington in the form of * 'wiwiny tff^mttlltlty
Pi.vDAB, Ode, p. iJU). Lackington made over on his *
Confessions.'
the whole of his part in the business to his Laekington's Memoirs. 1792, and Confob-
[J.
cousin, George Lackington [q. v.], in 1798, sions, 1804 C. Knight's Sh uiows of the Old
;

rataimnff' no share or interest in it ( Con- ' Bookscllora, 1865 i two articles by A. L. Ham-
fi$timf^rWt. p. vii). He thereupon took up Ehreys in Bookwotm, Hay end Jvoe 1888;
his residence at Thombury in CJ loucestershire. [umphreys's History of Wellington. 1889. Svo ;

In 18(M were published his Confessions to

'
' C. H. Tiniperley's ncjclopaKli&, 1842, p. 862 ;
dbe MDMids for lumng nublicly ridiculed
* New Wonderful Mag. 119-82 ; NichuU's Lit.
iiu
a very lanre and respectable body of Chris- Anccd. iii. 646, lUostrations, viii. 616; Gent.
tians.' The book is much lebs interesting Mag. 1816 pt. ii. p. 640, 1812 pt. i. p. 673 Notss;

than hisjpreviootTOlttme ; some prurient and and Queries, 2nd sor. iii. 60; Biog. Di -L. of
entirely invlevant remarks about girls' board-
Living Authora, 1818, p. 198.] H. K. T.
ing-schools are appended. He subsequently LA CLOCHE, JAMES (A. 1068), nar
purchased two email eetatee in Alveston, tural son of Charles II, wae Dom in Jtntf
and in 1805 erected a small chapel for the in 1647, when his father was just seven-
Wt^leyan methodists. He became a local teen. .\ccording to Charles, the boy'smother
preacher. In the following year he removed was a young lady of one of the noblest fami-
'

toTaunton, and built and endowed another dominions.' Her name is unknown.
lies in his
chapeL A dispute arose between him and He was brought up us a protestjint in Franco
theeooAnnee in 1810. Two years afterwards and Hullund. In I (36o lie was removed se-
he wfiit to Budleigh Salterton in Devonshire, cretly to London but his equivocal posi- ;

where he also erected and endowed a chajiel. tion caused him much disquietude there, and
He died at Budleigh on 23 Xov. 1815, in his he returned of his own accord to the con-
ierentieth year {Memoira, 1827, pp. 846-7 ;
tinent in 1667. He carried with him a formal
etnt, Mag. 1815, pt. ii. p. 640). acknowledgment of his parentage, signed and
Lttddoifton wme % Ttinbot warm-hearted, sealed by the king on 27 Sept. 1665, and n
ihrewd man of businei8y whose first object deed of .settlement, dated 7 Feb. 1667, assign-
a life was to make money. As soon as he ing to him a pension of 600/. In the ti rst docu-
kid Mquired a fortune he seems to have lost mentCAaileewriteeoif htmas 'our natural eon
tBy love of books whicli lie may have had. A James Stuart,' and !?tate8 that he has borne
pQCtnit by Scott, after Keeuan, is prefixed various feigned luimes, and was now to take
to tlw * Memoirs' (1792). There is a dif- that of 'De La Cloche du Bourg de Jersey.'
ferent portrait by Goldar and memoir in the A few months afterwards he wns rereived
Now Wonderful Magazine' (iii. 119-32). into the Roman cut holic church at Hamburg,
I

In Piter Pindar's Ode' (1796) a caricature under the auspices, it would seem, of Queen
'

rcTrPSJ'nt.i the booksfller stepping into his Christina of Sweden, and in the latter part
carriage, which bears the motto,' Small profits of the same year he entered the novitiate of
i

doomtthingB.' the Jesuit Society at Rome under the name of

His works are 1. Memoirs of the finit James La Cloche, apparently wita the know-
:
*

Forty-five Years of the Life of James Lack- ledge and approval of Charles. In August
i

h^tOB, the present Bookseller in Chiswell 16w the king, inaeaidiof eomeaecret m^ae
flU6l, Mooraeldiy Londou^ written by hiin>i of entering anio omnmankialaoa with Bome^

Digitized by Google
 Lacroix Lacy
WToto t o tho general of the iesuits, F. OlivSy made various itinerant visits to the rivers
requesting that L* Oloohe fllioiild be sent to Isamutty and Hattabhanga, and devoted his
him in I^ondon. At the game time he sent leisure to revising' the Bengali acripture."' and
e letter to La Cloche to the same effect to training native preachers. During the
(GlUBBPVB BoBBO, litofia Sella OmMraiime thirty-eight yean that he was thus honour-
alia Chiesa Cnttolica di Carlo II, 1863). La ably employed he paid only one visit to
Cloche set out in October, travel lin^ under Europe, m
1842-3^ whan he spent his holi-
the name of Henri de RfHian. Amved in duy m
Switnriaad, Frsaee, and England,
lyjndon, he nbtfiined, in pursuit of the Idnff'a and aroused an especial interest in his mis-
instructions, audience of the queen and uie sion work throughout Switierlan^ and par>
Sueen-motW, and was bj ihem aecretly ticularly at Gemva. He punraed his pas-
rought to his father. No details of La torate of the native churches at Calrutta
Gioche's mission are accessible. The last of until his death there on 8 July l^'t^. lie
the long's letten to OUva is dated 18 Nov., was tan and hsadsome, and of dignified
and suggests that some important determina- presence, and was an animated, natural, and
tion baa been amved at. La Cloche finallj expressive preacher, lie spokeEngUah well,
raturaed to Rone as his fittho's 'seeret am- but mt
mors free in eipwwsing himself en
bftssador to the father-general,' charged with the continent in French, or at Calcutta in
commissions only to be explained oiaUyjand Bengali, of which language he was a perfiaot
with a sdpulation that so soon as he had
fulfilled them he was to rpturn to England.
[Brief Memorials of the Rot. Alphonse Fmn-
Further notice of La Cloche is wanting.
Sis Lacroix, by the Rev. Dr. Mullens, I^^indon
Piobably owing to llie fepeated change of issionnry iSociety; Chronicle of Loadoo Mis-
name, his Inter career cannot he traced in sionary Society, art.iT.. by thsBsr.E. Storrow,
the registers of the society, but he doubt- Ti.M.H . Febmaiy 1862.3 & P. O.
less oontinned a neodMr until his deatlk
Boero is of opinion that after his return to LACY, FR.\NCIS ANTONY (1731-
England he remained there under an os- 1792), Spanish general and diplomatist, bom
smned name, that he oontinned secfetly to in 1731, was the son of an Insh officer wlw
visit hia father at intervals, and that he went to Spain with the Duke of Berwick,
was, in &ct, the ' foreign ecclesiastic ' who Srobably the La<^ who waaaaeneral at the
was sent f<w by the Dalte of Tozk, bat who ponish siege of Oran in \i?0. Fkwneb
' could not
be ibnad,' in the last illness of Antony commenced his military- career as
the kinf^. ensign in the Irish inuitrv rM^iment of
[Gent. Mug. 1866, i. 26-8. 226-7, 681 Boero's Ultonia in the 8|inn{Bh servloe, Svam^ the
;

IitibriadlUGotttrenrioBe...diOkrioII, 1863.1 dii^astrous campaign in Italy in 1747. He

0. O. commanded the same regiment in the war
with Fbrtugal in 1768. AsHentsnant-gene-
LAOROIX, AT.PTrOXSE FR.\N^I8 ral he commanded the Spanish artillery at
(1799-1859), missionary, bom in the canton the &mous siege of Gibraltar tDaixJLwajui^
lofNenehltei on 10 May 1700, was odoeated p. 107). After the peace of 1788 Ijupy was
th( rr- under the c^re of his uncle until he wilt a^ Spanish minister-plsnipotentiary to
was seventeen years of age. In 1816 he the courts of Stockholm and 8t. Petenlmig^
went to Amsterdam as a tator, sad while where he wss Tery popular. On Ms vetmn
there was stirred hy the newa of the over- he was made conimiindant-general of the
throw of idolatry in Tahiti to offer him- coast of Grenada, member of the su^eme
sdf fin* nissionary labovr. He was first oouneil of war, sadeoninumdant-tg|eaeraland
appointnrl nn npent of the Netherlands Mis- poll' inspector-general of the artillery and of
sionary Society at Chinsurah, near Calcutta,all ordnanoe-manusctunng eatablishmeots
Imt OS the eemon of the settlement to the inSpdnandtheTndies. TheSpanidiaitiUery
Ko-H India Company he transfcrrefl his ser- pchuol of Segovia was indehted to him for
vices to Uie London Missiouaiv Society, and improved discipline and the establishment of
became a British snbjeot. He manmd at elusee for ehemistry, ninenlogy, and pyro>
Chinsurah, and continued there until 18i?7. technics. In March 1789 he was made
when he removed to Calcutta, the principal governor and captain-general of Catalonia,
fphere of his labonfs. While at Osieutta he whsrs he was oonspieoons byhis aetivwefrorts
inaugurateil a remarkable relig'ious move- to prevent the spreiid of French revolutionary
ment in the small but numerous villages to doctrines. He married a daughter of the
the south and east of the metropolis as weV Marmds d'AJibeviUe, br whom ne hnd aon
as in the district of the Sundcrhunds. He and daughtsr* Hedisd at Baioeloaa SI Dee.
also preached with success iuSaugorlaland,

Digitized by Google
 Lacy
htej had the grand oozdon of Oliarlaa III, menced his management of Covent Garden.
a eomnaiider of St. Jafraariiis, and titu- Than in August 1838 she plaved Lady Teazle
lar of the rich conunandt-ry of CasaBuenas, to the Charles Surfuco of \Valter Lacy Tsee
Mehda. Aoeordiiig to flome hu owed his suo- SVPPL.], whom she afterwards marrie<l. l^or
c&m to Us ready wit and impnaing etAture tweWe years further she 'played leading
TTitJirr Than to any military tiili-nt but his ;
conciiiatoiy diapoaition and hia unawerving
loyalty to tba country of hla adootion afa
seneraily admitted. Lacy is etatea to have
EoeB ancle of Don Lnia Lacy (1775-1817),
Spanish gt. neral and governor of Catalonia,
whose name often appears in histories of Vv'el-
lingtott'a Peninanlar campaims, and who was
axeeated at the castle of Belver, Majorca,
on n July 1817, after his ahortive attempt,
in conjunction with General Milona, to re-
eataUiah tiie oortes and proclaim a conatitu-
tion on 6 April in that year. Three years
latertbe Spanish cortea,to honour his memory
named hia son first ^irenadier of the Spanish
army (Btoff. Univ. ^oaTelle edit. xxii. 421).
[Printed Sketch-Pedigree of General Maurice
De Iftcy fq. v.] of Grodno, of -which there are
copies in the British Museum Bioff. Univers. vol.
; COI N of tho Laoy family (1249 P-1311), was
;
lEiii, ' Imej, FraD90ia ABioioe,'and Lacy, Lais
'
Onal^aMallaKaaf Fortaae, pp. 164-77 ; Drink-
wuMSIaiaor Aflnallar, London, 1844 ed ]
H. M. C.
UkCT, HARRIBTTE DEBORAH
( 1 *n7-l'^74), nctre.s??, dtiughter of a T-onrlon
tradesman named Taylor, was bom in Lon-
don in 1807. Her parents acqniescing in her
desire to go on the stage she received lessons in
eloention from Mrs. Bartley,wife ofthe Covent
manager, and made her dibttt aa Julia
in the ' Ri vala ' underthe management of Bel-
Janyat the Bath TheatreoaoNov. 1827, when
be was described on the bill as ' Miss Taylor
from Richmond.' She obtained almost in-
tant popularity, and in the course of the
two folkming seasons Bellamy assigned her
aeh parts as Portia, Helen McGregor, Lady
Macboth, and Catherine in the ' Taming of
Ike Rixew.' She first appeared in London
at Covent Garden, where, on 30 Oct. 18.30,
rhe played Nina in Dimond's ' Carnival of
Naples, and ' burst upon us,' says the * The-
Atneal Journal ' of that dat, ' with a natural
fresbneas and power that must at once secure
her fiune, and prove of signal advantage to
tbe bonae.' Subsequent parts were Roealind,
in which Bannister compared her to Mrs.
Jordan, and Helen to Sneridan Knowles's
Hunchback in his play of that name, in
whieh her performance excited the author's
warmest aamiration. She played Aspatia,
to Macready's Melantius and Miss Huddart's
Evadne, in the ' Bridal ' under Benjamin
Web6tr'a management at the Haymarket in
1887, and fal fho following year nhe joined
th eompoiy with which Macfeady oom-
373 Lacy
cnriiidy, tragedy, and Vestris bttsineas,'
mainly at Covent Garden. Among her best
performaaeea were Nell Gwynne in Jerrold's
play of that name (with the once well-known
sonff, 'Buy my Oranges'), the original hero-
hie in the same writer's ' Hormekeener,' and
f Ophelia, a part in which, according to Madame
Vestris, she surpassed any actress of her time.
She retired from the stage in 1848, making
her farewell appearance at the Olympic. She
died on 28 JoJy 1874 at MontpeUier Square,
Brighton.
[Bra, 2 Aug. 1874; Clark RnsaeirsBepresen-
tative Actors, Appendix, p. 411 ; Puscoe s Dra-
matic List, p. 242 ; Archer's Macreody, pp. 107,
IW-l T. 8.
LAOY, HBNRT sb^ third Eakl ov Liv^
son of Edmond de Lacy, earl of Lincoln,
by Alice, elder daughter of Manfred III,
marquis of Saluzzo, and grandson of John
de Lacy, first earl [q. v.] Henry was pro-
bably bom in the latter part of 1249, since in
April 1296 he was in In.s forty-seventh year
iMoHOH. Anglic, v. 64S). He succeeded his
father on 21 July 1267. In 1269 he was
involved in a quarrel with John deWarrenne,
earl of Surrey, as to certain paature land,
and a threatened appeal to arms was only
prevented by the km^s intervention. Thie
regular trial which followed waa decided in
De Lacy's fliTOur (Florea HUtoriarmn^ iil.
17). On 6 April 1272 he was made custos
of Knareeborough Castle, and on 18 Oct. of
the same year was knighted by the king on
the occasion of the wedding of Edmiind, earl
of Cornwall (Ann, Mon. ii. 111). About the
same time he received full investiture of his
earldom. In 1276 he served in the Welsh
war, and was in command of a division which
marched ag^nst Oastle Baldwin, and next
year besi^^ and took the castle of Dolvor-
wyn (^Brut y TS^u^^ogion, pp. S66-6, Rolls
Ser.) In March 1278 he was one of the es-
cort appointed to attend Alexander III of
Scotland on his visit to England ( Cat. Doct$,
Ssotland, il 107). In 1279 he was joint*
lieutenant of England during the king's alH
pence from 27 April to 19 June {Fccdera, L
568). Three yean later he was again em*
ployed in Walea. Lincoln accompanied thft
king on his three years' visit to Gascony,from
1286 to 1289. In October 1289 he was ap-
pointed with Robert BumellTq. v.] to hear
the complaiiite against Ralph Huighjim[q.T.J
Digitized by Google
 Lacy 374
&Dd other judges. He was one of the commie-
aioners appointed to treat with the guar-
dians of Scotland in 1290, and in this capa-
dty was present at the parliament of Brig-
ham (STBVBJrsow, DocU. illustr. of Hut. of
Scotland, i. 159, 163, 171). He was also
present at Norham in 1291, and at Berwick
in 1292 during the deliberations relative to
the Scottish succession, and in the latter
year was one of those appointd to dtfcide on
the elaims of William de Ros and John de
Vaux. In 1292 Lincoln was one of the sure-
ties inr Gilbert de Clare, eighth earl of Glou-
cester v.l ( Jtot. Pari. i. 75-7).
In 1293 Lincoln served on an embassy to
France to treat for peace. In the following
year ho was on his wayto Gascony, but while
ftill at I'ortfiniourh was recalled by the out-
break of wur in Wales. While proceeding
to relieve his castle of Denbigh he was de-
feated bv Ins own Wolflhnit'Ti on 1 1 Nov.;
Lincoln himself escap* d with difficulty. He
remained in Wales till the sprinjx of 1295.
On 14 Jan. 120H he sailed from Plvmouth
with Edmund, earl of Lancaster, on nis way
to Gascony. Aftr pillaging St. Matthieu,
near Cape FiniBterre, they landed at Blayein
mid-Lent and marched against Bordeaux,
which they besieged without Buooeas. On
the death of Edmund on 6 June, Lincoln
was choeen to succeed him by the voice of
th whole army. He deftated Robert of
Artois before Bourg-eur-Mer, and besieged
Aux for seven weeks in July and August
with ^preat vigOW^ but was at length forced
to retire to Bayonne. In February 1297 the
citiiens of Bellegarde, who were beaie^ed by
the French, appealed for assistance. Lmcoln
marcher! out to their aid, but was defeated
and forced to retreat once more to Bayonne.
However, in the summer he made a success-
ful raid towards Toulouse, which lasted till
Michaelmas He then went back to Bayonne
till after ChristmnB, and about Easter 1298
returned to England. On Ifi ]Mny lie was
uniointed to arrange the marriage between
Boward, prince of Wales, and iMbella of
YttMOS ^TCfflpra i. 9()") ).
, fe was one of the
1 he the chief of his enemies (tb. ii. 158). Lin-
nobleB who swure on t he king's behalf that
he would recon firm the charters on hie return
from the Scottish war. He accompanied
Edward to Scotland, and was present at the
betttoorFeUdrkoii22 July. IiiJtyl299
he was summoned to attend the council at
York to deliberate on the afiairsof Scotland.
hi 1800 he was again in Scotland, and
present at the siege of CaerlaverocK in July,
when he commanded the hrst divinion. On
96 Sept. 1800 he was sent with Hugh De-
spenaer on a mission to the pope to complain
of the iajuxy done by the Soota (Kisuanobr,
Lacy
pp. 195-6, 4fil\ andwae alsoentmated with
a mission to the king of France nri 14 Oct.
In March 1301 he was directed to attend tlie
Prince of Wales in person on his invaston of
Scotland at midsummer, and during Sep-
tember and October wae engaged in Gal-
loway {QtL DaetB. Sootl u. 1191, 1234,
1235, 1240). During the next two years he
was constantly employed in negotiatione
with the French king. Finally, after prodaim-
ing peace at Paris on 20 May 1303 ( J'cEdera,
u 952-5), he went to Gascony to take poeaee-
sion of it in Edward's name ; he remained
there for the following year {Chron. Edw. I
and II, i. 127-9 ; HfiMiNeBUBGH, ii.230). On
16 Sept. 1305 he was one of theoommisaionera
appointed in the parliament at Westminster
to arrange the aflairs of Scotland, and in the
same parliament was a receiver and trier of
petitions from Gascony (Rolls of Pariia-
ment, i. 267, 159). On 15 Oct. he was sent
1
i
on a mission to Lyons with presents for Pope
I
Clement V {Fcedera, i. 974). He returned
to London on 16 Feb. lS06,and was publicly
received by the mayor (Chron. Edw.I and Ilf
i. 143-4). Later in the year he went to Soot-
[
;
land with the Prince of Wales, who waa or-
dered to act bv his advice ( Chron. Lanercost,
p. 204). Id Jamiary 1307 he was one of the
commissioners appointed to hold a parlia-
ment at Carlisle {Rolls of Pari. i. 188-9). In
the summer he accompanied Edward on his
march to Scotland, and was preaeat at the
king's death on 7 July.
Lincoln attended iBdwaitd II into Scot-
land, and in the following year, 1308, waa
resent at tlie coronation on 25 Feb., when
E
e carried the sword. The monk of Malmes-
'
'
bury 3nys that Lincoln pave his aeiwnt to
the creation of Piers Gaveston [q. v.] as Karl
of Cornwall, in August 1307, and advised
I'xlward II that the separation of this earl-
dom from the crown waa within his power
{CTiron. Edw. land II, ii. l/>5). The same
authority says that, after the king, Lincoln
was Gaveaton's chief supporter, but that
through the latter's ingratitude he came to
coln's enmity to the favourite was already
active in February 1308 (CAlWI. LmmtOttf
p. 211). He was. however, once more won
over to (iavestons side in July 1309, only
to be speedily alienated by the nickname of
'
burst-belly (boele erevie), which Gaveston
applied to him. As a consequence Lincoln
joined with his son-in-law, Tnomaa of Lan-
caster, and other ffirls. in refusing to attend
the council at York in October lo09 ^Hem-
INOBUKQH, ii. 275). He had joined in the
letter of the hamns to tlie pope at Stamford
on 6 Aug. previously. On 16 March 1310
Digitized by Goo<?le
 Lacy 375 Lacy
he WM o&e of the petitioners for the ordi- husband then married Joan, sister of Wil-
,aiidweeliiiBMlfoiMf tlMOideniers liam, sixth baron Martin of Kemys. Alioe
who were in consequence appointed. An de Lacy married Thomas, e&rl of Lancaster,
anonymous letter of this timei while atetinf on 28 Oct. 1294, but left him in 1318 and
that Tiiaeoiii bad lemoBstnted with took Tslbge with Johu^ earl of Warmme
ward II, alleges that there waa in n ality a {Chron. JaIu-. I and II, n. 54). On the occa-
eocrot nnderetending between the king and sion of this marriage Lin(ln surrendered his
nl (MDoeitrSea m. 177). sSwud lands to the king and obtained a fresh grant
of the whole, with remainder to his daughter
appointed Lincoln to be g^uardian of the
kingdom when ha went to Scotland in Sep- and son-in-law. After Thomas's death, Alice
twnW 1810l Lmeoln spent tira ChrirtmM d Lacy manned Babulo L'EstranRO before
at Kingston in Dorset (ib. iii. 197), and soon October 1328. He died in September 1335,
afterwarda returned to Loudon, where he and his widow then married, in February
^ed at hla house in Holbonon olUk 1811. 1886, Hu^h la Fteyne, who oiad tha aama
He was huriod in the lady-dMMl of 8t. year. Alice, who always styled herself Coun-
Paul's Cathedral on 28 Feb. tess of Lincoln and Salisbury, died 2 Oct.
liaooln was 'the closest eovniellofr of 1848. Har husbanda wars styled Eaila of
Edward I CSn iiiis, Cojift. Hi'sf. ii. 319, ed. Lincoln and Salisbury in her right.
' She left
1877). His action during the zeign of iki- no children, and her titles consequently be-
n
wMd was perhaps doe to the eoafliet be- oame extinct. Homy de Laoy andowad a
tween loyaltv U) his old maater's son tmd liiiisLuan, possibly a ba^t&rd son, with lands
his old master's policy. later story repre- at Qrautchester (LnLan), iv, llL The
eeats hhn on Im dewthbed as eoonselBoff 'Cktmpoti of the Laneanlza and Gheshira
bifl son-in-law to opposition to the ruyiil Manors of Henry de Lacy ... in 24 and 88
authority (W^LsmouAJf, i. IdO; Tsokblowb, Edward I were published by the Chatham
'

pp. 72-8). Hemingburgh deseribas him as Sod^BtyialSSi.

*eourteou8, handsome, and active (ii. 74), and
'
[Chronicles Edward landU Flores Histori- ;

elMwhere he is called active in war and ripe Hrum Langtoft's Chronicle Aiinales Mona,stin
'
; ;
;

ia ooauel'(TBOKB]iow2, p. 72). Walsingbam'K Historia AuKlicaua Hiiihiinger's ;

Lincoln was earl of SaUsbury in light of
his fixrt wife. He held the barony of Hen-
frow in Scotland before 1299, and he also
ohtamed a grant of the lands of James,
steward of Scotland, which be afterwards
BDirendered in return for four thousand
marks {Cal. DocU. Scotl. ii. 1121, 1857, iii.
Chronicle, and the Annales Kegni Scotiae, printed
in tha same roloms; Trokslowe and Blaaefoid's
OInoirieles (all these an in the Bolls Serisa)
Hemiiiglnirgh's Chrouide (EngL Hist. Soc.)
Chronicle of Lanercost (Bannatyne Club)
Calondar of Documents relating to Scotland,
vols. ii. and iii. Rymer's Fosdera, Record ed.
;

Nicolas's Suog of Caerlaverock, pp. 6, 93-6

68, 98). He founded in April 1296 the ;

Dngdals's BaroDSge, vol. i.; Doyle's Offlcial

abbej of Whalley, Lancashire, whither his
Sonmage, ii. 374-6; Burke's Dormant and Ex-
K^eAt-^randfather's foundation of Stanlaw,
tinct forage, p. 311 piafoas to the Compoti.]
;
Cheehire, was then transferred {Mon. Angl.
0. h, K.
T. A39). He also contemplated in ISOtS iie t

found^ionof a college for thirteen scholars at LACY, HUGH 9B, fifth Babon Lact by
Oxford (i'bwfcra, i. 990; Caleiid. Genealoffi- tenure, and first LoHD of ilEATH {d. 11B6),
eian, ii. 724). He also contributed largely to one of the conjj[ueror of Ireland, was uu
the new work ' at St. Paul's Cathedral (Duo- doubt the son, aad not, as has sometimes
.S7. Pauts, ed. 1818, p. 11). Hi^ house been stated, a younger brother, 'jf Gilbert da
in London was on the iUs of ho present i Lacy (cf. DUQDALE, Mon. Atuji. vi. 135 ).
liaeoln^a iui, which owes its name to this QlUBBT in LaOT (Jl. 1160"), fourth barou
circamstAnce (Fo8*i, Jurlf/e^ of Enffland, iv. Lacy, was son of Emma, daugnter of Wulter
2o6-7). He was the builder of Denbigh de Lacy, first barou [q. v.] His father's name
Oastle, over the gate of whieh waahii atatne is not known. After the death of Ids ande,
(LBLAirn, Itin. V. 61 ). Hugh de Lnry. thpfainlly cist ntes were taken
Lincoln married iu 1257 Margaret Longe- into the royal hands, but GilbLrt assumed tho
apia ^ gnad^^bHIgfater and heiress of William name of Lacy. In the rmgn uf S tepben he at
Lonpeip*e, second carl of Sali>l)urv. 1?vlipr first siiujwrtedtheEmpres.s Matildji, in whose
he had two mn, ludmund, who wa drowntni bt huli lie attempted to capture Buth in 1 138
in a well at the Red Tower in Denbigh (^atlt* ( Gesta Stephanii, iii 88, Rolls Seriaa). Bat
(ib.^, and John, killed by a fall at Ponte- by 1146 he had gone over to tli> king, perhaps
fracti also two daughters, Maivaret, who died bocause the empress kept Joce de Dinan m
and Alice, bom in 12.3. Margaret,
, possession of Ludlow Castle. So far as thaie
of LiMolB, aiad ia IMI^and harj la any truth in tha early pact of tha * BomMMa

Digitized by Google
 Lacy
of Fulk Fitzwarine,' Gilbert, and not his
grandson \Valter,iniiat be the hero. ThatJoce
and Gilbert were opponents is nn historical
fact. GilbtTt appears to have obtained ilie
favour of Henry It, and noovered his uncle's
lands in 1 158 he was excused the donum
;
' Ix'inster and Meath hv building numerotw
to the king. A little later be joined the
knights of the Temple, and want to the Holy
Land. There he became preceptor of his
order in the county of Tripoli, in which c&-
piUSilPf IwcBgaged ia Geoffrey of Angoulome's
SHccpssfnl expedition against Noureddin in
1163 (William op Ttbe, xix. 8). He gave
the templars twelve hides of land, aad one
virpntc in Onttiriges, and also five burgages
in Winchcombe. He is descril>ed as a pru-
dent man and skilful sold it r.
Hugh de Lacv is said to have had a difspute
with Joce de I)inan & to certain lunds in
Herefordshire in 1164 (WbiBT, Hist, of
Ltullow, p. 51). Ho was in possession of his
father's lands before 1103, and in 1165-6 held
fiftv-eight and three-qaaiters knights' fees,
end had nine tenants without knignt xorrioe
(ErrOK, A'Ar-z/WaVf, v. 263). In October
1171 he went over to Inlead with Henry II,
and early in 1172 was sent to recinvc the
submission of lioderic, king ut Uonnuueht.
Before Heuy'B departure about the end of
March Lacy was granted Meath by the
service of tifty knight and with almost
royal authority he was also nut in charge
; at Durrow, in what is now King'b Oona^,
of Dublin Oastle. Later in the year Lacy
arranged a meeting with Tiernan O'Rourke
to take place at Tlachtgha, now cjilled the
Hill of Ward, near Athboy in Meath. Tho
meeting ended in a quarrel, which both par-
tiee attrUmted to the treachery of the other
Tioninn was slain, and Hugh only eseuptjd
with difficulty. Lacv seems to have left
Dublin in charge of Earl Richard de Glare
bv thp kinfr's orders, and to have commenced
securing Meath by the erecti<m of castles.
Among these was the eaatle of Trim, whidi
was put in charpe of Hnph Tyrel. After this
Lacy went back to Kuglond (Kkuav , 11. 3162-
8288). On 80 Dee. 1179 he wae at Oanter-
bury, where, according to a story preserved
by Giraldus, he reproved Archbishop Richard
ror his bautM language (OjttTa^ vti. 09).
Next yenr lie was fi^rht iiig^ for Henry in
France, and held \ emeuil against Louis VII
for a moBth ; but at the endof thattimethe
town was fnv. 1tn capitulate. Hugh de
Lacy is mentioned as one of those who were
sent by the Idnf with his treastirs to Jenif-
pall m in May 1177 {GMta Henrid, ii. IfiO).
Another version names Henry de Lacy, and
in any ease it cannot be our Hugh, who waa
nf t1)f" Fnine tinif .sent over to Ir-'hind as pro-
cura^or-general, Richard de Clare having
Lacy
died lihortly before. The grant of Meath was
now confirmed, with the addition of Ufielana,
OfTaly, Kildare, and Wicklow iL 161,
UKi-i; GiKALDi s, V. 347).
As goMTiior of Ireland Laejr ecnied
aistlea, while he mumiaiued peace and good
order by making it hia ftnst care to preeen e
the native Irish in possession of their land'.
By his liberal and just conduct he won the
hearts of the Irish ; but his friendly relationa
with the native chiefs soon led to an accu-
sation that he intended to seize the sove-
reignty of the island for himself (ib. v. 362-
363, 366). The author of the Gesta HenHci.*
'
however, says that Lacy lost his favour wit h
Henry in consequence of complaints of hi^
injustice by the Irish (ii. 221). In 1181,
he was recalled Irom his government for
hav ing married the daughter of Roderic , king
of Connaught, without leave {ib. ii. 270).
But in the foilowmg winter Hugh was seat
back, thouffh with a coadjutor in the pemm
of one of the royal clerks, liobert of Shrews-
bury. When, early in 1 lh6, Henry sent his
son John over to Ireland, the young earl
complained to his father that Hugh would
not permit the Irish to pay tnbut. This
led to fresh disgrace, but Hugh remained
in Ireland, and occunif d himself as before
with castle-building, lie bad erected a castle
and on 26 July 1186 had gone out to
view it, when * one of the men of Tetha, a
youth named Gilla-gaa-inatharCmeyey, a^
proachod him, and with an axo severed his
head from his body {Four Mojiterx, iii. 73).
'
The ngardenr was a foster-sou of Sinnacli
O'Cahamy, or the Fox,' chief of Teftia, by
'
whose instigation he is said to have done the
deed. A liSer atoty dsMribed hhn as one o#
the lahoun^rs on the castle, but there does
not appear to be any authority for this older
than Uolinshed {ib. iii. 73-5 n.) 'WiUiaai
of Newburgh says that Henry wa;* very glad
at Hugh's death, and repeats the story that
he had aspired to obtain tae evowB of Mbad
for himself (Chron. Stephen, Hmry IJ, Sic,
L 239-40, Rolls Set.) Certainly Lacy had
made himeelf fonmdable to the royal autho-
rity, and Earl .Tohn was prom j>tly sent over to
Ireland to take possession of his lands (Ge$ta
Bmnci, iL 860).
Lacy was buried at Puitow, but in 1195
his body was removed to the abbeyof Bec>
tive in Meath, aad his head to StThoaiaa^a
riinrch at Dublin. Afterwards a controversy
arose between the canons of St. Thomas and
the monln of Bedtiw, wbieh ended in 190S
in the removal of the body to 'Duhlin, whers
it was interred, together with the head, ia
Digitized by Google
 Lacy
tae tomb of De Lacy's first wife
Thomof, Dhblin, pp. 348-4S0).
GirnMus d>crib*'f! Lary ns a swarthy man,
With small black sunken cyo^, u tlat uuat;,
wd an n^j scar on Lih cheek ; mtuciUar in
body, but small r.nrl ill-mutlt\ Howasaman
ol Ksolute character; for temperance a very
ftflmiCTi eanlU in private affiun,
vigilant in public business. Despite his ex-
ptdenoa in military matters lis sustained
w W
Mqr TOT s in his campui^t. Ha was lur
in hi* morality, and avaricious, but eager
bevond measure for honour and renown
{Optra, V. 854 ). ilugb was a benefactor of
Laatkxiy Abbey, and aIo of many churches
m Irolnnd. including the abbey of Trim.
iiugii'fi tir>*t wife wa liose or Koysyu de
Moaemue < Muumouth) ; by her he kad two
0M, Walter (d. 1241) ami Huirb. l)oth of
whom are not iced separu t e ly am 1 u l^u a d aug li-
, lUi; see under LaCYjWaXTBR dk, d. 1241).
ter, Elayne, who married lUchard de Ikaufu.
By tb*- ianchter of Ilndt ric O'Connor, whose
D&me n hiao given as liOse, he had a aon^
WilUaa (call^ Gonn or * Blue who acted
in ci<x cnnnt'Ctiou >vith his half-brothers.
Wilham de Lacr took a uruminent part in
tfcewrittance to WiUiaa Manhal in 13S4,
and wa> kilb-d fiirhting against Catluil
OTBttllj in l^aa {Four Matters, iii. 209;
HmMUT, B90k o/ Fenaf/h, pu. 7l'-7). He
anied a daughter of Llewelyn, prince of
North Walep. Pierce Oge liacy, the famous
letiel of Elizabeth's time, was eighteenth in
deseent from him, and from him also descend
the Lynches of Gal way ( Four Matters, iii.
Toil; St. Thos. Duhlin, pp. 7, 419-20
SaiKLET, Hoynl and Historical Letfert, i.
4, Sf>0, 500-2, Rolls Ser.) Ilnph had
uother aoa, Gilbert, who was alive 1222
{OtL JM. Claus. i. o27 6), and two daughters,
cue married to Geoffirey de Marisco [q. v.
UUn. Paius, iii. 277), and the other to
WHfiaflB PItiAlan (Enmr, S40>, bnt by
vhich wife i.s not clear. The daughter of the
ktag of Conuaught was alive in 12:24; ahe
baa at least two other sons, Thomas and
Henry, who^u Minmrne la given as Blund.
Soce' William de Lacy is also sometimes
eafled Le Blund , they may have been bnitheM
Clbe whole blood (Siiiklkt, u.s.
{iMala ef the four Masters, ed. O'Doouvao
Aasak ef Lodi Ci; Horsden's Chron.; Ossta
U--rici II a<-cril>jd to Benedict Abbas; Chron.
PeCcr's. GlouoisU'r ; Cluirtuliu-ies of St. Mazy,
Dabiia; Reg
St. Thomas, Dublin Oiraldus ;
Csabnuis, Expugnatii- Hiberni>'e, in Opera,
roL tbeac are in lite Rolls Ser.) ; Anglo-
r. (all
5QmaD Poem on th Conquest of Ireland, as-
mbdtoRecan, ed. Michel Gilbert's Viceroys of
;
Lrdiod; Stokes's Ireland and the A n^'lo- Norman
Ormft;Byton'.'< ShranhinkT.MCUie Dugdale's
;
^Xn\ aL.K.
(ii'cj^. St. LACY, llU(ai DB, E.iRL OF L LSTKR (rf.
1242 P), second son of Hugh de Lacy (4.
1 186)
Lq. v.], by his first wife, Ho-^eor lioysva
de Monemue (Monmouth). While his el^er
biother Walter (d. 1241) fq. v.] eventually
.succeeded bin fufl'. r in >r':itli, Hugh went
inio Ulster. Mr. GiibertlfVcrrvy^rq/' /re/ojuf,
and pp. 66, 59, 66) ia mistalren in speakinff el
him as having been viceroy of Ireland in
il9-M),and again in liU3 and L20o; for
the feeorae ehow that John de Goufci [q. v.]
and Meiler FitzIIenr^ [q. v. held othce un-
interruptedly. Nor IS It clear that Uuffh is
the 'Km of Hugo de I.acy ' who in 1196
joined John de Gourd in his warfare with
the English of Leinster and Miiniter, and
afterwards in assisting Cuihul Crobhderg,
king of Conuaught, against Oathal Macder-
mof TAx-h
( i. 191 ; Four Masters, iii. 101-
liut a little later, when W^alter de Lac^r was
ub.sent in France, lluj^di acted for him in
Meath, and in 1199 accompanied John de
Coiuci to assist CMhal Crobhderg at Kil-
macduftgh. There Cathal Carrugh attacked
and defeated them with gTat slaughter, pur-
ening thcni to Randown on Lough See, near
Athlone. But soon afterwards Hugh took
Cathal Carragh by treachery, and confined
him in hie castle of Nohber, eo. Meath, till he
purchased his relen-se {Four Ma>iterj),\\\. 121
endnotes; Loch Ci,i. 219-23,subaimo 1201).
After thia Hugh de Lacy became the chief
opponentof Jum deCourci. When, in 1201,
l>e Courci was fl*H-ing froni Walter de Lacy,
;
Hugh treatdierouslv made him prisoner, and
would have handed him tfVWto the king had
not De Courci's followers rescued their lord
m by force (Hovedeh, iv. 176 ). hi 1203 Hugh
a^in attiM^edDeCouid aad drove him out
(if Down. Next yeur the war was renewed
|
and De Courci taken prisoner. Hugh's 8e>
vioee were rewarded on 31 Aiig. 1204 by the
Iiromise of eight cantreds of De Courci's
and in Ulster, and the confirmation of six
cantneda in Oonnaught granted to him 1^
,
the king while Efirl of Morefain (Cal. Rot.
l*at.L46i OiarUr liolkf^.Ub). InMaceb
VSfSIb Hugh went over to England, ai^ on
i. oOl>). 2 May obtained a grant of all the lands
which John de Courci held in. Ulster on the
da^ when Hugh defeated him and took him
prisoner in the field ; on 29 May the grant
was confirmed, and Hugh made Earl of Ulster
{ib. p. 151 ikil. Mot, Pat. i. 64).
; This is
the earliest creation of an Anglo-NormaB
dignity in Ireland of which there ia any ex-
taiil record.
On 30 Juau 1205 Hugh de Lacy was sent
back to Ireland, Meili I'ifzHeury the justi-
i
ciar being ordered to act by his advice {jOuL
Digitized by Gobgle
 Lacy 37S Lacy
ifo^. CVflji*. i. 40), According to a Iwend to the identification. In 1211 he advised
preserved in the '
Book of Howth' (p. 112), Simon to take the offensive againit the Count
Hugh now banished the traitors wno had of Toulouse, and in 1214 he appears as lord
betrayed John de Courci, and on their return of Castelnaudry and Laurac In 1216 he
tlmnigh Btrem uf weather had them all was with Simon at Beaucaire, and aooom^
hanged. In 1 206 he led an army into Tyrone, Eanied him to the siege of Toulouse, where
whwe he burnt many churche,but could exact e served during the next two years, and
'no plfldgv from Hugh O'Neill. Hi power, was present at tne crusading leaaer's death
however, was already making him obnoxious on 26 June 1218. In 1219 he took part in
to the English king, and on 30 Aug. 1206 the tight at Bazi^ge ( Chanton de la Crvi-
he was ordered to render obedience to Meiler tade umbn les Albxgeoit, See de I'Uist. de
Fitr Henry the justiciar (C'a/. Hot. Pat. i. 67). France, see index; Reeueil det II (orient t.^-

But next year found him at open war with de la France, xix. 181 ; Garland, De Tri-
BfeOctv whose people were in consequence umphis Eoclegug, p. 86, Roxburghe Olab).
nearly ruined. In May 1207 King John On 17 Sept. 1221 Hugh de Lacy tiad a safe-
wrote to the De Lacys and other barons of conduct to come to England (JSwebtmah, i.
Leinster in consequence of their opposition 1012), and accordingly returned soon after;
to the justiciar, and badf^ them to desist the DuiiRtable Annals add that he had been
'
'

from their attempt to create a new assise (t^. expelled by the Albigensiaus. On his arrival
i. 72). The war, however, still went Oll,ftnd in England Hugh petitioned for the restora-
in 1208 Hugh and Walter de Lacy captured tion of his lands. This was refused, but a
the castle of Ardnurcher after a eiege of pension of three hundred marks was granted
five weeks, and also took the territory of for his support. In April 1215 Hugh I^d been
Fircal (in King's County), compelling Meiler informed tnat his brother had paid a fine on
to leave the country (i-owr Ma$ter, lii. 167 his behalf, but that his lands would be re-
Loch Of, i. 233, 239, givee date of siege as tained by the king on account of hia negleot
1207). During 1208 Hugh was also engaged to seek pardon, ' although we have been near
in warfare in Ulster, where he burnt several to you (no doubt an allusion to John'a
churches. Partly owing to the tariwlenoe of French campaign in 1214). In July 1916
the De Lacys during these years, and partly Matthew de Tuit, one of Hugh's knights,
owing to the protection they affoided to Wil- had leave to come to England to treat for his
liam de Braoee fq. v.], King John leaded et loid. Hie negotiation, however, seems to
Waterford in the latter part of June 1210. have failed for in August Walter de Lmcj
;

After expelling Walter de Lacv from Meath received chuge of some of hia brother's landis
he ntenhed into XJIeter. Hngli retreated to (Oa. Mot. Atf. i. 184, ISO). In Kovnmher
Carrickfergus, and thence, before the king 1216 Hugh was again offered restitution if he
oould arrive, fled in a small boat to Scotland would return to his fealty (J'Trndera, i. 146,
(Jmislw Cambria, pp. 66-7 and note, Bolb Record edit.)
oer*) According to some accounts, the ex- After the refusal of his petition for resti-
pabion <xf the De Lacjs from Ireland was tution Hugh went over to Ireland without
dne to ^luar hoTinf tnadteroaaly dain 1^ the king's consent, and in the nBumr of
John de Courci of Rathenny (Grace, Annals, 1222 Cathal Crobbderg wrote to the king in
25 ; Ann, Mid. in Chart. St. Mary. Dublin. complaint of Hugh's conduct (SHniun, L
8.
. 811). 183). Hugh deLac7 had aUied himself witk
After a short stay in Scotland Jit St. Hugh O'Neill, deetmjed the cafitle of Cole-
Andrews, Hu^ oroeaed over to i*'rance, raine, and ravaged Heath uud Leinster.
where, tooordhigto a later legend, he and hie Nevwthdeee, a idheme wee propoeed fbr llw
brother Walter worlied at the monastery of conditional return of Hugh's lands hut the :

8t. Taurin, Isiormandj, in the most menial intended sureties would not aooept the re-
oflloea. Atlength the abbot recognised them, iponaibility, and it eonaeqaently ftu thRNudi
and interceded with the king for their par- {Cat. Hot. Claut. i. 501, 627 6, 649 In
don In point of fiact, Hugh was not 123S Hugh went over to Walesy and joined
pardoned lall long after hie brother, and H
Llewellyn ap lorwerth [q. v.] in Ua warfiue
seems probublf that lie was the Hugh de with "WiHium Marshal (Matt" Paris, iii. 82).
Lacgr wno took part in the erosade against Llewellyn was defeated, and Hugh then
the Albigemdane ; fbr the 'Bnnetable An- formed a ftesih scheme fat the iuTarion of
.

nals' allude expresely to him in this con- Ireland, whither ho returned by st^lth early
'

nection ^AmuUt Monattidf iii. 76). How- next year. He anranged for assistance to
|

erer, Williem otTviMik*9 atatement, that be come from Norway in the summer (Shirlet,
I

was with Siiuonde Montfort inl209,i8ol. urly i. 219), and rejoining Hugh O'Neill took up
inaccurate} but there ia no <Mher obetade arnu against the Ei^fUsh luid their Iriah aUja
j

Digitized by Go
 Lacjr 379
Hugb or A edb, son of Cathal Oobhdeig. The
Anglo-Irish under the justiciar, Henry of
London, archbiahop of Dublin, were forced to
cone to terms, and in conaequence William
Marshal the jounger waa sent over to Ireland
in June 1224. Marshal took Trim, which was
held bj William de Lacy [see under Laot,
HueH DE, d. 1186], and sent William Grace
to r^eve Carrickiergua, which waa besieged
by Hugh de Lacy. Hugh's fleet attempted
without success to oppose Grace, and the
aaeoe was then raisea. Marshal meantime
liaa captured William de Lacv and his cran-
og of O'lieilly (i^. L 600-2). Eventually
Bugh made til agreement with Marshal under
wLich he Burrendered and waa sent over
to England (SwiumiAV, i. 1219). Hugh de
liMjAcrafMnvedabMllition from the sen*
fence of excommunication which had been
{lapsed on him by the pope's command, but
could not obtain the royal pardon {Ann.
Mon. iii. 91 ; Cal. Hot. Clam. i. 549 b). On
13 May! 2^ Walter de Lacy received charge
of all Bngli^B lands in Ulster, Xo hold them
fcr three years (SwbbtmJlKjL 1S71-4). How-
sver, on 20 April 1227 Hugh waa at length
restored to possession of his fliitilet Mid Uwds
{Cat. Rot. Claus. ii. 182 b).
After thia Hugh de Lacy appears as u
supporter of tlM loyal authority m
Ireland.
Tn 1228 be was Hummonod for the French
war with tour knights, bein^ more than were
demanded of tmy Anglo-Iiwli noble except
his brother Walter (Shiblbt, i. 358). On
the coming of Eichard Marshal, earl of Pem'
[iq. v.], into Ireland, Hugh de Lacy
fftipported Miiuricf Fitzgerald, the royal jus-
ticiar, atfaiiist the earl, and was present at
tltteoBMranae between the earl-marshal and
his opponents at the Curragh, and tiie earl's
defieat on 1 Anril 1234. Afterwards Hugh
wee summonea to Eagbnd to advise the
king, and lie wn? subsequently thanked by
Henry for his services (iA.i.437, 478; Swbbt-
MMM, u 3118). In 1235 he took psirt in the
great raid of Richard de Burgh (d. 1243)
[q.T.] into Connaught. In the same year
Alan of Galloway, who had maniad Hugh's
danchtfT in 1228 (Chron. Lanercoet, p. 40),
died, leaving three daughters by a former wile
and a bastani son, Thomas, who endeavoured
to st-irehis fathtirs lands. In April 1236 Huffh
tathered a great army from Ireland and the
sle of Man, and joined Thomas in his re-
bellinn. But Alexander II of Scotland soon
compelled them to come to terms (Matt.
Paris, iii. S64-6; Fobdun, &ortcA <W
flwi,tti.
7.53). On 26 At)ril 1287 Huffh was sunj-
moned to England to advise the ung (Swsr-
L 23641. InlSSSaome^Hi^'afol-
Ullea an Iridk ehieftaiii, wluniqpoii
Lacy
Donnell MacLoughlin, chief of Cenel Owen
took up arms and drove Hugh out of Ulster.
Hugh returned with FitzMaurice the justi-
ciar at harvest time, and after expelling
MacLoufthlin gave Tyrone to Brian O'NeilL
In 1980 MacLoughlin recovered his loordship,
but was speedily eTpplled once more. It was
probably a later phabe of this stru^le which
caused the great dissensions against Hugh
in Ulster in 1240 (Fmir Mafter$, iii. 301 n.)
H ugh died at Carrickferg;is at the end of
1242 or beginning of 1243 (Man. Pasis, iv.
232; SwECTMAK, i. 2616; he was certainly
dead before 26 April 1243). lie was buried in
the chiirch of the Dominican firiais at Carrick-
fergus {Book of Howth, p. 124). Matthew
Paris calls him
u mo6t renowned warrior,
'
and the conqueror of a gnsatpaitof
gloriou.s
Ireland (iv. 232). As Hupfh was certainly
'
the most turbulent, so aiso he was perhaps
the most powerful of all the Aoglo-Irish
nobles of iiis nge. The careers of himself,
his father and brother, illustrate well the
course of the English conquest of Ireland,
and the peculiar difficulties which the royal
authority hud to encounter through the ex-
cessive power granted to or acquired by the
chiefs of the English settlement. The grant
of Ulster to Hugh included all authority ex-
cent that of epiMopal infwtttare, and Hii|^
held it exempt and flej>Brate from every
coimty, having his own court and chancery
(SwBSTMaxr, i. 260, 263; Careu) MSB. v.
460). The earldom of Ulster of this creation
came to an end at Hugh's death, for he left
no male heir; and the alle^tion that a
daughter of his married Walter de Burgh,
and conveyed to her husband her father's
rights in the earldom, if iii00Reet[Me Older
BuKou, Waltek db].
Hugh married Emmeline (sometimes called
Leceline^, daughter of Waiter de Bedelet
ford. Sne was alive as late as November
1267, but died before 1278 (Swebimak, ii.
834 ; Calendarium Geneaiagimmn. i. 266).
Besides the daughter who married Alan of
Galloway, Hugh had another daughter, who
married Miles MacCk)stelloe (J^bir Maaten.
iii. 340). One of his daughters was called
Boysya {Carew MSS. v. 412). He had two
sons, Walter and Roger, who were alive in
122'" (SwEKTMAS, i. 1872). son of his A
was killed during the war with MacLoughlin
in 1238 {FcwMatign, iii. 239 n.) There is
no evidence as to whether these children
were illegitimate or not ; the Dunstable '
Annals ' lolege that in 1226 Hugh had abiB*
doned his wife, and was living with U
adulteress (Ann. Mm. iii. 91).
Hugh ii Mid tobv8m11ieiB<mlvaf
St. Tbuirb A obU a* Biidnjy Mw Oulii^lfbidi
Digitized by Google
 Lacy Lacy
He founded the house of the DominicaaB at Antwerp (i'W^ra,i. 187), and on 6Sept. 12.30
CanfMrngm, and was a baneAetor of the was a oommisBioner to treat for a truce with
canons of St. Thomas, Dublin, uml also of France. After the death of Earl Rand ulf, I^cy
St. Andrew's Church in Scotland {C/tart. 8t, was made Earl of Lincoln on 22 Nov. 1 232, in
Maru'f, Dublin, ii. 311 ; liea. St. Thoi.DtOHnj right of his wife, Mar^ret daughter of Koh<^rt,

pf. 7, 9, 18, 49^; SwrnanuM, i. 3406). doQuiucy, and Ilawise, countess of Lincoln,
[Asnak of Lm-h C6 Eogor of Hovedcn's a snster of Enrl IJimdulf. In 1283 he at firj^t
;

CSuoniela; Matthew Paris's Chronica MajoM supported Kichard Marshal, earl of Pem-
Aonalea MoiMatiei Shirley's Royal and Histori- broke [q. v.], in his opporition to TMer det
;

cal Letters of the Roij^n of Honrj- III Annales Roches, but whr eventually won over by a
;

Cambnse Register of St. Thomas, Dublin ; Cbar- bribe of a thousand marks firom the bishop.
;

tulary of St. Mary's, Dublin (iill these are the His followers in IrsUusd nftieedto sahmitto
Rolls Sori'";); Ann.ils of the Four Ma<;trs, ed. Oilh. >rar8hal {Arm, Men. i. 91). In 12S
I t

O Donovan; Cakn<lars of Patent RolLt, Close Lincoln appears as one c the witnesses to
BoUi^ and Charter BoUa, published by the Record the oonflrmation of the ohavters, aad at the
OommianoD; Sweetmnn's Calendar of Docnmenta qufen's coronation attended as constable of
relating to Ireland Carev MSS., vol. v., con-
;
Chester. On 20 Nov. 1287 he was one of thoee
taining the Douk of Ilowth. Among modem who wen sot hy tiie king to the legate Otto
vritera reference may be made to Gilbert's
and the council at St. Paul's to forbid them
l^cerojs of IiUaiid, aad Btakm'a Irelaiid and
theAt^^KonnanCooMli.] inai taking any action. Lincoln had by this
0. L. K.
tinie attached himself completely to the court
LACY, JOHN DB, first Eakl or Lnrootx party, and he is raent ionea in tins year along
of the Lacy family (^d. 1210), wa son of with Simon de Montfort as one of the king>
Roger de I.ncy, jiHticiur [q. v.], by Maud unpopular counsellors (Mxrr. PARiH.iii. 4l2).
de Clere. He wiis probably a minor at '
He used his position to secure he murriagBof
t

the time of his father's death in January his daughter Maud to Richard de Clare, earl
1212, as he did not receive full livery till of Gloucester, and hi.s influence over the king
SeptemberlSlS, when, although apart of the
|

was so great that Earl Richard of Comwafi

fine was remitted, his custles of Pontefract
|

made it a subject of reproach nrrains-t Lis

and Doninffton were still retained in the brother. Lincoln, howeTer, made his peace
king^B hands. Doningftoii was restored in with Earl Richard by means of prayers and
July 1214, Lacv giving hostngea for hir^ trnnrl prcrnt.'--. He died nn 22 July 1210,'niid was

conduct (Co/, ilot. Clau$. L 161, 167, lb*9).
In 1S16 bs was one of the confederate rarons,
nnd w;ls among the twenty-five appointed to
see to the ob8er>ance of the Great Charter.
Afterwards he appears for a time to have gone
over to the king, for on 1 .1 n n _ 1 6 he received
. 1
the royal pardon, and his lands were restored,
and in August he received letters of protec-
tion (IIabdt, Cal. Rot. Pat. pp. 163, 176,
179, 180). Nevertheless he had been excom-
municated by Innocent III with the other
buried at Staulaw Abbey, Cheshire, of which
{
he, like hi8fiither,had been a gteatheaefcotor;
Dugdale c:ivefi two ejiitaphs {Mon. Anffl. t.
046). Lincoln had acted as a justice itinerant
I
in Linenlnshhv and Lancashire in 1226, and
i
in the former county in 1238, and was sheriff
I
of Cheshire in 1237 and 1240. He wa.i twice
|
mfurried : first, to Alice, daughter of Gilbert
de I'Aigle ; and, secondly, before 21 June 1221
to Margaret de Qainey ( Cal. Rot. Clatu. i. 462 ),
who death married Walter Marshal,
al tr his

bwrom, and his fortress of 1 >onington wan de- earl ofPembroke, in 1241. By his second wife
atvoyed by order of the king (Matt. Pakis, ii. helcftason Edmund 1227) ond two daup?i-
flSP, 643). In September 1216 his Und at ters. It is sometimes said that Edmund was
Nnre^by, Nottinghamshire, was Mitvosted to never Earl of Lincoln, but he is so stjled on
Kmttld de Amlili'vine, but lie was finally par- 5 Sept. l2o^. Edinnnd married, in ^Tav
doned and his lands restored in August 1217 1247, Alicia, eider daughter of ManfrtKl III,
{OaL Bot CImu. i. 289, SI6, 3.39V In 1916 marauis of (Saluno^ and died oa il JnW
he went on the crusade with Knrl Il.indulf 1257, leaving an OD^SOB HeBI7,tfcild nui
of Chester [see BLUirDjmu., lUiiDULP de], of Lincoln [q. t.]
and was present at tiie siege of Damietta [Matthew Fhris Annales Mottastid (both in
;

(Matt. Pakis, iii. 41); he had taken the Rolb Ser.) Monaaticon.\nglicanum,T.534,647-
,

cross as early as March 1216 (Gervasb op 648 DugdiiIe'sBaconage,i. lOi-2; Doyle's omcial
;

Cawtebbubt, ii. 109). After his return to Baronage, ti. 178 ; 7ws
Jvdgai of England. H.
England, about August lS20,he joined with 379-80.] L. K.a
Earl Ilandiilf in his opposition to the king's LACY, JOHN (d. 1681), dramatist and
government, but submitted at the same time comedian, of humble extract ictu, was bom
48 his leader, and sumnderedhiB oastles. In near Doncastor, and came in 1681 to Ix)ndon,
8eptanhttl2i7h irMMBtonaaembia^to whan he ww
appnotioed to Jdin Ogilbj

Digitized by Google
 Lacy Lacy
tnoUtor and daciQ'mater. Lacy Dutch war, the date of production as
fixes
watlmuelf fortonw time a asnciiifir-master, earfor than 1666. Laejr is benered tolurro
beinij.iicconliii;^ lo the 'Lives and Cliaractcrs been the oricfinal lva<.trou, a Fn nrh sfr\8nt.
oi Uie Eufflish Dramatic Poets/ probably by Under the date 31 July 1668 renvs writea:
CharlMGndon [q.v.], 'of aTareauipe of body * To the King's honse to sea the ffirst
dxf of
and good complexion.' T>vn Jonson obtained Ljicv'm "Monsieur Jajfou," now new acted.
1

rojn Lacj Yorkshire words and proverba for The king and court all there, and mighty
hit'TaleofaTuVKKM' During the ctyil war merry ; a iaroe.' Of ndther of these represen*
he waa a lieutenant and quartermaster under tations is any cust preserved. The play was
Colonel Charles ('rerard, afterwards earl of first published in 1672 ; a seoond editioii
Sfaedeefield [q. v.j An original member of was printed in 1698. Boiweit at tiie Hay-
king's company (Killigrew's), be speedily market, 31 July 1707, is the first recorded
rose to be one ofitschief supports, and retained Rag^u and Verbruggen the first Lieutenant.
ius connection with it untd his death. The It was further revived at Drary Lane in 1714
iat part associated with bis name is Scruple, and 1717. Langbaine coniectures, not too
a aoaoooformist, in John Wilson's comedy happily, that it waa founded on aome Fmu6h
the 'Cheata,' written in 1662, and played original.
about the same time, pesumably at Vere On 27 Dec. 1606, on the resumption of
Street Theatre. A too Tivactous mimicrf by performances after the cessation of the plague,
Lacy of some well-known nonconformist is Lacy was Sir Roger in the ' Scornful Luly
mfgamd to have been the reason why the of liaattmoat and Fletcher. Sawny the Scot,' '

play was temporarily suppressed. Pepys^who an execrable adaptation of the 'Taming of

bean constant testimony to the merits ot the Shrew/ of the authorship of which Lacy
Isi^f saw him, 12 June 1663, as Teague, an is acenaed, was seen by Pupys 9 April 1667.
original part, in the * Committee' of Sir Rf)bert Pepys says it hath some very good pieces
*

IlowarU. lie calls it a merry but indif- in It, bat generally is but a mean play, and
'

ferent pl&j,' adding 'only Laoe^'s part, an the beet part, Sawny, done by Ijotf [Lacy],
Irish footman, is beyond imapinntion. Evelyn and Imfli not half its life, by reaaon of the
bestowia similar commendatiuu un Lacy 8 per- words, 1 suppose, not being understood, at
lofmaaoe, 27 Nov. 1662. In 1664 Lacy ajp- least by me. Sawny ia a MOtch servant of
pears to have played Captjiin Otter in the Petruchio, whose lan^iins'e mipfht well be
Silent Woman' and Ananias in liie 'Al- incomprehensible both side^ of the Tweed. He
chemist/ and in 1666 Sir Politiek Wovldbe isaninexpressiblycoarse.tediousbuffoon. Tha
m the ' Fox,' all by Ben Jonson. piece was first printed in 4to, 1698. nnd was
Before the iast date Lacy wrote his best reissued in 1708. No cast earlier than that of
play, ' The Old Troop, or Monsienr Raggou/ the revival of 1698 at Drury Lane is extant,
m which he utilised hi.? experiences during when BuUock, Powell, Joe Hnines, Mrs.
the civil war, giving an animated if ex- Verbruggen, and Mrs. Cibber unaoted the
,

illf atiiilMd fiux:ical deaeiiptkm of the re- cliiet parts. It was given at Lincoln's Inn
pate in which cavalier troopers were held by Fields SO late as 18 May l72o. To its popn-
the country-iblk, together with some par- larity the profanities to which the Turning '

tiCMlmi of tlw Idnd of plundering to which of the ShiMT ' was frequently submitted on
the soldiers were addicted. Scott makes the stage may be largely ascribed. In the
uie of this piece in ' Vvoodatock,' the twen- same season (1G67), according to Pepys,
tirth rhif - of whicli contains many refer- Lacy played a Country Gentleman in 'Change
ences U) the habit of eating children, with of Crowns,' an imprinted piece by Edward
which, according to Lacy, Samuel Butler, and Howard, and JoimylMc Thump in Love in) '

other writes, Lunsford's horse werecvsdited a Maze/otharwiae'Tna Dliangea.'Oonceming

' '

( WootLitock, ii. 36, ed. 1868). In a note to the earlier presentation, Pepy?, 16 Apnl
the same volume Scott quotes from the piece 1607, says: Lacy did act the (Joiintry Qentla-
*

what he calls a scene of coarse but humorous man come up to Court, who do abuse tlM
'

comedy.' which Swift * had not, perhaps, for- Court with all irans-infible wit and plainness
gotten when he recommended the eating of about selling of phiees and doing everything
the children of the pooraasmode of relieving for money.' So angry WMB Chainm II 'at tha
th^di^irpsg of their parents ' ii. 402). In liberty taken by Lacy's part to abu.se him to
the epilogue to the ' Vestal Virgin ' of Sir his face that he commanded the company
'

Robert Howard, acted at the Theatre Royal, should act no more, and committed Lacy to
1 .Tan. lUtj/i-O, Lacy, who delivered the the Porter's Lodge. Mohuti obtained forgive-
epilogue, spoke of himself as a poet and uess for the company and for Lacy, but the
ttreatened to turn * Ba^u into a tragedy.' play remained under censure. After Lacjr's
Tluii mth xaCBTCneea m tlia pieos to tte Jw mat Howard, and eorwd him fta*

Digitized by Google
 Lacy $u Laqr
cause 'his nonsensical play' had been the author and an epilogue by Joe Hatnea [q. t.}
oante of his impunonilltllti telH n g h im more-
, were spoken by the latter. Genast spttaln
over, that 'ho was more of a fool than a of the piny disparagingly.
poet.' A
sculBo followed, fiiid Howard com- Jjacy was praised in his own day. His danc-
plainad to the king, who aguin silenced the ing seems to have bom hts ohief attraotioa
company on 20 April 1667. To 1669 G^neafc until ago disabled him. Downes commends
assigns The Dumb Lady, or the Farrier made
' his acting of Scruple in the ' Cheats,' Jonny
U
a ifyrieian.' This a mnarable and highly Thump, league, and Bayes. Penys seldom
indecent piece, far coarser than the originals mentions him without praise, and dt^scribes,
compounaed by Lacy from Le M6decin mal- under date 19 Jan. 166d-9, the daucn which
'

grt rai ' Mid <L' Amour M^decin of Molidre. he introduced between the acts of H orace,*
'
'

It was not printed until 1672, and no cast is a silly tragedy.' Langbaine says that Tyacy
*

given, but Lacy, no doubt, played Drench 'performed all parts that he undertook to a
(Sganarelle). miracle, insomiidi that I am apt to believe
LacT was on 7 Dec. 1671 the original Bayes that as this age never had, sn the next never
of the Kehearsal,' the prologiie to which says will have hia equal, at least not his superior.'
*

that if the burlesque exercises the desired Lacy, sinrs Langbdne, mm

so approved by
effect Lacy will boast that hp had reformed Charles II that the king caused hig picture to
thestage. At Lincoln's Inn, whither,after the be drawn in three several figures in the same
defferoetiAB of l^e Theatre Royal, Killi(pw*8 table, viz. that of Teague in the * Oommittee,*
company migrated, Lacy was the original Mr. ScrnpV in the Ghent?,' and M. Gnlliard
*

Wood, or St. Jamee'e Pnkf' m

Alderman Qnpe in VVycherley's ' Love in a in the Variety;' the picture is still at
ia 1676, at Windsor Osstle.
'

A
oopy was sold in 1816L
the new theatre in Drury Lane, was the A s?cond, or the same, pninted by If. Woght
original Intrigo in Sir Francis Fane s Love i n (1675), is in the Garrick Club.
'

thoDnkfOrtnoMaaiofBunnefla.' His editors [A not too tmstworthy life of Lacy is pre-

doubtfully assert that he also played the
fVench IHmcin^Mistreas in a play so named.
GeiMot Mjo tbat he probably acted Bobadil,
and was the original Frenchlove in the Eng-
lish Mounseer,' by the Hon. James Howard,
1606; Tingvister in 'All Mistaken, or the
Mad Couple,' by the same author, 1667;
Tartuffein Tartuffe, or the French Puritan,'
'
hy Maidment and
fixed to thv. c<Htton of his plays
Logan. 8m also Aubraf 's Letters bv Emioeot
Fmoas,mt. !Pspyfl/WINa>y,LaDgbaTiMnBlvvs
' (which is far too favoorablo to Lacy), Downes's
fioeciua Anglicanos, (lenest's Accoant of the St^go,
and IIm Biographia Dramatica are the principal
sources of information. Wheatley aod Cunning-
ham's London Past and Present the History of ;

the Stage assigned to Bcttorton Davies's Drama-

adapted from Holiero by Uatthew Med- ;

tic Miscellanifls, vol. Wilkes'a (Derrick's)

i. ;
boume [q. v."", 1670 French Valet in Mock
;
*

Oensml View of the Stsgs^ 9Bt^ have abo besa

Dualist, or the French Valet,' by P. B., 1675,
oonsnltel] J. K.
and the English Lawyer in the play of tliat
name adapted by Tlavenscroft from fhf! T.atin LACY. .TOHN Cfl. 17^7), psendo-pronhct,
play of ' Ignoramus.' He also played Falstalll was bom at Saffiran Walden, Essex, in 1664.
m whieh, aoeordinff to DaTies, he snoceeded He leoMved some dsesieal ediioatioii,aiid as
Cartwright, and in ' Variety,' hy the Duke a younger son wag sent to London to earn
of Newcastle. Lacy died on 17 Sent. 1681, his own living in 1680. In 1706 he was
IB Dfiirf Lane, two doors off Lord Angle- a married man with a Ihmily, in good to-
sey's house, and near Cradle Alley, and was piite for his parts and piety, and one of the
buried the Monday foUowing ' in the fiurther wealthiest members of Ihr. Calamy's oongre-
divrdiyard'of fik.lfafttn'fr4-1lie-Fifl]d8. On
^tion at Westminster. 'The kesef a lawsuit
19 Oct. 1681, 20/. was ordered to be paid by m
that year preyed upon his mind, and at
Edward Griffin, esq., treasurer of the chamber,
the same time he fell under the influence of
to John Lacy, assignee of Oharles KtUigrew, the so-ealled ' Freneh prophets,' then lately
master of tlio revels, for two plays acted arrived in Knpland. In 1707 ho publi-hi^'l
before his m^esty in Februarr and March a translation of the ' Th6itre Sacr6 des C6>
1676-0 (see Azmrav, Secret Aniee Monet/, venues,' byFiaaeh Madmilisn Mfason [q. v.\
Camd. Soc. p. 341. Lacy g^vo lessons to as A
Cry from the Desert, or Testimonials
'

Nell Gwynn, and is said to have been one of of the Miraculous Things lately come to pass
Mr lovers. in the Cevennes terifled upon Oath and by
After Lucy's death appeared, in 1684, at other proofs,' London, 8vo. second edition, A
Dorset Garden Theatre, a comedy, entitled with an able pre&ce in favour of the miracu-
*Sb HerealesBiifFoon,or theFoetieal Sqnire,' lous character of the phenomena, appeared
which was published in the same yi ar. A tho game year. This he followed up with
prologue by D'Urfey describing Lacy as the I ' Pn^hetical Wamiaga of Elias Marion^hMe-

Digitized by Google
 Lacy
tolbve one of tho Commanden of the Fro-
tMteatotluitluid! taken Anns istlieOsvsinieB
& ni>rour5o utten'd by him in TiOrulon under
the Upezstion of the ^rit, and faithfully
tdBM la Writing whilst twfwen molranV
London, 1707, 8vo, and a r 11 fion of niaown
Hmlietical utterances, in three Darts,entitled
*Tm Prophetieal Wamings ol Jolm Lacy,
EJsq., protKMinced under the Operation of
the Spirit and faithfully taken in writing
wlnlst tlwj wore tpoken,' fjimdoD^ 1707,
s^To. Thes*.' curious outpourings are all in
the first person, as if spoken by the spirit,
and oonaist msinlr of rwue raticinattons
of coming woes. Some ot them are in bad
French, others in wocm Latin. In the pre-
&ee Laey states that while in his ecstasies
hismind, tongue, and fingers were directed by
sn inTisible * foreign agent,' by whom also
his body was agitated and contorted, and
om>. times carried round or across the room,
and that the seizures began suddenly on
12 Jane 1707. Calamy and others who wit-
nened the ecstasies testify to his physical
afritation, or * quaking,' and describe his
utterance as preceded by much hiccough-
ing, gasping, sighing, and groaning, and,
thoupn perfectly articulate, broken and un-
natural. Lacy also claimed the power of
wridnff miracles, and in particular to have
restored her sight to a prophetess called Betty
Gray, cured her of paralysis, and removed a
tomour in her throat by the 'opanliioii of
th* Spirit .' Blindness, paralvsis, and tumour
wert; alike imaginary. He also predicted the
resurrection from tho dead upon 25 May 1708
of Thomafl Emes [q. v.], buried in Bunhill
Fields on Christmas day 1707 (see IlaiL
Mm. vii. 194-6). Such crowda ooUeeted
tc witness the fulfilmnt of the prophecy
shat the trainbands were called out. The
ministers and elders of the French church
in the Savoy had early tried in vain to check
the excitement by censuring the jprophets
as impostors. The latter were then mdictcd
(4 July 1707) before Lord-chief-justice Holt
for nablishing false and scandalous pamphlets
mi holding tumultuous assemblies, were
convicted, mied, and put in the pillory. A wife, and took E. Oray, a Prophetess, to his bed
prosecution was also instituted by the attor-
ey-general against Lacy and his chief coad-
iutor,Sir Richard Bulkclev(1644- 1 710)rq.v.],
but was eventually abandoned. There were
iooo more than four hundred persons pro-
phesying in different parts of the country.
The der^ denounced them, and Calamy
MBnvsdLacy at ^^'estminster in some ser-
mons published as '
A
Caveat against New
Prophets,' London, 1708, 8to. Lacy replied
going into one of hit CWfMee in his own
bj
IB Odanj'a |iwwoM| ad rabuking at Limericlc during the 'great froet' of
33 Lacy
him in the name
of the Spirit. His formal
answer appeared as ' A
Relation of the iJeal-
ings of God to his unworthy servant, Jdtai
Lac^, since the time of his believing and pro-
fessing himself Inspired,' Ijondon, 1708, 8vo.
Lacy was also attacked by Dr. Josiah Wood-
ward [q. v.] in 'Remarks on the >rodem
Prophets,' London, 1708, 8vo, and replied in
a 'Letter to the Rev. Dr. Josiah Woodward
concerning his Remarks on the Modern Pro-
phets,' London, 1708, 8vo, to which \Vood-
ward published an ' Answer.' Failin^^ to con-
vert his wife. Lacy deserted her in 1711,
and went to live in Lancashire with Betty
Gray. This he called learing Hagar for
Sara. Ahotit 1713 Whiston had been to his
house and tried vainly to reason him out of
his delusion. The Jaoohite rising in 1715
elicited from him an appropriate Vision of '
J. L., Esq., a Prophet, London, 1715, 8vo.
His last publication was ' The Scene of De-
lusions, by the Rev. Mr. Owen of Warring-
ton, at his own earnest request considered
and confuted bj one of the Modem Pro-
phets and as it proves partly by himself,'
;
London, 1723, 8vo. He was committed to
Bridewell in 1787 for opening an ' oratovj *
at Villierv Street, York Buildings, LoodOB*
The date of his death ist uncertaiiu
[Besides the writings menUoned In the tut
the principal authorities are Calaoiy's Historieal
Aoooonb of mv own Life, ed. Butt, iL 72 t
seq. WhistoD^s Memoirs, 1749, p. 188 ; Lai-
:
trell's Relation of State Affiiirs, vi. 244, 807
Kingston's Enthusiastick Impostors no Divinely
inspirttl Propheta An .Account of the Tryal,
;
&c., of Elias Marion, LondoD, 1707, Ist pt.;
PredietiaBe oooeeraing the Raising tlie om&
Body of Mr. Thomas Emes.&c, London, 1708(fX
4to,- The Honest Quaker, or the Forgerief , , .
of the prelMidtd Smdi
Broplitts . . . snmfd
in a letter . . . girtog aa Aeeoont of a Sham
Miracle perfomsd by John L
y, Esq., on the
body of Elizabeth Gray nn tho 17th of August
last. London, 1707, 8vo; Humphrey's Aooooat
of tm FiModi PNphees, fte., and nrUier Aeeonat
in two letters to Sir Richard Bulkeloj, Tvondon,
1708, 8vu; A Letter from John Lacy to Tliomaa
DutoD, btiing EcaiwnH why the former left hie
(dated 6 March 1711); A Brand plucked froK
thf* Burninrr, exemplified in the UnparalleTd
Case of Samuel Keimer, &c., London, 1718. 8n>:
Lettras d'nn ParticaUsr k Monsisiir 1fliM
L'honnSte Homme, Txindon, 1707-8, 8vo; Boyef^
PoUt. Bute, Iv. 37, 210, cf. art. Ln, Amn.]
J< M B.
LACY or DB LACY, MAURICE
(1740-1820), of Grodno, Kussian aeneral,
belonged to a hraneh of the Ihmily of Pster,
count r.acy [q. v.] He was Horn apparently
Digitized by Google
 Lacy Lacy
1738-40 (8e Lehihik, p. 332), and is de- live of Passngas in the late War ith FnuMM^
sorilwd (Printed Sketeh-Ptfiliffree) as son of 1, 18fi4.] H. M. a
Patrick de I^y (d. 17W) hy Lady Marr
Herbert of Templeagletau and grandson of LACY, MICHAEL KOPIIINO (1795-
'oldPMriekLaef'oiKatiiealnll, who died in l<S(i7), violinist and composer, was bom at
1741. Maurice, who was said to have been Bilbao in Spain on 19 July 1795 (not in 1765
brought up in an Irish convent, obtained a as stated in F^tis'a Uiographie Universelle').'

oonUBiwkm in tlie Rottian armv, in which His father, an Englishman, was engaged in

he foupht against the Turks, and attained mercantile pursuits in Bilbao his mother ;

general's rank, with which he revisited Ire- was Spanish.

i
He couuneuoed to learn the
lud in 1709-8. He wait back to Hnnia, violin at the age of five, and aft aix he made
and held comnifincl nntlor Marshal Suwarrow his public d/but at a concert, jfiven in Itilbao
an Italiuu viuliuist. lie played
in liie campaigns against the Jt'rench in by Andreossi,
Switierimid and Itafy. Sir Benjr Bdward a conoerto of Jamowick (or Giomovichi),
liunbury Tq. v.l, who was quartermajitf*r- and aroused the utmost t>nthiHi!',m, fdthough
Soner&l of the amaU British force sent to he was so small that he hud to ^tuud up oa
\t.^m under Sir James Henr^ ^^^^ a table before the audience could see him.
in i806, speaking of an nuxiliary force of Until 1802 he was patronised by the court of
Iburteen thousand Russians and two thou- Madrid as an infant prodigy. In 1802 he com-
mxA wild Montenegrins asnt tUther ftom menced his edneatioB at ^e college of Boe>
theGrt-ek isIhikJs, wndtT th.- Russian gen.'nil, deaux, and after spending eighteeti months
tliere proceeded to a lyc^eat i'aris, where his
D'Anrep, observes that D'Anrep was sub-
ordinate to old (lenenl Laoy, who was re- scholastieeiiiocesses were amaxing. While in
siding at Naples under the pretence of ill- Paris lu' was r pupil of Kreuter, under whom
health, but prenarod by liia sovereign's order he made rapid progress, and in 180o he played
to take tlie chief comrnaiid when tiie time' a violin solo as le petit Espagnol at the
'
'

Meanwhile his father was ruined

I

should come to put t\\r troop.-- in inov-'ment Tuilcries.

He had been a brave and meritorious offict^r, by some American speculations, and Lacy was
* but showed no traees of ever haring been brought to Englana in 1S05 to study nnder
a man of talent or information.' Buubury, Viotti. Gn the journey he played in various
who is wrong on some points, adds Uo :
' Dutch towns, and became a great favourite
spoke English with the stron^fest brogue I at the Hague. He arrived in England at the
ever heard, and with peculiarities that I have nf ten years and three months. At this
never mot with, except in the Teagues of our time, we are told, he was able to speak flu-
old comedies/ He used to bring his night- ently English, French, Italian, and Spaaiahf
cap in his pocket when ht^ attended a council and had a fair knowledge of Latin. Hisper-
of war, and put it on and go to sleep while formanoes roused much enthusiasm in Eng-
others discussed t he business. * But the old landy when he was at first known aietaly ae
gentleman was simple and kind-ht -art d, and,
i 'the young Spaniard;' his real iiamp was not
" publicly revealed until May 1807, when there
m his own words, *' always for fighting
(BmrBUBX, pp. 101-2). Lacy played no pro- vtraspublished an engraved portrait ef luai
unent part in later campaigns. He was bv Oardon, from a orawing by Smart, on
governor of Grodno, where he possessed esr- which was the legend < Master M. M. J. L
tates. Lacy and his sbter, Airs. Johanna Lacy, the eelebrated ^roung SpaiuAfd, bem
O'Rriflli, who died before him, outlived all in Bilbao 19 July 1795.* Among his patrona

their numerous brothers and sisters. His were the Prince of Wales, the Duke of buasex,
nephew, .M auric* Pierse, entered the Russian tlw DttdiesB Off Yedr, and Gount fitahreaai
aerriee and died before Adrianople during berg, the Austrian ambassador. His first
the war of 1827-9 (see United Service Maga- concert in London was given at the Hanover
aAie, November 1844). Lacy, who is described Square Booma, and aeon after he played el
as the last Uneal (^atalani's first concert in Dublin, where the
PniUud Sketeh-Fedisfree) '

escendant of the groat Hugh de Lacy,' died
unmarried fit (irodno, Kiiiii, in January 1820.
[Printed Sketch-Pedigreo of General Maurice
de Lacy of Grodno, two copies of wliich uro in
the jBritiah Mtusuak library, signed bj^ Mri<.
DeLseyNash, tha torriving roprreentatiTe of
Larv's .ij.ter. Mrs. Johanna 0'15rion :se also
Leniliaii's Hi&t. of Limerick, Dublin, 1866;
D'Alton's llUujtrntionh of ICiiig James's Army
Lbts, Dublin, 2nd adit. 1S61 ; Ambury's Narm-
lord-lieutenant, the Duke of liichmoad, aiftd
the dneheBe warmly patroniied him. For
performances at Corn's concerts in Edin
burgh he received the large fee of tweatj
guineas per night .Sabsequently hia fhther
caused him to uliaiiflon thr- musical for the
dramatic profession, and for about ten yeaca
(1808 18) he filled *gnteel eomedyparta'in
Edinburgh, Dublin, mid Glasgow, only play-
ing the Violin in public at hia benefita. ua

Digitized by Google
 Lacy
iHldf at the inviUtioa of the directors, he
moewded YaneviesufintTidia and diraetor
if tli' Liwrpool concerta, which were rtj-
cruited t'rom th best toleut in Loadou. At
tliBend of 1820 Laey rattmied to London,
and until 1823 directed the balletand com-
gomd most of tha baUet-miuio for the It4ilian
opr. In 1623 in consequence of disagree-
ments with the mu.sicul director, ho returned
to the nuuaegement of the Liverpool concerts,
batiwuDed his noation at theltalian opera service under Marshal the Dnc de Groy, by
iBl8S4. From tnis time until Ins retirement whom he was present^ to the czar, Peter
and death, which took place at PeutonviUe the Great (D'Ai/coK). The ccar selected Laoy
m 90 Sept. 1867, he devoted himsdf prind- as one of a hundred foreign offieem to be era-
oally to compOJsition and to the adaptation
of foreign libretti, for which his linguistic
talents eminently fitted him. It it to Jmcj
thst we owe the fir-st Kiigliah adaptatioDH of
'BeBUimmide,' 1829, Armida,' ' Cenerentola,'
*
'OadeieUa/ and ' William TeU/ 1830, < Fra
DSaTolo.' 1831, and others of minor import-
ance. Ue is known as the composer of an
oratorio entitled * The Israelites in Egypt/
IdSS, and of a re-adaptation of Weber's
*
Freischutz/ 1839, as well as of several minor
res of some merit, notably a set of rondos
the pianoforte and a quintett for two
violins, toaor, flute, and violoncello, with
pianoforte accompaniment. He also col-
laborated in Schoelcher's * Life of Handel.'
[Fetis's BiogTAphie UDiverselle do6 Musicians;
Qivrt'a Dictionary of Miuic; A Dictionary of
(anon.X 1832; private sources.]
E. H.-A.
LACY, PETER, Counx Lact (1678-
1761), Russian held-marshal, a kinsman of
Colonel Pierce Lacy of Bruff, co. Limerick,
.vbo claimed descent from Hugh de Lacy
1186) [q. v.], is said to have been second son
of Peter Lacy and his wife, Maria Courteriny.
and grandaon ot" John Lacy of BuUingarry,
CO. Limerick. He was bom at KiUedy or
Killeedy, iu that county, on -J9 Sept. (CJ.S.
IQ'H. At the age of thirteen he served King
Jamett II at the defence of Limerick, as an
ensign in the Prince of Wales's regiment of
lri*li loot, of which his uncle, Quartermaster^
Sneral and bri^'udier James Lacy, wascolonel.
e Ipft Ireland with Sartfield'H troops after
the capitulation, landed at Brent in January
16B8,and proceeded to Nantes to Join the regi-
Tu*tit of Athlone of the Irish brigade, in tne
service of France, iu which he wa^ appointed
ensign (see O'Cali.agh ak, pp. 135-9, for the
history of the corp> ). His father, who was
afterwards a captain in King James's Irish
guards, and two otlier some, axe sud to have
left Ireland about the same time, and all to
hare fallen in the service of France. Youn<;
Feter Lacy marched with his regiment to
Pii^ ont, joined the army under tira Macquia
3S Lacy
de Gatinat. and fought at Atargaglia or Vnl
de Marseilles on 4 0^.1008, where bu uncle,
Jame.s Ijary, was mortally wounded (cf. il/.
pp. 17 US),and iu the subsequent campaigns
m Xtal]r in 1098-0. In 1097 he accompanied
his regiment to the Rhine but the peace <if
;
Ryswjck led to the didiandiag of Athlone
and other Irish regiments. Disappointed of
eruploymeut in Hun^^ury aj^'ainstthe Turks,
Lacy entered as a lieutenant in the Polish
ployed in truining the Russian troops, und
appointed him captain in the iufanti^ regi-
ment of Colonel Bruee. He lenred aguust
the Swedes in Livonia and Ingria (a Russo-
Finniah proTince,nowpart of the government
of St. Petersburi^, and after the faH of Jam-
burg was appointed to command a company
called the Grand Musketeers, composed of
one hundred Russian nobles armed and horsed
at their own expense. When attendinjj the
czar in Poland in 1705, he was made miyorof
the regiment of Schemeritoff, with whidi he
servedagainst theSwedes under Lewenhaupt,
and in 1706 lieutenant-colonel of the regi-
ment of Polotsk, where he was appointed to
train and instruct three regiments. In 1707
he greatly distinguished himself at the siege
of Bucko in Poland. In 1708 he was made
colonel of the regiment of Siberia, and fe-
peatedly distinguished himself in the opera-
tions against Charles XII and his ally, Ma-
zepptf on the Dnieper, particularly at the
seizure of Rumua in December of that year.
The following ^'ear the c/.ar gave hiui a regi-
ment of grenadiers. At the battle of Pultowa
Lacy commanded a britr;ide of the rijjht wing-,
although he did not attain the rank uf briga-
dier until four ^ears lator. AkCcording to
I Ivu&dian authorities, the succetis of the day
was largely due to an order issued by the
ciarat Lacy's suggestion, directing the troope
to reserve th'-ir fir^ for clos*' quarters. From
1709 to 1721 Lacy was Ire^juently en^ni^t-d
against the Danes^ Swedes, and Turks. Ho
became a bri^^'fidier-^^'ciieral iu August 1712,
major-general the luuuiU after, and lieu-
tenant-general in July 1720. He signalised
himself in the war of 1720-1 b^ his many
successful descents on the Swedish coast, in
one of wUoh he anchofed with 130 galleys,
and encHmped his advance-jruard on shore
within twelve uiiles ot"^t^)ckhulm(ct',ScaUT-
LEK, ii. 517). In 1738 Lacy was summoned
to St. Petersburg to take hi seat nt the
council of war, and at the coronation of the
Czarina Anne the year after, he rode behind
the imperial carriage,throwinggold and silver
00
Digitized by Google
 Lacy s96 Lacy
eoinsamong the populace. In 1725 he wa.^ by the end of September returned to tho
made akni^tof the AieaomderNevsky order, ulcxaiiie, iMnring, ' withovt Imonv^ in-
and was appointt^d rmnmander-in-chief in St. was sent into r^ir rVimea, conducted the
Petersburg, Ingria, and Novogorod, to which campaign with great glory to himaetf jmd
tihe goyemments of Ihthonia and Oourland rery little
|

I
nAM to the army.' When
wero added the yenr nftrr. Tn 17i?7, when Miinnich wa acting against the Turks th^
Maurice de Saxe (afterwards the famous mar- year after, Lacy was again sent to the Crimea
^

lial) was, in opposition to tiie eoart of St. irilh a fefce, indiwiTaof Oo88ac1tt,iiot
j wc c ad -
Petorsburg, madf^ Dnkc nf Courland, T-acy ing tTiirfy-<ix thoiisanfl men. With this he
was sent to expel him from the duchvi and captured Kafia,tfae stronghold of the Crimea;
.

was afterwards appointed goremorofLmnia Imt findnir tlie hiterior of the country too
and Esthonia. In 1733 he was engaged with impoverished to support his troops, and a
j

Marshal Miinnich in establiehinp Augusitus naval armament on the Stm of Asov, which
of Saxony on the throne of Poland, in opposi- ^ras to co-operate with i>ini, having ben de-
.

tion to tne' deposed Stani<)las. Oil dto fldl ^HtWftd by a great storm, he retumod to
!

of Danttg, after a siege of 135 days in open Perecop, rared the lines there, and went into
trenches, during which the Russians loet winter quarters early. In 1/39 his troops
:

eight thousand men, including two htiadMd %ere kept In reeerre in the Ukraine, in ooa-
j

officers, Lacyreceived from Augustus the sequence of war with Sweden. Oomplninti^
order of the White Eagle, and his portrait set against Miinnich's severities and misman&ge-
.

in InrUUantB. Lacy reiitelned in Fbliaid until met wofe no wto loud that tlie ewrittmHted
|

the victory of T?usawitza, where, with fifteen Lacy to undertake the investigation of bis
hundred dragoons, eighty hussars, and five colleague's conduct. Lacy decUaed the in-
1

hnndred GoMaeke, lie pot to nrat twtaty Tidfooe tttik; Imt Milmileh appeare te Iukto
|

thousand Stanisksito?, and the surrender of accused him of detraction, and a violent scene
the rest of the Poles under GMraki, in April ensued, in which the marshals drew on each
|

1780, ddbidad llie contest In Ikvonr of An- other, hut inefv lepaikted by Lewenhavpt,
'

gustus. After a brilliant reception at War- who threatened them both with arrest Vy
saw, Lacy was detarhed with a contingent order of the empress. In 1741 Lacy waae.
]

of fifteen thousand (^8iibsequontly reduced to pointed to command against the Sweden tn

ten thousand) Russian troops, to join the im- Finland, vrith James rauaeis Edward Keitli
perialist forces collected near Mannheim, [a. v.] as his Second in command. The fxr>nt
under Prince I'^ugeue, in consequence of the oi the year was the capture in September of
^deration of Wir between Austria and the important Swedish poet of Wilmanatttod.
France. Peace between Austria and France Administrative difficulties stopped the nter-
I

beitig agreed upon. Lacy repaired early in prise, and Lacy returned to St. Ptereobuiv^
1

ITSffto Vijnina,anaoii hu^y thoicfetolft. where he entertained at his palace the B w OilIgh
Petersburg met a courier btentg (ateat commander, Yon Wrangel, who haA Iwn
as a Russian field-marsbti wounded and taken prisoner.
War having been declared against Turkey, Lacy is ?!xid to hare taken no part in tlie
*

Lacy was sent to rednre Azov. During the intrigues which rai-^edElirfiV'th to the throi^t*
months of May and June 1736 Lacy carried in December 1741, but was confirmed in his
|

on the approaches against Azov by sap, the rank and ofBeeS. Hte j^rattiptitado in 8up>
:

Turldah garrison making repeated sallies, pressing a dangerous mutiny in the Kussi&n
during one of which Lacy was wounded. At guards on Easter Sunday 1742, when th*
i

the begiuiiing of July, the town being a foreign officers were savagely ill-treated by th
\

beap of ruins from the Russian shells, and mutmiMta, was .said 'to lutTS eared St. Pet er>
|

provisions running short, the Turkish bashaw hurg, and perhaps the empire.' Towardit
capitulated, marching out with 3,463 men, the end of Ma;^ 1742 Lacy renewed at Viborg
and leaving behind some three bttndred|>ieces an army of thirty-five thousand to thirty^^lx
of ordnance and 291 Christian captives, who thousand men, to be employed against t}- ^
;

were set at liberty. Lacy then marched to Swedes in Finland. In J une the troops en-
'

arfsiet Miinnich oh bis return from a die- |

tend Finland, traversing a country harrin;^
astrous expedition in the Crimea, and after- 'the worst roads in the universe,' where in
wards, with his own troops and the remnant manv places two hundred men posted behind
of MiinniIi*8 force, went into tHnter <|ttart(^ an aoMtls might stop an armr. On 10 Jjkfy,
in the Ukraine, Tn 1737 Lacy was appointed to thr> name-day of theGraiid-duKe Peter (jJ^B^^

oommand a fresh expedition into the Crimea. wards Peter III), a solemn Te Deum -^m.s
.

With forty thousand xneh he untepectedly sttftg in the Rnesian camp, to oelebratto tfa.
!

crossed an arm of the sea at Arabat, stormed capture of Fmh ric.ham, the only fortifi^
j

and blew up the Tartar lineeat Pereeop, uid plaoe in Finland, without the Ion of
'

Digitized by Google
 Lacy 387 Lacy
Orier- wrr < th'^n sent to conclude the cam- fq. v.], with whom lie made the campaign in
jmiffTi; but l^cy.altercallingacouncilof war, Italy in 1747. He was favourably not led
fdwad on to lielsin^fors, where a Swedish by Daun, and served with prwit di-tiuctioii
7<if avfeateen t housand men o^tBlaitd. in the seven years' war. In a family mana-
The 07vratior!<: of the toliowing yenr were script dated Vienna, 'iO Nov. 1800, the em-
cirried n by pallej8,8upported by a squadron
Fjror wrote to him, ' You created ray army.'
cf Iwyvr vessels ander Admiral Golowin. rederick the Qreat also said of him: 'I
'>n U May 1743 the army embnrkcd. High admire the disposition of Lacv (Lasey), but
mm according to the Grek ritual was cele- tremble at the onset of Loudon.' Maurioe
ktted with radt pomp on board Lacy's Francis Laoy died at Vianna an 98 4faV.
J?'! y, which was attended by theczarinn in IPOl (fee .V. DeutAC^/' Bioff. vol. xxii.) A
per^ion, who presented Laey with a ring of Count Laov. who was a Kussiaa major-gene-
gmt nlowid a golden Mow. Alfcar delays nl nhder Ffald<4Bahal Brtar 1 lacv in the
'^rnnaaed Vy the ice and head-winds, Lacy, Finland war of 1741-3, and the Au-Jtrimi
yihn if|Mtn to have been desirons to win a Seneral, Count Maurice Tanner Lacy, who
Kfciy ijrtea, went otd^n to Adnlnil OtJiO" led fai 110, axebelietad to have belbnired
*ia to attaf'V- fhp Swe^lish floct nt Hfin^ro. to tlu' same family a.s Peter, count Ijacy. The
Lacy ManiEfuvred his galleys very skilfully, Kussian general, Maurice Lacy or De Lacy
igol the weather-gauge of the enemy, Vtit [q.v.] of Grodno, also belonged to the family.
t % farottred the escApeof the Swedes. On [O'Callaghan's Hist, of the Irish Brigades in
28 Jaly Keith, who wb.r in command of a the Service of Fr?u)C^.Gln*gow, 1870, pp. 48 1-99,
wpMrte iquadron, joined Lacy, and prepara- embody researches in the Ljcv Family Papers
tioM wwe made for a descent in the n^igh- (iocliMUDg sons diaries of Field'OMUabd Peter
bowbood of Stockholm, when the treaty of Lsr and a copy of his -will), then in posseseion
Abp pat tn end to the war. In September of RMutfd MaeNaiDani.esq., solicitor, 81 North
tk czarina B^t berowB yacht to bring Lacy Great GtMjrgo Street, Dublin.
I
Confusion of
St. FVtersbnnr, and great rejoicings were christian names xenden it nttsr^ impossibls to
Id. LAcy, after more than fifty years' oam-
identify with eartaial^ the tmmeaiate aaeestors
of Peter Lacy (cf. the notices of Col nol John
faignmf aow tvtircd to his eetMee in LIto-
,
La<^and Colonel Pierce Looy in D'Alton's Illus-
n'-i', ^i'"' irh province ho was governor, and
trations of King James's Army Lists, Dublin, 2nd
tbf 2uded until his death on 11 May 1761
edit. 1861, ii. 388-94; in Hist. MSS. Cohun.
^AfvnRiwflui style), at the ageof neventy- lUth Rep. iii. 270-1 and in Ferrar >nd Lenihati's ,

t^r . H*- left a fort une equivalent to 6C),000/.,

histories of UmMfick). A usefal snmmary of
ud Itrir tn(f8, acquired, his will states, the campnignfi in vrfii"}) Peter Lacy figured in
f

'witth ioiig and hard service, and with famished in Cunt'e Annals of the Wars of the
such danger and uneasinesac' Lacy was in Eighteenth Century, Londea, 1866. Boas ao-
jwwa tall and well made. He was cnnl in seant af the Bossian army in Lmj's time will
judgiaent, ready in resource, prompt aud de- be ftaad ia CMmyler's Peter the Qreat, London,
fidd m action. iVederick the Great called 1886, vol. i. Ndticf'B of Pett>r, count Lftcy, ocfur
^ft the Prince Eu^ne of Muscovy.'
'
Ho in Hist. MSS. Coram. &tb Rep. pt. ii. 10th Aep.

^ much esteemed m
the army for his sol- pt. i. pp. 166, 188. 108, 266.]
eum^e and his unremittog Care of LAOY, liOGER Da (4, 191S), justiciar,
H, H. 0.

fcis tNms. To him belongs in a ve^y large and constable of Cliester, was son of John
^egiw the eredit of having conterted the de Lacy, by Alice de Vere, sister of William
ftMB'Uftum ho%M into ma
of tile 'do Maadovillo, aail of Chaez fq. v.] Jom
b?f* troops in Europe. A division of the DE Lact {d. 1190) was son of Richard Fiti-
Bcaoanaronr was in 1^
nMBOd after him. Eustace, constable of Qliestar, bv Albeida,
lAiyiBailnadllkaOMUteaBMarthaFettelien daughter of Bohavt da Liaoun and Albeidfe,
^ Loeser, by whom he had five daughters, aunt of Robert de Lacy (d. 1193), the last
aauried respectively toMajor-general Roye, male representative of Ilbert de Laoy, who
epiij cotineiHorlieven, Qenenkls Stuart, came over at the Conquest (Reraid and
Hrovfee, and Von 'Witter, and two eons, the OmealoffUtf^VBAy JiAa da Lacy asswmffd
eider of whom was at one time an officer bf his cousin's name as heir to his estates. He
^Bnaaien in the Polish-^axon service, royal was in charge ol" Dublin in 1181, and, going
diMBlafltfli, wad % Mibt of the holy Roman on the cruswle, died at Tyre on 11 Oct. 1190
'Japire.The younger was the famous A ustrian (QlBSXI). Cambr. v. .366 HoVEDEK, ii. 268,
;

Sdd-manhal, Maurice Francis Laey (Lasey), hL 88). John de Lacy founded Stanlaw
Wil horn in St. Petersburg in 1725, and Abbey, Cheshire, about 1172; it was afber^
**tbe %ge of twelve was {rlaeea by his father wards transferred to Wh^er
in 1296, by his
& \ht Austrian armj, in the regiment of iiis descendant Hem/ de Laojf tniid earl of Lin-
'
tJljMM InudaAo, "
[^.v.J lMMtbi^daMdU78,i8 printed
02

Digitized by Coi)g[e
 Lacy 388
by Dugdale. John de Lacy also founded the
hospital of OnUeDonington {Mm. Angl. \\.
639, 641, 765).
On hU death Koger de Lacy be-
father's
came conatAble of Chester, in 1 192, baying
been entrusted by the clinncpUor with the
custody of the castles of Tickhill and Not-
tingham, he hanged two knights who had
conspired to surrender these castles to John.
John in revenge plundered Lacy's lands. In
April 1199 Lacy swore fealty to John on
his accession, and from this time remained
in high favour with the new king. In No-
vember 1200 he was sent to escort William
the Lion to Lincoln, and wn8 present when
the Scottish king did homage there to John
on 22 Nov. In 1201 he was sent with Wil-
liam Marshal, earl of Pembroke, in command
of one hundred knights to defend the king's
possessions in Normuudy. In 1203 Philip
An^ostus besieged him in the famons Cha-
teau Gaillard, which he defended with in-
comj)arable fidelity for nearly a year, and
only surrendered through stress of famine
on 6 March 1204. Matthew Paris relates
that the French king, in recognition of his
nllant defenoei put him in free custody.
Lacy was ranpomed by John's assistance for a
thousand marks (i?o<. Claus. i. 4), He was fur-
ther rewarded by being made sheriff of York
and Cheshire, whirh olfic-? he held till 1210.
In 1209 he was a justiciar. He is said to
have xeaened EarlKandulf of Chester (see
BLU5DBV1LL, RA.vDfT.F pe] when besieged
by the Welsh at lUiuddlau, Flintshire, ilis
fiane raids against the Welsh are said to
have enriied him the name of ' Rogerof Hell.'
Lacy was on familiar terms with John, and a
record is preserved of the king's losses to him
'inludotid tabnlas.' He died in January 121 2,
and was buried at Stanlaw. He was a bene-
factor of that abbey, and also of Fountains.
Dugdalf prints nn ppitaph on him from Cot-
ton MiS. Gieop. C
iii. {^Mon. Ar^l. v. 648).
Dugdale's statement that he was present at
the sipges of Acre and Damietta is due to a
contusion with his father and son. Roger de
Laey maxried Maud de Olers^ liater Si the
tnusurer of York Cathedral, and left by her
two sons, John, earl of Lincoln [q. t.^ and
Roger.
[Roger de Hove fn Matt. Paris AnnalesMo-
1
1 ; ;
nwtici are in the KoUs t>er.); Dug-
(all these
dale^ MonaMticon v. 633.4, 647-8; Diigdale's
. and ' The Dfuufcie Baoitar/ 1868, and
Baronage, i. lOOul; Foss'a Judges of England,
ii. 87-8.] C. L. K.
LACr7,TH0MA8 H AILE8<1809-1878),
actor and theatrical publisher, was bom in 1879), a capable and intelligent actre^, wa?
1609, and trom an early age was connected bom in London in 1819, and at the
with the theilcical protesete. Hia flint i- finuteen played at the Baaduwjr~'
Lacy
Monday 182S at the Olympic Theatre, as Le>
noir in the * Foundling of %e
Foceeli.' After
being manager for Montague Pcnley at the
Windsor Theatr^he succeeded to the lessee-
ship, and m 1841 became manager of the
Tlu atre Royal, Sheffield. Here in January
1842 he married Frances Dalton Cooper Fsee
below] of CSovent Garden Theatre, andt in
May played Jacques in 'As you like it'
to his wife's Rosalind, Qustavus Vaugban
Brooke [q. v.] being the Orlando. Next year
Lacy included the I^ottingham and Doncas-
ter theatres in his circuit. In May 1844
he joined S. Phelps and Mrs. "Warner at
Sadler's Wells, acting on the opening night
Banquo to Phelps's Macbt^th. At the end of
the year he went with his wife on a provincial
tour. He then withdrew from the stage and
entered into business as a theatrical Dook-
seller, lirst in 1849 at 17 Wellington Street,
Strand, London, and from 1867 at 89 Strand.
He soon commenced publishing acting edi-
tions of dramas. Lacy's Acting Edition of
'
Plays,' published between 1848 and 1873, ran
to ninety-nine volumes, and contained l,48f
pieces. He was also the proprietor of * John
Cumberland's British Theatre (399 dramas
'
contained in forty-eight volumes), and of
'
Cumberland's iMinor Theatre ^152 plays in
'
sixteen volumes). He retired m
the spring
of 1873, when his business was transferrer^
to Samuel French of Nt-w "i'ork. He died at
Benhill Street, Sutton, Surrey, 1 Aug. 1873,
aged 64, and was buried at Sutton Church on
ti Aug. II a left 8,000/. to the General Thea-
trical Fund . His library was sold 24-9 Nov.
1873 for 2,650/., and hia theatnoal poitraiti
on 8 Dec for 1,970/.
Lacy was the author of 1. 'The Pick-
:
wickians,' a drama in three acts, 1837. 2 (with
Thomas Higgle). ' The Tower of Loudon,' a
drama, 1840. 3 (with Dennis Lawler). 'Ths
School for Daughters,' a comedy in three acts,
1843. 4 (wiUi Thomas Higgie). 'Martin
Ghuzzlewit,' a drama in three acta, 1841.
5 (with John Courtney). *Claris>a Ilarlowe,'
a tra^c drama in three acts, inA/d. 6. A '
Silent Woman,*afaiQe^I661. 7(withThomse
Higgle). ' Belphegor, or the Mountebank,' a
dnuna ficom the l^rench of . Philippe and
H. Tonmier, 1861. 8. ' Jeannette's Wedding
Day,' a farce from Les Norp? de Jeannett-e,'
'
lS5o. He edited < The Comic Keciter/ Idd4,
collections platea (1866;if 188^
and 1872).
Hia wife, Fbavom Daiimr
Lairr (1818-
of a^
aofbUinthe'BiMdtoHiiiB.' Hi
Digitized by Google
 Lacy
peftnoiceiA London was at the Haymarket on
16 Apnl 1888 u
Lydia hi ithe 'Lore Chase.'
I?he became a memVM r of Madame Vestris's
oompany at Corent Garden 7 Sept. 1840, and
titmremthuafg therefor tbree jean wsntto
Sadler's Wells, where she lielrl a proOUBait
poaitioo for soTeral seaaons. Mrs. Lacy died
8B Stand, London, S8 April 1872 {Era,
SB April 1872, p. 11).
[Em, 10 Aug. 1878, p. 1 1, 30 Nov. p. 7 ;
trated Lorjdou News, 20 Sept. 1873, p. 279.1
G.
LACY, WALTER dk, first Babon Lact
by tenure {d. 1086^, waa sprung from a family
fen\*^d at Laasy m
the anradiaaemflnt of
Virt' in Normandy, and was 11 relative, per-
ha^ a brother, of Ilbert de Lacy, ancestor
of Ko^da Lac-y [q.vj He ia mentioned
by "W ace aa fi:^hting for the conqueror at
Hastings (^Roinan de lion, p. 220, ed. Taylor;,
and afterwards obtained a g^rant of lands in
the Wel.*h marches. Tlie principal e-statea
of the Lacy family were at Ewyas Lacy,
Stanton Lacy, and Weobley, ana also in-
cluded Ludlow Castle. Walter certainly
held some land at Ewyaa {Domesday Book,
L 184-6), end also at Stanton, bnt other
Und were due to grants to his sons, and it
ia impoeaible to say what proportion was
Weltei^a. In 107i Walter de Lacy was
fightin^r a^^ainf^r the Welsh (Obdericus Vi-
TAU8> li. 218, SociSte de TUiat. de France),
and took part against the rebd earls three
veur^ later (Flor. Wie. ii. 11). He wns a
benefactor of St. Petei^ Gloucester, and
foonder of St. Petei^ Herelbrd. He died
27 March 1085, havinp fnlk'n from a ladder
of the latter
vhile superintending tne buildius;
^wcIl. He was buried inthechepter-house
at Gloucester. By his wife, Ermeline, ho
Ifrft three sons, Roger, Hugh, and Walter,
and two daughters, Brmeune end Bmma.
Roger de Lacy appears in 'Domisday' as
holding lands in Berkahixeu Gloucestershire,
Wonestershtre^ HerefordMiire, end Shrop-
shire (i. 62 b, 167 b, 176 b, 184 5, ^mb). lie
took pert in the rebellions against William
Rnfbs in 1088 end 1004, end for this was
banished and Kis lands given to his brother
Hugh. Hugh was founder of Lanthony
Abbey, and died in Wales before llSl, with-
out offspring; he was biirlf-d at Weohh-y
(LEiaND, Itin. viiL 89 a). Walter de Lacy
(107S-1138) entered St. FMei's, Oloncester,
in 1080, became abbot in 1 1 30, and died in
1139 (Cknm. St. Peter, GioucesUr, I 16-17,
92). Uenr}' I seems to have taken the Lacy
estates into his own bauds, but Gilbert, son
of Hugh's sifter, Emma, assumed the name
of Lacy uud claimed to represent the liuuily
;
[ase under Lact, Hvob db, d. 1186].
389 Lacy
[Florence of Wurcestdr (Engl. Hist. Soc);
Chron. St. Peter, Glouee^t r (Rolls ^er.) ; Daf<
dale's Barunage, 1.07 ; BurWs Extinct Peerage^
p. 310 ; Eyton'e 8bropahire, r. 6-7, 238-41.1
C. L. K.
LACY, W.\LTRR dk, sixth Baron Lacy
by tenure and second LoBD OF Meath {d.
1241\ wee elder eon of Huffh de Lacy (d.
1186) [q. v.], by Roysya de Monomue (Mon-
lUus- mouth), and waa elder brother of Hugh de
Lacy, eail of Ulster (A 1842 ?) [q. v.] Oa hie
B. father's death he became entitled to the nu-
ceetnl estates inNonnandy end ngland,and
to hb flithei^s oonaneet ofMeeth in Ireland,
but the la^t waa taKcn into the kinfr'? hiinde,
and lie did not obtain seisin of the English or
j
Nonnen lands till 1189 (Enow, 266-7)|
it is, of course, Tiossible that he may have
I
' been a minor at his father's death. He does
' not seem to have had possession of Meeth till
1194, at which time he eeized Peter Plppard,
'
one of the Lnsh justiciars (Hjjnry oi Mablb-
BiTROH ap. BuTLBB, Htst. of Trim, p. 6). It
j
seems probable that he is the 'son of Hugh
;
de Lacy' who supported John de Oouroi in
'
1195 in his warfare with the English of
Leinstf.T and Munster (Four Masters, iii.
101-8), for we know that his lands were es-
cheated about this time, and that in 1198 he
paid a fine of 2,100 marks (Etton, v. 257-8)
8TAPLET05, Hot. NormanTtt'<e, u. Ixx'i); more-
over, in 1 197 Ludlow Castle was in the royal
bauds (tluvEDBN, iv. 96), and on 4 Sept.
1199 reference is spain made to Walter do
''
Lacy having been concerned with John de
Courci in ravaging the king's lands in Ire-
' land (SwEETMAN, 1. fK)). But before tbis ho
liad made his peace with the king, and in
October 1199 was with John in Normandy.
Tn tilt' autumn of 1200 he came over to Eng-
j
land, and remained there till earlv in liJOl
(Charter JRolh, pp. 24, 67, 69,796,844). He
then crossed over tn Ireland, niul shortlyafter-
wards attempted to kill John de Courci at a
conftieneethere(IIovEJ)EN,iv. 176). In 1208
he accompanied Meiler Fitz-Henry "q v 1 on
his iuvusion of Munster to eAp< \\ liiiain de
1
Burgli >"e under ftuJiiBHELai, William],
and in March next year wae appointed at the
head of a commission to hear the complaints
against Meiler {Cal. Hot. Put. i. .396). Dur-
ing these years Walii-r had also assisted his
brother Hugh against J<;hn de Courci, and
on 81 Ang. 1204 was rewarded by the pro-
mise of eight cantreds of De CourciV land iu
Ulster. When in 1 205 De Courci att emptcd
to re-enter Ireland, it wee Walter de Lacy
who drove him awny (Mi Ncn, Chron. Man-
nia, p. 15). Waiter also siipjported hia
brother in his warfiuce with Meiler Fite-
Henxy in 1807-8. Oft 14 April 1207 hem
Digitized by Google
ummoned to England on pain of ferfeitiise,
and before 16 July left Trdarid. lie spent
the winter in England, and after making his
peaoe tnth the 1iin^ obtained, on SS April
1208, a coufirmation of Meuth at fifty
koigl^ta' aerrioe, and of FivgaU at a^ven.
Tie retuniecl to Ireland in Juna {ClaL Sotf
Pat. i. 70b, SUA. S4 Cal. Rot. Clous. 1 81,
// ;
\
1066; Ckart4fMoU9nW 170b, 1736, 178).
No donbt it waa waiter a influence which
secuned for William dt^! l^raose [q. v.] the
support of the De who were con8&-
quentlv expelled tmn. Ireland. Walter
made uia eubmisaion to John on 28 June
1210, almost immediat^y after the kind's
landing in Ireland; he pleaded that both ue
^ud his tenants had suH'erud much from his
brother Hugh (bSwEBiMAif, i. 402). Both
his English and Irish estates were taken
into the king's hands, and 1^ probably re-
tired to France; for though the story of his
ojouru ut St. Tauriu ia somewhat Itcfudary,
be bad special li-ave to come to England
on 1 July 12l;i (Cal. Hot. Cinw. i. \Ub).
On 29 July i2l;i all his EugUth lands except
Ludlow Castle were restored to him {ib. i.
147). Walter de Lncy took port in Jolin's
expedition to tho south ul i'raftce in 1^14,
Iwading at La Ilochelle with Henvy Fits-
Count m March in April he wap sent on a
; England, and did not recover full bci^'m
wisaion to Nurbouue to purchiisf horses
iCnL Mot. Pat. L 112, 1136). After his
return Ludlow was restored to him on 23 Oct.
1214, and ue^nt year he recovered his Iriali
luid8( K4N|li tike castles of Drogheda and
Airemnill, on paying a fine of four thousand
marka {ib, L 131,' 132A. 161, Ibl j Cai. Rot,
CiMMt ii 176, S84). DuriuK the next two
ytni he was actively employed in John's
aomce in England, and apparently stood
biffh in the royal favour (aee numerous
reiereuces in the d and Patent lioU).
On 16 Aug. 121ti he was put in charge of
the oastle and county of Herefordt and re-
tained his otKce as sherifi'of that count v tilH
November 1223 {Cal. Rot. Pat. i, 1936;
Shiblbi^ i. 608). After John's death Walter
de Lacv bfcanv one of the chiuf supporters
of the young kiug {Fwdem, i. 14o, Record
ed.) In 1318 he was appointed on the forest
inquisition for Gloucestershire {Cat. Jiof.
(JUfUM* i. 435). In 1219 or 1220 he waa sent
intolrelandon the royal service, being ^iven
full seisin of his lands except tlu' castle of
J^rogheda (6. 4086, 4106,427: Loch C<=,
i m. l^r
; itfffiten, ui. 189). In 1320 he
led an anuy to .Athliap. now Pallylingtif,
being port of Lanesborough iu Couuau^ht,
and Mgan to erect a caxtle, whieh the Iriah,
however, soon dt>-tiri (1 (//.iii.201). During
thia year he alAO captured the crauuog of
OlMlly. Walter vM
at thia time mduuqge
of the lands of his brother Hugh, which had
been entniated to him in 1216 iCoL Rot,
Pot L 160; Cal. ifoe. CUuu. i. 601). In
1223 1h was in England ou the royal service,
but n^xt sD^i^ wa.aent over to Xrela^ on
aooount of the war wh]$fh his brother had
raised (ib. i. 575 o9()6). In consideration
of the exceesee committed by hif men of
Meath in aopport of Hugh de Lacy, Walter
had to make an agreement withthekiuffjUnder
which he put his castles of Trim and Ludlow
into the royal hands for a period of two years
from Eater 1224, and agreed to go over to
Ireland and exert all his influence in opposi-
tion to his brother ( Shiblbt, i. 607). Walter
WHS in Ireland b^ 30 March ^Cb/. .Ro(. Claus.
i. 6906). How mr he kept his promise to act
against his brother is not clear ; one state-
ment in the Annals of Loch C6 ' (i. 271)
*
implies that he actually supportv d him. At
any rate it was not thought prudent t hat he
should remain iu Ireland after the suppres-
sion of the rebellion, and his Tri<(h chfatt-^
were for a time taken into the royal liauda.
On 16 May J2o he paid a fiuf of tnree thou-
I
sand marks for seisin of thcsf lands, but Trim,
Drogheda, and other catties were not yet
restored. Walter, moreover, was kept ' in
till4 July 1226(641/. Rot. Claus. ii. 39 6, (ii,
104, 126). Previously he had bcL-n put in
charge of his hmrlicr's lands in Ulster for
three year:*, but he ouly held them till the
following April (t6. ii. 182 6 SWHBTMAV,
;
i. 1371-4). By August Walter was ome
,
more in Ireland, when Geoflrey de Marisco
reported that no danger was to be npj^v-
hended from him on account of the agree-
ment which his son Gilbert had made with
William Marshal. De Mnrisco at the same
time reported that the king of Ck>nnaught
had been summoned to Dublin under con-
duct of Walter de Lacy (Sninr.i:v, i. 292).
Walter was summoned for the French war
in 122rt with four knights (^t//. i. 3o8). In
June 1230 he was one of those appointed to
hold the assise of arm.? in Herefordshire (ib.
i. 374). On 26 Aug. he had leave to go to
Ireland (SwEKTUAif, i. 1850), and there aa-
si>ttMl HeofFrey de ^larisco in his invasion of
Connaught'. commanding one of the thre
divisions of^ the army (Man*. Pabis, iii, 197).
On ir Dec, 12M.'5 he was again pent to Lrv-
land on the royal strvice (Sweutmajs*. i.
2079), and next year appears, like hisbrotber
llii<,di, in oppi>.if ion to Kichard Marshal,
in 1235 he took part in the raid into lio;^-
common (Loeh Ofji. 9S1). In hia later Yearo
Walter became Mind ;inu infirm (Swii^r \n.
i. 24i29| December 1237). Ue died corljf iu
Digitized by Google
 391 Lacy
24 Feb. {^Kixerpfa r
\2-il, lipparenily Usrore Tq. v.] (see further, Duuu.lle, Mon. AngL
Hot. Fmium, i. 837; Matt. 1*abi8, iv. 174, \ 1. 185-6; ^IXQir, iShropshire, vi. 240).
*
circa Padchalem The Annals of Clon-
* Walter de Lacy is enid to have brought

fl^AcnoiM '
describe him im the '
bouQtifullet>t luouks from St. Tauriu aud settled them at
Itmi^mf in steeds, attire, and gold that ever Fore in Westmeath ChartularyqfSt. Mary's^ v

came to Erin {Four Masters, iii. 802 n. Dublin, ii. 11). He was also a benefactor of
'

(iuMUSi, p. 101). Maitthew Paria calia ihomae, Dublin (/dey. St. Thomas, u. 1 1),
hint i3t.

* the moat mnioeol of all the noUea of Iter and finiader of Heaubec Ahhey in Aleath
'
Iflid ( iv. 48). (Archdall, Monast. Ilibeni. pp. 516, 711).
Walter de Lacy fifcurea in thu earlier pturt In England he founded Cresswell Priuiy,
of the * Romance of Fulk Fitzw artne ' m
tlie Herefordshicei end was a benefactor of the
oppK^jiit^-nt of Joce de Dinan utid the captor of two Lanthony priories in Monmoutlishire
liudlow Cattle. So far as Walter i^ con- aud Qloucestershire. ilib wife founded the
this it pore legend, and Joca'a true nunnery at Acornbury Herefordshire, befbre ,

adTersaries were Walter's father and grand- 1218 (Cal. Rut. Vlaus. i. 368 6 SwBETiiaH, ;

latber, Uugk aod Gilbert de Lacy. That i. 19Q9 i DcU>aju, Himat, AmUo. vi. 198}
MAMtttBtioQ of Wdtet'lB name in the romance 489^ 1084, xm). m,
may, howovtT, si-rvi" to show the fame which [For aathoriti^ Hdo under L.vcy, Huqu db
he acquired aa a great marcher lord. It is {d. 1242?), where also fuller iufurroaiiou will be
intMestiiiff to fiao Welter de Lacy twice found oil riume points. See also the Romance,
nierri">nT in connection with FuIk Fitz- of Fulk Fitzw.irinu, e<J. T. Wright fur the Wur-
warinei oa the first occasion in 1^7, with ton Club fcA iou'a Antiquities uf ShropHhire,
;

lefeieaee to the onend hetweea the king V. 256-72; BiitleK''s HiaSoay of the CaHth of
and Willinm de Brao&e, when they were Trim.] C. L. K.

oyfonents (CaL liot. Ciam. i. and LACY, WILLUM

(1610P-1671),royali8t
weondly, ntarly twentv yeem letdr, -when divine, son of Thomas Lacy of Bevwley and
Walter dt' I.acy aaked Hubert de Uurgh his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard '

to forward a macriage between lua niece, Franueya of Beckeoham in co. JNott' (Due-
tM iliechtnr of Hedoe ah Griffith of Sooth DAXfi, Vmtatim of the Oatmiff of rorhtt
WdM, and Fulk's son (Shiblby, i. 306). l665-(5), wa.saclt'8ct>ndnnt of the noble family
Walter de Lacy married, before ^iovember uf Lacy. Ue was educated at St Johs'i^
1200, Mai^^t, daughtw of Willieni de Oollege, Cambridge, whim he wee pcobeUy
Mrd jse [q. v.], who waa still living in 1255. admitted before 1629, a? his name noes not
bj her lie hod twq daughtert*, Egidia, who appear in the admission registers of the col-
Miried Riehiid de Burgh (d. 1248) [q. v.], lege, which wwnnwnoe wiu thet yeer. He
and Katherine, who wa;? alive in 12tJ7 alao proceeded B.A. in 1682, MA. in 1636, was
;

aeon, Gilbert, who xnarhed Isabella, daughter admitted fellow of his college on o Aj^ril
if Belph Bigqd, ud
dkd hi 1384, keVSoff 1888, end wee tutor dining lM0>9. His ob-
eon, Walter, and two dauzhtt^rs, Matilda and tained the degree of B.D. iu 1612, aud was
Margaret. Walter de Lacy the younger made preacher at bt. John's at Michaelmas,
vtealrre m l^flB (SwsBTUAir, L 2451); he 1848. He was eiMeiotod with John Bwwiek
married a daughter of Theobald Butler [q. v.] and others in writing ' Certain Dis-
SL Tlt4umt.Dublm,j^ 4H0), but died quisttioBs against the covenant, which ves
'

without ustte in hit gnwraathsrs lifbtune; selMd fajr t& Mrltenentary party, hnft r>
possibly it hL^ death which the Annals issued at Oxford.
i.s '

of CkttimafiZLObBe' record in 1240 (i'bMr Mtu- Lacy was tweeted from hie Mlowship in
ten^ tit 90(1 note x). Mimaret and Matilda 1644, after whioh he joined the rc^ml anny,
thus became their grandfaUier's heirs. Mar- and beetime chaplain to Prince Rupert. He
garet manied John de Verdon, son of Theo- W'a4 takflnnrisoner at the storming of Bridoe-
bald Butler. Matilda married (I) in 1240 water by Sir Thomas Fairikx on 38 Jnly 1046
Pt de Geneva, a foreigner of low extrac- (FahlFAI, Letter to Ijcnthall, p. 6), wa.s for
tiM, and (2), in 1249, Geofirey de Genville, some time in prison, where, being in great
C Joinville, a brother of the famous Sieur want, he was relieved by John B(tfwick,and
de Jdnville (Matt. Pabis, v. 91). Geofirey in lt>49 compounded for his estate by paying
deGearille held Ludlow and part of Meath, 'Mi,f oae-siath of its value {Royalist Ctwt/HMt-
and was for a time justiciar ox Ireland under tkm Pt^pan in Rec<ird Oflice). Towarcu the*
Edward L His wife died 11 AprU 1803, end of 1651 he was in great want of maMrjr
and he himself on 19 Oct. 1314 their son ( Cal. of Committee for the Admnot</ M^nuif,
;

Peler, who died in 1293, left a daughter, 1042-56, pt. iii. p. 1882).
Johanna, who brought her iuheritunce to At the llestoration he was restored to his
BayET MoctiBflr, earl of March (ji, 1330) faUowship by a letter ram the Eerlof Men*

Digitized by Google
 Lacy
che8ter,daf ed 1>7A \ii&)(Cal.State Papers,
\\g.
Dom. 1061 p. 24) He was admitted to a
aenior fellowship oa 4 Nov. 1601 and re- , singers of Handel's music.
oonnDended bv tnekingfSsrthede^ree of D.D.
on 8 Oct. in62 (*. p. 505). On i>3 0ct. 1662
he was presented by Sir George Savile to the
rectory of Thomhiil, Yorkil^ra. Lac^ died
there on ll? Mav 1071 inul was bari^d in the
, ii. 85), and at the Vocal Ooncerta, Hanover
churchf where there is a tablet to his memory.
He mftrried ' Ann, daughter of WiUiun Sheiv
man of Newarke,near Leyce8t<?r, gent.'(DuG-
DALB, Vintation)f and had a aon, who died
in infancy in 1663.
While at Thornhtll he rebuilt the rectory-
house, which had bt'fn destroyed during tne
civil wars. In hi.s will, dated 7 Sept. 1670,
he left 860/. to found two scholarships of 8/.
each Rt St. John's Oollepe, Cftnibridgp, for
the benefit of students of the grammar school
at Beverley (PoULSON, Bevrrlac, p. 459). He
contributt'cl 5/. towards the building of the
third court at St. John's College in 1669.
[Baker't Hist, of St. John's Coll. Oanbr. pp.
238, 29.',. 3:7, r\:):> K\ nnftt's Registor, pp. 230,
,
524 Peter Jjarwick's Life of Jolui Banrick, pp.
; {^Quart Mm. Mag. and Rev. i. 338 n.)
8S-40, 107. 849.50 ; Walkei^B Sttfferings of the
Clerg}', pp. 149. 277 Mayor's Admission Regin-
; without question the mcst legitimate English
tr8 of St. Johii b Coll. Cambr. pp. fti, 63 Cole'
; bass singer, the most accomplished in various
Cambr. B.As. in Addit. VB. 6886, f. 108 Har-
leiau MS. 7028, ff. 476, 488 Notitia Academiie
;
CanlubrigionsiH, Lambeth MS. 770, f. 265
Whitaker's Loidis and Eimete, pp. 384, 326
noDument io Thornhill Church parinh relators
;
kindly communicated bj the Rev. F. ii. Urcn-
side.] B. P.
LACY, WILLIAM (1788-1871), singer,
bom in 1788, was about 1795 a pupil, at Bath,
of Venanzio liauzziui (1747-1810). Some
three years later he appeared at various con-
certs in London, but being dissatisfied with
his own powers, he went to Italy for further
study ; tnere he entirely mastered both the
' landscape-painter, bom in a bmnblepantioii
langungc and stvle of 8ini::irL'" of the natives.'
lietuming to ^ngUmd soon after 18U0, he
sang repeatedly at the Lenten Oratorio and
otlier important concerts, but owing to
weak health he never succeeded in t^ing
the prominent posttion among contemporary
vocalists for wnich his natural ability and
great talent qualified him. In 1812 Lacy
mairied Jane (1776-18o8), the widow of
EBUoeaoo Biaachi (1752-1810), an lulian
opera composer, and teacher of Sir Henry
Uishop. She was the daughter of en apothe-
cary named John Jackson in Sloane Street,
Chelsea, and married liianchi in 1800. Like
Lacy, fche was a singer of repute, making
her first appearance in London on 86
1708, and singing as Miss Jacki^on at the
Concerts of Antient Music in \&00. While
Ifn. Biaa^ ihe often sang at Windsor is
398 Ladbrooke
the presence of George III and Queen Char-
lot* and was considered one of the finest
She was a good
linguist, pianoforte-plaTer,and painter. With
Lacy she took part in theconcerts of Billing-
ton,'Naldi, and Braham at Willis's Booms
on 1 Mardi 1800(PAxn, Mnneal Memoin,
Souare Rooms, 2 Maxch I8I0 {ib. p. 49). In
I8l8 the Lacys aeeeptod an engag^ent at
Calcutta, where tlicy remained seven year^;,
giving frequent performances at the court of
the kmg of Oude. After returning to Eng-
land about 1826 they retired intopnvate life.
For some years they resided at Florence and
othercontineutalcities, butevoutually settled
in England. Lacy died while on a visit to
Devonshire in July 1871. Hie wife died at
Kaling 19 Alarch 1858.
Lacy po.sessed a bass voice of great exceU
lence. 80 }iip:lily was hp esteeined by the
Italians that he was oflnered lucrative engage-
mente at the Operas efMHan and Florence^
and later at the King's Theatre in London
He
was * considered bv competent judges to be
;
styles, and altogether the most perfect and
finished that has appeared in this country.
He wa.'f endowed by nature with or^i'ans of
greut strength and delicacy his voice wa? ;
rich and fuU-toned, particularly in the lower
notes; hi.s intonation perfeet, and his finish
and variety in grace:^ rtmiarkable {Diet, of '
MuMc, 1824, ii. 33).
[ Author ifies piveTi above Grove's Diet, of
:
Music; Brown s iJict. of Music; (iuartcrly Miiiji-
calMa^^azine and KeTifl,L8SBsq.( 1818) pH> ;
vute intbnuation/] K. II. L.
LADBROOKE, HUBERT (1768-1842),
at Norwicli in 176*'. w.is apprenticed whan
very young to an artist and printer named
,
|
White, and fat some years worked ae a
;
journeyman printer. While so engaged
made the acquaintance of John Crome [q^.
[
then a lad of about his own age, who 'wee
worldngiara house- and sign-painter, and
having congenial tastes they became ik^t
friendis, living together, and devoting ali
their spare time to sketching and copying;
They married, early, two sisters of the name
of Bemey, and for two years worked in part-
nership, Ladbrooke painting portraits and
Crome landstnpe*. wliich th'y sold fnr very
i
small sums. Subitequently Ladbrooke alao
Apm t
turned to landscape-painting, in which he
washighly sueeessfiil. Crome and Liidbrnolce
took a leading part in the estabiii^hment of
m
;
i tiie oelebvated NorwSdi Sodeljcf Asfcirta
Digitized by Google
 Ladyman
180d| aud to exhibition in 1805 the
ita iirst
littflv contfibuted ftnirboen worit8> Ln 1606;
wben Crome b. i uinf:' prt sidinit,
vaa elected vice-president. In 1816 he, with
filmisTd, TloTtle, and a few othoF nMoben;
having int ffi ctually urged a modificution of
tome of the rules, eecMed from the society,
tad ftaxted * nndttdinrition, but this proved
a failure, and was abiiiuloned after thrt o
jean. Between 1804 and 1815 Ladbrooke
mt a oeearional esdiiUtor at the Royal
Acad'-my. and up to 1822 at the British In-
stitution. He engaged aooesafully in teach-
mg, and wmsbleioie^n with a oomiMtence
numrjears before his death. Tic diea at hi
^
bottM on Soolee' Gxeen, JNorwich, on 11 Oct.
184ft
Ladbrooke was a clever painter, chiefly of
Tiewi of Norfolk scenery ; but hie reputar
tkn has never been more than local. He
published aquatints of two of his pictures,
'A View of the Fellmonffew on the River
near Bishop's Bridge ana * View of Nor-
' A
w: h Cii-tle.' His * Views of the Ohurches
of 2ioziolk,' a aeries of over 660 lithographic
pbcet, trm published in five volumes in
iai3. Twocf LadhcwdnTa MRiswerawttll- man of KnocKgraiTon, buried at Gashel on
kDovii artists. 2 Oct. 1731, was probably his grandson.
Ubbiooxb, Hekbt (1800-1870), the se- He published The Dangerous Rule/ &c.,
nd wn, was bom at Norwich on 20 April 1658, tftno(Mniioii befon uw judges atCHon-
i80U. He wished to enter the church, but
thii Other's desire adopted landscape-paint-
ing as a pmfessiou. He aoq[Qired some re-
putation, especially for his
tod exhibited occasionally at the British In-
MitutioD and the SulFolk Stoeet GtUexy.
He died on 18 Nov. lt<70.
LiBBRooKB, Jobs Bbrnbi (1803-1879),
j^bvrt Ladbrooksfli third son, was bom in
1808. He became a pupil of .Tohn Crome
(his uncle by murnago), whoso manner he
followed, and saeelled in the representation
of woodland scenery. He
Bojal Academy in 1821 and 1822,
quently at the British Institution and the
ouflidk Stn Gallon' np to 1B70. He died
<'t
t Moosehold, Norvs'icb. on 11 July 1879.
pjonrich MafCnijr, 15 net. 18t2; Wodder-
ipoon'i John Crome and his Works, STfi Rcd-
SiiTe'i Diet, of Artists Royal Academy and
;
ritiih Institution Cntalogucs
Gruvo'8 Diet.
< Aztists, 1700^1860; Times, 20 Jnlj 1870.1
lADYMAM, SAMUEL, D.D. (1625-
1684), divin<, pon of John Ladymnn of Din-
t<8i,Buckinghauit>hire, was born iu lC2o. He
<^nt*r^ Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as a
ervitor 8 March 1612-3, graduattnl B.A. on
18 July 1647, was made tellow by the par-
liamentary visitors in 1648, and graduated
Mjk.OBSlJiui0l648. HiabGMMfteqiiMit
393 Laeghaire
preacher and, according to Wood, was 'a
noted penon among the presbyterians.' This
Ladbrooke seems an error; he became an independent,
and in this capacity was placed as nunisterat
Olonmel, co. Tinperary, with a salary of 1701.
under the civil establislnin iit of 1655. In
May 1668 he was one of some thirty ministers
stunmoned to Bnhlin by Henry Gromwell,
for consultation on church finance and other
matters; he signed the submissive address
presented to Cromwell by nineteen of them.
At the Re.-turution lie eoiifonned, and re-
ceived the vicarage of Clonmel. He was pre-
bendary of Oashel in 1677 subsemiently he
;
became archdeacon of Limerick and H.D. He
^ died in Februarv 1683-4, and was buriedinthe
chancel of St. Mary's, ()tonmel, where Vtan
is a tablet to his memory. By his will (dated
1683) he left 6L per annum for edocatiiu ten
poor children, and 6/. to be given annnatlT in
alms. He married Grace (d. March 1663 or
1664), daughter of Dr. William Hutchinson of
Oxford, and had several children, of whom
Samuel, Francis, and Grace died iif infancy
John died on 9 Dec. 1675, aged 20; and Jane
died on 27 Sent. 1681, aged 21. John Lady-
'
mel).
[Wood's Fasti (iiliss), ii. 121 Raid's Hist.
;
Preab. Church in Ircl md (Killen), 1867. ii.
moonlight scenet<, 668 sq.; infomiation from the Bean of Osshel
and from the rector of Okooiel, with copy of
monument 111 inscription.] -A. G.
LAEGHAIEE or LOEGHATRE (d.
458), kin^ of Ireland, succeeded Dathi, his
first cousin, as king in 428, and was the
eldest of the fourteen sons of Niall Noighi-
allach, king of Ireland, slain in 406. None
of the chronicles mention the vear of his
exhioited at the birth, but as he was the eldest o/ his family,
and fre- und as his son was in an independent chief-
tainr\' about 430, it may probably be fixed
near 380. At Easter 482 St. Patrick came
towards Tara. Easter Eve came very near
the time of lis^ting the spring fire, which
1 ;
the king himself, in accordance with ancient
custom, u.sed to light upon the hill of Tlaghta
; iu Heath. All fir^ were extinguished and
relighted in succession to this. Patrick lit
F. M. OD. a great fire of his own iu the plain, easily
seen from Tara, and thus at once excited the
attention and the anger of Laeghaire. When
Patrick on the next day came slowly up the
hill of Turn, sin^fng^huflunous song, 'Faed
Fitidha,' Laeghaire expressed a wish that he
and his clerics should oe killed at onco but
;
neither the king nor his !< I!mw rs ventured
to rtttngyt what seamed likely to bo foUoired
Digitized by Google
 m
lijuiioertftiiin^penutunl ooiueqiieiioe8,aad
he became awed by the powexs whicli Patrick
aagttrted that he poaaea aad. * It U| better &>r
me/ said Laeghaure. ' to Iteliere than to die
(Book of Antiaffh, t. 5, b. 1), and wa forth-
w^ph baptised. Two tales ciBklled Comthoth
'
Laeghaire and Siabur Charput Conculaind/
' '
of ^^ a manuscript >\Titteu before
hich there is
1106 (leabhar na h- Uidri, f. 117 and f. 113),
describe Uiii imwilliag couven>iou, relupse,
and death. He is made to demand that Fatxick
should give experimental proof of his OBfer-
tkniB about his power and a future statu hy
raising CuchuUain from hell, where he stated
that the heroes of ancieut Ireland were.
Alter some conversation with the famous
d^ampion of UUter, aa totherealitj of whose
spectre the kiu^ at first expresses some doubt ,
he yields, and la baptiaed. The account of
hi* unwilling leeiffiuitioii of paffaniam ii
everywhere to be found in Irish Literature,
1^ ia confirmed by the fofiii that the hftUh
nana record no Onriatian aeta of liia. He
founded no church, relieved no poor, hated his
enemies to the last, mnde vows by the ele-
atraam in theterritocyof UiFaelan. Heie
he was defeated and slain by the Leinster
men. Avery aJK^ent Terse about his deat h,
beginning 'iitbatn Loegluure MacNeill, for
toebh Caissi,' b often quoted by Irish writers.
Ue desired to be buried iu the outer rampart
of his dun at Tara, stiinding u^ri^ht in the
grOHnd) fully armed, and with his lace south-
wards towards his foes, the Leinster men.
The site ol" his duu is discussed by Petrie
(JftMSfy and .4Mti<fuities of Tara Iliii), and
some part of what is pn)bal)ly this earthwork
remains on the slo})e of the hill towards
Tom, but has been much injured in racesit
years. The O'Coindenlbhains of the countiy
round Tri^ .claimed descent from hifu
LamkAIU Lobo, a muoli earlier and ^r>
bably mythical king of Ireland, is the subject
of manr Irish tales^ The chroniclers assign
609-6 as the ute <^ hb reign, and say
that he was son of Ugaine Mur, and that he
vfas slain at Wexford. Ther^ ia a stozy of
his murder in Kiting (Fom Fha$m or
JSirinn),and a poem on the loss of his crown
in the Dindsenchas'
'
Book of Leimter),
(

ments and not upon the ffospela, and received
a pagan fuiieral. The nxing of the primacy
of^ Inland at Armaf^h, and not in Meath, is
confirmatory evidence of liis ho.stilily to
Christianity. The story that he caused the
revision of the native law by three king*,
nriuled wit h truuslation by th^ present writer,
London, 188a.
[Tbo earliest oocoant of Laeghaire occurs in
Mairchu Ma<;ou-Maohtheni'B eomposilion in tbo
13ook of Armagh. 13is date ut the manoscript
807, and of the compoeiiiuu about ^90. Vuri-
if<

three bishous, and three sages (JSiit^ Mus.
BarkimmMS. 432), forming the body of law
known as the Senchus Moi contains se veral
obvious anaohronisma, and does not appear
in any earW authority. In 4fi8 kfl maMwar
upon the Leinster men and defeated them,
and in the oUowing year celebrated at Tara
tbe Feia Tenuch,a ort of general aasembly
with games. In 457 he was defeated and
taken prisoner by the Leinster men in the
battle of Athdara, a fi>rd of the river Barrow.
He awore by sun and noon and all the ele- Tripartite Life of St. Patrick. 1887, and Tha
oua parts of his history aro to be fouud in Leab-
har na h-Uidri (1106), Book of Leinster (1200),
and the Annals of Tigeraach (108S), Book of
Lecn(1400). Flann Mainistrech [see Flavk]
and all tho hiti r aunal.H agree with these autho-
rities. Points in relation to hiiu are discuiwed
in ODoaovaa*s TopoKraphical Poenu of John
O'Dubhagain and Q-iUft m.v naomh O'Hnidhrin
Dublin, 1862; Petrie's History and ADtiquiti
ofTkvaHiU; 0'Birae Crowe's 'Siabur-Charpat'
in Journal of Royal Hist, and Arcbseolo^cal
Assoc. of Iralmtd, 1B71, vol. i. pt. ii. ; W. Stokes's
'

mentp never to come against them nsfain, and Boroma' in Revue Oeltique, January 1892;
was set free. lu the next year, dihregardiug O'Clery'8 .A.ntuUa RiugiiucUi Kireann, under the
his oath, he teied to levy upon them an obao* years 438-.')8.] N. M.
lute tax, claimed b^ the kings of Tara as an LAFFAN, SiK JOSEPH DE COL IU'V
eric for a very ancient injury b|y the kiup: of (17tib-lti48^, phvaician. third sou of Wulter
I^iuster to the daughter of an azdiigh, culled lAffan of Casnef, by Eleonora, daughter <^
from its celebritv by Irish poets and Imto- liichard de Courey, a distant relative of the
rinmi, 'An Borawa,' or ' The Tribute/ He family of Kinsaiei was bom at Oa^ihel ou
etolatd fifteen thooauidoowa, pigs, and sheep, 8 May 1766. Hia eldeat hrethrwaa Bobert.
thirty white cattle with red ears and trap- LaSan {d. ] 833), Roman catholic archbishop
ping&for driving, a huge cauldron cueble of of OaaheL nd I>affiui himself was origiaaUy
Doiung twelve pigs, a quantity of eloth and deatinad nr the Roman catholic pnetthood
of silver, and a number of smaller cauldron.** and placed at the college of Maynootli.
{Book <^ Ltinater, f. 28I&). The war began J^vmg Mavnooth, however, he proceedeti
by hia seising cattle at Sidh Neadhtain, near to Edinburgh University, turned tiis atten^
the source of the Boyiie. He was attacked tion to medicine, graduated M.D.on Jun
by superior force, and had to retreat, and 1808, and was udniitted L.RO.P. 22 Dec.
fought a buttle on the banks ol Uaisai| a small 1806, from which date until 1812 he pra(>->

Digitized by Google
 3^
tiaed in Orciiar4 Street, Portmmi ^u&iro. under Sir Josiah Cloet e, succeeded in eSccting,
Ift OmoW 1800 1m praflerod hi services the relief of the British gaRlfon.
to the goremment
in behalf of the fever- From the Cape, Lafian was sent to Mau-
stnckeu troops lataly returned from the Wal- ritiua, where he was promoted uiptain on
ebeNB eipraition. These were accepted, 1 May 1846. On luerotnmhome in 1847 be
ud (he aptitude which Lafi'an showed for was appointed commanding royal engineer
ailitaiy practice lod to his appointiuut> in at Belfast, and at the dose of the year wa<
IMS as physiciaa to the foice^ Mb aarred nominated inspector of milwaya under
il&ttin aod Portugal during the lutt<>r part the board of trade, an office he held until
of the Penimular wUf 9fid waa eveutuolly the autumn of 1852, when he was sent to
nade phT&iciaa in oritmry to tli* VnUm of Paris and Antwerp to report on the defences
Esat. At the tcriuiiifttlnu of the war he for the infornmtion of oir John BiirgOj^M^

a ad t
Paha, and practised thi^ie with
iaal aaoooaa until denie tot mora iat
the inspector>geueral of fortihcatioua.
Lai&n represented the borough of 8t.
led him to Rochester, where he remained Ivc8, Cornwall, in the House of Common>
Btil he was disabled by disease. Aftr from 1852 to l8o7 in the coufiervative in-
lu* retirement he settled at Otham in Kent. terest. In 18r>4 he waa appointed command*
His successful treatment of an iUueas of tho ing royal engineOB in the London district,
Duke of York, brotli'T to George IV, led to and in 18o5 he waa sent by the Duke of
tuB being creiited a huroiiet hy patent dated rsewcastle, then secretary of state for war,
16 March 182H, and in 183b he was also with Sir William Knollya and Sir George
mated a knight of the Hanoverian Guelpliic Macleiin, to report upon the organisation of
01^. He died at Vichj, in Fr^poe, on the French ministere de la guerre. On his
7 Jwif ia48 in his sixtv-uifd jm
bodrvaa brouglit to Htx^liester and interred
His return to England in May 1865 he was ap-
l)ointed depiUy in.-p'ctnr-g-eneral of fortifica-
itt a vault m
}SU Majr^aret's Churoh. i^aliau liouf at the war omce. From 1858 to 1860.
wmed in 1815 Jemima, daughtor of Bani he wee nliaent on ndt leave in the eonth of
Pil of no< ht'?t<ir, and -widow of a Colonel France and Switwrlaud. Lafian waa pro-
^TBtOi f(M-jotfl>- Eolgliah eovt^ at Ava iu moted bEoret-nuyor on 26 Oct. 1858, and
IhbhIi. Hemid no iaBae,ana thetitleh^a Ijecaino n rmmeatal Ueutenant-oolonal <m
beooma e\tiuct. He devoted the greater 28 Nov. 1859. On his return from gick leave
psrt of hL fortune to fouiid a cancer ward he was staiiomid a( Portmouth for a short
nr women iu the Middlesex Hospital, and a time^ and towards the end of 1360 be was
full-length portrait of him in presMTod in aent to Malta a c ommandingroTal engineer.
the hospital bonl-room, He remained ther.' for tive years, du ring which
fGent. Mup. 1848. pt. ii. p. 318 iMunk's Coll.
;
the armaiimul of the fortress was completely
<rfPhy. iii. 70-1 FanthiWQ of the Age, ii. ')2l
; ;
He was promotid bnvet-ooloiiu
revised.
mfonnation kindly supplied by Lady Laffan .ind on 28 Nov. 1804.
bj the Rev. L. Lii^or of Lausanne, who marriwl hi i860 Lafiku waii sent to Ceylon as a
a Xiss Symee, Lanku's step-daughter.] T. S. member of a commission to amnnrtigate and
LAFFA2J, Sir ROBERT MICHAEL rej>ort on the military ex^)enditure of the
t.ldi^I-1^2),go\ ornur of iiermuda, tlurd i>ou colony and the titren^h oi the force to be
f Mm hmtkt eeq., of Skflhuan, ooe. Glare maintained there iu time of peaoe. He was
&r. I I,imerick, was bom on 31 Sept. 1821. at the same time deputed to report specially
located at the coU^e of Pont Levov, near to the secretary of state for war on the de-
Bloia, VnuB^, hb-wmi to the Bojral fit uitaiy feneee. OBbitwayhomefOnderiiifltnicttoue
Aoid- uiy, Woolwich, in September 1B.'}5, from tlie war ofiice,he vi:?ited the Suez Canal
aad on 5 May 1837 waa gazetted a second in company with X. de X<^ii8eps,and he made
lieetenant in tlie royal engineers. After a report to the aeeietary or state for war.
(^^rring for two years at Chatham and Wool- He revisited Egypt at the invitation of
widt, and becoming first lieutenant on 1 April M. de Lesseps, to witness the opening of the
1639, be waj^ bcut to iSouth Airica where he canal in November 18^.
^m enplojed in ftonfinr service^ He van In 1866 Lnflha wan appointed command-
one of the officers .uniinnned by he governor, ing royal engineer at .Mder
t tt, where he
'1

JSir George Napier, tu a council of war iu order acquired no binall reputuUon iu peace
to eoBoeert maaaurea for tiie relief of Colon 1 manoeuvres. He transformed the appearance
Smith and the garrison of Natal, then closely of the camp by planting trees ana laying
beleagiiere<l by a atxonf body of emigrant down grass, and the old Queen's Birthdav
Itoere under their chieF, Pretorius. It de- Paradc has lately been renamed Lsffim^
volved upon Lafian to orguiii.^i' the engineer- Plain in his memory. Lufian was promoted
ing aanogementa of the expeditioui which, n^imeutol
i
colonel on 9 Feb. 1870. In

Digitized
 Laforey Laforey
January 1872 he was sent to Gibraltar as December 1767, it appears prol)able that he
commaiidiug tBguMer, and renudned was at that time in AnMVioa <i his private
there for five years. affairs;he had no naval appointment till
On 27 April 1877 Lafian was appointed 1770, when he comtuunded the Pallas frigate
governor and commander-in-chief of tlieBa>> fm a few months. In September 1770 he
mudas, with the rnnk of brigudier-general, commissioned the Ocean of 90 puns, and in
and on 30 May the same year was made a her took part in the action off Ushant on
K.O.M.O. In the Gaxette* of 2 Oct. 1877
' 27 July 1776 ; and at the 8nb8e(}uent court-
he was promnte l raajor-openeral, and under martial gave evidence strongly in favour of
the provisious ol the royal warrant then just Admiral Keppel. In November 1779 he was
issued his rank was antedated to 8 Feb. appointed commissioner of the nhvy at Bar-
1870. He was promoted lieutenant-general badoes and the Leeward islands, with in-
on 1 July 1881. Laffan's ability, prudence, structions to reside at Antigua and to act
and toet made him a popular and successful as commander-in-chief in tild alNMUOe of a
^vemor of the Bcrmucfas at a critical time flag officer or senior captain.
in the political history of the colony. He died in February" 1 783 he was moved to Ply-
there, at Mount Langton, 22 March 1882. moirth,aiid wa still there on 24 Sept. 1767,
His body lay in state for two days, and was when a promotion of flag officers was made,
buried with military honours in Pembroke extending below him. fie, however, was
churchyard, Bennvaa. paaaed over on the groonda that he had ac-
Laffan married in 1852 Erania, daughter cepted a civil appointment. He disputed tho
of W. Norsworthy, and left a daughter and justice of thi8 decision, and eventually, on
four sons. 10 Nov. 1789, was promoted to be rear-
[Corj)S Records Poyal Engineers' Journal,admiral of the red, with seniority of 24 Sept.
;

vol. zii.j Barmuda Royal Gazette, 28 March 17b7, in the place on the list which he would
1889.1 B. H. Y. have field if promoted in due course. He
was at the same time (8 Nov.) created a
LAFOREY. Sib JOHN (1729 P-1796), baronet ; and a few days later went out aa
admiral, was the second son of Lieutenant- comaumder^in-chief at the Leeward Lslaads.
colonel John Laforey (d. 1753), one of the He was still there when war with France
French Huguenot family La Fordt "which broke out in February 1793, and on the
Mettled in England in the time of Wil- news reaching him led an expedition to
liam ni. On 12 April 1748 he was pro- Tobagfo, which surreinlerod on 15 April. He
moted to be lieutenant; and to be com- was shortly al'terwards relieved by liear-
mander of the Ontario by Commodore Keppel admiral Gardner and retnmed to Biwlaad in
on 24 May 1765, while serving on the coast July. He had been promoted to be vice-
of North America. Continuing on that sta- admiral on I Feb. 1793. He was reappointed
tion, he waa moved in 1766 into the Hunter, oommander^n-chief at the Leewanf islands,
which he commanded off Louisbourcr. under and sailed on 9 May 1795 in the Amiable
Admiral Holbume, in 1757, and at the cap- frigate, commanded by his son. He became
ture of Louisbourg by Admiral Boeeawen admiral on 1 June 1796. During tiie year
in 1758. On 2n July ho commanflofl a divi- of his command a serious revolt of the negroes
sion of the boats which burnt the Prudent in St. Vincent, Grenada, and Dominica waa
and toolc the Bienfaiaant in the harbour of suppressed, and Demerara, Eaaequibo, and
rA)ui8boiirg, and was posted to the Echo Berbice were captured. He soon after re-
frigate by Boscawen on the following day, i
signed the command to Sir Hugh Chriatiaii,
:36 July 1768. In the fbllowing year the |
and aailed ftr England in the Maieatae. He
Echo was attnche'd to the fleet under Sir died of yellow fever nn the pas^sa^re, 14 June
Charles Saunders, during the operations in 1796, two days before the ship made the land.
the 8t. Lawrence, culminating in the cap- He waa Iniried at Portaea on 91 June.
ture of Quebec, and was afterwards sent to Laforeys son, Sir Fbakcis Laforbt (1 767-
the T^'est Indies in the squadron under Sir 1836}, who succeeded to the baronetoiT, oonH
Janee Douflas and at the reduction of Mai^ nanaed the Spartiate in the battle of Trafal-
tinique by Sir Geortru Il'iduey in Fe]*riiary gar was commander-in-chief at the Leeward
;

1762. Laforey was then moved into the islands 1811-14; waa made K.aB. in 1816;
T^'vant fri^te, in whiehheretumed to Eng^ and died, admiral of the hlue^ 17 Jnna 1686^
land towards the end of 1763. He had mar- when the baronetoj beeanke extinet.
Autiguayleanor|daughter of Colonel
ried, at [Naval Chronicle, xxv. 177 Chamock's Biog.
;

Francis Farley of the artillery^ and his eldetst Nav. vi. 319 Ralfe's Naval Biog. i. 231
: rom- ;

was bom in L(judon in March 1764.

tlaii^liter missi'in and waxnut-booka ia ue Public Re>
As his only son waa bom in Virginia in oord OiBoa] J. K. I*

Digitized by Google
_ . I
 Laguerre 397 Laidlaw
LAGUERRE, LOUIS r 1663-1721), '
The Judgment of Midas,' and fli a club of
{MUiter, bora at Paris in 1663, was son virtuosi Laguerre painted, at tho tavern in
of Spaniard, a native of Catalonia, who Drury Lane where they met, a Bacchanalian
ent'rd the service of Lmiis XIV, and was procession.
appointed * maitre de la m6nagerie to the '
His early education waa of graot uae to
taog. The father waa much favoured by him in his allegorical and mythological com-
Umj king, who stood sponsor to his son. positions. Pope's depreciatory line,
Louis was educated at the Jesuits' College,
Where sprawl the Saints of Verrio and Laguerre,
Fm, bat having dKmn an early incliniir
tion for drawin;^. was sent by hi? par>nt8 to has caused posterity to treat their works
study in the school of the French Acudemy. with unmerited contempt. He waa of an
Ciiibnqaently he worked for a tim*< under indolontand careless dispoaitiaB,orliaini|^t
Charlr* le Brun. At the AtadHmy he ob- have amassed a large fortune.
tained in 1682 the third prize for a paint- Laguerre's first wife was daughter of Jean
ing of 'Cain building the Town of Enoch,' Tijou, a worker in iron, who executed some
and in 1683 the thiiS prise for a sculpture of the ironwork at Hampton Court. For
of 'Tubal Cain.' In tne latter year he came him he designed a frontispiece to a book of
10 England with an acdiiitectural painter, designs for ironwork, engraved by Paul Van
called IJiLiinJ thoywert^ employed as aasia-
;
Somer, and published by Tijou in 1693.
tanks by Verrio, who was then engaged on After his first wife's death he married again.
kit ptintiam at St. Bartliolomew's Hospital. in life he became dropsical, ana fell

Ijmum skowod so much skill that he iiitn rrencral from neplect of medi-
ill-healtb
ooieUy found employment among the nobi- cal advice. On
Thursday, 20 April 1721,
uty b painting halls, staircases, or ceilings. ha wnt with hia wife and a party of friends
Ho did much work at Burleigh House, to Lincoln's Inn playhouse to ?ee the Is- *

StHBford: at Petworth House, Sussex, where land Princess,' in which his son John was
history of Elizabeth,
iMMiatM ma allegorical going to sing. Before the performance com-
fWWIltW of Somerset at Blenheim Palace,
; menced he wfis stricken with apoplexy, snd
vkmbe painted on the ceiling the Duke of died in the theatre. He was buried m St.
Mnikorough in triumph; at Berkeley or Martin'B-ijHthe-Fidds.
Dlfonshire House Laoctbbrb, John (d. 1748), painter and
in Piccadilly (destroyed
If fire); at the actor, son of the above, was bom in Lon-
Earl of Radnor's, in St.
JmmV Square ; at Buckingham House (now don. He waa educated by his father as a
rebuilt as Buckingham Palace) at Chats- painter, and showed some skill, but was of
;

wotiti, and elsewhere. At Marlborough too indolent and careless a nature to suo-
EoMe, in Phil Mall, he painted a teries of eeed in that ait Lutead he want on the
Marlborough's victories, which have been f-tn^f. having considerable vocal powern, and
engraved. He received a commission to achieved flome auocesa. He also painted
Mat the cupoU of St. Paul's Cathedral, and scenery fertile thestra. He is beat known
had actually begun the designs, when the by a series of drawings, representing the
ooouniaoion was withdrawn, and eventually history of Hob in the Well,' which were
*

tin wlc wa entnutad to Enr Jamea Thorn- engraved by Clanda Duboec, and were very
hni v."l
I
Laguerre was miirh esteemed popular. A plate called 'The Theatrical
by WiUiam UI, who gave him apartments Revolt' was etched b;j him, representing a
it Hampton Cknat. Here he painted in hamorona ooonrraaoe ra Ua stage life. He
ebi&rOBCuro 'The Labours of Hercules' in painted a portrait of Mary Tofts [q. v.] the
the fountain court, and was employed to impostor, which was engraved in messotint
'mtore' iSm eadly damaged tempera^paint^ bv John F^MV the younger. He ikd in poor
ings by Andrea >f iintegna of The Triumph
* J
itt March 1748.
.

of Cesar.' He was one of the directors of [Walpole's Anecilotoa of Painting, ed. Wor-
Ae Academy of Pfeintinff in Great Queen num; Vertue's MSS. (Brit. Mub. Add. MS3.
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and might have 23068-7S); Dodd's manncript Hist, of English
become goremor on the resifliation of Sir fit.prnrers (Brit. Mas. Add. MH. 88402); Dna-
6odtey Kneller had hepmhed hia isaadida- Lis Artistes Fran<?ab 4 1'Btnngsr ; Al'
ture more resolut el y. LnpU' rre also nainted eedftrio de P. J. Marieite; duloMT Smith**
mall pictures, portraits (one of Wiilicmi, British Measotinto Portraits.] L. C.
earl Ckdogan, waa engrared In meifOtint
by J. Simon), and de.signs for engraving or LAIDLAW, Vra^LIAM (1780-1815),
tapestry. His figure-drawing^ was rated friend of Sir Walter Scott, was bom 19 Nov,
very highly, and waa nueh iaiitated. Lap 1780, at Blackhottse, SflUdrkahiM,whre hia
fMm u u endttad wifeh ta of Ming i%Amg4umm, After laoaiTng

Digitized by Google
 398
anelementarv education at Peebles heassisted
his father for a time. Jameg ITng^ [q. v,l,
thb Ettrick Shepherd, whose mother was his
disiuit eottttn, was employed at Blackhouse
for ten years, find formed a In'^ling friend-
ship with Laidlaw. According to Hogg's
' Autobiography ' Lddlmw was ono r Be
first appreciative critics. In IflOl Ilnfrg' nnd
Laidlaw helped Scott with materials tor the
* BwdflP Mlnfltn^iy/ Aftsrtwo ititraocMsfcl
attempts at fftrmlnp. in Peeblesshire and Mid-
lolhian respectiTely. Laidlaw in 1817 became
Walter Seott at Abbotnford.
Btefwaxd to Sir
fitetBrudl'mh suited each other exactly,
Laidlaw proving himself not only an exem-
plary servant but a worthy counsellor and a
derot^d friend. He was valued in the field,
on the stream, and in the study. Tn 1819,
whi Scott wn.s recovering from an illness,
Lai^Ha^ and Ballantyne wrote to his dicta-
tion most of the 'Bride of Lammermoor,' and
subsequently ' The Legend of Montrose/ and
ttaily all ^ linmhoe.' ' St. Ronaaai Well
may nave been due to Laidlaw'a suggestion
that Scott should devote a novel to ' Mel-
raw in JVdj'lflflS' (LooKHMh', Uft, v. 865
ed. Ifl37). When ruin f*^n upon Scott, he
wrote to Laidlaw that it was * not the lewt
EainAil 001 iwiil wnttsii ' sniM Irb twHihles tlutt
e could no longer be useful to him ( Jviirnal,
i. 97). After an interval, however, Laidlaw
became his amanmnsM, detaining the poet till
Scott's death in 18dS. Subsequently he was
factor to Sir Charles Lockhart Ro, Balna-
-ffowan. Ross-shire. Retiring in feeble health,
M diad m the house of his brother at Contin,
near Dingwall, Roes-shitv, 18 May 1845.
Laidlaw wrote several lyric*, but he i.s re-
membered only for his tender song, Lucy's '
Plittin',' published in Hogg's 'Forest Min-
fcrel,' 1810. After 1817 he compiled, under
Soott's managomeot ind directliM, part f |<Mrte1ogiefl, in all tlie QlineAodlBal delight-
the * Edinburgh Annual Register,' and con- fulness of a tinker's wallet, lay jumbled up
tributed articles to the dinbui^ Monthly in his ei^pacioaa brain, to be reproduced in
*
Magane'(aftentaids*Bbeltivoodi^ file ttafooa booki wllih n ^StMrfbaing prolixity'
i.s also said to IHTO tifcittMIIMI tlw (W^tTBH, Bardg of Soriaccordj p. 660).
of Selkirkshii^.
[Lockhart "s Ufa of Scott, pasnm, and SeottV editor, Scort ish Notes and Queries ; Irring's Diet,
Joarnal; RogersHi Scottish Minstrel, vol. ii. Bor>
;
Yurow, it Poet* aod Foetiy \ Qet.iCa<k
liuid'a
laft jt.a.p. 213.] t.bT
ItAIKOv ALEXANDER (1778 18:)8),
antiquary, the illegitimate son of an Aber-
deen advocate named Miohie, was bom at
Coull, Aberdeenshire, in 1778. 'He was
tolerably well educated and possessed good
natural abilities, but his erratic tempera-
^tont precl tided his i^f^AcemaiA. V6f ataie
ycnr^ previou.'* to his death he was employed
as a book canvasser and flying st&tiontt', in
Laing
in the country as
* Stashie Laing.' The first
of Laing's antiquarian writings, * Tho Cale-
donian Itinerary, or a Tonr on the Banks of
the Dee, with Historioal Notes from the best
Authorities,' appeared at Aberdi n in 1^19.
During tho three snbsequent years Lains
dited'in ahnttal, tte flret t w o Mtaea of which
were entitled 'The Eccentric ^rftgnziT\e,'an(l
the third* The Lounger'sCJommonplnce Book,"
being aco1ketioti0r raw^otes, apophthegni.i,
and lltemry and historical curin<irIeH. In
1822 he Dublished 'Scarce Anciouf Balladn
nerelr herore published, with Notes,* Abn^
deen, 12mo,and in thefollowingyear a similar
collection under the title The Thistle of
'
Scot land ( Adrocnfes' Library Cat.) In 1828
'
appeared his chief work, 'The Donean Tourist,
interspersed with .\necdotes and Ancient
National Ballads,' Aberdeen, 1828, 8vo, a
volume on the history and traditions of the
river Don, Which, though somewhat loosely
compiled, constitutes a rich mine of Scottish
historical lore, and 'exhibits,' says Jevi^iMf
'
an incredible araountof patience nd labour *
(Bpitaphs and Interiptiont, i. 284>. This is
tb mityttrfHtb^lJfthigitf thAMil MwiWfli
Library. His last work was ' An fHuaran
Albannach, n Bepoaitoiy of Ballads, many
utftwtieftkn pttblnhadf ttv are appendln
copioii s X 0 tes, Historical , Bi <
)g rapb i eal Tlltts-
,
trative, and Critical,' Aberdeen, 1834, 12010^
Lain^ died in 1838 at Boltingstone, a roid'
aide ran' between Tarland and Strathdon, and
was biiried in the chumhyatd of Of^datQlMf
Aberdeenshire.
All his works are now scarce and flOWtld
by Reottish bibliophiles. * Not a ruin or a
battlefield by Dee or Don, which history or
tradition gave name to, but Lainy Tinted
and viewed with a devotion almost rarn^d in
ita intensity. Ballads, family histories and
[Notes kindly sapplied by John Bullock, esq.,
of Kniiuen' Si^otfimcn, p. MO; UMI tf'tha Reign,
1^ 607; Brit. Una. CauJ T. &
LAING, 'ALEXANDER (1787-1857).
the Brechin poet, was bom at Brechin, For-
farshire, 14 May 1787. His father was an
agricidtan] labottrer. Lung spent only tuto
winter^ at school, and when eight y< ars old
became a herd, but devoted much of his
f^iMii to ttadln^ and writing. At the a||b
of sixteen he was apprenticed to a flal-
dreaser, and followed this occupation for four-
teen yeai^ ^hMt ^
accident permanently
Digitized by Google
 Lafng'
disabled him. He afterwards earned a modest
eompetencT as a pedlar, knd tlifld tt Rreehin,
14f); r. Ih7.
Lainff cont ributcd to Local newsnapers and
totte roDowtng poetieal mlioellaiim: *Btarp
of Renfri-wpliire, 1819 ; R. X. Smith's ' J^cni
tish Minstrel/ 1^20; Struthen's <Harp of
Ckledooia,' 1831 ; 'Whltelaw's * Book of Sot-
tish Song,' 18 U; and ' "NVhistlo Rinliif^,'
1832-47. He also furnished anecdotes to the
Seottish story-book 'The Laird of Logan/
1S35. In 18i6 he published a collection ot
his poetry under the title ' Wayside Flowers,'
of which' A second edition appeared in 18fi0.
RAwrite^i vigorous and melodious lowland
Scotch, and is both pathetic and humorous.
Laing edited popular editions of Burhs and
Tannahill, supplied various notes to Allan
Cunningham's 'Scottish Songs,* 1825, and
b^gaphical notices to the ' Angus Album,'
[Prffiico to J**rrisf'"s Epitiph-i and Inscrip-
ttoiw Rogers's Scottish Mirstrel, vol. iv.
;
Onnt WilaoD^s Fbsts ud BmIij of Scotland,
nifi.} T. B.
XJLENG, ALEX.ANDER GORDON
1795-1826), African traveller, bom 27 Dec.
?79^, was eldest son of William Laing, A.M.,
of Edinburgh, by his wife, fhe daughter
of William (Gordon of Glasgow Acaoemy,
writer of an English translation of Livy and
afvaaom educational books. William Laing,
s very popular private teacher in his day,
opeoed the first classical academy in Edin-
taq^ There Alexander was taught until
the age of thirteen, when ho entered Edin-
VflljgK University. At fifteen he wa8 an as-
itaiil iiiMlwir in Bruee's classical academy
t Xewcft?tl<*-on-Tyno, but fiftf-rvvards wont
back to Edmbiirgh to help his father. In
1810 he -was made an ensign in the Prince of
W-^lt'i.'q re^impnt of loval Edinburgh volun-
t'fers, and in 1811 h*- went out to Barbadnes.
His mother's broth nr, Ckilonel (afterwards
General) Gabriel riordon fcf. (rent. Mag.
1865), who was deputy quart ermaster-general
dbne,inpl >yed hum as an extra eUnc in his
office, and in that capacity he came under the
notice of General Sir George Beckwith [q. v.]
(>a 11 March 1813 he was a[^oiiited ensign
in the York licrht infantry, a corps, composed
chisflj of foreigners, formed for West India
ssrnee. He became lieutenant 28 Dec. 1816,
sad serv'ed with the corps in Antigua. When
it was disbanded at the peace he effected, after
a biief interval on half-pay, an exchange into
the 2Tid W' St India regiment in Jamaica,
and wait employed there as deputy assistant
qoaitermaster-general. To cure % tkdent
attedc el liver flotoplaiat he aolweqiwiitly
999 Laing
sailed to Honduras, where the governor,
Colonel (afkerwardsm) George Arthur [q.v.l
employed Laing as fort-ninjor hut ill-honltli
:
soon drove him home, and a roduction inth-
stranffA of liis regiment placed klm onlialf-
- nay from 25 Pec. 181 In ^f^2^ h.. was
Drought back into the 2nd West India regi-
ment ei lienten'ant and adjutant, slid on
'1 April 1823 was promoted to a company
in the loyal Afirican corps, to which (and
not to Oe Slid Weet I&dns ee stated bv
CHAMBma) lie belonged at tlie time of kis
death.
Early in Sir Charles MacCsrtky, tibe
governor of Sierra Leone, where Laing was
serving with his corns, despatched him into
the Kambian and Mnndingo countrieB to
ascertain the di.spoeition of the natives regard-
ing trade, and their sentiments respecting t he
abolition of the slaye-trade. After stay ing at
Kambialong enough to fulfil his inst ructions,
he crossed toe Scarciee to Melacourie, on the
Melageah, and afterwards tried to reconcile
Amara, the Mandingo king, described as ' a
crafty Mohammedan,' with the rival chief
Sannassee of Melacourie. To attain this
object permanenUy, Laing, after his return
to Sierra Leone, undertook a second journey,
and for six days was without shelter by day
or night. On 16 April 1832 he begMi a jour*
noy through the Timmannee and Kooranko
countries to Falaba, the capital of Soolima,
where be bad learned that aoundanfleof gold
and ivory wns to be found. He was well
received, and n mained some months. He
ascertained the source of tbeRokeUyendwae
within three days of the supposed source of
the Niger, which be was not allowed to vi.sit.
In October 1828 he was ordered to join bis
corps on the Hold Coast, in consequence of
the menacing attitude of the Ashantees. He
organised and commanded alarge native force
on the frontier during the greater part of 1 823,
in the course of which he fn^quentl^ engaged
and defeated the Ashantees. His success
secur*-'d the allegiance of all theFantee tribes,
and he compelled the king of Ajucamou to
put his troops under Brit isli control. Wlien
the Ashantees carried off a nritiah sergeant,
Laing offered to proceed on a mission to
Coomassie to rescue him; but Sir Charles
MarCarthy considered the enterprise too
perilous (cf. Ann. Beg. 1^24. pp. 124-.%).
After the fall of MacCarthyin ac^tion with the
Ashantees, 21 Jan. 1824, Colonel Chisholm,
on whom the chief command devnlved, sent
Laing home to report the position of affairs
to Iienry, third lord Bathurst [q. v.], thpii
colonial secretary. While at hoiuH he began
to prepare for the press his jounmls, ubse*
4|uentqr publiabed imder tbe titles ' Tsavele
Digitized by Gopgle
 Laing 400 Laing
in Ttmmaimee, Kooranko, and Soolima, with Laing from Tripoli, was under the sseret
Countries of Weatern Africa/ London, 1825. direction of Tlossunah d'Ohie'i, son of the
Late in 1824 Laing received instruct iona prime minister of the bashaw of Tripoli; that
from Lord Batliurst to undertake an expedi- it was by d'Ghies'a direetkm that tne aetoal
tion, by way of Tripoli and Timbui tno, to murderer, the forodous Bourabouschi, was
ascertain the source and course of the Niger. appointed to be Laii^s guide on the return
Full of flnthvdasm, he lefb Enjg^land 6 Feb. journ^from'nmbactoo; that Laing s papers,
1825. He prooi'edf'fl to Triii<>ll hv wav of fnrming^ a packet fourteen inches Iowj: and
Malta, where he was treated with marked iieveu inches thick, were placed in d'Qhiea's
attention by the ^[overnor, the MaiqiuB of hands shortly after the murder, and that the
IT;i.<^riTig8. At Tripoli ho contrncted a close packet wfi? kn i\vn to be secreted in Tripoli
friendship with the Brit Li>li cunsuL Mr. War- in August 1828. It was also alleged Uiat
rin^n, whoee daughter, Emma Maria War* the documents were given by dY^hies to
ringtoii. he marrii rl 14 July 1825. Two days French consul, Rnron de Rosseau, who was in
^
later he set out for Timbuctoo, in company correspondence with the conspirators during
with Babani, a sheikh of good repute, who the greater part of Lainsf's loumey. Mo-
undertook his safe conduct thitht r In ten hammed, broth- r of TTaAsun.'ifi d'Ghie^, gave
weeks' time. The ordinary route was deemed most of this information. A
summary 01 the
unsafe, and, after a tedious and roundabout evidmce in given in tSie 'Qnarterly Ivsview,'
journey of a thousand miles throogh part of March (No. Ixixiv.) Xo mrther ex-
Fesian, the travellers reached Ghadamis ou planation has appeared. The Gteo^phical
18 Sept. Laing was well reoeiyed. Although Society of Parispre9eiltedtoBArt.Laingagold
many of his instruments had been dnmajred, medal in reeo^niition of hir late hnabsod'e
and the stock of his only rifle had been broKcn services to science.
by a charging' elephant, he hoi)efully left [The most aatbuntie memoir of Laio^ is that
Ghadamis 27 Oct., and on 3 Dim.-. S'2rj reached in Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen, voL li., with
1

Ensala, a town on the eastern frontier of the a portrait from a painting ia the possce^ion of
province of Tuat, belonging to the Tuaric, the family. A fow corrections have been made
where lie ri^paid a kindly reception by ren- here from war office sources. See also Thomas
dering medical aid to the sick. On 10 Jan. Nelson's Memoirs of Oadner, Clapprtoii, and
1K!6 he quitted Bnsala, and a fortnight later Liting, 1830; Quarterly Review, 1880, Ka
entered tne flat, snndy, cheerless d-f 'rt of Ixxxiv. Diet. T^nivfrspllo. un b r
; De CaiUA' '

Tenezoroff. Of his subsequent movements and 'Laing, Alexander Gonlou ;

ami Jolinston's
'

there is no detailed information. According Diet, of Oeogr., under 'Niger' and Timbu -t^).*
'

to letters received by his father-in-lnw, and

dated 10 Mav and 1 July 1826, after suiferiuff
from fever, he and his party were attaekea
and pluiuh ri' 1 by the Tuario, and he was
sevezely wounded. The aheikh Babani, who
was dead at the time, was not in Laing's
opinion -whollv liliun- less. Laing was then
the sole survivor of his party. According
to another letter, his last, dated Timbnetoo
(Timbuctu)21 Sept, 1826, Laing reached tliat
city ou 18 Aug. 1626 (which entitled him to
the3,000/. offeredby a society in London to the
first European arrivini,' thi re). Tlie city an-
swered all his ei^ectations, except aarej^rded
size. His position was Ytsrj unsafe, owing to
the hostility of Bello, chiei of the Foulahs of
Massina, who had disposses-sed the Tuaric.
He proposed leaving the city in iSuee days'
time. From information afterwards collected
from various soutceSi it ap]^red that Laing
left "nmbuctoo at the time ratended, and was
surprised and murdered by Arabs in his bi-
vouac on the night of 26 Sept. 1826. Facts,
which were esttdiilished at Tripoli in 1839 to
the entire satisfaction of the British. Dutch,
Danish, Swedish, and Sardinian consuls there,
The only notices of Laing in the Journals of
the Roy. Qeogr. Soc LoQ<^a, are in vol. ii. p. i,
viii. 298, zdi. 181.) H. U. &
LAING, DAVID (1774-1856), architect,
son of a merchant iu the citv of London,
was bom in 1774, and artielea to Sir John
Sonne [q. v.] about 170<1 In 1811 h. wa-
appointed survevor of buildings at thecusttnn
house, and was wrected to prepare desirms for
a new custom house on a site to the \v< -* ward
of Sir Christopher Wren's structure. In five
years (161Skl7) the huildtn^ was completed
and occupied, but in 1825 the b'^ech piling
and plankinff used as the substratum of the
foondation oecayed, and tbe front fell dovra.
Much litigation followid, mid ultimately,
under Sir Sydney Smirke's advicOi a new
foundation was \nit iu, and the whole build-
ing rearranged and altered.
Tite. one of Lain^s pujgils, laid the founda-
tion of his repntation asioint architect with
Laing of the church of St. Dunstan-in-the-
East in 1817-19. Laing, who was a fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries, died at 5 Elm
Place, West IBrompton, London, on 27 March
1856, aged 82. He was the author of Hint.*

showed that the sheikh Babani, who was sent for DwelUngs, consisting of Original Designs

Digitized by Google
 Laing
for Cottairee, Farmhouaeo, Villas, i^o.,' 18(X>,
Dowedit. 1841,andof *PUns,lvlevation,8ncl
Sections of Buildings, Public and Private,
iMcuted in various parts of England, &c.,
Mcluding the new Custom House, London,'
teflSlB.
FRailder. 5 April 1866. p. 189; Gent. 3Tag.
IS^Vl. i. 6 ".()
] O. C.
LAINd. DAVID (17t>3 1878), Scottish
ant i.|uary, born in Edinburgh 20 April 1 793,
itecondaon of William Laing, bookseller
q. v.] in that city. David was edncated at the
I'&aungate grammar stchool, and afterwards
aUnded the Greek claasea of Professor Dal-
O'll at the Edinburgh Dniveraity. In his
fonrte<nih year he became apprentice to his
father, and by hio joutfaAil enthusiasm as a
tvik^'ller he soon attracted the notice of
lib rary men. Hia father at this time was
the only bookseller in Edinburgh who dealt
in f rv :n literature, and David occasionally
tr&velled abroad in search of rare or curious
boob. On one such jounev through Hoi-
l&nd he made at Kotterdam the acquaintance
of J<dm Qibeon Lockhart fq. v.l who, in
'Peter's Utters to his Kinsfolk ' (IBW^ d*-
Mnbeshira as* by far the most trenninespeci-
ten o{ t true ola-aahioned bibliopole that I
ever law exhHiited in the person of a young
man,' and mnlios mentinn of his truly won- *
(ierfuldegree of bkili and knowledge in all
denartmentsofhibliogranhy.' Thefint fruits
of hi* industry appeare<l in a reprint of the
'Aoetarium Bibhothecfo i'xiiuburgenio sivc
Oitaktgas Libromm quoe Oulielmus Drum- Napier [q. .] Laing thereupon gtve up his
mondus ab Hawthomden D.D.Q. Anno business as a bookseller, and disposed of hi<
1627,' which was iseued in 1815. Laing was
eaadidate ibr the keenenhip of the Advo-
eatw' Lihrinv, which feu vacant in 181 hut
Dr. David Irving [q. v.] was elected, lu
1831 Laing became partner in his fiMther*s
business, and he now devote<l him^' If to the
tudy and editing of old Scottish ballads and
Mined loauwces. In 1881 hs reprinted Sir
Thomas Craig's * Ei>ithalamiura on the Mar-
riage of Damley and Mary Stuart ' and the
pwns of Alexnnder fleot. Ho also editod,
^nj intly with David Irving, the poems of
Alex&nder Montgomery. In the same vMr
he began the publksstien in parts of 'The
Select Remains of thf AnciiMit Popular
Foetiy of Scotland,' and in the follow imr year
Iw iaied a reprint of 'ThoFlswinfrmitory
(rfRftswall iind r/illlan.' In 182.'i (27 Feb.)
Sir Walter Scott founded the iiannatyne
OInh, wUoh was to oofMisI of thirlf-oiie
nwmhers. for the print in;,' of inodited mate-
nals or rare tracta relating to the tiistory
ndlitsfatun of Seofclaad. Sir Walttr was
<ke firKt pretidsm, and Ua Mend Laing was
>UU XL
401 Laing
'
^'cretary and oliipf orgunisor until th*^ (lio-
lution of the club thirty-ci{j[lit yetirs latur.
Twenty-i^^n of the paUieations of the
<
'
clnhw^rc tditt'd entirely, or conjointly with
others, by Laing. Il*> at first continued to
I
confine himself mainly to ancient Scottish
' huke of the Howlat'
P'^''/^'
ami the poems of George Bannatvno for the
club, ana on hie own account the nnt volume
of his ' Fugitive Scottish Poetry, principally
of the Seventeenth L'uiitury (182^1-6), ' Early
'
Metrical Talen' in 1826, and in 1827 'The
Knightly Tale of Oolagrus and Qawane,' from
|
the unique copy preserved in the Advocatea'
|
Libfaiy of thin the first book known to hftve
been printed in Scotland. But he soon on-
larg'pd the field of bis research. In 1826 he
wa.^ <']( tcrl a fellow of the Society of Anti
(juaries of Scotland, and for the foUowintj
hfty years there was acarcely a volume of the
society's teenssetiooi to whieh ho did not
contribute a paper.
In 18^:iO he eaited for t he Bannatyne Club
'The Affairs of the Kirk of Sootland,' 1637-
1638, by John, earl of iiothcs. In J 884 he
brought out the first collected edition of the
1 foanu of William Dunbar, to which he added
a supplement in 1806. In 1836 he edited,
from a manuscript in thu Advocates' Library,
Nicoll's Diary of Public Transactions, 1650^
'
1657,' and in the following year the SoTOn *
Sag<M' of John Holland of Dalkeith,
On 21 June 1837 Laing was edeeted Ulm-
rian to the Society of Writers to II. M.
Signet, in succession to Professor Macve^
:
stock by public sale. The Signet Library,
'
when he became its lihnurisn, contained sbout
forty thousand volumes. !!< Ifft it at lii.>
deatli, forty-one years later, with seventy
thoosMid.
In 1840 he edited, with Adam Urquhart,
Sir John Lauder's Memorable Ucourrents,'
'
1660-6 ; and in eonjunction with John HOI
nurton, for the Abbotsfnrd Tlith, v.-hich had
been started in 1834, the Jacobite Oorre-
'
f^pondeneo of Ae Atholo Ftmily, 174^-6^'
In thr- following year he published thevalu-
i able Letters and Journals of Robert BailliOf'
'
1687-68, in which, soeordinf to Carlyle, m
'
cxhiMted hi-^ luunl industry, HHL''firIty, iind cor-
|
rectneas (^London and Wettmimter Jieview,
1841 >.
For tlio Wodrow Societv he edited in 1841
,
Row's ilistonr of the iiirk of Scotland fimm
<
,
lft68 to 1689,^ and for the same society ha
issued in 1846 the first volume of his most
inmortant work, * Xlie Collected Works of
John Kattx/ which was coiupluted hy tht
pnblifiataon of tha sistk tsKimm in 1864.
|
D D
Digitized by Gopgle
 Laing 4M
HiB Notes of Ben Joiuon's Convenations of Ancram, and
' his son, third Earl of Ijo-
witii Bntmnioiid of ILiwtlioradfln ' (Shake-
speare Sorio(y) appeared in 1842, and his
Aoition of Sir Gilbert, IlayB ' Buke of the
Order of Knighthood' in 1847. Another
inodited work of Sir John Lauder, his ' His-
torical Notices of Scottish Aflnirs from 1661
to 1688,' wag published by hi in in 1848, In
1840 he issued to tha members of the Ab-
botsford Club two volumes of ancient poetry
from the Auchinleck Manuscript * Sirre De-
: in 1476, and pretixed to the volume an ac-
garre, a Metrical Romance of the end of the
Thirteenth Century/ and *A Penni worth
of Witte ; Florice and Blauncheflour,' &c.
IImm were feBiyvred by two vdumea of 'Ori-
ginal Letters rotating to the Ecclesiastical
Affairs of Scotland, 160a-25' (Baunatyne
Club, 1 851 ), and Lodm^s * DeftoM of Poetiy,
Music, and Stage Fuys/ fte. (SbalDMipetre
Society, 1853).
In 1854 Lain^ was elected honorary pro-
fessor of antiquities to the Itoyal Scottish
Academy. In 1855 ho issued a volume of
etchin|?8 (1 77^-9) by John Clerk of Eldin
[q.y.], to which he prefixed an account of the
artist, for the Bannatyne Club, and wrote the
preface to Mr. Blew's edition of the 'Aberdeen
Breviary.' In 1858 he edited the Lettein
'
of John Colville, 1582-1603,' and, conjointly
with Mr. Macknight, ' Memoirs of the Insur-
rection,' 1715, by John, master of Sinclair.
In the pa me year appeared his ' Cataloj^ue of
the Ghraduatee of the University of Edinburgh
ftwtt 1S80 to 1868.' In 1860 ho edited iSe
*
Repistrum Cartorum Ecclpsiii' S. Egidii de
Edinburgh, 1344r-1667/ and in 1861 the RS.A., for the Society of Antiquaries, on
' Regi8tmm Domna deflMtreneenonEoelMUD the fiftieth anniversary of Laing's admission
Collegiate S.Trinitatis pro]ie Edinbwgh,' ftc,
both tor the Bannatyne Club.
In 1863 Laing edited for the Spalding
Club * Extracts from the Diary of Alexander
Brndie of Brodie, 1652-80, and of his son
James Brodie, 1680-5.' In the following
year he reoeived the liotmrnry degree of LL.D.
from the university of Edinburgh. In 1865
he contributed to the Abbotsford Club a
TOlnme of poems bj Stephen Hawes, and
in 1867 to the Bannatyne Club a volume of mains
papers relating to the colonisation of New
Scotland, 10S1-W. In 1886 appeared alto
his edition of the poetical works of Robert
Henryson. His edition of 'The Gude and
Godlra Bellatee ' appealed in 1888, followed
in 1871 by his ]><)i)ular edition of tlie works
of David Lyndsay. In 1871-2 he published
* Wyntoun^ Ohronide * for the series of ' His-
torians of Scotland,' and in 1873 he issued
for the Hunterian Club the Poetical Works
' inscribed on the records of that university aa
of Alexander Craig of Rose Craig, 1604-31.'
In 1876 he pablisned, in two volumes, the
'Coneepoadeaoeof SivRobert eir|fint Earl
Laing
thian, 1618-67.' In 1878 he edited, in one
volume, for the Ihuiterian Club, Garden's
* Theatre of Scottish Worthies/ and the Lyf, '
Doings, and Deathe of William Elphinstouu,
Bidl^of Aberdeen.' In the year of his death
he ifu'siied as a present to his friiMids a fac-
simile reproduction of the copperjjlates which
illustrated the Freuch translation of Boe*
caccio's Fall of Princes,* printed at Bruges
'
count of the origin of engraving
Laing died unmarried, in his eighty-sixth
year, at Portobello 18 Oct. 1S78. ilis un-
rivalled knowledge of boohe, and aU tlmt
concerned bonl{s, in every department of
litentiue and art, with his well-known
readineas to aanst ell inquixws, brought
round him a largo circle of fru'nds. ' Sitting
in that tine Si|rnet Library, of which he holds
the keys,' said Professor Cosmo Inncs, ' he
is consulted by everybody in evor>' emer-
gency. No wise man will undertake a lit^rary
work ou Scotland without taking couusel
with Mr. Lain^.'
His lar^ pnvate library of printed books
was, by hm airection< sold by auction. The
lale, conducted \rf Heasrs. ^theby, WilkiiH
son, & Hodge, occupied thirtv-^ine dnvs
(1879-80), and realised 16,137/. 9. He be-
queathed a colleotion of drawings to the
Koyal Scottiah Academy, and a valuable col-
lection of manuecripto to the university of
IBdinbiugh.
His portrait, painted by Robert Herdman,
as a fellow, is preserved in the hall of the
society. Another portrait was painted by
Sir William Fettes Oouglaa, R.S.A., and waa
presented fay the artiak to the Boyal Soottiah
Academy in 1863.
[Notices of David Laing, LL.D., with List of
his PablicatioDS and Lectures on Scottish Art,
&c., by T. G. StoTenBon, Edinburgh ( privitoly
printed), 187B; Biographical Memoir ( wiih por-
ttait) prefixed to dw edition of the Select R.
of Ancient Popular and Ronutnce Poetry
of SooUand, drawn np by John Small, Mj^.,
Bdiebwgh. 1886.] T. O. L.
LAINO, JAMES (1503-1694), prof.-ssor
of theokcr in the univenttj of Paris, waa
bom in lo08 at Andtteriessin Aberdeenahire.
ITavinf^ .shown much aptitude at school iii
Scotland, he continued his .studies at tha
university of Paris, where he applied himself
to theology and entered holy orders. He ie
a Scotsman, of the diocese of St. Aiulrews,
and of the German Oilion. On 20 Oct. 1566
he WW eleeted |ioontor of hie
Digitized by Google
 Laing 403 Laing
whereby he had tho right to represent it in of him in public documents is in a chnrtor nf
the rector's court, the governing body of tho 1403, in which he is described as secretary to
aniTwn^. This iKMumr wm oooferred on Mary of Gueldre8,qnpen-{lowagerof Janjesn.

him on m&ny later occasions on 27 Aug. .\t this timf> hp proh.ihly held thn office of
1558, on 16 Feh. and 27 Oct. loCO, on rector of Tannadyce in Forfkrshire. Accord-
21 Oct. 1568, and on 14 Jan. 1671. About ing to Orawfurd {Officers of State, p. 39), he
this latter ilato he obtained the dprrrce of was 'preferred to thr trrn-^uror's place in
doctor of theology. He preached during seve- 1465.' The evidence on which this statement
itl years in Paris. Jam de Rouen, privy is founded is a charter dated ISOet. 1465, hut
coancillor, royal almoner, roctor and censor Dr. Thomns Dickson has shown that the true
flf the imivenitj, in his treatise on the Sor- date of this charter is 1472, and there is proof
bonae, mentiaiis Laing in irary laudatory extent to show that the oAeeoflord high trea-
r''nn>. TTi' was a violont enemy of the Re- surer was held by Sir David Guthrie [q. \? of
fomuiton, and very abusive in his personal Kincaldrum in 1465 {Accounts of the jLord
Ctadts on the reformen. In 1681 he wrote MiffkTretumrer,'Pn{nc9,'p.Txx). Onl9f^h.
'De Vita et Moribus atque Rebus Of^^Jtis 1470 Lai ng's name first nnpears as * Rector
Hctettconun nostri temnoris.' The notices of Tannadyce, Treasurer.' In several charters
.

f Odna an translatea fma the Franeh dated September 1470 he it deserihed as

t^*^ enrlif'r trrntiff^ nf Rnlsec. Laing's first I
Vicar of Linlithcrnw, Kinfj-'s Trrn^iirt-r,' and
'

lentence regarding Knox concludes, 'ab ini- he was at that time engaged in administering
tio SUB puentin oniiii graere turphrini the affiiirs of the late qneen. The vBetortes
fiwinoris mfectus fuit.' In he wrote a of South wide and of Newlands were con-
second treatise of a similar character, ' De ferred upon him in 1472, at which date he
Vila et Moribut Theodorl Bene, was treasurer end clerk of the king's rolls
Irrrfricnnim no^rri t^niporis faciV' prinripis, and rcp-i'tcr. The oldest extant- ron=! of the
etaUorum haercticorum orevis recitatio. Cui treasury were written by Laing while he
.

d^eetof est libeUut de morte FMrie Bd- was in that poet.

I
He appears to have re-
mundi Cnmpionis et nlionuft anorundam signed his office of treasurer on 1 Dec. 1474,
'

Cstbolioonun aui in Anglia pio nde Catho* having then been promoted to the see of Glas-
hsa iBteffeefci raemnt, primo die Deoenhris, gow. Cvawfnrd's theory that Laing wss re-
ini P-Tuini 1581.
i

Autliore .Tacobo Lain- appointed to the office of treasurer is not

geo, Doctore Sorbonico,' Paris, 1585. Tho supported by documentary evidence, but he
wk it dedietted eoirfointly to Qaeen Mury stul took aa aetive part in state affidrs, and
Stuart and t^ James VI. Ho is said to have it is said that the reconciliation between
written other unpublished works of a less James III and the Duke of Albany was
psleuiml nattm, melvdiDg a ooninentary effected principally throngh Tjeing's interces*
''in Aristntlp's pliilosopliy, which Dempster sion. In 1470 hi' foundf;d tlio FraiicLscan
nUtes he saw in manuscript with the author, monasterj or ' Oreyfriars of Glasgow, in coor
'

ffil etme is tppended to a doenment dnwn
lip in the fomi of an oath of fealfv s^i^rnod
tnd addressed bj the principal members of
tkePiris feenltiee to Henry IV on hii ao-
eiaion. L*i! April l.j94. Tie died during this
JMT, and was buried, according to hit wish,
m die chapel of the Sorbonne.
(Du BonUy's Histoiiv do TUniversiti, tome
n.; Osmpete/s Hint. EeeL Oeat. 8eot.i ConKus's
D* aiM. Religiono apud Seetca, . 167 Beta's
: ii.
UfcsfChlvin; Hi8t.de la Vie, Actea. Doctrine,
Xortde Jsaa Oslrin, par Solseo, Paris, 1 682.1
J. a. p.
LAING, .T()HN(//. 148.3), bishop of Glas-
gow ipd chancellor of Scotland, was a native
junetioninth Thomas ForsTth, rector of Glas-
pow. So highly was he vsteemed by the king
that when the office of lord high chancellor
became Tseant at the doee of 1482, throngh
the resignation of Lord Evandnle, Laing was
chosen as his successor. He held oifice till
his death on 11 Jan. 1483.
[liegistrum Mngni Sigilli ; Origines Firo-
chials Scotin ; J. F. 8. Chndon's Scotiehnaieoa,
fill.] A.H. M.
LAING, JOHN (1809-1880), bibliogra-
pher, was bom 1809 at Edinburgh, but
in
spent his early youth at Dalmeny, where his
father was for many years factor* to the Earl
of Rosebery his moth or yrm Mary Fyfe, of a
;

of BffiBbargh, and helooged to the fiunily
offh*Ijaing8ofRei'lho)ise, Midlothian, whose
Isst male representative was John Laing,
^ird Retdhonse, lord of sneton nnder James
^ I As lit" iiilierited a house in the High
'^rreet of Edinburgh, and his kinamoi held
property within th^ci^, his father was pro-
MhfyaMlthylmifSia Thoeediflttnotiee
Banffshire family. Alu^r t he usual course at
Edinburgh University in arts and theology,
he was in 1842 ordained nsal^tant and siicces-
sorto John M. Robertson, minister of Living-
ston, Linlithgowshire. At the disruption m
the following year he withdrew from the
establishment, joined the newly formed free
elravehiand ftnr ft time contlnned hie ministry
D03

Digitized by Gopgle
 Laing
in the same parish. In 1816 he became chap-
lain to the pretbyteriui tol^n atQtbraltor
and afterwards at Malta. Failing health,
together vrith an invLncibh} repugnance to
appear in public, caused blm to reiii^ his
enarge. In 1850 he was Bppointed librarian
in if&w Colkige. J&iinbaigh, where his love
of booki fbma mt
soope, and his nseanshes
into bibliography began. After the death of
Samuel }Ialkett[q. v.]in 1871, the materials
collected by the latter for a dictionary of
anonymoufllitemture were entru8td to him,
and r^aing more than doubled the store.
But he died 3 April 18S0, before the work
went to press. Ihe whole, with the exception
of the indices, was arranged and edited by his
elder sunriYing daughter, and appeared with
the tiUe ' A DictioMurf of Anonymous and
Pseudonymous Litornture of Gri^at Britain/
4 vols. 8Vo, between 1882 and 1888. Lsing
poblished the * Catalogue of the Frinted
Books nnd Manuscripts in the Library of
New College, Ediubuxgh,' 4to, 1868.
On 90 Aug. 1848 he matriedatliTingston
Cnth( ririf Fvft^, daughter of a West India
proprietor, and had three daughters, the ^est
of whom predeceaaed him.
[Lihmey iSmnkle, 1M9; {nifate informa-
tion] J. K-y.
LAINO, MALCOLM (1762-1818), Scot-
tish histanan, son of Rooert Laing, of an
old Orkney family, and elder brother of
Samuel Laing [q. v.j, was born at the paternal
estate of Strynzia in 1709. He received his
odiication at the gi-ammar fschool nf Kirkwall
and the univeraitj of Edinburgh, and was
called to the Seottish har on 9 July 1785.
Of the art of oratory he knew nothing, and
his speeches in the court were ' uttered with
an almost preternatural rapidity luid in harsh
and diaagreeabla tones' {Edi'nbwffh Annual
Rfff. vol. ii, pt. i, p. 249). Lord Cockbum
nevertheless states that 'his spct'ch in 1794
forGeinldychargedwithseditionjWnsthe best
that was made for any of the political pri-
soners of tliat period.' His practice, how-
ever, was never great, and he devoted much
of his timt' to historical studies. On tlie
death of Dr. Kobert Henry [q. v.] he, at tlio
rsqueet of that historian's executors, under-
took to complete vol. vi. of Henry's 'His-
tory of Qreat Britain,' which with a short
life of Henry appeared ia 1798. In 1602
L^ng published a Tlii^tory of Scotland from
' Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen.]
the Union of the Crowns, on the Accession
of Kinff Jamsa VI to l^e Throne of E ngknd,
to the iJnion of the Kingdoms. With two
Dissertations, Historical and Critical, on the
Oowrie Conspiracy, and on the supposed
authenticity of Os.<iian'8 Poems.' 'Though
iomawhat awkvard and ungainly in sty
Laing
the thinoaghness of its research still reiuieri
itof oonsMenble value. Tfao disserlatiDa
on OsBian'fi poems is a somewhat mercilsM
exposure of the Ossian delositw, and osoMd
much pertmhatioii and no little indtgnstioB
in the nighlauds. In 1804 Laintj publi^hi'il a
second and corrected edition of his 'Histoij
of Scotland' in four volumes, the first two
bein^ occupied with a Dissertation on the
'
participation of Mars- (^)iieen of Scots in the
Murder of Darnley, uiid appendices of origi-
nal papers connected therewith. He at-
tempts to establish the authenticity of the
Casket Letters, and his dissertation is an
able statsmentof the case against the (^ueen.
In the same year ho fdited 'The l^if>' and
Historie of James V^I,' and in 1805 j^ubli^hed
ill two volviMa the *PoemB of Oaaiaa, ooa-
tftining the Poetical Works of James Mac-
Pheiaon in Prose and Verse, with liotes sod
muatratioaa.'
Laing was a liberal in politics, a Mend of
Charles James Fox and irom 1807 to 1812
he reprasented Orkney and Shetland in Pir-
liament. In 1808 he finally removed from
Edinburgh to his estate in Orkney. Latterlj
nervous weakness necessitated the discon-
tinuance of all work, and he never left the
bounds of his cstatf". Sir Walter Scott do
8cri)je8 a visit paid to him there in Au^fust
1814. 'Our old acquaintance,' he writes,
'though an invalid, received us kindly: Lf
looks very poorly, and cannot walk with-
out assistanoe, hut seems to retain all the
quick, earnest, and vivacious intelligence of
his character and manner' (LocKUABT, L{fe
ofSeott,ed. 1842, p. 271). He died o6Nov.
1818.
iiaing married Uiaa Camcigie of a Foifsr-
dure fuaStff hut left no iarae^ There U> a
tablet to his memon^ on the wall of the north
nave of Kirkwall Cfathedral. * Depth, truth,
and independence as an historian were,' says
Ixnd Oodihaw, * tibe least of his merits, fur
ho was a firm, warm-hearted, honef>t man,
whose instructive and agreeable companion-
ship was oalj made tlie mora iatoreatimy hjr
a hard, peremptory, Celtic maaner aad as-
cent' {MemxmaU, p. 349).
[Ediak Ana, Reg. toL ii. pt. i. (1 81 8) pp. 949.
251 Ijord CJockbum's Memorials, 1851
; .Archi-
;
bald Const^ible nnd his Literary OorrespundeDCS,
1873. ii. 194-210: LoeUMrtTs Life of Scott;
T. F. H.
ULINO, SAMUEL (1760-1808), author
and youngsr hrother of Malcolm
traveller,
Lainr' Kirkwall, OrknejF, OB
4 Oct. 1780, was educated at Kirkwall grara-
mar school and the imiversity of Edinburgh,
l/eavingthaaniversitywithout a degreeabout
IdOO^ ha spnt eighteen months at Kiol in
Digitized by Google
 Laing 405 Laing
8chle8wig-ITt>!<1< in, studying- German.In lished a trenchant rnoinder in tlio Monthly
'

1805 he enUrt'd the army as an ensign in the Chronicle,' renrinted in the preface to hu
MflTooriMiatstioned at Hythe,with which he next work, ' Notes of a Traveller on the So-
w8ervicp under Sir Arthur Wolle.sley and cial and Political State of I-^aiico, Russia,
Sir John Moore in the Peninsular war. ile> Switzerland, Italy, and oilier parts of Europe
taniing to England after the battieafOoriniaa doting the Present Oentnry.'London, 1842,
(ICJan. 1 "^^l. he retired from the army, and 8vo; 2nd edition the same yonr. About half
through hie brother's influence obtaineid em- of this book is devoted to Prussia, whose bj^-
ployment as a manager of minet atWaaleolt* traof 'fonctioonriam'Lung eerevriTonti^
h-ad. in the .-iniith nf Sfotland. In 1818 he cised, prophesying the succe.sfl of the French
returned to Uriiney to organise for a London in the next war. A German translatioa of
inn the hamng mdievy 00 the eouta of the this part, by Adolph Heller, aijpeavad in
island, an enterprise in which he was com- ' Preussen der Beumten^taut in sieiniT politi-
pletely socoeaaful. liishrotherdyingtheeame achen Entwickelung und seinen social-iiko-
yMTi he Mooeededi to hts heivilT enoninheFed nomisehen 35attto&i. Dargt-^tdH dofch
estates, resided at Kirkwall, of which he was Benjamin Constant und Stimuel Laing,'
fcr some years provoet, and ensaged in the Mannheim, 1844, 8vo. The whole waa re-
helptrade. At the gvoenleleetiOB of 1882-8 printed botween 1861 and 1864, with the
hf uniiKtv^^fuUycontested Orkney and Shet- 'Rcsidpnce in Norway,' in the *TnswiSLu^B
land as a radical against the whig candi- Library,' voL iii. London, 8vo.
htBf QemgB Traill, and publicly aoeoBed Laing's moat eoundenhle worik wu n
Jeffi!y, then lord advocate, of intL-rferiug translation of thr Icelandic chronicle known
with the freedom of election in Traill's inte- aa the * Heimskringla,' published as < The
Heimskringla, or Onroiiicle of the Kin^ of
^ lulLaimjofPapdatp, Edinburgh, 1833, N' rw:iy, translated from the Icelandic of
t)To). Redwsed to comparative poverty by Suorro Sturleson, with a preliminary Dio-
the Anhne of h^, which raineo to many sertaition,' London, 1844, 8 to1s< 8to The
of the we>t bif:^lilaiid and island propriettirs, '
Di.-isnrt ution undoubtedly exhibit.- lr<s Judg-
'

he left Orkney in 1834, and travelled in ment than enthusiasm, and the translation
Vorwi^ nod Sweden^ studying the ecoBomio is more trigorotis than tosnnte, bat it inte-
and social condition of the inhabitants. The resting a.s a first attfinpt to familiarise Eng-
rosnka of hie obaenrations he gave to the liahmeu with the life, beliefs, and achisfvo^
^nM in two worhi ivhioh were nrach read, monts of their Vihiur ancestors, and wis Hw
not only by the general public, but by econo- principal source of Carlyle'e Early Kings of
'

aifits aod politaoal thinkers. These were Norway.' A revised edUtion by Rasmus B.
0) 'Jooranl of a Residence in Norway Anderson, LL.D., United fitatet minister to
during the years 1834, 1835, and 18:^, mudt; Denmark, appeared in London, 1889, 4 vols,
with a view to inquire into the Moral and crown 8vo. The ferment caused at home by
Boliiical Economy of that Oottntrv and the the Ma5niooth grant, and abroad by the pil-
Gondition of its Inhabitants,' London, 1 grimage to Treves in 1 844, elicited from Lamg,
8vo; and (2) '
A Tonr in Sweden in 1838: who was op]>o9ed to the grant, ' Notes on the
eoaerising Observations on the Moral, Poli- Rise, Progrii^^s, and Prospects of the Schism
tical, and Economical State of the Swe^ah from the Church of Rome called the Ger-
HatiiNi,' London, 1838, 8vo. llie former man Catholic Church, instituted by Johannes
work was little leas than an unqualified Ronge and I. Czerzki in 1844, on occasion
panegyric upon Norway, whose free, in- of the Pi 1: r 1 i ige to the Holy Coat at Treves,'
(iastriouft, and enterprising peasant proprie- London, itt4o, 8vo (reviewed by W. R.
tors Laing, a strong and somewhat dociri" Oreg [q. v.] in a pamphlet entitled ' The Ger-
nnire radical of the old school, ]iainted aa man Schism ana the Irish Priests'). Re-
pattem of native virtue; in the latter he suming his travels on the continent, Laing
denounced the union of Sweden and Norway puhlinhed a second and third series of Notes '

a* a flagitious act, inveighed against the pn- of a Traveller,' entitled Observations OA tho
'

vil^^-d nobility and priesthood of Sweden as Social and Political Stot nf tlie Euro^tean
destitute alike of public spirit and private People in 1848 and 1H49,' London, I8.'i0,8vo,
virtue, and denounced the entire nation as the ond Observations on the Social and Political
*

most immoral in Europe. This elicited from State of Dunraark and the Duchies of Sles-
Count Bjonkstjema, Swedish ambassador at wick and Holstcin in 1851,' London, 1862,
the British court, a pamphlet * On the Moral 8fOb la the former of these works he diOWM
Stati* and Political I'nion of Swfden and an appreciation of the better sides of wrmo
Norway, m Answer to Mr. l^aing's State- English mstitutions, (md of the disadvaop
et,'Loiidoa,18*0^8TO>towMAI^wgpoh tagw of peituit pvopriMoi^^, md wm i>

Digitized by Google
 Laing
Eroacht'd with inconsistency by J. S. Mill, who
ad iounded part of his argument in favour of
thttmodeof land tenure upon Liiing's llesi- ' G ncce tt Latiiic: nccedunt indices: ex edi-
dence iji Norway' (see J. 8. Mill, Politiral
Seotiom^, tith ed. book 11. chap. vi. 3, and
dttp. Tii. S 5 note). The aame tcodoncy to-
waros conservatism is equally marlted in
the Denmark and the Duchies.'
work on
For the Laing resided princi-
rest of his life
]>ally Kdinbur^li. wliere he died at the
in
nouse of his daughter, Mrs. filixabeth Bax-
ter, on 23 April 1868. He <wm buried in
the Dean cemetery.
Laing married, in March 1800, Agut^,
daughter of Captain Fmnds Kelly of Kelly,
Devonshire. By her, who died in November
1812, he had issue the daughter above men-
tioned and a eon, Samuel {d. Aug. 1897),
who if uoticed in tiie Svptlbicbnt.
[Information kindly sappHed by J^. Lning,
aq. ; introduction to Audersuu's edition of the
Hdmskringla Army List, 1806; Observations
;
on the J:?ncial and Political State of Dpninnrk
and the Duchies of ijleitwick and UoLteiu in
1851, p. S3; BhMdnrood's Edinburgh Mag. z.
728 ; Fofiter's Members of Parliament (Scotland),
1867-1882. p. 207 note; Edinburgh Review,
Ixzxii. 267 Ma., Isxsiii. 100 et seq.l
J. M. R.
LAING, WILLIAM (1764-1832j, hook-
bom in EdinlniTgli on 90 July 1764,
aelkr,
was educated at the grnmraar gchool in
Canongate. Leaving school in 1779 he woe
smnentieed to a printer, but left tbat em-
ployment in consequence of defective eyt*-
eight, and set up in 178> as a bookseller in
the Canongate. He subsequently removed
lower down tbe street to Chesscl's Buildings,
where he remained until 1803, when he re-
moved to South Bridge. From 1786 he began
to iaaue annual catalogues, and his reputa-
tion as a collector of and authority on best
editions and valuable books gunerally, both
English and foreign, steadily increased. That
as a collt'c-tor he was not only indefatigable,
but also intremd, is shown oy his visit to
rerolntionary Paris in 1793. Learning in
1799 that Christian VII of Denmark had
been advised to dispose of the numerous
duplicates in the Baytl library at Copen-
hagen, and beiup instiputed by N'iebuhr the
historian, theu a student at Edinbuzgb Uni-
versity, Laing promptly journeyed to Den-
mark and negotiateu the purchase of the
duplicates from the king's librarian, Dr. Mol-
denhawer. He made a rapid tour in search
of book raritiei in B^nce and Holland dur-
ing the breathing space afforded by the peace
of Amiens. When the war recommenced he
devoted his attention to the production in newlv formed into a psitnoMltary borougta,
Edinbuigb of a worthy edition of the Oreek whioK lio oontinued to repment, in the oon-^
406 Laird
classics, lie conuneuced this attempt in
1604 by the publication of 'Tbucydides,
tione Wassii et Dukeri,' in 6 vols. am. dvo.
This was followed by editions of eredotM H
and Xenophon, to which Laing contemplated
adding the works of Plato and Demostliene*,
but wuii prevented by the dilUculty of pro-
curing competent editors. Towards the does
of his life Laing, who had acquired consider-
able wealth, and whose shop hud become a
'Teritable HercnUmeum of the treasures of
past ages,' became one of the original direc-
tors of the Commercial Bank of Scotland.
Ho dlsd at bit bonse^ Btnsay Lodge, Lauria-
ton, Edinburgh, on 10 April 1832, leaving a
widow and nine children. His second sou,
DsTid Laing the antiquary (1798-187S), is
separately noticed.
[Cbambora's Bieg. I>ict. of Eminent Scotsmen,
ii. 469 ; Gent. Hag. 1832, ii. 278-9 ; Irving*!
Eminent Scotsmeo, p. 961 ; Tinpsdej's Cyclo*
pa-dia, p. 920 ] T. S.
LAIRD, JOHN (l6U5-lb74j, bhii>-
builder, eldest son of \N'illiam Laird, ship-
builder, of Birkenhead, and brother of Mac-
gregor Laird [q. v.], was bom at Greenock
in 1805. At an early age he was asso-
ciHti d with his father in the firm of William
Laird ik. Son, of which he was for some yean
tbe managing partner. Ho wm
one of the
tlie earlip-t to turn his attention to the use of
iron for the construction of ships, and in
18SS9 built a lighter of sixty tons lor use on
the Irish lrilii'> und canals, the first, or one
of the first, iron vessels ever constructed.
In 1883 the stvle of the firm was cbang<ed
to John Laird ; he built the Lady Lansdowne,
an iron paddle-wheel steamer, for the City
of Dublin Steam Packet Co. ; she was sent,
from Liverpool in pieces, and was put toge>
( her on Ivoch Derg. In 1834 he built the Jonn
Randolph, puddle steamer, for Savamiah,
U.S. this also wts MOt out ttt pieces, and
;
^^^!s the first iron vessel ever seen in Ameri-
can waters. Among other vessels built
him were the itMmers in which Francis
Rawdon Chesney explored the Eu-
[q. v.]
phrates in 1836 ; a steamer built to the order
of Mebenet All in 1887 &r the navintion
of the Nile transports for use on the Indus
;
and Sutlej ; the Nemesis, for the East India
Company, tbe first iron tssssI carrying guna
[see Hall, Sir William HutcheonJ ; and
the fieunous Birkenhead. In 1861 I^ird re-
tired from the business, which has since been
carried on by his sons, under tilt Styla o
and in the same year was
Laird IJrothf'rs,
M.P. for Birkenhead, then
elected the iirst
Digitized by Google
 Laird 407 Laird
H^rvative interest , till 29 Oct. 1874.
his death, steamers that had before crot^sed the Atlantic
lit! was a D.Ij. and J. P. for the county of had depended chiefly on their saib, uiul the
Cbester, a govermuent nominee member of success of the new company's two sUjamer^
the Mor!>ey <!<tck'= and harbour board, and prarfirally refuted the prt dictions of the
for many years cliuirmaii of the Birkeulieiul imjioti.sibility of relying wholly on steam-
improvement commission. He married iu
uropulsion at sea predictions of whidl Dr.
1629 Elizftbeth. dnugbter of Ninholfts Iliirr)- Dionysius I^ardner [<]. v.], then the great
of Liverpool, by whom ho had iasue. authoritv on steam, was the chief exponent.
[Times, 80 Oct. 1 874 infonnation from Mr.
;
'
As well talk of .steaming to the moon,'Lard-
Johi T.-A-ril. of Laird Brother;*.') J. K. L. ner had loudly declar> <l. Iu 1K44 Laird re-
LAIKD, MACQREQOK (1808-1801), moved to Birkenhead, and took an active port
Afiriean ezplover, yonagw ton of WtUiam IB the development of that place^ his name
Laird, foander of the famous Dirk(>nht'ad firm Rppennng with that of his father among tbe
of shipbuildexs, and brother of John Laird founders of 6t, Jaaaee^B Church. Some years
q. v.". was bom at QrmaunA in 1806, and later bo oaino to London, and in I80O be
tinishing his education at Edinburgh,
lift, r patented improvements in t)ie construction of
altered into partanerahip with his father, a metallic ships, materials lor coating sbbBg'
pontkn 1m toon tftenrudB relinquished to bottoms, ana steering gear (patent 190B4,
take part in the formation of the company 19 Jan. 1S.-.0).
ftartad at Liverpool for the commercial de- The last twelve years of Laird's life were
'vdopBMBt of ine noent dieeownea of the devoted exehuivel^ to the development of
hrotners Laiidor on the river Niger [see the resources of Atrica, and more especiallj
LixDER, KicuARD Lbmon]. In Ib33 the towards establishing trade with the interior.
oompan J despatched an expedition in ehsrge He had peniatently advocated that policy as
of Kicharil Lt mon Liinder in two small the best means of couutcrncting ana extin-
Teasels, one of which, the Alburka, a little guishing slaverv. lie established himself as
Mddl>wbee1 eteamor of 66 tone burden, a merchant at 8 Mincing Lane, London, and
built by I>iiir<l, was the first iron v( ssol having obtained a contract from govern-
thet made an ocean voyage. The exnedi- ment, started the AJ^icon Steamship Com-
tioB, wbieh Laird aooonpattied, pany, to keep up monthly coounnnieatton
nitveu on 24 July 1832, but did not rracli with all parts of the west coast as far as
Cape Coast Castle until the beginning of Fernando Po. Not content with developing
Oetober. MolcBehoIy loea ct life attended the ooaat trade, be Ibnned tbe idea of cut-
it, only niufi Eurojieans surviving out of ting off the trade in slaves by introducing
iioity-eiglitwho started with it. The steamers habits of peaceful industrv into the interior,
flMerai the Nun noolh, and ascended the and rendering tbe Niger the bigbwaj of le^*
Xi^t-r as fur as the coniluenco with the timate commerce witn Central Africa. T^''lth
Tehadda, wheoea Laird, althouch suffering these vie ws, he fitted out in 1854 a trading and
wnA from Uio effects of tbe climate, and exploring expedition at bis own cost andritik,
being carrifd on a litter the greater part of the but with government support The explorera
.

Way, penetrated as far as Fundah (see Atke- ascended the river Tchadda in the steamer
tmi, 15 Feb. 1834 Joum. Roy. G^itgr. Sor. Pleiad 160 miles b^ond tbe furthest point
;

18.'}4). Laird returned to Jjiverp^wl in 1884, previously reached. Not a single death oc-
wttk hi hi-alth much impaired by the hard- curred during the expedition, a result due to
ahtps he had enduTe<l, and he never tally the general excellence of tbe equipment and
reoovi'refl iVuiu the effects. He published arrangements, and the lib<>ral use of quinine.
a spirited narrative of tbe expedition; was Encouraged by this result, Laird prevailed
el:ted a F.K.G.8. London and gave im- on the government to enter into contracts
;

portant evidence before the parliamentary for annual voyages up the river, for wbidi
onmmiti^ion on the navigation of the Indus purpose be built the steamers Dayspring,
in tbe year of his rtitum. Iu 1837 Laird Sunshine, and Rainbow, and made rei>eutcd
vtu one of tbe promoters of the British and aecente with them. Tbe Dnjipring, having
North A merican Steam Navigation Company, reached Rabba on the Niger in Hafety, was
formed to run steamers from Kugland to lost on a rapid a few mib-.s al)ove that plain.
New York. The company built and owned Trading dep6ts were estaldi.'^lu d at the con-
the British Qneen,and her ill-fated mnnort, fluence of the Niger atul Tchadda, and at
tbe President. The British Queen was de- various i)laces lower down. Laird pursued
spatched to New York in April 1888, tad, tbes*! undertakings with little or BO ptO*
I

hke the Sirius, de^jtatched by the same com- ppect of ]>er80iud ii<!vnnt n'jf. He was married
'

psay some davs previously, performed the and left issue, uiid died on 9 Jan. ibtil.
vagFiifiOst awl back under atWB. Iboibwl

Digitized by Google
 Lake Lake
Laiid was author of ' A
Journal of the was consecrated at Lambeth 8 Dec. 16Ki.
Jiiget Expedition . .. Hac^uf^or Laird * His promotion/ Fuller says, was due, not'

andl). y. II. !l(]fii la; Loiulnn. 1834,2 vob.;

so much to the power of his brother, the
bo of |iamplikt on the su^ur dutiea. He Secretary of State, as to his own desert u
WM ofostant writr in new8])a|)n on sub- one whoee piety might be justly regarded
ji cts in which he wa interest d, but usually
< exemplary to all of hi.-^ ordt r* Cli\tr<-h HU-
i

wrote under a peeudonTin, aad burued all toiy, vi. 36) } ' making.' in Walton's wordi,
his papers, bo that verjr war literary remains * the gruact trust committed to bim lliediief

are in possession of his family. One of his care and great business of his life" (Lifr <>/
lectures, sifpied ' Cerebus,' in the * Spectator,' Sandarton). Lake as bishop was magnifi-
9 Sept. 1854, pointed out the advantages of eently liberal. He was diligent in preadi'
fuii-VL's-^els oi' the class of the Nemesis, in^ both in his own cathmnd and in the
'hlegcthou, riuto, &c., which liiid been adjacent parishes. Rofore conferrinfir holr
built some time before by Messrs. Laird lor orders he e.xamiut d the candidates person-
(he aceitit committee of Una ast India Com- ally, and after ordination his care of bis
uan^, nnd had done exceUeat aemea in clerjry and of their families wa.s tender and
Indtan and Uhmuae waters. paternal. Though his triennial visitatioBt
[Amidantial itddrMs of Sir Roderfdc Murehi- were oafried out striotlj, and conncud
HOD in Journal I'oy. Gi^)ti:r. Soc, London, 18G1. otft'tiders ne\er escaped canonical punish-
voL zxxi. p. czzrii ; Addreas of Lord liavens- ment, yet he was always welcome. At
vovth, PfMident of the InatlUilieB of Naral Ai^ tho conflrmatioiiB, whidi, aooooding to the
chitects, in Marine P^ng^ioeer, 1 May 1887 ; Liist custom of the a^o, took place contempo-
of FatentA; Brit. Mae. Cat. Printed Books, under raneously with his visitations, the rite wu
'Laird, Mucgregur;' privato infurnuitifHi. A
neveradministefed * iM a ttminltawvmauMr,
lecture on the river Nigt r, with a shortaccount and, as we say, "hand over head," but onlv
of Laird e txplonitioiii. uui expeditions, by Archi-
to those ' of whose fitness he was oertifitid.'
bald Hamilton, whs (18U2) in the poasessiun of
Laiid's widow, tut is not in thaBritiKh Mu&uum
He
was firm in maintaining eceleeiasricsl
discipline, sitting in person with his clmi
-

or Ovildhall Library.] U. M. C.
cellor in his consistorial court, and refiiaoi^
LAKE, AUTHUU (1{)09-1026), bishop to allow penance to be commuted forapecu*
of B^h and Wells, the son of Almeric Lake, niary fine. He commonlv saw the penance
esq., and brother of Sir Thomas Lake [q. v.], duly performed, and usually preached 'aeer-
was born in the parish of St. Micnuerf*, uion of roortificatiun and repentance,' after
Southampton, in September 1 He com- which he would invite the onenders to dine
menced his education in the free school ol with him in his palace, and dismiss them
his native town, wlience he passed to Win- with his blessing and exhortation to amend*
chester Colh ge, of which he waa adnittod ment. His charactr is thus summed up
a scholar L*H Dec. 1581. He became n fellov* by his biographer To his city he was an
:
'

of New College, Oxford, in 1569, and gradu- oracle, to scholait a living library, to the
ated aa B.A. 4 June 1601. Hia auheaqueot whole huieb u priest whose Ifpe did pre-
degrees were SLA. 8 May inp', and serve knowledge.* At the coronation of
DA). 16 May 1005. On 16 Jan. 1600-1 he Charles 1 he was selected, with Bishop Neile,
was admittea a fellow of 'Wfaiohester, and to walk by the dde of tho Unit beneath tiw
iu 1603 became master of the hospital of canopy of stat*?. He held the college liviuc
St. Gross, where he increased the allowanue of Stanton St. John, Oxfordshire, in oo-
of the poor hrediren. In July 1607 he was mendavt with his bishopric till his death.
appointed aiohdeacou of Surrey. The folio w- He died 4 May 16:26, at the ag of fifty-
Uig year he was made dean of Worcester. six, having made his confession to Bishop
Wliile d- an he aided his chapter in buying Andrewea a few hours before he breatheu
in a long b ase of 8ome of the cathedrallanda his last. He was buried in the south choit
which had been illt Lrally mad.', and pave an nisle of hit own cathedral, a small braA!)
organ to the cathedral, in IGiii, though plat-e marking his grave. There are portraits
not a candidate for the oHire, he was un- in the bishop's palace At Wells and at New
aiiimouijly clfctcd wiudi ii of Xi \v College, CoUeg'e, Oxford. An enprraving by J.PajFI**
where he established at his own cost lec- was copied by HoUar in 1640.
tazwhaps in Hebrew and mathematics. He He appears to have published aotiung
served the office of vic<M hancellor in 161B, himself, out after hi.' death a folio volume,
during which year he wa^ appointed to entitled ' Sermons with some Beli^rious and
ttoeeed Bishop Montague, whom he had Birme Meditations,' with e life by the Rev.
previously succeeded in the deanery of Wor- John Harris, D.D., was issued, London.
cester, aa bishop of Bath and Wella. He 1639. The aarmons include several preedud

Digitized by Google
 Lake
t paUio penancRe. In 1640 were published
Ut'Ten oemonB pn;adied at Paul's Cross,
*a,*iid m
IMl kw 'TImhs de aMmbo*
[Harm's Life pnflxi->! to his Senii' iis
Chnich Bist. ti. 27. 38, Worthies, L 406 ; Wood's
Atham, 760. ii. S98. M9, ThstI, i. 192, 264.
i.
270. 280, 306, 307, 366. ii. 67: Wnlton's Life of
:jaiMienoii: Lansd. Mi). 984, f. 145; CiiMiaD's
iarBbtliwdWalsbB.S7q.l
LAKE, Sni EDWARD
(1800 P-ie74),
rovult^t bom about 1000, was the eldest son
, Camden
of^ Richard Lake of Irby, Lincolnshire, by
Anne, vouogust daughter and coheiress of
E dwwM Waid^ of Keelbj in the same
county. He graduated B.A. at Cambridge
as a member of St. Catharine Hall, was in-
corporated in the same dMree at Oxford on
16 Dec. 1627, and was admitted B.C.L. on
24 Jan. iM'Jb as a member of St. Alban Hall
(Worn, Fasti Oxon. ed. BlUs, i. 435). He
nltimatelv took bin doctorVdegriv, practised
as a ciTiiiat), and U'cainu advocatf-general
ioK Ireland. On the outbreak of the civil
war he both fought and wrote on the king's
ude. At the battlu of Edgehill be received
sixteen wounds, and having lost the us* of
hiB left hand by a shot, ho plnctH] Iiis liorse'rt
bridle between his teeth and fought with his
firaad m Im right hand. He wss taken
prisoner and d'tained 8ev^ii wrcks at (ji"eat
Crosby, Lancashire, but munagt-d to i-iiCape,
ad \f Oluirtuiia 1642 was safe at Bangor,
Cbmarvon^hin-. On 20 Oct. 1643 he Hrrivfxl
I Oxford, and on the 23rd, the anniveriiary ul
ffflphilt, was kindly recetTed by the king.
He wnA pniraised n baronetcy and an augmon-
latioD to his arms, besideH i>uuie compensa-
tion for the loM of his estate in England
and Irvliiiid. Two months afterwards the
king sent him t o Wi^rcester. At the lUjtora-
tioA Lake petitioned for preferment and a
iftant of forfeited lauds {Ual. State Papers,
Dom. U'*jO l, pp. 41, 53), but had to cou->
iMkMoisolf with the chanoellonUp ol the
diocese of Lincoln. He did not assume the
title of baronet uiitii alter 1662. In Mki a
republican barrister named Edwsrd Kiug of
.\>hhv, Lincolnshire, charp'd liim before tlie
committee of ^rliamcnt for grievances witli
nkKtkm md
illegal conduct. King printed
hiK petition and circulated it throughout
the count T. Lake published an elaborate
'ftMWii.''fril lx>nd0B (1606), wkich ap-
. (Na1NMVJIT,iZepr/oru(lv^i. 451). Ilispreach-
parent Iv .satisfied tlie Committee. He diod
on IM /uly 1074, and watt buried iu lincolu
OMbodral, whcrv his nionnment describes
hia of Bishop's Norton, LincoIn>hirc (CN i -
Um, Hffii$k haronetaye, iv. 134-6). B} hi.<
'jua^ildest daughter and coheiress of
40 Lake
he htd a son, Edward, who died an in6uit
befisre 1666. He was succeeded in the tiild
bv his grand-nephew, Bibye Lake. To the
; Fiillor's
church of jNormanton, Yorksliire, the ancient
scat of his famil}*, he gave a handsome clock
and a sum of money ' ^rtnh* laiittttnw'py
keeping of it for ever.'
Lake wrote : 1. An account of lus inter-
B.V. views with Ohaiiee I, which was edited
from the original manuscript in lti58 by
T. P. Taswell-Lungmeud for vol. iv. of the
Societv'tJ 'Miscellany.' 2.
moranda: touching the Oath Kxoftit io, pre-
tended Self-Accusation, and Caaonical I'ur-
gation. TogvAev with some notee about tlw
making of some new, and tilteration snd ex-
planation of some old, luw>. .Ul motit humbly
submitted to the considurotioa oC thw PlM^
liament,' 4to, London, 16<>2.
Xn eugraviu|^ of the line oil uortrait oi
Lake preeerved in the fiunily, ifitti his auto-
graph and seal, may be seen in Thaae'a
* British Autographj (vol. iii.)
rWooa's AlhMNB QsoD. (Bliss), iii. 689 ; Tm-
I
I
well-Langmoad's Introdnclioo to Lake's Aeoount
(Camd. Soc) ; Buriw's Peera^ 1990, p. 901.]
t
O. O.
LAKE, EDWARD (1641-1704), arch-
deacon of EzatsTt bom in fiSietar on 10 Nov.
]VH, was the son of u clergyman. In 1858
lie entered Wadham College, Oxford, as a
I
I
commoner, wii^ elected u scholar in 1659, but
removed to Camhridgu before graduating.
In early life he seems to have been connected
w it h the Earl of Bath's family. About 1670
he becfitn-' cbaplain and tutor to the prin-
cesses .Mary and Anne, daughters of James,
duke of York. He was made prebendary ot
Eleter on 13 Dec. 1675 (Lb Nbve, Fasti, ed.
Hardy, i. 425), and archdeacon of Exeter on
24 Oct. 1676 {ib. i. 396). In 1676 he was
created D.D. nt Cambrioge by royal mandate
{Cantabr. Gradtmti, 1787, p. 230). Ou 5 Jan.
1681 he was elected a brotW Ot St. Klthft-
rine'n Hospital, of whicli he was also a com-
niifemry. lie recsigued hia patent for the
lat-named oftioe on 10 Nov. 1698 (Ducarel's
'
IIosp. of St. Katharine,' in Nichols, Bibl.
To}). Brit. vol. ii. Appendix, pp. 90.93). On
30 Nov. 1682 he was instit ut4,>d to the nctonr
of St. Mary-at^Hill, to which was annexed
in 1 rou that of St. Andrew 1 1 ubbard, London
inp was greatly admired. He died on 1 Feb.
1703-4, and w as buried in St. Katharine,
Tower Hill ( liibl. Top. Brit Appendix, p. 8).
The inscription on his tnomimflnt shows that
h'lH friends shared h\ own opinion that he
,
had boem inadequately rewarded. By his
i
vali MwpcH (^il-17l:) h* hid A daugh^
Digitized by Google
 Lake
tetf Frances, married in 1605 to William
Twwvll, D.D., Mary, and Anne (will reg. in
P. C. C. 44, AsbV
Lake wrote primarily for the use of his
royal pupils a vury popular manual entitled
'
(3fficium Eucharisticum. A preparatory
service to a devout and worthy reception of
the Lord's Supper,' 12mo, J^ondon, 1673,
4io Lake
to India, and was posted to the Bengillllim
and minen at Delhi.
I Shortly after liis arrival at Delhi, Lik
was aent with a company of simpers to w-
prera an outbreak at ICythul, near KantaL
He there made the acquaintance of Henrr
i
and John Lawrence, and was employed foi
a time in road-making under the (omen.
I

which reached * thirtieth edition in 1753. !

He was promoted lieutenant on 19 Feb.
In 1843 it was republished at Oxford with '
1844. During the autumn of 1845 j'-rv. 1

a preface by A. J. Christie. In the later as a settlement officer in the Umbiiiia du-

editions the text underwent some mfttetitl
alterations ; but these in all probability were
made after the author's death. The Medi- '
tation for every Day in the Week appended
' Hardinge in time to be present at the battli
to the third (1677) and subsecjuent Mlitions
aeema to have been written by another
dWme. Hie *Pra^en before, at, and after
the Holy Commuuion* wero reprinted in T.
Dorringtou's 'Keform'd Devotions,' 12mo.
1700, 1704, 1727.
Lake's 'Diary in 1677-B'was edited in
trictunder Major Broadfoot. Onthe out-
break of the Silth war in the .arae year h-'
was ordered to the Sutlej, and joined Lard
of Moookee on 30 Dec., when he had a Iioth-
shot under him and was himself sevenlv
wounded in the hand. After the hiltkilw
was sent to the frontier station of I^ocltanu,
where he strengthened the defences and for-
warded tioope and suppliea to the anByin
the field. When Sir Harry Smith's f '

14 by a descendant, G. P. Klliott,from the equipage fell into the hands of the enemj
manuscript in his pos<jej*6iou t'ur vol. i. of the just before the battle of Aliwal, Lake wm
Gamdeu Boeiety'a Miscellany.' Sixteen of
'
able to replace ilrttd feeafared the commen-
his * Sermons preached upon Several Occa- dation of the govemor-grncrnl for his iel
sions (includmg a Coiaio ad Clerum Lon-
'
'
and promptness. He was prei>eut at the
dineusL-m,' 1(>85) were published by his son- battle of Aliwal, and received a medal nd
in-law, W. Taswell, 8vo, I^ondon, 1705. Pre- clasp for his services in the campaign.
fixed is Lake's portrait engraved by M. Van- On the restoration of peace in March ld4(S,
dergudit,e copy of which, by G.Vandenucht, the trane-Siitlei tenitory of the Jalundbar
adorns some of Doab was maae over to the British a? a
Eucharisticum.' material guarantee. John Lawrence \va>
rWood'a AtiwuB Osm. (Bliss), iv. 735-6; appointed eommiMioner for tiw newly ac-
Elliott's Introduction tc> T;.^ "s Diary (C.inid. quired torrltory, and I. alio Avaa nominate*!
tioe.); TasweU-Laogmead s Introduction to ^ir one of hia aaaistanta and placed in charg<*
JB. iMtTf Aeeoeat (Qund.8oc.). p. x; Granger's of the KangM dialriely with haadqnaiten tt
Bif. Hill. erBtaflMd, ted ed.. ui. iM.] Noorpoor, whenoe be waa eoon mwed to
o. o. Jalundhur.
LAKE, BDWARD JOHN (1823-1877), In May 1848, when Sir Henry LawreaeP,
maior-eeneral in the royal engineers, bom the commissioner of the Punjab, had h-f
at Madras on 19 June 1828, was son of India on furloiiu'h to Kncrland,open hostility
Edward Lake {d. 1829), major in the Madras was manilt'tited by Mulraj, governor of Mool-
engineers, who eerved with distinction in tan, and his turbulent Sikhs; Patrick Alex-
the Mahratta war of 1817, and was author of ander Vans Agnew ''q. v.] and Lieutenant
' Sieges of the Madras Army.'
Sent to Eng- Anderson were foully murdered, and the
lead with e aiater at an early a^e^ Edward Punjab waa in a blaze. Herbert Edwardet,
was left an orphan when six years old bv who waa in political charge of the
the foundering at sea of the shin Guildford, Ismail Khan district and nearest to Moolt".
in which his pareata with tbarwur younger hastily ooUeotad a hodyef FHhana and idh-
chilihcn woTQ on passage home. He was narr>d to hold his own ae-nint ^Inlmj. Lal^
brought up by his grandfather, Admiral Sir was specially selected as political otficer to
Willouchby Lake, who plaeed him at a ji i- the nawab of Bahawalpoor, a fHendly Mt-
vafe i^cnool at Wimbledrtn. He dfterwjirds hometan dlie^ whose territorios adjoined
entered the military ooll^ of the East the Punjab, and in virtual command of tbti
India Company at Addiaoombe, and passed nawaVs troops he co-operated with his oM
through the course in three terms instead of friend Edwardes. He took part on I J
the usual four, lie obtained a commission in the second battle of Suddoosam, close t*)
as second lieutenant in the Bengal engineers Mooltan, and for seven months was engap d
en 11 June 1840. After a year at the royal in the operations for the reductioa of Mool*
engineen*eaUUiahmentat(Aatham,hewent tan before it ^
During theeeettningthace

Digitized by Google
 Lake
Lake, ttum only a lieutenant like Edwardes,
M b fsct commander-in-chief of the Davod-
pootra army, and althoag)i directed to co-
oposte wito Edwardes, and in no wa^ under
hu orders, he uevertheleas magnanimously
lobotdinated himeelf, and was content to do
hisutmost to further his friend's plans (Ed-
WABDBs, A
Year in the Punjab). On the fall
of Mooltan,Lake was again in tiie field, and
took part in the final victory of Qujerat on
*.'lFeb. 1849. He accompanied General
Gilbert to the Indue in his pursuit of the
.\fghui8, and was prest-nt at liawul Pindw
whiHJ the Sikh army laid down its arma. The
w OTer, Lake received a medal and two
clasps. Going to Batala, he next had chai^,
under John (afterwards Lord) Lawrence, for
two y^uii of the northern portion of the
country between thp rivers Bf^as and Ravee.
In 1662 he went homt' on furlough, travel-
ling throuffh Russia, Prussia, Norway, and
Sweden. He returned to India in 1854, hav-
ing been promoted capt&in on 21 Aug., and
4 brevet- major on 22 Aug. for his services
in the Punjab campaign. He took up his
lAA charge in the trans-Sutlej province at
SiBgn as deputj-oommissioner. In 1866
be w appointed commissioner of thp Jalun-
dbur Doab. When the mutiny broke out in
197, Lake occupied and secured the fort of
KtngTa a^Tiinst the rebels, and held it until
ibe mutmy was suppressed. His calmness
ttliMovice wera a tower of strength totlie
rwmment thrr>iifrhout the crisis.
hi le^ his he4ilth failed, and he was
<^bUgcd to go to England. lie was promoted
iilttonnnt-colonel on 18 Feb. 1861, and in
Jvlj married the youngest daughter of T.
Bew8, esq., of BMumont, Plymouth. Ha
niamedto hi? ]<)8t at .Tnhmdhur in the same
Jtu. ^ In l&bo he was appointed financial
vmuimkmm of the Punjao, and the foUow-
injf year was made a companion of the Star
>f India. In 1867 iU-health again compelled
him to go to England, tnd subsequently to
"iecline lyord Lawrence's offer of the much-
coveted appointment of resident of Uyder-
abuL He had been ipomoted colonel on
31 Dec. 1868, and on 1 Jan. 1870 he retired
on t pension with the honorary rank of
Bt^r-generaL After he left India the ' Lake
^vJioUrhip ' was founded by public subscrip-
iioD m January 1870 in his honour at the
I^thwe High School
About IHF)!^ T,ake had come under de* j)
^iritoal impresaiona, and waa thenoefortu
WBMtly religiotia. At homa ha beeame
East London Mis-
boooranr secretary of the
Mon fieUaf Fond and worked hard
in 1868|
Mwwft 1809 and 1676 at honorary lay se-
CMlaij or tha Ohineh Miaaiooaqr Socaatj.
4" Lake
From April 1871 to June 1874 he whs sole
editor of the ' Church Missionary Kecord,' and
contributed articles to the ' Church Missionary
Intelligencer,' the 'Sunday at Home,' &c.
In the summer of 1876 lung disease made it
neoeasary for him to remove from London to
Bournemouth, and in the following spring
he went to Clifton, where he died on 7 June
1877. He was buried on 13 June 1877 in
Long Ashton churchyard, near Clifton. In
1878 he edit I'd the fifth edition of the
'Church Missionary Atlas,' and was engaged
on another edition at the time of his death.
Lake wa.n u man of sligiit and delicate
frame, but of a very cheery and lovable dia
position Tie had great aptitude for business,
and remariiable tact in the uauogement of
nativee, by whom he was known as Laka
Sahib, ana was much beloved. Lord Law-
rence, Sir liobert Montgomery, and other
great Indian administrators had a Tary bigb
opinion of him. Sir R. Montgomery wrote
' The names of Herbert Edwardes, Donald
McLeod, and Edward Lake will ever he re-
membered as examples of thi' highest tjf%
of public servants and devoted friends.'
[In Memoriam EdmudLdta, twoMceuiifaby
tbe Rev. John Barton and General Madagan,
R.E.. 2Dd ed. Losd. 1878 Edwardea'B A Year
;
in the Punjab Frontier in 1848-9, 8vo, Load.
1861 : Bojral EDgineeia Journal, voL tiu}
R. H. V.
LAKE, GERABD, first Visoovht Laxb
of DlI hi and Leswarree ( 1 744 - 1 K>8), general,
elder tou of Luuncelot Charleys Luke and his
wife^ EUiabath, was bom on 27 July 1744.
He was a descendant of Sir TLomajj Lako
[t^. v.], secretaiy of state, and wus grandson
ol Warwick Lake, who married the heireaa
of Sir Thomas Gerard, hart., of Jjlambrrdi",
Horrow-on-the-Hill (see Bttbke, Extinct
Baronetage). His mother was daughter af
Joseph Qumley of Tsleworth, Middlesex.
One of her sisters marrie<i William Pultenay,
ftn( earl of Oath, and another was mothar of
George Colman the elder f q. v.], the drama-
tist. Lake was appointed ensign in the 1st
footguards (now grenadiar guards) 0 Hay
1758. His .subsequent steps, all in the same
regiment, were lieutenant and captain 8 Jan.
1768, captain-liantenant II Jan. 1776, cap-
tain ana lieutenant-colonel 19 Feb. 1776,
regimental (Srd) major 20 Oct. 1784, rMO^
aantal liaatenaiA-ooloiial 1 Ang. 1702. H
became mnior-general in 1790, liaillwant-
general 1797, and general 1802.
Laka aenrad with the Sad battalioa of
his regiment in the campaip-ns in Qenuany
in 1760-2, and some years later was aide-
da-camp to Oanml Sir Siahaid Flanoii,
ILB., an aid Ut fuaidaoaan, in Iialaad. Aa
J
Digitized by Google
 iake 4 Lake
lieoteiumtHSolonel he went out with drafts most brilliant affair of the year. When thsi
I
to Aiwrioft in the apringf of 1781, made the Duke of York retired from Valenciennes to-
campaign in North Carolina uikIpf Lord wards Dunkirk, Lake's >'rij^?)d<j did good ?or-
Uornw^lis [see Cokxwallis, L'haklls, first
HjUtiQIins],and conmiand>^d the grenadiers
tlltlMguard^i and of the old K)th royal Edin-
boigil regiment in a sortie, under (3olonel
Ro&rt Auercromby, from the British lines
at York Town, which inflict^rl houvv loss j
on the French and American besiegers, on
11 Oet. that TMT. Aftsr lite snnrndfir of
Comwallis's lorcc (17 Oct.), T>nl<e n-mained ! on the continent afterwards.
priaoner on parole until the end of the war
(HuoLioir, li. 268-S). Chi the fint ibmi^-
I
I oolonelejr
tion of a separate household for th<' Prince
of Wales, afterwards George IV [q. v.], Lake
was appointed his gentleman-attendant, and
afterwards finit eauerry and chief commis-
sioner of the stables. Wraxall speaks of
him tis a 'uleoaiiig exception' to tlie prince's
list of nndesinua oompanions (Mmuin, t.
I
368). Lake was a member of the suite up
to his death, but had apparently little to do
with the prinoe. His youngarlmdwr, War-
wick Lake, a commissioner of stamps and
Sentleman of the bedchamber, who died in
Bill (Gent.Ma^.vi. pt. i. p. 188), was the
princess adviser in racing, and was much
mixed np with his unfortunate transactiona
with the Jockey Club (for details sea BscB, '
Jffist. BritUh Turf, i. tU .^.l).
[
Lake represented Aylesbury in the Uouse 1
of Commonafrom 1790 to 18Q2. War was '
declared by the French on 1 Feb. 1793, and
on 26 Feb. Lake embarked in command of a
brigade composed of the first battalions of the
three regiments of foot-gnards, whiohMBChed
Helvoetslnys nn 1 >fnrch, find after pome de-
sultory optjrutions joined the allied armies at
Toum'ay on 28 April. These battalions, the j
first British troops actiTnlly engaged in the
war, were present in the oti'airs at St.-Amand
I
and Famars, and at the siege of Valenciennes
During the siege, on 18 Aug. 1793, the Prince
of Orange was dmen
out od' some forts which
he had eaptured near Lflle \if a French ,
force, with the los-; nf six pi>ces of CHunoii.
The Rngliah guards were sent to the rescue. : on Vin^ar HilL overlooking the town of
Unable to mny the Dntdi, Lake promptly I
decided to attack the works singlehauded.
He carried them at the point of the bayonet, ,
driving out the French, who confessed to '
twidm battalions present, and taking twelve
guns, including the ix lefV behind by the
Dutch. The FreiiL-ii were raw troops, whom
the guardsmen hustled and cuffed like a
London mob ' (Hamilton, ii. 386), but Lake's
brigade lost 38 killed and 143 wounded out \
of 1,122 of all rank.s. The action, which is in- j
scribed 0!i th rf)l(iiirs of the three regiments
'
of guards, was spokai of at the time as the j
vice in covering the rear. In ^September he
had a dangerous illness, and was sent hotn?
the month afler. * to the re^^ret of the whole
ariny, in which he was universally respecrd
and beloved (t*. ii. 889). He rejoined rht
'
Duke of York's army nt Cnteau in the fol-
lowing spring, but went home again at the
end Of April 17M, and was not employ l^d
lie had br
this time sold his regimental lieateaaat*
^
the lat ffnairds, and had bsw
appointed colonel 53rd foot, from which he
was subseouently transferred to the colonelcr
of the 78rd foot. He was also promoted from
the lieutenant-gOTemorship of Berwick-on-
Tweed to the goremorsh^ of limerick in
the same year.
In Deoember 1796 Lake was appointed to
the command in Ulster, which he held under
Henry Luttrell, lord Carhampton, and Sir
Ralph Abercromby [q. v.] as commander
in-chiel' until A]iril 1798. He became a
lieutenant-genex'al in January 1797. Hewa*
chiefly enga^ durin^lSiis tame in disennio?
the population and counteracting the plan.<
of the United Irishmen. A number bis
autograph letters, adtfreseed to Tliomas Pd-
hom, rtllei-wurds ^econfl e.irl of Chiche.-5tfT.
then Irish secretary, are in Brit. Mus. Addic
MBS. 8^00, SS105. His Ulster prochmia^
of 13 Jan. 1797, requiring all persons other
than peace-officers and soldiers to deliver up
their arms, was denounced in debates in the
Irish and English Houses of Commons, the
former led by Henry C? rat tan [q. v.J and the
latter by Charles James Fox [q. y.J When
Abercrombv, alter TBinly remonstrating
uj^inst the license of the troops, re^ifrned in
disgust, Lake, as next senior, .succeeded us
oommandei-in-ehief ftom 25 April 1798, sad
he has been accu.'jed of making no efl'ort to
check military license. On 24 May the
bellion broke out. Hia moat important serrm
wa. the rout of the rebel force.^ eritrpnrli>"^
Enniaoorthy, co. Wexfnd, on 81 Jnne
* The carnage was dreadful/ wrote Lake to
Lord Castlereagh the rascals made a tole^
; *
able good fight of it* (Castlereaf/h Defiprtteh^,
i. 224). He marched into \*nixl tlio d;.v
after,putting to death all rebels lound with
arms. He e.\p^^^^ d his deep regret at lbs
necessity of miikinp- examples (tb. L 896V
Lecky says that his indiscriminatingseveritT
wrought much harm {Jlutory, viii. 163).
Meanwhile Comwallis had arrrred in DabUa
on ^O.TuTir 1798 as lord-lieutenant and com-
mander-m-chief, and Lake reverted to tbe
Digitized by Google
 Lake 41S

potiUoA of next in with the com-

seuioritj, dated iu February 1802, insists on the para-
iMDd ia Lritrin. Oa the news of the land- motmt a606Wtty of aulttaiy retraadiBiMit
ing of the French in Killala Bny in Aogust, ( WelMey Duspatches in Indw, ii. 619, 624).
CocnwftUis despatched Lake to Galway, to Next jear, however, saw the development of
mmmm tiw oonmand beyond the Sharaion, the narquis's plaasftirlneaking up the gvMt
while he moved forward from Dublin in ^Mahratta confederacy and rendermg British
Muiport. At midiugbt on 29 Aug. 1798 influence paramount in Southern India, aiul
I^iBe wrnvtA at Oaatlefaar, where Genenl on 98 Jvne 1808 Lalra was ordered to Wv^
Hutchinson [see riELY-HuTCitiNsox, JoHX, a force ri ndyto net to the southward fihould
Moood Eaiil oi' DoxoceojfOiUi] had already Dowlut Hao Scindiaj maharajah of Qwalior,
talBBB up a poeitton. Onthemomwfbllowaa who had ia his somoe aimenMU hattaHons
the di>gTaceful afiair n iiit'iuhpred as Castle- officertnl by M. Perron and other French-
'

bar iUoea.' ComwaUis appears to have laid men, attempt to oppose the jaeaBurea for the
the Uane on HtttduBion for his riricy dts- natofatkn of the peUihwa at Pbooah (t&.
poeition of his untrustworthy troops Corn- iii. 101-7).
( On 27 .Inly (after the tidings of
teaiiu Oorretpondenoef iu 411). Lake re- the reih rupture with Franco) WeUeriey
ibnaed Ids troop* at Taam,ad alterfour days' (fivaeted X^ako to eonaienoe operationa at
hard marching, in conjiinctlon with Cnlonol once against the powers of Gwalior and Beiar
Vereker and ComwaUis, came up with the iii. 180). In a later deapatch WeUe^
Fnodh ander Hamheit, who had advaaeed testified that the anbseqaent saooesses were
into the country, r< <xivijig lit tic support. due to Lake's matchless energy, ability, and
'

Humbert's force laid down their aims to Lake valour (ib. iii. S82). Lake, indeed, had a
'

at BaUlnamuck, nearOIoooe, on 6 Sept. 1796. wonderful power of infusing spirit into his
lisika was brought into the Irish parliament subordinates, and appears from the first to
by the government as member for Armagh to have thoroughly grasped two great principles

vote for the union. He retained his military of success in In^(ian warfare ^boldness and
command until late in 1799, when he resigned swiftness in striking, and tenacity in follow-
it and the mastership of Kilmainham, and re- ing up eveiy advantage gained. On 7 Aug.
t umed to London, in view of obtaining an 1803 he marohed fipom Gawnpore with 10,600
Indian command, most probably through the men ; on 14 Aug. he entered Mahratta terri-
interest of Lord Castlereagh. Ilia relations tOTT : on 29 Aug. he drove off a large body
with Com wall is appear to nave been cordial. of Alahratta horse drawn up near Aayghur,
Comwallig, however, speaks of William Ne- himself charging at the head dthe 97til
vrll- Onnliner [q. v.l as 'much better than (afterward.^ 24th) dragoons, with some new
l^iku us a soldier and a man of business (tb. ' repments of Bengal cavalry in support. Coel
iii. 77-81)u was occupied, and on 4 ^ept. Aj^hur, the
I^ke was appointed commander-in-chief chiefdepot of Perron's battalions, wnsntorme<l
and second member of council in India on in the most gallant style by the 76th foot. On
ISOet. 1800. lie took over the command in 1 1 Sept. liake reached Delhi, and the same
succession to Sir Alured Clark [q. v.] at day Ins toil-worn troops, in a pitched battle,
Calcutta on 31 July 1801, and after a tour of deflated the bulk of Perron's battalions,
inspection resided near Cawnp^re, and applied whon losses were estimated at three thousand
himself vipnrnulv to the (.Icvflnjimpnt of th< Tn<'n and sixty-eight guns. On 14 Sept. Lake
compfuiy'it militnry resources. <iikopaid great
1 WHS received in Delhi bv Shah Allum, once
iitaition to the formation and training of the the opponent of Clive ; but aow deprived of
Benjsral native li^'ht ravalrx', \vhi( h did ij'vod his siglit, he had long Ven a puppet in the
ssr\ice in his wibsequeut cum^igus. llein- hands of the Mahrattus. Shah Allum, 'seated
twd aced the plan of attaohmg two light in rags under a tattered canopy, thoaole rem-
pieces of the newlv organised horse artillery nant of his former state, and surrounded by
to each cavalry regiment, under the name of every external token of misery,' confemMl
'tnlU^em,' an arrangement which proved on Lake the titles of saviour of the state,
01 iT-'it utility. He established a system the invincible in war, kc. Lake's Inmnie
of
tiinkers' in each regiment of native in- report contrasts well with the bombast ol the
{iantrTpicked shots, who, at a girm fignal, vernment despatches (si. ifi. 818 ; of. MiLl,
fell out trora their respective companies and
Si$t. of India, vi. note to p. 510). T^nke's
formed a company of skirmishers. No light successes brought the entire country between
tvaops had prcvioody existed in the Bengal the Ganges and Jumna (the Doalb), whteh
arrny. both flank companies of eaeh native Scinrlin hnfl laboriously annexed, under
battalion then and for some years afterwards British control. On 23 Sept. the combined
eoontting of grenadiers ( WiLLiaxs, pp. 274- loroes of Scindia and the niahs of BeiaT
876> LocdWaUMlagr'Aflnt letter to Ldn, dflfoated at Aiaaye, S90 nilaa ftom

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lake 414
Bombay, by Arthur "V^'ellesley. On 17 Oct.
Lalro took Agm after eight days' siege. On
1 Xor. at Tjcswnrrec, a villagi' ^'ighty milr's
south of Delhi, Luke routed and destroyed
a body of Sc India's troops detaehed ftom the
Ueccan, with v.h'r]; was the rpmnant of
Perron's battahoud (leaped from Duihi {ib.
Ti.4SlS-17). The oonfliot was, perhaoi^, more
remarkable for dflrinn- than genernlsuip, but
its results were decisive. It demoralised
Senidia't Ibreee befbra tbe Anal nut of tlie
maharajali's forces by Wellesley at Arj^ura
on the 29th of the same month, which ended
thewar(MATXE80ir, DtaiveBottU<ff India,
p. 293). During the battle Lake had two
norses killed undor him, and his son, Lieu-
tenant-colunel George A. F. Lake, was
wounded by a eamion-ehot at his fide as
Lake waf mounting to head the decisive
charge of the 76th. A painting of the in-
ddeat by Sir William Boeebey, RA., was
amonff the kin^ of Oude's treaaures destroyed
in the Alumbagh in 1857. Thus, in a Little
over two montM (99 Aug.-l Not. 1 803), with
a force at no time exceeding fig-ht thousand
combatants, Lake destroyed tliirty-one of
Scindia'a Enropean-traiiuid battalions, cap-
tured the strong: fortress of Alyghur, entered
the imperial citT of Duihi asaconqneror^took
Agra, captttrad 426 pieces of eannon, tad
defeated the enemy in four pltrlied battles,
the last being one of the most decisive ever
fought in India {ih. p. 2V>4 ). Lake received
the thanks of parliament, and (m 1 Sept.
18Q4 wBB mife<l to the peerapre as Baron
Lake of Delhi and Leswarroe and of Aston
Clinton, Buckinghamshire, the latter being
his seat, nearTring. Lake chose for his sup-
porters a grenadier of the 70th foot and a
Bengal sepoy. The inhabitants of Oalcutta
presented nim with a sword of great value,
and bis oihcersgave him a ma^nilicuut ser-
vice of plate. I^aoBwitbScindia was finally
signed at Berhanpore in February 1804.
The French power in India aavinf thus
been hopelessly destroyed, and the tnlliienee
of Gwalior and Berar checked, WrlL sli v
next sought to curb the powers of another
fluspeetea Ifahnttta chieftain, Jeswunt Rao
Holkar, maharajab of Indore. Holkar sub-
sequently at-tacked Delhi, which was gal-
lantly defended bjj? David Ochterlony and
James Baron . Lake, who had followed Hol-
kar from Muttra to Delhi, started thence in
Sursuit on 31 Oct. 1S04, with the 8th light
rogoons (now hussars), the 24th (hteSTtn),
and 26th (late 29th) light drn^rorins, with
their galloper-guns, some regiments of Ben-
gal light Cttfaby, and ft considerable body
of irrecrnlfir cavalry. Between 81 Oct. anil
17 Nov. he covered 360 milea. Before day-
Lake
break on 1 Nov., bis troops havinjr marched,
7
it is said, seventy miles during the preceding
twenty-four hours. Lake surprised HolkarV
camp near Furruckabad, and routed tntl
dispersed his army with terrible slaughter. |
Hearing tliat the rajah of Bhurtporc, who
had been our ally, was aiding Holkar, lake 1
mtrdMdagdutbiiii. OnChnatmaadaVlHM I
the fortress of Df was captured by Major-
general John Henr^- Fraser, 88th foot, snti
on fi Jan. 180S Ldie broke ground agiimt
the famous forfrosd of Bliurfpore. Ib'w;^
unprovided with a battering train, or othr .
means of prosecuting a si^. Fourdespereta I
but unsucc^ful attempts wennadc to carry
the place by storm, witn an aggrepnte low of
388 killed and 1,924 wounded, and the enter-
prise was then abandoned (cf. MiLL, vol. ri.
note pp. 005-10). But the rajtih, wearied
of the war and of Lake's stubborn pertinacity,
soon after offered terms of peace, which were
accented. From Bhurtpore Lake moved in
the direction of Qwaiior, halting at Dhoteore. ^
HolkarludthenTetiredfrom weneighMff* 1
hood of Bhurtpore. Wellesley's last despatcli
to Lake, dated 17 May 1805, expresses tb
hope diat fbr^er miHtary opentioM win |
unuecef?8nry. but in^i'-ts 'ui ihe need of pfp-
ggnt^on ( WelUtley Ihtpatcku in India, iv.
On M July 1805 Oomwallis, Welb 1
^'
successor, arrived at Calcutta, invested with
joint powers as governor-general and coia-
j
mander-in-chief. Lake, as second iBaenioritT,
then took the Bengal presidercv comniiuid.
Cornwallis came pledged to a more pacific
policy, and with an expressed determinatioe |
'
to bring this wretcbea and unprofitable wsr
to an end.' His views were diametricallv
opposed to those held by Laho, and in a
friendly letter to Lake he announced hie so*
peraession in the military oommand-in-chii' |
(see OomwaiUg Oormpondmce, iii. 543 et leq., ,
555-6). Lake appears to have addressed a
strong remonstrance to OomwaUia, whicb
was never sBiwefed, as OoniwalKa died st
rihHzenore, when on his way up country, rn
H
5 Oct. 1805. Lake, learning that olkar had
gone off towards the PunjAb to seek aid ftm
the Sikhs, started with a force in pursuit f&rm
as the Sutlej (Hy^hasis). Disappointeil of thi'
e.\pected aid from the Sikh chieftains, Holkar
offered terms of peace, which were accept eubv
Lake at I'mrit.sar in December 1805. Lai*'
appears to have proposed to make the Sutkj
the boundary of Britiah Ijidia. No notice
vfRf^ taken of the suffgestion at the time,
although it was actod upon by Lord Minto
aome yeam hter. Oomwallis's neeeMer li
governor-general (acting), Sir Gleorge flilaro
Badow [q. v. J, waa not only aa pacific io
Digitized by Google
 Lake 415
lil poUcTf M OomwftUis, but by his orders
Hw nfltorstMNi of territory anexed by
far
Uke sacrificed the hard-bought military Jid-
tiBti^ amaired. ^ J^ke commenced bi.'*
nMm ttsreh to British territory on 9 Jan.
m\ On 19 Feb. 1W he wa forraallj ro-
appotatdd commander-in-chief by the court
d jiwctowL He spent some time at Delhi,
iirtn^jiriL,' affairs there, and. Iravinfr Ochter-
kBT in commAnd, proceeded to Cawnpore,
tod thenoe at the end of the yew to Cal-
cutta. There he embarked for l^riLiIand on
9 Feb. 1807, receiving such a ireweU from
Bon^etns and natiTea aUbe as nerer had
Ijeen accorded to ;.tiy public eorvant before.
After his return to England he was advancf^
tot risoountcy under his former titles (31 Oct.
1807). A violent cold, caught while attend-
ing the court-martial at Ohelsea on Lieu-
teoAnt-gi'neral Bulstrode Whiteloelce, ended
ftUily. He died at bis town residence in
Lower Brook Street on 20 Feb. 1808, aged
64, and was buried at Aston Clinton.
Few men posse >.ed a lanrer circle of per-
scmal friends than Lake, and no commander-
is-cbif was more generally popular with all
ranks. His influence over nis soldiers was
nabouoded and his calmness in danger, and
:
Um self-reliance and power of inspiring con-
fidoice in others, have never been sur^8S4>d.
'He had Siit ntif way of dealing with the
nattrearmietiot Indm/tliat of moving straight
fcrwud, of attacking tham wliMOver he
oould find them. He never was so great as
Qti the battle-field. He could think more
(WIt amidst the rain of bulleta than in
the calm of his own tent. In this respect
liere^ mbled Clive. It was this quality which
*^Ied him to dare almost the impossible.
Tbat which in others would hve been rash
in Lakt prudent daring' (M\LLB80N,
I)eeww BatfleH <>/ IndiOf p. 294V At tho
time of hi? death I^ke was a full generni,
oolooel of the 80th Staffordshire volunteer
npBMrt of liBOt, governor of Dumbarton
twie.wjnerrv to the prince of Wale8,and re-
iTer-generai and a member of council for
the daehy of ComwalL He diod a poor man.
ApeBtton of 2,000/. a year was settled on
the two next successora to the title ; but the
^fer a public monument was not pressed
kyLwd CnstlereaKh (Pari. Debates, x. 871).
AMtnit of Lake is in the Oriental Club.
Ub married, in 1770, Elizabeth, only
iaajrliterof Edward Barker of St. Julians,
Hen fordr In m ,>om et ime consul at Tripoli .She
&d 22 July 1788, and was buried at Aston
Clinton, l^esides five daughters, there were
three was by the marriage: I.Francis Gerard.
Ppofhonoorndaftarwaidaaqiierrytothe
n)Maf Walat^aodaoBctiaieaaomoaria
Lake
the 54th, Ist guards, and 60th royal Ame-
ricans. He sueoeeded his ftthor in the titif
and rose to thcrankof liouteuant-genrrul. llf
died without malu heirs in 183U. 'J. Gcoige
Augustas FVtederick, page to tho Prince of
Wales, and aflerwjurds in the 04tli Scotch
brigade and 29th reffiments* He was a
^ ry popular and
< dn^iahedofficer of hia
fatlier'fi stafT in India, and was killed aslieu-
tenatit-coloncl comraandiug 2dthfoot, when
driving the enemy from the heights of Roleia
(Roli(;a),in Portugal, on 17 Aug. 1808. There
is a monument to him in Westminster Abbey,
erected by the officers and men of the 99ui
regiment. 3. Warwick, who rose to the rank
of post-captain in the royal navy, but was die-
missed the service by sentence of court-mai^
tial in 1810 for an act of gross cruelty when
in command of H
M.S. Recruit, three years
before, in abandoning on a desert island in
theWest Indies a seaman, one Richard Jeffery
by name (see Jakes, Nacat Hist, iv. 273-6;
also Par/. Debates under date). He anoceeded
his brother as third viscoimt. At his death,
which took place in London on 24 June 18i8,
the tide, in default of male heirs, became
extinefe.
[LipaoornVfi Buckinghamshire, ii. 75 (pedi-
gree); CoUins's Peerage, 1812 edit. vi. 432-53;
Burke's Extinct Peerage, 1882 edit., under title;
Hamilton's ITint. Grenadier Guards, 1872, vol. ii.;
Dunfermline's Lift- of Sir l^alph Abercromby,
1858, chap. iv. Ivecky's Hiat. of England, 1890,
;
ToL viii. ; Conwallis CoraespondaM^ vols, i-iii.
OssOenagh Despatches and Oorrespondenee,
vol. i. Wellesley Despatches in India, 1836-7,
;
vols, ii-iv.; Mill's Hint, of India, ed. Wilson,
vol. ri. Thorn's Narrative of CampaienK ondST
;
Lord Lake, 1818 Memoirs of John Snipp, new
:
edit., 1890, pp. 84-130; Williams's Hist. Bengal
Native Infantry, 1817 ; Georgian Era, vol. ii.
M [allesoa] Essays on Indian Historical Sub-
jects, from Cblentta Review, ISdft; Malleson's
;'
DLvisivo Rittlea of India, 1888, ' Leswiirn(
Earopean Mag. April 1808 ; Brit. Maa. Addit.
MSB.; WdDsaiMj Pkpaia and Fdham Parom.]
H> Ma Om
LAKB, Sib HENRY AT WELL (1808^
1 88 1 ) colonel of the xonl engineers, third son
,
of Sir James Samool William Lake, fourth
baronet, by his marriage with Maria, daugh-
ter of Samuel Turner, was bom at Kenil-
worth, Warwickshire, in 1808. He was edu-
cated at Harrow and at the military college
of the East India Company at Addisoomiie.
On 15 Dec. 1820 be obtained a commission
as second lieutenant in the Madras engineers,
and went to India. Until 1854 be was em-
plovnl iu the public works department of
Imii n.and principally upon irrigation works.
1 Ho bacamo Uantenant 4 March 1831, bvavet-
Digitized by Google

eutain 32 July 1840, re|:,n mental captain in
18io2,and brevet-major 20 Juue 1854.
"While in England on Ifsive of absence in
1854 he voluntcored his services for the
BllBnim war, and was sent to Kars, in Asia
Minor, as chief engineer, and second in com-
mand to Colonel (afterwards Sir) William
Fenwick Williams. He kH^amaBMtenant-
colonel on 9 Feb. 185o, He strengthened
the fortifications of Kara, and took a very
prominent part in the defimoe, including the
repulse of the Russian forcf?; under Gf>neral
Mottzavieff on 2d Sept. 1855. On the capita-
ofKan fat yn tent, wHh tlw otiMr
British officers, & a prisoner of war to Russia,
wheie he remained until the proolamatioa of
peace in 1800.
For his servicee at Kars he received the
thanks of parliament, was transferred to the
royal army as an unattached lietitenant^
oolont'l. and was made a oompani u of the
Bath,a]d('-J(M:inmj) to the queen, and colonel
in the nniiy from 24 June 1850. He nK*eiv'd
a medal with clasp for Kan, the second class
of the Med] idle, was appointed an ' officer of '
the Legion of Honour, and was given the rank
of major-general in the Turkish army. On
Ills arrival in lvii;:^1an(l he was presented with
a sword of honour and a silver salver by the
inhabitants of Bamsgat^ wheve hia mother
then resided, and whirs his fynOy iras well
known*
Lake was placed an half-pny on 12 Sept.
]S.')n. hut next year accompanied the Fiarl of
Eglinton, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to Dub-
lin as principal lude^e^mp, and in the fol-
lowing year retired from the army on his
appointment as a commissioner of the Dublin
metropolitan police. Subsequently he became
chief commissioner of police in Dublin. In
IS?'*) hf" was nindo a K.C.B. of the rivil divi-
sion for his civil services, and in 1877 he re-
tired upon a pension. He ed at Brighton
on 17 Aug. 1881.
Ue was twice married: first, in 1841, to
Anne, daughter of the Rev. Peregrine Curtois
of the LoHirhill.'*, Tiinc Insliire she died in
1847; secondly jin 1848, to Ann Augu^,
daughter of Sir William Onitis, second baro*
net sh^'die<l in 1^^77. Of hi-i five sons, Atwell
Feregrine Macleod become an admiral, while
two sons Edward and Hnhert AtweU ware
officers in the Arldlery, nnd Xoel MflOlS^
was an othcer in the Engineers.
Lake was the anther of: 1. 'Kars and
oar Oap^ity in Russia, with Ijetters ^om
General Sir W. Fen wick Will iams, Bart.,
Major Teesdale, and the lute C'aptHin rhom-
non,' Ijondon, 8to, 1856 ; 2nd edition, pub-
l\<*hf"\ sura year. 2. * Narrative of the De-
fence of Kars, Historical and Military, Sxom
4i Lake
Authentic Documents, illustrated by lieute-
nunt^Colonel G. Teesdale and W. SimpMn,
London, 8vo, ISo".
[Corps Records ; Royal Engineers Jonnni,
; Saadvfth's Siege of Kars, 1867 ; Moa*
vol. zi.
'
teith'sKars and Erzeromn, 1867 { Athemran, '
1846 p. 951, l So7 p. 626.1 H. V.
LAKE, JOHN ^1624-1689), bishop of
Chichester, son of Tnomas Lake, grocer,' oi '
Halifhz ia Toikshire, was bom there m the
autumn of 16i?(. He was educated in the
Halifax grammar school, and at the ase of
thirteen was admitted to St. John's Collefe.
Catnl rl Ipo (4 Dec. 1637). Soon after heWl
graduated Bjl., ' his collie being aad ,
prison for tiie royal party, he wss fce|it
prisoner there,' for, being a staunch roval-
ist, he refused to take the 'covenant.' He
managed to make his escape and fled to Ox* '
ford, where he joined the king's army and con-
tinued to -prve in it as H volunteer for four
years, lie was at Basing iiouti when it wM
taken, and at Wallingford, which was one of
the last Erarrir^ons that ht>Ul out forCharlwI.
In lt}47 ne received holy orders from one id
the deprived bishops, piohnhlj SIOBDer, |
bishop of Oxford. He seems to have pur-
posed settling in hia native place, iialiux,
where he proaehed hie lint sermon, bst In !
was not permitted to remain there, becftti*-'
he refused to take the Engagement.' He'
consequently rsnored to Oldnam, wfceaea
Kobort Constantine had been ejected, holding
the living at first as a aapplier, and lltes
by order of the committee for plnotori
ministers. In spite of charges of malignancy
brought by the Constantine party in 1652, be ,
managed to remain at Oldham till the clossrf
1654, when Constantino was restored (SHi'^i
Manchejiter Preabuterian CIomu, ChethMi
Soc., iii. 375 sq.) Immediately after the !>
storation he was presented to the vic&n^
of T^ds, but the puritans, who desired to
have a Mr. Bowles as yicar, raised such op-
position that at his induetton soldiers bad to
Ix! called in to keep the pence. In 1061 tb
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the
nmiraraity of Osmbridge by royal msnoita
He was appointed to preach the first s%tii>1 '
sermon at York after Uie Restoration. 1^-
'
Hitdi, afterwards dean of York, showed
copy of the sermon, without Lalce'? kn ^w-
leogc, to the Bishop of London, Dr. Sbeldoo,
who sent for the preacher, and on 32 Hsf
1663 collated him to the important living w
St. Botolph't", Bishop^pHte. In this post he
remained lor some yenrs and was made on^
bendary of Hoi born (4 June 1667). Whil*'
-
in T^ondon he formed an intimate frien-Uh
with Bancroft, who was then dean of 2'
Digitized by Google
 Lake 4tf
FiNiI's. In 1668 he wbs appointed to the
finng of IVMtwteb in Luioultiro, tad In
l^^Tl to the pf 'hx nd of Fridaythorpe in York
Cathedral. In 1680 he waa installed arch-
deacon of Cleveland, but none of these pre-
fcoMBts were of his Ofwn seeking. He at^
tacked a bad cnstom of lounging about the
ntre of York Minst r during divine service in
the choir by goinff into the nave and pulling
off the \mts of all whom he found wearing
them. He determined to put a stop to a revel
hdd hj the apprentices in the church on
Shrove Tuesday, and defied the rabble, saying
that he had faced death in the Held too often
to dratd martyrdom. AKhongh idvised to
ndre to his coimtry living, ho stayed at hia
Mt ontil he succeeded in putting a stop to
tie desecrntion of tlM ndnaW. In 1689 ha
wa^ ri 'mlTiatcJ by tbe Earl of Derby to the
btthopric of Sodor and Man, and * sacrificed
a rich prebend tot a poor hishoprie.' In 1684,
throu^n the influence of Bishop Turner with
the Duke of York, he was translated to the
bishopric of Bristol, and soon after was en-
trusted by his old friend, now Archbishop
Smcrof^, with a commission to visit the
dioceee of Lichfield and Coventry. During
the Monmouth rebellion he gave great satis-
faction to the king by leaving his parlia-
mcBtncy duties in London to keep order in
BtalaL James me so mnch ^eaeed iHA
hii conduct as to promise him advancement.
Lake had been opposed bj the dean of Bristol
m projeele f&r impreTing Ae eathediel)
%ni etrpecially in an attempt to e^^tablieh the
veskije<ununi(m. Heoomnlainedpiteoliuly
te ye fHend 8tneroft, and tma may been
one ofthe reason 8 why Sancroft strongly urged
Janes II to remove his riend from Bristol.
In 1686 the king gladly appointed LiJce to
the see of Chichester. Wbile OUebeetev
b* established the weekly communion and
restored the old custom of preaching in the
aam (^thecethedral. Afterhis first visita-
ritm he wrote to Sancroft a lamentable ao-
anmt of the state of the diocese and exerted
Tfirir to rectify it. In September 168A
he made * a visitation extraordinary throngh-
(Nit his diocese,' and was received by the
fenrtemen of tbe dietriet trith eadi respect
,. '(vnnt to he paid to the primitive
bukopa.' Lake,however, declined to sanction
"Kbig Jaae^eillcsalacts; he petitioned to be
^iruMrdfrom reading the kin^s declaration of
liberty of conscience, and was one of the seven
committed to tbe Tbfwer in 1688. He was
elsoone of the bishops who refused to take the
seihfl of allegiance to William and Nfary.
'He considered that the day of death and the
dhgr of jadcment were as certain as the first
of Aus'nflt^tiie dn; of sosfenflionl and the
fox., ax
Lake
first of FebruaiT [the daj of deprivation],
end aeted aeeordingly.' Lake did not live te
suffer actual deprivation. On 27 Aug. 1689,
feeling his end was drawing near, he dictated a
declaration to Jenktn, his chaplain. In iJUs be
solemnlvand impressively asserted hisfideU^
to the church of England nnd his adherence
to its distinctive dtxitrine ol" non-resistance.
Holding this belief, he would rather have
died than taken the oaths. The bishop signed
this in the presence of the five gentlemen
who communicated with him, and died three
days later (80 Aug^ He was buried 3 Sept.
in the church of bt. Botolph, Bishopsgate.
The paper was published ae*11ie Dying Pro-
fession of Bi.shop Lake on the Doctrine of
Passive Obedience as the Bistinguishi^ Gha-
nuster of tiie Chnreb of Bngland.' It pvo-
duoed many answers and (U>ft noes, one ol
the latter being published anouymouslv by
Robert Jenkin f^. v.], who givee tiie earliest
account of the bishop's life.
Lake's whole life snows that he said truly,
* He thanked God he never much knew what
fisar was, when he was once satisfied of the
goodness of his cause.' In 1H70 he printed
a sermon which was preached at Whitehall
before the Icing on 29 Hay 1670, and in 1^
one entitled '2Tf<f>avot n-ctrroC, or the true
Ohristian Character and Crown described,'
n ftmeral sermon on William Cade. He slso
wrote a life of his tutor at St. John's, Cam-
bridge, John Cleveland the poet [q. v.], which
was nrefixed to' Clieivelaiidi '^diciie,' 1677,
an edition of the poet's works prepared by
Lake in conjunction with his friend Samud>
Drake, d. 1073 [q. v.]
[A Defense of the Profiasrion which John,
Bishop of Chichestor, made upon hia Death-bed,
&C.> together with an Account of somo Passages
of his Life, 1 690 Agnes Strickland 's Lives of the
;
Seven Bishops committed to the Tower Henrne's
;
Collections, ed. Doblo (Oxf. Hist. Soc), iii. 12, 61,
68 Admissions to St. John's College, Cambridge,
;
ed. Mayor, p. M ; T. Lathborv's Histoir of the
Nory urors iafcnnatloii liwify iupplied by Mr.
;
W. A. Shaw.] J. H. 0.
LAKE, Sir THOMAS (1567 P-1630),
secretary of state, son of Almerio Lake of
Sonthempton, and brother of Arthur Lake
[q. v.], was bom in St. Michael's parish,
Southampton, about 1667. He was edu-
onted in tlie jmnniiftr aehool of bis motive
town, while Hadrian a Saravin ^j. v.] was
head-master there, and is said to have subse-
?uently proceeded to Cambridtro. One 'Mr.
jake of Clare Hall, who toMC the part of
'
Trico in the performance of Ignoramus ' at
'
Cambridge in 16M, has been identified very
donbtftiUy with Sir Thomas (RvooLBBfJjjfii*
r,ed.HawlDnspp.xxiViZxv). The actor
BB
Digitized by Google
 Lake 4ts
ismore likely to have been Sir Tkomas's aon.
The father took no degree at Cambridge. On
leaving the university he became amanuensis
to Sir Francis Walsingham, and his dexterity
and despatch gained ror bim in that capacity
thenidmamo of '
Swiftsure,' after a well-
known ship. lie displayed some interest in
antiquities, and joined the Elisabethau So-
cietT of Antiqoaries, founded by Axohbishop
PnrKer. A paper on sterling money^ read to
t hu members by Lake, appears in Heame's
'
Curious Discourses,' i. 10. Queen Elizabeth
took notice of his abilities, and about 1600
made him clerk of the signet. On 27 Sept.
IMS hB WM flBBftted M.A. at Oxford during
the queen's ^sit. In her last davs he is
s&id to have read Latin and French to her.
Three days after lur dMh(37 March 1603) he
and George Carew were sent by the council
to James in Scolland, to acquaint him with
tikft position of affairs in England. He im-
pnned the new kinp fnvourably, and after
Jiames's arrival in London he was appointed
^e king's secretary of the Latin tongue, and
was Imighted (20 May 160J}). On 1 June
following he was made keeper of the records
at Whitehall, and on 9 March 160^ wat
elected M.P. for Launoeston. He was re-
turn od to parliament for the county of
Middlesex in 1614.
Lake justifitvl the royal favour by steadily
championing the interests of the king's Scot^
tiah nienda at oourt. and thus incurred the
enmity of many English courtiers. He 'liad
no pretensions to be anything more than a
diligent and ready official ' (QABDurBB), but
despite his modest qualifications he was a
recognised candidate for the post of secre-
tary of state on Salisbmj'a death in 1612,
and offered a bribe to secure the appoint-
ment. The king finally determined, for the
time at leaat, to fill the office himself. Lake,
however, performed the official duties of se-
cretary at the wedding of Princess Elizabeth
to the elector in December 1612, and he in-
curred much ridicule by his residing aloud
with a very bad accent and translating into
Teiy poor English the French contract of
mp.rri!i'^"\ In 1(518, whi-n the question of
choosing a secretary of state was again dis-
emaed, the Howard influence at court was
openly cast in liake's favour. In 1614 he
was made a privy councillor, and at the
mMting of the council in September 1615,
wbfUi the king's financial position called for
etioiiB consideration, Lake pressed on James
the neeessity of staying hia Hands from gifts,
and recommended some modifications in the
levy of the disputed impositions. About the
aaoM time Lake became a pensioner of Spain,
and anterad inta intinwto idaliona nikh
Lake
Glondomar; the Spanish ambassador. But
James had no obnoiia ground for depriving
him of his confidence, and on 3 Jan. 1615-16
conferred on him the coveted post of secre-
tary of state. It was reported that .Tamee sooo
afterwards said of him that he was a minia*
ter of state fit to serve the greateat prince
in Europe. In 1617 Lake and his son Thomas
accompanied the king to Scotland. Earlyia
1619 Lake impanllf^ hia position by com-
municating to his patron Howard, earl of
Suffolk, some severe remarks which James I
made to him about the ven&l character of
Suffolk's wife. Buckingham had been intro-
duced to James Fs notice in 1614, in part
through Lake's agency, and Lake, perceiving
the insecurity of his relations with the kinf,
fluiiff himseli on the favourite's mercy. He
ofFtred Buckingham a bribe of 15,(J(X)/. if he
could help him to regain the full favour of the
king. Bmokinfflnaiat first was obdnrate,hat
Lake gained t^e ear of Lady Compton, and
iiuckingham was induced by her to act m
accordance with Lake's wishes.
Meanwhile a qn&rrel in Lake's family wag
hastening his rum. iXis eldest daughter had
mmrifld in 1616 William Cecil, lora Roos, a
Edson of Thomas Cecil, first ear! of Kxet
.] The union proved unhappy, anu hus-
and wife soon separated. But Boos had
l
previously mortgaged to Lake his ePtfltP'j at
WalthamBtow, and after the separatiou Lai^e
intimidated him into an agreement that thi
mortgaged estafcee should become the pro-
girty of his wife. Boos'a grandfather, the
arl of Exeter, declined to assent to ths
alienation of the lands. The dispute aoO(sd-
ingly grew hotter, and Lady lioos's brother
Arthur brutally assaulted Rmm, and she sad
her mother threatened to charge him with
an incestuous connection with the Countess
of Etater, his grandfather's young wife. The
persecution drove Roos to take refuge in
iiome, and he died at Naples in 1618. Lady
Rooa tbanayon tamed her artilkiy ai^aiiut
the young Countess of Exeter. Forced
letters were forthcoming to show that the
countess, besideacommitting ofiences against
morality, had attempted to poison Lake
and his daughter. Late in 1618 Lady
Exeter charged Lake, his wife, son, and
daughter with defamation of character ia
the StarK}hamber, and a host of witnesses
were eumiaed for five days together early
in Febmary 1618-19. The evidence showed
that Lake had imprisoned one Gwilliams for
refusing to swear ndaely against the oouatsM^
I
|
and although less blamewortfiv ihnn his fel-
low-prisoners he luid undoubtediv iianctioDed
tlM OMulaticm of his daughte/s libels, and
tkttt in of warning mm th Jong that
Digitized by Google
 Lake 419 Lalor
Hwonld be him to withdMnr tll0in> [q. r.\ to whom tha eitato of Oanou ulti-
safer for
On 13 Feb. 161^i-19 James pronounced sen- mately passed,
teoce a^inst the defendants. All wore [Le Nevt/s Podigtssa of Knights (Harl. Soc.).
onlnniil to be imprisoned during the king^s pp.243 4 Lloyd's Slate Worttlies, 1766. ii. 6.3,
;

pl^nsuTv, nt\d Tjikf .ind hi. wife were also to 76; Wwxl's FdBti Oxon. ed. BHpk, i. 'jr.O-l ;

pajra tineofo,OUU/. each, with 1,000/. damages
toLady Butor; Lady Rooa whs fined ten
Aonsand marks, and Arthur L^ke 300/.
Chamberlain reported on 14 Feb. Itil8-19
tkafc Lord DigbyandBaooii extenuated Lake's
mmitf and that the aoccess of his cause had
Return of Members of Parliamont; Guodman's
Ooortof Jamas I; Oomt and Times of James I;
Weldon's Court of James I; Rry<l^,'cs's Peers
of Eingland; Saunderson's Jamo.n 1 ; Fuller's
Worries ; Spedding'.i Bacon ; Gardiner's His-
tory, Tola ii. and iii. ; Lysons's Eavirona, iii. 406,

ial prayed for by the catholics generally, 412; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Nichols's Pro- ;

grosst.H of James I; Biirko's Extinct Peerage,

id aapedally by those at Louvain. Lady
aotee kindly supplied by J. Williii
Boos confesAed her guilt on 19 June 1(519, 8.T. Lake
' j '

Oiaflc, sq., registraiy of the university of Cam-

and waa released. Laice himself admitted the bridge, by L. Ewbank, esq., of Claro College,
juciee of hia Mntonee on 88 Jan. 1619-20, and by the Rot. W. U. Button, of St. John's
an 1 WAS thereupon liberated. His wife did Oon8s,OsM.] &L.
not gain her freedom till 2 May 1621. The
taiB ivre afterwaidt flooMBOiad to one pay- LASnrOHBTH, JOHN m (d, 18S1),
0,200/., in addition to tba damtges
1 chronicler, was a native of Norfolk, and a
awarded to Lady xetar. monk of Buiy St. Edmunds in the time of
Thm pfoeeodingi n eoeswTily led to Lake's Bdwavd
dismLosjil from tlie offipo of secretary. He barotiiro,'
m
andRidiiidII,andw8 'eiutos
an office irilioli, no doubt, brought
ment the remainder of his Ufio in retirement, him into close oonnaotlon with the tenanta
emefly at liis eotato of Oiaons, in the parish oftlionuiiiastary. HetlniabeeanieTory on-
of I. if tie Stanraore or 'V\niitohurf:h, Middle- popular, and in the peasant rising of 1381
aaa^ which ha had purchased in 1604. He olamoored that he should be
tlie insttigenta
flBssna to bavn nuBwed his friendly nlatioiM snmndowd In oidar to tars the
to tSion.
with Buckingham, who visited liim ap- was done, and he was be-
monastery this
parently in London in July 1621. Ue was headed. Lakinghefch oomjiled ' Kalandaie
elected M.P. far WoUb in 16SNi, and fat Maneiionun Vsrimnn ... ad MonBsfeerimn
Wootton Bassftt, Wiltshire, in 1628. He S. Edmundi Buriensis speL-tantium,' whiidi
died at Canons on 17 Sent. 1680, and was ispreserved in Harl. MS. 743, no doubt hia
bmied at 'Whitehnfdi on 19 Oel. Mbwing. own autograph. Theeontents of this calendar
Tho erroneom etjitement that he was a bene- are deacnbea in the ' Monaaticon Anglican
&ctoT to St. John's Coll^ Oxford (Hbajkkb, num,' iiL 121-2, and some documents from it
Di$eouref, ii. 4S6), seems to 1iaT uum
from are printed on pp. 136-6, 138-9. The second
Ua purchase of a picture hanging in the article in the volume is a * Short History of
president's lodgings there in 1616. the Abbots down to the Death of John de
Lake marrira Mary, daughter end oo> Brynkele in 1379; ' to this has been added a
heiress of Sir "William Ryder, alderman of list of the abbots down to the dissolution.
London. She was buried at Whitchurch on This history ia printed in the ' Monaaticon,'
25 Feb. 1642-3. By her he was father of iii. 166-6.

Aree sons and four daughters. The eldest One Sir John de Lakingheth was captain
son, Thomas, and the second son, Arthur, of Conq in Brittany in May 1373, when the
were both knighted in 1617. Tiie former was town was captured by Oliver de Clisson
elected M.P. for Wells in 1626, and died in (Fboibsabs, tuL 140, ed. Luce); afterwards
16o3. The latter was M.P. for Bridgwater in 1376 he wag one of the captains of Br*t
in theparliaments of 1626 and 1626, and died (Foedera, iii. 1062). A
third John do Lak-
in IGSk, Hie third son, Lancelot (d. 1646), ingheth was rector of Bircham Tofts, Nor-
left a son, Tjancelot, who was M.P. for folk, in 1375 (Blomhfihld, Xur/olk,x. 267).
Middlesex in the convention of 1660 and in [Tanner's BibL Brit.>Hib. p. 462 ; Walsing-
the parliament of 1661 and was knighted at
,
hia*affistaiia Aagjlnaiia, li.l (Bolls 8sr.); other
Whitehall on Juno 1600, and died in 1080. wMuMm qvoiad.] 0. K. u
Sir Lancelot had two suns, Thomas, and
Warwick, the ancestor of Qwod, lord Lake LALOB, JAMES FINTON (rf. 1849),
[q. v.l ITie elder son, Thomas, who was was eldest son of Patrick Lalor,
politician,
knightd on 4 Dec. 1670, married Rebecca, a gentleman &nBer, of Tinakill, Queen's
daughter of Sir John Langfaam of Ck>tes- County, Ireland, who took a prominent part
brcKike, and had a daughter Mary, firnt wif >
in the anti-tithe movement there and was
of James Br^-Ugod, hrst duke of Cbandus M.P. for his county, 1832-6. Pater Lalor
9

^ i;j i^ . -. Lj Google
 Laior
[q.r.J Tvn^ 'hrotlipr.D^mf, near-sighted,
ungainly, and deforzuud, James led a secluded
life, broodinj^ over hit own achemet for eeeuv-
ingtli; fir loni r,f hi^ country, until 1817,
i
when be sent to Charles G^van Da^, editor
of llie ' Nation,' a letter paUiBhed on11 Jen.,
in uhirli hp ndvocatod physical force, land
confiacation, and a atruggle for national in-
dependenoe. He fhne eemued a plaoe among
the contributors to that paper, and wrote a
series of h tterSi which were * marvels of paa-
eionato, pcrsoaaiTe rbetoric' Hedevieed a
echemefor a etrike against rent, which, in ppite
of the strong disapproval of Duffy, he induced
Mitchell to adopt ; and lie also endeavoured
to fomi a land k'ttgue of his own. On 18 Stjpt.
1847 he summoned a meeting of tenant
fenners at Holycross, Tipperary, to 4bmd
a land league on the footing of a 'live and
thrive ' rent) but bis want of practical ability
and hie fierce aelf-oi^nionativenees canaed
the failure of the meeting. His resolutions
were carzied, but the a88ociation was abor-
tive. Heeontimied to play a promfaunt part
in revolutionarv circle's until the outbreak
of 1848. On 26 May of that year John
Mitchell was transported and the 'United
Irishman' suppressed. Thereu^n John
Martin arranged for the publication of the
'Irish Felon/ successor to the ' United Irish-
man.' The first number was dated 24 June
1848, and to ite pages Li^or was the chief
contributor. After Martin's aneet in July,
Lalor practically edited it. It came to an
end on 22 July with its fifth number. On
29 July a proclamation appeared calling on
aU persons to arrest P. J. Smyth, LAlor, and
others. Lalor had been arrested the day
before at Ballyhane. He was
im^riaoned
under the Habeas Oovpua Bnspension Act,
)mt after he had spent some months in paol
hia health became impaired, and he waa re-
leased. He immediately pbumad Mlnmes
for a new conspiracy and a new insurrec-
tion, but died 27 Dec. 1849. 'Endowed
with a will and a persuasiveness of pro-
savs Duffy, of all the men
diprif^us force,' ' in 18&3| bfl^ with bis companions, took up rich
wlio have preacned revolutionary politics
in Ireland, this isolated thinkeri who had
hitherto had nn experience either as a writer
or as an actor in public afiBurSj was the most
;
original and inteniB ' bat hts intaBectual
pride in hie own -work was so great and his
temper so irritable, that he was an imprao-
ticable floUeagoe.
[Charles Garan Duffy's Young Ireland and his
Four Yc.irs of IriBh History, 184A-9; Wil-
liam Dillon's Life uf Davis John Savag'a ' '98
; by police, attacked the miners on S Dsc at
and <'48.' Nav York. IBSi; Nation. 1847;
VSm si Baa 184aj J. A. fl.
420 Lalor
LALOR, JOHN (1814-1850), joumalirt
and author, son of John Lalor, a liomiii
mevebant, waa bom at DnUin ia
eatiiolie
1814, and edncfited at a Hnraan catholic
school at Uarlow and at Olongowes College.
On 6 June 1881 be entersd IVinity OoUsfe,
Dublin, where ho graduated B.A. in T^H7.
I
After collecting important evidence as ta
_
assistant poor-law eommiMioner,1ie left Ire>
land in 1836, and became connected with
the daily press in London, first as a psr>
liamentary reporter, and afterwaidt ibrlvs
or six years as one of the principal e^lit nrs
' Morning Chronicle/ bavins sodil
of the
and domertie questioaa wbolly uMer iui
direction. In 18.38 he was admit t^^d a f<olifli*
tor in Dublin. In 1889 be obtained tte
prise of one hundred guineaa awarded by tbs
Central Society of Education for an esAay
on ' TbeEnedUncy and Meanaof Elevation
the Profonion of the Edneator in 8oeiety/
He \v(u9 brought upas a Roman catholic, but
about 1844 he joined the ^ cbmdif
and nndertook the editonhip of the vnitafka
weekly paper, 'The Inciuirer/ He himself
contributed vigorous artiolea on the Factoiy
Bill. Ireland, and on ednoatioB. His Itrt
work for the press was Money and Morals:
'
a Book for Uie Times,' 1862, a portion ol
which was reprinted in 1884 under the title
of ' England among the Nations.' He died,
after much ill-health, at Holly Hill, Hamp*
stead, London, on 27 Jan. 1856, aged 42.
[Inqninr, 0 Vsb, 1t66. pp. 8S-4 ; Qent Kif.
March 1866, pp. 819-20; information kindly
supplied by the Bev. Dr. ^bbs, of Trin. ColL
DaHia.] O. aR
LALOB^ FETBB (18S8-1889), eoltnU
legislator, younger brother of James Finton
Lalor [q. v.1, was bom at TiuakiU, Queea'i
County, Ireland, in 18S8, and ednartad at
Trinity College, Dublin. He subsequently
became a civil engineer, and shortly alter ths
ffiaeoivery of gold in Anatnlia Iw sailed ftr
Melbourne in 1852. Proceeding to Ballarst
elaima on i Eurein lead and gravel pits,
from which they were hoping to obtain a fnr-
tune^ when in Nov. 1854 the outbreak of lbs
minen toA place. Lalor played a leadia;
part among the insurg;nts. It had been
customary for the diggers to pay a monthly
Ucenae to the aovemnent; out at a mse^
in^ on 29 Nov. 1864 it had been decided not
to pay anv further licenaee, and the enat^
ing official doeomenta wore burnt. Putin
of the 12tb and 40th regiments, iiccompani'
the BnnJn atoekada, when twamtgHtiro d
thariotem ware killed^ twelve wouMad,aad
Digitized bv Coo<^Ie
 Lamb
LaIor,wbo commanded
Ike icbabTneaTad faftU omt the houlder,
nd vhiiBatdy loit ma arm. He, however,
ewped, and a reward of 200/. offered for hia
etpture did not reeolt in his aneat. Sah>
noitontly representatfon was giTsn to the
plil-fieltl>;. jiiul in NovumbiT i Hi")!') Lalor \yh3
wiUtottt opposition elected aa member for
Bdluit. dhortty feftiv takbg hia seat the
jDvemnit nt appointed him inspector of rail-
wajt. At the next election, in 1866, he was
leaned for Sonth Grant, and was appointed
chairman of committees by the legulative
mwa bly, an office in which he gained much
Mwtton. He sat for South Grant till 1871, came blind, and resided chiefly in Leith, where
vhen be was defeated at the poll, but in
1876 he was ^ain returned for the same
eoaiHtoencj. In August of that year he
Urame commissioner for customs in Graham
henr's first adminiftmtion. In the following
Ortobcr he resigned with his chief. After the
gmeral election, in May 1877, Berry again
took office, and Lai or repiimed his former
pent. In 1868, after retiring from the chair-
mar, ^hip of the committees, ne devoted much
ttention to bis intf-rfpt in the New North
Clune* urul the Australian mines. He was
cbairman of the Olunes watar commission,
With & larpe salary, and wns a director of
the Nbw North Clunes mining company.
Throngb his efforts in 1870 and 1871, the
bill WM carried for the Clunea waterworks,
wkich were completed at a cost of 70,000/.
(hi the formation of the third Berry ministry,
tn 1677, Lalor was appointed commissioner
fcfftndeand customfi, and in 1878 became
p>ltlBttT-pfneral as well. He was appointed
'T-^ftk-T of til.- house in 1 SHO, and hold this
post until lo88, whon ho retired in conao-
^ence of ill-health. He was tharanpon
i"^faH,:.d a vote of thanks, with a grant of
iiedied at Melboumeoii iOFeb. 1889.
[Men of the Time, Victoria, 1878, pj.. 100-1 ;
Hawon's .lubtnilitin Dic-lionnrv of Datou, 1879,
oLx.pt. ii. p. 246; Times, 11 feb. 1889, p. 6,
Winch p. 13.] o. a B.
LiMB. [See alao Lahbb.]
liAXB, ANDREW (16e6f>1684),bishop
of was probably son or relative of
Galloway,
Andn.'w I>amb of Leith, a lay member of the
pnier&l assembly of 1 660. He became minis-
ter of Bumtislnnd, Fifrshire, in 1593, was
{'wihted to Arbroath in 159(3, and to South
Uith b 1600. The tame year he was np-
poiii'M cti.' of the members of the standing'
commmion ot the church, and in 1601 was
a royal chaplain, and in that capacity
WfttTipauifd the Earl of Mar when he w. nt
M ambusador to the English court. He re-
pensioB fimni tka abbejof Atfhroadi
4tl Lamb
for 'service done to the king, and for lii?
eaneet care in discharging his ministeriai
fonctione, and in the oomnion afiaind the
kirlc tending to tlie establishment of disci-
pline,'and in 1607 was made titular bishop of
BreeUn. He was a memher of tiie aasenibly
of H)10 which 111 Inwed spiritual jurisdiction
to the bishops, and was one of the three Scot*
tish prelates who were consecrated atLondoB
in October of that year. In 1015 he pre-
sented a beautiful brass chandelier to the ca-
thedral of Brechin. stiU to be aeen there. He
was translated to the see of Galloway in 1619,
and died in 1634. In his later years he be-
he had property. He was a favourite of King
James, and a willing supporter of his mea-
sures for the introduction of episcopacy and
the English cenmODies, but he was of a con-
ciliatory temper, and the anti-prelatic party
had nothing worne to say of him than that ho
'loved not to be poor. It is said by the
biof^raphers of Samuel Rullierf>rd that, at
his admission to the parish of Auwoth, Kirk-
cudbrightahire, Lamo connived alt Ida oadiii>
tioii },y presbyters only. Tlicrc is no evidence
lor this, but he was tolerant to Kuthurford
and others who did not conform to the art idea
enjoined by the Perth assembly. He left a
son James and two daughters, one of whom
married Lenox of Cally and the other Murray
of Broughton, both in the stewartry of Kirk-
cudbright. Several of his letters have been
published in 'Ori^rinal Letters relating tO the
Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland.'
[Scott's Fasti; Keith's Scottish Bishops; liow'a,
CaJdervood's, and Iawsod's Histories Bladt*a;
Bradun; MnnaVs IsIs of Botharford.]
G. W. 8.
LAMB, BENJAMIN 1716), waa oi>
ganist of Eton College and verrror of St.
George's Chapel, Windsor, about 1715. He
wrote much chtiroh mosic and some soni^.
Among the former may be mentioned hia
anthems, ' Unto Thee have I cried,' ' O wor-
ship the Lord,' ' If the Lord Himself,' * IwiH
give thanks,' and an evening service in E
minor, all of which are in the Tudwav Col-
lection (Brit. Mus. Harl. MSS. 7S41-2).
rGrove*aDiet.ofHiuie; Diet of Music. 1824;
HarL MSS.] E. H. L.
LAMB, Lady CAROLINE (1785-1828),
novelist, only iau^fhter of Froderick Pon-
sonby, third earl of Beaiborongfa, 1^ hia wife,
Lady Ilenrietta Frances Spencer, the youn^'er
daughter of Johu, first earl of Hpeucer, was
\)om on 18 Nor. 1766. At the age of three
Aw was tnken to Italy, where she remained
six years, chiefly under the charge of a ser-
vant. MM WM the* aaMfe to Devomlufe
Digitized by Google
 Lamb 4M Lamb
House to be educated with her oounnay and i behalf of her brother-in-law, Oeofjge Ltmtk
WW
,

0ab6<]ueutly flantnntod to ber grand- and raooooded in gaining over a uunlMr w

|
mother, T.udy Sp^ nrer, who, alarmed at lier doubtful voten*. In the same year phepulr
eccentricities, consulted a doctor as to her liahed 'A New Canto' (anon. London, &vok
|'

ttate of mind. She was married on 3 June Her seoond novel, ' Oraham Hamilton,' irliiai
1805 to the Hon. William Laml^aftearwarda was sent to Colburn's in 1^0, 'with an
Lord -Melbourne [n. v.] She was Boon poe- earnest injunction neither to name the author
siouatelv iiifututttea witli Byron, of whom she nor to publish it at that time,' was published I

wrote in her diary, after his introdudion to in 1822 (anon. London, ISmo, 2 vols.) Ths I

hor, that he was mnd, bad, and dangerous to

'
design of this novel is said to have been sug-
know ^see under Bi kon ] After B yrou's rup-
' . gested to her by Ugo Fo&colo, whose advice
ture with her in 181d,Lady Caroline's temper wM*Writeabook which will ofi'endnolMdyi
became so impovornable tJiat hor hiisband women cannot aflTord to shock.' It was suc-
|

reluctantly determined upon a separatiou. ceeded in 1823 bv ' Ada Keis ; a Tale (anoo.
i
' i

Wlule the legal ra8tramiit0wi being pre- London, ISmo, 8 vela.), another editkn ( j

pared pile wrote and sent her first novel, which was published in the followinp ye*r
* Glenanron/ to the press. On the dav fixed, (Paris, 12mo^ vols.) In July 1824 she scci- i

liowover, rof the SKecntion of tbe oeed oc denteUvflMtByran'sfimenlproeeasioBenitt |

depuration, a sudden rt'coneiliation took place, way toNewstead. Though she partially re-
and Lady Oaroline was found seated beside covered from this sudden shock, ner mind bo* i

hor hmmuid, ' feeding him with tiny scraps came moare affected, and in the following ntr I

of transparent bread and butter,' while the she was separated from her husband. During
solicitor was watting below to attest the sig- t he rem ainder of her life she lived for the mott
natures (ToitUBNS, Menwirt of Vitcount Mel- Eart at Brocket with her father-in-law asd
toims, i. 112). < Glenarvon was published
' er only surviving child, George Auf^ustus
mmymouflly in 1816 (Loudon, 12mo, 3 vols.) Frederick Lamb, a hopeless invalid, who died
It WKB written, she snys, unknown to aU unmarried on 27 Nov. 1830, aged 29. She
(mvO a ^vemefts, Miss Welsh), in the middle diod it Helboume House, Whitehall, in tbs |

of the ni^'lit (cf.

'
Lfxh/ Mori/aris Mnnoin, ii. presence of her husband, who had hastened
202). This rhapsodical tale owed its brief over from Ireland, on 26 Jan. 1826, aged ^, ^

success to the caricature portrait of Byron and was buried at HatflsU.

which it contained. Moore, in a fit of indig- Lady Caroline was a clever, generous, and
nation, wrote a review of it for the ' din- impulsive woman, inordinately vain, and ex-
u
i

buTffh,' but on seoond thoo^ts did not send eiteble to the verge of insanity, penoa |

it (T(>Hlu:\s, Mnmnn* of l^'iscount Melbounw, she was smull ana sliglit, with pale, goldeu-
i 112). Byron, in a letter to Moore, says: ' If ooloured hair, * large hasel eyes, capable <A \

tiM Mttboraeo had writton the truUi ... the moeh varied oiprosaion, exceedingly good I

romance would not only have been more ro- teeth, and a musical intonation of voice ( Tk '

mantic, but more entertaining. As for the Ltfe qf Edward Bultcer, Lord Lytton, i.
likeness, the picture can't be good ; I did not Her powers of conversation were remarkabk,
sit long enough' (MooBB, Ltfe of Lord Byron, full of wild originality, and combinhig greaT
p. .330). An Italian translation of the novel and sudden contrasts, whilehermanner^ 'hadi
upuears to have been printed in Venice in a fascination which it ih ditticult for any who|
Wi7 (ib. p. HQS). It was rt't inted in one never encoimtered their effect to concoiw'
i

volume in 18(jo, under the title of The Fatal (Litrraiy Gazette,m2H,Y). 108). I^rdLyttOQ
'

Passion' (London, 8vo). On hearing that has lel't on record a curious account of hi
Byron, when questioned by Madame de Stael, brief and sentimental attachment to her|
had laiipheil at lier book as 'that insincere ( Life, i. S'M-Q). She is supposed to have been
production,' Lady Caroline burnt at Brocket the original of Mrs. Felix Lorraine in Vt: '

*very solemnly, 'on ft sort of funeral pile, vian Grey,' of Lady Monteegle in ' Venetia'i
transcript* of all the letters which she liad IIiTCini AN, Piililic Life of the Earl of Ben-
(

received from Byron, and a copy of a minia- cotujieldf 1879, i. SO, 127), of Lady Meltoo
ture (his portrait) wnicAbebadpfosented to in < De LindMiy,' Ladjr Chtrain * Lionel HMt-
her; several girls irom the neighbourhood, ings,' and of Lady Bellenden in * Grevill^-'
|

whom she had dressed in white garments, ( Life qf Edward Bvltoer, Lord LA/tt<m^ \. 357-
|

dancing round the pile, and singing a song ^oH ), She wrote poetry for the annuals, and
I

which she had written for the occasion Ji u rn several of her pieces were set to muaic bjfl
,
'
*

fire, burn, &c."' (Rogers, Tnf>/e 'I'alk, IH.^U, suae Nathan and others. Some of her verfH'S
I

p. 2iiti). Caring little for politics, but always liave IxH'U collected in Isaac Nutlmu's * Fugi*
ersTing for notoriety, she eneigetically ca'n- tive Pieces Mid Reminiscences of JjQcdByru
fuiied the Weatminater elwtora in ISitt on . . , alao KHM oiiginal Poetry, Letteni

Digitized by Google
 Lamb
Recollect inti.e ofT.afly Caroline (1829). Lamb
iileTen letters writ leu by her to her friend
hnij Morg:an are preer\ ed in ' Lady Mor-
-in^ M. rrroir*.' (i. 442-3, ii. 174-9, 203-4,
43 Lamb
' the Rev. Mr, Jeffs.' The baptisms of the
entire family duly appear in the registers of
the Temple Church, and were first printed bj
Mr. Charles Kent in his Centeoazy Bdfitioil
'

^06-13, 240 >, and seven written to William of Lamb's Works in 1875. '

Godwin in Mr. C. K. Paul's God- Wimam The Idock of fasUdiligi in which Samuel
win. Friends and Contemporaries,* 1876 Salt occupied one or more sets of chambers,
(it 'jikj-s^ 28r)-6, 302-4). There is a whole- and in which the Lamb family were bora
length c-ngrnviufTof uiAj Caroline Lamb and reared, is at the eastern end of Crown
with her boybv Chee?eman, and a cliarrainf^ Office Row, and thouj^h rfri-^i'lfrably modi-
print by W. Findon, from au original draw- * fied since in its interior arraugement.4, Htill
ing in thepoesession of Mr. Murray,' will be bears upon its outr wall the date 1737.
hnni\ in Finden's Illustrations of the I^ife Charles Lamb received his earliest educa-
iad Works of lx)rd Byron,' 1833, vol. ii. tion at a humble day-school kept by a Mr.
William Bird in a 'court keduig out of
[Tomu^s Memoirs of Viscuuiit MilLourui-,
Fetter Lane (see Lamb's paper, *Cptftin
1S78. Tol. i. ;
Ladj Morcan'fl Memoirs, ed. by
W.H. Dizoo, 18G3 SmiWa Menmr and Corr. Starkey,' in IIunb's Et>ery'day Book 21 July ,
;

f Join Mtirray, 1891 ; Ufa of Bdward BaU 1826). It was a school for both boys and
vw. Lorl L\ tron, b^- his Son, 1888, i. 327-30, girls, and Mary Lamb nleo attended it. At
Moore'a Life of Byron, 1847; article the age of seven Charles obtained a nomina-
hj Mr. 8. R. Townshond Mayer in Temple Bar, tion to Christ's Hospital (the 'Blue Coat
liii. 174-92; <). .v.u\ P. Wkarton' 8 Queens of School '), through the influence of his father's
Soeirty, 1867, pp. 435-60; Literary Gaiette, employer, and within its venerable walls he
1828, pp. 107-8 ; Monthly Magitziae, 1828, new
f>assed the next Mven years of his life, hie
MK. ; Ann. Biog. aad ObitaMnr for lolidays beinjr ."^pent with his parents in the
im, liiL l-7 ; Ann. Keg. 1784 178 pp. nd Temple or with Lis grandmother, Mrs. Field,
249. 1828 App. to Chron. pp. 21G-17; Gent.
in Hertfordshire.
Mag, 1828, pt.i. p. 269; Burke sExliiKt PLtmge,
1883, Pl 313; Notes and Uuerios, 7th ^lt. x. 88,
What Charles Lamb learned at Christ's
2oG. 315. 35f; Unlkftl
Hospital, what friendships he formed, uid
193, 197. 235,
whM nerite end deaierita hedeleotod u tiw
125, 167, ;

and Laiog'a Diet, of Auou. and Pseuduu. Lilera-

tait,1S8S- 8; Brit Hm. Cat.] 4. fi. & errangements, manners, and cTi^^toms of the
school, are all familiar to us from the two
IAMB,(^H ARLES (1775-1834), essayist remarkable essays he has left ua, ' On Christ's
nd homouriift, wa.s bom on 10 Feb. 1775 in Hospital, ail J tne Character of the Christ's
Crown Office Row in the Temple, London. Hospital Boys,' pubfished in the * Gentle-
His Cither, John Lamb, who is described man s Magazine in 1818, and the later essay
'

ttoder the name of Lovel in Charles Lamb's Christ's Hospital Five-and-thirty Years
enay 'The Old Benchers of the Inner Ago,' one of the Elia series, in the ' Londou
iWple,' was the son of poor pftxvAto fal Magastne' of November 18^. On the whole
line lii^I lift', hihI had come up as a boy to he sefm<< to have been happy in the school,
London find entered domestic service. He and to have acquired considerable skill in ite
altimately beeune derk and servant to spedal stadiee, notably in Latin, iHiich he
Smdu'I Salt, a bencher of the Inner Temple, WHS fond of reading, and in a roph-nnd-
omI continued to fill that poaition until SaJc's ready way writing, to the end of his lil'e. At
Mbim
iioee mother was
HewridEliMbel1iFSeM,
for mnro tlian fifty years
tWe time of quitting the school he had not
attained the highest position, that of Grerinn,'
lioBwke^per at Blakesware in Hertfordshire, but the neereet in rank to it, that of deputy
fcvnilflt inm Wmn,
m dowovhonie of the Oieeiaii. Pnliape the aehool siitliontiea
Phuner?, a well-lm^'^^^l county family. This were not careful to promote him to the
Haiy Field, Ubarlee Lamb's grandmother, superior rank, seeing that he was net to
f)i9M ta im^^cvtaiit pert in the early det- proOBed to uniTcraity. A a Oiedaii
v..1rxpTC"nt of hia sflbetions, and is a familiar Lamb would hav<' been entitled to an ex-
I
rt'seiico in some of titn most charaetenstic hibition, but it was understood that the
and pathetic ofhie writintrs. pvlvOe^ was iBlended fcr tlnee wlio wwe
To John and Elizabfih f. imb, in Crown to enter holy orders, and a fatal impediment
Oilice Kow. were bom a family of seven chil-
of speech an insunnonntAble and painfai
dvBi, of inam only three mmrivecl their hi* featter-nade that profearion impoaiiUe fot
fancy. The John
eldest of th'";'- tLrt-e wa.s him eveti if his ^nfts and inclinations had
luah, bom in 1708 ; the second Mary
Ann, pointed tliat ^rav. lie left Christ's Hospital in
WttlBimaeMatT,boniiiil764: endthe Novwaber 1789, Mnying with Um, aneng
ikiidOhiilMi. bspiiMd 10 MuMh im*Vy 9lllwr pNOioni poaicnaiono, iSie ftiendtUp w

Digitized by Google
 Lamb
Samuel Taylor C'oleridpe, a friondeliip de-
stined to endure, and to \h: the main living
influence upon his mind and character till
the latent year of his life. Coleridge wa
two years Lamb's senior, and MOUUned at
the t^lhool till 1782, whoa he wwit to Gam-
bridge.
At the date of Lamb's leaving school his
elder brother John was a clerk in the South
Bea Uoue, and a humbler post in the same
office was soon found for Charles through
the good offices of Samuel Salt, who waa a
deputj-governor of the company. Uut early
in 179S ae was appointed to a clerkship in
tlie accountant's office of the India House,
and remained a member of the staff for the
next thirty years. The court minutes of the
old India House record that on C April
1792 'William Savory, Charles Lamb, and
Hutohflr Trower ' were appointed clerks in
the accountant's office on tlie usual terms.
Another entry of three weeks later tells
that thB sureties required by the office were
in Lamb's case Peter Peirson, esq., of the
Inner Temple, and John Lamb 'of the Inner
Temple, gentleman.' The name <rf PMer
Peirson recalls one of the most touching
passages in the essay on the ' Old Benchers.'
Samuel Salt died in tUe lame year, leav-
inp various legacies and other benefactious
to his iiuthful clerk and hottsekeener. The
Lamb frmily had aooardinglT to leaTU the
Temple, and thnre is no record of their place
of residence until 17&6. when we hear of
them at lodging in Little Queen Street,
Holborn. The family were poor, CLnries's
salorvi and what his aiater oonld earn by
needleworlc, in addition to the intueet <m
Salt's legfioies, forming their sole means of
eubsisteuce, for John Lamb the younger, a
fairly prosperous gentleman, was living an
inflpjiendciit lift- elsewhere. John Lamb the
elder was old and sinking into dotage. The
Oiotlierwaa an inTalid, with apparently a
liain of insnnif y. Mary Lumh wtu* over-
wodced, and the continued strain and anxiety
beoan to tdl upon her mind. On 92 Sept.
17d6 a tcrril ^ 11 w f. ll u^)on the family.
MoiyLomb^ irritated with a little auprentice-
girlwho was wotldnir in tiie family sitting-
room, Miatched a knife from the table, pur-
sued the child round the room, and finally
stabbed her mother, who had interposed in
the pirl's behalf. The wound was instantly
iutui,Charles being at hand only in time to
Wivst the knife from his sister and prevent
further mischief. An inquest was held and
A verdict found of temporary insanity. Mary
liOmb would have been in the ordinary course
transferred to a public lunatic asylum, but
interest was made with the authorities^ and
4*4 Lamb
she was given into the custody of her brother,
then onfy Jnat of tun, who undertook to be
her guardian, an office which he discharpt i
under the gravest difficulties and discourHge-
ments for the remainder of hia life. Am.
Lamb was buried in the graveyard of St.
Andrew's, Holborn, on 20 Scj^t. 1790, aod
Charlea Lamb, with his imbecile father and
an old Aunt Hetty, who formed one of th<;
household, left Little (^ueea Street. (Tb
house no longer stands, having been removed
with others to make room ft)r a church, which
now stands on its site.) The family removed
to 46 Chapel Street, Pentonville,' with the
exception of Mary, who was placed uiider
suitable care at Hackney, wnere Charles
could frequently visit her. In February 1797
old Aunt Hotty died, and Charles was left
&& the solitary guardian of his father until
the latter's deaUi in 1709.
The letters of Charles Lamb, throiiirh
which his life may be henceforth studied,
open with a oorreepondenoe with OoleridiM
beginning in May 1796. The earliest d
these letters records how Charles Lamb hin-
islf had been for wz weaka in the wintarnl
1796-6 in an asylum for Pome form of
mental derongementi which, however, seemi
never to huTe xeenirad. It is likely that
this tendency was inherited from the mother,
and that moreover the immediato cause, in
fhis case, nuj have been a love dissppobt-
ment. This at least is certain, that already
Charles Lamb hod lost his heart to s gin
living not ftr firon Blakeiware, his gnid>
raother'shome inllertfordghire. The arlie^t<
intimation of the fact is ad'orded by tlis
existence of two sonnets which Lamb sub-
mits to Colericl^c in 1796 as having' If'fn
written by him in the summer of 17i^ (we
LanUf* LMen, i. 4). Both poema referio
Hertfordshire, and the second distinctly ie>
veals an attachment to a 'gentle maid'
named Anna, who hod lived in a *eottaf^'
and wit h whom in happier days he had held
'
'
cee converse, davs woiohf however, ns'er '
mtut oome again? At that early date, thaie*
fure, it is clear that the course of love h&d
not nm smooth, and it iareaaonahle to connect
Lamw mental breakdown in the fjllowiBf
wintur with this cause. A year lattr, in
writing to Coleridge after his mother's destli,
he si>eskB of hia attachment as a ftilly tiNt
has left him for ever. All that is certain of
this episode in Lamb's life is that the gid's
name was Ann Simmons, that she lived willi
her mother in a cottage called BlenheimB,
within a mile of Blakesware House, and that
she ultimately married a Mr. Bartram, s
silversmith, of Princes Street^ Leicei^
Square (aheia mentioned under that nomeia
Digitized by Google
 Lamb
the euaj '
I>rcum Chiidreu Thua far all is
ertin. The whdaptd^reeof theSiiniiioiiA
ikmilj is in the present writer's posseesion,
bat aa old inhabitant of Widford (the village
adjoining BlAkesware), and intimate frieud
of the Lamhs, from whom he obtained it,
kad never heard of tha circumstAnoea attend-
ha huaVt mrno mmM
wooinff
In the spring of 1796 Coleridge made his
eatlieat sroeaiMre aa a poet in a amall
Tolnn paUiflhed by Cmde of Bristol,
'Poems on Various Subjects, by S. T. Cole-
zidtfo, late of Jeaua CX>llege, Cambridge,'
aa tmong these irere fonr sonnets by
Lamb. 'The efi^isions signed C. L. were
written by Mr. Ch&rlee Lamb of the India
House. Independently of the aigpature, their
M^erior ment would nave suffieunlily distin-
rTu.hed them.' Two of these sonnets refer
ai^o to Anna with the iair hair and the blue
SfM. Thk 1VM Luttb's first appearance in
print. The sonnets are chiefly remarkable
aa reiiaMiiig the diction and the graceful
lIlMkilj of William lisle Bowles [q. v.],
whoee sonnets had in a singular degree in-
fioenoed and inspired both Lamb aad Cole-
ridft-wMIs thmr wwe ttOl at Christ's Hoe-
p:t i!. A year later, in 171>7, Coleridge pro-
ottoed a aeoood edition of bis poems, To
vUekam mm
added Poems by Charles Lamb
tad Charles Llojrd ' (1776-1 8.30) [a. v.]
Among thpRe were included the Anna son- '
neta, aad the lines entitled The Grandame,'
'
written on his graadBMItlier, Mrs. Field, who
had died at Blakesware in 1792. (Tlu'ee lat-
ter had already appeared in print, in a haud-
ome quarto, witB certain ofehen of Gbavlea
LbrdV)
la the summer of 1797 Lamb devoted his
fhort holiday (onlyone week) to a visit to
Coleridge at Nether Stowey, where he made
(he acquaintance of Thomas Poole [q. v.J,
ad net Vosdsworth and others (see MBS.
SAjrPFuED. Thorn Poole and his Friends;
and Lamp's Letters, i. 79). The following
year, 1796, saw tM pabnoation of a thia
Tolume, ' Blank Ver^p, by Charles Lamb nnd
Charles Lloyd,' containing the touching
Twaes on the * Old Familiar Faoee.' Later
sapeand Lamb's prose romance, ' Tale of A
RoMmnnd Qray and Old Blind Margaret,' a
BUxy of sentiment written under the influ>
eneeof Mackenzie, and having the scene laid
in Lamb's favourite villtige of Widford in
Hettardahire. During this year Oottle of
BtaMtol bad * portrait taken of iiainb Irr Haa^
fork, an enjfraving of which appeared many
yeaxs later in CotUe'a Kecollections of Cole-
' various ways to earn money. Ue was still
rirtpL* TUs is the earliest portrait of Lamb
p^sa;s8. In November 1798 ColeridgOi
rah Wordsworth and his sister^ left England
4t5 Iamb
for Germany, and for the m-xt eighteen
ntonths Lamb was thrown fur literary svm*
pathy upon other friends, notably on Southey,
with whom he began a frequent correspona-
ence. In these letters LaiaVa individuality
of style and humour became iint marbedlj
apparent.
In the spring of 1799 LaittVe ftther died,
and Mary Lamb returned to live with her
brother, from whom she was never sgaia
Darted, except during ocoasioiial rettinis of
nor malady. But rumours of this malady
followed tliem wherever they went. They
had Dotioe to quit their rooms in Penton-
ville in the spring of 1799, and thev wore
accepted as tenants for a while by Lamb's
old schoolfellow, John Mathew Qutchrq.v.l
then a law-stationer in Southampton Build^
inp's, Ilolborn. Here they remained for nine
months, but the old dimculties arose, and
the brother and sister were again homeleeSb
Lamb then turned to the familiar precincts
of the Temple, and took rooms at tue top of
King's Beach W.-' Ik (Mitre Court Buildings),
where ho r(.>maiued with his sister for nearly
nine years. They thea removed to Inoer
Temple Laao Ibr a period of aaodier nine
years,
'
Xamb'a lettem to Thomas MTanning [q. v.],
the mathematician and orientalist, and to
Coleridge on his return from Germany, begin
at the date of his settling in the Temple, and
continue the story of his life. Majwing's
acquaintance he had made at Cambri(%e
while visitinc Charles Lloyd. Lamb now
began to add to bis scanty income by writing
for the newspapers (see his Elia essay. News-
papers Thirty-Jive I'ears Ago). He contri-
buted for some three years facetious para-
graphs and epigrams to the Morning Post,'
'
'Morning Clu*ouicle,' and the 'Albion.' In
1802 he published his ' Joha WoodviL' a
Uank-vene play of the Beefeontion pettpd,
but showing markedly the influence oi Mas-
txsijffds and Beaumont aad Fletcher, full of
ftliottoaa lines, but crude and nndramatie.
It was reviewed in the Edinburgh lleview,*
'
April 1803, not uafairly, but igaorsntly.
The EUsabethan dramatists were still sealerl
books save to the antiquary and the spe-
cialist. Meantime Charles and Mary Lamb
were struggling with poverty, and with
worse wfaT Lamb's journalistic and lite-
rary associates made demands on his hospi-
tality, and good company brought its tempta-
tions. Li 1804 Mary Lamb writes that they
are 'very poor,' and that Charles is tryinp iu
dreaming of possible dramatic successes, but
these were not to be. Lu 1803 he seads
Manning his wuii-tmuwu vursos on Hester
Digitized by Google
 4*6
Savory^ a jowag quakeress with whom he
had tuieii in lore, though withoat hat know-
ledge, when he lived (1797-1 WO) at Pen-
tomvillei and who had recentlv died a few
nioaths after her mrruigiB, Tn September
180.^ he is still tbinlnng of dramatic work,
and has a iarce in proepect. The jwoiect
took shape m tlia twcMtftnncef ' Vr. n.^ ac-
cepted bv tlie proprietors of Druiy Lane, and
produce<i on 10 Dec. The secret of Mr. H.'s
real name (Hogsflesh) seemed tnvi&l and
vulgar to the audience, and inapifee of Ellis-
ton s best efforts, the farce was hopelessly
damned. Lamb was himself nresent, and
aaact day recorded the failusB letter tO
several of his friendi^. He now turned to a
wider field of work in connection with the
drama. He made Hazlitt's acquaintance in
1805, and Hazlitt introduced bim to William
Godwin, who had turned children's publisher.
For OodwiB Lamb and lua abtor agreed to
write thtt * Till OS from Shftkesjieare,' pub-
liahed in January 1807, a second edition fol-
lowing in the neart year. Lamb did the
trnpi'uies and Mary the coinf'(li'. Tliiswas
Xiamb's first success, and first brought him
into aerione notice. It was fbllowed by a
child's version of the adventures of Ulysses,
made from Chapman's translation of the
'Odyseev,' for Lamb's knowled^ of Greek
Waa mowrata. This appeared in 1808. A July 1821). * OaU him EUia,' writea LuA,
much more important work was at hntid.
The publishing noiise of Longmans commis-
sionea him to dit HeK'ctious froin tiieElisa-
t and Deoamher 188S
bethan dramatists. This also appeared in
1806, under the title oi * Specimens of Eng-
lish Diamatic PoeCa eontamporary
Shakespeare.' Lamb vrm at once recognised
as a critic of the highest order, and of a kind
as yet inknoum to Bnaliah ntefatore, and
fh)m this time forwaru his position us a
prose writer of marked originality was secure
amon|f tha mora 1iioi^{htftil of hia cootempo-
rarii s, tboogh it was not till some ten years
later that ne reached the general public.
Between 1808 and 1818 his chief critical
productions were the two noble essaya on
Hogarth and on the trfip<'<1i'"< of Shakfspeare,
published in Ltiigh Hunt's litjflector ' in
'
i811, while the Recollections of Christ's
Hospital,' in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' of
1818, and the ' Confessions of a Drunkard,'
contributed to his friend Basil Montagu's
'Some Einjniries into the Ktr. cts of Fer-
mented Ltquurs' in 1814, were the first
specimens m the miieeUaneona eaaay in the
vein he was to work lal^T, with such success,
in the ' Khhs^ s of Kiia.' Meantime he was
strengthening his poritiOR and wfdaninv Ini
interests bv new and stimulating friend snips,
Tallbttrd, ^rocUVi Oiabb Kobinsoo, Haydon,
iLamtt
and others appearing among his corrttipond-
with the Words-
eota, while the old rdationa
worths and Coleridge remained among ths
best influences of his life.
In ^a aotmnn ol 1817 Lamb and liii
sister left theTemple for lodgings in Grfiit
Kuseell Street, Covent Garden. Soon aftu
a young bookeeUer, C*harlsa (Wiar, iodiieod
him to publish a collection of his mi.4X'l-
laneous writings in verse and prose, indudiuff
some, like John Woodvil and Bosannun
'
'
'
Gray,' long ont of print. Tbt^e appeared in
two volumes, dedicated to Coleridge, in I'^IS,
and at once obtained for I>timb a wider re-
cognition. A more important reeult was to
follow. The 'London Magazine' made its
first appearance in January 1820. Hailitt,
who was on the sta^ iUOroiaead Lamb to
the editor, John Scott, and he was invited
to contribute occasional essays. The first of
these,'ReooUaetiottaoftfaaBoaihSMHoan,'
appeared in August 1820. In writing thu
essay, Lamb remembered an obecore clerk
in that office during his own short eoaose*
tion with it ms ft boy, of the name of Elia,
and as a joke appended that name to tbe
essay. In subsequent essays he contiamd
the same signature, which became insepar-
ably connPcte<l with the neries (see lettf
of Lamb to his publisher, John Taylor, is
and it seems probable that the name wss
really thus spelled. Between August IS'JO
Lamb
contributed five-
find-twenty essnys, thus signed, at the rat*
of about one a month. These were reraintcd
in a eing^fieivBM in 188$i -KIT*
that have appeared undar tiuitldgnaitlliaiB
the " London Magoaine.'"
Meantime, LmnVb elder brother John hsi
died (November iind to tht> increaaiwr
loneliness of his existence we owe the besn-
tiftil essay, 'Dream Ohildrea.' In- IBS!
Charles and his sister for the first time went
abroad, j>aying a short visit to their friend
James Kenney[q. v.] the dramatist, who livei
at Versailles, and whose son, bom in lS2i.
was christened Charles Lamb Kenney fq-^-l
Ihiring this absence from England mktj
Lamb had one of her now more frcqaeal
attacks of mental derangement. The nett
year brought a now anxiety into Lamb's
life, in the form of a criticism from the p*.B
of an old friend on the * Elia * volume of
1823. Southey, in reviewing a woric bj
Gr6goire upon deiim in FhuuM, drew a monl
from the hopeless tone of one of L.imbs
essays that on ' Witches and other liig\A
Fean'<~addiBff that the easaya aa a wholt
lacked a ' sound religious feeling.' The charge
painad Lamb keenly, both as oonung &m
Digitized by Google
 Lamb 47
in old frif^nd and as touching a vein of real
sorrow and anxiety in his mental history.
He replied to the charge in the well-known
'lAyUvr of Elia to Robert Southey, Esq.,' in
the ix>ndon Magazine ' for October 1823.
' lent walker, and in the summer months he
SontlMj, in reply, wrote a loving and gene-
rous letter of cxj-larmtion to T>nmb, ana the
breach bet\^'euu the old frienda wns at once
beftled. TIm tame year that brought Lamb
this di55tr('?s was to brin^ compensation in a
new interest added to his life. He and his
maier were in the habit of spendhig their
autumn holiday at Cambridge, where they
had a friend, Mis. Paris, sister of Lamb's old
friend, Willtaa Ayrtoo. Heie tbe Laube
met a little orphan girl, Emma Isola, daug^h-
ter of Charles Isola, one of the esauire
beddlaof tbe QniTemtf . They iirHtea her
to spend suW'quont holidays with them,
and nnally adopted her.During the remain-
ing ten years LamVli lilb the oompanion-
fchip of tlir ynniip girl fiupplipd the truest
solace and relief amid the deepening anxieties
of Ae home Bib. Lamb ana his sister de-
voted themselves t o her ed ucation a n rl t h o u gh
, vourite excursion for him and Miss Isola to
in after years she left them at times to be-
come herself a teadber of others, their hooee
wftj her home imtil her marriage with Ed-
ward Moxon, the publisher, in 1833. Mrs.
Moxon died in March 189).
Tn Aufrust 1823 the LamlKsh-ft their rooms
in liusdell Street, Covent Qarden, ' over the
Rnsief'a,' and took a cottage in Uolebrooke
Row, Islington, the New River flowing at the
foot of their garden. Lambdeacribesthe house
in a letter of i Sept. to Benard Barton [q. v.]
the qualier pwt of Woo<lbridge, who wim one
of Lamb's later friends, acquired through the
* London Maganne.' TohimmanyofLamVi
happiest letters are addressed. Meantime
Lamb was writins more lia essays, though
' '
wi^ wealcening health and increasing reet-
lessneas. Alrendy he wns considering the
chances of retirement from the India House,
and a severe Illness in the winter of 1824-6
hnvnght the matter to an issue. His doctors
nrgently supported his application to the di-
rectors, and the happy result was made known
to him in March 1825, when it was announced
that a retiring pension would be awarded him,
eonaisting of three-fourths of his salary, with
n iUght mdnotion to insure an allowant^ for
bis sister in the event of her surviving.
After thirty-three years' slavery.* he wrote
to Wordsworth, 'here am I a need man,
with 441/. a year for the remainder of my
life.* ITie fii>t use that l^nib made of his
freedom was to pay visits of varying length
in the coniitry, Hlwavs in tlie direction of lii-^
favourite; ilertfurdsuire. The brother and
tock lodgiangi oceaiiqiial ly at theOhace,
Lamb
Enfield, and two years became sole
after
tenants of the little house. Meantime the
trials of having nothing to do veir
rtal to them both. Lamb was an excel-
found great pleasure in exploring the scenery
of Hertfordshire, with the comfortiiifr re-
membrance that he was still in easy touch
with London and friends. Bat old friends
were dying, and Lamb's loyal nature found
little compensation in the cultivation of new
ones. Tluit devoted friend of hje diildhood,
Mr. Randal Norris, sub-treafiurer of the
Inner Temple, died in January 1B27, and u
the sul^ect of a pathetae letter to Ombb
Robinson To the last he called me Charley.
'
I have none to caU me Charley now.' Randal
Nofffia left two daughters, who set im a
school at A\'idford, to which village their
mother had belonged. The younger, Mrs.
Arthur Tween, wm
iraa ^11 known to the
present writer, died at an advanced age at
Widford in Jxily 1881. During the few re-
maining years of LunVs 1^ It waa a fb-
walk over to Widford and beg a half-holiday
for the ffifls and tdl them atoriee.
In 1828 Lamb obtained some literary work
of a kind thoroughly congenial. He wished
to assiat Hone, thm paMucing hia *TaUe
Book,' and undertook to make extracts (after
the model of his l>ramatic Specimens of
'
'
1808) from the Garriek plays in the Biitiah
Museum. He had written also for the Now *
Monthly Mapffasine,' in 1826, his essays called
' Popular fUlacnes.' He wrote also oeca-
sioiiiil verse, and at times in hi* happiest
and most characteristic vein, such as the
tinea ' On an Infbnt dying aa soon as bora,
written on the death of Thomas Hood's first
cluld, in 1828. Acrostics also, and other
such trifles, and album verses, became in-
creasingly in request among his young lady
friends. And in 1830, to help his friend
Moxon, then newly starting as publisher, he
made a collection of these, under the title
of ' Album Verses, with a few others.' In
the summer of 1829 t^e brother and sister
had again to change their residence. Mary's
health was steadily weakening, her attacks
and periods of absence from home became
longer, and the cares of housekeeping proved
intolerable. They moved, aooordinglv, to the
adjoining house in Enfield Chace, and boarded
with a retired tradesman and his wife, a Mr.
and Mrs. West wood. The immediate effects
were satisfactory, and fur a while Mary
Lamb seemed to improve in health and
s])irit8. But Charles meantime became less
at ease in country life. The next year brought
I himnewdistiietUBi.
Digitized by Google
 Lamb 4^ Lamb
the I^ambs had found a situation as go- marriage the ujiique attachment between
;

Terne63 in Suffolk, had a serious illness,
durinc^ ^v!licll Tjiuub visited her, and
broufliit her home, convaleacenti to Enfield.
In 1888 the Lambs noved once mors, and
for the last time. Mai-y's improvement in
health had been moraly tempozaxy. and ife
iMMsme neeeanrf lor out to he ondermon)
akilful and constant nursing. During pre-
tIous illnesses she had been placed under the
care of a Mr. and Mm
Walden, at Bay Cot-
tage, Edmonton (the parish adjoining En-
field), and now the brother and sister moved
together, to spend, as it proved, the last two
jain of their iiutod IItm under the Waldens'
roof.
In the same year Emma Isola became en-
gaged to Edward Moxon, and the marriage
took place in July 1833, leaving Charles
Lamb jet mora lonely, and without social
fnwnea. The'LeatEinyaof BliVmemly
firom the*London Magazine/ were published
the pair ;Lamb's unfailing loyalty to bit
finally friends, who often levied heavy taxes on Ua
purse Slid leisure ; his very eccentricities sod
petolaaoeiyiiidti^ghw one serious frailty^
a too careless indulgence in strong drinks
Mccited a profound pity in those who knew
the nnoeaswg domestio ^iBeiiltiM tHitdi bs
simuounted so bravely for eight-and-thirtj
years. It is likely that the necessity of pn>>
tectiug and succouring his sister acted as t
strong power oyer his will, and helpod to
preserve his sanity during the hardship of
the years thai followed. But one result of
die taint of insani^ inherited from ha
mother was that a very small amount of
alcohol was enough at any time to throw
his mind off its balance. He was afflicted,
moreover, all his life with a 1)ad stutter, and
the eagerness to fon^et theim^edunent, which
put him at a disaOvsntage in all conyena-
t ions, probably further encouraged the habit.

this jeerby Moxon, and but lor an occasional The infirmity, which has been in turn denied
oop7 of Tenee fat a ftiead's albom, Laml/B and exaggerated WfHends and enemieB,n0fr
literary career was closed. interferea with the regular performance of
In July 1834
Coleridge died, and with his official duties, or with his domestic
this event Lamb's
last surviving friend pas-sedfrom him. He resDonsibilities.
hhnaelf, more and more lonely and forlorn, The extant portraits of Lamb are the fol-
bore his heavy burden five moiitlis longer. lowing 1 By Robert Hancock of Bristol,
; .

One day in December, while walking on the 1798, drawn for Joseph Cottle in the Na- ;

Loudon Road, he stumbled and foil, slightly tional Portrait Qaller^. 2. By Wm. Hazlitt,
wounding- his face. A few days later erysi- 1805, in a fancy dress ; in the National Portrait
pelas supervened, and he had no strength Gallery. 8. By G. F. Joseph. A.H.A., 1619;
nib to battle with the disease. He passed wator^x>lour drawing made to illustrate a
away without pain, on 27 Dec. 1834, and was copy of English Bards and Scotch Rs"
*

buried in Edmonton churchyard. His sister viewers;' in the British Museum. 4. Etch-
auwifed lum noariTtbirteeii yean, dying at ing on copper by Brook Pulham, a friend oi
Alpha Road, St. John's ^^'ood, on 20 May Lamb'8 in the India Housa, 1825. 5. By
1847; she was buried beside her brother. Henry Meyer, 1820; in the India Office: oi
Oharles loft her his savings, amounting to two small replicas one is in the NatMsl
about 2,000/., and she was also entitled to Portrait Gallervand the other belongs to Sir
the pension reserved to her by the terms of Charles Dilke, bart., M.P. t>. By T. Wsgf
Lamb's retirement from the India House. man, 1824 or 1826 ; engraved in IMfoorrs
No figure in literature is better known Letters of Charles Lamb,' 1837 ; in America.
to ns than Lan)V>. His writinp?:, profw? and 7. Charles Lamb and his sister together, bjf
verse, are full ot personal rcvelutious. WoF. S. Cary, 1834 ; in the National Portisit
pooseia a body of nis oorrespondence, also of Gallery. 8. By Maclise, sketch in < Frsser's
the most confidential kind, and his triends Magasine," 1835 (cf. Lucas's Lt/e, ii. App. i.)
have left descriptiona of him irum almost Lamb's writings publi^ihed in book form
OVory point of view. He numbered among are : 1. ' Poems on Various Subjects, by &T.
his earliest fricn ds Col ri d g e S o ut hey .Words- Coleridffo, late of Jesus College, Cambridge,'
,

Worth, and among his later Proctor. Talfourd| 179ti, contains lour sonnets by Lamb signed
Hood, Leigh Hunt, Hailitt, Crabb Rohitt> *0. L./ referred to by Coleridge in his preface '

son, while mnny of his most characteristic as by * Mr. Charles Lamb of the India Houiit
letterswere written to men who have attained 2. ' Poems by S. T. Coleridge, 2nd edit., to
general hm mainly t1m>iufh Lamb's friend- whidi Bfe nowadded Poems by Charlos Lamb
ship. Notable among these are Thoma;< and (Charles Lloyd.' 1 7*>7. 3. ' Blank Verse
Manning and Bernard Barton. No man was by Charles Lloyd and Charles Lamb,' 17i^
ever more loved by a wide and yaried class 4. * A
Tale of Bosamnnd Gxavand Old Blind
<vf frionds. His lifelong di votion to his sister, M nrparet, by Charles Lamb,' 1798. 5. * John
ftir whose sake he algorad all thoughta of W
oodvil, a Iragedj, b> Charles Lamb' ACt

Digitized by Google
 Lamb
1902. 6. * Mn. Leice.-4tr's 3chool/&c, 1807,
bj ClwriM and Mary Lamb, Ohtdriw Miitri-
'Tho Witrh A>int/
biitingtlir^'f^nf thf ^rririns,
'First Going to Cliurch,' and tho Sea Voy-
tffe.' 7. 'Talea from 8hftk0pe, Ac., hj
Omrle. Lamb,' 1807. The bulk of the tnlos
were written by Maiy Lamb, Charles contri-
botinfr tbe tragdie. 8. 'The Adrentiures of
UlysB^^. by Charh".^ Lamb,' 1 9. Sp<'ci-
mensof iigii8h Dramatic Poete, with jSote-s
by Chailw Lamb,* 1806. 10.<Fbtry for
Children, entirely original, by the author of
4i9 Lamb
complete Work* and Correspondence, by the s.imo
writer, was published in six volumes (1883-8).
A fuller edition of the works and corrt sfxindetice
' of Lamb and his siHier, by Mr. E. V. Luca.s. lul-
lowed in seven volumes (1903-6), with an a.I-
miiable aadexhaustiTe life (2 vols. 1906> Mean'
while ]Cr.W.]faedoBald edited in twelve vdamee
a collective edition, illustr.itod by Messrs. Brock,
Kailton, and others (l*JU;i-4). See also Cottle's
'
Early RecoUections of Oolerid^ 1887; Fbt.
more's My Friends and Acqnaintances, 1854 ;
Hood's Literary Remiuisconces (Hood's Own, litt
ser.) ; Crabb Robinson's Diary Leigh Hunt's
;

* Mn. I^ioeetar't School." anoaTmoiti, bj '

Autobiography ; Memoirs of W. HaiUtt ^Mr. and
CharieaaiMf MarjrLamb.The Tespeetiteaham Iff*. Oowden Olarke's Recollections of Writers
of the twii writers were not indicated. A few Mary Limb, by Mrs. GilfhriHt W
C. nazlitt's
of Lamb's verses were reprinted br him in his The Lambs : new partioalank i97 ; Charles
*GQBeGtedWoff)Di*iiil8ian.PniMeDora8'
apoetical version of an ancient tale, 1811. 12. tram Dobell's Sidrlij^btA on Charles Lamb, 190S.
'
The Worksof Charles Lamb/ in 2 vols. Lon- A bibliography of Lamb's writings by Mr. E. D.

don, 1818. 18. 'EUa^EssayawIiidihaTe ap- North was appended to Martin's In t lui Footprints
of Churl-s Lamb, New York, 18y0.] A. A.
peared under that sigutiture in the " linden
k^zine/' ' 1 823. 14. ' Album Versee, wiUi LAMB, EDWABD BUCKTON (1806-
a few others,' by Oharles Lamb, ISSiO. 16. 1860), architect, bom in 1806, had a lar^
'Satan in Search of a Wife,' 1831. 18. 'The practice as an architect in the modern Gothic
Last Essavs of Elia,' 1S33. In this list are not style. From 1824 he exhibited at the Bojal
mdaded Lamb's occasional contributions to Academy; showing in 1868 a deaign fm the
periodical literature,8uch as albums and keep-Bmithileld Martyrs" Memorial Church in St.
sakes, prologues, and epilogues to plays, and John Street, ClerkenwelL^ Some of his
the like. Lamb's ehilaren's books (for God- designs were published in li^ograph^.
win) also include 'Hie King and Queen of Lamb publinlied in 1830 * Etchings* J ithio f (

Hearts ^slight anonymous verses to illus- Ornament,' in four parte, and in 184H Stu-
'
'

trations Dv Mulready), 1S06 (edited in fac- dies of Ancient Domestic Architecture, prin-
simiie by IC. V. UumBf 1902). It is impro- cipally selected from Original Drawings in
bable that Lamb was responsible for anotlier the Collection of Sir W. Burrell.' He died
aoonymous volume in verce issued by Uod- at his residence in Hinde Street, Manchestw
wiH aboat 1811, H< imty and the Beiist/ Square, on 80 Aug. 1860.
'

which was reprinted, with preface by Shep- [Royal Academy Cat>iloguPS.] L. C.

herd, 1880, and by Andrew Lang, 1887.
[Excepting short, memoirs, which appeared af-
tn>Lamb's denth, by For8tr,Muion, B. Field.and
others, the first biography wa Talfourd'n Lettra
of CL^rles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life, 1887.
Aftar Umrj Lsmb's death, in 1 847, Talfoaid pro-
daeed a supplenentary rolome, the Final Memo-
rial'- of Olnrlts I^itnb, 1848. An independent
Biemuu-, Lmsed upon persooal recoUsetions, by
Btrry Carowall-Charles Lamb, a MeBMrfr ap-
p^arwi in 186G. In 1868, .ind fyrain in 1875, Tal- from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1803.
(cxird's two books wert- nissuod, digo^t^l into a
eootiaiKms narrative, with many udditiona, pre- was secretary of lection
LAMB, FKEDEKICK
JAMES, third
VxscoirsT Mblboubitb andBABOirBi&VTAUl
(17aS>-lB'i.T), the third tioii of Peui.ston, flirt
viscount Melbourne, was bom on 17 ^nl
1782, and waa educated at Eton. In 1800^
together with his brother William [q. v. ',he
became a resident pupil of Professor Millar
of Glasgow University (Lord Melboum^a
Fapen, p. 6). Lamb took his M.A. degree
lie entered the diplomatic service ; in 1811
in lb 12 minister;

Ixed to new editions of the Works, the second of plenipotentiary ad interim at the court of the
tbflss edited by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald. In 1886 Two SiciUds; "in 1813 secretary of legation
Mr, W. r. Hiizlitt oditfJ Afre.Mli Ta]f<iurd"n two at Vienna; in August minister plenip iten-
works, agHiD digested intoone,with additions, both
tiary ad interim pending the arrival oi Lord
Is the let ters and TaMbmS'i own tait. Msaiitinie,
Stewart, afterwards Marquis of London-
in !^75, Mr. Ch irle? Kent profixor? <\ short rao-
derry; and from 1816 to 1820 minister
rooirot Ltfimb to lioutledge's one-volume Centen-
filpinp'itt'iitiary at Munich, In T*"22 he
ary Edition of the Works, adding several new
fieUt of int^TCKt, inoloding a letter from Fani^ was sworn of the privy council, and in
Kelly regarding the essay Barbara 8.' In 1 882 1827 was nominated a civil Q.O.B.
'
From
the irnt wriKT fumif<b(^d the mrmoirof Lamb \^ F' bruaiy 1825 to 1H27 he was mini.^ter
ia the MsB of Letters Seriea, siaos mised and nlenipotentaary to Spain, and was (2b De-
1888. AaanotatededitkNioflMsb'a eanber 1887) aentlo Liabon aa aaibaMdor.

Digitized by Google
 Lamb 430 Lamb
To defeat the purpose of Dom Miguel, '
spent in retirement of a raletudinariMi;
tlio
the (jueen's uncle, to usurp the throne, be 1 he had a great liking for political gosaip, and
detained, on his own reeponsibilitj, the Bri- I carried on a correspondence with Mndnmedo
tish force whidi had beea sent to Portugal. Lievmi. He succeeded to Lord Mflbonme'^
The Wellington ministry endorsed the act of title in May lt<48, and died on L*9 Jan. \)sh\.
their representative, but decided nevertheless Beauvale'a esUitets devolvwl on Lady Pal-
on recalling the troops (LamVa de^atohes merston, and through her to the present
are in vol. xvi. of the iSte^tf Pa/)**; see also Earl Cowper, his titles becoming extinct
Abhlet, Palmfirstoity i. 180-1). He woa in Lady Beauvale married seoondiy, on 10 June
England in August 1838, ^vliMi he nwde no I860,Johm Gooige^ aeand Inooh FomtMi
secret of his opinion that our government ' [Oreville Journals, especially the elaborate
had acted ' vetr ill and foolishly in first en- |
ohaxaetar of Beauvale in pU iii. voU i. pp. 3A-7.
oouragin^uidinon aboadoiiiiig the wretched |
For hia appointmsfiita wa Bjaydn** BoA f
constitutionalists to their fate' (Grevillb, Dignities. The fact of his career are corrseUy
i. 141). On Uie ftumationof Urey's ministry, given in the Annual Keg. and Uent. Mag. m
Lamb aoomied much influenoe OTor his bro- 1868.} L.a&
ther, Lord Melbourne, the home secrotary, LAMB, QEORGE(1784-1884), politician
although Melbourne was rather jealous and and writer, fonrth nntl youngest son of Penis-
perplexed by Frederidfi seme etriefemeson ton, first Tiscount Mel bourne, was bom 1 1 July
tbe whigs. On 13 Mav 1831 he was ap- 1784. At Ibe age of two be petnted wu w
pointed ambassador at the court of Vienna, Maria Tosway as the infant Bacoliu- Lamb
'
'

where he remained until November

...
1841, his was educated at Eton, and at Trinity Ool'
... ,

idioitnesa and social al qualitjes enabling him Oamhridge (M.A. 1808). In the
^
,
1

to work well with year Liora -Minto met iiini at dinner at Lord
policy was entirely congenial to him. He was iBessborough's, and recorded that he was
very handsome, and made nuiay friends. In ' merely a good^atured lad,' something Uke
1830 he was directed by the government to the Prince of Wales (Minto, lAfe andLettm,
spund. the Duke of Wellington upon the iii. 361). He was called to the bar at Lin-
Eastern queetion, aad drew up an able paper, coln's Inn, and went the northern circuit for
which pliritcd from the duke a reply dated a short time, but soon abandoned law Ibr
6 March 1836 {Lord MaUHmme's Papers, p. literature. Ho was one of the earlier con-
848). In 1880 be waa eraatod a peer of the tributors to the
{

Edinburgh Review,' and

'

United Kingdom by the title of Baron Beau- in consequence was satirised by Byron in
I

Tide. During the following year he was his English Bards and Sooteb<
Seviewen'
strongly opposed to Palmetston'k Syrian I

(1809) in the passage-

\

policy, and told the ministry that he con- to benrfdsA

sidered it impossible to execute the con-
Bf Jsfte/sbsaclk v Lanbte BcsoHaa bl
vention for the maintenance of the integrity
of the Port. Nevertheless, he carried out The expression waa afterwards allowed by
Palmerston's instructions with great ability Byron to have been unjust (Moorb, Byron,
(see especially Parliamentan/ Paper$, 1841, p. 81). Lamb was a good amateur actor
xxix.) When the ecUis had abated, (MiB8BBRBT,/oiwiini^iLS8S),andon 10 April

Beauvale if Greville was correctly informed 1807 his t woact comic opera, ' Whistle for
suppressed a despatch of Palmerston's in it,' was produced at Covent Garden, and per-
wbira tbe Taoillation of the Austrian cahi- fonnad sobm three times. It was printed in
was reviewed in a very offensive style the same year, and is above mediocrity. To-
(GtaanmxE, ^t. it. vol. ii. p. 389). It was gether with Byron and Douglas Kinnaird he
possibly at tbs time that Bfeiboume sent him waa member of tbe committee of manage*
a hint through Lady Westmorland that he ment of Drury Lane in 1815, and wrote tne
could not remain at Vienna if he opposed prologues to the revivals of old EngUah
Falmerston so often. plays, bnt almost gave up prologuising whflB
On his retirement in 1841 Beauvalo re- nyron compared Iiim to Upton, who wrots
ceived a pension of 1,700/. He had the good the songs for Astley's(M<H>&B Bunm^jf. 288).
fortune 'at sixty years old, and with a braken Hjb adratation of 'Timon of Atbens' wu
and enfeebled constitution,' to marry, on produced on 28 Oct. 1816, and published in
26 Feb. 1 84 1 , * a charm ing ^rl of twenty,' the the same year with a preface, in which it is
Countess Alexandrine Juha, daughter of the described as ' an attempt to restore Shak^
Count of Maltzahn, the Prussian minister at spears to the stage, with no other omiBBioBS
Vienna fsho was bom in 1818), Grevillb do- tnan puch as the refinement of manners hw
scribes her unceasitigdevotion to him, and her rendered necessary' (Gbnbst, HUt. oj tkt
gil^ftebiadeath. Baanvaln'alaatyaainweit aftyt, viii 6M-6> In 1881 Iw tiiadtO|t
,

Digitized by Google
 i^aml) 4SI Lamb
Moore to write a play on LaUa Rookli *
1616, and M.A. as a member of St. Mary Hall
(MooKE, Diaryf in. 294). In the same yeW fal 1619-20 (ib. vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 341). He
J..ani)i pul)liflhed his mosf imporfnnf litorary became chaplain to ThonuiH Wriothe.'^ley, earl
work, The Poems of Caius \ aieriua Catullu6
' of Southampton. On 'J'A Julj 1660 he was
translated, irithaFtaliMse and Notes' (2 vols. installed prebendary of Westmiaiter (Lb
Though it was savagely nttncked in *
Blacli- N EVE, Fofti, ffl. Harflv, iii. 360), was cn-utpd
wood's Magazine' for 21 Aug. (ix. 507-16, D.l). at f)xford on ! Aug. following, and on
eridenfcly bv Christoph' r Nortb), the trans- 4 Jan. 1662-3 prenented to the reotOKJ
lation has the merit of smooth vt'rsification of St. Andrew, I lolbom. Ue died on 18 Oct
and some preten.^ions to scholarship. It has 1664, and waa buried on the 20th in West-
been republished in Bohn's ClasaioflilLilbfftljr'
' minster Ablx>y, leaving a widow, Elisabeth*
(lSo4). Lamb is suiJ to have Mrritten soma of the Bromfield &mily of Kent (CHBsrrEB,
minor poems, but thty were never collected. Regi$ter of Westrmmter Abbey, p. 161). He
On the death of Sir S. Romilly in 1819, bequeathed many of his books to the Ahbe;f
(..iinb was persuaded to stand for Westmin- library. In the Bodleian Librair are the
ster in the whig interest against the radicals following manuscripts by Lamb : 1. ' Gram-
Hobhouse andliftjor Cartwriglit. He wm matica Arabica,' 3 vols. 4to. 9. 'Danielis
elected, after a very disorderly contest, lB.t- Prophetipe liber, Syrioce,' 4to. 8. ' Col-
ing fifteen days, having polled 4,465 vote.s, lectanea ad Lexicon Arahicum spectaatia,'
against IIobhouHu's 3,861 and Cartwright's 4 yoIb. obloBg 8vow 4k. ' TkaSo VrbofuB
?pf< i An Authentic Narrative of the Events Arabioorum/ evo.
qf
the H tHmiTuter Electionf published by order [Weod's AtheM 0a. (BlimXiti. 688.]
f Hobhouse's oonuotittefc; A^hlbt, PeUtner-
tUm, x. 87). At thp ^'onrral election of 1820
be was defeated, the numbers being : Burdett LAMB, 8b JAHBB BLAND (1T5I8^
1824), politician tad misoeDiBMMif mdtor.
6,337. HobheoM 4^2, Lamb In
Jane 1826 he was returned for Dungarvan,co. [See BUKGEB.]
Waterfurd, a borough of the Duke of Pevon- LAMB, JOHN,DJ). (1780-186OV master
hiK's. In 1830, ea the fiNilBttkimi of Orey'i of Oorpu Christi CoUesB, Cambridge, and
minifttry,he becnme imder-secretary of state dean of Bristol, bom at Ixworth, Suffolk, on
to his brother, Lord lielboume [see Lamb, 28 Feb. 1789, was son of John Lamb, per-
WnuAii], in the home de|wctment. He ?etual curate of Ixworth, Tieev of Haxey,
contrived to keep on good terms with U'Con- iinooliishire, and rector of Stretton, Rutland^
aaU, who in 1831 offered to bring him in free by liis wife Maria, daughter of William Hovell
of CBpeiiMinreo. Wttarford ( (yOmndtM Lift 6i Backwell Ash, Suffolk. He studied aft
and TtmUf ed. Ktrpatrick, i. 259). He con- Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he
tinued, however, to represent Dungarvan. graduated B.A. in 1811 as fifteenth and Last
Ib Peeember 1890 be wm
eent by Lord Mel- wrangler, and proceeded M.A. in 1814, BLD.
bourne- to rcquo^t Francis Place [q. v.] to in 1822, and D.D. in 1827. In 1822 he was
iaeufi a manifesto to the working classes chosen master of hie college^ in sucoessi<Mk to
gMMtteteef tiolence. Place, a aonnd zmdi^ PhUip Douglas, BJ>. la 1884 be was pre-
cal, declined to take the advice of a luke- sented by the college to the perpetual curacy
wenn reformer {Flaee MSJS. L 86 ). He died of St. Benedict in Cambri<Le on 20 Oct.
;

cm 9 Jul 1884. Lamb married, 17 May 1887 be was nominated b^ the crown to th
1809, Caroline Rosalie Adeliiidt* St. Jules, deanery of Bristol and
; m 1845 ha was iiH
bttt no ieeuei His married life wae one Btituted, on the presentation of the dean and
of fiMt h a ppinem, eiidi biBi iaifnaUy chapter of Briatoi, to the vioarue ofOivestoa,
popular as an amiable and Und'heartedaMMIk Gloucestershire, which he heUTtill hia death
[G* nt. M.ip. 1884, i. 437-S, where, however, with his maaterahip and deanery. In politica
Charles Lam b'H fan'o. Mr. H.,'i wrongly attri-
' he maintaiiied whig principlaa He died on
bateJ to George Lamb Torrens's Memoirs uf
;
19 April 1850, at the lodge of Corpus Christi
L-d Mrihonnie. %6L u am.] p UO,Q. CoUeg^Cambridge, and waa boned in a vault
nndsr Uie ooUege uapeL
LAMB, JAMES (1609 Um), orientalist, He married, on 19 March 1822, Anna,
baptised on 2 Fth* 15U8-9 in All Saints daughter of Jamea Hutohinaon| rector ol
parisb, Oxford, mm mm of Riehud Lunb,
Cranford, NorthamptoiiBbire, aod bad iaaiw
oy hi* >j concl wife. After attending Mag-
ten sous and four daughters. One of the aons,
dalen Voil^ school he matriculated as a
John Lamb, was a fellow and bursar of Gh)^
mmmtmn of Bneeaon OoUe^B on 9 July ille and Oaliia Gollege, Cambridge; and
161-'! O r/. Univ. Heg., Oxf. Hi.^. Soc, vol. ii.
( another, James IL nry Tiamb, waa a fellow
ft, ii. p. aai), and graduate fi.A. in 1616- of Christ's Coll^pa, Uam bridge, and rector of

Digitized by Google
 Lamb 48t
Burnham-WeHtgate, Norfolk. One of the
dfttigliters, Emily, married Norman Macleod
Ferrers, D.I)., formerly master of QtmTiUe
and Caius College.
His workfl are: 1. 'An Historical Account
of the XXXIX Articles/ Camhridire, 1829,
4to; second edit. 1835, 4to. 2. xMasters's
'
Hiatoiy of the College of Corpus Christ i in
tho University of Cambridge ; with addi-
tional matter and a continuation to the pre-
sent time,' Oambridp^e, 1881, 4to. 3. 'He-
brew Characters derived from Hieroglyphics.
The originid pictorea applied to the inter-
pretation of various WOnu and passages in
the Sacred Writings, and especially of the
History of the Creation and Fall of Man,'
Ijondon, 1835, 8vo; eocoiul edit. Cambridge,
1835, 8vo. 4. 'The Table of Abydoa cor-
rectly interpreted : corroborative of the
Chronology derived from the Sacred Writ-
ings,' London, 1836, 8vo. 5. A Collection
of Letters, Statutes, and other Documents
from the MS. Library of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, illustrative of the History of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge during the tune of the
Reformation, from a.d. md. to MBIZXU.,'
London,! 838, 8vo. 6. 'ThePhscnomenaand
Diosemeia of Aratus, translated into English
Vne, witli Notes/ London, 1848, 8vo.
[Private information; Gont. M;ig. new scr. ix.
338, xxxiii. 667; Oradoati Cantabr. (Roniilly)
LeVm^Buti (Hardy), i. 225, 445, iii. 682.]
T. 0.
LAMB, M.\HY ANN (17<!} 1847),
sister of Charles Lamb. [See under Laub,
LAMB, Sib MATTHEW (1706-1768),
politiciftn, Recond son of Matthew Lamb or
Lambe, an attorney of Southwell, and the
legal adviser of the Ookes of Melbourne Hall.
Derbyshire, wn;* born in 1705, was educatea
to the law, and was called to the bar at Lin-
eoln's Inn. Robert, bishop of Peterborough,
was his elder brother. In 1734 the death
of his unde Feni.<4ton Lamb, who had been a
QeoesiAil ' pleader under the bar,' placed him
in the pos-joasion of a considerable fortune.
He rapidly extended hia business became
tiie confidential adTinr of Lord Salisbury
and Lord Egmont, and nceording to 11 ay-
ward {Celebrated Stateemen, i. 332), feathered
Ilia nest at their expense. He was probably
4he Councillor Lam b of Lincoln's Inn who in
1788 was appointed solicitor to the revenue
of tlie post office (Gmti. Mm. 1738). Two
years later he married Miss Charlotte Coke,
who, on the unexpected death of her brother,
Geo^ Lewis Coke, in 1761, inherited Mel>
bourne Hall. He acnuirt^d Brocket Hnll,
H^fordshire, by purchase from the repre-
Lamb
sentatives of 8irThomasWinninfjton in 1746.
Lamb was already in parliament, having been
returned for Stockhridpp in 1711. and he was
elected for Teterborough in 1747, which
borougli he renreMttfeed until his death. On
17 .Tan. 1755 ho was created a baronet, and
in the following year removed from Red Lion
Square to Sackville Street, Ploeadillj. He
died on 5 Nov. 17f?8, leaving property esti-
mated at nearly half a million, besidee half s
million in ready money. Lamb had three
children: Peniston, who siicceeded to ihv
baronetcy, and was created iirst lord (177U)
and Twcount (1781) Iblboome in the Irish
peerage ; Charlotte, who married Henry,
second earl of Fauconberg, in 17ti6, and died
in 1790; and Amn, who died imiiiafried is
1768.
[Torrens's Memoirs of Lord Melbooma, voL i.
chap. i. ; Lofd Mdbouiia'a Papsi% ad. SandsHC
chap, i,] 1,0,8.
LAIIB^ WILLIAM, second Visooxnrt
MBLBOTTRin? (1 779- 1 848), second son of Peni.*-
ton, first viscount Melbourne (1748-1819),
by Elisabeth (1749-1818), only daughter of
Sir Ralph Milbanke, bart., of Halnaby, York-
shire, was bom 15 March 1779. His father,
son ot Gfir Matthew Lamb [q.T.], iolMfilad
a large property, which he promptly squan-
dered. He was member for Ludgershall in
the Honaad Oommons from 1768 to 1784,
when he was a silent follower of Lord North.
He afterwards sat for Malmesbury and New-
port, Isle of Wight (1784-93); was created
an Irish baron in 1770 by the title of Lord
Melbourne of Kilmore, and an Irish yisoount
in 1781. He was appointed gentleman of
the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales in
1784, and created an English peer m1815.
Lady MellKMiiiM(who was nairiad IS April
1769) was a remarkable woman. Though
Horace Walpole thought her affected (XMer,
ed. Cundngtiiin, fu. 63), and die was the
object of some scandal (Wkaxall, Memoin,
ed. Wheatiey, v. 870 ; Hatward, Celebrate
< n
8te<aswi ,ik 886 ; and Gbbvillb. pt. ii. voL
iii. p. 241), Byron on her death, 6 April 1 81 R,
called her '
the best, and kindest, and ablest
female I have e?er known, old or yonng'
fMooRB, Byron, p. 379; see also p. 208).
The rise of the faniily was due to her brilUaafc
qualitiea. Slie was thrkse painted hj Rey-
nolds in 1770, mezzotint by Finlayson, and
;
twice in 1771, tM^ther with her eldest child,
Paniston (born 8 May 1778). Hmflnt pie>
ture was eno^ved by Watson ; the oeoOM^
' Maternal Affection, by Dickinson.
Wflliam Lamb *was Ida mothei't ftiroarila
child, and she set herself to form his cha-
racter. His childhood was paased at Brocket
Digitized by Go
 Lamb 43S Lamb
HlI,Hertford8hira,iuidat Melbourne Flouse, lowing March he began to ke p a iliarv,
Ileetdillj (now the Albany), which was pur- which he oootinned diirinp: in t wo fol- t

"
from Ix)rd Holland in 1 770, and be- ; lowincr yrnrs. It reconh tli duwiirall of '

important whig centre. In 1790 he

.
the Talents administratinn, in (l>.'l<. nce of
' '

m paintecl hv Keynolcis, together with his
brothers P ni^ton and Fredftrick 'q. v."^, in
the picturu ' The Affectionate Brothers '
(mB HatMV, AMMnngraphy, ii. 848, and
C. \\ AutnhiiUjraphicnl Ticcull/ ctin^^
! whose conduet Lamb on 9 April seconded
'
a rcfnlution move<l hy Mr. nraiul. At the
j
general ekction he was returned for Port-
arlington (23 May 1807). He had now lost
!
his boyish zt'fil for Napoleon, and took a deep

pp. Icid, 170). 'Hm picture was ^igraved bj 1 interest in tho success of the Peninsular war-
Mttcrfoni Mid R H. Heynolda I went to Thongh he|
ravely spoke, he waa selected on
Fr. in iu I7'J0. where he renrhed th-' cixth 31 Dec. 1810 to movf an nracndment tO the
form, and in Juir 179G wius entered al'ellow- Kegeacy iiilL His .speech was oommended
eonmoaer of OoUego, Cambridge, by Canning, whom,
'frinity spite of emij |M- m
goinL' intn re.-i<1enrn m the following fV'tober.
judices, he nad already hopfim fo folhnv. In
Ue wii also entered at Lincoln's Inn on consequenoe of this, when Lamb lost his seat
SI July 1 797. In IficfanelmM tonn 1788 he in 1819 Ibr hia suppeit of eatboHeemaneip*-
won he Trinitv dpehini Ltion prize by an ora- tion, Brougham wnito to Grey that his de-
J

tion on ' The Progressive Improvementa of feat at the polla was not to be regretted
which wna pvnised
IfanlriMl,'
House of Commons ( Speeches of
V ^
C. J. Fo.v,
{Bruiffkmn'74^ md Tmrn, u. 35. (>.
Lamb wfi s out of parliament for tour years.
L472). He proceeded to his degree on 1 July In 1B13 his wife's temper led him to attempt
1790, spent most of his tima tt Cum- a separation, which was not, howerer, earned
bridge in pnrat'' study. Tie wrote an' Epistle outtilllN25. From rertnin entries in his corn-
to the Editor of the Anti-Jaoobin*' poMuhed monplace-book, quoted iu Lord Melbourne's '

intin'Mocninf Obioniclo'of 17 Jan. 1708, Papers' (pp. 71, 72), it may be gathered
sharplyanswered by Canninp,and an epilogue that the luislMinil and wife wore from the
I

to SharkUn s * JPisarro,' prfunned at Prory first an ill-assorted couple. Lamb was or>
Lane on 94 My 1790. In tin wmtier of tunlTahind,if too ii^ulgent, hnAftttd. He
1790 he went with his brother Frederick to sought distraction from domeatic troubles in
i

Glasgow aa a Teaident pupil of Professor sport, society, and literature. He was an

i

Millar. Hi* Isltan to Ins mother (Lord exoeuent shot, and somettiag of ft field n-
I

Meiboume's Pafiers, -p^. fy-SO) show that he tur;ili^t. But literature was his chief solace,
worked hard and took a keen interest in and his oonunonplaoe-book contains a record
i

fiteratvre. At tlie same time hs wi intlMr * of his sludiaa, whidi oralnwjed the greater
precocious and an e\t reino whiu: in hi.^i oppoRi- ^rt of the cla&?iir,s and many English his-
tkm to the French war. He wrote many torians. No reooxd of hia theological reading
i

rersee at this time, oontribnted to the' Bugle,' baa been nresorted. Hts rsiaotions on society,
|

a weekly paper, written by tbo t^Micsts at In- su^pc^itea by his studies, are couched in a very
'

verary rastle,under the editorship of 'Monk' cynical vein. Inspiteof his learning, however,
Lewis (Memoin of M. Q. Lnei*, u IdO), and m
shrank firom authorship, though bo was an
|

wrote an epilogue on ' The Advanta^s of occasional contributor to Jordan's ' Literary
'

W:.. n..'<.i k"ok;ki^

INiaor 'for Minn ueny's'faahionableFnends,' Gazette (Jbbda, Autobicpravhtf, ii. 284-0,

'

etfld May 1802 (see Mi Btny'i Jmmal, where a noem of Lamb's is identified), and
iL 196). Lamb was called to the bar in wrote a sketch of the early part of Sheridan's
Michaelmas term I804,and went the northern Gilitical lite, which in 1819 he handed over to
drcuit. At the Lancashire semiona he was oore (MooRB, Diary, ii. 306, 306). Lamb
mneh pleased at receiving a complimentary subsequently regretted the step (Mrs. Nob*
,

brief tnrough Scarlett (Lord Abinger). On ton, in Macmillant Magazine, vol. iii.)
;

the death of his elder brotber Peniston, on Lamb was returned to the House of Com*
;

34 Jan. 1805, he gave up the bar for polities. mens on 10 April 1 81 6 as member for Nort h-
'

On 3 June he married Lady Caroline Pon- ampton, and on 29 Nov. 1819 waa elected
sonby, only daughterof thethirdEarl of Bess- one of the members for Hertfordshire, but
borough, by whom he had been prcvionaly retired from a contest for Hertford borough
|

ngected [see Lamb, Ladt CarolinbJ. in 1825, because the electors preferred the
On 31 Jan. 1B06 Lamb was returned for uncompromising radicalism of Thomas Don*
Laoininster in the whig intSBSt. Soon combe [q. v. 1 Hehadmadelittb m irkasyet,
iif^^rward he inscribed some passable lines though Casttereagh and the regent ami otlj.-rs
on the pedestal of the bust of Charles James foresaw his future eminence, lie wan a luke-
!

Qn
10 Dee. 1^06 he made hia maiden warm whig, and though in 1819 he siipport<>d
moTvr of thn addnas. la the fi^ Loid AldiM|p!t motion fiaraninQuiry into the
rh as 1

TOI^ XL F F

Digitized by Google
 Lamb 434
Iftteof tbe oountTy^lieToted against h is part j
for the Suspension oftliu Haljeas Corpus Acts
in 181&and supported the Six Acta la 1819-
1820^ Ills eommonplaoe-book sbtma that he
was in favour of catholic emancipation anrl
agaijut reform. When Canning became prime
minister in 1827, a vacancy was found for
Lamb at Newport, Isle of Wight (24 April),
and he was appointed Irish secretary, taking
his seat for Bletchingley on 7 May. His
tennre of ofRce was unimportant, thoiigh he
was a popular secretary, and though a memo-
randum, dated 19 Sept. 1827, exhu)it8 a oon-
flidenible knowledge of affairs (Tobrens, i.
241-6). O'Connell hoped that he would
'
un-oran^ Ireland,' and was anxious to
iflOttM his retam for Dublm {CfConnelts
Correp<mdmce, ed. Fitzpatrick, i. 148-9).
After the departure of Wellesley, the lora-
lisBttont, early in December, he carried on
the povflrnment of the country, and had to
face tbe renewal of the agitation for emanci-
paitioii. Lamb left Ireland in January 1828,
and consented to retain office under the new
prime minister, the Duke of Wellington. His
Ittters to the home secretary, Sir K. Peel, fa-
voured the administration of Ireland through
the ordinary law (Peel, Memoirs, pt. i. pp.
94>46^. In April, however, after more thwi
one mmistGrinf crisis, he and the other Cfin-
ningites resigned in consequence of the
division on the BMlBefefordBUL Lamb had
voted with the government, hut followed his
friends into opposition * because he thought it
yrm moM necessary to stand by them whaa
they were in the wrong than when they were
in the right' (Gbbvillk, pt. ii. vol.iii. p. 876).
George IV communicated through Bulwer
(Lord Dalling) his special wish that Lamb
should remain, but he aeclined (Bxtlwbr, Pal-
wUnton, i. 272). Upon his father^s death Mel-
bourne took his sent in the House of Lords on
1 Feb. 1829, and on the 24th spoke on the bill
fortlie suppression of the Oamlie Aasoeiatton.
IntheMichaelmasterm he appeared before the
court of king's bench as co-respondent in an
action fat dmiw bfongfat by Lord Brandon,
but the ease was non-suited, and in the
ecclesiastical court it was withdrawn. On
1 Feb. 1830 he spoke on the Portuguese quea-
t ion, hut his speech was a failure, owing to his
limited knowledge of the subject (Qrbvillb,
i. 977). In Julj 1830 overtures to rejoin the
government were made to Melbourne and the
other Canningites, but they had thrown in
their lot with the whigs.
In the Grey ministry Melbourne was
appointed home secretary (19 Nov. 1880).
Crrerille's fint opinion was ' Melbourne too
idle,' but he soon becnme quite enthnsiattio
in hit ilaTOiir,aud a aimilar viow is to be found
Lamb
in Sydney Smith'afeeondlettertoArehdeMoa
Singleton (SrDiTEr Smith, Workj(, p. 62.'7).
In dealing with a country on the vexge of
revolution, be veHed upon die ocdinaiy lew
as administered by the magistrates, (ispocially
in the north. lU tlie aotttn, where rick-bum-
ing was prevalent, he deetined to employ
spies, hut the machinery-brf nk^rs of Hamp-
shire were auppreased by militaiy force, and
a Bpeoal eoBuniasiOB brought one thooaand
incfividuals to justice at Winehoster. Tli
Briatol rioters were treated in the same
ikdiion. He had neat diffienlty in pnnuid-
ing William IV that special leg-islation wn
unadvisable in the case of political anioM^
such as that of Birmingham. But hedi^
suaded Burdett from taking part in the
National Political Union at Westminster,
and induced the other leaders to abandon a
monster meeting which had been fixed for
7 Nov. The union was pronounced an illegal
body on 22 Nov., but continued its proceed-
ings. Melbourne only supported the Reform
Bill because he felt it to be inevitable.
Though opposed to a ereation of peers, he
took little interest in the attempt of the
waverers to arrange a compromise (Grevillb,
ii. 264). When the bill passed he thought
that its result would be a prevalence of the
'
blackguard interest in parliament' (Paper$,
p. 146^. On the appointment of the factory
commission of 183$, Melbourne, after they
had been at work for two months, insisted
on their reporting in a week. Meanwhile
diatmbaaoes contmued in the agtieultanl
districts, and in 1884 the conviction and
transportation of the six Dorsetshire labourers
for administering illegal oafthi aaoosed great
indignation. The trades imion of fjondon
got up a monster demonstration (21 April),
whieb proBonted itself at Whitehall as a
deputation demanding the recall of the
labourers. Melbourne calmly refused to re-
eeife iL and the unionists were pemnded
trmarcn on to Newington. As home secre-
tary Melbourne was the cabinet minister re-
sponsible for the administration of Ireland.
Though he was at first willinpf that O'Connell
should be master of the rolls, he soon saw that
no terms were to be made with him, and ap-
proved of the suppression of his meetings and
of his arrest. He also instructed Anglesey,
the lord-lieutonant, to enforce with vigoar
the law for the coll5tion of tithe, and was a
strong advocate of the Coercion Bill of 1833.
On the resignitioD of Aogleasy be deoUaed
the lord-lieutenancy. He appears ixy have
been averse to the subsequent modifications
of the Tithe Bill, and wished the Cosfw
cion Bill to be reintroduced in it? in'egrity.
Hence he was very angry when Weiie&ley,
Digitized by Google
 Lamb
on the private ad-
the lord-lieutenant, acting
vice of Brouffham, recommended the aban-
teunentof the claiues for the sufipressioii of
mpetinps (19 June 18.34), esppcmlly as the
latter was addressed to the prime minis-
tttf not to hiaMelf. The ministry resigned
ijTer tlie misunderstandinpf thus produced,
and Melbourne never forgave Weilesley or
On the resignation of Grpy Melbourne was
, his way to a coalition with Stanley. He wa
sominoaed by the Msg. and obeyed, having
aaoeftuned Vaalk LeoMOwiie noold not be ham, and OXToaneU
premirr. He declined to form a coalition
with Wellington, Peel, and Stanley, and re-
eonstrnetecl the old mfmafcry, plaeing Dun-
Cannon, with a seat in the lords, at the home
offiroe, and making Hobhouso first commis-
ioiMr of woods and foteats (Letter to the
king of iry July 1834 in Mrlhnnmc Paperfi).
A eoeancion bill was passed minus the meet-
niM elanaee, the loMa threw oat tiie Tithe
I 'ill]
, !i nd pari
i ni ont was prorogued on 1 5 A iig.
ri
it was evident that the government was fast
htealring up. (yOoaoefl, -whom Mclbonnie
thoiirrht irreconcilable, published a violent
attack on the whigs ; Lansdowne threatened
resignation beeanee of Uunden eonneefeed
with the Irish poor-law commission nnd ; form a minlstn,, fin once more refused to
Brouffham raised a storm of criticism by his
tour mScotland and ottblio altercation with
Ehxrhnm. Lord John Rufjsvn al.^o qnamillod
with lJurham, and, without consulting Mel-
booroe, obtained from the king permiseion
to Tindicate himself in parliament. Hence
the king was evidently pieiudioed against
the Hiinistry, and when Attborp*B removal
to the npper house necessitatod a rf'coii si nic-
tkm of tne cabinet, he readily availed him-
self of Melbourne's hint that be was ready to
resign. An audience at Brighton on 1 4 Nov.,
atwliich the king expressed alarm at the in-
noiry into the Irish church, and thought
tkat Russidl would make 'a wretched figure'
as leader of t he commons (Stocuc ar, i. 829),
was followed by a letter dismissing the minis-
try. Melbourne bore the summons to Wel-
Hnr'on, and wrote that night to Grey: 'I
am act surprised at his (the king's) decision,
aordo I know that I can entirely condemn it.'
Tncpns*:'d by Brougham's communication to
the 'Times,' the king insisted on theresigna-
Haa of the ministry before their successors
wnr*' appointed. His conduct in that in-
stance was high-handed, but throughout the
coaia he at^edlesa tmadTiaedly than is atatod
in most histories.
Melbourne refused an earldom and the
Garter, and ret red to Melbourne House. At
i Durham's mission to St. Peteiaharg, and Si?
Derby he made two speeches in explanation
of hie position, the second of wnich was
*
hj OraviUato beafetiMStetioDof
435 Lamb
the first, compelled by the monacea and re-
proach&s of iJuncannon (Gi;eviu.b, iii. 170).
But the speech does not bear ot this oon-
clusion. Before Christmas he was in the
neighbourhood of London, and in corre-
spondenee with Ore^ and Holland. HoUsnd
was eager for an immediate attack on th.'
Peelflovemment. Melbourne hesitated, being
afraid of tadieal violence, and nnaUe to see
determined, however, that Brougham, Bur-
slionld be excluded from
a future liberal government, and e.xplaiiiH 1
his reasons to the first in remarkably plain
terms. He was also strongly opposed to the
negotiations with O'Connell, of whir^h Dun-
cannon was the asent, and which had issue
is the ao-oalled Liehfleld House compact.
But he acquiesced in the opposition to tlu-
reflection of Manners Sutton as the speaker,
thoQgh he found the fiyal ddma of S|)ring
Rice and AbercrnmhydiAenlt to adjust, and
appears to have raised no olgaetions to the
Appropriation reaolutimi, on which Fsel was
forced to resign (8 X^tW l>i.35).
Melbourne was agam summoned, together
with Lansdowne, aner Grey had declined to
l
form a coalition government. The great seal
waa plaeed in oommisston in order to soothe
Brougham's ft plinps. Init Melbourne wjvs un-
snccesafol in persuading Qrey to accept, and
Palmeraton to relinquish, the fartAfpn <mlce.
At the samo timo lie had some difhculty in
disposing of the king's objections, which em*
braced any attempt to meddle with the ^sh
church, or to alter the royal household. On
18 April, however, the arrangements were
complete, and Melbourne's second government
began, supported only by a small majority in
the commons, and opposed by the pronounced
hostility of the king and a strong majority^ in
the House of Lords. Lord Mulgrave's vice-
regal entry into Dublin, at which banners
bearing inscriptions in favour of repeal were
reelydisplayed,gave great offence. The lords
rejected the appropriation clauses of the Irish
Tithe Bill, and the measure was lost after
Melbourne had made an important speech in
its favour {Hansard, 20 Aug. IB.^T). The
legislative measure of the session wa.s that
for the reform of the municipal corporations,
which became law in spite of the profuse
amendments of Lyndhurst, and though the
kingwished to proceed by granting n(>w char-
ters rather than by act of parlinment. The
king's anger also found vent on the occasion of
Charles Grey's appointment as member of
the Canadian commission. On the first oc-
oaiioB Halhoama manfiilly took tiia blama
111
Digitized by Google
 Lamb
upon liinu-seli, uiid uii ihe tMicuud a minisLj-
rial rt>monstranco aci^inst his neflections on
fileiiclir. tli! roloninl spcretary, was read to
the king by ihv jireniier. The king also ol>-
jected strongly, in a letter fn Melbourne of
19 Oct., to the roccption of O'Connell at the
table of the lord-lieutenaut, mon especially
43^ Lamb
pleased Divine Providence to set uptiu the
throne.'
At the gpneral election thn whigs were
contirmud in power, and Melbourne assumed
the position of advist r to the yontlKftll
vereign, than which, as Grevillo remark vl,
' none wujj ever more engrossing, or involved

after his crusade against the H011.C0 of Lonlk
in the nortli of England and Scot Iftiid. Mel-
bourne exonerated Mulgrave at his own ex-
]>on8e. He was more roeeemftil in gaining
tl)*^ liinfr'fi consent to the promotion of Pepys
to the cliancellorship, and componsation of
Gunpbell by the elevation of bin wilV* to (lie
peerage (January 1 830). In spite of the suc-
greater rrsponsibility.' He spent the greater
part of his time at Windsor, where he dis-
charged the duties of the queen's Recretary,
ind contrived to mnko hS unconventional
manners conform to a somewhat rigid eti-
quette (.see c^pccifdiy, Gkevim.e, pt. ii. vol. i,
pp. 146-9: find Stockmar, Mfmoirf, i. :i77-
391). I wish,' said tho Duko of W.'Uinu'-
'

ce.<4<i of the Irish administration, the Irish
l ithe Bill and the Irish Municipal Corpora-
1 ion Bill were ngn in rejected by th)3Lord8,and
the del)at'.s ou the Orange lodges damaged
the government. On the other hand, the
English Tithe BiU was pfisnd nnd the mar-
riage law reformed. As a whole, the session
WAS a failure, and the appointment of Benn
Dickson Hnrapdcn [q. v. J to th(^ rppn"" P^o-
fesaorsliip of divinity at Oxford was most
unpopular. On 32 June, too, Melbourne
appeared as co-rospontlont in the case Nor-
ton V. Lord Mellwurno iu the court of com-
mon pleas. The verdiet mm fat the de-
fendant, and the king expressed his satisfac-
tion (Torrejjs, ii. 188-92; Lord Caupbell,
Ztff, ii. 82-5; IIatward, CeMirafed Statef-
men, i. .'7n-80, where Melbourne is said to
have twice reiterated his denial of the alleged
Norton, Cabolinb Eltka-
adultfliiy ; see also
BBTn Sarah). At the close of the pp.i.^ion
Lyndhurst delivered a terrific attack on the
miniatiy,and at a cabinet meeting of 9 Aug.
Melbourne owned that it was doubtful if
they could go on. There was a fresh quarrel
ton, * that he was always there.* M>an-
while, n^bollion wa.s inuttinent in Canada,
and lx)rd Howick (the present Lord (Jrrv)
strongly remonstrated with Mel b<mruo for lus
appnn nt anathy(27Dec.l837). AfterllMio-
bellion had been crushed, Lord Durlinm was
sent out on a special mission, and Melbourne
was compeUea to wnoastrste with hha
for g'iving appointments to m^n of dnmicM
chanicter likeTurton and Gibbon Waketield,
as well as fat tile ordinance by which
banished some of the rebels ancl sentenced
others to death. Hence he could only make
a weak defence when Durham's conduct was
attacked by Brougham in the Hou.se of Lords.
The excuse be gave for his silence on one
occasion to Ronall was; 'The fUlow was
in such fi stfite of excitement that if I had
said a word he would haveffone stark^ staring
mad.' Towards Durhsm ftfter his reeignatioB
he was di.sposed to be more conciliatory 'X.-v-
vember 1838) than most of his colleagues.
At the same time he was not afinid cf Ua
or liis friend?;. 'He should be alarmed.* hs
wrote, at the prospect of a stand-up nght
'

wit)) the king on the subject of Canada, as with Cribh or Gully, bnt not of a set-to with
\\ illiam IV was veiy unwilling to admit the Luttrel! or old Ilogers.' Though nt firet
electoral principle mto the constitution of averse to giving constitutional government
the lower province. William dao miaed to the Franli m Lower Oaaadn, he faulSj
objections to the enlistment of the
flirious consented to the union of the prnvinces,
British legion in the service of Spain. In which was carried out by Poulett ThoB-
Ireland the creation of Uie NatHmal Aw^ son (Lord Sydenham).
ciation by O'Connell arousod the protrstants Meanwhile, Melbourno'? r^ovemment had
tu a great indignalioa meeting at Dublin, gained some credit bv passing the Irish Poos^
and Helboiima with difficulty dkratded law Bill, in spite 01 m>mneU't den nnci^
Mulgrave firom dismissing Lords Downshire tion of the ropa.surc f.Tnly IR.'^R). which WtS
and Donou^^imoro from their lieut^nanciee. neutralised by the abandonment of the IriA
In spite of the strong objections of tiw Idag, Oorpointion jBlll, and of the appropriation
tho Church Rates Bill was intfodufied on clauses of tlip Irish Tithe Bill, which had
3 March ; but it received feeble support, ftnd hitherto been the cardinal principle of tin
ministen had nothing but defeat before administration. At the bc^nning of the
thrra,when on 20 .Tune "NVillinm IV died. session ^I*'llnrTiP hal intentionnllv !?et
Melbourne, who had managed him tiiroughr Broutfham at defiance, and, in the opinion of
out with the utmost taot, dedsrsd him t GMTule, oame out of the ordeal with toler'
have h -'-n n being of the most uncom-
'
able success. In ."spito of th^' o; .11 mntin}
promising and firmest honour that ever it of the radicals, the political state of afiair

Digitized by Google,
 Lamb
eaded m it lukd begun. But tlu> egUM wh"
meat of OXJonnell't ' PNewtor Amotaal^*
followed by the murder of Lord Norbury,
pcoducod the nsignatioii of MulgZftT^
thtt raeoastniefcion of the nniuBtiy did not
add U its strength. In Juiiniiry 1830 Roden
carried amotion for an inouiry into tliAlnali
M
admuuBtntion, in spite of eUxmnie'e decHflp
rittion that ho should consider the motion a
pure censure on the government ; but the
ofee WWrerened in the Houae of GommonB.
On 7 Maj the ministry resigned, having olj-
tained a bare majority of five in the com-
nona on the Jamaica BilL Peel, however,
failed to form a go>'emment, in consequence
of the bedchamber question, and Melbourne,
'OBwiUini^ to abandon his sovereign in a
sitoation of difficulty and distress,' restimod
office. In so acting he was constitutionally
wrong, but was averse from placing an inex-
perienced sovereign in a difficult position
vntil the feeling of the country had been
decisivelv declared, lie also thought of the '
poor fdfows who would have to give up
their brouA^hams.' He had little sympathy
with the euucation scheme, which was carried
in A nodified form before the close of the
session, and threw cold water on the pro-
posal to establish a liberal morning paper.
i>arin^the remainder of itscareer hisiMnittiy
wa divided and discredited, and the premier
hiaiself wad involved iu the Lady Flora Hast-
ings affair [see Hastings, LaDT ^oba.]. Be-
f<irethe m^-tinir of pfirliament, 16 Jan. lf>JO,
the t^overnmeut had committed itseli' to wars
with Pensia, Afghanistan, and China, while
'^e di-content of the working cla.sses had
louiid vcut in the chartist riots at iSewpurt
nd Birmingham. They escaped Buller's
tote of wan! of confidence hy 80B to 1*87,
bnt the mauHgemeut of the que^tiuus cou-
Mct^ with Prince Albert's allowance and
prwedence did not gain tlieni much respect
<&1<>CKMAR, ii. 2-k-kii i Jutrii/ Years of the
Prinrt Contort, pp. 961, 2b3). The Irish
Municipal Bill was passed after Melbourne
hibd induced Kussell to forego hia uppoailioa
to Ljadlnuat^a ftmendmamto.
iMrinjr tlif^ -inmraer the cabinet woh nf di-
vided muid on the Syrian question, in which
Fabneraton** dipilomacy seenwd al>out to
(^rrrnit us to a war with France. Greville
lui^ much coutempt for Melbourne's conduct
during the crisis. But his letters sfaowtfaat,
thou^o he was inten.sriy nnxious to prevent
retfignations, particularly that of JUu^ull, he
consistently supported Palmerston, and ar-
gued that by yielding; to the threat.s of Franco
we should lose intluence, and encourage the
IVsodx in a menacing policv, likely to end in
wir. ti iaovao aaid oj H^grwaro to hTO
437 Lamb
terminated the erisis byaddressing a strong
TenunntEuiee to Louis Philippe through the
king of the Belgians {^Cetettrnivtl Sfu/emuit, i.
mm 4l)> There can be no doubt that some such
eommanication was written (Raikbs, Jbitr-
ttal, ii. 2(j2).
Melbourne was always opposed to anv
tamnering witii tbe com laws. It was with
mncli reluctance that he consented to a low
fixed dutv being made an ' open question' in
1886, at be *tidSld not but mht
whetliflr ft
large labouring population, dependent in any
considerable degree upon foreign ocan, waa
in aaie position.' ut 1841 ne agreed to
a
its being brought forward as a guvermnent
proposal After the cabinet dinner, at which
the resolution was taken, he is said to have
called from the stairs to bis departing col-
leagues : ' Stop a bit Is it to lower the
!
price of bread, or isn't it P It doesn't much
matter which, but we must all say the same
thing.' The government were defeated by
ten votes on the sugar duties, and on 27 May
by one on a direct vote of wtint of uiti- <
dence proposed by Peel. Much against Mel-
bourne's better judgment, recourse was had
to a dissolution, with the result that the go-
vernment candidates were generally unsuo-
cessful. The retirement of Plunket from
the Irish chancellorship in favour of CamD>
bell {Life of Lord Piunket, ii. 833), which
was effected by pressure put upon Plunket by
!Melboumc, added to the unpopularity of UiO
ministry. They were defeated inbothhousea
on the address, and Melbourne aimounced
their resignation on 30 Aug. The queen
parted with him with the utmost regret,
and after his resignation ho did his best to
establish cordial relations between her ma>
jesty and Peel (Gbbtill% pt. ii. toL ii
39-4d).
MeUKmRM oontiBiied to lend the opposi-
tion until after an nttnck of paralysis on
23 Oct. 1842, when he loft the leadership to
Lansdowne, and seldom afterwards ventured
to speak. He was very indignant with Peel's
conversion to free trade, and broke out ut
Windsor with'Ma*am, it's a damne<l dio-
houeat act (QRBVn.r.R, pt. ii. vi>l ii. ji. am ).
'
Hut he attended a uiuctiu^ ol the peers at
I^fldowna Houae on 2S May 1846, and ad-
vised them not to oppose the abolition of the
com laws (Mr. Gladstone, in Xincteent/t Cen-
tury, .Tanuary 1h90). He continued to cling
to the idea tli.nf he woulf] )w lulrutftcr p.i^'ain,
and was mortilied when nu place was oiiered
him in the HusseU ministry of 1846, thoiigli
lie acknowledged that he was too ill to ac-
cept othce (PaperSfjp. 628). The statements
that Melbourne, in
old -ige, was ne^lsofesd
bjr his friends mvs no founaatioi|. ile gavtt
Digitized by Google
 I^mb 45S Lambarde
bis last vote upon Uie Jewish disabilitiee (kcon. ed. Bliss, L 426). His first work,
qvestioo on 86 Hsy 1 848, (tnd died on 84 Nov. nndertahen at the request of NowcU, was a
W the sameyonr, Ing nn child. collection and (ranhialion, or rather para-
Melbourne's maimera were unconTentionalj phrase, of the Anglo-Saxon la\v.s pubbshsd
and Us talk interlarded witb Wilis. His under the title of '*Apvfuora/ix(a, si ve de priscu
versatioH Avns a jiiqiiant mixture of learning, Anglorum legibus Ubri, semi one. An<;lico
shrewdnesfi, and paradox (for specimens see vetustate an tiquissimo, aliquot abbiuc seculis
especii^y Grbtillb, pt. i.Tol. iii. pp. 129-88, conscripti, atcj^; nunc demum . . e tenehris .

Hatdon, Life, ii. 80O105 pasaim Leslib, inluccmvocati, G. Lambardointerprete,'4to,

;

AtUobioffraj)hy, i. 169 et seq.) Thus he said London^ 1668; republished witli Bede's
that Croker would dispute with the Record- 'Histona Ecclesiastics' in 1641, fal., br
ing Angel about the number of his sins, and Abraham Wheelodc Some note.s and cor-
of the results of tbe Catholic Emancipation rections for ' 'Apxatopofita ' by Francis Juniu
Bill the wont of it ia, tbe fools were in tbe
' v.] are in the Bodleian Library (ib. m.
right.' Atthesametimehiawasapeculiaily fi,42). In 1670, when residingat ^^'e^tcombe,
pensire and solitary mind. As a statesman Jynnibnrde completed the first draft of hi
lie has been thought wanting in purpose and I'erambulation of Kent containing the De-
*
:

firmness. But Lady Fabnecston declared scription, Ilystorio, and Customes of that
that enmofitnoes was the essential olement Shyre,' and sent it to his friend Thomss
of hie character, uud ho waa certainly firm Wottou. It was read in manuscript and
enough with Brougham and Williain lY. commended by Archbishop Parker ana Lord-
The truth seems to be that ho was a genuine treasurer Burghlev- Wotton printed it with
liberui on many points, notably that of reli- the author's additions in 1576, 4to, London.
giooa equality, and a conscientious supporter This, tbe earliest county history known, is
of the propramme bequeathed to him bv Grey. justly considered n model of arrangement
Further than that he was not inclinea to go, and style. The first edition coutaius 'The
and opposed an invariallc 'Why not leave Nsmes of suche of the Nobilitie and Gentrie
it alone ? to the propobals of the radical as the Heralds recorded in their Visitation,
'

section of bis party. As the instructor of a 1574/ which is omitted in subsequent iues.
young aofweign he iron univeiaal an^ba- A
second edition appeared in 1596, a third
tion. edition i niulated, and others were issued in
[Torzens'sMemoiisof LotdMelbourue, 2 vols.; 1640 and 1U56. A
reprint of the second
LofdHaLbovnie'sBspaia, edited by Lloyd G. San- edition, with a life of Lambarde, was pnb
dsiSi with preface by Earl Cowpor Qhtod
;
Vic- lished at Chatham in 1826, 8vo. FromLam-
toria's Letters, 1 837- 1 86 1
, barde's own letterto Wotton, accompanyinff
ed. Esher and BcntiOD,
1907 ;
Hayward's Essay on Lord Melbourne (a the second editien, it appeara that he bw
reprintiWithadditionB, from the Quarterly Keriew already collected materials for a general ac-
for January, 1878), in his Celebrated StAtesmen count of England, of which the 'Perambullr
andWriters; Oreville Memoirs, especially pt. ii. tion ' was an inatidment. He abandoned Ui
vol. iii. pp. 211 et seq. ; 8ir H. layWs Antobio-
design upon learning that Camden was en-
grephy Mies 8. 9 'Whaitif* lift and Ooneepoa-
;
gaged on a similar undertaking (cf. bis letter
uence of Archbishop Whately Lord Houghton, in
to Camden, dated 29 July 1586, in Camdew
;

the ForlnigbtJy licview, vol. zziz. ; Earl Oowper

JS^tol<s,'p.2S). nis materials, however, were
in the Nineteooth Century, voL xr. Spencer
;

Wal pole's Life of Lord Johu Russell and llist. of published from the original manuscript
in

EugUnd, vol. iii, Sir 1). Lo Marchant s Memoir 1780, 4to, London, as ' ifictionarium /Vnglif
;

of Lfrd AUhorp Sir T. Martin's Life of the

;
Topographicum et Ilistorlcum,' itc, with hL

PrtnceCoDSort,Tol.i. ; Doneklqr'sLord Melbooms portrait engraved by Vertue. Camden, in

at-

(Quess'a Pkime Uiaistsn 8er.)] L. 0. 8. nowledging bia obligations to the * Pertm-

bulation eulogises Lambarde a.^ eminent for
,
'

LAMBABDE, WILLIAM (1686-1601), learning and piety ' {Britannia, ' Kent,' Intro-
historian of Kent, horn in the pariah of St. doetion); the ' piety apparently refers toWs
'

Nicholns Aeon, London, on ift Oct. 1636, having founded almshouses at East Grwn-
was tbe eldest son of John Lambarde, draper, wicb called the College of tbe Poor of Qui**;
aMennan, and dnriff of London, by bis nrst EUeaheth. The qneen ^pnnted letters patent
wife, Julian, daughter and ultimately heiress for the foundation of this cbarityinlST^snd
of William Home of London. On the death it was opened on 1 Oct. 1576.
of his fkther in August 1654, he inherited the On 0 Feb. 1078-9 Lamharde was oboNO
manor of M'cptcnmho in Greenwich, Kent, a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and cn Aug.
He was admitted of Lincoln'a Inn on 12 April of the same year was appointed a justice ol
1666, and studied AngloNSaxoa and hiatoiy the peace for Kent Hellalfllled hisdaeiea
with Launnea NoveU^q. ](Woo],.^Miut hooouraUy, and e^onnded them in 'EiMk'

Digitized by Google
 Lambarde 439 Lambart
wcha: or uf the Office of the Justices of Ightham, Kent secondly, on 28 Oct. 1688, ;

VmcCj into two bookes gathered 1570, and ^Ivestra (1554-1687), widow of William
:

BOW revised and firste puUiahed,' &c., Bvo,
London, 1581. Written in a clear and un-
affected stjle, this manual remained for a long
time the standard authority (Fulbbck, Pre-
parative, p. 64). Blnc]<sfone (1 Blk. Comm.
c. 9) recommeuds its study. It wns reprinted
Feren times betwaan 1682 and 1010. To the
lust throe editions was added The Duties of
Constables, Borsholders, TitUing-men, uud
each other Lowe Ministers of th ftece.
Whereuntn be also adjoyned the severall
BaUison and daughter and heiress of Robert
Deane of Hallinp. Kent; and, thirdly, on
18 April 16yi\ Margaret, daughter of John
Payne of Frittondeu, Kent, widow first of
John Meryara of Boughton-Monchelsea in
the same county, and secondly of Richard
Keder. Ho liad issue by his second wife
*
ulouethr^'esonsand a daughter(.<irolfaaoftyWi
Cantiana, v. 247-53).
Many of Lambarde't manuscripts are at
Sevenoaks, including several Clinrpes to
*

Offices of L'liurchwardens, of Survovors for Juries' from 1581 to itiCK), uud a Treatise '

amending the Ilighwayes,' ^c, another use- of the service called the Oflice of Compoai-
ful hrtndbook by liambarde, fir?-t published tion!^ forAlienations,' 16!M)(]ist in XtcHOi-C,
in 1.'>Nj, 8vo, Loudon, and reissued with ad- Bibiiotheca, vol. i. App. i. pp. 5 10 12). In
ditions six times between 1584 and 1010. the Gottonian manuscripts are his ' CoUec-
An al'l-' and in terestinir letter from LainbardB tan^n ex di verbis antiquis historicis Angli-
to Burgiiley, dated 18 July 1585, 'coutayuiu^ eauia' (^Vesp. A. v. i.), nis 'Cycle of Years,
MMMW wbJ her Maieetie should with speed from 1671 to 1600' (Julius, c. ix. 105), and his
embrace the action oi the defence of the Lowe 'Letter to Camden,' 1686 (Juliu-s, c. v. 9).
Countries,' is printed in Nichols's liibliot huca '
[NiehoLi's Bibl. Top. Brit. i. 498-632, ham.
Topographica Britannica' (vol. i. App. viiu tbefhmily papers; HMtscPs Kent (OrdraX i.
pp. 5l*7-9). In 1691 hp completed another 51-2; Murviri'H Ixpil BiVilingraphy Smith's ;

work, entitled Archoion ur, a Ck>nunentary Bibliotl)cu Cantiatm; Archwuloeia Cantiana,

'
;

nao the High Courts of Justice in England/ viii. 300. 301. 309; LtnriidflB^s BibL Manual
wnich was published in 1885 (Mvo, London), (Bohn), iii. 1301.] Q. Q.
by lus i^rrandson, Thomas Lambarde, from
the author's manu^cr^t. Another edition, of
LAMBART. [See also Lamhkkt.]
iufi^riar uthentiBity, Appeued in the tame LAMBART, CHARLES, first Karl op
year. Cavah (1600-1660), the eldest sou of (Jliver
Ob 32 Jane 1693 Lambarde was ap{K)inted Lambart, buron Lambart in the Irish
first
a master in chancery by Lord-keept-r Sir John peerage and Heater, daughter of Sir
[a. v. ],

Puckaringjand made Keeper of the recunis at William Fleetwood of Carrington Manor,

the Rolls Ohapel by Lord-keeper Sir Thumajs
E^rton on 2W May L'^T. in lo!)? lie was
nominated by William Brooke, lord Cobham,
as one of his executor*^ and trmtees for es-
tablishing hi? cnll, Lft' fr.r t1i pfK)r at Cobham,
Kent (^ArcAaoioffia Candana, xi. ^)6. 210,
S14-16>, and he drew up the rulss for the go-
Temment of the charity. He was personally
noticed by the queen in 1601. and appointed
on 31 Jan. keeper of tbe rsooros in the Tower.
On 4 Au^r. ofthesame year he presented Eliza-
btjth with an account of the Tower records,
which he ealled his Pandeeta Rotulorum,'
'
ad he has left behind a delightfully quaint
Mte of their conversation in the ^ueen'sprivy
cinnber at East Qreenwieh(NKlui,iUiD-
ikem,yo\. i. App. vii. pp. 525-6).
Laimbarde died at vV estcombo on 19 Aug.
1001 and was boned in Gheenwich Ohan.
On the rebuilding of the church his monu-
ment was removed by hu son Sir Multon
Lambarde to Serenoda, tken as- mnr the
family efit. His will is printed in
kwia Cantmna' (v. 253-6). He married,
' on 11 Sept. 1570, Jane (1568-1678),
Gaoiyt Mnlloa of 8*. CUHcaa^
Bedfordshire, was bom in 1600. lie is said to
liavo bf' n educated at CambT!'];,'p. On tlir'
death of his father on 23 May lb 18 he became
second Baron I.Ambart, and was given in waid-
shiptohtpmntheron 20 April 1619. On8Aug.
1622 he had a grant of 1,296 acres of land in
Westmeath and Kinffs Oounty as part of a
scheme for tht' plimtiition of 1 .'-in-ttT. Lfini-
burt represented Bossinev, Cornwall, in the
English pailiameDtB of 1^6 and 1687, and on
4 Nov. lofM made his first fipppnrunce in the
Irish House of Lords, where he frequently
spoke. Ob 8 Hardi 1897 he was appointed
seneschal for tlie povernrtr^nt of the L-oimty
of Cavau and the town of Kelis. Henceforth
he Ihed in Ireland, and on 17 Haj 1898 he
succeeded to the command of Lord Moore's
corn^an^ of foot. On the outbreak of the re-
heiUiOB in 1841 Lambart'eeatateasnflhredTerf
severely; in Novemhrr of that vi'iir lif rai.^i'd
a regiment of a thousand foot. Uu 12 ^ov.
1841ho waa one of thoae aopointed to confer
' Archfeo- with the rebels in Ulster. Xambart now be-
came a notable commander; he was with Or-
monde in February 1648 aft the ront of Kil-
aagfalan, and when in I8tt Sir GhailM Coota

Digitized by Google
 Lambart
thp older [q. v.] left Dublin, Lambftrt bcatut'
miiiUry governur, and wa^ continued in this
position by order of council of 12 Maj 1642,
on the receipt of the news of Ooote'e death.
He was also made n privy conncillor. But be
had diihcultiub willi a (ii^cunleuted military
ptitjr under Sir John Temple, and with the
who disliked his contempt
civil authorities,
for the common law and somewhat hastv
proeedne. In May 1G43 he marched witL
n thousand li'Tsr into Wicklow on a forap-iiif?
expedition, lie helped to arraugu the cessa-
tion horn hottDitiM of IMS, ha Ntaflrwml in
1C44, aud tho examination of the Earl of
Olamotgan in December 1646. On 1 April
1647 he WW made Butl of OavMi vie- md
OOunt Kilcuursie.
After the reduction of Ireland by the par-
liament Oavan wm in poor circumstances,
but he bad a lease granted to him of Clon
tarf and Arlaine, and a pension of 30*. a
wuek for himself and 1/. lor bis wife, lie
died on 25 June 1660, and was buried in St.
Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. lie married
Jane {d. lGo5^, daughter of Richard, lord
Robartes, and oy her Aad a numerous family,
of whom Richard, the second earl, was a
lunatic, and Oliver, the third eon, surviving
tiie second eon. succeeded to thefunilyeetates
under the will of his father.
[Lodge's Peerage, ed. Arclidall, i. 353 Q. E.;
C^okayncJ's Complete Pecrngo. art. Cavan
' siege of KittMue, uid after the cajpttu1atioaf
Gilbert'fl Hist, of the Irish ConfodoratioD, passim
Carte's Ormondo, i. 263, &C.] W. A. J. A.
LAMBART, Sir OLIVE K, Bauon
BABX or Cavan (cf. 161b), Iribh administrator,
eon and hnr of Walter Lambart, of Preston,
AVest Riding, Yorkshire, ond bis first wife,
Rose, daughter of Sir Oliver W
allop, was by
proAmion a eoMier. He went to Ireland
about 1580, acting in tlie first instance as a
volunteer. Ue served imder Sir John Norris
in the expedition condneted by the deputy
Sir John Perrot against the Scots lu Clan-
deboye in the summer of liks4, and falling
into the hands of the enemy he was so '
sorely wounded that beaides the loss of some
limbs' dextro succiso poplite 'he hardly
was savod with life {^ute Papers, Irtiland,
'
Eliz. cxv. 16). Proceeding to Dublin for the
sake of surjiical assistance, he had the further
misfurtuue to be betrayed by O'Cahan into
' '
the hands of Shano'e sons Hugh Artnd
O'Neill; but tbcy wctl- anxious to come to
terms with the government, aud Lambart
waa made the beaxer of thdr message to
tb': lord dt puty (ib. cxii. So). Qu bis re-
covery he proceeded to KnaUmd with letters
of leeotninaiidntMii from Sir John Ftaraoti
8ir John Nonds, and hie unale Bar Heniy
440 Lambart
AVttllop to Ijord Burghley and Walsingham-
In Aupist 1585 he accompanied Sir John
Norris mto the Netherlands, lie was present
at the capture of Doesburg in September 1566,
and was subsequently, it would appear (Cw/f.
Galba I), viii. ff. 71, 84, 110), made gOTcrnor
of that town. In June 1691 he grntly dis*
tinguished himMdf at the attack on Deventer.
but being seriously wounded at the sie^e of
SteenwTck in June 1592, he was prevented
from tnlnn;; ])art in tho campaign in Frsnw
and obliged to proceed to Oetend {&UU
Papen, Dom. S Jnly 1608). In 1606 he took
Eart in the expedition against Cadii, and for
is valour on that occasion he was knighted
(Oamden, Annalen). He returned to lbs
Notberliirids in IT)?!'?, but in 1'>1>9 his com-
1)any of 150 foot, forming part of Sir Ohailes
Percy's regiment, was drafted into Ireland
to support the Earl of Essex in the
On Essex's de-
w
against the Earl of Tyrone.
parture from Ireland in iSeptember, Lambart
was made master of the camp, and suW*-
quently seigeant-majorofthearmy. In IH(X)-
1601 he was actively engaged ugainsi the
rabde in Leix and Offaly, and ou the
commendation of Lord Mountjoy he was on
19 July 1601 appointed governor of Con-
naugh^ whm he anmediately began to build
the fort of Gal way, which was finished in
the following year. Ue was present at tbe
the Sp!iniard>i be was occupied in suppress-
ing the last traoea of rebellion in Connaogbl
(Otl. Oarew MBS. W. pasdai). On 9 Sept
Lam- 1603 he was created a privy councillor, anJ
received a grant of 100/. a vear in ciowa
lands. On the flight of the I^arls of Tvfoas
and ISTConnel baooming known, he was ap-
pointed to convey oflicial information of
It to the king, and having dili^eutly at*
*
tended to the business he came for,^ returned
to Ireland wjtli such marks of the king'*
'
favour, which increase his state aud fortune'
(RmoBLL and PBEKDBBom, ii. 322). At
the same rime it is to be not^-d that in the
document which Tyrconnel drew up of
griovanoee Laidbavt it chamed with havinf
'
purposely drawn thoikkitof the Bail'aToa
{ii. ii. 374).
Immediateiy on the oothreak of ODofjb-
ertv's ri'bfllion in April 1608, LamWrt and
Sir liichacd Winffieid were deepatohedto
the north 'with aU aTaSlaUe ibroea both of
hoiaeand foot' (ib. ii. 501). On 20 Mv
they arrived at Derry, where they left a
ward in the chirrch, and proceeded to Birt
Castile, three miles distant crom Culmore, in
viewing which Lambart recM-ived a slifrht
bullet wound in the right shoulder (ib. ii.
641). In the meanwhito ha had aooooBdedi
Digitized by Google
 Lambart
fcy metbodi wliich, if legal^ were not always q. v.], who succeeded him ; Cary, who was
itrieClT bonoomlib (. iii. 807), IB aeon- if
molating considerable ronl property in the Roscommon, and died in 1627 unmarried:
OQUiUv of Boaconunon and elsewhere. In Jane who married Sir Edward Leech of
1010 bisaMnft mm in the lirt of < servilmi Sauley in Derbyshire; Kose, who married,
thought meet to oe undertakers 'in the planta- lirst, Nicholas, sou and heir to Sir Nicholaa
iioD o Ulster (ib, uL <uid he was of Smith of Larkhear in JDevonshize, and se-
nanderalilft tmkAaun to Oludliester in ar- condly Sir John Blagrave of Sontboot in
mugiiig^ tbu details of that plantation. He Berksbiro and Lettice, who died young.
had made choice of him, Chichester wrote to
EaSUbmrj m Norember, to lay the ecfteme
before the English council, Ix'CAUse, alhrit
'
he is not the best orator,' ' he is well ac-
quainted with the eoonliy and llio oondi-
tiitn of thf iN'opIe, Laving long tnivoUed and
hied in the ouatnees here when it was at the
mnt, maA bas seen nniiyvHenttoBt nnoe
bo came first into tlu' land' (f^. iii. 527).
B returned to Ireland in April 1611, and
tbe |ilaataition being fnit into eateeotian, be
rectivpd on 26 June as his allotment two
thousand acres in OUnmahon, co. Cavan.
Vtom Pynnar's * Snrrfly,' 161S-19 (Habbib,
Htbrmira), it appears that he had not only
oomidied with the conditions of the plaiita-
tioB > to as to build a stone boose aad
upon it, but had also purchased an-
poution of one thousand acres in the
precinct. All these and other lands
aajaired by him were confirmed to hia family
by patent on 16 Feb. 1621. He sat for the
ooaaty of Oavan in the parliament of 1613,
though his return was petitioned against by
the Bcnan catholic freeholders on the ground
that the election had been conducted illegallv,
and that Lambart himmdf did not iwrae in
the county (id. iv. 361, 303-4).
InNoTemoer 1614 Lambart was appointed
to command an expedition to assist in re-
ocnrering the castle of Dunivaigin Islay from
the M
acdonalds, who had taken it, partly by
stratagem, partly by force, from the constable
Andrew Knox [q, v.], bishop of Raphoe. The
expedition sailed in December, but it wa^j
not till the end of January 1615 that the
weather perralttwl an attack to ho made. On
V Feb. the castle surrendered (cf. Cal. Carew
StSS. vi. 287, and RnasBLL and Tren-
I'CRiiAPT, (^''t/. Iri.ifi Papfm, v. 0-10). On
21 April the king directed Chichester to
ntvn bis royal tbankd to Lumbort for his
fiipc?ful mnnnpemt nt of the buaines*, and
on 17 Fob. lOlb lie was created Lord Lam-
bart, }3aron of O^tTtn in the Irish peerage.
Ht> died 23 May in tliesame year in London,
aiid was buried 10 June in Westminster
Abbey. He married Heater, daughter of Sir
"William Fleetwood of Carrinpfton Mnnor,
B^fordshire, and br her (who died 12 March
1639,aadwMbaijodinSt. Patrick's, Dublin)
bnd two loai and thine danghterSyTLi. Chatles
Latnbart
tnighted and lired at Caonobirne in oo.
;
Sir Uiivex Xiambart, though ho wrote
bis name Lambert, mutt be distinguished
from Captain 0[8wald] Lambert, who was
wouudett at the siege of Qoianas in 1658
(Cbuboktasde, Choue).
[Lodge'sPoerage, ed. Archdall licrr/s Hamp- ;
shire, p. 77; Cal. State Papers, Domestic and
Ireland; OsL Cursw MSS.; Hist. MS8. Comm.
3rd K-p. pp. 264, 2Sl,4th Hop. p. GUG, 8th Ktp.
p. 381; Havliosun's Life of Sir John Perfot;
Motley's United Netherlands ; W. Harrises Bibnr>
nica Hill's riiintatiou of UlBfor
; Rog. Privy ;
Council, Sootlaiitl, vol. x.; Gregorj-'s Wostcrn
Highland!! Trevelyan Puiiers (Camd. Soc.), voL
.
;
Hi.; Camden's Aanalss; C^ftr*s Beg. of West-
minster Abbij.] & D.
'
liAMBABT, SICHASD FORD WIL-
LIAM.sovLiitli OF Cavan (1703-1830),
E.vitL
|nneral. bom 10 Sept. 1763y was only son of
BIcbara, sixth etrl, by bis second wiie, Elin-
btth, eldest daughter of (leomo Davies, a
. commissioner of the navy. He succeeded
i
his father in the title 3 Nor. 1778. He was
a|)pninted ensign Coldstream guards 2 April
1<70, lieutenant 1781, captaiu-lieutenant
1
1790, captun and lieutenant-colonel 23 Aug.
j
1793, second major 9 May, and first major
19 Not. 1800, having in the meantime at-
tained major-general^ rank in 1796. His
name is not in the roll of the officers of
his regiment who served in America (Mao>
KiiTNON, vol. ii.) He was wounded at Va*
lencienueH 3 Jan. 1793, commanded a brigade
I
I
in Ireland (Londonderry) in 1798-9, and in
the Ferrol expedition and before Cadiz in
He commanded a line brigade in
I
1800.
Eg)-pt in 1801, and when General Jjudlow
[see Li Di.ow, Gi^ofteB Jame^, tliird Eakl
LuuLow was removed to a
j
bri^jndo of the
line on Aug., Cavan succeeded to the com-
5)
I mand of the brigade of guards. As part of
Eyre Coote's division the brigade was eont to
attack Alexandria from the we8t\\ ard. The
city surrendered 2 Sept. 1801. ^^'llen Lord
Hutchinson [see Hblt^Hiitchinhox, Jomr,
second IvvUL of DoNODGHMnjtK"! b'ft in Oc-
tober, Cavau succeeded to the couiniand of
the whole amy
remaining iu g}'pt include ,
ing tbi' troops under David (afterwarda Sir
David ) liaird [q. v.] Cavan held a brigade
j
command in the eastern counties in England
j
diuing theinTeMon aUzmt of 180^-4^ udia
Digitized by Google
 Lambe 44s Lambe
1805 wu lieuten&at-g^neral commanding in invoked and entertained certain evil and
'

the Isle of W^ilit. Chyan was a knight of
the Crescent, and was one of the six otticerfl,
besides Lord Nelson, who received the dia-
flumd aigrette. He beoune fsll general in
181^ tad was in succession colonel-com-
MMOMtt of a second battalion 68th foot, and
impious spirits.' It waa proved that he
caused apparitions to proceed from a crystal
glass, and prophesied death and disaster
with fatal success. He was agun convieted
find wa-s imprisoned in Worcester Castle. It
was asserted that after his second trial the '

eelonel ofthe SsdWeat Indian and 4BA regi- high sheriff, fereman of jury, and diven
ments. He was governor of Cabhot Castle, others of the justices gentlemen then present
Hampshire. Cavan died in London 21 Not. of tlie aame jur^ died within a fortnight.'
1886. He married, tint, in 178S, Hoium The loealanthonties consequently petitioned
Margaret t4i, youngest daughter and coheiress for his removal to King's Benclb prison la
of Sir Henry Goiud the jounger fa. tJ (she London. He was taken thithear, and was
died in 1813) and aeemialy,
; &
1814, Lydia, apparently kept there in easy oonfinement
second daughter of William Arnold of Slats- for as long a period a.s fifteen years.
wood, Isle of Wight ; she died on 7 Feb. Lambe's fame as an astrologer rapidly
1889. He left iiaae by both marriages. By spread timragh Iiondon, and he was allowed
Ills firat wife he had, with three dauphter3, to receive his numerous clients in tliu j>ri^<>n.
a^sottfGeonn Fzedaxick Augustus Lambart, On 10 J one 1623 he was indicted on a charge
viseonnt uloonnie, who, Dom on 9 May of fledud]iflr,tn the King^sBendi, Joaa Seager,
1 789, predeceased his father on 28 Dec. 1828, a girl of eleven, and although he was fooad
leaving a large family by his wife Sarah, gmlty he was pardoned and released.
only oaughter of J. P. Coppin, esq., of Lambe donbtleaB owed thia lenient treat-
Cowley, Oxfordshire, and being succeeded ment to tlie influence of the Duke of Buck-
by his eldest son, Frederick John William ingham, the king's farourite. Buckingham
Lambart (1838-1887), who became eighth anahia mother had been attracted by Lambe's
earl of Cavan on the death of his grandfather.popular reputation, end Buckingham had
By his second wife, the seventh earl left withconsulted him about 1622 respecting the
otner issue two sons, Edward Arnold Ford
|

insanity of his brother, Sir John Villiers,

I

Lambart (1818-1845), an officer in the army, viscount Purbeck. Thencefort h Buckingham

and Oliver William Matthew (1822-1863), was a constant client of Lambe, and the '

commander in the Royal Navy, both being doctor,' as he was called, shared the growing
nanied and lesriiig iame. unpopularity of his patRm. On Monday,
[Foster's Peerage under Cavan
' M&ckinnon'a 12 June 1626, London
I
was startled bv a
Coldstream QnanU Xondoo, 1832, voLii. ; QenL fearful storm of wind and rain, and a mist
]bs.l8a8.neviw.iz.M.] fl.M.a htmg over the Thamea, in which the saper>
discerned many myptieal
stitious t^hapes.
(Bee dio LiVB.] Lambe appeared on the river during the clay,
LAMBE, JOHN 1628), astrolo^r,
(d, and to his art of eoiqnring ' the meteoro-
'

seems to have belonged to Worcestershire. logical disturbnnee.i were attributed (RrsH-

In youth he waa tutor in English to gentle-
men's sons, and afterwards studied medicine,
but soon fell * to other my.terik8, as telling
of fortunes, helping of divers to lost goods,
shewing to young people the faeee of their
husbands or wives that should be in a crystal
woBTH, Ht8t. CoU. i. ayi). When Sir John
Eliot and his friends were attacking Buck-
ingham in parliament early in 1628, ballads
were sung about the London streets, in which
Lambe's evil inflneooe onrer the duke was
forcibly insisted upon, and *the doetnr -^vrt^ '

glass,' and the like. While practising his
magieal arts at Tardebigg, Worcestershire,
he was indicted early in lt)()8 for havinfr, on
16 Dec. 16()7, practised execrable arts to
'
consiinie the body and strength of Th. Lo.
W.,' apparently 'nioraa!, sixth lord Wintlsor
of UromsjTTove, who was born on 29 Sept.
1591 and succeeded to the peerage on his
father's death on 6 April 1W5. Lambe was
found guilty, but jud^ent was suspended,
and he soon gained his liberty. His nlleged
victim lived on until 1642. In May 1608
Lambe was residing at Hindlip, Worcester-
hire, and on the 18th of the month wae
naigned at the aaiiieoaa
charged with employing magical charms to
cofmpt chaste women so that thev might
serve the duke's pleasure. The populact^ was
excited by such reports, and on Friday,
18 J une 1628, as he was leering the Fortime
Theatre in Fin^bury, Lambe was attacked
with stones and stic^ by a mob of appren-
tices, who denonnoed him as 'the auke^
devil.* He hurriod towards the eitv, a]ip*'al-
ing to some sailors on the way to protect
him. He readied Moor Gate in safety, but the
crowd pursued him through Coleman Street
to the Old Jewry, and his efforts to seek re-
fuge in an iim aadinalawyer^Bhoiieevroved
of no vnSL Nearly beaten to daath^be wee

Digitized by Goo<?le
 Lambe
at hagth nscued by four oonstaUMAiid con-
fejd to the Ooantar b
fhe Biniltr7,!rat he
wu ftullj injured about the head und died
next morning. He was buried the foUow-
iogdav in the new churchyard near Biahopa-
{^te. Upon fait pencn wen fonati ft eiyttal
hall and other conjuring implements.
The rengeanoe meted out to Lambe served
toitdiettt tht piqpvlar httfedof hit patroii.
wbiit they eai^
Let Ch&rlea and George do
The duke shall die like Doctor Lambe,
bectme the commoncry of the London mob.
Baddngham at once exerted all his influence
to disoorer those who had been guilty of
Umbe's mnrder. On 15 June two days
^tfTtheerent the privy couacil aunounc^
tvAtktd mayor the king's indignation at
the oatrfi^, and directed that the gxiiltv
pxKm should be arrested and treated with
the ataoit nrerity. Bat no one was ap-
pr^tiended on the charge, although many
cQMUblee and others were committed to
frimlMr neglect of duty in iUling to protect
tbe d vtor (0 vbraU., T^t-inrmbrancia, p. 455).
Iba lord mayor was afterwards summoned
Mittht hmg in ooaneil and thnstened
ith the lose of the city's charter. Ulti-
stely the corporation was fined 6,000/., but
^aaoont wat soon reduced to fifteen hun-
<lnd rnarln.
Bnckingham was himself aiwassinated on
rather more than two months after
23 Au2.,
Umbes death, and popular sentiniMit m]*>
inted the occasion in the lines
Tbe shepbaard's stmek, the shsepe am Htd,
Ibr vaotof Lambs tha Wolfb Is dsad.
'A Diakffuo between the Duke and Dr.
liaka tmr Death' formed the subject of
eoot^mporary baUad(ct BMnautVLfPoemt,
1636, p. 63).
[faaWis eavser It dulAtd in a very rare
Kphlei,of which two (^"piea are in the British
mm. entitled A Brieie Dec>criptiou uf tha
itotoroiu Life of John Lambe, otherwise called
rVictor Lambe, together with his ignominious
I -aih. Printed in Amhterdam 1628. A wood-
nil on the title-page reprceents the fatal scafflo
it thi streets, roems and Sones rehitiog to
Ongs Tilliers, Dnke of Buckingham, and his
AjJMemation, ed. F.iirhult (Percy Soc. 1860),
tooUias manj references to Lambe.
See also
flniw^s Hist. H
tlS-19 ; Porater'b Sir John
i. 576. it. 316-17; Court and Times of
Ciudei I, t 868-^; Cal. State Papers, I>om.
im^Xf^ 94, 19, ITS.) Xh & the autumn of 1633 he succeeded Sir Henry
LAMBE, Sib JOHN {\rm?-\U7\ ciri-
ljn. probably bom about 1566, f^Tud anted
B.A, at St. John's College, Cambridge, in
1 ^'^-7, and M.A. in 150(3. In the interval
be smmIa ft pilgrimagB to R^me (Cb/A Tcip. <
443 Lambe
Gen. V, 86). On hie return to England he
'taught petties,' i.e. was undermaster in a
tschuol, and studied the ci\'il and canon law.
In 1000 he purchased the registrarfhip of
the diocese of Elv : in 1(302 he admitted
aniamharoftheOoiIegeof Advocates. About
the same time he was appointed co-rpgistrar,
and shortly afterwards chancellor of the dio-
cese of Pt^terborough. Thomas Dove [q^. v.],
bisliop of Peterborough, made him his vicar,
official, and commiaeary general.jointly with
Heniy ffiehuan, on 10 Jium 1615. In the
following year he took the degroe of LL.D.
at Cambridge. In 1617 he was appointed
by the dean and ehapter vi Lincoln eoniniit>
sary of their peculiars in the counties of
Northampton, Rutland, Huntinffdon, and
Ldoeeter. "Sa had now ettabliahea a certain
reputation as an ecclesiastical lawyer, and
in 1619 he was consulted by Williams, dean
of Salisbury, afterwards ardibiahop of York,
in reference to some delicate cases. A strong
supporter of the royal prerogative, he carried
mutters with a high hand against the puri-
tans in Northamptonshire, compelling them
to attend church regularly on the Sunday,
to observe holy days, and to contribute to
chmoh ftindt, impoaing {(fiarons penanoea
on recusants, and commuting them for fines,
and holding courts by preference at inoonr
veniant timea and placra, in oidw timt ho
mip^ht extort money by fining thoae who
failed to appear. In 1621 the mayor and
corporation m Korthampton pretantad a fwt^
tion to parliament coinplainingof these griev-
ances, and the speaker issued his warrant
for the examination of witnesses. The king,
however, intervened to atop the proceedinga,
and durinp his process through Northamp-
tonshire knighted L&mbe on 2() J uly at Cast lu
Ashby. In 1628 Laube was selected by his
old friend Williams, now biahop of Lincoln,
to be his commi^iary in that diocese. Wil-
liams's zeal be^an to cool, and at length in
1626 he refused to sanction some proceedings
proposed by Lambe againat aome Leioea-
tenhin oonventidera. Laanha aecretly in-
formed the privy council against him. No im-
mediate steps were taken against the bishop,
hot Lambrs information and the ovidanoa
were preserv ed forpossihlo future use. Lambe
was a member of the high commission court
from 1629 until its abolitioa tha Long
parliament, and was one of Laud's most ac-
tive supporters throughout that period. In
Marten [q.v.] as dean of the arches oointot
Canterbury. On 25 Fob. IH/! 1-5 he was ap-
pointed commissaiT of the arclideacuuries of
Leicesterahiraand Buckinghamahire. In
1687 ha waa eommitiionod to azorciae acclo>
Digitized by Google
 Lambe Lambe
Biastical jurisdictiou within the county of in Northumberland, lie wa of tjccentrie
Leicester dttrinfr the saspeauios of Biahop disposition. Suddenly determining to marry
Williams. On I*') .Tan. 1039 40 ho was ap- Philadelphia Nelson, the dauLrhtfr of n I)ur-
pointed chancellor and keeper of the great ham carrier, whom he had seen only oucu, and
mltoQueenHflorifltlftMaiSa. HiawMone fhat many yeafo belbN^ heaent a proposal to
of he first to sufiur rhoTOilflroiirr of the Long her by letter, in vitiog her to meet him on Ber-
t

parliameot. Iltepm2ijMMn4tf Waddesdon, wick piertanud bidding her oacry a tetpcaddy

BttddngfaaairiiiM, wIubh Im htA eooipelled mder her ani fn purposea of td<
to maintain a pair of organs and on organist Ou the appointed Uiiy, owing to his habitual
at a ooet of 15/. a year, petitioned for redress, absent-mindedness, he failed to meet her, but
and on 1 Feb. 164^)-1 Lambu was summoned the marria^ took place on 11 April 1755.
to appear beforaa oommitte of the Home of He died at Edinburgh in 1 795, and was huried
Commons to answer the elmnr\ He made in Eyemouth ch urchyard.lierwick -on-Tw
default) waji sent for as a dt'limjuent/ and on His wife had died in 1772.
' A daughter,
Sd Feb. was produced at the bar in extremity Philadelphia, married Alexander Rohertaoa
'

of sickness both of botly and mind.' lie made of Prendf'rgueatuiBerwiokBhivet two sooi
formal submission on 6 MurcU, and was re- died young.
|

baaed on baU. At Uie same time he was |

Lambe wrote 'The History of Ches*,'
liaxaeeed by proci-i'dlnfrs in the lIouo of London, 1764
'
;another edition, ITtir). Hi*
Locda by the widow of one of the churcU- chief work, however, was 'An Exact and
WMrdent of Oolcbaater, wliom he had excom- Circumstaatial WtUcftf of the Battle d
municatedin 1635 for refusing to rail in the Flo<lden, in verse, written about the tiraf of
altar, and by a certain Walter Walker, whom Queen Eliaabeth,' Berwick, 1774, 8vo ; New-
be had unliMrfiilly deprived of the office of caeiB,18Mv6po. TUaieaaidtoheiNAKM
commirtiinry of Leicester. The house found iGrom a manuscript in the posao.SBion of .lohn
both chai^ proved, and awarded IQOL to Aakew of PaUingsbura, Northumberland;
the widow and 1,860/. to Walker. It waa the notes, especially thoee on etymology, aie
even couteuiplati'd to impcui h him along numerous and very curious. I.umb*' wu.*; alio
with ImiAiuaL StaU I'<3u>er*, Dom. 1640-1, the author of the WUd The iaidley Worm
'

p. 479). He fled to Oxiofd, where he waa of SpindleatOD Hen^,' wUeh Hntchiason

incorporated on 9 Dec. 1643. His property thowht Hucii nt. iind inserted in his Histoiy '

wassaque8trated(C^m;n<M' Jbuma/,iii. 149). of Northumberland.' Percy, in the preface

He died accordin|f to Wood {Fa^ti Oxon. ii. to his 'Reliquee,' mentions Lambe as ooa
58) ' in the beginning of the year 1647.' who had been of service to him.
Lambe had two dauLflif-T.^, both of rare [T^ntes nnd Querioo, 5th ser. iy, 868, 892,418,
beauty, one of whom, Barbara, was second 402, 620, V. 176, x. 337. xii. 366 ; NichokfLK.
wife of Basil Feilding, afterwards earl of IUiia(r.viL891^; Ohild'a Ballada. i. 281.]
Denbigh [q. v.] Lambe's siater married W. A. J. A.
Dr. Uol^Sibthorpe [q. v.] LAMBE or LAMB, THOMAS (rf. 1686),

(Bakai^Hfat of Bt. lehn'k ObIL Cambridge, philanthropist, and aOffletfane BOnconfofBiMt,

ed. Mayor, p. 520; Coote's Civilian.^ ;
Petyt's wa.'^ born in Colchester. He could not hare
Mia& Fail. pp. 161 at seq.; Gal. Sute Panan, been, as Brook thinks poeaible, the Thomas
Bob. p. 980. l$U-9 p. US, 168S^ Lamh who beesano vioar criT South BenABek,
pp. 165, 246. 337. 1634-6 pp. 215. .)-'3, 1637 Essex, on 28 July Ifitl. On fi F. h 1640,
pp. 335, 399, 1 639 p. 462. 1 639-40 p. 37Lt, 1 64U-1 when he was already married and had ei^t
pp. 282, 466-7. 479; Liiii.l' Works, v. 646; ditldren, he vras brou^dit up, at LanA m*
Iiu.sh worth's Hiijt. Coll. 420 Wl.it ol jeki'sATem. stance, to tlio Stur-chiiuiber from Colchester,
i. ;

Chsos id tho Courts of Stiir-chanii/or aud

68 ;

igh OunmibBion (Camd. Soc.), pp. 221, 264;

with Francis Lee, ou a charge of preaching
to s aepaivtiat oongregation there, and on
Coll. Top. at Geo. vii. 366 OoIIids'b Peerage
;
suspicion of having administered the sacra-
(Brydgc6),8tS74; Bi8t.H88. Comm. 4th Rep.
menta. He was committed to the F^leet, and
App.{ Wood*a Athena Omiii. MO-l
J. M. R.
BufTered several imprisonmenta. At Whitr
suntide 1640 he and another gave information
LAMBE, KOBERT a7ia-1796), author, to John Lan^dny, mayor of Colchester, of a
the SOB of John Lamhe, mereer, was bom at suspected plot to lire the town by ' two L-ish*
Purham in 1712. He was admitted a sizar rauu.' He gained his liberty, through hii
of St. John's ColWe, Canil)ridgi}, 18 Ajiril wife's interci88ion, on 26 June*1640, on giving
1798, and graduated BjV. in 1733-4. Takintr a bond not to preach, baptise, or frequent anv
holy ordera, he was successively a minor canon con ventida He waa brought up on Ua bona
of Durham Cathodral, perpetual curate of by order of 15 Oct. 1640, but seema to nave
South Shields, and from 1 717 vicar ot 2sorham been finally releuod by the Long parliament

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 Lambe
after. fVomftletlerwritteBonlSAug.
165S bj hU wife, Barbara Lambe, to Richard
Bait>r, it appcftrs that in 1640 or 1641 ho
jmned the congregation of Jolin Qoodwin
H|.T.]tt8k.8tapheii'.'<, Ci>l>man Street^ Lon-
don, wai afterwards ordained an elder of
Good vin'a congregational ch iirch an d became
, Srotestation against Venner'a insurrection in
ta Mtire yi Mwher. He was then a soap-
'
boiler, rarrring on business in Bell Alley,
Coleman Street, and preached there, as well
MB uriflhflhiinliMon occasion. Healsotra-
\f\m into Essex to make dis( iplt><?.' I It Tir^^
' Baxter snvi' they bucame more vehement
Dane [a. v.l joined hia meeting at ikU vUiey
m 14M& Oft 5 Vow, 1644 he fMheA
vid-
V' rs.ll nnlpmption (in Goodwin's sense) at
lieoedict's. Gzaoechuxch. Bj this time
he iMd ngeeted infimfr iM^tin witlKrat yet M theMtamiabeddnnoh. Aoeording to Crosby
bH^ming an adult baptist. Tie ncourac-rd
feaaie preachers, notably one Mrs. Atta-
wiy,'t1ie mistress of all tke she>preecliiff8 in
'oleman Street.' In 1645 he wa hrought
l*fore the lonl mayor for unlicensed preach-
in^.ttd imprisoned for a liort time by order
oft committee efpurliaiiieat. Edwards, who
faJ!? him *one Lfttii,' gives an odd account of
a pablic disputation at the Spital in January
1646. between Rohert OTerton [a. t.]
Lim\f and others, on tlv imniortfility of the
mmL The discussion had been prolubiteU by
Atliid mayor, whom Lamhe ww
aftflMt fat-
dined t n)j<'y In Febnuuy 10/50 he was an
> fervour of his personal relirrion, as well as
iapoiterof com by wayof Exeter to London;
My he WM
engaged in the FrmA tfide.
He wrote on' of the hyms or spiritual songs'
'
song by Gtoodwin'a ooiun]gjaton on 24 Oct.
1051 , alter the hftttie ofWooraeiter, and pub-
lished by Gk>odwin.
It was not tin about 16o3 that the argu-
ments of William Allen, derived from Samuel
Fisher (leOiHeeS) [q. v.], brought him to
Wief in thene<'e<sityoTadult baptismi. For a
siiort time he remained in communion with
Geudwhi, but soon seceded with Allen and
*'>m-^ twt-nty others, who met as a partir>nlur
tnptist church in Bell Alley. In IQoS Lambe
M Allen had increaaed thmv following by
thtyv" oHP htjn'lred. Lftmbowns now living
io the panah of St. Bartholomew the Great
III flhwch, or pert of it, met in Lothbury.
FT-' probably the Thomas Lambe or Lamb
T.-.';'^
who waaapDointed by the navy commiaaioners
ie Ibtf 1666 m
muuster of the NBtwieh, on
&c<?rtificate signed bv Peter Storry [q. v.1 and
tvo others. Meanwhile Fiahec'a secession
akirism hadoauaed areae^n in hiieiBind;
Mthe end of 1G57 he began to think of
i^racing his steps; a correspondence with
Baxter in 1658 and 16r)9, begun bv his wife
and continued by himself and Alien, con-
vinced Iiim of hi( error in lewint^ (rfxid-
win. Lambe and Allen dissolved their baptist
445 Lambe
church, tad had ft meeting with ' the most
moderate pastors of the rebaptieed ehnfoht%'
to consult about n wider basis of church rapm-
bership. Baxter supplied terms of agree-
ment, out tlio negotiations wore interrupted
by the Restoration. Lambe Hignnd tho baptist
anuary 1(X)1.
Lambe and Allen both returned as lay
members to the establinhed cbnrch. Lambe
subsequently dated hia fetamfiom 1668, hat
rep
bringing many of his ioUowers with him to
he died about 1672. Crosby, however (who
seoma unacquainted with the facts presented
in the appendix to * Reliquisa Baxteriansa'
and in Lucas's sermon), errom onsly tries to
make oat that Lambe of Bell Alley and
Lambe who conformed were different per-
sons. 'Mr. Lamb, Bell Alley, Coleman Street,'
appears in the ' Catalogue of the Names of
the Mercliants of 1C77 in 1679 Baxter pub-
' ;
and lished his ' Nonconformist's Flea for Peace,'
in reply to Lambe'a attack on aoooonfomiat
pzeachers.
hi later life hatras remarfcaUe for the
for his philanthropic work. He was an or-
ganiser of dunitj Motributing largely frsni
his own menns, and distributing the bounty
of others. Several handreds of pcisonen*
'
were by his means set free, and the inlWRiil
arrangements of prisons improved in oonso-
qucnco of his exertions. He was interested
also in the religious education of childxen.
So extensive were his charitable operations
that ' he was continnaUy throng'd oy flocks
of his clients (as ho callod them).' He de>
dined to resort to the oMatiyfor his health,
saying, 'What shall my
poor than doP*
AV'hen too infirm to give personal supervision
to his chnritahla sSbemes, he employed an
agent for the purposa llo dif d at an ad-
vanced ago in 1686. Hia funeral sermon was
f>reached on 23 July by Richard Lncas, D.D*
q. v.], then vicar of 8t. Stephi n'fi, Ooleaam
StreeL who speaks of him as hie dear friend.'
'
One of Us ams, Iseae Lamh, isaa tpsaftiev^
hapri=;t mini^tfTwhn signed the oonfession of
to faith issued by that body in 1688. AM^iher
son, John Lamhe, was apipohrtad "Vimv
Wheathamp'^tead, Iftrtfordshiie^ Ul May
1673, and was living in 1700.
Lambe published: 1. 'The Fountain of
Free Grace Opened,' ^.c, 8vo (Crosbt).
2. *A Treatise of Particular Predestination,'
&c., 1642, 8vo. 3. 'The L uUwfulness of
Digitized by Google
 Lambe 44A Lambe
Infant BBptiBme,'fte.,1644 (AKexrs). 4. 'The sermons yearly heS&fo tiie memben of the
ABabaptists GrtMtndwork found falae. . . . company, who were to attend in their gown^.
. . . W
hereunto one T. L. hath given hi The company were also to nxovide clothing
kmvnm,' &JC, 1644, 4to. 6. *Tlie Bamme toft twenty<*foQr poor inen and women, and le*

of A Conferpnro betwoeno J. StalUnra

. . .
'
'

coIv<'d4/. yearly from the tnistfor tln lr pain-.

and . T. Lamb,' &c., 1644, 4to. 6. Truth
. . Lambe's chapel, with the almshouses adjoin-
prevailing affainBt J. Goodwin,' &c., 1665,
. . . ing, was pulled down in 1825, and in 1872,
4to. 7. * Aosolute Freedom from Sin,' &c., under an act of 36 & 80 Vict. cap. 154, the
1656, 4to (against Goodwin's theology; dedi- chapel was finally removed to Prebend
cated to the Lord Protector). Lucas refers Square, Islington, where the present church
to hifl two excellent tnatiMe ... for the dis-
' of St. Jamee*!^ of the foundation of William
abusing those of the Peparatinn one of these ;
' Lambe, was erected in its Ptead. At the
was: 8. 'A Fresh Suit against Indepeudencv,' west end of the church is a fine but of the
fts.(mentioned in prefaoeto Alkn's Works ) ' founder in his livery gown, with a purse in
also ' a catechism of his own compotti^'irliuui one hand and his gloves in the other. It
he uaed in his charitable work. bears the date 1612, and was removed from
[OaL ef State Papars, Dom. 1840, 1641. 1650. the chapel in London WaU.
1651, 1652. 1653, 1655, 1658; Edwards's Gan- Lambe also built at his own expense a
Kna, conduit in Holbom, and provided 120 pails to
1646. i. 124 sq. (2nd ediU), ii. 17 sq.;
M^a Ftanenl Sarinon, 1686; Buiqite Bw* enable poor women t o gam a living by selling
water. He also h ft an an iv.'.ty of 6/. 13*. 4<f.
terian^T, 1696, i. 180 sq., iii. 180, App. 61 sq.
Works of William Allen, 1707 Crosby's Hist, to the Stationers' Company, to be distri-
;

of English Baptists, 1738-40, iii. 65 sq.; Wilson's

buted to the poor in St. FaithrS parish besidea ,

Dissenting Churches of London, 8'>8, ii. 430 sq., 1

other benefinctions to St. Giles^, Oripplente,
445 sq. Bruok'e Lives of the i'uriLans, 1813,
;
Christ's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, ana the
iii. 461 sq. Wood's Condensed Hist, of General
;
city prisons. For his native town of Sutton
Baptists [1847]. pp. 109, 121 (enonaooslj traats
Lambe as a general baptist); Reoords of Fen- Vntaua ho Oitohliihmi in 1578, at his own
StADton (Han-^eni Kiiollvs Soc), 1S54, pp. vii, ex3)en8e, a free grammar school for the educa-

158; CoofessioQs of Faith (Hansard Knolljs tion of youth, providing a yearly allowance
See.), 1861, p. iri; BanUyii liuMr Life of Bel. of 201. for the master and 10/. for the ashor,
Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, p. 167; besides a ^ood house and garden for the ac-
London Directory of 1677, 1878; Urwick s Non- commodation of the former. He also erected
in the yillage of Town Sutton six almshouses,
conformity in Herts, 1884, p. 474 ; Angus's Early
Baptiflt Authors, January 1886.] A. O.with nn orcnard and gardens, for the comfort
lambe; WILLLUi (149&-1680), Lon- of six poor inhabitants of that parish, and
don BMVohent and he&eftotof llottea thoimn of 9JL tobopdd to eneh of
Lambe, was bom at Sutton Vnlonce, Kent, them yearly, entrusting the Company of
in 1486. According to the statement of Ciothworkera with the estates and direction
Alnrahun Fleming, hie contemporary bio- of these (^uitiot.
|[Tapher, Lambe came from ' a mean estate He died 21 April 1580, and was buried
in the country to be a eentleman of the in the church of St. Faith under St. Paul'a
Chapel Royal to Henry ViII. He was ad- His tomb, which was destroyed with the
mitted a freeman of the Clothworkera' Com- church of St. Faith in the firo of London,
pany in 1508, and served tho office of maator bore a brass plate with figures of himself in
m 1669-70. In early life he lived in Lon- armour and his three wives. His epitaph is
don Wall, next to the ancient hermitage printed by Dugdale (Mittory of St. Amfi^
chapel of St. James's, belon^ng to thf abbf 1818, p. 7/). T\w names of his wives were
of Gerendon in Ijcicestershire. Two monks Joan, Alice, and Joan. The last survived
of this community served the chapel as chap- him, and huriod in 8t 01tvo% Ohinvih, WW
lains. A
well belonging to them supplied Silver Street.
its name to the adjoining Monkwell Street. Lambe was a strong adheront of the ro-
ThnroghMt Mnenee with tiie king Ltmfao Ibnnodn^ion and a mond of Bean NowIl
f>urrhased this ohapol at the dissolution, by and John Foxe. He was deservedly esteemed
etters patent dated 80 March 34 Henry Vllt for his niety and benevolence, and, according
(ir>42), and beqneathed it with his h ouse, to hio Diographer, *]iadi ooeno and MM
lands, and tnifini nts, to thi vuliic of liOl. marked at Powle's crosse to haue continued
to the Ck)mpany of Ciothworkera. from eight of the clocke until eleuen, att*n-
this he directed that a minister should tiuely listening to the Preachers voice, and
be engaged to perform divine service in his to haue endured the ende, being wejxke and
chapel every Sunday, Wednesday, and Fri- ai;ed, when others both Strong and luntin
day throughout the year, and to preach four went away.'

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 Lambe 447 Lambert
[A ItmeAtO of the flunou Monvmsota and script letterfrom the author to I^rd Entkiue,
ChArit .blf Almcj-dce lt s of Ri^ht Worwhipfull and some remarks upon the work bv the latter.
Ibuter William Lumbc, Esquiro, by Abmham 4. ' Additional Rwporta on the Effects of a
flraiiif,tUS. reprinted, with pedigroe nad nolM Peculiar Regimen, kc, London, 1816, 8to.
Ij Oi.irlcs Fr<<lfrick Aqgell, 1875 ; Timbs's
Extracts from these two works, with a pre-
Carositics of London.] C. W-h. face and notes by . Hare, and written in
LAMBE, WILLIAM (1786-1847), phy- the corresponding style of phonography bv
yeian. ton of Lacon Lambe, an attorney, I. Pitman, were pubushed at Bath in 186^
bora at Warwick nn
'2t) Feb. 176.5. He 12mo. 5. An Inve.stipition of the Pro-
'

w&'i gr&mmar school

educattnl at Jlereford perties of Thames Water,' London, 1828, 8vo.
and College, CamDiidgiB, whence
St. Johji's
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 17-18; Baker's St.
be graduated B.D. (as fourth wrangler) in
John's CoUoge. i. 810 UradnatiCuntAbr. p. 280
;
17^;. M.B. in 1789, and M.D. in 1802. He Cains CoUc^ Register ; Livss of Britirii rlmi-
wa ^itiutted a fellow of hit college on
cians, 1857, p. 406 Brit. MoB. Oat]
; T. 8.
arch 178*^. In 17fK) he succeedptl to the
practice of a friend. Dr. Landor (father of LAMBERT. [See also Lambart.]
tht poet% ud
in the Mme
year puMblutd LAMBERT or LANBRIHT {d. 791).
hL Analyses of the Leamitirjton Water.'
*
arohbishopcf Omterbniy. (Bee Jimna;]
Xbe reaulu of further minute chemical ex*
MUMtioB of ^hose wttAn Iran intbBflfasd LAMBERT, ATLMER BOtJRKE
bv him in the fifth volume of the Tranpac- * (1761-18-iL>), botanist, was bom at Bath,
taam' of the Philosophical Society of Man- 2 Feb. 1761. He was the only son of d-
<Wtf. BemoWng to London about 1800, mond Lambert of Boyton House, near H^-
admitted a fellow of the College
lArnbe ^ras tesbury, Wiltshire, by his first wife, Hon.
on 22 Dec. 1804. He held both
of PbTsiciana Bridget Bourke, heiress of John, yisoount
the oeawrahip and Croonian lectureahip on Mayo, and eighth in descent from Richard
MTeral occajtiont betWMH 1806 and 1828, Lambert, sheriff of London, who bought
and he was Harveinn orator in 1818. His Boyton in 1572 (see pedigree in Sib R. 0.
London practice being neither verj* large nor liuARBB South WiiUhtn/aeyteshuTj Hun-
remuneratiTe, Lambe resided a short distance dred,' p. 203). A
coUeofeor from his boyhood,
from town, but retained a consulting room in Lambert formed a museum at Boyton before
Xui^s (now Theobald's) Road, Bedford Row, he was old enough to go to school. When
where he attended time timea a week. Many twelve he was sent to Hackney School, Aan
ofhi* patients were needy people, from wliom under a Mr. Newcome, and here he kept up
be would accept no fees. Lambe was ac- his taste for collecting, and especially for
MMtad 9m eoeentrio by his eontemporariee, botany. He spent some of his vacations
mainly on the c^ound that he wa.s a stri( t, with his stepmother's brother, Henry Sey-
rit bj no means fanatical, vegetarian. mer, at Hanfoid^orse^ and there made the
Hismoorite pnseripionwM filtered water. acnuaintance of Dr. Bicnaid Pldteney [q. v.]
fir Min?d from practice about 1 8 10, and died of Blandford,and of the Dowager Duchess of
at Oilwjn on 11 June 1847. He was buried Portland, whose herbarium he afterwards
ittthefiunily vanlt in the chnxehyardof that purchased. Lambert matrienlated as a com-
puiih. ^^'illiam Lacon Lambe, Lambe's son, moner at St. Man,' Hall, Oxford, 90 Jan.
bom at W
arwick in 1797, was a Tancred 1779, but never graduated. At the univer-
tadent and soholar on the fimndation of sity he made the acquaintance of a brother
Gaily*College, Cambridgei wheooe ha gm- botanist, Daniel Lyaons [q. v.], the topo-
daated M.B. in 1820. grapher, and shortly afterwards came to know
Besides the work mentioned above Lambe Joseph Banks and James EdwuKl Smith.
vmte: L 'Researches into the Properties On the foundation of tlw Linnaan Society
of Sprinsr "Water, with Medical Cautions in 1788 T-nmlM^rt became a fellow, and fVom
aC'tinAt the use of Leatl in Water Pipes, 179t) till his death a period of nearly fifty
Pumps, Cisterns,' &c., 1803, 8vo. 2. *
A
years acted as vice-president, bein^ the list
Miidical an'l Exp'^rimentul Enquiry into the survivor of the original members (Nichols,
Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of Conetitu- Lit. niustr. vi. 835). II is contributions to its
tiottl Diieasea, particularly Scrofula, Con* 'Transactions' extend from vol. iiL (1704) to
tion. Cancer, and Gout,' 1806, 8vo; rc- vol. xvii. (1837), and include various papers,

Skfaed, with notes and additions by J.
, New York, 1854. 3. * Reports of the
Iffccl? of ft Ppciiliar Regimen on Scirrhous
Toaoora and Cancerous Ulcers,' 1809, 8vo.
Ihe British MniMiTn copy contains a manu-
zoological as well as botani cal, on such subiects
as the bish wolf-dog. Bos frontalis, the blight
of wheat, oak-galls, &c. In 1791 Lam^rt
was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,
and ha also joined the Society of Antiqnaxiei^

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 Lambert
ftndwaieleeted amemberof nnmerousforeifni
societies. On his fotlior's death in 1802 he
removed from Salisbury to Bojrton, where he
entertained many eminent foreign naturalists,
and formed an herbarium of some thirty thou-
sand specimens. This collection, of the sources
of which there if a full account by David Don
in Lambert's ' Pinus,' vol. ii., reprinted with
some abrid^ent in Sir R. 0. Honre's ' His-
tory of Wiltshire,' was at all timee freelv
open to botanical students. Sir J. K. Smith
styles Lambert ' oni* of the most ardent and
experienced botanista of the pret^ent nge,' and
his skill is shown by his TCOOpiition Tor the
first time of Carduus tuhfroms and Centaurea
niffreM!em, Hnd byhisfin^t imli jiendent work,
* A
Description of the genus Cinchona,' pub-
lishod in 1707. This work, dedicated to Hanks
and tlii^ T<innenn Society, dt^scribt's eight
pecic5, mostly from Danks's specimens. To-
wards the clpfonf hi< Vifo, finding thnt'noyton
did not suit his health, Lambert took a house
at Kew Green, where h died 10 Jan. 1842.
His library and herbarinm wor^ subsequently
dispersed by auction, Ruiz undPavon'sChilian
and Peruvian specimens being purchased
for the British Museum. Lambert married
Catherine, daughter of Richanl Ilowater of
Alle^ley, Warwickshlie, bat slio died before
bim, leaving no issue.
An oil portrait of Lambert by Russell,
now at the Linnean Socie^i looms, was en-
graved by TToll, and an engraving by W.
Evans from a drawing by II. Edndge was
published in Cadell's ' dontemporary Por-
traits' in 1811. Besides vfirious species of
plants that bear his name, Smith dedicated
to bid friend the gaans Lambertia among
Anstralifin Proffaeetf, and Martins founded
a genus Aylmcria, not now maintained.
Laiubert's chief work, to which Us paid
assistant, David Don q. v."', was a large con-
,
tributor, was his moiio^'raph of the genus
'Pimn/one of the most sumptuous botanical
works ever issued. Of this the first volume,
comprising forty-three foUo coloured plates
and dedicated to Banka, appeared in 1803;
the second, comprising twelve plates, de<li-
cated to Sir R. C. Iloare, in 1824. Of the
eeiHld edition, vol. i., containing thirty-six
pliites. ripponml in 182"^ vol. ii., with thirty-
; he attained tho acme of mortal hugene.*
tive pli;toH, in 1828 and vol. iii., with seven-
; Ho died there at the Waggon and Hors'9
teen plates, in 18.']7. A
quarto edit ion in two
volumes, dedicated to "William IV, appeared
in lS.t2. Besides this he published in 1821
'An nivstTatioB of the (Tonns Cinchona,'
4to, dedirrttt'd to IIumb;>ldt, di^^cribing
t wt nty-ono species, and u translation of ' An
Rulo^ium on Don Hippolito Ruiz Loper,'
1 8.'il Kvo. Lambert's copy of Hudson's Flora
, '
Anglica,' the manual or ius youth, with hia
448 Lambert
manuscript notes, is in tbe lihraij of the
BritiBb Hmeiini.
[Athrn.Tnm, 1 842, p. 1 U7
Oont. Mag. IMS,
;
i.607-8 Proce( dings of tho LiniMnn Society, L
;
137 Gardeners' ChroaielSi
; \U%
^. 271. iS9:
Bees's QydopMlia.] Q. B. a
LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809), tbe
most corpulent man of whom authentic re-
cord exists, elder of two sona of a Daniel
Lambert who had been huntsmantotheI<jirl
of Stamford, was bora in the parish of St.
Margaret, Leicester, on 13 Marcn 1770. lU
wan apprenticed to the engraved button
trade in Birmingham, but in 1788 retumwl
to live with hia lather, who was at that time
keeper of Leicester gaol. Tho eldor Li
bert resigned in 1791, and the son succeeded
to his post. It was shortly after this period
that Daniel's sise and weight enoHMwlf ii^
creased. In his youth he had been gr^atlr
a^ldicted to field-8|>ort8, was strong and acU?e,
a great walker and swimmer, but although
his habits were still active Lambert
tliirty-two stone in 1793. lie oniy drank
water, and alepk leaa than eight hours a day.
In 1 H0'> I'.e resigned his post at the prison on
an annuity of 50/., and in the following year
began to turn to profit the fn m n ftwiwirpnlfiam
which had hitherto brought hiro Tnfirelv an-
noyance. He had a special carnage con-
striMted, went to London, and in April 1806
commenced 'receiving company 'from twelve
to five at 2no. 63 Piccadilly. Qreat curiosity
was aaeited, and many descriptions of Lam-
ht'Tt wore published. 'When sitting' (ac-
cording to one account) he appears to be s
'
sfcnpMidous mass of flesh, for his tliighs ore
so covered by his belly that nothing hut hii
knees are to be seen, while tbe flesh of his
legljUbidlMiemble pillows, projects in soflk
ft manner as to nearly bury his leet.' T.am-
bert 's limhe, however, were well proport oned i
hisfiue was'inaafyand intalligent,' and he
was ready in repartee. He Tovisited London
in 1807, when he exhibited at 4 Leicester
Square, and tb^i made a seriee of visits ia
thp provinces. He was at Cambrid^ in Jane
I80i>, and went thence by Huntingdon to
Stamford, where,aooofding to the local paper,
*
inn on 21 .luly 1809. His coffin, which con-
tained 112 superficial feet of elm, wa^^ built
upon two axfe-trees and four wheel.'", upon
wnich his body was rolled down a frindual
incline from the inn to the burial-ground of
St. Martin's, Stamford Baron (for Lambert's
epitaph see NaU$ and QMii&i, 4th ler. xL
Lambert's sudden death was owing doubt-
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 Lambert 449 Lambert
kts to /atty degeneration of the heart. At temperament and shrewd wit, and fre<^uently
that taiiM DB was five feet eleven inches in
spent his evenings at work in his painting-
bright, ancl weighed 739 lb.-*., or 52J stone. loft at Covent Garden Theatre, to which
He thus fraati^ exceeded in bixe the two men of note in the fashionable or theatrical
Miwlw Bad hitherto been mo.st famoua for world resorted to share his BVapftK of a beef-
their corpulence, John Love, the Weymouth steak, freshly cooked on the spot. Out of
bookseller, who died in October 1793, weigh- these meetings arose the well-known ' Beef-
3'f 26 atone 4 lbs., and Edward Bright of steak Oub,' which long maintained a high
&l<len, who <li<:<l 10 Nov. 1750, weighing social reptjtation. Mo.st of Lambert's scene-
U stone. Since hia death he has become a D&intingsunfortuiiAtely perished when Covent
irnonym for hugeneM. Ifr.GeoMeMnedith, Oaidon Thaatva waa deatroyed by fire hi
in 'One of ourConauerors,' descrioes Ix)ndon 1808. Lambert was a friend of Ilagiiitli,
u the Daniel Lasubert of citiea/ Mr. Herbert and a member of the jovial society that met
'

t^peooer, m
hk 'Stndj of Sodologv,' sneaks at * Old Slaughter's ' Tayem in 8t Martin's
t a Daniel Lambert of learning, ana Mr.
' Lane. In 1766 he was one of the committee
l)Qiutthorpe in his ' Individualism,' of a of artists who projected a royal academy of
'

'Dinid LamberC rtew of the salus populi.' arts in London.

'

Ho was a member of the

A suit of Lambert's clothes is preserved Society of Artists of Great Britain, exhibited
at Stamford, and in the King's Lynn Musenm with them in 1761 and the three following
ti a w&iCco<u of his with a girth of 102 years, and during the same period contributeu
inches. There are sewral potteaita <rfLam- to thaAaadamy exhibitions. In 17tir> heand
bert the best is a la^ mezzotint in Lysons's
; other mombers soccdt'd and formed the Incor-
'Collectanea' in the British Museum Library, poratad Society of Artists of Ghreat Britain^
wfam sra abo ft aaaiber of coloured prints, of which he waa elected the first president.
bills, and newspaj^eisnittings relating to him. He died, however, on SO Nov. 1766, bafiwa
Lambot's portnut also fignzea on a larae its constitution had been completed*
nakf tavcam signs in Loodoii and tSe III aooJuiietUm witii Bamiiel Seott, Lam-
eagtem midlands. bert painted a scrios of Indian views for the
CthtBook of Wonderful Chamelat; Etrby's old aat India House in Leadenhall Street.
wnnhiM Xvmm. ii. 408 Smeeton's Biogra- He alflo etched two printa after SalTator
;

' hiCnrioa Gmnger'a New Wonderful Maaeum

; Rosa. Lambert was associated in 1735 witli
tfr^'a Bowlandaoo, iu dO : Notes and Qoeries, O. Vertua, Hogarth, and Pine in obtaining
ftbssr.TiiL846; Eeeintfiel[af.ii.Ml^; Miss a bill from parliament securing to artists a
BaaWa Collection of BrosdsMMb Brit. Mas. copyright in their works. ^ Lambertfa por-
McttoDg Post. 5 Sept 1812.] T. S. trait by Thomas Hudson is in the rooms
LAMBERT, OEOROB (1^0-1765), occupied by the Beefsteak Club; another by
landscape* and scene-painter, a native of John Yanderbank waaangmved in mezzotint
iunt, was bom in 1710. lie studied under by John Faber the younger in 1727, and in
Wamer Haaaells [q. v.] and John Wootton line by H. Robinson and others. Another
[9. t.\ and soon attrac^ attention b^ his portrait of Lambert by Hogarth was in the
pT'-ww of landscape-paintmpf. He painted possession of Samuel Ireland [q. v.] in 1782.
xjtQj large and fine landscapes in the manner
[Edwards's Anecdotes of faintars; WalpoU's
^TOstpar Poussin, and it ia stated that Lam- Anewlotwi of Painting, ed. Wonram; Red-
bert's paintings have since been frequently grave's Diet of Artiata ArnoUVs Library of the
;

^ Id as the work of Poussin. At other times Pine Arts, i. 823 Pye'e Patronage of British
;

a imitated the atyle ofSal vatorBooa, Many
landscapes worf) finely engraved by manuscript History of English Sagravers (Brit^
F. Virares, J. Maaonjaad others, including
> nt of vl0ws of Fl^otttii uid Mount
Edgnimbti (painted conjointly with Samuel
SeoU), a view of Saltwood Castle in ent,
wAm of BoiTr, and a laadaeape presented
by Lambert to the Foundling Hospital, Lon-
don. Lambert also obtained a great reputa-
tion as a scene-painter, working at first for the
Unoob's Inn FieldaTkeatre under John Rich
T.] When Kich removed to Covent Garden
J.
Lambert secured the assistance of
Theatre,
Amiooni, and
togethw they pfodaeed scenery
'/ far any previously
hlglicr quality thun
^ecttt^ Lambert was a man of jovial
Aft; Austin Dobson'a William Hogarth; Dodd'a
Mas. Addit MS. 33402).] L. 0.
LAMBBBT, GEOROB JAOESON
(1794-1880), organist and ooOipOMr, aon of
Qeorge Laodbertj^oxgauiiit of Bevailerr Mia-
ster, waa hom at Bevierley, 16 Nor. 1794. He
had his first lessons from his father; after-
wards he studied in London under Samuel
T. Lyon and Dr. C^tch. In 1818 he suo*
oeeded his father as organist at Beverley, and
held tho post until 187o, when ill health and
deafness comnelled him to retire. He died at
Beverley 2i Jan. 1880, and waa interred in
the private burial -cTound in North-Bar Street
Within. His wife and two sons predeceased
|

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 Lambert 450
him. His father, who died 15 July 1818, was
OTj^nist forty-one years, accoroag to the
epitaph on hw tombstone in the grnveyarfi,
80 that the office of organist at Beverley was
held by father and son for the almoit unpre-
cedented period of ninety-eight years. The
younger Lambert was not only an excellent
oiguust, but a fine violoncello and violin
player. His published compositions include
overture^ instrumental chamber music, oi^gan
fttgnea, pitaolbrte pieces, &c. Some quartets
and a septet were played at the meetings of
tite Society of Bntisn Musicians; but, al-
tiuragli they were warmly praised by good
judges, he could wm be mmiGed to publu^
any of them.
[Momcri linw, tSM, 9. IIS; Orarsnt Diet
Mas. ii. 86^ iT*6M; Benrisy Ouxdlan, 31 Jan.
1880 ] J. C. B.
LAMBERT, HENSY (A 1818), naTal
captain, younger son of Captain Robert Lam-
bert (d. iSIO), entered the navy in 1796 on
hoara the Oamberland in the Mediterranean,
and in her was present in the action off Tou-
lon, 13 July 1706, when the Alcide struck to
the Curaberiaod. He afterwards served in.
the Virginie and Suffolk on the East India
station, and having passed his examination on
15 April 1801 was promoted the same day
to be lieutenant of tne Suffolk, from whicn
he was moved in October to the Victorious,
and in October 1802 to the Centurion. Con-
tinning on the East India station, he was
promoted, 24 March 1803, to be commander
of the Wilhelmina, and on 9 Dec. 1804 to
be captain of the San Ilorenzo, in which he
was ronfirm(d with seniority 10 .\pril 1805.
In June SO(j he returned to England and
1 j
in May 1808 was appointed to the Iphigenia,
which he took out, in the first instance to
Quebec, and afterwards to India. In 1810
the IphijOfenia was MBfkyed in the Uoekade
of Mauntins: and was one of the squadron
under Captain Samuol Pym [q. v. ; see also
WnxouoHBT, Sib Nisbbt Jobiah] in the
disastrous attack on the French squadron in
Grand Port on 22 Aug. and subsei^uent days,
lesulting in the loss or destruction of three
out of tne four fricrarpp. On the afternoon
of the 27th, the fourth, the Iphigeuia, with
tiie men of two of the others on noard, and
with little or no ammunition remaining, was
attempting to warp out of the bay, against
a contiaxy wind, when three other jPrench
frigates appeared off the entrance. Disabled
and unarmed as she was, and crowded with
men, resistance was impossible; and after
twenty-four hours' negotiation Lamb- rt snr-
rendered,on an ti^reement that he, the officers
and erew should be tent on parole to the
Oape of Good H<i^ r to Eaglaiid vithia
Lambert
a month (Jambs, v. 167 ; Cheyaukk, Ht*-
toirf de la Marine fran^itef in. 87B-9>.
Nntwithstanding this capitulation, which
does not eeem to have been reduced to writ-
ing, the prisoners weredetained in Mauritioa,
and wf>re released onlv when the island was
captured by the English on 3 Dec, and the
Iphigenia, which had been taken into tlie
Frf'nch norviee ''sfp Corbct, Robert], wa
recovered. Lambert was then tried by court-
martial fnr the loss of Ua and was
honoiirabl v acquitted.
In August 1812 he commissioned the Java,
a Use 88^n frigate, formerly the Firendl
lionomm^, captured off Tamataveon 21 Ma_v
1811. She wasy however, ver^r indifferently
mamwd; and beiB|f eiowded with paaseng^m
and lumbered up with stores, her men w^>rt'
still absolutely untrained when, on the voy-
age oat to tiie Bast Indiea, she Ml fat with
the TTnited Statf^s frigate Constitution, off
the coast of BnuiL on 29 Dec., and was
brought to teflon. Tjahonni|f nnder alnoat
every possible disadvantage, the f>hip w;,-
gallanuy fought. Alter about an hour Liam-
bert fiw^iBoitaifly wouided by amuikoli tluA
in the breast, and thedefencf wa continttM
by Chads, the first Ueutenant. till the Java,
in a sinking condition, was foreed to baol
down her colours [see Chads, Sib Hejtrt
IHtcibI. On the second day she waa cleared
out ana set on fire. On 8 Jan. 1813 the Con-
stitution anchored at San Salvwdor, where
the prisoners were landed, and where, on the
4th, Lambert died. On the 5th he was buried
with military honours, rendered by the Por-
tuguese governor, the American commo'^or
and officers taking, it is siud, no part iu tLc
cemnoBy (Jamil 491V
[CoinTn)(Ton lists in the Public lUcord OiTi.j*
Koosevelt's Naval War of 1812; Jamena Naval
Histay, dit. IMOi] J. K. Lb
LAMliERT, JAMES (172^>-1788\ mu-
sician and painter, was bom of very humble
parents at Jevington in Sussex in 1725, nn l
received little eciucation. He early showed
a talent for art by roughly drawing sketchet
of animals, landscapes, Sec, with such poor
materials as he could obtain at Jevington;
but when quite young he settled at Lewaa
in order to practise as a painter. At Lewes
he waM known as a 'herald painter,' and
painted many inn signs. Lamoert is pro-
bably Ix'st Icnown by a sprios of sev- ral
hundred water-colour drawings, which he
exiH:uted for Sir William Burrdl, In iUoa-
tnitinn of thn antiquitii's of Sussex. Somp
of these sketrhf's are in the British Muftoiim.
Other drawings by Lambert nro to be foiuid
in Watson** < fiiatocrof the Earla of Wann'
Digitized by Go
 Lambert '
45t
tDd in Uonfield'sworln. Seven of his
pietviw Bppwged ftt Hba Royal Aeademy,
hnd he exhibited fnM|uently Ht the Society
of AnuUMid elsewhere from 1761 until the
yew of Ma dettb. Lambert excelled as a
drau?hts!n;in, but his work suffered fromun-
pleaato^ manneriams. Uis colour is said to
mf9 bnne3nM)llent, but hia extant paintinea
have lost much of their brilliancy, probably
6oai bog expoeure to rery strong lights.
Lambo^ wan for many years organist of
the church of St. Thorn as-at-Cliffe, Lowea.
Dun van, in his * History of Lewes,' p. 324,
ays that Lambert was a better painter than
Boaidan, though excellent in both arts. As
a musician he was comparatively little known.
He died at Lewes on 7 Dec. 1788, aged 63,
!.r.<\ waa buried in the churchyard of St.
John's, near that town. The Society of Arts
and Sciences accepted a presentation picture
if ft liBdMipe lylimtart alMMrt 1770.
[Lower's Worthies of Snswx. 1865. p. 89;
DoDTan'a Hist, of Lewes, n. 821; Ozaves's Diet.
arAftiala,p. 188.] B. H. 1^
LAMBERT, JAMES (1741-1823), Greek
p- >fH>5or at Cambridge, was bom on 7 March
1741,the son of Thomas Lambert, vicar of
Thorp, near Harwich, and affterwarda rector
of Melton, SuflTolk. His father was a member
of Trinity College, Cambritlge (B.A. 1723),
and the son, after being educated at the
grammar school of Woodbridge, waa entered
f Trinity rolloge on 23 April 1760. He
graduated B.A. as tenth wrangler and senior
adallist in 1764, and proceeded M.A. in
1767, having obtained a lellnwKhip in 1766.
Far a abort time he served the curacy of Al-
dertOB Attd Bawdrcy near Woodbridge. He
waa assistant tutor of Trinity College for
Bome years, and on 7 March 1771 was elected
Rgius profesecnr of Greek, aftar dalirering a
prelection H' Euripide aliisque qui Phuo-
'
toMMBk Socraticam acriptia aiua illustraTiaae
tidaKtar.' Then wtaaootlnr candidate. Jn
1773, thronph 'Sir. Carthew of Woodbridge,
PtoaoD waa aent to him at Oambri^e to oe
toatada* feobiaftiMeato veenve fheadtieatkn
which Mr. "Nt irris wns proposing to give hira
and it waa through Lambert'a meaaa that he
WW CDEBBiiiied Vy tba Trinitj tutora, and waa
in cotL'-' qucnce 8ont to Eton (PougnN-, Cor-
retpmdmeef pp. 126-SS), Lambert gave up
Ida aMBateBt tntonhiv m
1776^ and iSr aooM
yearf superintended the education of Sir John
Flening LeioeaterTq. v.l, retnr&ing to college
wHb bis pupil iolflB. HareriffiiedtliaGreek
y.rofeasorship on 24 June 17o0. He was a
atnmg ^ upporter of Mr. Jabb of Patarhouae in
hia propoMil ftir aannl amniiistioiia tOim-
bi^fi^aadinM m sNote of liw ^adioafte
Lambert
appointed in 1774 to consider schemes for
this and other improvements in the univer-
sity course of education ; their prapoaala, bow-
ever, were all thrown out by narrow majori-
ties in the senate. In 1789 lie wns uppointod
bursar of hia eollege, and held the otKce for
ten years a ront] ncnr Cambridge, connecting
;
the Trumping! on and Hill's roads, is still
known by the name of the Via Lambertina.'
'
He latterly adopted Arian opinions, and
never accepted any preferment in the church,
but be his fellowship till his death.
This occurred on 8 April 1823 at Fersfield,
Norfolk, where he ia buried. Hia portrait is
in tha amallor oombinatioii foom at Trinity
CoUeg.
[Docnmenta in the Cambridge University K-
gistry; Gentleman's Mngaxine tor JjAj 182S,
p. 84 Porson'e Correspondence (Camb. Antiq.
;
8oc.), pp. 125-32; Jebb's Bemarks upon the
present mode of edncation bl tha University of
Cambridge, 1774, p. 52.] H. R. L.
LAMBERT, JOHN (d, 1538), martyr,
whose real name was Nicuolbok, was bom at
Norwich and educated at Cambridge, where
in 1521, at the request of Queen Oatherine|
he was admitted tellow of Queeni^ Gollegt.
being then B.A. Bilney and Arthuraresaia
to have converted him soon afterwards to
{irotestantiam. Hia waa Ofdalnad priest and
ived for some time, according to Bnlp, at
Norwich, where he sufi'ered some neraecution,
Jtrobablj Itar leading prohibited Dooha. He
bund it convenient to take the name of
Lambert, and passed over to Antwerp, be-
coming chaplain to the English fkotory, and
a friend of Tindal and Frith. One John
Nicholson was examined on a chanre of hareqr
before convocation S7 9Iaiidk 1681 and al-
lowing days (Letters and Papers, Henry VI2I,
T. 928) i but It ia ateted that Sir Tbomaa More
noaed Lambert to be broegbt to London
abont 1682 to answer an accusation made
agunathimbyoneBarbw. Lambertseemato
luTabaanawadbTtbekingfi printer wbatber
he was responsible for the tran>'lfition of the
articles of Geneva and although he denied
;
tbe flbarge waa impriaoned in tbe compter.
Thence he waa taken to the mnnor of Ottford
and afterwards to Lambeth, where he waa
ezanuned by Waibam on ferty^ilTe artielea.
To each of these he gave a separate answer,
showing considerable learning. The artielea
and tbe anawero aie printed by Foxe. Ha
obtained his discharge on the death of the
archbishop(26 Aug. 1632), and for some time
taught omldraB Eatin and Greek near the
Stocka Market in London. He resi^nied hi><
priaathood, contemplated matrimopy, and
Mane tobamaiiteiMtbaQioeen^Oompany.
About Manb 1686, on the ioaoaatioii of the
9
Digitized by Google
 Lambert 45 Lambert
Duke of Norfolk, tlie Earl of Essex, and the he studied law in one of the inns of court,
OoanteM of Oxford, he was sonuBdnftd Mfon but his name does not appear in any printed
Crnnmor, Sbaxton, and Tjatimer on a charge admission-lists {Memorial, ed. 1863, u. 163).
of saying that it was einful to pmy to saiuts. On 10 Sept. 1639 he married Frances, daugh-
liltliiiner on this oeeaflion was very extreme
' ter of Sir William Lister, knight, of Thomtoa
affainst him (Lattmer, tt^orkji, Park.-r Soc., in Craven, Yorkshire (pedigree of Lambert
vol. i. wh" very quickly
pp. xvii,xxxii),but he of Calton, WarcAKEB. p. 266^. When the
dischar^d. In 1638 Lambert heard a sermon civil war began, Lanuert tooK up arms Ibr
by Dr. Taylor, afterwfirrls bishop of Lincoln, the parliament in the army under the mm-
at 6t. Peter's, Gombill, and, disagreeing with mand of Lord Fairfax. Colonel Lambert is
the doetrine pnt forth, had some discussion said to have 'carried himeelf very bravelv'
on trnn<5iil)stantiation witli tlm preacher, wlm in the sally from Hull on 11 Oct. 1643, and
by the advice of Barnes corned the matter he is praised by Sir Thomas Fairfax for his
before the archbishop. Lambert ^pealsdfrom services with the parliamentary horM at the
the nrch bishop's court to the king, who re- battle of Naritwich on 25 Jan. 1644. In
solved to hear the case in person. Themattw Mwsh 1644 Lambert and his regiment were
nan quarterad at BradfefS. On 6 lurch ha boik
bmndpfl ns a sacramentarj,' and the king
' up the royalists' quarters, and took two bun*
desired to disavow any connection with the dred priaonen. A
few days kter he repulsed
faai^ drift of cpinuMi on tiM subject. A<v the attempt of Oolonel John Bellaais, the
OOidingly Lambert was examined on 16 Nov. Innp's governor of York, to recapture Brad-
1586 in Westminster Ball before the neers. ford (RusHwosTH.v. 303,617: VioaBS, Am^s
The vnfortmiate man tllspated for five nonrs Ark, pp. 40, 168, 190 Faiifaat (Snmmmd
;

wMl ttnhisbopB and the Ving, and at last, enoe, iu. 94 ; Diary of Sir Ilenrv Slinfft^ d.
being tired out with standing and eoose' Pazaont, p. 108). At the battle of
qnently saying little, was ooBdomaecl todeskh Uaor huAtgn ngjtiMiit wu put of tiw
by Croinwoll for denvinp the rrril presence. cavalry of the right w ing which was routed by
He suffered a few days later at Bmithfield, Goringf bat Lambert himself,withSizThianM
haTiagftthfe<lrfhgtd sfc Oromwdlli house. FaivAot tad fif or aix troopiL et tlib wi^
Tbf legend that Oromwoll uskod his forgive- through the enemy, and joined the victorious
ness is probably unauthentic^ bat Oranmer left wing underQBonweU(ViiOAB&^Mrsylri^
aftorirKratsflimowledged, in ImozunniKfcion 274; A^MBhUomoftkelatarfetory . .
p.
before Tirookes, that when he condemned on Martton Moor, unt f>y Cupi'iiii Stnixtrt^
Lambert he maintained theBomandoctiine. 1644, p. 7). When jriiainent sent for Fair-
WBlo in prison at Lambeth before his trial fax to maaauiA the neur model anmr, Lam-
Lambert was helped by one Oollins, a crac^ bert, then comiiuHsan -general of Fairfax's
man who was afterwards burnt, and at this arm^i waa ordered to take charge (rf the forces
time he is said to hare written ' A
Treatyse in UM ooith during his absenoe (Cbmrnow'
made by Jolian Lambert vnto Kynge Henry JoumaU, V. 27 Whitklocke, i. 369). Bst
i
;

the VIII concern inge hys opynyon in the thia ammintment was only temporary, as
saeramSt of the aultre as they call it, or Oolooei Poynts was tiltinmtcly made com-
Supper of the Lorde as the Scripture nameth mander of the northern army. Jn Karch
it. Anno do. 1538.' Bale printed the work 1646, when I^ngdale raised the siege of Pon-
it Marburg about 1647. Lambert is also tefract, Lambert was wounded in attempt-
credited with Tarious translatioaa ti the ing to cover the siege {ib. p. 403). Aa (hs
works of Erasmus into English. war in Yorkshire wss ended he ponp'ht em-
[Fronde's Hist, of Engl. iii. 162, &c.; Sferype's ployment in the new model, and sucot^ed
Oranmer, j p 92, 98, 664 Foxo's Acts and in January 1646 to the command of the foot
;

Xon. T. 181 ; Ooopsr^ Athenn Cantabr. i. 67 regiment which had been Colonel Monta^'s.
(where he is caDed Niebolfl) Wright's Three He was one of the negotiators of the treaty
;

Chapters* of Suppr. IxntorB(Cftiriden Soc), pp. 86, of Truro (14 March 1646), and of the capitu-
87, 38; l>ndal's Works, Aaawec to Mote's Dia- lations of Kxeter and Oxford (Sprigsb, Anglia
logue, p. 187, OmnaMff^ Works, fi. ai8, Bale's Medivim, ed. 1854, 236, 24-1. 258). It ia
pp.
Select Work-s. p. 394, Zurich Letters, 3rd ser. evident that he was from the tiritt regu^ded
p. 201, ail in tiM Parker Societj; Tanner's Bibl. as an ofhcer of exceptional oapacity, and spe-
Brit] W. A. J. A. cially seltcled forsemi-polit icttl employmenta.
LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1688), soUkr, The dispute bctwrt'n the army and tha
was baptised on 7 Not. 1619 at Calton, near parliament in ltJ47 brought Lambert into
Malham Tarn, in Yorkshire, where his father still greater prominence. In the meetings
resided (Whitajkbb, Hiatory of Craven, ed. between the oihcers and parliameutary com-
Morant, 368). Aowirding to Whitelocho ~"~ dwiiy A^il and Um^ 1m7 b

Digitized by Goo
 Lambert 453 Lambert
acted u spokeaDum of the diaoontented 25 Aug.
ofli- p. 447). On Hamilton's trial in
(ib.
SAd WM Btra0td bjr thna with tl] 1649 it waa disputed whether he bed snr^
j

can,
task of 'lipp^finp the particulftT complaints rendered to Ijimbert or en (\i])T urcd bv
I

of each regiment into a general suounaiy of Lord Qnj, but the evidence leaves no doubt
Hm tnny's gn&rwaem (VMiemibn ^Sk
William Waller, pp. 83, 1 IG Ctarke Ptiperg,
that Ony seised him after the aigiifttiin of
the articles with T.unibort's nlficers (BlTRKET,
;

L 9^,43,82). Haying a subtle and woridng

* JUvet qf the MamUtoru, ed. 1863, pp. 461,
hnia,' MwD as ft iBfu edtM(tioB,li uriitea
Ireton in drawing up tho Heads of the Pro-
'
poMlaof Ann7'(.pp- 197,ai%ai7i Whixb-
Tjooma, iL IW). In Jvlf 1647 the aoldini
of the northern army threw in their lot with
the soldien of the new model, aeiied Genoral
Poyntx, uoA mat lam a miamar to TUilSa.
Lambert was rl'-spatched to replace Poyntr
and raatore order. He took over the com-
'md at a g^nenti tvndskVouB on PtdrfMd
Moor on 8 A up 1647, and made a speech to
kia troopa, in which he engaged himaalf to
eommand nothinff bat irtiat dioiild 1m ibr
the good of tho kingdom, and desired them
4191). In OistoberOrainwiBn aent Lambert
to Edinburgh, in advance of the rest of the
army, with seven regiments of horse, to sup-
pocttiie Argyll party in eatftUiabing a govem-
ment, and left him there with a co iple of
regiments to protect themagainat the Hamil-
tooiuw {OiXbrta, O/rmmtt, Lettera faczy.
Ixxvii.) At the end of November Lambert
returned to Yorkahire to baaiege Fontefract,
wUdi atmnideMd on 99 March 1649. On
!
the earnest recommendution of Fairfax par-
i liament xewaided Lambert'* servioes by a
gTftnt of landa worth 806IL per annum iMU
tlio dfMiiesiu s of Pontefruct (C " i' Jour-
'

to aignify th^ aooeptanoe of himself as their i nals, vi. 174, 400; Tanner Man. Bodleian
generaL In a few weeks be disbanded the Library, Iri. f. IV Tbongb Lambert^ mfli-
|

supernumerary soldiera, reduced the inaub-
ordinatH to obedience, and suooeeded in eeta-
bliahing a good nnderstandinf between the
soldiers and the country people. The news-
papers praised his foimess, eiTility, and
'
moderation/ and his endeaTOUfi to reeonona
qvarrds and difierenoes of all kinda. 'A
man so completely composed for such an em-
ployment oould not have been pitched upon
bnidee' (BonwoKK, TB. 777, 606 fiM^
832).
^ May 1648 the northern royalists took prisoner, but was rescued almost immediately
tury duties kept aim at a distance during the
king's trial, there can be little doubt that he
approved of it (RuaHWOBTH, vii. 1867).
When Cromwell marched into Scotland in
i
Jnly 1660, Lambert accompanied him with
the rank of major-general and as second in
j
command. Cromwell gave him the command
|
of the foot regiment, lately Colonel Bright's
(Mmmrt of Captain John Modffmm, p. 41).
In the fight at Musselburgh on 29 July
Lambert was twice wounded and was taken
'

up arms again, and at the beginning of July {ii. p. 88; Oakltlb, Letter cxxxv.) At Dun-
tne Scottish army under Hamilton invaded bar ne beaded the attack on the Soots in person
England. Against the former Lambert more and was, according to one account, the man
than held his own, driving Sir Marmaduke whu^e advice decided the council of war to
Lani^ale, with the bulk of his forces, into K'vo battle, and author of the tactics which
Carlude, and recapturing Appleby and four d to the victory (ib. Letter cxl. Hodosoh, ;

other castles (ib. vu. 1148, 1157, 1186). But p. 43). On 1 Dec. Colonel Ker attacked Lam
I

tht^advaneeof Hami Iton wh ich was preceded oert's quarters at Hamilton, near Glasgow,
,
|

by tii' surprif*e of Pontefiract (1 June), and but was taken prisoner, and his forces com-
\

followed by the defection of Scarborough i

(28 July), obligi'd T>nmbert, to full bock. In
a letter to which Lambert naturuUy returned
pletely scattered (Oabltle, Letter cliii.) On
|
20 July in the followingyenr I>amb-'rt df iVated
Sir John Browne Hi Inverkeithiii^,' in i'lte,
j

ft flomewhat sharp ftanfer Hamilton sum- taking forty or fifty colours and fifteen huiH
|

moned him not to oppose the Scots in their dred prisoners (r**. Tetter clxxv. Mercurim
;

*pioui, loyal, ami necesaary undertaking' {ib.
pp. 1 188, 1194). Lambert retreated on Bowes
and Barnard Castle, hoping to be able to hold
the Stainmore pass against Hamilton, but
tPM obliged in August to retire first to Rich-
mond and then toKnan'sboroueh (ih. pp. 1 200,
1211; Gabdixeh, Ureuf Uteil War, iii. 41 fi,
404). Onmiwell joined him on 18 Aug., and the
two fell on the Scots at Pn'Kton and roiitrd
them in a three days' buttle f 17-19 Aug.^
Lambert was ebftVged with the pursuit of
HftmiUoii.irbo auRnndavad at Uttoxalev on
PoUticus, :i4-31 .July, contains Lambert's
despatch). "When Charles 11 started on his
march into England, Lambert and theeuvalry
of Cromwell's army weresentaheud to ' trouble
the enemy in the rear,' and if possible to join
Harrison in stopping their advance (Cart,
Memorials of the iSiH H'ar, ii. 29o ). At War-
rington Lambert and Harrison succeeded in
checking the Scots for a f< \v hour,-;, liut they
were not strong enough in foot to venture
a regular engagement (Mereurna PilUiem,
14-21 Ang.) On 38 Aug. Lambert Cft|>tiad

Digitized by Google
 Lambert 454
TTpton Bridge, Berm mHet from Wovoeiterf
80curin|,' thereby the pa-.-iigi- nf the Severn,
and in the oxownixig victor}- of 3 Sept. he
bad Ui hone shot ui^er him ( Cromwmiana,
pp. Ill, 116). 'The carriage of the major-
general/ Cromwell had written to the speaker
after the battle of luverkeithing, as in all
<
other thin^ so in this, ia wooruiy of your
takinfT notice of (Carlylb, Letter clxxxr.)
Parliament at last took the hint, and on
9 Sept. 1661 voted Lambert lands in Scot-
knd to the value of IjOOiM. jaw (flmmm^
Journals, viL 14).
After WorcesteTi Lambert letomed to
Soodand, but only for a short time. On
28 Oet 1661 parliament appointed .'urn one
<^tbe dgbt oomminiotieri to be at thither
'
for the. managing of the civil government
and settlement of a&ixs thero,' in reditj to
prepeM the -wmj fat the niiiaa of the two
Kingdoms (ib. vii. 20, SO). Lambert's wife
hadjoined him in Scotland in the summer of
{Letters ofRoundhead Officersfrom Scot-
Lambert
I and aearted tiiat Oromwell eiaapMitl Um
against the parliament, saying that 'not
anythiiu[ troubled him more than to Ne
honeat J^hn Lambert so nngratefully tiestcd'
(Tkurloe State Papers, vii. 660). There is
no doubt that Lambert began to prp?s for
the dissolution of the parliament and urge^l
Cromwell to effect it (Ludlow, p. 459). On
the afternoon of 20 April 1668 he was with
Cromwell when the latter visited the oouocil
of state and put a stop to tbnraittiagi. He
was the first president of the new council
pointed by the officers of the army (t.p.46l;
Cal. State Papere^ Dom. 1663-3, p. 301).
In the discussions which now took plsce
on the future form of government Lambeit't
politieal Tiaira heeaBM noreelearly roredei
While Harrison moved that the eupreme
power should be entnuted to a wttaak of
serenty, Lambert iriahed to give it to teasr
twelve persons. The conclusion was its de-
volution to 139 puritan notables composiitj;
the little parliament,' who immediately ia>
'

land, Bannatyne Olnb, pp. 31, 36). But the vited Lambert to take his seat amon^
death of Ireton (26 Nov. 1651) rendered it them (6 July 1653 Commons' Journals, ni.
;

necessary to appoint a new lord deputy of
Iveland. On SO Jan. 1652 padiMMlit decided
to appoint Lambert, at tne recommendation
of the council of state, and required Orom-
2S1 i Ludlow, p. 462). He was cho^Q s
member of the first council of state whidi
they appointed (9 July), but not of the se-
cond (1 Nov.^ When the little parliament'
'

wdlf the lord-lieutenant, to commianonLam- surrendered its powers back to CromweQ.

bert, as his deputy {Cornmctrvi' Joumals, vii. Lambert was the leading spirit in the council
77, 79). Lambert came to London and made of officers who now drew up the instrument
great preparations, 'laying ootflfietiioiiMnid of Kovenment and ofRned the poet of yto-
pounds for his own particular e(^uipage' tector to Cromwell. Ho and a few of the
Memoirs qf Colonel Mutchinson, u. 188). leaden had prepared the draft of a oonetitu-
i
Iiil on 10 If ay 1663 parliament, whidi had tiom beforehand, out abort all diaeoflnon, sad
appointed him for only six months, abolished imposed it on the council at largo (Ludlow.
the lord-lieutenancy, and the post of dej^uty p. 476 ; TAe Protector Unveiled, 1665, ^
necessarily ceased with iL Lambert nu^ht p. 12 ; TmnooB, i. 610, 754). Lambert hf-
have been reappointed aa commaodaMft- came a member of the Protector's council o!
chief of the forces and one of the commis- stHte, and it was reported that he would be
sioners for the civil government of Ireland, general of the three nations, and was to be
but he refused to accept the dimimshed made a dnka (A. 1 642, &I6).
dignity and Fleetwood wa? apjpointed in his Observers supposed that Lambert hi i pnv
oUiOd \Cofnmons' Journals, vu. 143, 152). cured the dissolution of the 'little parUauieut
MiB. Hutchinson attrlbntea this alight to the in order to get rid of his rival Ilarrison, sod
offence which Ijambert gave the parliament that he supported Cromwell's elevation be*
by ' too soon putting on the prince,' and to cause he hoped to succeed to his power. Hi^ '

a deep-laid plot of QromweU to get Fleet- intereet,' aaid a newsletter in April It^)
voad thp place (TIUTCHlNsoN, ii. 189). Lud- 'was more universal than Harrison's botli in
iow regards it as concerted by Cromwell in the army and country ; he is a gentleio&s
Older to eieate ill-fteling be^een Lambert bom, learned, well qualified, of courage, coa>
and the parliament, ana make him willing duct, good nature, and discretion' {Cal. Cb-
I

to assist in its overthrow {Memoirs, ed. 1698, rendon Papers, ii. 206). * This which Lais-
pp. 412-14). Cromwell certainly thought bert aimea at he hath effected,' says a lettff
Lambert hardly treated, and reauested that written in December following. The gen r .1

2,0(X)/. out of the arrears of salary due to will be governor and must stay here. He
himself us lord-lieutenant should be paid to will gain the command of the army, and it
Lnnibort (Oj/. State Papers, Dom. 1651-2, cannot be avoided. Harrison ia now out oi
p. C>'2'S). T<nmbert afterwanhs pef<M:ulod him- doors, havlnjj all along joined with the aaar
!

self that Cromwell Imd really planned it all, baptists ^TuuKLoa,i. (iv2).
'

Digitized by Google
 Lambert
Up to tKe summer of 1657 Ij&mbert ra-
"
the atrongeat supporter of the Pro-
In Octol^r 1654, when the ' instru-
Mtflf ffOTerameat WM under di>onMion, ha
tdKAloog spMflh to pawmide tlitptru*- hseaeh Between LMnbert and CromweLL
tnent that it was necessary to make the nro-
(sstonlup hereditAiy, but some bulievea his
Mm mmlj to naum all jealouBj ct
own aiming, knowing it would be rejected
for the other' i^ib. ii. 081-6; Cal. Clarendon
Pitpen, iL 43d). Wban ne major-generals
were appointed he was entrusted with the
cue of tne five northern counties, but acted
through deputies, Colonels Charles Howard
tad Robert Lalburoe (Oak State Papers,
Dom. 16-3'), p. .%7). He was undoubtedly
ooe of the chief instigators of their estabiiah-
ma^ wad. ia the parliament of 1666 oo one
WM more eager tor their continuance. I '
wish,' he said^ any man could propound an
'
ayedwnt to be aecun against your common
i-nemiea by anotlier way than as the militia
IS settled. The quarrel is now butweun light
ddiriinMa,notwhoiluUl rule, but whetnur
we sLall live or be prvserved or no. Qood
woidswillnotdo withthecavaliur8'(BuBioH,
ChmaetSanDkuy, u. 240, 819; Oal (Marem-
ion P'i/wr*, iii. 239 Cal. State Prtperx,Tiom.
; officials {Covuivnit* Journal*, vii. 572). Lam-
Idd6| p. On Questions uf publio policy
Ui vwws wart mtum the Mate as tho Pro-
tecti'rs. He advocated the war with Spain,
sad was anxious to keep the Soundfromfsiling
bto tbe posseiion of the Datdi or Dues or
o^sa^ single power (Bi n toy, iii. 400). He
m
wu farour of liberty of couhcicuce, moke
on behalf of James Nayler, and approvea the
Protector's inten ention on his behalf (t6. i.33,
-1 - :H iBBES, Behemoth, p. 187, ed. Tunnies),
i-ke Cromwell, he firmly believed in the ne
cmtHj of limiting the power of parliament by
eonstitutional restrictions (Burton, i. 256.
281). In dealing with rep ublicaufi who refudea
Is own HtB Witimacy of Cromwell's govern-
ment nooneof the Protector's council was leiis
conciliatory (Ludlow, pp. 555, 573). At the
> time Lambert seemed to out siders to be
in-lependent of the Protector and almost equal
ia power. He was 'the army's darling.' As
ftst as leealeitniit officers waro easniered
h<r filled their places with his supporters. He
was major-geueral of the army, colonel uf two
mpmmtMf a memhor of the council, and a
lord of the Ciuqiie port.s, enjoying from these
uffioes an iooone ox 6,500^ a year ('A. Hax-
mtive of the Lato Furliament,' Barlman
^i* fllany,ei. Park, iii. 452; Cul. Claretir
dun Fuperiif iL 380). 'It lies in his power/
wrote a royalist, ' to raise Oliver higher or
]astoset upin hisplace. One of the council's
linion IxMng asked what he thought Lam-
j\Xt did mtend, his answer wathat Lambert
4S5 Lambert
would man continue protector, but
let this
that he wonld role him as bs pMMed' (Oabx%
Original Lettertf ii. 89).
The Question of kingship caused an open
Cromwell plainly aasnted that the title of
king had been. ociginaUy (Abated to him in
hb the int draft of tlM iaslmiiBanI of nemn-
ment, and hinted that Lambert was resprm-
i
sible for the ofler (Bvaxov, i. 382 ; Qod wur,
! Hiatory qf tkt OmmmwtaHk, iw. 9). Baft
now, at M. events, Lambert steadfastly op-
. posed it, and people believed he would raise
.
a mutiny in the army rather than oonsent to
I
it. Ia the end Thurloe, who at first shared
I
these suspicions, announced to Henry Crom-
well that Lambert stood at a distance and
'
'
allowed things to take thwr course, leafing
Fleetwood and Dt?t?borout^h to lead the oppo-
sition. But he joined with them in telling
the Pnrteetcr that if the title wwe accepted
all tluree woidd resign (Thuhlob, ri. 76, 98,
219. 281 ; Clarendon State Papers, iii. 326.
333). GrOBwell's refusal of the dignity did
not put an eud to Lambert's discontent. On
24 J une 1057 parliament determined to im->
pose an oath on all oouncillora and other
bert strenuously opposed the oath in parlia-
ment, reAued to take it when it was passed,
and absented himself from the tneetmgs of
the councU (BUWOV, ii. 276, 296 ; OuL State
Papers, Dam. 1667-8, pp. 13, 40). Vuiall^
Cromwell demanded tEe surrender of his
commissions (23 July 1657: Thuulob, vi.
412, 425, 427 ; Sltt. JliSS. Qmm. 3rd Rep.
p. 247).
For the rest of the protectorate Laml>ert
lived iu n-tiremeut at hia house at Wimble-
don, which he had purchased when the
Jiueen's lauds were sold. His le^'imeut of
oot was ^iveu to Fleetwood, his regiment of
hoiae to Lord Falconbridge. To soften the
blow, or * to keep him from any desperate
undertaking,' Cromwell allowed him a pen-
sion of 2,000/. a year (Litdlow, p. 604).
About six mouths Dofore he died Cromwell
sought a reooncilation with his old friend.
When Lambert came toWhitehall * Oromwell
fell on his neck, kissed him, ina ulred of dear
j
Johnny for his iewel (so he calls .Mrs. lAm-
i
bert) and fur all his raildfen by name. '[b
Jay following she \'iaited Cromwell's w'lfe^
I
who fell immediately into a kind quarrel for
her long ahaenee, dudaimed policy or state-
craft, but professed a motherly hiudne^s to
her and hers, which no change sliould ever
alter' {Clarendon State Papere, iii. 829).
But the breach was too wide to be closed.
Royalist Sfjeuts ried to use it to win Lam-
t
bert to their cause, but without success. I '
Digitized by GoOgle
 Lambert 456 Lambert
wis-li T.amViprt wr-rtMlead,' writes one of tliefie t which the
ion in soldiers summed up tbdr
ageut the day alter Uromweii's death. ' for (,13 May; Bakbb, pp. 691-
political demands
I find the army much devoted to him, but I 6$^). Parliamrat in return elected Laabeit
cannot perceive that he is in any way to be a member of the committee of safety (9 May),
reconciled to the l^inpr, eo that 'tis no pmall and of the council of state (18 May), and one
danger that his reputation with the army may of theseven commissionersforthenominauou
thrust Dick Cromwell out of the saddl* and of officers (4 June^. He received on 11 June
vet not help the king into it ' (ib. iii. 408). the commissions lor his own two regimente
kichard Cromwell'a advisers were very sen- firom the hands of the speaker {Oamnmi
sible of the danger. They sought to con- Joumdh, viL 680). But this harm(niy
ciliate Lambert, sent him monrning^ for the not last long. Thepromised act of indcranitr
late Protector's funeral, and received in return was delayea, and seemed to him when passed
usQrasee of M flddity (Thvblob, viL 410; to leave thoee who bad acted under Urm-
GrizoT, BichartJ Cromwell, i. 288). well at the mercy of the parliament. 'I
Lambert took no part in the military in- know not,' said he, ' why tliey should not be
trigu6s of OcMbw and NoTvnhev 1660> flo at onr umhot aa -weU aa we at thetn'(I^
was elected to the parliament of 1059 both LOW, pp. 661, 677). But Lamhtrt's rpv.!i-
for Aldborough and Pontfract. butproferred tion of some ofiera made to him by tb
to at for the latter. When tAO htU for the royalista reetoted ^e confidence of the pu-
recognition of the new protector was brouglit liunent, and on 6 Aug. he was ajpnoiBted
in, he gave a freneral support to it. We are to command the forces pent to Buhdae Sir
all,' he said, for this honourable person that
' George Booth's rising (i^*. p. 691 C'a/. State :

is now in power.' At the aame time he urged Papen, Dom. 1669-W, p. 75). He defeated
the house to limit the protector's power over Booth at Winwick Bridge, near Northwich,
the military forces, and his negative voice in in Cheshire (19 Aug.), ana recaptured Chester
legislation. ' The best
ontli is hot a man at city (21 Aug.) and Chirk Oaatle (24 Aug.)
the best. I have had great cause to know it.' (T/ie Lord Lambert*$ Letter to th? Speahr,
Therefore, whatever engagement they entered &c., 4to, 1659 : a Second and Third Letter
into iwidi tiie protector, * let the people's from Dke Lord Lambert, fto. ; Oabxb, Orn
liberties be on the back of the bond ' (Bttk- ffinal Leffprs, ii. 196). Parliament vot>^
TON. iiL 185-81| 2dL 828, 834). In a similar Lambert a jewel woru IJOOO/., but rejected
epint be tapportod w fereign policy of the a propoaal of Tleefcwood^ to appoint liiD
new government, but oWected to the admis- major-general (Ludlow, p. 695 Common-** ;

sion of the Irish and Scottish members to Joumak. vii. 706; Quizot^ i. 464^. Lam*
Sarliament (ib, iii. 400, it. 174). It ia ori- bert'a omeers tbereupon agitated nr his ap
ent that he endeavoured to ingratiate him- pointment, and assembling at Derby drew
self with the republican party, and to apolo- up an address to the house (The hun^k
gise for his share in turning out the Long Petition and Proposals of the Officers under
paxliament (TBVBtm. vii. 060). But he the command of the Lord Lambert in tkt
was no longer a member of the army, and late Northern Expedition Bakeb, p. 677). ;

was not in the councils of the WaUin^ford Parliament ordered Fleetwood to stop the
House ]j|arty. In spite of rumours and aoa- ftirther ptogtees of the petition (28 Sept),
picions It is not clear that he took any part and some members even urged that Lamo^rt
in concerting the amp tt6tat which obliged should be sent to tJie Tower (Ludlow, pp. 705,
Bicbaid Onmi well to diMoWe hia pailianient 719; OmtOT, i. 479, 488). Tbey also passed
(92 April I6.-9). a vote that to have anymore p:pnpral officers
Lambert now recovered his old position. would be' needless,chargeable, and dangeroiu
Fleetwood and JDeaborouffh had laboured, to t^e oommonwealUi' (Omnum^ Jba aht m
bat be reaped the fruit of their victory. The vii. 785). Tlie general council of the army now
them to recall the
inferior ofiicera obliged met, vindicated Uie petition of the northern
Long parliament and to restore Lambert to brigade, and added m&ny demanda of iMt
his commands. lie became once more colmel own (6 Oct. Baker, p. 679). Some of these
;

of two regiments, and acted as the chief re- the parliament granted, but learning th&t
'

presentative of the army in the negotiations the council were seeking subscriptions to
!

whicli precijded the restoration of tiie parlia- !

ment (GuizoT, Itichard Crovnrell, 1. 374,
379; Bjvkkr, Chronicle^ ed. Phillips, 1670, p.
659; Iaidlow, j). 646). He presented to
Lenthill (7 Miiy) the declaration in which
the army invited the members of the Long
parliament to letunii and the larger dedaiai-
their petition from the officers throupho it
the three kingdoms, they suddenly cashiered
Lambert and other leaclers (12 Oct. ]<>59;
Commons' Journals, vii. 796). Lambert had
disavowed the Derby petition and remained
a passive spectator of the quarrel, lie now
I coUfleted the leginuHitawbo adhecodto litn

Digitized by Google
 Lambert
ircbed to Westminster, diatpUoed tharegi-
nliof tlMwriiameat, ma
let fljtmdt on
the houae. Tlie spcoltcr and the members
iriiBfeUiljdebMredromenterui(180ot.)
Umbert told Lodbir firr dftyili^
'he had no intention to interrutit the parlia-
Mt till the timahedidit, ftaathttt ae was
MaiMrtiilad to ^isfe aztMuu^ finr lua own
pwaervation, saying thftt Sir Arthur Haalorig
wMto aniaffed affainat him that ha would
he t^AAt^^mm wMag bat Ua Uood'
(Lin)LOW,pp.720,730,739; Cabtb, Oriffinal
Utten, pp. 846^ 3671. Vana alao atated
that IjuDMMrt'liM saner baas madavaeof
by the Wallingford HouBc party than been
ia tnj manner the principal oontriver of the
hte disorders' (t^. p. 742\ Ifiltoii, how-
erer, wrote of I^mbert as tae ' Achan' whose
'dose ambition' had 'abused the honest
aat une ' of the aoldien XsMm' la Jhand
The council of the anny now made Lam-
bert m&jor-generalf and he became a member
of the committee of safety which suoooeded
the parliament's council ot state. Bordeaux
thoiuht hia giMt PWllfaii meoarious because
tb^ Fifth-monarcny men oiiatrusted him ' as
b&vmg no religion or show of it' (GinzoT, iL
275 The royalists expected bmi to make
1.
himt-lf protector, and were easer to bribe
lum to r:-.tore tne king. Lorci Mordaunt
popoMd a match between the Duke of York
mhI Lambert's daughter, and Lord Hatton
8Ufgegtd that the king should marry her
No foreign aid,' wnto Hal
'irill b6 so cheap nor leave our master so
Bicb at liberty as this war. The race is a
VHf good BMtiimiB\ll>MBiu|yind kings have
eondenaed to gentlewomen and subjects.
Ths lady ia pretty, of an extraordinary aweet^
wm of diapoeition, and ver^ irtnooaly and
infjennoudy disposed the father is a person,
; Lambert himself, after an unsuccessful at-
tauda hia unhappy eugogeuieDt^ of very
great parte wad very noble inclinations'
(Chrmdon State Fapert, iii. 592 Cabtb, ;
Oritjinal Letten, iL 200, 2d7; Cal. State
PuMTM, Dam. 1669-60, op. 236, 246).
When Monck openly declared for the par-
hsawnt, lAmhert was sent north to oppose
lil adviM fato England (8 Nov.) Hia
farees were lar^r than Monck's, but he was
fcbetant to attack, and negotiated till the
spportamty was lost. Portsmouth garrison
declarpd for the pftrliament (3 Dec.) the : were going to be hanged.' Lambert told
fleet followed its example (18 Dec.), and the
aaduti^ of Uia pailiaiiiaBt was again a&>
knowleag'ed by the troops in London (24 Dec.)
The Irish bri^^ade under Lambert's command
joined the riamg of the Yoilcshue gentlemen
ndvLoid VMM,
(1 Jan. 1600), and hia
457 Lambert
whole annj dissolved and left him. People
expected tnat Lamberl wmdd talte some
desperate resolution, but the parliament
wise)^ iocloded him IA the general indemnitj
promiaed to all aoldieiB -who aubnuttad be-
lore 9 .Tan., and Lambert at once accepted
the offer {^0ninoiu JuuinaUf vii. 802 ; Ckh
rmebm Aate Papers, iil 669). He wm
simply deprived ot his commands and order*^
to xetue to hia houae in Yorkshire {id. 661).
On S6 Jan. be waa ordered to repair to
Ilolmby in Northamptonshire, and on 18 Feb.
a proclamation was utsued for his arrest on
the ehaige that he was lurking priTately in
London, and had provoked the mutiny which
took place on 2 Feb. (Qmmona^ Journals,
vii. 806, 828; Mercurius PolUictu, 9-16 Feb.
1660). On 6 March Lambert appeared be-
fore the council of state and endeavoured to
vindicate himself. He hoped to be permitted
to nise a few aoldiers ana enter the Swediah
service. The council ordered him to give
security to the extent of 20,000^ for his
peaceable behavionr, and as he professed his
mability to do so committed him to the
Tower {Comnwju' Joumalt, viL 867, 864}
Ciarmdon Stat* Papers, iii. 695).
ThB ovidcut approach of the RestoratiOB
alarmed the republicauB, and many wec<a
ready to reconcile themselves with Lambert
in order to employ him a^inst Monck (Lui>-
LOW, p. 865). On 10 April he escaped from
the Tomt, sent his emissaries throiiboaib
the country, and appointed a rendervous of
his followers for Eogehill. He succeeded Ln
collecting about six troo])s of horse and a
number of oilicers, when Colon*^! Tm^old^by
and Colonel Streeter oame upon him near Da-
ventiy (23 April). But for a well-grounded
distrust of his aims, a larger rmmlwr of re-
publicans would have flocked to hia standard.
As it was. his soldiers dadinad to figkt, and
tempt at flight, was overt akuu by Ingoldsby,
prated in Tain to be allowed to escape^ tad
was brought a prisoner to London (KBirKBTT,
H^f/ifter, pp. 114-21 ; B^XElt, p. 721 ; Luo-
Low, pp. 87^ 877 ; GtTuor, u. 411, 416).
The shouting crowds which received him
there reminded Lambert of the crowds which
had dieered himself and Oromwell when
they set forth against the Scots. 'Do not
trust to that,' Oromwell had said ' these very
;
peraona wwud about as much if you and I
Ingoldsby t hat he looked on himself as in
'
aiair way to that, and began to think Crom-
well prophesied ' {ButMBt, Oim Tme, ad.
1888, L 166).
But though Lambert had been politically
BMMa bannfnl than moat of hia I
Digitized by Google
 Lambert
bad taken no part in tlie kingfs trial, and so
Mcaped with eomparatiyely light pmiflh-
ment. The (>mmon8 included him Htnonf?
the twenty culprita who were to be t.xct pt ed
ftoOl the Act of Indemnity for punishment
not extending to life (16 June 1660). The
Uwds voted that he should be wholly ex-
(Mpted from the act (1 Aug.) A compromiae
was finally arrived at by which the two
houses excepted Lambert, but agreed to peti-
tion that if he was attainted the death penalty
might be remitted ( Oid Parliamentary His-
tory, xxii. 443, 472). Lambert himself peti-
tioned for pardon, daebttaf that he was
satisfied with the present goyemment, and
resolved to spend the roat of ma days in peace
(Cal. State Paper*, Dom. 1600-1, pp. 8, 176).
In October 1661 he was removea from the
Tower to Guemaey, where he was allowed
to take a house for himself and his &milT
(ib. 1661-2, pp. 118, 276). On 1 July 1661
the House of Commons, more unforgiTing
thiiB the Gonvention parliament had beao,
ordered that Lambert, naving been excepted
firom the Act of Indemnity, should be pro-
oeeded against according to law. In answor
to their repeated requests the kingreluotantly
45S Lambert
relations with the governor, and in 1667 he
was removed to the island of 8t. Nicholas in
Plymouth Sound (t'A.) There he was visited
in 1678 by Miles Halhead, a quaker, who
came to charge him with permitting tbue per-
gecution of that sect in the time of hjs power
(Notes and Qtterie*, Ist ser. vi. 103). Humour,
however, had persistently accused Lambert
of favouring the catholics, and Oates in 1678
asserted tliat he was engaged in the popiah.
nlot, < but bj that time,' adds Bamet, '1m
nad lost his memory and sense' TimA, (Om
ed. 1633, ii. 159; cf. Qikte, Oripinal LetterB,
ii. 226). He died a prisoner in the winter of
1683 (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iv. 839).
Among his own party Lambert was known
as ' faonaat John I^tmMitk' To the rovalista
he was a g'enemiis opponent, and snowt'd
much kindness to his prisoners in 1059.
Mrs. Hutchinson mentions his taste for gar-
dening; he is credited with introducing the
Guernsey lily into England, and Fiatman
describee him in his satirical romance as 'thte
Knight of the Golden Tulip' (Don Juan Lmn-
berto. ora Comical History of our late jTmmml
ed. leSi, p. 3 ; Life of Oabnd Bmfikimmm,
ii. 205Notes and Queries^ 1st ser. vii. 4o9).
;

ofdeied hua to be brought back firom Guem- Ue was fond of art, too, bouj^ ' divers xaxo
to the TiMrer {Common^ J<mmaU^ viiL pictoraa' ivluah had helonged to Oharka I,
, 817, 342,
368 Lister, life of Claren-
; and is said himself to have jminted flowers,
dm, iL 118 : CaL (UaU Fmaers, Dom. 1661-2, and even a portrait of Cromwell (^Mist, MSS.
M). On S June 1688 Lamhert waa Ommn. 7tii Hep. p. 188; iVbte mid Qm49,
arraigned in the court of kind's bench for 2nd ser. iii. 410). As a soldier he was distin*
hi|^ treaaon in levying war agamst the long, guished by great perscNoal oovng^ and wee
a better general tlun his rirala, Harrison aad
he endeavoured to extenuate but not to justify Fleetwood. He was a good speaker, hut raab,
his offences, and when sentence had been unstable, and shortsijghted in his ^oliticel
promwmced the lord duef jnstiee ajuMnmoed aetion. Oontemporanea alCrihnted hn amhia
that the kiniz ^^aa pleased to respite hia aate- tion to the influHnce of his wife, whose pride ia
ention friaU, vL 183, 186; The Emg- often alluded to (L^fe <^ Colonel Mutckimom,
dbmPa StteUtffencer, 9-16 June 1663). Lam- ii. 189). BheandberlraflbandaieiatitiiedjB
bert was then sent back to Guurnsey, where Tatham's plav'Thf Hump, 'find in Mrs, Behn'a
Lord Uatton, the governor, waa empowered The Roundheads, or the Good Qid Oause.'
'

to foyn hhs'sooh liberljr and indulgence A

portrait of Lambert hf Bobert Walker,
within the precincts of the island u3 will formerly in the posse.Shion of tlie Furl ol
oonnst with the liberty of hb person (Cal,' Hardwicke, is now in the National Portrait
SMt Fttpers, Dom. 1661-9, p. 666). Thia Oallery, London. Other portndta belong to
he attribut^^d in a grateful letter to the inter- Sir Matthew Wilson an <1 I.<>rd Ilibblesdalc.
vention of Clarendon, to whom he praiaed A list of engraved portraits of Lambert ia
Hatton^ *oandid aad iinendly depor^aient' riroi in the catalogue of the Sutherland col-
rLisTKH, Life of Clarendon, iii. 310; cf. lection (i. 678). The best known is tliut in
Haiton, Correj^i>ondenee,i.36f38), In 1664 Uoubraken's ' Heads of lUustrious Fecsone
he was again closely ooimnedlbr a time, and of Great Britain,' 1748.
in 1666, a plot for his escape having been Lambert left ten children. At the Bflttoare*
di^cover^9d, Hatton was instructed to shoot tion he lost the lands he had purchased at
bis prisoner if the French effected a landing Wimbledon and at Hatfield Chase, but his
(Oal. State Fapen, Dom. 1 663-4 pp. 606, 614, ancestral estates weie granted by Charles II
1665-6 pp. 480, 622 ; Notes and Querien, Ui 1x)rd liellasis in trust for Mrs. Lambert
3rd ser. iv. 90\ The clandestine marriu^o (CaL State Paper*, Dom. 1661-2 p. 478,
of Mary Lamoert with the ^vemor's son, l6(J3-4 pp. 30, 41, 166). These were in-
Ohiudea Hatton, further atiamed Lambert a luixited by his eldaiit Ma John Lembect oC

Digitized by Coogle
 Lambert
Ciltoii, described bv his friend Thoreaby ts
t great sdiolar tnd rirtuoso, and 'ft most
eiact Wmnex' {Diary fi. 131). He died in
1701 , and the Lambert property passed to
his daughter Francea, the wife of Sir John
Xiddleton of Belsay Castle, Northumberlaad
fWiiiTAXHB, p. 256). Lambert's second
married Captain John Blackwell,
owig^hter
who was appointed in 1688 ^overaor of
Pennsylvania {MatiachusetU Jlutoiical
in. L 61; Winsor, Narrative
leeticnt,
WHeal History of America, t. 907).
f Anthorities
iirL> chiefly cited in the text. Tlio
of Lambert is that coataiaed in Whit-
bte^t life
tker's Hiatory of Crsren, ed. Moraot. See also
Noblfi's HooM ol CnmwaU, ed. 1787, i. 336.
Aitograph ktteM al JUabeti are among the
TiBnr and BftvHneoD 1189. im the Budleiaa
Libnrr.l C. U. F.
LAMBERT, JOHN ( jf. 1811"), traveller,
lom about 1775, visited the North American
ooetinent in 1806, under the sanction of the
a view to fostering the cul-
board of trade, with
ciTation of hemp in Canada, and so rendering
Oivat Britain independent of the flii])ply from
Northern Europe,which had been endangered
Napoleon's Berlin decree. Failing in his
imniMiate object, Lambert determined to re-
m&ia in America and explore those parts '
rendered interesting by the glories of a Wolfe
nd a Washington.' Aft^r a y>ar in Lower
C&oada he proceeded to the United States to
'
itndy the effect of the new government
there. Returning to England in 1809, he
published in the following year Travels
through Lower Canada and the United States
ofNorth America, 1 806- 1808,' 3 vols. London,
1810. singularly fre-' from bias,
The book is
ud throws much light upon the social cou-
iition of America
at tlie time. It is illus-
tr&ied by lithographs from drawings by the
tothor, and includes biographical notes on
Adams, and other American
Jefferson,
MB, in addition to a general statistical
dftlisMiui^ since tne declaration of inde-
pwi'^fnce. This work rapidly passed through
three editions. In the second volume of his
travslB Lambert had spoken very apprecia-
liTflv of Washington Lrving's Salmagundi,' *
a&d m 1811 he issued an English edition of
btioifs'Eaaays,' as a specimen of American
' Irish Chmoh and Land Bills, and prepared
literature,' with a long intruduction, laudu-
torrof American manners, by himself (2 vols.
Londoii,8fo). 'The American collector,' aays
.\lliVinf should pos?''fs this edition.' Hoth
,
' appointed its first permanent secretary, aud
*jf Lambert's booLi are specially interest iug
bowing the extremely different impressions
prniluri'd upon Eni^lisunifn by Aiuerlcaus of
t^e second and third generations after the
NVolBtion respectively. Nothing furthar
bom 9t Lombert^ bfsb
459 Lambert
[Appbton's Amer. Cyclop, iii. 600 ; Biqo. Diet*
of tiring Aotkora. 1816, p. 104 ; AUiboti A
Diet.
i. 1062 ;Lamberts Works.] T. S.
LAMBERT, Sia JOHN (1816-1892),
ciTil servant,son of Daniel Lambert, sursoon,
of Ilindon, and afterwards of Milford Uall,
Salisbury, Wiltshire, by Mary Muriel, daugh-
ter of Oharles Jinks of Dandle, Northampton-
shire, was bom at Bridxor, Wiltshira, oa
CW- 4 Feb. 1816. He was a Roman catholic,
and and in 1823 he entered St. Gregory's College,
Downside, Somerset. In 1831 ho was articlea
to a Salisbury solicitor, and practised in Sali-
bury till 1857. He took a leading part in
locu polities, was a strong advocate of free
trade, and reformed the sanitary condition of
the city. In 1864 he was elected mayor of
Salisbttiy, and was the first Roman catholio
who was mayor of a cathedral city since the
lieformation. In 1867 he was appointed a
poor-law inspector. In 1863 Lambert went
to London at the request of Mr. C. P. Villiers,
then presidentof the poor-law board, to advise
on the measures neceaaarytomeet the poverty
due to the Amt'rioan civil war, and the Union
iielief Acta aud i'ublic Works (Alauufactur-
ing Districts) Act of that JMrwore preparaA
in conformity with his recommpndutions.
After the passing of the Public Works Act
Lambertsuparintondedttaadministration. In
)
1 S'):') lip wa.q eiipnged in pre paring statistics f< )r
Karl ILiit^U's Representation of the People
Acts, which were introduced iul868|and gave
similar assistance to DLeraeli in connection
'
with the Represeutation of the People BiU
of 1867. Prior to the reaigBation of Lord
Russell's administration, he was offered the
yost of linancial minister for the island of
amaica, which he declined. In 1867 ha
drew up tlio scheme for the Metropolitan
Poor Act, and under it was appointed re-
ceiver of the metropolitan common poor fund.
ii t os- About this time, too, he elaboratea schami
vit w for the poor-law dispensary system.
Lambert was a member of the parlia-
mentary boundaries commission of 18<)7, and
of the sanitary commission which sat fur two
or three years. In 19IBQ and 1870 ha want
to Ireland at the request of Mr. Gladstone to
obtain information in connection with the
special reports for the cabinet. In I Si 0 he
was nominated C.B., aud in 1871, when the
local government board waa fiMrnted, he waa
tiB wan entrusted with the organisation of the
department. As a member of thaaanitaiy
cotninis'^ion ho compiled in 187- a di^a-*t of
the sanitary laws, and in the same year waa
k fthairman w the commisiioo irtiich drew up
tho oanstta of laadad iKOfriatora in Qiaat
Digitized by Gopgle
 Lainbert 4^ Lamberton
BriUia. Tius was usued as Uae book, and and present,' in the 'Nineteenth Centuiy/De-
ii BOW known as *Th Modern Domesday oember 1880^ tad n aeries cf 'BamisiMeaoes'
Book.' Tn 1 879 Lambert was made KC.B. In in the ' Downside Review.*
the same year lie pimared the xvgtxct for the [Times, 29 Jnn 1892; Downsidi' Rnriew, vol.
Mleet o(miinittoe<n this Honseof Cords on the viii. No. 1, xi. No. 1 (on p. 81 is a list of his
OOnservancy of rivers, and alao reorganised the contribntions to the Review) Burke's Knight-
;

tndit Staff of the local crovenunent board. In age, 1890, jf. 1688; Oosmopolitan, vol. iii. No. 8,
1689, In eoBseqneoee m
ftilinf healtii, he re- p. 168; MsBof thaTims^ 1884, p. 670.1
signed the secrotaryship of the local govera- W.A.J.A.
mant board. He continued, however, to LAHBERT, MABK(ie01),Ban6diettiie.
advise in pexiiamentary matters, and was
[See Babkwoeth.]
chairman of the boundiirirs; cninmission of
ldS4-i) which did its work with extraordi-
; IiAMBSEXON, WILLIAM
i>B(d. 1328),
nary rapidity. In 1686 be was swoni in of bishop of 66. Aadraws, belonged to a fanuly
the privy council. Lambert wns a gifted that was settled in Berwickshire towards the
and higmy accomplished musician, and pro- close of the elevenUi century which took its
foundly Tersed in the eeclenastieal music of name from the estate of Lamberton, in the
the middle ages. He was a member of the parish of Mordington, near Berwick. In
Academy of St. Oecilia at Rome, and received 1292 Lamberton was chanoellor of Olasgow
a gold medal from Pius IX for his services in Cathedral. Lamberton swore fealty to Ed-
promoting church music. He was very fond ward I in 1296, but afterwards supported Sir
of flowers, and devoted much attention to William Wallace, and through Wallace's in-
their cultivation. Lambert died at Milford fluence he was elected bishopof St. Andrew's
House, Clapham Common, on 27 Jan. 1 892, in 1 297. A
rival candidate, William Cknajn,
and was buried at St. Osmund's Church, Salis- whom the Culdees, claiming to exercise an
bury,of which he was founder. He married in ancient ri^t, had nominated to the see at
1838 Ellen Read (d. 1891), youngest daugh- the same tune, set out in person, tn Rome to
ter of Henry Shorto of Salisbury, and left secure the confirmation of his own appotnt>-
two sons and three daughters. The bestpor^ ment, but Pope Boniface VHI confirmed the
trait of Lambeft is n ^lologfaqpli taken by election of Lamberton, and consecrated him
Maiill & Co, on 1 Junt' \'2'J<. Tn August 1299 he was pre-
'
Lambert's chief mu&icalpublications were sent at u meeting of the Scottish magnates
*TlgCiun Antiphonaiinm Vespenle Oiganis- at Peebles, and after a violent dispute with
truTn in ccclesiis usui accommodatum, cujus William Comyn's brother John, third earl of
ope cantusVesperarum pertotum annum sono Buchaa [u. v.], he w&s elected one of the
:

Olgmi MOitari potest,' 4to, 1849; 'Hymna- chief guardians of Scotland, and had the for-
|

rium Vesperale, Hymnos Vcspemles totius tified castles in that Jdngdom plaoad under
anni oomplect^u, ad usum Orgaoistarum his charge.
accommodatum/ 6vo; 'Oidinttium Missn e About the same time he went as envoy to
Gradunlo Romano in usum organistnrum France to ask the aid of King Philip in re-
adaptatum/8vu, 1851. With Henry Formby sisting the English invasion, and Edward I
w
he prepe dt ' Missa pro Befiinctis e'Graduale issued strict orders to have the ship in which
Romano, cnmdiscantn pro Organo'; *()tHci?im he returned from Flanders interwpted. In
Defunctorum usui Cantoriim accommoda- November 1299 he wrote to Edward, in con- "
tum'; *The Vesper Psalter, &c.,fte.,with jottction with the other guardians, ofllering to
musical notation, 18mo, 18<30; 'Hymns and stav hostilities, and to submit to (he media-
Songs,' with accompaniment for organ or tion of the king of France, but this otfer was
pianoforte, 1853; 'Catholic Sacred Songs,' ignored. The claim of Robert de Bruce, eitl
1863; and seveml brief collections of hymns of Currick, to the throne of Si r tland was
and songs for children. His other works in- covertly supported by Lamhxrton, although
flhide: 'The true mode of accompanying the both were then acting as guardians in tbn
|

On^rian Chant.' IHf*; Hiirinonising and name of John do Balliol, another clrtimant.
'

ingmg the Kiiual song;' 'A Grammar of In his official capacity he again visited France,
;
Plam Chant Music of the .Middle Ages, returning thence with a letter from King
'
'

egporitilly in relation to it Khythm ami Phili]), dated 0 April l.SOi', in which rofTi nre
-

Mode of Execution, with lUu-sirations,' br>7 is made to private verbal messages with
I

' Modem Legislation as a Chapter in our H

is- which the bishop was entrasted. From the
tory,'1865; and * Vagrancy Lawsi and Va- Honl iiftnch.vl to a letter sent from the Scot-
grants,' 18tj8. He also made various contri- tish ambassadors at Paris on 36 Mav IdUS,
bntions to periodical Utemtun^ inelnding an it ia evident that LambevCon had n- mn
utida Ob ' FteHcmentaxy Fmadbitee past tamed to Fnnea on an importnnt polkieal

Digitized by Google
 Lamberton
mttsion^and that he concurred in encouraging
WaUaoe to offer ft determined resistance to
Edward T. On 17 Teh. inCkVA be obtained
a Bafe-conducl to return peaceably tlirougb
Ebgland, and while on this Journey he pre-
tmtpd a splendid palfrey to King Edward
repeatedly allude to in documents of the time
^apeace-offering. On 4 May 1304 he again
wore ffalty to Edward, f\nd obtained n8ti-
tutioo of the temporuiitu a belonging to the
MMf 8t.AadTew8,including lands in twelve
Krantiea, and the castle of St. Andrews,
whichwere &U to be held from tli>- king of
I^^M^- Ab one of the Scottish commis-
siocers 9ent to the prliament of Westmin-
ister in I 'Mo, he assented to the ordiutmce for
the settlement of Scotland propounded by
King Edward, and shortly afterwards was
appointed one of the custodians of Scotland
to maintain ozder till John de Bretagu^tihe
kintr's nephew, should arrive thpre as go-
Teraor. Yet, on 27 March 1306, he asaistea at
tkt flonmation of Robert the Braoa at Scone.
So greatly did his treachery enrage Ed-
ward, that on 26 May of that year he issued
itrict ordan to Aymer de ValeiiM to take
the utmo<!t pnin.'' to secure the person of the
bi*liop,and to send hun undt-ra 8t rict guard to
'Wettminatmr. Dnriiigthe succee lin<^' month
these orders were repeated, and De Valence
wBj instructed to seize upon the temporalities
of the bishopric, and confer them
Heary de Beaumont, husband of Alice Comyn,
Buehan's niece. Meanwhile the bishop ad-
dnned a letter from SoothndWaOyKinroes-
ihire, on 9 June, to Valence^ protesting that
be was innocent of any compbcity in the death
of John Obmyn 'the Red '[q. .] or Sir Robert
Comyn, his uncle. On 22 June three of the
Seottish magnates, Henry de Sinclair, Robert
di Keith, and Adam de Gordon, became
nirety for him that he would render himself
pKtnerj aod though the pope, Clement V,
nineadad for him, Lamberton was captured
in the month of Julv, and conveyed to New-
castle, in company with the Bishop of Glaa-
pw(Wi8hart)andtlie AUMtcf Seone. On
7 Aug. i:^Ofl orders were given that thaee
tkee prisonen should be conveyed to Not-
tingham, and OB the aama day toe king gaTo
personal instrnctinnR that the two blBnops
iboald be put in ironsi Lamberton being sent
to Waehaiter Oaalils, and Wiahut to Foflw
Chester, the dnily allowances for their sus-
tauaea bainff caxefully detailed. The docn-
Kats Vf wnieb LamkeitoB^a traaion was
Made erident are still preserved among the
Chapter^houae papera in the azchequar office,
aad eonaiat of hia ottth of htity to Edward,
hip Sfcret compact with Bi-iice at Cambufl-
ketmeih on 11 June 130^ and the auswera
Lsnnberton
which he gave when undtir examination at
Newcastle. He admitted that he commu-
nicated the masfl to Bnice after the munL-r
of Comyn ; that he had done homage to Bnxce
and awarn fealty to him, Uiough Bruce was
then a r'bel and that he had withheld the
;
fruits of the provoatry of St. Andrews till the
provost would ackowledge Bruce as king'.
After his arrival at Winchester on 24 Aug.
1306, he wa-s placed in close confiuemeut,
charged with perjury, irregularity, and re-
bellion. The death of E<Wftrd t did not
release him from prinou, and it -wiis not till
23 May 1308 that Edward II consentad to
liberate him from Winchester Castle, accept-
ing security that he would remain within
the bounds of the county of Northampton.
He was set free on 1 June, and on 11 Atig.
he swore fealty to Edward II on the aaora-
'
menta and the okms " Gnayth," undertak*
'
ing to remain in the bishopric of Ihirhain,
ana ^ving a bond for six thousand marks
sterling to be paid within three yeara. Hie
pope had again interceded for Lamberton, but
the king replied that on no account would
he permit hun to enter Scotland. It was not
until the follo\vingyear(1309) that the bishop
was allowed to return, and then only aflej
ha had imdertaken to pronounce sentence of
excommunication against Bruce and his ad-
herenta. Almost his first action was to take
fart in n meeting of the clergy at Dundee, &i
ebruary 1809, at which the claims of Bruce
to the Scottish throne were asserted. He
played a double part so well that hflrntninod
the confidence ot Edward II, who wrote to
the pope, in July 1311, deairing that the
bishop might be excused from attending tlio
gfeneral council, as bin presence in ScoUand
was necessary ' to avoid the danger of aoola
that might chance through his aboenoaw' ThB
esteem in which the English king held him is
shown by his sending I^amberton as an envoy
to Philip, king of FSuioe, on 80 Nor. 1818
and by his granting him a safe-conduct for
one year, from 26 Sept. 1314. TIm Uahop
officiated at the oooMendMi of tha eathe-
dral of St. Andrews on 5 Julv 1318, in the
presence of Robert I and the principal eode-
aiaatioa and nold ot ^b loalaL la 1898
he was one of the ambassadors sent {h)m
Scotland to treat with Edward II for peace;
and on 16 Jnly 1894 he wm again in "Bag*
land on the same errand, his retinue then
consistmg of fifty horseman. According to
Wyntoun, he died m St. Aadrawa, ' in tho
prior's chamber of the abbey, in June 1388^
and was buried on the north half of thd
high kirk,' and tUa atatcmeiit baa been ao*
e'-]ited without question by the historians
who have dealt with the autyeoU It ia oer>
Digitized by Google
 Lamborn
tain tbtt the boll cf Fom John XZIIt
point ag his suoceaMT, ii ottai ' tlw Kalnida
i 5 Nov. 1774. A miniature portrait of him
of Auguit 1S2&'
Lambnton wm a typical priest-politidait,
whoso pntriotism so far exceeded his ptoty
that he violated the most aolenm oatiu for
the purpose taAmg in the liberation of
his country. Beside-i completing^ the cathe-
dral of St. Andrews, he repaired the caaUe
there, and built, it ia eaid, no lait than ten
episcopal rof^idt^nreR, and rfcamtmoted tan
church*\H within his diocese,
(J. F. 3. Gonlou's Scot ichronioon, I. 179-89at Merton CoUeffe, where he became B.D. In
Oalndar of Documents relating to Scotlnml,
oil. ii. iii. ; Gkmgh's Scotlaad in 1298; Ljon's
Hitte7 of 8e. Aodreva ; IfynaA FssdNB ; uiat
MSS. Comm. tth and 9til Btflw: R^gistrnm
Prior, a Andree.]
A. U. M.
LAMBORN, PETBR flFBNDELOWE the
(1722-1774), eneTiivornndminiaturp-pniiiicr,
bom at Cambridge in 1722, was son of John the first, written in 1S63 I, and addrt>.*L'a to
Lnmbom(^. 1763), a watclunaker, andEUaar John London, treata of the aifnification of'
beth Susanna Spendelowe, his necond wife.
Lamborn came to London and studied en- March and Septr-mber of the present year;'
graving under Isaac Baire fq. v.], but re-
turned to practise at Cambridge, where he
obtained some note as an engraver. He also
showed considerable skill as a miniature- nostication of the evila probably arising
painter. Lamborn was a member of the In-
corporated Society of Arti8t.fl, and si^ed their
declaration roll m 1766 he exhibited with
;
them first in 1764, aendin^ a miniature of a
lady and a drawing of uie church at St.
Neot's, Huntingdonshire. He continued to
eodiibit there annually up to hia death. His
architectural drawings were much esteemed.
Lanil>om engraved two sets of views of uni-
versity builmnp in Cambridge, a large view
of th* Hill at Bury St. Edmunds (after
John Kendall), and Bome lundscapes after
Poelenburg and Jan lioth. He also engraved
the platps to Sandbv's edition of '
Juvenal*
n763^, Bentham'B 'History of Ely Cathfr-
dral' (1771), and Martjn and Lettice's Anti- '
quities of Herculaneum (177.'^V He etched
'
a few portraits, including tlio.se of Samuel
Johnson (drawn from life Oliver Cromwell
),
(from the picture by Samuel Cooper at Sidru y
Sussex (College), John Ives, F.K.S., Thoniaa
Martin, F.K.S., Dr. Richard Walker, vice-
master of Trinity rolh'pe (ftfti T D. Ileins),
the Rev. Charles Barnwell, and Ricliard Pen-
derell; impresaioiiB of all these etchings are
in the print room at the British Museum,
liambom married, on 6 Jan. 1762, Mary,
daughter of Hitch Wnl.-, and granddaughter
of firpgory Wale of Little Shelford,
bridgBshire, by whom he had three sons and
one daughter. The Utter married James
Cook, and was mother of James Lamborn
Uock, music publisher, of New Bond Street,
463 Lambtoa
ap- Londoa. LMBibom ^Ked aft Oambridgo on
is in the possession of Mrs. Lamboni Cock.
[DcKld's manuscript History of English En-
gravers (Brit. Mu8. Addit. IkttfS. 33402) Willis
;
and Clark's Architectural Hiat, of the Univeiai^
of Cambridge Catalo^^ of the Society of
:
ArtiRt.1 informatieB kindlj aapplied hy
;
Lamborn Cock.] lb 0.
LAMBORN, REGINALD, DJ). {Jk
1363), astRmomer,fciidied undenr the MtRH
nomers William Rede and John Aeehendon.
;
1S63 and 1867 ne waa a monk in the Bene-
dictine monastery of Eynsham, Oifordshire;
in 1376 he appears aa DJL). and monk of 8^
Mary, York. Some time after thia he entered
Fninci.scan order at Oxford^ and died at
Northampton. Two letters of hia on aatro-
nomtoal subjecta are extant fai manoaeript
the ecBpeea m
the moon in the montSia of
the second, written in 1867, probftblj to
William Bede, deali with 'theoonjimeltoai
of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, with a pro;:-
taere-
from in the yeara 1MB tO 1874'
[BodL MS.Digby,176,f40,iO}MoD.PVaadie.
A. O. L.
i. 648; Tanner's Biblietheca.]
LAMBTON, JOHN(1710-1794),ffeneral
bom 20 July 1710, waa fourth son of Ralph
Lambton and hia wife, Dorothy, daughter of
John Hed worth of Harraton, Durham. Wil-
liam Lambton (d. I72i) waa his uncle. His
elder brothers w re ^nrrLnmhton, MJP.
for Durham (<i.l761),and MajoT^genenu Hed-
worth Lambton (d. 1768), wuo waa an othcer
in the Coldstream guards from 1723 to 1763,
and in 1766 raised the />2nd, originally 64th,
foot at Coventry (cf. Moorsom, Hist. 62mi
Light I^fantr^y, John was appointed eM^pi
in the Cioldstream guards 12 Oct. 1732, became
lieutenant in 173v, waa regimental quartet^
master fromFabmaxy 1742 to Jamiary 1745,
and became eaptun and lieutenant-colonel
24 Jan. 1746. On 28 April 1768 he waa ap-
pointed oolonel of the 08th foot (nmr lat
Durham light infantry), then made a separate
regiment. It had been raised two years pre-
viously as a second battalion 2Srd royal Welah
fusiliers, but had been chiefly recruited in
Durham, a local connection since w^'ntamf^d.
Lambton commanded the mi^ownt at tkt
Uam- attack on St. Malo. When coimty titles
were bestowed on line regiments in 1782, it
was styled the 'Durham' regiment. Lamb*
ton^ who became a full general, retained the
colonelcy until his dAatn. He succeeded to
Digitized by Google
 Lambton 463 Lambton
the Lambton estates after the death of hia the opposition to the first leading of the
alder IwCben. In DeoenlNff 1701 1m oob- ' Indonmtty Bill (A. xzrrfi. 881-^), tnd in
tf-stefl Durham city on the death of fhe pitting Mayof tho KJime yr ar un.siiccessfully opposed
aember, his brother Henry, and was duly the second readuuf of the Alien Bill (fb,
deoted* Be Tivpvesetitad tiM tSty m
ftw sno-
I

nxfac. 985-41). At a public meeting held

ceedinjf parli amHTitu, until his nrceptance of at Durham on 21 Oct. 1819, Lambton de-
the Chiitem huudreida in February 1787, and nounced the government for their shure in
'wu 3wTiedly popular 'vritli fhe eitisena ftr tlielfanebeBtermaasaere. His speech on tiik
the g^alLint stantf he nuuh' for their drnrest occasion was severely critici.sed by Heniy
n?ht8aadphviiegea'(BioHAB]MOM). Hedwd Phillpotts, afterwards bishop of Exeter, and
98 April IyM. at that time a prebendary of Durham, in a
Lambton married, 6 Sept. 1768. Lad jSuf^an '
Letter to the Freeholders of the OoOB^ Oif
Lyon, daughter cS Thomas, earl of Strath- Durham,' &c. (Durham, 1819, 8vo).
morp, by whom he had two eons and two Tn July 1820 Lambton fought a duel with
danpht^rirs. His elder son, William Henry T. W. Beaumont, who had made a personal
Lambton, M.P. for Durham city, was father attack upon him in a speech during the North-
of John Oeorge Lambton, first earl of Durham umberland election (ii/e and Times of Henry^
[q. r.] Lord Bnmgham^ iii. 605-7). In February
[Debrett's Ptcrago, 1 831 nnder 'Durham;'
,
1821 he seoonded the Marquis of Tavi-
Mackinnon 's Origin nnd Hist. Coldstream Guards, stock's motion censuring the conduct of the
London, 1832. 2 yols. 0Beisl list of Members
; ministers in their prooeedinga against the
r fariianMnt; FsxL Hist, nadir 4atss; Aiehard^ queen {Pari. Debater, 2nd ser. iv. 868-79),
sobV Loeal lUUa Book, Uslotiail portioD, ii. and on 17 April 1821 brought forward ma
365 Gent ]ia9.1794,pt i.p. 885.] H. M. C.
:
motion for parliamentary rerorm, whaob IfM
LAMBTON, JOHNGEOKGE, first Earl defeated by a majority of twelve in a small
ow DuBHAM (1 792-1840), eldest son of Wil- house on the following day {ib. v. 869-85).
liam Henry Lambton, or Lambton, oo. Dur- Lambton was in favour of electoral disttioCl^
ham, M.P. for the city of J^urham, by his }ioueho1d f^ufiVage, and triennial parliaments,
wife. Lady Anne Barbara Frances Villiers, and his proposed bill ' for efiecting a reform
MOad dMM^Mr of George, fourth earl of in the representation of the people in parlia*
Jiprj,.v.WHS bom in Berkeley Square, T/ondon, ment' is given at length in the appendix to
on IJ .-Vpril 1792. On the death of his father 2nd ser. vol. v. of ' Parliamentary Debates
at Piis in November 1797, he inherited the Cpp. ciii-exxviii). For tbo next few yoan
familv pstfttp, which hnd ^('^'n held in unin- Lambton took little or no part in the more
terrupted male succession from the twelfth important debates in the house, and in 1836
MMry. He wM-ednoated at Eton, and on went to Naples for the aaba of his heoltli,
.Tnne 1^09 was gazetted a cornet in the remninin;? ahroad about a year. Though he
Ituh dratrx)n9. He became a lieutenant in is said to have warmly supported the Can-
the Mime regiment on 8 May 1810, but re- ning and Goderidi admhustrations, his nam*
tiri^d from the army in Aueuflt 1811. At a does not appenr as a speaker in the 'Par-
by-eiection in September 1813 he was re- liamentary Debates' of that period. On
tomed to the Honwof Commons in the whig Goderich's resignation Lambton was created
int' r 't for th county of Durham, and con- Baron Durham of the city of Durham and
tinued tn represent the constituency until his of Lambton Castle, by letters patent dated
elevation t o the peerage in 182S. On 13 May 29 Jan. 1828, and took his Mat m
the Houae
1 Hi 1 Lambton. in a maiden speech, seoonded of Lords on the 31 st of the same month {Jottr-
C. W. Wynn's motion for an address to the nalt of the House of Lords, Ix. 10). On the
crown in favour of mediation on behalf of formation of the administration of Earl Grer^
Norvi-av ( P^rl. Debat^jf, 1 st ser. xxvii.8 1*2-.*?), yrho "was father of Durham's second wire,
and on ^ 1 Feb. 1816 moved far the production Durham was sworn a member of the privy
of papers relating to the traritftr off Genoa, 0Gnnd1,andappointedlordnriyy seal (22 rfov.
which he stipmatised as *a tranfnrtion the 1 S.'K)), Tn conjunction with Lord John Russell,
A>ulnes8 of which had never b)en exceeded Sir James Graham, and Lord Donoannon, lie
in the polHieal history of the country' (i^. was entrusted by Lord Chwy wilh IIm prepara>
jonx. 928-31). In March 18 5 he iuisuccprs- tion of the first Reform Bill. A copy of the
1

lally opposed the second reading of the Com draft plan, with the alterationa wiuoh were
BOI (.xiiz.ld09, 1842), andin My 1817 his anhaeqnent^niadeinit,is givoninLord Jolia
IMOlutions condemning Canning's appoint- Husseirs English Government and OoaMti*
'

HBt as ambassador extraordinarv to Lis- tution,' 1866 (pp. 22&-7). When the pio*
boa WOM dofaiHd by a lam majority pofldatraM completed Durbam wrote a ra*
sbdH. 18(^4, 838-4). In Much 1818 ho M poit on liha flail, vUehf Willi tha aiMftiMi

Digitized by Google
 Lanibton 464 Lambton
of Durham's proposition of vote by ballot, by Brougham and Lansdowne (Martixhad,
-was unanimously adopted bj the OBbinet. Uutmy 9f tk Bmot, in. 4S). Durhum's
On 28 March 1831 Durham made an elabo- opinions were not, however, in accord with
rate spoecli in the House of Lords in defence those of the cabinet^ for during the debate in
f Hie nunietenel lefbrm KiheiiM (JML Df- July on tha aaoond laading of tiM Mil fev the
bateSf Srd slt. iii. 101 '1-34). He was present suppression of disturbances in Ireland, he ex-
At the interview on 22 Ajxal 1831, when the preued his stroM diaaffKoral of the dauM
Idiig WB8 pemiaded to oiaiolTa paVimeiit authorising intarowMoawilih yibKeawetinga
i}SjLmmBkVjIlutory qftJke Peace, iu 480-1). (Pari, Debatet, Srd ser. xxiv. 1118-9). At
)urham was one of those in the cabinet who the Chrey banquet in Edinburgh in September
desired to secure the passage of the Reform Bill 1834, Durham replied to Brougham's attack
thvoi^ the Honae of Lords by an unlimited upon the radical aection of the party, and
creation of peers. It was Grey's objection after frankly declaring that he saw 'with
to this course that probably lea to a violent regret every hour whicii pasaea over the ex-
acene at the cabinet dinner at Lord Althorp's istence of recognised and nmtionned abaaea,'
in December 1831, when Durlmm made the
*
declared his oojeotion to compromises, and
most brutal attack on Lord Grey (Sir D, Lb
' to ' the clippings and paring, and mutilAting
MjMOUiStf MameiriifJ^ 3mm, Fgwamrf whidi OMiBt inivitably follow any attempt to
Altkorp, third Earl Spencer, 1876, p. 874; cL conciliate enemies who are not to be con-
UbbvillBi Memoirb, 1875, pt. L tqL u. p. 226). ciliated' (Ann, MeffitterAQ^Ghion. p. 147).
Xhongli Ilia colleagues thouffhl tluit he would 11itte<MHOWSy ii4iiohladtoalasting enmity
resign, he merely absented nimself for some between them, was renewed by Brougham in
days from the caoinet, and wrote to hia father- a subsequent speech at Salisbury, when
in-law (over whom he exercised considerable challenged Durham to a debate in the Houjm)
iufluenoe) A formal declaration in Hmoot of of Lords, and in the Edinburgh Review*
'

*
a laige creation of peers,' which was read for October 1834 (Ix. 248-61), a nd b? Durham
at the cabinet meeting on 2 Jan. 1882 in a speech delivered at the Glasgow banquet
and Dknea Henry, Urrd Brcugham^voAM^ given in his honour on 29 Oct. 1884. Durham
164). On 13 April 1832 he made an ani- was now the head of the advanced sectiCTi of
mated apeech in tavour of the second reading the whiflB, and under his auyioes an election
cf th third Befenn Bill, and -vkileiitly at- oonmnitna sat to promoto WM
vsfenni of oaii"
tacked hia old aiitnp-n"at, Phillpotts, the didates who favoured his pretensions to the
Biahop of Exeter {Jt^wrL DtbaU, Srd ler. leadership <^ the party (Tobkkkb, Life qf Vi-
zii. 851-dS). Durham iraa amwinted anw comtMMimnu^W), Failing in this object
bassador extraordinary to St. i^etersburg oa of his ambition, Durhun was appointad am-
8 July 1832, and to loerlin and Vienna on bnssador extraordinary and minister pleni-
14 Sept. 1832, but returned to England in the potentiary to St. PetersbuxK on 5 July 1886
fidlowing month without accomplishing the out the Emperor of Russirs oonaSBft httfiiif
object ofuifl minion. He objectea strongly to been obtained before Durham was named to
Stanley's Irish Church Temnoralitiea Bill, and the king, there was, according to Lord Mel-
.

modi of the other TOlicT of tiM govaramanlk hoome, the devil to pay about this a ppoia
' ^
At length, irritatea by tne perpetual compro- Ttit ut' (t&. p. 116). Durham resigned liis post
'

Bpoaes oi the cabineti his healthgave wi^, and at St. Petersburg in the spring of 1S37 aad
babeeameaiizicNutoiitiiai. uponLoraPal- was isfoated 1^ tha now queen with tha
aierston's refusal to cancel the appointment order of G.C.B. at Kanungton Palace on
of Stratford Canning aa minister toot. Peters- 27 June 1887. Though strongly urged at this
hivg(anamMintEnentiHiidLl)ariiaahad pro- time to g^ve the government a more radical
mised the Emperor of Buaaia ehould be re- character hj the admission of Durham and
voked"!, Durham reeiffned (14 Murch IHP.3), other advanced liberals, Melbourne rt^futed
jind was created Yiacount Lambtou aud Earl to do so, and in a letter to Lord John Kuaaell,
of I lurham by letters patent dated 23 March dated 7 July 1887, significantly remarks that
1833 (J<Ai;rj%aUQftheU<mMofLord$,\jn.^\ ' everybody, after the experience we hare had,
Aooocding to Lord Falmerston, Durham in- must doubt whether there can be peace or
dvoad Ward to brinff forward his appropria- harmony in a cabinot of which Lord Durham
tion resolution in May 1834, whicn led to IB a member' (Walpole, Life of Lord Jokm
the reaignation of Stsoilej, Graham, Rich- EuuelL i. 286 n.) In consequenoa of th in-
Biond, and Ripon (Sir H. Ii. Bitlweb, Life sQRwtion of ^Fnooh Oanadiana an ad
of Lord Vahncrsim, 1871, ii. 105, but see of parliament was passed in February 1 838
ante, p. 193). It ajinears that Lord Grey (1 & 2 Vict. c. 9), by which the legislative
aooQ afterwarda wianed to hava Durham assembly of Lower Canada was suspended for
badi afaiaiii tliaMUM^bai vaa^varboBia flon than two yoaiSi and tonporafj

Digitized by Google
 Lambton 465 Lambton
Tukm was made for the goTernment of the whole of this celebrated report, which bears
prarinee hj the erefttioii of a bmomI ooancil, Durham's name, and has guided the policy of
Hid bj letters patent dated 31 IMarch 1838 all his succe.e- iiwas wriften by CLiarUs
-1,

Durham wasappointed hi^h commiaiuoiier for Buller, * with the exception of two para-
the tdjwtnMit of ositsin unportuit qoMtmis grapha on ehoreh or crown landsj' which were
depriflinj in the sxvid provinces of Lower and composed by Edward fiiljl on Wakefield and
Uffer Uanada, rejecting thoform and futaro Kichard Daviee Hanson vj (Gbbvzujs,
fOTwnmmt cv liio Mid vKCffiuotit^ voA also Mmnoin, pt. ii. toI. i. pp. if^-S tC) Two un-
ir^Tprnor-crenoral of the British provinces in official editions of this report were al.so pub-
North America. Durfaam Landed at Quebec lished, one with and the other without the
on9 Mrt, and two days aAwwarih naTiniE^ despatches (London, 1889, 8vo).
dijini*s-<l <h*? executive council which his Durham spoke for the last time in the
{Ndeoeaior had appoinfeedy mleeted a new House of Lords on 26 July 1839, during the
<iBe fton anonff too offloon of the gfovem- debate on the bill for the government of
iwat. On 28 June he appointed his chief J/Ovrex Canada. At the conclusion of his
eeratanr, Charles Buller, and four officers speech he alluded to the personal hostility to
'

tttaehed to his own person, who were en- which he had heen exposed,* and to his own
tirelr ignorant of Canadian politics, members anxiety that the Canadian question should '

of tiie ipeeaal council, and persuaded them not be mixed up with anything like party
oa tiw iBBe day to pass an ordinance autho- feeling or party disputes,' and assertea that
lAgBg the transportation to Bermuda of Wol- it was 'on these grounds that he had ab-
fred, Nelson, Boachette, Gauvin, and fivo stained from forcing on any discussion relative
others of the leading rebels then in prison to Canada' (Pari. Debates, 3rd ser. xlix. 876-
St Montreal, and threatening the penalty of 882). He died at Cowes on 28 July 1840,
drat h on Papineau and fi ft eon ot hern if thev re- aged 48, aadwaa buried at Gbeatei^le-Streeti
turned Canada without piTinisj^ion. XKese Durham.
hij^h-hnnded proceedillgawere known inEng- Durham was an energetii^htffh-epiTited man,
landinJuIy, nnd were immcdtntely denounced with great nnibition, overwhelming vanity,
brBroagham, whose Canada Government Act and bad houith. When ho spoke in parlia-
*

Mdialory Bill was aanied on the second ment, which he did very rarely,' says Broug-
reading against the government by a majority ham, *
he diatinf^iished himself much, and
oi&ghteen ( Pari. lJebats,3Tdser. xliv. 1102 ). when he spoke at public meetings more than
Ota following day (10 Aug.J) Lord Mei- almost anybody' iLi/e and Tmet^uLKG),
bouTne der^lared the intention of^ the gorem- His undoubted abilities were, however, ren-
ment to <Ji<uilIow Durham's ordinance, and dered U8ele.^s by his complete want of tuct,
to accept the indemnity clatise of Brougham's while his irritable temper and overbearing
bill ( ih. pp. 1 1 27-31), which was shortly aftei^ manner made him n most iindesirable col-
wards passed into law (1 & 2 Vict. o. 112). league. Lord Balling, who with BuUer,
Harinff been virtufiUy abandoned by the Ward, Grote, Duncombe, and "Warburton he-
miniaters who ha<l appointed liiin, T)nrhnm Ion ped to the *
Durham party,' had a very
9*-n\, in his resignation, and issued a proclama- high opinion of Durhoms capacity, while
tion, dated 0 Oct. 1888, in which ha injudi- Grcville never loses an opportunity in hie
c?nn!v appealed from the government to the Memnirs to disparage him.
Canadians, and declared that from the outset Durham was elected high steward of Hull
the minutest details of hia administration had in 1836, and was a knight of the foreign
been 'exposed to incessant criticism, in a orders of St. Andrew, St. Alexander NewsKy,
Sirit which has evinced an entire ignorance St. Anne, and the W
hite ICa^^le of Rus.'^ia, Leo-
the state of this country* (Ann, Heffut^, pold of Belffium, and the Saviour of Greece.
IW. Chron. pp. Sll-7). He sailed from He married, first, in January 1812, Jliss
Canada on 1 Nov., leaving Sir John Colbome Harriet OholmondeIey(8ceyourMfl/o/7'A<>Wifl^
in charge, and renched England on the 26th JRaiket, 1867, iii. 83, and Letters from and to
of tb'^ =:im-^ month. Though he was received C. K. Shnrpe, 1888, i. 526). by whom he had
without the tistuil honours, a number of ad- three daughters 1. Frances Charlotte, who
:

dranta were ptosonted to hin on his reluru,
and "^hile hon^ting^ at Plymouth, in answer
to one of them, that he had put an end to
the rebellkm, the news anivM that it had
t^n-idv brnlien otit again. On HI .Tan. l^'.^O
Ihirham sent in his Report on the Aftairs
' Caroline, who died unmarried on 12 June
of Britiah North Axnerica' to the Colonial
dhe(Parl,Papmw,lM,xfU.6-my, The
VOL. XL
married on 8 Sept. 1835 the Hon. John
George Ponsonby, afterwards fifth earl of
Bessborough, ana died on 24 Dec. 1836, aged
28; 2. Georgina Sarah Elizabeth, who died
unmarried on 3 Dec. 18.'>2; and 3. Harriet
1832. Hia first wife died on 11 July 1816,
and on 9 Deo. 1816 l^ambUia married,

Digitized by Google
 Lambton
econdljiLadjLoiiisa Elizabeth Orev^eldest
davgliter of Ohftrlet, second earl Grey, by
whom he had two sons namely, 1. Charles ;
William, the ' Master Lambton of SirThomaa
LawrenoieAi eelebrnted nicture (Catalog;ae of
the liOan Conpction of National Portmits at
South Kensington, 1868, No. 242), who died
cm 84 Dee. 1881, aged 18; and 9. Ctoorge
Frodfrick D'Arcy, who sucpefclpd his father
as the second earl; and three daughtexs:
1. MaiyLouMafWlio beeame tiie eeeondwifls
of James, eighth earl of Elijin, on 7 Nov.
1846; 2. mily Aufltuta, who married, on
19 Aug. 1848. Oolonel 'Williim Henry Fre-
dericli Cavcnaish, and died on 2 Nov.
and 3. Alice Anne Garoline, who became
the second wife of Sholto. IwenUetli eul of
Morton, on 7 July 1868. Lady Durham, who
was appointed a lady of the bedchamber on
S9 Au^. 1887, but resigned the appointment
immediately aflor lior rt'tuTn from Canadfi,
466 Lambton
LAMBTOK, WILLIAM (1756-1823).
lieutenaot-eoloinl, Indian geodeeist,
bom in 1758 at Crnil.y Grange, near North-
' allerton, in the North Hiding of Yorkshire,
of hmBUe parants, and learnt hit letten at
Rorrowby. Some neicrhTioiiring gentlemtn.
hearing of him a promiaiiur wd, entesw
him at the'graauaar aduMl ift WorthaJlerton,
where there was a foundation for four fm
scholars. He finished his atndiea under Dr.
Ctelflt Button [q. v.], then mathamitieil
master at the Iiigh school or grammar school
at Kevrcaatle-on-T^ On US March 1781
Lamlntaii waa ppomted ensign in Loid Fu"
conberg's foot, one of the so-called 'provin-
cial ' or home-service regimenta the n raised oo
the fiooting of tiie litar *feiieiUe ' regimeota
Faucon berg's regiment was disbanded in
178S. Meanvrhue Lambton had been tians-
femd to tlw SSrd ( Weet Biding^ rejofimeot,
nnw l.it battalicm Duke of Wellington's
tli<'

died at Genoa on 26 Nov. Ib41, aged 44. A regnment, in which ha became Ueatenantia
portnut of Dori^ain by Sir Thomas LawNsoe 17w4. Lam%t(m apmanim theuvataMolk
was exhibited in the Loan Collection of Na- of the regiment in 1782-3 as in public em-
'

tional Portraits at South Kensington in 1868 ploy,' and afterwards as barrack-mattec st

(CSatalogue, No. 826). It has been engraved
by S. W. Reynolds, Turner, and Cousins.
collection of his speeches delivered between
1814 and 1834 vrill be found in Reid's* Sketch
of the Political Career of the Earl of Dur-
ham (Glasgow, 1835, 12mo) ; several of his
'
speeches were published separately.
[S' uirt J. R. iii 8 Life and Letters of the firft
St. John's, New Bnmsvrick, a poet which he
A held with his regimental rana until sbout
1795. He joined and did duty vdth the SSrd,
when commanded by Wellesley, at the Csp
in 1796, and accompanied it to Bengal, and
subsequently to Madras in September 1798.
Two papers on the 'Theory of Walls' and on
the Maximum of Mechaxucal Power and tbe
'

Earl of Ihirham. 2 vols. 1906; JCartinaau'a
Hist, of the Tbirtj Yean* Peace. 1877-8;
Walpolf's Hist, of Knghtod, ii. iii. and v. 134;
TorrenB s Memoirs of WilliHin, Viscount M"I-
Efiects of Machines in Motion,' were com-
municated by Lambton to the Asiatic Society
about this time (Am'aftc iZseare^, vol. vi. ),
and were printed in the Pliilnaophical Trans-
'

boume, 1878; Walpole's Life ot Loni Joim

actions.' Lambtonserved as briffade-maior to
BuBsell, 188U Sir Denis Le Marchatit'a Memoir
;

General David Baird [q^>] in the ezpeoition

of John Charles, Viscount Althorp, third Earl
Spi^nctT, 1876; The Life and Times of Henry,
against Serin fra pat am. IT is knowledge of tbe
star.'' saved his brigade during a night-oiarch
Lord Brougham, 1871. vol. iii.; Tb Oteville
Memoirs, pts. i and ii ; The Doke of Bucking- in the course of the campaign (Rook, Life of
ham'sCuurts and Cabinets of WilHiim TY md Vic- Baird, xri[. i.) Aft>>r tbe stnrm and capture
toria, 1861 ; of Seringapatam, 4 May 1799, Lambton c-
Harris's Fist of the Iltidical P.irty,
1886; MqcrBicbardsnn's Eight Years in Canada, comptnied hi.<< brigade in its march to secure
&e. (Montreal, 1847), pp. 28-fi7; Macmullens the surrendtT of the hill-forts in Mysore. Hi*
Hint, of Canada, 1868, pp. 423-6; Mor|^s'is journal from Aujiust to Deccmlier 17^9
Sketches of CelebratMl ( 'anarliftnd, 1862, pp. 364- among the Momington Papers (Brit. Mua
870 ; Pari. Papers. 1887-8, vol. zzzis. ; ttortees' Add. MS. 18H68). When the brigade wt'
Hist, of Darham, 1830, ii. 170, 174^; Tims*, broken up. Lambton was appointea bri^il^
29 and 30 July 1840; Morning Chronicle, 30 major of the troops on
the Ooromandel MMti
Jaly 184U: Gent. Mag. 1782. voL Izii. pt. i. ante-datod from y*2 Aiip. 1799.
1812. vol. Lxxzit. pt i.p.t88. 1818. vol.
E883,
xxvi. pt. ii. p. 663, 1840 nowser. xiv. 816-20.
At this time Lambton presented a m<^ni^
rial to the gpv er noff of Madias in counci!.
1842, new eer. xvii. 209; Ann. Reg. 1810. App.
p,,rr<>-PQtinp a f^iirrey connertitifj tlit- Mul ibar
to Chron. pp. 173-4 Official Return ot Lists ot
;

Members of Pailiausnt, pt. and theCoromandel coast^and wa.s appomti^i

ii. pp. 260, 274, 287,
803; Doyle's Offleial Baronage, 1886. i. 680-1 to conduct the work (Anat. Jtes. voL v5L
Notes and Qumcs, 7th h.t. x. RP, 154, 273; 1 801 Preparations were already in pn^r^'
Supylton's Eton School Lists, 1864, pp 48,66 on New-year's day 1800 (JN'bllukqtok, <S*p-
;

Army Lists, 1810, 1811; LoBdoD eaMittes plrm eri tnry Deipafoket, L 02-4). Pending tM
Brit. Mva. Oat.] G. P. B. R
anival of instrnaieati ftom Bongilt a baM*

Digitized by Goi v^l

j
 Lambton
a half Engluh
miles in length
WM nMBVNd near Bangalore in October to
Tfimh^r 1 '-^x The records of the measure-
ment are now in the naap room at the India
offoe. b1802, the neeeetwy inetnunents
bning arrived, op< rations commenced witli
the neaaurement of a baae near St. Thomaa'
Meant, Madraa, in eonneetion with 1I10 Baa-
^ore bai^e. T.niultton was assisted by lleu-
tetunts Heiuy kater q. v/j, 12th foot, and
JelknWanvn, 89rd foot. From this time the
lurvey operati'nis, romhint-d with tlit> rrn a-
arement of an arc of the meridian, were
eirried on indthout any important inter-
minion, in the face of numberless tecKnicul
difficultiee which later experience has over-
awAe. The reports and maps am prose rved
in the map room of the India office (see Ac-
count qf i^yf<monutrical OperatiotUf 1802-
1823). The survey reports indnde partieu-
lanof several base measurements, the last
taken at Beder in 1816 the latitudes, longi-
; politics and theology, a popular preacher, an
tude?, and altitudes of a great number of
pUces in southern and central India and ; platform speaker, and held a prominent place
observations on terrestrial ze&adion and
pendulum observations.
Lambton became captain in the 8drd foot,
without purchase, 25 June 1806, and pur-
eluaed his majority in the regiment 1 March
1808. Whenthe iiSrd retunied home from
Msdrts in 1812, Lambton remained behind
as superintendent of the Indian survey. He
bseusa Uautanaitt-polonol bv bftmt4 June
1814, and was plfn d on Imlf-pav in conse-
?U( nee of the reducliun of the army, 25 Dec.
818. Hp was a F.II.S. fsoe Thomson, Hist.
Bcu. S/ic ), a fellow of ftio Asiatic Society,
and a corrt'Spojidiug nieiulH'r of tho French
Academy.
I smliton died of lung-disense at IIiTif.'-an-
miles from Nogpore, on
giiat, lilty Jan.
1828, at the age of sixty-seven. His beau*
tJful inftnimontfl niul \v< U-selected library
irere diipoHed of at a cump auction, and a few
uftoUognifthi^ notes, known to b Among
U* papers, have not Ixin traced.
Sir George Everest [q. v.], who was ap-
S
Dinted Lambton's chiel assistant in 1817,
escribes him at thnt period ?\x fcot high,
erect,well-formed, buuy and muscular. lie
ms ftiT'^omnleiiioned man, with blue
eves. He 8rcrao(i 'a tranquil and exceedingly
good-humoured person, very fond of his joKe,
tgreatadmirer of the fair sex, partial to sing-
ing glees and duet?, and everything, in short,
(hat promoted harmony and tended to make
Ufe pass easily.'
[Ingledeo's Ilist. of North Allerton ; Clement
lUrkham's lodiiin Surveys, London; Memoir in
theArmy and Navj Mok. December 1884, Lod-
tewtiewl fl.1f.a
467 Lament
LAMONT,DAVID(1763-1887)^ttish
divine, bom in 1769, was son of JohnLnnffiit,
ministor nf Kdton, K irlifudbright.shire, by
Margaret, daughter of John Afileckof White-
park. Hi8grandfather,JohnLamontofNeiw^
ton in Fifesliire, was descended from Allan
Lamont, second minister of Sooonie^ Fife-
Bhife,aneTt]ieHefenttation* Se
was licensed
by the presbyti ry of Kirkcudbright in 1772,
and inaucted to the parish of Kirkpatrick-
BinliBni in that county in 1774. He was made
D.D. by the university of Edinburgh in 1780,
was appointed chaplain to the Prince of Wales
in 1786, moderator of the general sirniMy
in 1822, chapluin-in-ordinary for Scotland in
1824, and died in 1837 in the eighth-fifth year
of his age and sixty-third of his mmistry. As
moderator of the general assembly he read
an address to George IV, and preacned before
him in St. Giles's, Edinburgh, during his
visit to Scotland. Lamont was a liberal in
able debater in church courts, an eloquent
among the cultivated and dignified clergy
of the time. A
considerable landowner, he
divided his prop* rty into small holdings, pro-
moted local manufactories, formed benevolent
societies among his tenants and parishioners,
and gained the abetien and esteem of all
'
who wifnes-sed his generous and enlightened
exertions.' In 1799 he married Auno,
daughter of David Anderson, caq., H.M.
Customs, and hiid a pon John, an advocate,
afterwards a brewer in London. His works
are 1. Two Sermons, Dumfries. 1785-07.
:
2.'Sermons on tho most prevalent Vices,'
London, 1780. 8. 'Sermons on Important
Subjects,' 2 vols. 1780-87. 4. 'Subscription
to the Confession of Faith consistent with
Liberty of Conscience,' Edinburgh, 1790.
5. 'Account of the Parish of Kincpatrick-
T)nrham'(Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Ac-
count of Scotland, voU ii.). 6b Sermon, in
GillMi'k < Scottish Pnlpit *
Preface to I-ainont's Diary;
[Scott's Fasti;
Heron's Jonmej; Caledonian Merciuy, January
1837.] O. w. a
LAMONT, JOHANN vok (1805-1879),
astranoaer and magnetician, was bom at
Braemar, Aberdeenshire, on 13 Dec. ISOo.
His father, a custom-house oflicer, belonged
to an old but impoverishtd family, and after
hi? d^'ath in 1816 the son was removed to
the Scottish BenedicUne monastery of St.
James at liatisbon, where the prior. Father
DeasBon, devoted himself to his mathetnat Iral
education. Having passed with distinction
through all hit stiratesy he was admitted in
18S7aiiexfcniwdinaiy]iMnib6rof the Munich
H H2
Digitized by Google
 Lamont 468
Academy of Sciences, was appointed in March
1828 asMstant aatronomer nt the obeervatorv
of Bnn-'iihnncpn, npar IVJunicli, nnd throupK
Scheliiii);'.- influriici', on 18 July 183o, di-
fector of tlic same establishment, with &
yearly salary of eleven hundred florins. With
a ten and a half inch equatoreal telescope by
Merz, mounted in 182^5, Lamont obseryed
J [alley's comet from 27 Jan. to 17 May 1836,
Enclte's comet in 1838, and the patellites of
Saturn and Uranus respectively in 1836 and
1837, dt'duoiTig- the orbits of Enceln<hip nnd
Tethys. bcsided an improved value lor the
maasra Uranus (Afnnotrx RoyalAMtnnomiral
Society, xi 5 1 ). In 1 830-7 he measured some
. nnd Erd-Mfi<rneti?mns' (1842^).
of the principal nebulm and clusters (Annalen
thr kSn. SUmvmrte, xvii. 305). His zono-
oh~(>rvnf ionf; of 31, ''7i small stars between
latitudes + 27" and -33**, in the course of
which ho twice, in 1 845-6, nnooiisdously ob-
BPr\-ed the jilanot Neptune, were his most
important astronomical work. The resulting
atofn <i talogneaafaWitamed in six volumes
i and among the orders with which he was
(lRr5f)-74) 'iipplfmontary to the Annnlr-n'
'
of the observatory. Some additional observa-
tioDB hy Lamont were published by Seeliger
in 1884 (Sxippl. T>nnfl xW.) Lnmont ()1>-
erved the total solar eclipses of 8 July 184 J
and 16 Jly 1660, Hm UtMr at OutoUon de
la Plana in Spnin,Qnf1 di'^rtissed theattendant
M
phenomena {FAil. ag. xix. 416, 1800 \ Fort-
tekriite der Pfiynk, xvi. 669). H led the
wav in adopting tho rlirnnnnrnphic modo of
registering tranaita; described in 1839 the
^ort-mierrnneter' (Jakrbiuk der 8tem-
i'-nrfi\ iii. 1^7); nnd received the order of
the Iron Crown from the emperor of Austria
fat oomwetin^ the Anstrmn and Bavarian
furveys.
His services to terrettrial magnetism began
in 1886 ^wifh the estabUBhntMfit' of a system
of daily oblervat inn-: afloptccl intemationnlly
in 1840, when a magnetic observatory was
hnilt, tmdtr hSa diraetions, at Bof^enhausen.
A set of instruments designed by him for de-
m
termining the maaietio de enta came into
extensive use, ana with his ' tmrdling tluu-
dolite' he executed magnetic siin'eys of Ba-
varia (1849-02),Franceand Spain (1856-7),
North flermany and Dennarlc (1868). The
results were published at Munich, 1854-6,
in 'Magnetische Ortsbestimmungen aus^e-
fJihrt. an verschiedenen Punkten des Kii-
niLieichs Baiern (with an Atlas in folio);
'
followed in 1858 by Untersuchungen iiber
'
dieKichtun^undStdrliedes Erdmngnetismus
a&TCTSchiedenen Punkten des siidweetlichen
Europa,' and in 1859 by Untersuchungen
'
in Nord-Deutschland.* The discovery of the
deconninl matmetic period was announced
bj Ijamont in Septeinber 1860 {Amnttlm der
Lamont
Phyxih, Ixxxiv. 580); that of the <Murth
current' in *J)er Erdetmm iind der Zusaa-
menhang desselhon mit dom Wa^etifmus
der Erdo' (Leipzit,'. 1862), a work of great
practical importan((> in telegraphy; while his
studies in atmospheric electricity led him to
the conclusion of a constant ncfntive charge
in the earth (i^. Izxxv. 494). From 1838
Bogenhausen became, through hi> pxertions,
a meteorological centre; he fouml> a me- d
teorological aaaociation whicli 8pn u'l over
Germany, but was obliged, for lactc of funds,
to ?:uspend after three years the publication
of the valuable ' Annalen fur Meteoiologia
Lamont was associated with the Royal
Astronomical Society in 1837, with the Royal
Societies of Edinburgh and I^ondon respec-
tively in 1845 and 1852, and was appointed
in 1852 profe88or of astroBOtny in the uni-
versity of Munich. Ho was a member of
most of the scientific academies of Europe,
decorated were th'i^ of Gregory the Grcn:
-
(conferred by Pius iX ), of the Northern Star
of Sweden, and of the Orown of Bavaria, the
In'^r rnrrying' -svitb it a titlp of nobility. He
led a tranquil, solitary life, never married,
nnd was inaiflweBt to ordinary enjoyments.
He often, however, took part in the reunions
of the catholic casino at Munich. He was
*
'
personally frugal, Uberal to charities, and en-
dowed the university of Munich with a Bum
of fort^-two thousand florins for the support
of matnema^ca) stadents. He eatablislied a
worlft^hop at tl;i^ nnd was his
observntor}',
own Small in stature^ with
nui^hanician.
and large, mira bhie
B]iarply cut featttree,
eyes, lie posii*'Sf( Ja c ]j
ut ion without flaw,
: t
except throughaoinjuTY to the spinal marrow,
recemd m eftB fim DOiwhiek when n boy.
Ho died from its effects on G Aug. 1879, and
was buried in the churchyard atBogenh&usen.
Among his principal works are: l.'Hand-
buch des Erumagnotismus,' Berlin, 1849.
2. Astronomie una Erdmagnetismus,' Stutt-
'
gart, 1861. 8. 'Handbuch des Magnetis-
mus' (Allgemeine EncvclopRdie der Physik,
Band xv.J, Leipzig, 1807. The titles of 107
memoirs oy him many of them highlv au-
thoritativeare enumerated in the Rojal
Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, and
he published from the observatory- ten volumes
of Observationes Astronomica?,' thirtv-fbor
'
of 'Annalen der Stemwarte,'andnirTo)ttinet
of ' Jahrbucher' (1888-41).
[Allgemeine Dentsche Biosrmphle (69nt.hr);
IIitoria<?h-PolitischeBIaftir, Hftiidl txxv.fSchiif-
liiiutl)
;
VierteljahrsBchrift tier Asf ronomigchen
Gefcllschaft, XV. 60 (C. von Orff); Monthly No-
tices Aoyal Astronomical Socs). 208; Ifators,
Digitized by Google
 Lamont
u426; Obsrratory,iii. 155 Athsaaenm, 1879, ;
2. Hi Times, J 2 Aug. 1 87'J Quarterly Journal
;
Mfteorolo^^ii-al Soc. vi. 72 ;
;
Proceedin;^s liujnl
Soc of fcbabuigb. x. 368 ^ Poggendoril tt Biog.
lit Buidvfirtfltrlrach : Wolfs Oesdiidito
AstroDomie, p. 657, &c. Madler's Gosch. dcr
;
HimimilaJnuKW, Bd. ii. ; Sir F. RonaJds's Cut. of
Boob Tdadmp to Electricity and MagnetiBm,
rp. 291-8; KoyHl SodetjVi Git. of Scientific
Kpers, Tols. iii. vii.] A. M. C.
LAMONT, JOHN (Ji. 1671), duonider,
M psobftbly son of Jomi Lamont, wlio itm
described in 16-12a^^ ' destitute of any means
wife and children, having beeu chased
for his
out of Ireland by the rebels,' and died at
Johnstons Mill in 1662. Hie grandfather,
Allan Lamont or Ijawmonth (d. 1632), was
ministtr of Kennoway,Fifeahire, in 158*3, and
afterwards of Scoonie conjointly. His great*
rrarrifnther, Allan I.<awmonth (d. 1674),
mxnd son of Lawmonth of that ilk in
AigTlbhin, entered the ooDei^e of St. An-
drews in lo.%, settled in the city of St. An-
dnvB about 1540, and was the'firttt the
iuBily to aflsocisfee Unaelf wHh Flftahire.
Tie intimate acqaaintance shown by Lamont
in hi* extant 'Chnmiclo' with the uflairs of
the Landing of thai ilk has led to the sng-
gKtioQ that he was factor to that family,
an^l his interest in and knowledge
of the
prices paid for properties purchased in Fife
npport the theory that he was a landed
ejtatp acent of i^nmr kind. The 'Diary by
which he is known ostensibly begins in
Ibitii 1649 and terminates in ATHnl 1671,
but it is evident that both tli*' bi ginning
and end arc incomplete as published. It
npplies dates of the births, marriages, and
deaths that occiurred not only in Fifeshire
families, but also among the nobility of
Scotland, and is of gi' fit value to the Scot-
tMb genealogist. It also gives accounts of
Lament's brother Allan, and of his sisters
Margaret and Janet, and of their families.
The absence of any reference to his own
marriage implies that he died u bachelor, pr(v
faaUy about 1675. His brother's eldest son,
Jehn (b. 1661), was his faeur, and doubtlesB
inhtrited his uncle's manuscripts, including
the Diary.'
'
This Johu was at one time u
akipper of Largo, but in 1606 acr|iured the
ertateof Xt wton, inthe pariish of Tvennoway.
Thf Diary wms first published, under the
'
'
title of the Chronicle of Fife,' by Constable
*
11 1810^ ascribed to John Lamont
and was
'of Newton,* a confusion of the nephew with
the ancle, the real author. Another edition
tarn early manuscripts, then in the posses-
won of General Durhum of Leu'fj'n and .Tames
Ijumisdaine of Lathallnn, was issued by the
* Clubml88G
469 La Motte
[The K67. Walter Wood of i-iUie. in his nst
Neukof Fife, 1888, first distinguishtdaoeimtely
between the twoJnlm T^t i n ^ lo and nephew,
'
and identified the former with the author of the
dw Chronida.] A. H. U.
LA MOTHE, CLAUDE OROSTfiTTE VB
(16 17-1713 ), theologian, was born at Orlfims
in 1647, and was the son of Jacques Grostete
de la BiiS6re, a member of the Pazis bar,
and an elder of the protestant church at
Charenton. He assumed, according to cus-
tom, the name of one of his father's estates.
He graduutt d in law at Orleans Uatversity
1*>)4, and in the following year joine^l the
Turis bar; but in lG7o, having abandoned
law for theology, he became protestant pastor
at Liry, near Mt lun. In 1682 he accented
a call to Eouen, but returned to Liay on hud-
ing that no aucoessor eonld beobtamed, and
was secretary of the provincial synod held
1
there. On the revocation of the edict of
Nantes In 1686, he sought xeAige in London
'
with his wife, Marie Bertho, oaughter of a
Paris banker, was naturalised in 1688, and
j
I
was minister first of the Swallow Street, and
then, from 1694 till his death, of the Savoy
Church. In 1712 he was elected a member of
the Berlin Royal Society ; in 1713 he collected
|
subscriptions in England for the Huguenots
'
releasea from tin French galleys; and he died
|
in London 30 Sept. 1713. La'Mothe's father
abj ured proteatentasm, and his brother, Marin
'
des Mahis.an ox-paf>tnr. became a canon of Or-
leans. La Mothe published Two Discourses
'
relating to the IKTinity of our Sawiour,* Lon-
don, 1093, 'The Inspiration of the New Testa-
ment asserted and explained,' London, 169-1,
and several treatises in French, one of them
in defence of the Camisard prophats.
[Biography prefixed to his Sermons but divert
Tcxtos, Amsterdam, 1715 Agnew's Prot. Exiles
;
^
from France, 3rd edit. London, 1886; Hsag's
La Fr iiicr Protestante, F-itih, 18o5; Encyc ms
i>cienco8 lieligieuses, v. 7VJ, Paris, 1878.1
6. A. J.
LA MOTTE, JOHN (1570P-1655), mer-
chant of London, born about 15702waa the
son of Francis La Motte of YiiWB Flandef^m
who came over to Enghiud about 1562, took
up his residence at Colchester, and died in
Ix>ndon. La !Motte was sent to a school in
Ghent under the Dutch protestant church.
His mii.stor,.THcohus Ht innuH(.Ittn do Konink),
in a letter daied Ii July 1083 to Wingiua,
the minister of tbeDntehOhttich at London,
mentions him n? n very promising pupil, ex*
celling his setiooU'ellows in talent and dili-
gence (Ecclesue Londino-Batavm Arddvum,
ed. Hessels, ii. 751 5). He appears to havo
finished his education at the uoiveraity of
Heidelbei^ (1^.1672).
Digitized by Google
 La Motte 470
La Mottc was a succeBsful mercbant. On
7 Dec. 161 1 he wrote to the Earl of Salisbury,
'desirino: an audience, to disclose some secret
he heard beyond the seas,' and su^rg^ngtcd a
tax ujpon black and brown thread, that the
Ihgluh poor might he employed in its manu-
facture. At the same time he solicited a
warrant to seize all thread imported from
such foreign countriee as heaished English
cloth, and the farm of the tax of that manu-
facture in England (OoL of State Papers,
Dom. 1611-18, p. 98). In April 1616 La
Motte, with three others, petitioned the king
for permission to export and import mer-
dumdise, paying only sncih dutonu as Eng-
lish m'^rrluitit ^ pny, on the ground that he
was boru in England, though of foreign
paraBtafUid that he nibiiiittedtolaw, churdi,
and gofyernment taxes (tb. p. 363).
La Motte afterwards became a permanent
memher of the Beformed Dnteh tthomh in
AustinjQaan and his name appears in the
list of dden for 162i) (Mobns, R^ietere qf
eAel)KedlGllurcA,p.209). OB34Mardil686
tlu! kinp granted a license to La ^fot te and five
others, including Sir William Ckiurten [q. v.]
and Alderman (Ampbellytoeatablishaforeign
church nt Sandtott. for cel-'brnting divine
serviceeither in the English or Dutch tonnes,
aeoording to the rites of the established
church of England {Hupufunt Soc. Pro<\ ii.
293-4). He resided within the jMurish of St.
Bsvtholomewhytihe Bcefaange, m one of the
largest houses in that ])firisfi, stimding due
east of the eastern entrance to the Uoyal
Exdiange, and In the middle of the broad
pavement -which now extends from Thread-
needle Street to ComhilL He paid 3/, 9. 4<f
to the poor-rate, so that his house must have
been assessed at about 104/. a year ( VeMry
Minute Book* of the ParUh of St. Bartholo-
mew, edited by Edwin Freshfield, p. xl).
His name first recurs in the books of the
parish in May 1616. He served the chief
parish offices, viz. constable in 1619, and
churchwarden in 1621. La Motte died in
July 1655. and was buried on the 24th of
that month iu the church of St. Bartholo-
mow hy the Exchange (8iitth Obituanf^
He married Anne Tivelyn of Canterbury.
By her he had two daughters, who were
baptised in the Dutch church in Austinfrinrs,
VIZ. Hester, married to John Manyiig and
Recording to La Motte's will) to Sir Thomas
Honywood, and Elisabeth, who ninrrit'd
Maurice Abbot, second son of Sir ^Vlaum i'
Abbi)t, lord mayor of London (Vifitation of
Lowhin, Tliirl. Snc, ii. 42). Only the elder manager of Covent (larden, to cotnp"?'- irrnsic
survived her father (MoKNS, B^Utert of the for pantomimes and other entertainments
I^irfdlCftttraA, 1884, 1^43). Wmiain King performed tharOi ]ji 1782 ha wrote thamuaio
Lampe
(1663-1712) claims La Motte as his
fq. v.]
great-grandfather (Adversaria). His will,
dated 23 May 16')5, was provi'<l in the
P. 0. C. 8 Aug. 1055 (80, Aylett). Oue
half of his estate was bequeathed to his
grandchild, Maurice Abbot ; the other half
was distributed in numerous leg-acics to re-
latives and friends, and in bequests of a
charitable nature. Twentv-five pounds were
left to the parish of St. Bartholomew, tho
interest to be employed in providing a lec-
ture to be deliTMsd in the chuveb tiwvrj
Sunday afternoon. Other bequests wero jnado
to the poor of Bridewell Hospital (of which
he'was a governor), and of Ghnstfs Hospital
endowments towards the ministers* stipend,
a parsonage-house, and relief of the noor of
the Batdi ehvrdi of London. The nllow-
inp also woro logaters the three ministen
:
of the Dutch church ; the poor of St. James's*
Colchester; the poor of Fonlmer in Osm-
brid^^e ;the Dutch congregations and their
ministers and poor at Colchester, Sandwich^
and Omterbnry the eleilc and beadle of the
;
"Weavers' Company, of which he appear? to
have been a member ; and a very larse num-
ber of apprentices, servants, and otner de-
Eendents. Ho was possessed at the time of
is death of yarious properties in Essex aad
(kmbridgeehire, inclnding the manors of
nnnisr y and Brurlwcll in the former county,
and an estate at Foulmer in the latter.
Administratian of his will was granted to
his execttton, James HouUon and IfMtrice
Abbot.
A portrait of La Motte by Faithome is
prefixed to Fulk BelMs *IM* and foneral
serinnn, 1050.
[Authoritieaabovecited; Fulk Bellers's Life of
Lh Motte, 1 656, 4to; Qnuigr'8 Biog. Hist. ii. 27tt :
Clark's Lives of AwneDt Men.] C W-&
LAMPE, JOHN FBEDBBIOK (1708P.
1751), musical composer, was a native of
Saxony, and, according to the epituph on his
tombstone, was bom m
or about 170">. The
place of his birth is stated to have been
Helmstiidt, but a search of the baptismal
noords there has not revealed the name of
Lampe fLovB\ Hawkins says he afft t. .1 '
<
to style himself sometime a student of uhibic
at Helmstadt,' aud this may have hxl to the
belief that he was horn tliere. Nor!iin<: is
known of liis career ])efnre ho arrived in l^on-
don about 178S, when he l>>ranie a bassoon-
player in the opera band. He is r*>ported to
liave been one of the finest bassoonists of his
time. Al>oiit 17.'iO he was engaged l>yRich,
Digitized by Google
 Lampe
for Henry Candy's' Amdi:i'( IT vwk'IJTS states
that Carey wa^ a pupil of Laxupe's), and in
1737 he set the same writer's burlesque opera,
the Drag-on of Wantlpy.' The latter work,
' p. 188, and article in Scottish Church, J uue 1890;
aid to Lave been a favouritu with Haudel,
ad written in imitation of the * Beggar's
Opera,' had an extraordinary success. It
was followed in 17.'iii by a sequel entitled
'Maigery, or a ^^'o^8e Plague than the
Draijon. Tu 1741 be wrote music for the
nuujque of the Bham Ck>aiaror,' eind in 1745
' Lamphire, apothecary, was bom in 1614 at
compoaod 'Pyriimus and Thishe, a moek
OprTii, tlip words ttiken from Shakespeare.'
lie was tbe composer of many now-forgotten
mmgB, several 01 which appeared in collec-
tions, like ' Wit Muaically Embellisli'd a :
collection of forty-two new English ballads/
the ' lAdiee' Amusement,' * Lyra Britannica,'
the * "Vocal Mjisk,' and the Mu!icftl Miscel-
'
laaj/ &C. Hawkins attributes to him an
taaacpaooM eantata entitled ' In Harmony
would you excel,' with words by Swift, ite
was the author of two theoretical works ' : A
Flaiiiand Compendious Mt tiiu<l uf Teaching
Thorough-Baas,' London, 1737. and the Art '
of Musick,' London, 1740. Hymns on the
*
G^reat Festivals and other Occaaiona ' (Lon-
don, 174f>^ rontaina twenty-four tunes in two
parte, specially composed by him, to words
by the Rev. Charles Wesley. In 1748 or 1748,
with hia wife and a small company, he went
to Dublin, where he conducted theatrical
performnaow and concerts, and in November
1750 he moved to Edinburgh to take up a
Sim liar engagement at tbeCanongate Theatre.
He died in Edinburgh on 26 JiUy 1751, and
was buried in the Canong^ate churchyard,
wberti a mouumeut, now in a dilapidated
tate, was erected to his memory. Tke pre-
dietion of the epitaph that his 'harmonious
compositions shall outlive monumental regi>-
Hii"llMl,1liUi melodious not43s through future
ageSjperpetuate bin fame,' hfis only been partly
fulfilled, for, with the exception of the long-
BWtro kjmnf^ttntty ' JCttnt,' none of lib com
poitinn3 are now heard. From cont<?m-
porary notices we gather that Lampe was an
excellent musician, and a man of irreproach-
able character. IIo was greatly esteemed by
Charles Wesley, who wrote a hymn ou his
'
death, beginning 'Tis doiwl the ao^seign
wiU'ai ob-yed !
'This hymn was afterwaids
set to music by Dr. Samuel Arnold.
Lampe's wife, Isabella, was daughter of
Charles Young, organist of AU-Hallows,
Barking, and sister of Mrs. Arne. She was
noted both as a vocalist and as an ecteeee.
T-.impe's son, Charles John Frederick, some-
times confounded with his father, was or-
naiflt ofAil-Hallowa,ia aoooeBuoiitoYottaff,
frail7fi8tol768.
471 Lamphire
[Hawkins's Hist. Music, v. 371 ; BuraeyisHiat.
Music, iv. 655; Grore's Diet. Music; LOTvWSeot-
tish Church Muj-ic, its r>inposerh auJ Siiv.rr;ea,
Bibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage. The
epit.iph in the CanonjTate churchyard stttcn that
Lnmpo was in his forty-eighth yoor when ha
diod.] J. G. H.
LAMPHIRE, JOHN, M.D. (1614^1688),
Hart Hall, Oxford, son of George
principal of
Winchester, and was admitted scholar of
Winchester College in 1627 (Kirbt, IVin-
chester Scholars, p. 172). He matriculated
from New College, Oxford, on 19 Au^.
1634, aged 20; wa-* cleo^ d fellow tlicre in
1636; proceeded li.A, wi 1038, and M.A. in
January 1041-2. Hie is apparently the John
Lanfiro who wns appointed prebendary of
Wells in 1041. In 1048 he was ejected from
his fellowship by the perlumentaxy Tisitors,
but during^ tlie Commonwealth practised
physic witli some success at Oxford. Wood
m his ' Autobiography ' says he belonged to
a set of royalists' who esteemed thcmsrlves
virtuosi or wits,' and was sometimes the
'natural droll of the company.' He was
Wood's pliysiciau, and tried to cure his deaf-
ness, lamphire was restored to his fellow-
ship in 1660, and on 16 Aug. was elected
Camden professor of history. On 30 Oct.
1660 he was created Al.D. On 8 Sept. 1062
he succeeded Dr. Ko<?ers (deprived) as inin-
cipal of New Inn Hall, and nn 80 May 1<)03
was translated to the headship of Hart Hall.
According to Wood hewea'a puUlic-spirited
man, but not fit to govern layd 'Hit uuich on
;
the Principal's lodgmgs, buildings done there'
(Lifs and 7Yine,0xf. Hist. Soc., i. 475). He
was also a justice of the peace for the city
and county of Oxford, and seoms to have
taken some part in civic uifairs, particularly
in thH])aving of St. Clement's and the drain-
ing of the town moat. Ho died on .'iO March
lw8, aged 73jand was buried on 2 April in
the chapel of Hart Hall (Hertford Cnllege),
near the west door. Walker calls iiim a '
good, generous, and fatherly man, of a pttblio
spirit, and free from the uodiah hypoorifljof
the age he lived in.'
Lampyse hed e good odteetion of booiks
and manuscripts, but some of tliem were
burnt in April 1659 by a hro iu his house.
He owned thirty-eight manuscripts of the
works of Thomas Lydiat [q. v.], which he
had boimd in twenty-two volumes, and ho
pubUshed one of them, Canonea Chrouo-
'
logici' (Oxford, 1675). IIo also pubiish. d
two works Dr. Hugh Lloyd [q. v.], the
b;^
grammarian, in one vol., entitled Phrases'
ElegMitiocee et Dictate,' Oxibid, lOM
(Bodp
Digitized by Google
 Lamplugh 47a Lamplugh
leiint To tlie second edition (1G81) of his deratezeal. Wood says that as he hsd heen
fnendJoluiMasters's Monarchia BriUnnica,'
'
* a great cringer to Presbyterians and Inde-

an oration given in New College Chapel on |

pendents,' he now followed the same coutk
6April 1642 (lt edit. 1G61 ), Lauipliire added to the prelates and those in authority,' tnd
'

An oration by Henry Savile [q. v.] lie is also ' that he might prove himself a true Bojalilt

said to Lave published 'Qnrpstionos in I.oirica, got hiranielf made royal coinmi-^Pioner, and
Ethica, Physica, et Metaphysica' (Oxlurd, showed himself more lealous than anv of
1680) WHobert Pink or Findc, and he edited them, until by flatteries and rewards (bribed
Henry Wotton's Plauaus et Vota ad Regem
'
he shuffled himself into considerable note'
i Scotia reducem in Monarcltia* (Ox^rd, (Life and Time$, Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 865j.
1681). He was an exisoalor to Jasper Mayne Wood adds that he was ' a Borthern man, isd
[q.v.], anfl with South put a stone owhiB tlu refore not without great dissimulation,
grave in Ciirist Church Cnthedral. a forward man, alwava sneaking ' (ib.) Hue
[Wood's Atbenae, ed. Bliss, i. 710, ii. 814, 646, rewards for tlus weU-tiiiied nal wvo Mt
iiL S5, 188-9, 226, 078, It. 480; Autobiography slow in coming. He received the liviogi of
pnAzad, xzT, zzxvi, Ixiv, xcri, &c.
Ixix, Binfield, Borkmire, and Charlton-on-Otmoor
wood's Fasti, i. 600, ii. 285 ; Wood's Hist, of (which latter he held in comtru ndam after his
Oxf. Univ. (Gutcb), pp. 233, 647. 581; Lo Neve's elevation to the episcopate), and was sleeted
Fasti,iii. 625, 68^1,689: Kennett't fianster, pp. proctor in convocation for the clergy of Ox-
163, 332, 692 ; BnmnTa fiegistor of ^ntnta to fordshire in 1661 (KiiNKBlT, /?<^^*r,p.481).
the Univ. of Oxford, Camden Soc] E. T. B.
In 1663 he was appoillted by the king (xdt
LAMPLUGH. THOMAS (1615-1691), vacante) to the archdeacon n.^ of Oxford, outhis
successively bishop of Exeter and archbishop title to the office was successfully disputed
of York, we son of Thomas Lamplugh, a by Dr. l%ooias Bailow [q. v.], afterwirii
member of an old Cumberland family seated bishop of Lincoln, at the assises of that year
ftt Dovenby in the parish of fihdekirk, was (Wood, Athena, iv. 334). ^ His disuppoiat-
bom in 1615 at Ocfam in the parish of Thwing ment was not of long duration. On 2? ibj
in the East Ridmg of Yorkshire. He was 1664 he was appointed to succeed Br. DoibsD
educated at St. Bees School, whence ho passed as archdeacon of London in Aticfust of the
;

in lt>34 to Queen's College, Oxford, where same year he received the priuelpalsbip of
he was first servitor, then taWder, and ulti- St. Alban Hall. Wood says that he had '

mately fellow. He graduated B..\. 4 July wife looked after preferment

;
;
neglected the
1639, 'M. A. 1 iNov. 1642, B.D. 23 July 1657, hair (Life and Ti>ne.% ii. 19). In May 1669
D.D., by royal maiidate,9Noy. 168a In 1648, he was made prebendary of Worcester, and
when the parliamentary visitors reorganised in July 1670 was collated to the vicarage of
the university, he took the covenant and re- St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. In March 167^
tained his fellowship. But Hearne ^eaks of he was promoted to the deanerf of Rodieitsr,
him as * a nifiu 01 good character for his and in 1676, on the translation of Sparrow
loyalty and integrity in thoee bad times;' from l]x0tr to Norwich, he w^as appointed,
his sermons at Oarfiu, at which he was ap- by the influence of Sir Joseph WilliamwD, t
pointed lecturer, were attended by * all the the vacant see.
none^t loyal men in Oxford '(Cb/Zccfion*, Oxf. As bishop of Exeter, Lamplugh's conduct
Hist. Soc, ii. 48). Fell also records to his was exemplary. lie promoted the repair of
praise thathewas'theonfyparochial minister the parish churches in his diocese, whin ksd
of Oxford who discountenanced schismatical suffered much during the puritan sway, and
and rebel teaching, and had the courage and in his own cathedral caused tho monumentt
lovalty to own the doctrines of the church of his predecessors to be restored to tbeir
of England in the wot^t of times' {L\fe of original places. Ho ren-ularly nttPi.d<M3 the
AUestreCf p. 14). He assisted Skinner, bishop catnedral services thrice dailj^, and was pro-
of Oxforcl, at the numerous ordinations held sent at a ftrarth service in his own prirsts
by him privately durinrj the protectorate, and chnjH'l. He showed great mod'-ration to-
is said to have made not less than three hvin- wards the nonconform -st clergy of his diocese i

dredjournoysforthat purpose firom Oxford to stopping proceedings against them when it

Launton, whore tibe bishop resided (Plump- was in his power to do so, and dismissioir
TBE, Life of Ken, i. 64 n.) On the Restora- them free of co.sts. Seeking to win them over
tion he was able to throw off all disguise and bv argument, he urged them to st udy Hoc-ker
declare himself an ardent loyalist. He was (Calamy, Account, pp. 29,316; (hntimuUmy
appointed on the royal commission of 1660 pp. 128, 39^1, 452; KBNifETT, 'Rrr/{.*fer, \>t^.
for reinstating the members of the university 814, 819, 917). He liberally entertained bb
who had Ijeen ejected b^ the parliamentary clergy, to whom he showed a fiitherly ldod>
Tifiton in which he exhibited a rather immo- The statemfiBt that ha and two other

Digitized by Google
 Lamplugh
kUum PeanoD being said to be onevoted
ftrd BidiiaioD BiUui 1680faaa been sa^
htkmlj diaproved (Buknet, Life and Tim9,
li. 346 n.) But the revolution of 1688 made
hiiweakneesof moral fibre conspicuous. On
dieiifnaof 'tlndeclaration for liberty of con-
loence/ when urged by Ken and Treluwncy
to re&iflt the roy&l mandate, be replied, I '
473 Lampson
'dignitatem multumdeprecatus.' Lamj^liwh
eeras to have pmted aothiureacoept a sia^
sermon preached before the House of Loras
5 Is'ov, 1678. The communion plate of his
native parish of Ihwing was his gift.
He married Catherine {d, 1671), daughter
of Edward Davenant, the brother of John
1 )avenaut, bishop of Salisburv. Of five child-

ill be safe/ and thoagk iffixing bis name ren bis son John Lamplugh, D.D. was the sole
,

with approbo 'to the rough draft of the survivor at hi? l^-ith. The son is stigmatised
pstition ofthe seven biabopsi he withheld his by Heame as a little, sneaking, stingy, self-
'

ijgialw to doemnflBt tad eauaed the interested ftUow, who, 'tis atoThiaderM hb
drclaration to bfi read through his diocese father from many good worlc.-* which he was
(
Tattmr MSS. ; PkRUX, Enylv'h Church Hi- naturally inclined to do' {jOoHedwiu, ii. 48,
t<Hy, iL 688 m. ; Pluxfibb, Life of Ken, ii. Oxf. Hiat Soc)
8 a.; EOHAXD, Hiat iii. 9, 11). He en- [HMrae's OoUaetions (Oxf. Hist. Soe.), ii. 48
murarf^ the clergy and laity of his diocese Wood's Life and Timea (Oxf. Hist. Soo ), i. J66,
to remain lirm in their allegiance to James II, ii. passim; Athsnc, iv. 934, 860, 878 Fasti, L
;

and on receiving the inttUlgence of the land- 507, ii. 28, 201,S49; Keoaottls Register, passim;
ing of the Prince of Orange and of bi march Calamy's Account, pp. 29, 216; Ooutinnation,
towards xeter, posted off to London to a^ pp 128. 394. 462; Allost roe's Life of Fell, p. U;
piise the king of the evnt aad to declaro his Biogr. Brit. voLvi. pt. i. p. 3737. n. 2; Newoourt's
iinjhaken loyalty. James received him most Repertorium, i. 64, 692; I*^nH(^owne MS. 987ifll
mcioQsly, 16 Nov.. terming him '
a genuine 13, 140 Maciiulay's HuhI. of Engl. ii. 489, 608;
;

oUimBer;' took bim into hit logrueloaet, Bobun's Hist.of the Desertion, pp. 69, 62 ; Beyer's
and, in spite of his reluctance aad protests
WiUiam HI, i. 240 D'Oyley's Life of Sancroft,
;

i. 385, 428 Flumptre's Life of Ken, i. 54, ii. 8

that ' he nad simply done his dtttj withoii^ ; ;

Echard's History, lii. 9, 11 Oliver's Lives of the

;
thoufrht of leward,' at <Hioe ooiwaned on
L :i I he archbishopric of York. The tee had
Bishops of Exeter, pp. 155, 168.] K
V.

V^?n kfpt vacant for more than two years
sod a half, with the view, it wat^ believed, of
ki Wag ooeopied by a prelate of the king's
own creed. He waa elected by the chapter
of York 28 Nor., and his official translation
mk ylneo at Lambeth on 8 Doc., two days
before James's flight (Luttrell, TliH. Relat.
i 484). He Joined with Archbishop San-
orftaadiluf Mother bislio^ Turner of Ely
lad l^pratt of Rochester, m an addre.sh o t
LAMPSON, Sib CURTIS MIRANDA
(1806-1880), advocate of the Atlantic cable,
foaith iOB of William Lampson of New-
haven, Vermont, by Rachel, daughter of
George Powell of Louisboroogh, Massa-
chusetts, was bom in Vermont on 31 Sept.
1806. Tie came to Encrlnnd in 1R30, nnd pet
up in business as a merchant, and was alter-
wardeaenior fartaerin^inaofO. M. Laai|H
i>n & Co. at 9 Queen Street Place, Upper

Jame, 17 Nov., earnestly requesting him to Thames Street, London. On 14 May 1849 be
call a free parliament as the best means of was aatvBBlieea and became a Britisn subject.
pnWB^iwMOodshed, which received a sharp On the formation of the company for lajilig
uuwer(BoRTTif Hitt. of the Detertion, p. 62
, the Atlantic telegraph in 1866 he was ap-
m)TLBr, L(fe qf Sancrijftf L 386). He pointed one of the directors, and soon after
iQtad wUk the nunority in the Oonveation vice-cbairman. For ten yean he devoted
f liiliifiiif, 22 Jan., for a regency, but was

fli tho fint to swear allegiance to Wil-

much time to its orpTini.sation. The great
aid he rendered was acknowledged in a letter
fiiB m the he^iaaing of Marc| and reoeiTed firom Lord Derby to Sir Stafford Northeote,
Xh temporalities of nis see from his hands who presided at a banquet given at Liverpool,
tod assisted at the coronation 11 April 1689. on 1 Oct. 1866, in honour of those who had
Tbs following year he wta afptnated a been aati-ve in laying the tsable, and on
meaber of the royal commission to consider 16 Nov. Lampson was created a baronet of
the* Comprehension Bill (Calamt, Abridge-
' the United Kingdom. He was deputy-go-
si0<, p. 447;
Hunt, Eeliyiotu Thought m vernor of the Hudson Bay Company, and one
J^pfaM^iL 283). His tenure of the nortbern of the trustees of the fund that was given
prirmrv was hort and uneventful. He died by his friend Ooorge Peabodjlor the benefit
at Bi^optborpe, 6 May 1691, aged 7t5, and of the poor of London.
fNM lanried in the eoaih aklo of the dioir of He died at 80 Eaton Square, London, Oil
the minster. A monument was erected by 12 March 1 ^85 the value of his personalty
;

hiaaoo. His epitaph confinna the statement in England was sworn at 401,000^ He mar-
el Ua ailnataaei to aoo^ the primacy, ried oa 80 Nor. im,
in sbirTotk, Jane

Digitized by Google.
 Lancaster 474
Walter, youngest daughter ot Gibbs Sibley
of Sutton, Maasaehsntts. His only dangh-
ter, Hannah Jane, marripd Frederick rocknr-
LamMon {Me Suppl.] His son, Ueoi^ge
Cortu (18W-1889), wMaeooiid htraoet.
[ninstratwi London News, 186G, xlix. 545. I'i^ brother, was known in Englarifl to be
666 Appleton's American Biog. 1M7. iii. 602; doing his best to overthrow the ^roTiiiow
;
Times, 18 March, 1886.] G. G. B. of Oxford. He efzpressed great displesmrB
T A w
A Tixr c'.BT ft rfi^ TTiMTTxnv <> hearioR in 1263 that Urban IV wHslikdv
TOW, iAiA_i AA1 1
loio-iooi.j
LANCASTER, Dukes op. [See Hknrt
OP Laijcajtbh, 1299 P-J361 Jobs of Giunt,
; thut the matter was at an end. During
1340-1399 ; Bmt TV, KzH dv Bvun
1367-1413.]
LANCASTER, Rari s op. [See Tuomab,
1277 P-1822 ;
Hknky, ll'dl P-1S46.]
LAHCASTEB, EDMUND, Eabl of
(1246-1396), called Obovorback, eeoood wan
of Henry III [q. v.] and his queen Eleanor
of Provence, was bom on 16 Jan. 1245, and
iu May 1254 was taken by his mother into
France, where he remained until December,
Early in that year Rpnry accepted on his
behalf the offer of i'opo Innocent IV to invest
him with the kingdom of Sicily and Apulia,
and in May he was styled king of Sicily,
Alexander IV oonfirmed the grant in Anril
19601, Edmund deelenng himaelf e Taend of
Ihe holy see, and Henry promising to pay the
|M^186|540marks expanded on the war with
theHehen^nlim honee. Oaidinel Uhaldini
was sent to England by the pope with a ring
with which on 18 Oct. he invested Edmund
with the kingdom. The scheme was un-
popular in Baflendyend the demnnds of the
King and the pope for money to carry it out
were the chief cause of the king's future
troobles with the barona. The attempt to
drive Manfired out of soutli rn Italy fnili d.
Probably to atimalate English seal, a letter
waeieBtlWiKomein1967waniin^tiiekittg|
that assa.s.in8 had been commissioned by
Manfred to slay him and his sonaEdward and
Edmund. In the Lent pailiement, at which
Henry made fresh demands for money, he
exhibited Edmund in Apulian dress. It was
evident that the pope's scheme was doomed
to ftilnse, and Henry inatructed ambeasa-
dors to propo.'?e to Innocent that the quarrel
should be arranged bv means of a marriage
between Edmund ana the daughter of lian-
fred. In the summer of 1258, when the
government appointed in accordance with
the provisions of Oxfetd was m
power, the
barona wrote to the pope repudiating the
Sicilian scheme. However, in January 1260,
Henr^, who had taken Eklmund with him to
Puia in the pMoeding Nofenber, jatonaed
Lancaster
the Archbishop of Messina that he vra>ai>)ut
|
to proMeuto the Bcheme with greater vigour
than ever, and entered into nefrotiatioa" with
l the pope on the subject. During ths Utiei
half of 1962Bdmimd,-whowMmFMniritk I
i
I I
and on 29 July the pope wrote to mm ind
\
jjj^f^^^ pointing out that tlie conditioMof
the grant had not heon fultiller!, and d^cla^
Ug Tirtiul captivity Hmuy Mot on balMlf of
1
himself and hU son an explicit renunciatiw
|
of all claim to the kingdom. Edmund ap-
peaw to ham been in Firii durinp the civil
! war, and was enpnfred in ]'2Ci\ in assisting hi?
|
mother to raise an army for the inTSsioo (d
England. After the battle of Breahaai hen*
turned home with 1^ mother, and was among
the number of the map^ates who urged tlw
king to adopt the sweeping measure of con-
figcation determined on in tilie parliament of
Winchester, b^inj? moved, it was believed. by
the desire of enriching himself. He had a
large diem of the apoils, being created Earl
of Leicester, and rt rrivi up the stewardship ot
the kingdom iu October, and in November
the mSam of Cannnrthen end Oardigan.
The next vear he had prants of all the gcKi^*
'
of Robert Ferrers, earl of Derby, and of tbe
honour of Derby, and on SO July 1907 wu
|
cneted Enrl of 'Lancaster, and received the
honour of Monmouth. In June 1266 he
|
commanded a division of the royal army it
; the eiep^e of Kenilwaffth,end when the eaicle
sunvnclt rHd the king gave it to him. In
1267 he was appointed to treat with Llewelyn
of Welea, ana during the latter part of the
year joined his brother in holdincr a numb
of tournaments [see under Eowabd li
In common with hia hrather ana otlMr
magnates, I^anca.ster took the crojv^ at tbe
parliament held at Northampton in Jobs
1268. On 13 Oct. 1269 he assisted at the
|
translation of EdwaxdtheOonfe.'isor at West-
minster. His marriage in April 1 270 with
Aveline de Fortibus, daughter uud heiress of
Willitm,eerlof Albemarle (</. 1900), brought
him great wealth, and the expectati on nf
much more, for hia bride's mother was Isabel,
sister and heinwi of Baldwin de Itedven^
earl of Devon (<i. 1262), but Aveline did not
< live to succeed to her mother'e inheritanca
1 Tnthe spring of 1971 Lancaster went to Pales-
tine witn a body of crusaders; he was with hi^
i
brother at Acre (Sept. 1271 May 1272).
j
Returning home before Edward, he reached
i Bngland in Deeamher 197^ahottl7 altar Ut
Digitized by Google
 Lancaster 475 Lancaster
fethf-r'ci wns received with rejoicing of the cross. Martin, however, refused to
deatb,
hj the Londoners, and went to hifl mother accept him as a substitute for the king. In
ft Wittdtor. Hit enuade, during which he 1282, in company with Roger Mortimer, ha
is said to have accompUshed little or nothing defeated Llewelyn and sent his head to Lon-
(AnmUet Wmton. U. 110), seems to have don, and in that year, and again in 1292, he
fUDad ham tlie aidmame of Onm6tAmtlk (or received ffranta m castles and lofddiipa ia
crossed > irkV It is said, however, to have the Welsh marches. In 1291 Lancaster was
been a&!rtd bv John of Gaunt in 1385 that appointed lieutenant of Ponthieu during the
tbo mm implied deAmnity, that Edmund minority of Edward, prince of Walas, and
was really the elder bou of Henry TIT, but in this year and the next held commands at
had been passed over bj his father as unfit Jedburgh and Norham. He was sent as am-
to reign (Euloffium, iiL 861, 870), and a de- bassador to IVaace early in 19M, assisted hi
-:r^; 'if epriiading this fable appears to have arranging terms of peace, and in accordance
been entertained by Henry of Liancaster, with Edward's commands put the officers of
Heofy IV, snd was perhaps implied in lus Philip rV in poesesiioD of ib strong placea
challenge of the crown (Uorutihitional Hi- and towns of Qascony. When the war orolca
tory, iiL 11, with xefaiences). For the ex- out between England and France he received
iOf UlcniMd* tiie pope demanded a the IVencfa kinrs leave to go to England,
the clergy. In November 1278 and, as he tow back his allt-giance, lost
i wife diM childlesiy and in 1276 Champagne. An English army having been
ke flnnied TUaiifJiit, dsnghter ef Robert I, sent into Gaseonj, Lancaster sailed with the
count of Artois (cL 1270), a younger son of Earl of Lincoln and reinforcements to take
Louis VUI of France, and widow of Henry, the command in January 129b. He sent
eovat of (Siampa^e uA Idng of Navarre messengers asking to be allowad to pass
(d. 1274), a beautiful woman, who brought through Brittany in order to rest his forces
him the countj of Champagne, her dower and gather provisions. His messengers were
on Imt fenner msirisge, to b* bdd until han^ by the Bretooa, aad ia vavange ha
her daughter Jeanne, afterwards queen of plundered the country. On landing in Gas-
Phil^ IV, married or attained her mority. cony he stayed for a while at Bourg and
HaMeoordiugly styled Cbniit of Oham- Blaye, where he waa joined by manyGanoBS,
Mgae tad Brie, an^ resided much at I^rovins 80 that his forces amounted to more than two
(dtpt. Seine-et-Mame). wiience he is said to thousand men-at-arms ; he gained one or two
kmlirought the raseSffaieoRectly called Pro- smsll places, and being then appointed lieu-
vence ro*a, into England. Wlien in London tenant of Clascony, advanced on 28 March
he lived in the Savoy Palace. His marriage to the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, and mada
displemeJ hkwiysfcwaMr,Ooant Robert of ananauooeisfhlatteBntoBtliatowB. riaiigoB
Artoifl, who believed that he was unfriendly was surrendered to him, and the town of
to Fmnoe, and feared that he would endea- St. Machaire, and he waa besieging the castle
foor to biadtr the long's desicms withxegard when five etusens of Bordeamc eama to Urn
to Jeanne's inheritance. laUTOfasbconfl^t offering to let him into their city. On their
kit new wife to England. return their conspiracy was found out, and
Dninff tlw Welsb war of 1977 Lenciiter when Laaeaater and Ms ftvoes appeared b>
<y rnmanaod the Itinf^'s forces in South Wales, fore Bordeaux they found the gates shut.
tad the tbllowiog year acted as ambassador A French army under Robert of Artois was
attbe V^eheomt Frovins loiog at this approaching, and Laaeaster ibimd Aat Ua
time pler^cred to Philip TIT, the king laid an money was exhausted, and that he no longer
unwonted impost on the town,and the towns- had tne means to retain the army which lie
people having risen sad slwn thor mayor, had gathered. Deeolf aKMlstfled at hb in-
ijiiii a>fer WU5 st nt to quell the insurrection. ability to make heaa agiunst the French hn
He disarmed the borffhers, quashed the privi- retired to Bayonne, and died there on or
leres of die town, tnabiolie the oomnion bell. about 6 Jane. By hiS8eooadwife.iriho8ai^
A letter ent by him to King Edward in 1283, vived him until 1302, he had three sons,
and described in tlie Foedcra ^L6dl) as ' de Thomas [q. v.J, who succeeded him, Henry
' '

oef?otio Aoviadn,' refers to his rights over [q. v.], who snooeeded Thomas, uid John,
Prov jii8. Tie meditated undertaking another and one dauphti r. He was religious, gay,
crusade, ibr in 1280 Archbishop Peckham and pleasant in disposition, raen-handedLand
iot to Nicolas ni, and m 1981 to Mar- a popular oommanoer. He founded the Otey
tin rV, recommending that the money raised Friars priory at Preston, T.ancashire, and a
ia England for the expected crusade should house of minoresees of the order of St. Glare
le hanlad to Laooaater, aa ha was popular ootiida Aldmta. When he waa dying ha
irith aidian dvoataiid eager ia taa oausa odaiadAataia body was not ta be muiad

Digitized by Google
 Lancaster 476 Lancaster
until hi dobU were paid, lie was obcyod it. Further e^qperiments, however, did not
hisbody WM enrriod over to lEbiglttiid in 1 297 encourage lum to go <m with this scheme.
tnd honourably buried by the kinp in W^st- In 1850 he conceived the idea of the oval
minster Abber, where hu tomb rem&ins on bore aa the proper form for all rifled arms
the north tiam of tlw chsnt of tlw kings,
<

and emaon, and with this system his nsme

ntoBb to the tonkb of Bdwud L will always be a^pnciatpd. In order to make
hia invention known, he constructed foli-
[Mtttt. Paria, tola. iv. t. vi. passim (Rolla
siae woridng nodeb of the 68-poimder, the
Ser.); Annals of Tewkesbury, Burton, Winton,
larp^st ^un then in tho service, tV.r rho Great
Danatable. Worcester, Thomaa Wykes upuJ
Aanales Monastici, Tola. i.-v. passim (Rolls Exhibition of 1861. At the re^^uuat of the
8er.) ; Boyal Letters, Henry III, ii. 197 (Rolls govemmnit these models wore not exlubiled,
Scr.) Bcgiatmtn EpiBlolarum Jobannis Peok-
;
out a 68-pounder oval-bore gun, rnadf an*!
ham, i. Ul 191 (Eolla Sr.); Annnles Lon- rifled at Bumingham^with accuratelv turned
diimmi vpui CbronidM of Edwurd 1 and Ed- ahells, was sent to Shoeburyness nr trial.
ward 58, 80, 83,
II. i. 90 (R0II3 Ser.); RymerV The shoot inp of this gun directed attonti<tn
Foedera, vol. i. pta. i.ii. paiaim (Record ed.) to the oval>bore systemi and in the aucoeed-
Eulogium Historiarum, iii. 119,361. 370 (RjIIs ing experiments made at Woolwidi Lan-
Ser.); Calendar of Dociunenta relating to Scot- caster assisted the war flrpartm'>nt, find >t
''

land, i. 2542, ii. 64 Chron. de Laaereost, p. 1 70

;
some time superintended the production of
(Bannatyne Clnh) G. do CoHon, La Bnicehc des
the guns in the Royal Aneaal In 1858 he
;

lojnoa licnagee, Chron. de FJandre ap. Kccucil

temitoP.Xxii. 10.211.355,356; G.deNangis.
I. 286, 294 (l=ioci6t^ da I'Hist.); Bourquelot's
Hiat. de i'rovins. i. 235. ii. 427, 480; Nicholas
pp. 328. 340, 341, 358 (English Histori-
cal Soeiaty) ; Walter of HemingbuKh, U. 72-4
(Eogl. Hist. Soe.); Doyle*i Ofldal Bmage, ii.
309 Dugdale's Barouage, p. 778
;
Dugdale's:
Monaaticon, tL 1513, 1553 Stubbs's Coostita-
; corps until it waa anperaeded by the Martini-
tional HiitOty, iii. 11 ; Stanley's Memorials of
Westminster, p. 117; Nicolas's Historic Peer-
age, ed. Courthope ; Q. E. C[okyneT8 Com-
pltto FMn|(a.] w. H.
LANCASTER, CHART.KS' WILLIAM
(18^1878), improver of Xiilee and cannon,
was tha eldest ton of dufflae Laaeuler, gtm-
maker, of lul New Bond Street, London,
lie waa bom at 6 York Street, PortmMi
Square, London, on 94 Jnne 18SIO. On
le&ving school he entered his father's factory,
whereke practiiaftlly learnt the busineat of a
gunmaker, and icon becaino dlever dangner
of modelf, a tlioroughly skilled workman,
and a naecbanician of high order. The
atody of rifled projectilfle and tbe oonetrao-
tion of rifles was hit* chief pleasure, and
he aoon attained the highest skill aa a rifle
hot.
In 1846 Lancaster constructed a model
rifle, with which he experimented at Wool-
wich witli mnrveDoas wwensi nl a ihonnad
and twelve hundred yards' distance, and the
Duke of WeUiagton then ordered some simi-
lar rifles ftrlihB rifle Imgade at tbe Oape of
Good Hope. The years 1844 and 184o he
experimented upon the '577 pattern Enfield
rifled musket, and sent to the school of mus-
ketry at Hythe sraie specimens of oartiaes
bored on his peculiar system. The devi v
was considerea satisfactory. In January 1 800
theLaaeastor eaiWne was adopted as tb ana
for the royal engineers, and was used by that
Henryfifleinl869. iKmngtlMCkimenB cam-
paign oval-bored rifle cannon were used an^
did good service^ and were, it is said^ the tirst
rifl^ guns used m aotivoservioe hythe army
and navy. Shortly after the war heavier
puu were required for armou^oiercing, and
the expenmenta earned ontat ShoehuxyiiesB,
in which Lancaster assisted, led to a c rn-
plete revolution in rifled axtilleij. For the
oTal'>hoPS system of ^flif^ he Teoeived aoll^
stantial reward from tlif povernin>'nt. Hll
transactions with the war office, however, led
to disputes, and he sebeduled his dniatf in
a pamphlet, but wasunsuec s-ful in obtaining
that raoognitioa of his^ services to which 1m
oonsidersQ hnneelf efitrifled. Detwvon 1880
and 187:2 he took nut upwards of twentv
natenta, chiefly in connection with fl rearms.
His last invention was a gas-check, appli-
Ciible to large rifled projecf lies. Tie travelled
much in Russia, where the csar had a fecial
sold medal of large nse stnidkitt faislionow.
lie was elected an a&sociate of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineen on 6 April 1862, and
wrote a paper, in their ' ICmrtes of ^taoeed*
inps (xl. 1 1.')), ' On the Erosion of th' Bore
'

devoted to solving the problem of rifled inlieav^ (iuns.' While making arrangements
cannon. In July 1846 he svhmitted to the Ibr retirmg firom hoainesshe vras seized with
board of ordnance a plan for using from paralysis, and died at lol New llond Street,
rifled cannn n smoothrsided conical projectiles, London, on 24 April 1878. He married in
and im^artiug the neiiBBSsiji rotatory tnotioo 1868 Ellen, daughter of George Edward and
'
"shy driving a sabot on to the base of the pro- Ann Thorne of Old Stratford, Northamptoii*
je^i^ the baae having a V cross-piece cast in ahire, by whom he had two daughtc

Digitized by Coogle
 Lancaster
fMfDBtM f FktieeediiigB of lutitiitioii of
f vil EnginwB. 1878. liii. 289-92; Sporting
.Mirror. 18S2. iii. 21-2; Globe Encyclopaedia,
1 <'9,r. 379 LftnonslevSlMtMiuiafactor>',Wool-
: rcrsitj Cidaodar.]
-
in Papprs. 1854-5', (396),
rirliiTTi. nt.irv
zuii. 6s^ ; information from Mrt^. Lnncuslor.j
O. C. B.
LAIJCASTER, HENRY HILL (1829- coasts, aiM of
1875), essayist, bom oa 10 Jan. 1829 at 18.% to 1849
GUagow, was 8<Hk of Thomas Lancaster, a
(Siagow merchant, and of Jane Kelly. He
vru edaeated first at the high scliool, Glas-
gow, and afterwards at the university.
diatinraiahcd student, he proceeded in 1849
a< a anell exhibitioner to Balliol College,
Oxford. In 1853 he obtained a first claaa
477 Lancaster
I^PrivatetnfiNinatioo ; 8eobiman,36 Dac. 1875;
Edinburgh .Fourrnl of Jurisprudonco, F. l,i nHrjf
1876; Atheoaeum, 1 Jan. 1876; Oxford Uni-
T. B. 8^
LANOASTBR, H0MB f4i.l850),pnitiep,
showecl preat promi-^f at ono time as a painter
of the sea, of scenes on the French and Dutch
viefws on the Seheldt, Firom
he was an Rxhibitor at the
Royal Academy, the Society of British Ar-
tists, of which he was elected a fellow in
1841, and at tlie British Institution. > H
A lived in retirement and poverty, and dit>d at
Eritli in Kent on 8 Jnly 1860. Some of fail
piotores worr cn^Tavcfl in th liOndou 'PrilB
Annual of the Art Union for 1848. '

M titerit kumanioribut as well as third class

[Art Journal. 1850, p. 240 Graves's Diet, of
honoorB in the school of law and modem
;

history, and in the following year he was

awarded the Arnold prize for an essay on
'The Benefits arising from the Union of
Kng<*iiH and Scotlana in the reign of Queen
Anne.' He graduated B.A. 18o3 and M.A.
1872. Settling, oa learing Oxford, in Edin-
borgh, he passed a an advocate there in
ISSi^ aad proved himself an able and in-
dustrious lawyer. He defended the univer-
riiy in Jex Blake v. the University of Edin-
baxgh, and the 'AtheniBum' in the action
brought against that journal by Keith John-
ston. Under Mr. Gladrtone's ministry (18G8
to 1874^ he held the office of advocate-ndepute.
He tooK an active interest in the cause of
edocation. In 1858 he served as secretary
to a oommission of inquiry into the state
of King's and Marischal Collegee, Aberdeen
and in 1872 was a member of A loyal oom-
miasion
mente.
m
floottiih edwtiaMl ertablMi"
In his leisure T-tancaster contributed to the
daily Edinburgh press^and in November 18(10
be began a connection with the ' North
British Review' with an article on 'Lord
Macaulay's Place in English Literature.' He
took a strong interest in Scottish political hi>
toiy, and wrote for the ' Edinburgh Review*
article on Burton's 'History ot Scotland*
(July 1867^, and on the two Lords Stair
under the title of ' The Scottish Statesmen
of Cte Bevolution ' (January 1876). All Lis
assays are clearly wntten and disolaj much
rare and knowledge. He died sndclenly from
ArtiftB, 1760-1880.] Ua
LANCASTER, Sm JAMES {d. 1618),
merchant and sea-captain, pioneer of the
English trade with the East Indies, was
'brought up among the Portuguese; lived
among them as a gentleman,' a soldier, and
a merchant (Markhav, p. 47). As he after-
wards spoke of them very bitterly, as a people
without 'faith or truth, it would seem that
he considered hims^ as having sustained
some ii^tnj or vnfiui tnatnmit it dMiff
hands.
Lancaster returned to England before the
war with Spain broke out; and in 1588 com-
manded the Edward Bonaventure, a mer-
chant ship of 300 tons, serving under Sir
Francis Drake in the fleet against the * Invin-
cible '
Armada. In 1591, again in command
of the Edward Bonaventure, he sailed on the
first English voyage to the East Indian, in
company with UeoKe Raymond, general of
the expedition, in the Penelope^ and Samuel
Foxcroft in the Merchant Royal. They sailed
irom Plymouth on 10 April, and ran aiMith to
latitude 8^ N. with a fair wind, which then
died away, leaving them becalmed in the
'doldrums.' For nearly a month they lay
there, losing many men from eourvy, and did
not anchor iu Table Bay till 1 Aug. The suf-
fering had been very great, and though the
sickness rapidly abated, there were still many
I
bad cases which were sent home in the Mer-
chant Royal. The other two, with 198 men,
sailed on 8 Sept. but ftmr days later, in
;

apoplexj, <Mi 24 Dec. 1875, aged 40. In the
fullnwine year his more infortant essays
Were rtponJeJ privately in two Tolumcs,
with a piWatory notice by Profo:<sor Jowett.
XoAt of them were afterwards published in
4 single volume entitled 'Essays and Re-
Tm' Edinburgh, 1876.
LftncAster married in 1862 a daughter of
.Mr. Graiiam of Skelmorlie, Ayrshire.
tremendous storm oi]" Cape Cotrientea, tlie
Penelope went down with all hands. In
another violent storm on the 16th the Ed-
ward was struck by lightning, when many
men were killed or hurt. At the Comoro
islands, in an affray with the natives, they
lost the masttjr and some tliirty men, to-
gether with their only boat. At Zanzibar
they reited and refitted ; wd
auling thenco

Digitized by Google
 Lancaster
in tKe middle of Februarj, aftort dnidtouB
navigation and a season of unfavourable
windb. doubled Cape Ck>morin towards the
end of May, and in June andiored at Palo
Penang, with the 'men VL-ry aick and mnny
faUen/ Maiur too had dia^ and after land-
ing the rick tney were leffe with ' but thirty-
lliree men auJ oco boy, of which not past
twentv<-two were foun^ for labour and help
and of them not mat a third part nilors.
Thus reduced, the Edward put to sea about
the middle of August, and cruising on the
MiutabaB Mast captured a small Portuguese
vessel laden with peppt-r, another of 250 tons
burden, and a thinl of 760* witharich cargo
and three hundred men women, and children.
,
She then crossed over to Ceylon, and anchor-
ing at Point de Oalle. whiore ' the captain
lying very sick, more lue to die than to live,'
trie crew mutinied anrl insisted on tfiking
the direct course for England. On 8 Dec.
1692 they sailed far the Cams tit Good Hope,
which they doul)h d on 31 March 1593, and
after touching at St. Helena and at Trinidad
in the West Tndiee, in the Tain hope 'there
to find refreshing,' they Btere<l for Porto
Rico, and at the Utile island of Mona met a
Fireneh ship, from which they ohtdned some
bread and other provisions. The ships then
separated, but met a^n
off Cape Tiburon,
just as a nua]] olf theland had carried away
sll the Edward's sails. Tlie Frenchman sup-
plied her with canvas, and after she had >t
aomejpKyvirions flrom the shore she sailed
Newfoundlnnd but falling into a hurricane
;
about the middle of September, and being
driven tu to the eouthvrard and partially
dismnsft^d, she again carae to Monii about
20 Nov. Shortly aften while Lancaster, with
fhe lieutenant and the greater part of the
crew, was on shore, the KcYward P>onaventure,
with only five men and a boy on board, was
Mown ont to sea, and being unable to letum
to the anchorage went for England, where
she arrived siuely. Lancaster and those
witli him were, some time afterwards, taken
by another French ship to Dieppe, and finally
landed at Rye on 24 May 1504.
Terrible asthe loasof Inb had beenbarely
twenty-five returning to England out of the
lOB who had doubled the Cape of Good
Hopea ery rich booty had been brought
home the Portuguese monopoly of the East
; three other ships, Hector, Ascension, and
India trade had been rudely broken, and it
had been prored that, to ijuraa England was
OOBOemfKl, it might be broken a^^ain at plea-
sure. The formation of the East Lidia Oom>
pany was the natonl consequence. But
pending that, there were .c<)nie - aldermen
and merchants of London who thought
that tlie Portuguese might be profitably, as
478 Lancaster
well as patriotically, plundered nccrerhome^
and who, in tL- imiuer of 1591, fitted out
three ships for this purpose and ^aced them
under Laneaatei^i command. They sailed
in October, and, after capturingmanySpanish
and Portuguese vessels on the way, arrived
in thefenowing spring at Ptomambuco, wboe
there hapnened to be a Urge accumulation
of East Indian and Braiilian produceapioea,
dye-woods, sugar, and calico. The town was
taken witli littlo loss, and the merchandise
became the spoil of the victors. They had
been jdned at the Oape Ynd Islands by on#
Venner, who bad been admitted as a partner
in the aidventure. Tluree large Dutch shipe
in the hailxmr of Fmrambuoo, vdth foar
French ships, were chartered bv Lancaster
for the homeward vovage. All these he
loaded with the plmuer, and, after ^irty
days, proparod to sail for England. On the
last day the Portuguese were obswed con-
structing a battery to command the entranoe
of tlie h u bour, and Lancaster, who was sick
at the time, yielded to the persuasion of tbs
vice-adminu and allowed him to take a
strong party of men to destroy their work.
This aestruction was done without dilRculty
but adTancing further, beyond the cover of
the ships' broadsides, they were met by a
la^ body of Portuguese and repulsed with
great lose, almost all the officers of the party,
and others, to t!ie number of thirty-five, oeing
killed. ^The loss waa occasioned bv grois
disobedience of Laneatter's orders. His men
' were much daunted,* but he put to sea that
night with fifteen vessels, * all laden vrith
merchandises, and that of good worth.' In
a stiff galo of wind' outside the fleet was
'
scattered, and most of the ships, being igno-
rant of the coast, * went directly for England.'
Lancaster, and four ships with him, filled up
with water and fresh provisions in a neigh-
'bouiing port, and arrived in the Downs in
July.
The wealth thus brought home waa a fur^
ther incenttve to the formation of the Elast
Tnrlia Company. In 1600 Lancaster was
appointed to command their first fleet, the
queen granting him a * commission of martial
law and letters to the eastern Icings with
'
whom he might have to negotiate. In the
Red Dragon of 600 tons burden, and with
Susan, Lancaster sailed from 'Woolwich on
18 Feb. 1600-1; he was, however, delayed
in the Downs 'for want of wind,' and finaify
sailed from Torbay on 20 April IGOl. Again
keeping too near the coast of Africa, the
fleet was more than a month in crossing the
'doldrums;' and being fiirther dolnved v ?
contrary winds, it did not get into Tablo B&j
Digitized by Google
 Lancaster 479 Lancaster
till 9 bv which time the three other luccaa, Lancastefi with the two ships, sailed
Sept.,
lUpB hmi mwuni to terribly from scurvy, on 90 Feb., and after a dangerous voyage
having bur'u^d 106 out of 278 men, that they arrived in the Downs on 11 Sept. 1603.
wen not able to oome to anchor till the On his return to Londoo Lancaster was
DngoB teat men on iMMfd to their aseist- knighted in October 1603. Being now a
inco. And the rt'u.son why tlic general's men wealthy man, lie eettled down on shore, and
'

Stood better in health than the men of other as a director assisted in organising the young
Alps WM tliii ! he brought to sea with him company. It was under Jiis direction that
certain bottles of the juice of lemons, which all tne early voyages to both the east and
he gTe to each one as long u it would last, north-west were undertaken; and William
tiue spooiiAihi every morning' (Mabkham, Baffin [q. v.] assigned Laiioater*t name to
p. 62), The virtue of this specific was after- one of the principal poftalt of tha Unknown
waxde wholly forgotten, and seamen were al- north-west rec[ion.
lowed to goon suffering and dying wholenle Lancaster cued, probably in May, in 1618
for nearly two hundrea years. his will, in Somerset House, dated 18 April,
On 29 Oct. they sailed from Table Bay was proved 9 J une. From it, it I4)p6ar8 that
doubled the Gape of Qood Hope on 1 Nov. he had no children, and that, if married, his
on 17 Dec. touched at St. Mary's Island, wife had predeceased him none is men-
;

where they obtained some oranges and tioned in the will. A

kfflons; but finding the anchorage unsafe,
went on to Anton^ Bay, where they an-
chored on Christmas dav 1601. They stayed
there recruiting their health and refitting
their ships till 6 March; on 9 April they
touched at the Nioobar islands, where they
watered and refitted ; and on 6 June 1602
anchored at Acheen. Here Lancaster fooad
that ' the queen of England was very famous [Haklujt'u Principal Nang-nti'^ns, toI. ii. pt.
in those parts, by reason of the wars and
brother, Peter, is
named ; several children of a brother John;
the daughters of a brother-in-law, Hopgood
and many ooosins. Small legacies were left
to these, hnt the hoik of his property was
bequeathed to various charities, especially in
connection with the Skinners' Company, or
to Mistress Thomasyne Owieild, widow, for
distribution among toe poor at hair discretioBk
p. 102, iii. 708
ii. Purchai his Klgrimss, voL i.
;

great victories which she had gotten against ii. p. 147.

pt. Theso are reprinted in the Voy-
the king of Spain ;' and as the bearer of aages of Sir James Lancaster, edited far the
letter from her, and as the known enemy of Hakluyt Society by Ur. OleaMttts B.Maithaiw;
Fottogal, of whose eneroaehaenta in the see also the ObL el State B^aii, Bui ladiaa.]
east the king of Acheen was jealous, he was
most honourably received and was readily lANOAfiTBR, JOHN ov, Bvn ov
granted permission to trade. When in Sep- Bbdkhid (I'SS!} 1435). [See John.]
tember Lancaster put to sea to cruise in the LANCASTER, JOHN 1610), bishop
tnita of Malacca m
quest of passing Portu- of Waterford and Ltsmore, possibly a meofr-
fueae, the king willingly nnaertook to pro- ber of the Somerset family of Lancaster, was
Tf>nt any warning being sent from Acheen. chaplain to James I. In June 1607 he went
The English baa thus the opportunity, on over to Ireland with a letter from the king
4 Oct.,of ^tariiigft^porwtoiit,nhl7 to the lord deputy giving Lancaster the
laden. bishopric of Ossory should it be vacant (Cn/.
On 24 Oct. be again anchored at Acheen { StaUPanenfThm. Irish Ser. 1600-8, p. 197).
again met with a most friendly reception A later letter gave him any see that should
from the king, to whom he vnnAf libfrnf pre- become vacant before Ossory (tb. p. 249).
mnXM; and with a most favourable letter from He was consecrated bishop of \V aterford and
tha king to the oueen of England, he put to Lismore in 1606. In coosaqtience of the
on 9 Nov. The Susan had boen sent to small revenues of the bishopric, he had
Priaman for a cargo of pepper the Asceu- license in 1610 to hold no less than twelve
;

sioD had filled npiviliipeppf'r and cinnamon prebends m commmdam^ as wall as the trea-
at Achf-. II. nnd whs now ordered to make the surership of Lismore. He was considered to
het ol her way to England. Liincaster, in he well mclined to the Romanists, and gave
titt DMgOB, With the Hector, went to Ban- offence to the citizenfl in June 1609, becaoaa
tam, where also he had a very friendly hp would not allow the mayor to hold up
oeptKtn. A
free and lucrative trade was his sword in the cathedral precincts iik,
opened, as the result of which both ships 1606-10, p. 214). In July 1611 he waa Mi
wT<? fully In'U'Ti with pepper by the middle ported to the Archbishop of Canterbury as
of February and after establishing a fao
; being 'of no credit in his diocese
' Ibli-
tory at Bantam, and sending some of the 161^ P> 81]^ In 1^18 he received a tbou-
nerchante to aitahUah anotMr at the M<h 1^ WaadiBrd plaatation (aft.

Digitized by Google
 Lancaster 480 Lancaster
1615-25, D. 187). Lancaster died at Water- set forth in detail the results of his experi*
ford in 1619, and was buried in the cathedral. encOt He described how his st^iif of moni-
He was married, and had several children, tors co-operated with him in the maintenance
one of whom, John Lancaster, was a clergy- of discipliue, and how they taught reading,
writing, find the L-i>'iuenta of eritkmotio hy
[Cotton's Fasti, vol. i. passim, ii ;ind v.; a method of drill and simultaneous exercise.
Wnre's Bishops, ed. Hurria.] W. A. J. A. The material equipment of his school waa of
the most meagre Kind. Flat desks covered
LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838), with a thin layer of snnd were xtsed for the
founder of the Laiica.Hterian avstem of edu- early exerciisea in writing. Shifts taken
cation, was bom in Sonthwanc^ Londoiii in ftom a spelling-book and pasted on boards
1778. ITis father had servfxl a a common sol- were placed bi'foro each ' draft ' or clas.^, and
dier in the American war, and afterwards pointed to until every word was recognise
added to his small pension b^ keeping a and spelled. Paatagee extracted from the
humble shop. Veir early in lite Joseph re- Bible and printed on large sheets furnished
ceived powerful religious impreesions, and the reading and scripture lessons. Beyond
was intended by his parents for the noncon- these rudiments the instruction did aoC es-
formist ministry. At the age of fourteen he tend. lie devised a very elaborate system
was impelled by a strong enthusiasm to leave of punishuientd, shaekle:^, cages in which
home aecratty) intendio^g to go to Jamaica offenders were slung un tO too I00( tfinff
' to teach the poor blacks tho word of God.' bad boys to a pillar
1
m
the manner suggeeted
Finding himself penniless when he reached by mediaeval pictures of 8t. Sebastian, divers
i

Briftol) lie tuilirtnrt as a naval volunteer, but marks of dis^ace, and other appeals to the
I

alter one voyage was, through the interposi- scholars' sense of sliame but his quaker
;

tion of friends, released from his engagement. principled revolted from the infliction of ao
>

Soon after he joined the Society of Friends. tual pain, and prevented him frompoMeiviiig
Before hewastwentvhe obtained his father's the tortures inflicted by his own system on
'

leave to bring a few poor children home and sensitive children. He instituted degrees of
teidithem to read. Me became conscious of rank, badges, offices and orders of merit,whiehf
1

a Itrong liking and aptitude for teaching and while they undoubtedly made his school at-
for winning the oontidenco of children. In tractive to lads of ambition, tended to
1801 he took a laive room in the Borough oouzigeTemty and self-consciousness. Itwae
Road, and inscribed over it, All who will an essential part of his plan to enlist the
'

may aend their children and have them edu- most promising of tho scholars in hia aenriee,
cated freely, and those who do not wish to and to prepare them to become schoolmMbMk
have education for nothing may pay for it if In this way he is fairly entitled to be recog-
they please.' His inability to pay assistants nised as the hrst pioneer in the work of
foroea him to devise the plan oc employing training teachers for their profession in Enf^
the elder scholars to teach the younger. His land. Some of the principles ho advocateid,
remarkable genius for organising made his and his favouritu miyings, have paased into
eiperiment unexpeetedQIy sueoetsfnl. The pedagogical maxims, e.g. ' The order (^tUe
|

A
number of pupils grew rapidly. His school school is " place for everything and every-
was divided into small classes, each under the thing in its place." * Of the day's work he
'
I

cam of ft momtor ; a group of these dassee wao wont to say, 'Let every child have, for
IVM superintended by a head monitor; and every minute of his school-time, aomethiiig
the quasi-military system of discipline, and to do, and a motive for doing it.'
of gradtlfamof iiiikiyoraaed the whole esta- In 1797 Andrew Bell (1763-lb;{2) [n. .]
blishment to as^fume an orderly, animated, had published accounte of his educational ex-
and very striking appearance. The attention periments in the Madras Aavlum. Lancaster
cftiieDukeof Bedfordnndof LordSomerville in his first pamphlet cordiaUyMiknowledged
;

'

was directod to his efforts, and soon after- his obligation to Bell for many ust^ful hints.
warda the Duke of Sussex and other members He afterwards visited Bell at Swnnage, and
I

of the loyal family visited his inetatation and eetabliahed veir friendly relations with him.
'

encouraged him ^\ ith pujipnrt. Such time as During the eight years of Bell's residence at
he could spare from the supervision of his Swanage, littfe or nothing was done for the
Wt
^

Iwse sdiool of a thousand boys he deivated estebliuunent of schoola on hie method;

j

to lecturing in the country, and raising fub- Lancaster within that period was carrying
aeriptions for the foundation of new local on an active propaganda in all parts uf the
iehMle. Ikingdom, and securing the adhesion of manj
He published in 1803 his first pamphlet, powerful friends. His fortunes reached their
entitled improvements in Education,' which zenith in ibUd, when Qeoigelll aent for him
'

Digitized by Google
J
 Lancaster
toWeymouth, jpromi8<l his ^tronage and
Mpport, and amad, Iwridea hia own nama,
that of thf queen and the princesses to tho
liat of annual subflchbers. The king con-
dvded tha intarrienr by saying, in worda
irilich booame in one sense the charter of the
Lanca^t^rian institution. 'It is my wish that
trerr poor ehiU in my aominkma ihoiild ba
tAugbt to ro.id the Bible.' The fame which
followed this interview intoxicated Lancaster,
w]m wm thriftless, impulsive, ezfenmagant,
and sa^lTv deficient in ordinary Rfilf-control.
He bad at the same time to encounter much
onpositkm tnm nemben of the eitablished
Cfiu-ch. Mr?. Trimmer, one of hip opponents,
Sbiiahed in 1S05 *
A
Comparative View of
wew Flan of Bdoeation, promulgated by
Mr, Joseph I^caater, and of the Systom
of Christian Inatruction founded by our
Fonfathm for the iuHiaiioii of
.M.^ni}>*'r'^ of the Established Church in the
^
Toung
Fnnciplea of the Reformed Beligioa.' Her
an objection to TiancaateT) whom hede>
ouncetl a.^ the 'Goliath of schigmatiM,' wa^
that his system waanot to be controlled by the
elergy, and wu thenfera CiJeulated ariously
to weaken the authoritv of the establifbed
church. The ' Edinhuxgh Aeiriew' in 1806
m^Kated fjineaafttr m
aaawer to thia at-
tack, and in October 1807 published a second
article,reviewing Lanoaster'a firat pamphlet
with great fhroiir.
M' lnwhile I.ianCiif<ter*8 money nlTairs bo-
cane grievously embarraBsed, and in 1808
two qwalrers, Joeeph Fox and WiUiain Allen
i \77(y-\S-lP,) [q. v.], with the oo-operation of
Whitbread and others, ondartook to extri-
cale hhn from hia dlffleultiea. They paid his
d^a, took ovtT (he repponsiltility nf mftin-
taning the model school, and constituted
^ennelvee a board of tmateea for the ad-
mini.vtnitinn of i^nch funds & might be given
to the inatitution, which (hey were permitted
tedeaignate the Roral Lanenterian Society.
The pufilio interest tliii* excited in LancaMer's
mttfo, the patroDsge of the loyal family, and
u
the ap cemewt of a long liat of mflnentii^
upporters*, combined to induce the friends of
chinch education to show increased hoetility.
II was teaolTed to adopt Boll's name and
Fy-f.m. !uid to e-fnlili-ili a number of elemen-
tal/ achoolsy which ahould be taught by
mmkumt bt in whieh themanagranent and
the instruction should l>e distinctly identified
with the e^bliahed church. The National
Society waa feuided In 1611 to carry out
these principles. G)nlrover8ie.s soon arose,
embittered rather by the leal of the friends of
the two mm than hy their personal riiral-
ri>i. On the one side were ranged nroughnra
and the group of atateawen and whu.'rs who
TOL.XZ.
4St Lancaster
afterwards founded the Society for the DilFu-
aion <^ Uaefiil Kunrledm and whose month-
piece was the 'Edinburgh Review/he^ide.^ the
Society of Friends, many liberal churchmen,
and the great bo^ofnonooafonniata. On the
other were ranged nearly the whole of the
clergy, the 'Quarterly Beview,'and the toiy
par^ffmerally. Theftrst artieleon theaab-
ject which appeared in the ' (Quarterly Re-
view '(October 1811) is generallv attributed
to Soathegp. Heirindiei^ Bein daims to
originality, and ridiculed Lancaster'^ elabo-
rate devices for maintaining discipline ; and
laid mneh atresa on the importanee of reli-
gious teadiinp. "Between the two method.-'
ofprocedure there were several important
diiHMnoea. Laneaater tanghtlaiyer nnmbera,
and had a more elaborut e system for enlist-
ing the agency of the pupila themselves in
iti naiatenaiuje of disoiplhie. Moreover,
his educational aim.i. tlw nigli tnodrst enough,
were ar higher than those of his rival. BeH
had ezpresaly dedaied hia nnwiUingneia to
educfite the poor too highly. Lancaster, on
the other hand, not (wJt taught the elementa
of writing and aiithmetie, Vnt avowed thatht
wa^ precluded from oil'ering a more ^7en< rou8
education to hia pt^^ by considerutious of
expense only. Laaeaater oertainlv adopted,
lo]it: before Bell, the practice oi selecting
and tiaiaing the fiitiue teachers. ut the
Qbatairtlal dtflfefenee between the paftieii
which used for their own purpopPB the namca
of the two combatants, rested on reUgioua
grounds. The frienda of Bdil avowedly
wished to bring the schools for the poor
under the control of the church of England.
Laneaeter,onthe other hand, always preached
the doctrine that it was not the business of
the public school to serve the denominational
intecwta of any partleuiaF aeetton of the
Christian cliureli, and that the true national
education of the future should be Chrif^tian
bnt not aeetarian. Hts ftienda of the Royal
I^ncasterian Society were nblo to claim
that this impartiality was not theoretical
only, and to assert in their report of 1811
that, while more than seven thousand chil-
dren had been brought up under his personal
inflnenoe, not oneofdMn htd bean indiMed
to become, or had aotoaUy become, a qitaker
like himself.
'
In 1 810 Laaoaater had published his aeemid
pamphlet, 'Report of Joseph Lancaster's Pro-
gress from 17d8.' In this report ho speaks
gratefully of the aasistanee of hiafHenoa and
of the j)ecuniary sacrifices they had made on
behalf of his system ; and, summarising his
own worh for the past year, he records that
he had ii av- lU 1 .T.77ri miles, delivere<l sixfy-
seven lectures in the presence of 23,480
II
'
Digitized by Google
 Lancaster
hearers,promoted the establishment of fifty
new Mool8 for 14,200 aehokM, and htd
nuaed 8,P;'0/. in aid of the society's work.
To tlie report is apj^ded a statement in
wiudi tlie tnutess omniMBd Ijanotatei's
le&L They record the growth of the
jiysfem, the establishment of Lancasterian
.schools in New York, Piiiladelpbia, and
Boston, and, t'nfgr alia^ the ISuti that a depu-
tation from Caracas had come to England
expressly to see the working of the schools,
ana that the fovemment of tiiat country had
since sent twfi young men to the Boroi^h
Road to learn the system.
Laoeaster at flnt aeqnieeoed, HMmgli re-
luctantly, in the exercise of control over his
institution by the committee appointed \n
1808 ; but he soon chafed against the hmr-
ness-like restraint imposed by the committee,
quarrelled with his friends, seceded from the
society, and set up a private school atTootiiifl^,
which soon failed and left him bankrnpt. In
1816 be printed at Bristol * Oppression and
Persecution, being a Narrative of a Tariety of
Singular Facts th^ luTeoconrred in the rase,
Progress, and Promulgation of the Royal
Lancasterian System <n Eduoatioii.' Here
he complains bitterir of the eondnct of hia
*prRtend'dfTiends,*thetm!5tf^e9, who had, four
jears before, changed the name of the insti-
tution to that of the 'British and Foreign
School Society,' and had, he said, thwarted
him and injunvl hira,and dp^ermined to carry
on the work wit hout him. The pamphlet is
a petulant attack on all his former mends,
wnom he doscribes as haviniE^ 'choust^d him
out of the management of his own institu-
tion.' He had anilered' severely finnn disap*
pointment, ill-liealth, and poverty. He had
more than once been imprisoned for debt^
Us treiiUes were agvfavated by the nienbu
affliction which befell his wife, and in 1818
he det ermined to shake the dust rom his teet
and try the New World.
In New York and Philadelphia Laaoaater
was received kindly, his lectures wer*> well nt-
tended, and the way seemed opening for a new
career of honour and success. At BaHimore
he estahli^li.'fl school, obtained a few private
(\
pupils, and published in 1821 a small book en-
titled 'The Laneasterioa System of Educa-
tion, with Improvements, by its Founder,' It
ia mainly a reprint of his first tract| but it is pre-
iiiced by a curious chapter of avtohiognphy,
repeatinjr with increastxl acrimony his former
charger!. He concludes with an advertise-
ment of his new boarding establishment, in to undertake to teach ten thousand pupil
which he promises to treat the inmates as all to read fluently in three weeks to thre
plants of his hand and children of his care.' months, idiots and truants only exeepte<i
But a grievous illness prevented the success Be assured that the fire which kindled Ljah'
i^the eaterpiise^ and on Uapaitial reoovaiy iMsiflee haa Undlod niaa^aad wkMk aO tou
4St Lancaster
he det ermined to go to the milder climate of
I
Venenela,andtoaelt1elBratime{nGsiieii,
to which place he had bepn invitprl ^\m\
years before. BoUrar t h e fint president, who
,
had TiaSted the Borough Road ia 1810^ now
received Lancaster with muc^ considention,
was present at his second marriafre to th?
widow of John Robinson of Philadelphia, and
made large premiaaa of pecuniarv sujppoit,
'
which, however, were not fulfilled. To the
last it remained one of Lancaster's mnT
grievances that Bolhrar, afttr taking yjem-
sion of all thft little property Lancaster ht^
left in Ckracas, sufiered nim to depart with
n bin flir fBO,000, which, when it cawts
maturity, was dishonoun^.
After staying a short time at St. TboBM
and Santa Cms, he returned to NewToA,
where the corporation voted him a grant of
five hundred doUan*. His next attempt to
e6tablij*h himself was at Montreal, where,
as in other Canadian towns, he met at fint
with a favourable reception, althonirh h\%
school did not fiourish there. His last pub-
lication appeared in 18S8, and was prints
at Newhaven, Connecticut. It is entitled
* pitome of some of the ohic^ ErentB aad
Transactioua in the Lilb ef J. Lmeaster, eoB>
taininrr an Account of tlie Rise and Progr*
of the Lancasterian System of Education, sad
the Author's future Prospects of Uaelblaan
to Mankind ; Published to Promote the Bda-
cntion of His Family.' By his ' family be '
meant his st^p-children, to whom he was verr
tenderly attached, his only child, a daughter,
who had married and settled in ^^^xico,
having recently died. The pamphletj Idee
its predeeeason, wan ill- written and almoit
incoherent, was plentifully p imished with
italics, withlarge capitals, and w ith irreleraat
quotMitiona from the Bibila. But it -wna Issi
1
vehement than his formor publications inthf
denunciation of his adversaries, and amounted
to little more than a piteous appeal for peem-
idaiy help^ aad for subscriptions to his pro-
mised lai^r book, which was to embody nil
the latest additions to the 'Improvement> va
^
Education.' That larger work never &p-
peareH. A few gentlemen in Eng-land is8ul
an appeal and obtained a suthcient sum to
pmrohaseforhimasmaQamraity. KaspiTiti
revived a little, and he contemplated a r i
ney to England. His last letter to ^ewo^
who hadMmihta eonatant snppoa vm nt IIm
Borough KoaJ, is full of exultation: 'Witl
properly trained monitorsi should not scrip!*
Digitized by Google
 Lancaster 483 Lancaster
Isnelitcs see it they will fall on their knees to which they belonged. There can be lit do
tad exclaim, "II10 Lord, he is the God."' doubt that the sense of comradeship and cor-
Thi* was written in Septem'ber 1838. In the porate life was unusually strong in the otd
following month he met with an aoadant in monitorial schools, and tliat it was scarcely
the streets of New York, and reettived injuries inferior to that of the best public schools of
which proved futal on 24 Oct. 1888. our own time. But the inherent intellectual
It would not be justifiable to claim for defects of an educational system dependent
dtbor Lancaster or Bell personally a high wholly on ignorant and immature n^^ents,
nak among the founders of popular educa- though not visible nl first, revealed them-
tkm in England. Lancaster's character was selves before many years; and in 184G the
mutable; be le<l an irregular, nndisciplined, newly constituted education denartment took
lad kaTily burdened life, and died in poverty the important step of superseaing monitors
tnd obscurity. But he had a finer and more by pnpil-teachers, all of whom were required
unselfish enthusiasm than Bell, a more intense before apprenticeship to pass through the
krvs for ohfldren, more religious earnestness, elementary coune, and afterwards to receive
and a stronger fait h in the bleflBtngs which regular inetniction and to be trained for the
edocation might confer on the poor. It is office of teacher. The pupil-teacher sys-
TBfjtOQchin^ to see in hi?) latent diaries and tem itself has now been to a large extent
fetters the picture of a bzx^en-hearted and displaced by (he emplojment of adult
di^Kpoointod man, welcoming, nevertheless, teachers.
Itch laint rays of ho^ as came occasionally A portrait of Jotnlh Lancaster by John
lorslieve the ^'loom ot his solitude, and never Harlitt ia in Iks NfttMUial Pofftnit GbaUeiy,
wholly losing contideQce in the mission with London,
vUch he believed htmeelf to have been di- [Life of Joiifh Xaneaster, by WfUkn Oor-
Tinelv entrusted. After beinp- disowned by stoD, 1840; filMtehes, by Henry Dunn. 1848;
tbs friends on account of his linancial irre- The Museom, 1863 ; Leitcb's Practical Educa-
giliiilies, he yet oonttnwd 1 ^d, iaBtead
tionists, 1876 Edinburgh Review, vols. iz.
;

of tajeetinp-, his Sunday-moming silent ser- zi. xvii. zix. xxi. Quarterly Review, vol. vi.;
;

Joseph Fox's Compttrative Review of the Pub-

Ti<^, ind to sit alone, waiting for the visita-
tion of the Divine Spirit. licBtloos of Bell and Laacaater, 1809 The New ;

Th - rrrr-at expectatioos in which, at the School, air X. Escoatd, 1610; Dooaldsoo's

beguiniag of the 19th century, bo^ edu- LeefcsM on BiontiMij
cmotl |MitiM indulged with lagwd t the
fetars ot the 'mutual' or 'monitorial sys-
tem of |mbiic iuh.truction have not bet:n, and
'
miot likely to he, realised. It was merely
mtem of drill and mt'chnnism by 'whicn
Life o# Bitt MlNr^
Professor Meiklqgohn's Life of Bell ; American
Journal of Education, 1861 ; Reports of the
Royal Commissioners on Bopvlar Bduoation,
that of tho Duke of Newcastle, I86fi, and of
Lord Cross, 18b6 Reports passim of the Britiah
;

and Slmvgn 8dio<kL 8omtJ*J J> O. F*.

lirge bodies of children could be made or-
der! jao4 obedient, Mld4^ which the scholars
who knew a little were made to help those
wlio knew less. Neither tbu writings nor
the practien of Bell and Lancaster duNnr
hffht on the principles of teaching, or were
01 any value as permanent contributiona to
the Uteratuie of education. Bui relatively
to the special need and circamstanoefi of the
afe,ancrto the wretched provision which then
suited for tldlcMbnf thtt pooVythe work
of these two men was of enormotia value.
Ibey arooeed public interest in the mihject.
LANCASTER, NATHANIEL (1701-
1776), author, bom in 17U1 in Cheshire, was
in earlv life a prot6g6 of the Eari of Chol-
uy Mondelev, wlio intiMneed him to nolite so>
ciety. He was appointed rector of St. Mar-
tin's, Chester, on 12Jane 1726, and in January
1733 was made a chaplain to the Prince of
Wales. In the follovring February ha waa
created D.D. by the Arehbishop cf Gan^
terbnry (Gent Mag. 1864, L 687). On
17 Feb. 1783 he married the widow of Cap-
tain Brown, a lady with a fortune of 20,000^'
'

Amf bwwigttty lit n very rnnll cost (about 7t. Li Septtimber 178/ he obtained the recto^
p^T rnad per annum), thoiisfinds of children of Stanford Hivers, near Ongar, Essex. Im
mu) admirable disciplinoi and gave them the died there on 2U June 1775. In his later
mBSmmM of education, and some ambition years he acted justice of the peace (see
to jfHrn more. What is of still greater im- two lettf*rs of his describing his administra^
portaoee, they treated the school from the tion of juatice, Qent. Mag. liv. 846). He was
tat Ma place cf 'aratual' instruction^ as consi^tfed a brilliant converaationalist, but
an orpaniiwcl camnrunity in wliich all tlic earned a reputation for extravagance and
Diinmbf rs were to be in hi'lpful relations to inip>>cuniosity,' which urged him to indecent
etch other; vai allirere bruugbt to take a apolications lorthe supply of his neoessitiea.'
|

JiaaoasUr 'Wiott} 1 ' AiUio Virtue, or thi^

II 2

Digitized by Google
 Lancaster
Lovo of our Country,' London, 174d. 2. 'The fifty-nine who opposed the diange. In the
Pretty Gentleman, or Softness of Manners same year he signed the petition of the lower
Tindicatd from the false ridicule exhibited
under the character of William Frible, Esq.,'
a pretended reply to Garrick's ' Miss in her
Teens,' but in reality a veiled and caustic
satire ou the softness of manners which Gai>
rick was ridiculinp; reprinted in 'Fugitive
Pieces,' London, 1701, 1765, 1771; Dublin,
1762. The identification of it as Lancaster's
is due to a letter of Dodsley's to Shenstone
(see Fugitk^ Pieces, 1771). 8. 'The Plan
of an Essav upon Delicacy, with a Specimen
of the Work in two Dialogues,' London, 1748.
4 'Af nhodism Triumphant, or the Decisive
Battle between the Old Serpent and the
Modem SainV I^ndon, 1707, 4^
ft long
yh^sodical poem.
(Nichols's Lit. Anacd. ii. 378| repeated ver^
bfltim in Oiiafattefti and taken vanatim from
Hull's Select IvOttors, i. 70, ii. 132; Qent. Mag.
vols. iii. T. vii. xIt. Ut.; Ormarod's Cbeebira;
Watt'a Bibl. BiiL] W A.&
LANCASTER, TH0JLA5 1683),
(d.
arcbbi^Viop oi Armagh, perhapa a native of
Cumberland, was probably eaucated at Ox-
ford. In July 1549 ne was conaecrated bishop
of Kildare by George Browne, archbishop of
Dublin. An enthusiastic piotestant, he in
June 1561 attended the conference which the
lord deputy, Sir James Croft, held at Dublin
witli George Dowdall [a. v.j, the primate,
whose Roman catholic leamngs were well
known. In 1552 Lancaster was installed in
the deanery of Ossory, which he held ineom-
mencUxm with \m bishopric On 2 Feb. 1553
1m a<^.-<istc(l in the consecnliicn of John Bale
[q.v.] as bishop of Ossory, and about the
same time pubiiished an important statement
of his doctrinal poaition in * The Ryght and
Trew Understandynge of the Supper nf the
Lord and the use thereof luythfuiiy galherud
out of y* Holy Scriptures,' London, by Johan
Turke,n.d.8To. It is dedicate^l f o I'JdwpsrdVI,
A copy is in the British Muot uui. Laucas-
ttf** a^le of aifpument rrsembU'e Bale's.
Lnnrasterwas married, and on that ground
he was deprived of both his preferments by
QmenMary in 1654, and apent the remainder
of Queen Mary's reign in retirement. In 1569
he was presented by the crown to the trea-
urership of Salisbury Cathedral, in sueoe*-
eion to Thonifi^' Harding- (1 61(5-1572) [q.v.],
Biahop Jewel H untiigoiust ; and he also be-
oune one of the royal chaplains. He was a
mem her of the lower house of convocation, and
on 5 Feb. 1662-3 was in the minority of fifty-
iglit who approved of the proposed six for-
mula'! mmmittinrr the Englisnch'irchtoulrra-
pruttMtlaut docuiue and praoticea, as against which had beea wasted by rebellion.
4S4 Lancaster
house of convocation for reform of church
discipline. He acted as suffragan hiahop of
Marlborough under Bishop Jewel, hut the
date is not Known. In that capacity he held
ordinations at Salisbury on IS April 1660
and 26 April 1568. Writing to Archbishop
Parker (8 May 1668) Jewel oouAlained of
Lancaster's want of diflcretkm. Whoi Sb
Henry Sydney went to Ireland aa Unddiqaly
in October I5o6, Lancaster hadaroytllioflBaB
to attend upon him and afaaent himaelf from
his spiritual offices (c lioenae, 25 Oct. 1665,
in Record Office, London)' He accompanied
Svdnev in his pnwress through various patti
of Ireland. Sir William Cecil waa friendly
with him, and wrote to the lord deputy on
22 July 1667 (^Cal Stats Papen, Irekod,
No. 70, p. 343, 22 July 1567) of hia delight
' that the lusty good priest, Lancaster,' wai
to be made archbishop of Armagh, in suo-
cession to Adam Loftus [q. .], who had been
translated to Dublin. Some months paassd
before the choice waa officially announcecL
but on 28 March 1667-8 Elizabeth informed
the Irish lords justices {ib. Elis. ToL xxiii.
j
j
No. 86) that she had ' made choice of Mr.
Thomaa LanoaMr, one of our ordinary di^
leyns, heretofore bishop of Kildare ui OV
said realme, and therein for his tyme aenred
, very laudably, and ainoe that tyme hath
been very well acqxiainted in th'? said part
_
of Ulster, having been also lately in company
1 with our aaid deputy in all hit jouxnej*
'
within our said realm, and has preached
j
ryght faithfully.' Thtj queen, besides di-
recting (19 March 1508) his 'nominti{,
election, and consecration,' gpranted him 200t
{ib. p. 368, Noe. 72-6, 19 March 15(W).
Ills consecration took place, at the handd of
Arcbbinhop Loftus of Dublin, Bishop Brady
of Alealh, and Biahop Daly of Kildare, on
13 June 1668, in Christ Church Cathedral,
Dublin, in accordance with the Lrish act of
1 parliament, 2 Elix. chap. 3. This act, ' for
conferring and consecrating of archbishops
I
and bishops within this realru*?,' aimed at
,
planting the church of Ireland on a Htrong
|
legal Imsia. It makes no mention of trans-
lation, but enjoins 'that the Person collated
to any Archblshoprick or Bishopnck should
be invested and oooMCnted thereto with all
epeed.' No reference was therefore made fo
Lancaster's previous tenure of the see of Kil-
daMi He pMMdied his own consecratioa
sermon on the subject of 'Regeneration.'
The archbishop had license to hold sundiy
firefermenls, both in En^iad and in b>
and, on account of the poA erty of his see,
He
j
Digitized by Coogle
 Lancaster 48s Lancaster
diad ID Droffkeda in December and the Dowager Countess of Guilford. He wna
1i)8>*i,

m bvried m
8t Peter's Qitinih in that found dead in his bed at his lodging in Hif^U
toTB, in the vault of one of hia predecessora, Street, 12 Dec. 1869, and was burird In tlio
(JcUrisn de Palutio {d. 1618). He left a Holywell cemetery. His wife, Miss Anne
ion and two daughters. Walford of Banbury, died 8 Feb. 1860, at
His will, which is in the Pablic Record the age of dghty-fonr. He had no family.
"*tfice at Dublin, Rave ri^-f to protracted liti- Lancaater waa one of the old-fashioned
ation {C4tL o/Futnts, Elix., P. R. 0., 1883, ' high
and dry school, preachingin the uni-'

445S). According to the evidence in the veraity pulpit against Arnold oiRugby, and
Ii - -nhrrh i? prpgerved in the library of holding Roman catholics to be out oif the
IrjutT CoUege, Dublin (MS. . 4. 4. Lib. pale of salvation. He took no active part in
TO. v.), LancMter dictated the win when regard to the Oxford momnent, bat nad no
'cmed and sycke after Ins truble,* and sur- eymjnitby with the tractar'uins.
ieitdd 'with red herring and drinking of Besides hia Bampton Lectures Lancas- ' '

Bstch sack on the erenin^ which preceded ter was the author of: 1. * The Harmony of
'

hi detith. He deaifrned without leatilt the the Law and the Gospel with regard to the
:'
in of a public grammar school at
'^^'iit Doctrine of a Future St ate,' 8vo, Oxford, 1826.
l^Oijiit^iii, to be endowed at hia coat eight 2. The Alliance of Education uud Civil Go-
;
'

Kholarships tenable at St. Edmund Suilly vernment, with Strictures on the Univerai^
Oi/ord^ were to be attached to it. of London,' 4to, Lnnd. 1828. 3. A Treatise *

[Cotton's Faati KccL Uib. L ii. paaaim, UU 19 on Con tirmation, with Pastoral Discourses ap-
Wan'i Bithopa, ed. Hania; Moaek Haeon't ?Iicable to Confirmed Persona,' 12mo, Lond.
Hi!tSt.Ptrick' Cathedral. Dublin, pp. 170 aq.; 880. 4. The Nicomachean Ethica of Aris-
'

Bagvdi'i Ireland nnder the Tudois Mant'a totle,* edited and illustrated, Svo, Oxford,
;

Charck in Inland, L 2S{ Jewd** MB. Reg. at 1884; a popular and naeftd edition at the
aBlirfwrv. IT 4852.] W. R-l. time, but not of permanent value. 5. Chris- '

LANCA8IB THOMAS WILLIAM tian and Civil Liberty, an Assize Sermon,'

(IW-ISGO), Bainptan laefcnrar, horn at Fiil- 8vo, Oxford, 1835. 6. ' Stricturea on a lata
hoL Middlesex, on S4 Aug. 1787, waa aon of Publication (of Dr. Hampden), 8vo, Lond. '

thf K*T. Thomoa Lancaster of Wimbledon, 1836 2nd edit. 1838. 7. 'An Earnest and
;

Surrer. He waa matriculat-ed at Oriel Col- Keaolute Proteatation against a certain in-
lege, Oifhid,26 Jan. 1804,nndf7raduatedB.A. ducttra Method of Theoloffiaing, which baa
with a second class iVi lit. hum.) in 1807, been recently proponndea by the King's
ud M.A. in 1810. In 1808 he waa elected Professor of Divinity in Oxford,' 8vo, Lond.
to i Michel scholarship at Queen's College, 1889. 8. * Vindicife Symboliwe, or a Treatise
irii in the follciwing year tn a fellowship on on Creeds, Articles of Faith, and Articles
^ nme foundation. Att-er being ordained of Doctrine/ 8vo, Loud. 1848. 9. ' Sermons
4MB m
1810 and pri8t in 1812, he beeame preached on yanons Occasions,' 8vo, Oxford,
in thf Utter yeor curate of Banbury in Ox- 1860 iKirtly preiuirecl for tlie jn'-f-s by him-
;

iordelure, and vicar of Banbury in 1816. He self anu publishea bj subscription after hia
nigaad his fellnwahtp at Queen's on hia death.
onniige in 1816. Hia relationa with his [Bloiam'aMiBgdalen College Reg{ster,iS.S79;
Jarishioners wprn not hn|)py, and althonph Oxf.^rd Joiirnal, 17 c 18,VJ; Gent Mag. 1 SCO,
K retained the living ot liiiubury lor ui>- i.188; |)er60Dal acquaiutance and recol lections ;
*inls of tbirtv-three years, he re8ide<l in private inqoiries.] W. A. O.
"ifjnlabout h'alf that time. In 1849 the
uakn of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, in- LANCASTER, Wn.LL\.M (1650-
daoM him to exchange Banbury for tberec- 1717), divine, aon of William Lancaater of
^TT of Over WortOTi, a =Tn;ill ^ i^r^;-i' near Sorkhriflrre in Barton pariah, Westmoreland,
Woodstock. He did not bud the new living is have ben bom at that place in 1660.
eaid to
BUR eoDgenial than the old, and ccmdnueS He kept for aomo time the pariah aohool of
to Kside in OxforJ, wl.t he frequented the Burton, and at hia death he added an aug-
Bodlaan Library, and waa respected for his mentation to the maater'a salary. The school
leanuDg. [n 1831 be preached the Bampt on is near Lowther Caatle, and when Sir John
l'<Turf>, taking for hia subject * The Popular Lowther'fl aon, afterwards Lord I>oiisi1ale,
tvi i'^ncH of Christ ianity.' lie wn" appointed went to Queen'a College, Oxford, he waa at-
i*'lect preacher to the university in 1832, tended by Lancaater, who entered as batler
and a public examiner in 1838-8. jVom 1 H iO on 2:5 .Time 1670, and matriculated 1 July,
TO ItNlOb" art.'d, with lit tie success, as under- a^fed 20. He frrii'lnntfHl B. A. onC Feb. 1 674-5,
^ter {ostiariiu, or uaher) of Magdalen Col- M.A. 1 July 1676 (alter the degree had been
1^ mm\ aad waa for a tune ehaplam to t^ped for aome iroida againat John Oierka^

Digitized by Google
 Lancaster
of All but was carried in
Soulii, iliB proctor,
congregation), li.D. 12 April 1090, and D.D.
8 July im2. On 20 Dec. 1674 lio wa elected
tabarder of his college, and on 15 March
1678-9 was batbfllaetM and admitted fellow.
About U)7G he was sent to Paris -n ith astate
gniut on the recommendation of Sir Joseph
486 Lance
The see of St. Davids was offered to him,
but it was declined through a pireferemce for
college life and a desire to carry out fiirthpr
builoing works at the collyge. Through his
courteous acts to the corporation of Oxford
a plot of land in the High Street was
to the college for a thousand years gratis '

Williamaon (win thought that the uuwt pro-
mising young men of the university might
be trained for public life in this way), and
after a stay of some duration resumed his
carwr nt Oxford. Although hi; acted when
junior fellow as chaplain to the Earl of Den-
and vitfaom foie,' and the first stone of the
new court towards th" nit?h Street wa** laid
by him on Queen Aime m birthday (6 Feb.
1710). His arms are oonspicuova in manj
places in the college, especially over the yr'^^-
vost'sseat in the hall and his porirait,
;

Digh, and was collated on 1 Sept. 1682 to the painted by T. Murray, and engraved by
Ticanffe of Oakley in Buckinghamshire, which George Vertue, hangs m
the hall. Another
ho halo until 1690, most of hm time was passed port rait of him, described as * very bad,' was
in eollego, when he became famous as tutor. placed in the vestiT-room of St. MartinVin-
From the beginning of 1 61^ il 1 Aug. he was
t 1 tli.'-Fieldb. Hedi^Kfat Oxford, 4Fob. 1 71ft-17,
junior bursar, for the next four years he held of gout in the stomacli, and was buried in the
the post of senior bursar, and ho zotained his old church of St. Martin's-in-tbe-Fielda. Hia
ft'llowehip until his marriage, very early in wift>, a kinswomrm of Bi.ihop Compton, was a
1 696. Lancaster became domestic cnapluiu to daughter of Alx. Wiimer of Sywell in North-
Henry Compton [q. t.], bishop of London, on amptpaahire.
whose nomination he was instituted (22 July Lancaster was author of: 1. A L^itin
1692) to the vicarage, of St. Martiu's-iu-the- speech on the presentation of WUimm Jane
"Fitmat London, but the praaeatatkm for this as prolocutor of the lower house of con-
t\mo was clfiimed by the queen, and when vocfltion, 1689. 2. A wrnion before the
judgment was given In her favour in the law House of Commons, ;30 Jan. 169t>-7. 3. A
eomUt she pwwntod Dr. Nioholaa Gouge. recommendatory preface to the ' Door of thn
Lanca.ster was a popular preacher, nnd IC velyn Tabernacle,' 1703. Many of his letters are
records a visit to hear him on 20 Nov. 1692 in the Ballard collection at the Bodleian
(Memoirt, od. 1827, iii. 820). At Gouge's Library. One of them is printed in ' LetiMn
death he was again instituted (31 Oct. 1694), from the Bodleitm,' i. 2945, and in the saOM
and from a case cited in Bum's ' Ecclesiastical volume (pp. 200-1) u a peremptory letter
Law ' (ed. 1842, i. 116), in which he claimed from Sacneverell demanding a testimonial
ft'os from a French protestant called Bur- from the university. Lancaster is said to
deaux for the bapti.sm of his child ut the huve been the original of Slyboots in the'
'

French church in the Savoy, it would seem letter from 'Abraham Froth,' which is printed
thathe zealously guarded his due. On 15 Oct. in the * Spectator,' No. 43, and by Heame he
1704 he was elected provost of Queen's Col- is frequently called Smoothboots/ ' rs orthem
*

lege, bat the election was dispute as against bear,*^ and old hypoeritioel, anbttiooi,
the st-atutes; the question, which wns whe- drunken sot.'
ther the right of election exteudt-d to past [LattreU's HisL Belation. ii. 620, M2, ni
M well as preaent fellows, being argued in 394, vi. 5S4 : Woed\i Oollecw, ed. notch, i. 14t,
an anonymous pamphlet entitled A True 161-60, and App. pp. 1.59-61; Clark s CoUegsa
'

State of the Case concerning the Election of of Oxford, p. 133; Hearno's Collections, ed.
a Provost of Queen's Collage^ Oxford, 1704,' Doble, i. 216, 293-4, ii. and iii. passim Nicol- ;

written by Francis Thompson, senior fellow son and Burn'H Wostmorland and Cumberland,
at the time. An appeal was made to the i. 407, 411; Lipscomb's Buckingliamnhire, 1.
Avehbiahop of York, as visitor, but the elec- 360 Newcourt's Repertoriuni lx>nd. i. G92 L
; ;

tion wns ronfirmiv], on a hearing of lie case Neve's Fasti, ii. 331, iii. 478. 663; Biog. Jkit.
I

by Dr. Tliomits lloiu hier the commissary, 1763, vol. vi. pt i. pp. 3734, 8734-4 ; Hut. Be-
gi^^tor, 1717, p. 9; informiition from Dr. Ma-
llirottgh Compton's favour Lancaster held
grn'li. provfist of Queen's College.] W. P. C.
the nrchdt>n('onry of Middlesex from 1705
until his dt:ulh, and for four years ^170t>-10) LANCE, GEORGE (1802-1864), painter,
he was vice-chancellor of Oxford, ruling the was bom at the old manoi^honse ot Little
university in the intof^ts of the whigs. In Easton, near Duumow, Essex, on 24 March
religion he favoured the views of the high 1802. His father, who had previously served
church party, and he was one of the hail tor in a regiment of light horse, wast at the Ubm
Dr. Sachevf'rell, but his enemies accused him of young Lance's birth an adjutanr in t'l^
of trimming and of sciiemiiig for a bishopric Essex yomanry, aud became alterwaid^

Digitized by Google
 Lance
Bvpoetor of the Bow
Stareet lione-patiol.
BG* mother, with wbijm hia father had eloped
from boArdiiig-aduioL waa the daughter of
Golooel Coiutablft of Beverley, Torkelure.
Although Lance at a very early age showed
Diedilection for art, ius finendispUced him,
wbeo under fourteen, in e nuurafiustorv at
487 Land
etses,'l&ll ; 'The Microscope,' 1842; 'The
Villa^re Coquette,' 184^^; ' The Grandmother't^
Blessing,' 1844; 'The Biron Conspiracy,'
1845 ; < Preparations for a Banquet,' 1846
'
From the Qarden, just gathered,' ' From the
Lake, just shot,' and 'Bed Cap,' a monkey
with a red cap on his head, 1 s47 ' Modem ;

Leedt; but the ancongenlul \s irk injured hia Fruit-M.-di;i"val An,' I80O; Tlu- F.londe''

health and he retained (o Loudon. Wan-
dering one day into the British Miieeiun, he
casually opened a convcrsuf ion with Charles
Laadseier. wlu>hajroiiBd to be drawing tliere.
On leanung that umdieer was a fnipil of
H&jdon, he went early next morniiif,' to that
and 'The Brunette,' 1851; 'The Seneschal,'
fainted for Sir Morton Peto, 1852; 'Harold,'
Br>6; 'Fair and Fruitful Italy' and 'Beau-
tiful in Beath,' a peacock, 1857; ' The Pea-
cock at Home,' 1868; 'The Ctolden Age,'
1859; 'A Sunny Bunk,' 1861 and 'ACleam ;

(Mater's reaideaoe^ and asked the termH on of Sunshine and The Burgomaster's Dessert,'
' '

whiA he oonld become a pupQ. ITaydon 1862. Besides these he exhibited many frui^
replied that if liis tlniAviiiLT'^ promised future pieces and pictures of dead game, painted
aeosBS be wouLl instruct him for nothing' with great richness of colour and truthful-
Not many days later Lance, still under four- ness to nature. The National Gallery pos-
teen, entered Haydon's studio, and remained sesses '
A
Basket of Fruit, PineRpple, and
tbere seven year*, at the same time study- Bird's Nest,' ' Bed Cap,' a replica of the pic-

ing in the schools of the Academy. Bml ture painted in 184^1847, 'Pnitt: Pineapple,
Wnen designing a pir-iuro from Homers Grapes, and Melon, &c.,' and A Truit Piece,'
'

'Iliad,' he was set, Wore putting on the the three fixst of which belong to the Vernon
eokarB, to paint some frnit and v^tables, collection. Two fruit-pteeee aad a p<tcait
is order to unprore his execution. His wurk of himself, painted about 1830, ai9 in the
ttracted the notice of Sir Qeoxge Beaumont, South Kensington Museum.
vho purchased it, and this success led him Laace ^ed at the residence of his son,
to paint another fruit-piece, which he sold Sunnyside, near Birkenhead, on 18Jime 1864.
(0 the Earl of Shaftesbury. He then painted His most distinguished pupils were Sir John
ftr tks Duke of Bedford two fruit-pieces as Gilbert and William Dui&eld, the latter an
decorations for a summer-house at Wobnrn urtist of gnat promiaa, who died young in
Abbey, and his work proved so profitabl e thut 1863.
be decided to devote himself to the painting [Art Jooraal, 1857 pp. 806-7 (from informa-
of still-life. He began to exhibit m 18 J4, tk>n supplied by the painter), 1864 p. 242 Red-
A
;

when he sent to the British Institution '

gnivea* Century of Pointers of the Englwli
Fmit Boy,* and to the Sodety of Bri^h School, 1890, p. 418 Bryan's Diet, of Paiutern
;

Artists 'The Mischievous Boy and two fruit- ' and EngTSTors. ed. Orsvea, 1886-9, ii. 9 De- ;

pieces. In 1628 appeared his first contribu- sonptive and Historical Oat. of Pietarss ia the
tion to the exhibitions of theBoyal Aoademy, Kationid Gallery, British and Hfodem Schoob,
StOl Life,' with the fuotatioiifroinButla^s 1889 Royal Acaiiemy Exhibition CatalogutvH,
;

'Hudibm-s :
1828-62 ; British Institatton Exhibition CaU-
kgiMs (Living Attlati),18M-ea.] B.B.0.
flwss, rabbit, pheasant, pigooDS, all
Vilh good hiwmjug for beei^-MtasMll! IiAKCnr. [Sea Db Lunnr.]
Altiioagliit -was chiefly as a piuntar of frnit
LANCRINCK, PROSPER HENRI
(1628-1692), painter. [See LAwmiyx.]
aad flowers that Lance gained his reputation,
hs aometime^ produced historical and oenre LAND, EDWARD (1815-1876), vocalist
WrlEi, and hi^ picture of ' Melaaehnum's and composer, was hora ia London in 1815.
Firet Misgivings of the Church of Rome' won He began \m car. er as one of the children of
tbs prise at the Liverpool Academy in 1836. theCbapel lioyal, and was afterwards brought
Bis works appeared most firequently at the into prominent notice as accompanist to John
oUbitions of the British Institution, to Wilson, the celebrated Scotch singt r. Afti r
vhidi he contributed in all 136 pictures, Wilson's death he acted iu a similar capacity
bathe sent alw forty-eight works to the 8(0- to David Kennedy [q. v.] On the formation
clety of British Artist^, and thirty-eight to of theGlee and Madrigal Union he was clio.s^n
the Boyal Academy. Among these were accompanist, and he also occasionally otti-
<Hm wine Coder,' 1 8S1 ; * The Brothers, ciated as second tenor voealbt. He was for
l*-?. 'raj.t iiiu Rolando showing to Gil Bias several year?* sccn tary of the Xobli'inen and
the Ireatiures of the Cave,' 183^; 'May 1 Gentlemen's Ciitcli Club. He com^o^ed a
Ui thiaP* 1840; 'The BaUad* and '^far- numher of souga, which were popular in their

Digitized by Google
 I^ndel
day, such as * Bird of TJomitv * (1852), 'The
Angel's ^Vatch' (18o3), * Birds of the Sea'
(1858), and harmonised or arranged a good
deal of miscellaneous vocal music. He wrote
nany original pieces for the pianoforte,
and mado arrangements of various Scottish
melodies and other compositions for the same
inst r umeat H died in London on SB Not.
1876.
[Mttsioal Times, Jauiury 1877 i Life of David
Kennedy. Faialej, 1877-3 0*^
LANDEL, WILLIAM (<f.l886), bishop
of St. Andrews, was second son of the Baron
or Laird of Landel (or Lauderdale) in Ber-
wickshire. He was laird of Laverdale, and
succeeded to large familv estates in Rox-
burghshire on the death of his elder brother,
Sir John. While rector or provost of the
ehurch of Kinkell in Aberdeenshire he wus
n am ed bishop of St. Andrews by Benedict XII,
on the recommendation of the kings of Scot-
laud and of France, and fms consocrated bv
Benedict XII at Avignon on 17 March I3i^.
Fordun, in relating his preferment, draws
attention to the terms of the papal bull, in
488 Landells
agnin abroad, tn 1870 he crowned Robert 11
at Sc lie, In 1378 a great part of the cathe-
dral of St. Andrews waa burned down. Since
the time of Bishop Gameline [q. v.] a dispute
had exi'^ted inScotland between tlie kings and
the bishops ra|;aiding the iatter'a testamen-
tary rights ; the IdngB daimed that whether
the bishops died testate or not their estate.*
at their death in all cases reverted to the
crown. King Darid hartng, in return, it
has been alleged, for the aid towards his
ransom afforded by the deisj, renounced this
claim with the consent or parliament, two
successive bulls were obtained from the pop*'
confirming the renunciationi A third bull
for the same purpose was isstted in the time
of Robert H, tind while it continued in force
Landel died on 16 Oct. 1385, so that he is
said to have been the first bishop who wee
able to dispose of his estute by testament.
He died in tne abbey of St. Andxewa, and wna
buried in the oathedraL
[W^ ntoun's Chron.; Fordun's Sootiehronieui;
Spotiawood; Ooidon'a flootichromeos, L 195 sq.j
1. 0. F.
LANBBLLS^EBENEZBR ( 808 1 860), 1

which it is stated that the selection was wood-engraver and projector of *

Punch,'
made specially on the recommendation of born at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 13 April 1808,
the prior andoliapter of St. Andrew?. He was third son of Ebeneser Landells, mer-
was taken prisoner with King David at the chant of that town, and a native of Berwick-
battle of Durham in 1346. After his release on -Tweed, and was descended from William
hn was very active in procuring that of the Graham (1787-1801) [a.v.], minister of the
king. Edward IH granted him, with several Close meeting-house at Newo;i->tle. Landells
other Scottish nobles, a safe-conduct, dAted wus ed ucuted at Mr. Bruce's ocoderay in New-
4 Sept ISBStf to visit King David, then b pii- castle, and at the ase of fourteen was appren*
soner in England, to arranpre as to his ransom. ticed by his father for seven years to Tlioma-s
For this purpose he obtained from the clergy, Bewick [q. v.] the wood-en^aver. He was
with the consent of Tnnocent VI, a grant of a favourite pupil of Bewick. After Ue
the tenth part of ull clutrch livings in Scot- master's deatn Landells accepted nn encrage-
laud during three years. lie was one of the ment to work in London witn John Joc-kson
commisMoners appointed to noeive the king q. T.] the wood-engraver, and is stated to
at Berwick on his release in 1 357. The niave resided with him for nrae time, from
bishop was fond of t ravelling, and was able, November 1829, in Clarendon Street, Claren*
from his great wealth, to command a large don Square. He was also employed bj
retinue. The Scottish rolls mention twenty- William Harvey [q. v.] on the second series
one safe-conducts which were granted to him of Northcote's * Fables,' for which he en-
either while travelling singly or in company graved most of the initial letters, and he
M'lth othors. In 13G1 he vi.'*itefl the snrine engraved some of the drawines by H. K.
of St. James at Cumpostella, and the year Browne and Cattermolo for Di^ens's Mas- '

following that of Thomas h Becket, accom- ter Humphrey's Clock.' This and other
panied by William de Donf'19. To avoid a work WR."? done in pirfn^rship with his
pestilence prevalent in the south of Scotland fellow-towusman Charles Gray. For a
he passed the Christmas of 1869 at Elgin, time he superintended the fine-art engraving
the king being at the .'<;ime time resident at department of the firm of Brunston & Vixe-
Kinloss in the same county. Part of the telly. Landells was boon known among the
following year he spinit with the king at his artists of his time in London, both ee aa
Calace of Inchmurtach, when on 14 Miiy the industrious and deserving artist iind as an
igU steward of the kingdom and several of agreeuhle companion. He always retained a
the nobles assembled to renew their oath of great love for Newoeatle, and when a large
f'nitvto the kinfr. Towurd.s tlip end "f t*nt RtnfT nf ,iai>jtnnt<i WHS worl';iii;r niv'i^r liim on
year he went to Kome, uud in l^oo ue was vvoud-cui^t avuig, they uicknumed ium Tooch- '

Digitized by Google
 Landells
Northumbrian accent,
It^lOp,' from his Btionc
wUcA never deserted him. His chief work
was contributed to illiutnted periodicalUte-
tmture.
Landells started aboat 1840 an iOmtMlked
journal of fashion, called ' The Coamorama,'
which had a short life. Shortly afterwards
he conceived the idea of ' Pundif or the Lon-
f^on Charivari,' of which he was the original
TCojector. He communicated the idea to
Aflsrv Majhew, who was one of the first edi-
tors, Landells undertaking to find the draw-
ings and engraviuji^. At first there were
three alMiiliolders in the ventun, Ludells
holding one, Mayhew,Mark Lemon, and Stir-
ling Coyne, the editors, a second, and Joseph
Liati tlie printer, a third. The first number
ippearod on 1 7 July 1 841 After a few weeks
. special artist to the Crimea, and contributed
lndelb purchased Last's share, and on
34 Dec. sold his two shares to Messrs.
Bradbury & Ehrans for ;i50/., on condition of
being employed for a hxt'd tune as engraver
for Uie pnper. Messrs. Bradbury & ky^nB
also acquired the editors' share, and thus be-
came the sole proprietors. When Herbert
Ingram [q. .] started the Hlnalntod Lon-
'
don News in 1842, Landells was consulted.
' Prussia in 1866; on th>> latter occasion he
He etigraved much for the early numbers,
and was employed to make aketohee of the
aiwen'p first journey to Scotland for repro-
duction in tbe paper. He played a similar
part in tbc^ ftxpl visits to tbe Rhine and to
other places, and was the first special artist-
cotreepondent. His Scottish sketches were
noticed by thequeen, who t henceforth ahowed
him mucui favour. In 1843 he wac ns'ri-
dated with Ingram and others in Bt^rting
tbe 'Illuminated Magazine,' a periodical of
vHlkh Doiiglas Jerrold [a v.] was editor, and
for which Landells supplied all the woodcut
illustratioBi* A more succeasf^ venture for
Landells was the * Ladjr's Newspaper,' of
which the first number appeared on 2 Jan.
IS47, with a title-pogo engraved by him
Th:s was the earliest paper devoted to female
iDtent:3, nnd after a successful career was
dtimately incor}>onit with the still exist-
ing weekly paper The Queen.' Landolls was
*
connected, either as artist or proprietor, with
other journalistic experiments, such as ' The
Gmit Oun' (Ftarted in 1844), 'Diogenes'
(186^), the Illustrated Inventor,' &&, but
'
his peoomuy profits were never large. His
lafpr enprravmgs lack any sp-cial excellence,
but he was a good instructor and much re-
peolod hgr hit onpils and assist ants, among
whom were Enniunrl I'.vans, Birket Foster,
J Oreenawuy, T. Armstrong, the Dalziels, and
. liam Wentworth, earl Fitzwilliam [q. v.],
ether weU<>lmowBW)od-flBgraver8. Landells,
according to the enstom of his profession,
ttsoaUy put his own name to the blocks which
489 Landen
were eneraved under his direction. He illus-
trated some books for children, such as the
'Boy's Own Toy Maker' (1858; 10th edit.
1881), the niustrated Paper Model Maker'
(I860), &c. He died on 1 Oct. 18<50 at Vio-
toriti Grove, Wrst Rrompton, and his widow,
with r%vu 8i>u and four daiighters, survived
v
him. He was married, on9 Jan. 1882, at New
St. Pancras Church, London, to Anno, eldest
daughter of Robert McLagan of London.
Landblls, Robbbs Troiub (1833-1 877)f
artist and special war correspondent, bom
in London on I Aug. 1833, was eldest son
of the above. He was educated principally
in France, and after5\'ards studied drawinjj
and paintinpr in London. In 1866 Landells
was sent by the Illustrated London News as
*
'
some illustrations of the close of the cam-
paign. Albar the peace he went to Mmcout
for the coronation of the cjrar, Alexander II,
and contributed illustrations of the cere-
mony. He was present ao aflist tfaroogh*
out the war between Germany nnd Denmark
in 1863, receiving: decorations from both sides,
and agun in the war between Austria and
was attached to the stall of the Crown Prinoe
of Prussia, afterwards Emperor FrederidcIH.
On the outbrf>ak of the Franco-German war
in 1870 he was again attached to the staff
of the crown prince, and during the siege ot
Pari.s resided at the prince's headquarters in
Versailles. He received the Prussian cross
not only for his labours as an artist, but for
liis apsistanrc to the ambnlanrcf and also the
,
Havarian cross for valour. I lis war sketches
were alwavs mnoh adndred. As n painter
he also Ima some fiioces!". He was employed
by the queen to p iiiit memorial pictures of
various ceremonial.'' which she attended. H
died on 6 Jiiu. 1877 at Winche-ster THrrace,
Chelsea. He married, on 19 March 18.57, at
New St. Fuieras Ohurch, Ix)ndon, ElizHbeth
Ann, youncrest danchter of Georpt* Tlerbprt
Rodwell [q. v. j, musical composer, andgrand-
daughter of Liston the actor. By her m
bad
two f^ons and two daughters.
[Information from Mrs. J. H. Chaplin, ibu
Mason Jackson, and Mr. M. H. Spielmaon.]
L.C.
LANDiar, JOHN (1719-1700), mathe-
wn^ bom at
matician, Penkirlr, near Peter-
borough in Northamptonshin', on 23 Jan.
1719. Hewms lirnuirht up to the buainessof
a surveyor, and acted Innd apent to Wil-
from 1762 to 1788. Cultivating mttbenities
dttrinf^ his leisure hours, he became a con*
tributor to the 'Ladies* Diaxy in 1744, pub"
'
Digitized by Google
 Lander
lidied 'Maihesnatical LueiibrationB' in 1755,
and from 17.54 onwards communicated to the
Kojal Societj yaluable investi^tions on
poiats connaetod with the fluxiouary cal-
culus. His attempt to substitute for it a
Duraly aUrehzaical method, expouodod in
hook L w
'Bandual Anaijais^ (LondoDi,
1764), was further prosecuted by Lagrange.
Book ii. never appeared. The remarkable
theorem known by Landen's name, for ex-
pnasing hgrporiboLic arc in terms of two
elliptie arcs, was inserted in the Philoso-
phical Tranaactious for 1775, aud ispecimeufl
' and three children.
of its use were ^iven in the fir^L volume
of his Mathematical Memoirs' (1780).
' In
ft p^per on rotatoi^ motion laid before the
Boyiu Societjr on 17 March 1785 he obtained
results dltTering from those of Eulcr and
lyAleiaberUanadefended them in the second
fotamt <rf' llatheinatical Hemoirs,' preiiared
for the press during the interval of a painful
disease, and placed in his hands, printed, the
day before death at Milton^ear Peter-
his
borough, the seat of tha Sail fltswilliam;
on 15 Jan. 1790. In the same work he solved
the problem of the spinning of a top, and
explained Nanrtoa'a error m
calanlafting the
afiecta of precession.
Landen was elected a fellow of the
Sociflty OB 16 Jaa. 1766, and waa a member
of the Spalding Society. Though foreigners
eve himahitfh rank among Knglishana^sta,
failed to devalope aaTooml^ hia dis-
coveries. He
led a retired life, chiefly at Wal-
ton in Northamptonshire. Though humane
and honourable, he was too dogmatic in so-
oiaty. Besides the mska abova mentioned,
ha wrote ' A Discourse concerning the Re-
: artillery,afterwards General SLi- W. M. G.
ndual Analysis' (1758), and 'Animadver-
sions on Dr. Stewart's Computation uf the
Sun's Distance from the Earth' ( 1771). Papers
by him are included in Philosophioal Trans-
'
aeUona? vola. xlviii. IL ItiL Ix. bu.lami.lzzT.
[Gent Sig. voL Iz. pt. i. pp. 90, 191 PhiL
Trans Altridped, x. 469 (Hutton)
Hatton's
Muuioiuuticai Diet. 1815 ; Muntucl.i's Hist, dee
Mathimatiqaeai iii. 240 ; Montferrior's Diet, des
.Matb^matiques; Pe|(geDdorff's Biographisch-
Literarisches Hanflworterbuch ; Maseres Scrip-
torss Ix)garitlimici, ii. 172 Richrlnt's Dif L;in-
;
deoaohe TraDeformatioa iu ibrer Aowendung auf
die Entwiekelung der elliptiaetiMi Fkmctionen,
1868 Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. M. C.
;
LANDER, JOHN (1807-1839), African
traveller, bom in Cornwall in 1807, was
ounger brother of Riehaxd Lemon Lander
q. v.J, find was by trade a printer. TTp accom-
panied his brother liicharU (without promise
of any reward) in hta expedition which left
England under government auspices in Janu-
ary 18S0 to explore the course and termina-
490
tion of the river Niger^ and, after discovering
the outlet of the river in the Bight of Biafra,
returned home in July 1831. His .^ViVicaa
iournal was inoorporated with that of Ui
brother in the narrative of the expedition
published in 1832. Viscount Godeiich, the
preiidanft of the Royal Geographical Society,
procured for Lander a tide-waiter's place m
the cuatom house. Lander died on 16 Nor.
1839 in WynAam Street, Bryanaton Square,
at the age of thirty-two, of a malady origi-
'
nally contracted in AMoa. He
left a wuiow
[Trogellas's Cornihb Worthies, London. 18ft4,
ii. 202-3; Brit.. Mua. Cat. Pnatsd Books GeDt. ,
Mag. new ser. xii. G62.] H. M. C.
LANDra, RICHARD LEMON (1804-
1834), African traveller, was born 8 Feb.
1804, at Truro, Cornwall, where his iatiier
kept the Fighting' CSocka Inn, aftenrnvdi
known aa the Dolpnin. His grandfather wu
a noted wrestler. A contested election for the
borough was won on the day of his birth br
Colonel Lemon, and suggested his secotui
name. He was the fourth of six children, and
is described as a bright little fellow, whoe<
roving propensities oava his friends constru v
anxiety. He was educated at old Pascoe's''
Koyal in CkxMnbs Lane of his native town, and wae *
great&Toaritewiththaniaater. Atthirteealie
weut out with a merchant to the West Indie*,
had an attsick of jeUpw fever afc SanDomiag<H
returned home in 1618aiid afterwards mm
as servant in several wealthy families in Lon-
don, with whom he travelled on the conti-
ueui. Iu 18li3 he went to the Cape Colony
as private servant to Major Colcbrookf , royal
Colebrooke, G.B. (cf. Col<mial LUt, 1869),
then one of the eommissioners of colonial
inquiry. After traversing the colony with
his master. Lander returned home with him
IB 1894. The diaeoveriaaof Lieutenant Hi^:h
;
Clapper! )n ^q. v.] and Major Di.xon Donham
I
; [q. T.J were at the time attracting much at-
tention, and Laadar offered his serrioes to
Clappertou, refusing better>i>aid emplayaMVt
in South America. With Cjapperton Landt^
went to Western Africa, and wn.*; his devot?*i
attendant during hia aaoond and last cxih-di-
tion into the interior until hisd- uth in 18:27.
Lander then made bis way to riie coast, re-
porting Clapperton's death to Denham, who
\v!i^ on a vi.'iit to Fernando Po, aud by whom
the news was ^t nt to England. Lander fol-
lowed with Clapperton's papera, arriTii^ st
Portsmouth in April 18128. To "InppHrton'f '
published Journal was added the ' Jourosl
'
'
of Richard Lan^r from Kano to the Coast,'
London, 1829, 4to. Lander afterwards pub-
liahad ' Reoorda of Captain Cla|^pertoa'a last
Digitized by Google
 Lander 491 Lander
Expedition to Afrioa, and the subflemient with two steamers, one named the Quorra, of
Adrentuxes of the Author [R. Lander],' Lon- 145 tons burden and 50 horse-power; the
te, 1880, 2 Tob. ISmo. other Alburka (signifying in Arabic 'The
At the instance of Lord Bathorst (1762- Blessing'), built of iron, of 55 tons burden.
1834) [q. T.] Lander undertook a fresh expe- They were to be accompanied to the west coast
dition to explore the course and termination by a brig carrying coal and gooda for bartA
of the Niger. His wife was to receive 100/. Lander started with the little armament fn>m
a jear from government during his absence, Milford Haven on 25 July, and reached Cape
and Lander himself was praouMd a gratuity Coast Castle, after many diiaaten, 7 Oct.
of one hundred gmneas on hisretum. Accom- 1832. Illnesses and mishaps innumerable de-
panied by his younger brother, John Lauder layed the progress of affairs ; but in the end
{ 18< )7 1 H3'J ) [q.v.l, he left Portsmouth 9 Jan. the steamer s asc ended the river for a coiuider>
1830,and readied Cape Coast Castleon 22 Feb. able part of its course, afl:erwards returning
Proceeding thence to Accra and Bogidry, the to Fernando Po for fresh supplies of cowries,
traTeUen on 1 7 June reached ]k>u8ia(Bti8fla), &c. Leaving the steamers m charge of Sur-
a place on the left bank of the Niger, where geon Oldfield, Lander then returned to the
Mungo Park met his fate. Thence they Nun mouth, and thence began reascending
a#oended the stream about one hundred miles the river in canoee. At a place caUed In-
to Yaoorie, the extreme point reached by giamma the canoes were fired upon and pur-
their expedition. Returning to Boussa on sued some distance down stream by the Brass
2 Aug. 1830, the travellers commenced the River natives. Lander, who had great fait^
descent of the tortuous stream in canoes, in in and influence with the natives generally,
utter ignorance whither it would carry them. received a muaket-ball in the thigh, which
At a place called Kerrie they were plundered could not be extracted. He was removed to
and cruelly maltreated by the natives. At Fernando Po, and was carefully attended in
Eboe ( I bo) the king made them prisoners, and the house ofthe commandant^ Colonel Nicolls
demanded a heavy ransom, which was only but mortification set in 8uddealy,ftnd he died
obtained after long delay. Eventually they (according to different statements) on 2 or
penetrated the forest-clad delta to the mouth 7 Feb. 1834. He was buried in the Clarence
of the Nun branch in the Bight of Biafra, cemetery, Fernando Po. Amonument was
thttsaetting at rest the question of the course placed by his widow and daughter, by per-
and outlet of the great river Quorra (the mission, in the royal chapel of the oavoy,
Arabic name of the Niger river), ' the Nile of London, but was destroyed by the fire oi
the Necros' (cf. JoHirsToy, 2}ict. of Geoffr. 7 July 1864. It has now been replaced by a
mder ' Niger^). On 1 Dec 1830 the bro- stained -glass memorial window, put up by the
thara were put ashore at Fernando Po, and, Royal Geographical Society. A Doric memo-
after TMitiiiiip Kio Janeiro on their way, ar- rial shaft in Lemon Street, Truro, was erected
m
HTed bome Jul^ 1831 They were greeted by public subscription, and dedicated with
.

with much enthusiasm. Richard Lander re- some ceremony in 1 835, but fell down through
eaived the royal award of a gold medal, or an defective workmanship the year after. It now
amitTalent in money, placed at the dinpoeal bears a statue of Lander by the Cornish
Of the newly formed Royal Geograpnical sculptor, Nevill Northey Bumard [q. v.].
Society of London, of whicn he thus became Lander's portrait by William Brockedon
the first gold medallist. John Murray, the f q. v.], which has been engraved byC. Turner,
publiaher, offered the brothers one thousand hangs in the council-room of the Boyal Geo-
rmnonfi for their journals, which, edited by graphical Society. A
government pension
Lieutenant fafterwards Commander) Alex. of 70^. a year was given to his widow, and a
Bridport Becher, RN., editor of the 'Nautical <;ratuity of 80/. to his daughter. The story
Magasiae,' were published under the title ot of Lanaer's lat expedition is told in 'Narra-
'Journal of an Expedition to explore the tive of an Expedition into the Interior of
Course and Termination of the Niger,' Lonr AfricainSteamers,in 1832,1833, 1834. ... By
don, 1832, 3 vols. 12mo. The work was in- Macgregor Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield, the
eluded, as part xx vii ii n the ' Family Library.'
.
, surviving ofiicers of the Expedition,' London,
Translations have appeared in Dutchy Fwiich, 1835.
German, Italian, anu Swedish. In person Lander was very short and fair.
Early in 1 832 some merchants at Liverpool 11 is journals show that he posseii^ed consider-
formed themselves into an association with able intellectual powers, as well as great
the object of sending out an expedition, under muscular strength and an iron constitution,
the guidance of Richard Lander, to ascend the and the passive courage which is to essential
Niger and opim itp trade with the (Entries of a qualification in an African traveller. His
CeatalAAeMML Xbe wqpeditioa wa> fumithed aaoiMM wM mild, iuM>b(ruiTe Mid plMa-

Digitized by Gopgle
 Land man 492 Landmann
mg, which, joined to his cheerftil temper and corps in Portugal. In Decemlier he was leat
handsome, ing-enunuB conatenanee, made him to construct a l^ridn^o of boats at Abrantes,
a ijeneral favourite. on the Tagusi another at Punhete, on the
A portrait of Lander is preBxsd to Ids ZeserOf sol a flying bridge at Villa VoUu,
' Records
of Cnapperton's Last Bq^tion,' and to reconnoitre tne country about Mauha
1830. Nova, &C. The bridges were completed iu five
rTregolIaa'i Cornish Worthies, Londoo, 1884,
days.
trotii. ; K. Lander's Records of Captain Clap-
On hie return to Lisbon he was, in Fcl iruary
perton's Last Expedition, London, 1830; R. 1809, sent overland with despatches to Bar-
and J. Lander's Journal of an Expedition to tholomew Frere [q. v.], the British minister
azplore the Coarse and Tannination of the Nieer, at Seville, and tnanse, as comm.tnding en-
London, 1 832 Mwcgregor Laird r\nd Oldfield's
;
gineer, to join the corps ofOener:il Mnck- nne.
Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Soon alter Lundmann's arrival at Cadu an
Africa, Loudon, 1835; Johnston's Diet, of Geojrr. imeute oocurred among the inhSibitantSyiriuH
London, 1877 ; Annual Biog. and Obituary, 1831; suspecting the fidelity of their governor, the
Commander William Allen's Picturesqae Views
on tkeBivwKigw^ 1840.] H. M. a
Marquis m Villel, deaired to put him to desth.
Qenersl HaelceiiBie divecbea Landmami to
LANDMANN, GEORGE THOMAS endeavour to tranauillise the people^ andu
CI779-1854), lieutenant-colonel royal en- he spolra Spanish fluentlj he was eventually
gineers, son of IiBM Landmann [n. v.], was aUe to iMonelle the ootttend&ig parties. Fur
bom at Woolwich in 1779. He oecame a his services on this occasion ho received the
cadet at the Royal Military Academy on thanks of the king of Spain through the secro-
16 April 1793, ana obtained a commission as tary of state. On 22 Feb. 1809 Landmann
second lieutenant in the royal engineers on was granted a commission as lieutenant-
1 May 179r). Stationed ut Plymouth and colonel xn the Spanish engineers, and on Gene-
Falmouth, he was employed in the fortifica- ral Mackenzie and his troops leaving Cadi*
tion of St. Nicholas Island atthofonoOTtSIld for Lisbon, Landmann was left at Cadiz by
Pendennis Castlo and St. Mnw^9 at the latter Frere's desire. He went to Gi! ral n - in July,
t

8lace. He was promoted tirst lieutenant on
Jane 1797* was sent to Canada at the-end
of that year, nnd was pmployed until the end
of 1800 in the construction of fortifications
at St. Joeroh, Lake Huron, Upper Canada.
In 18(^1 and 1802 ho wa*< emjtloyed in cutting
and sent home plana of the lortitications of
Oadiz, with a report which led to vigoroos
efforts being made to defend that place.
When, in January ISIO, the French had
entered Seville, nnd an attack on Gibraltar
was expect il from the land side, it was deemed
t

a new canal at the CascadeM on the river St.
Lawrence. On 13 July 1 802 he was promoted
captain-lieutenant, and at the end of tllA year
returned to England, when he was stationed
at Portsmouth and (i(.-sport, and employed in
the fortifications.
On 10 .luly 1801 he was promoted second
captain, and in December \80o embarked at
Portsmouth witii troopa for CKbraltar. On
1 July 1806 he was promoted raptnin. In the
aummer of 1808 he embarked as commanding
loyal engineeF with General Spenoei^s corps
of seven thousand men fr (Jibraltar, and
expedient to demolish forts San Felipe and
Santa Barbara in the Spanish lines. Lsnd^
maun was deputed to net^otiate wiCll the
Spanish pfovernor for the needful permission,
and he accomplished his delicate tasksuccesji-
fully, though not without ditliculty. Wbsn
the French marched on Cadiz in February,
Landmann volunteered to proceed thither
with an auxiliary foree embswed at Gibraltar,
butbeingdetaincdby a contrary wind, he hinnl
a towbcat, reached Cadiz on the ticcond day,
and fraud himself for a time eommandln^
engineer of the British for. s. i

landed in August at Mondego Bay to join Sir On 26 March 1810 he wojs appointed colonel
ArthnrWeUMley. He wasthen attached to the of infantry in the Spanish army, and in April
light brigade under Brigadier-general Hon. served at the siege of Matagorda. In August
H. Fane, was present at the battle of Koleia he returned to England on account of ill-
(17Aug.\ when he succeeded Captain Elphin- health. In December he was appo intend one
fltone, who was wounded, in the command of of the niilittiry agents iu the Peninsula, and
the royal engineers. He made a pLm of the snilf'l for Lisbon. After deliverinR-despatehci
battle for Sir Arthur Wellealey, which was to \\ uiUngton at Cartaxo he proceeded to-
sent homo with despatches. Horeconnoitered wards CaaiS) and on the way joined the
the field of Vin)eiro,and commanded his corps Sj anish corps of General liallasteros, and
at the battle un 21 Aug. In September he was woA present at the action of Castileioe, near
sent to Peniohe to report on that fcrtreas, and the Guadiana, on 7 Jan. 1811. His horn
wlif ^lu'^r Flotelier went to Spain with Sir fell under liiro, and he sustained an inju.-y
I

John Mooro, he asaumed the command of hia to his left eye. From Cadis he x^tumed in

Digitized by Google
 Landmann
Jane to Ayamonte, and rode round the sea
. vist to Corunna, whence, alter a short stay
in Oalicuihe mat back to Cadis by another
note.
In Much 1812 Landmann sailed for Eng-
land in company with the Spanish nmbassa-
dor. His healui was now so impaired that
k waa unable to retttm to doty until J uly
I81S, when he was sent to Ireland to com-
mand the enffineere in the Lough SwiUy
district. He liad been promoted on 4 June
1813 brevet^major for his services, and be-
came lieutenant-colonel on 16 May 1814. In
March 1816 he waa appointed commandiDg
en^neer of the Thame'' district, and in
May 181/ waa transferred to Hull aa com-
minding royal aigittiar of the Yorkshire
district. He was granted leave of absence
in 1819, and appears to have continued on
IeaT8 until be letired from the corps, by the
da ef hia eooimission, on 29 Dec. 1824.
Htwu a member of the Institution of Civil
Bttriaaan until 1862. He diad at Shaokle-
veu, near Hadmay, London, on S7 Amu.
1664.
Tanilmaiwi was auUMtaf: 1. 'Historical,
Mflitary, and Picturesque Observations in
Portugal, illustrated witn numerous coloured
Visvg and authentic Flans of all the Si^ee
and Battles fought in the Peninsula dunng
tfcs present War,' 2 vols. 4to, Ix)ndon, 1818.
i. 'Adventures and Recollect ions of Colonel
Laadmann,'2Tols.8vo,London,1852. 3. <R-
eoDeetions of my Military Life,' 2 vols. 8vo,
London. 1864 <ef. Athemmm, 1864, pp. 679-
681). He also revised his father's Princq^
' LANDON,
of Fortifications/ 8vo, London, 1831.
[Corps Rscoids; LaiidiDBnn*ft Woriu; 0nt.
Mag, 1854,pti. p. 422; Royal MilitarvCuli ndar,
1116. vol T. iid ed. p. 26 ; faathaon of the Asm,
a.l.] RH.V.
LANDMANN, 18AA0 (1741-1826?^,
srofessor of artOlaty and tetifleation, bora m
i741,beld for some years an appointment at
the Royal ililitary School in Pans. Although
ke retired on the reoi^anisation of the school,
ke continued to live in Paris, and made an
ineomeof about 800/. per annum by teaching
the Toung French nobiUty the art o{^ war. On
Not. 1777 he assumea the appointment of
KoiiBssor of artillery and fortification at the
Bo^ ICilitarr Academy at Woolwich at the
iBTitation of George III. A letter fmm the
board of ordnance, dated 25 Hov. 1717 ^ in-
troducing him to the lieutenant-governor of
the Woolwich Academy, dfscribed liim r? a
fentleman who has seen a great deal of ser-
' uttrtner in Adair's arm^ agency in Pall Mall.
viee and acted aa aide-de-camp to Marshal
Bf>7li8 in the late war.' His salary was 494/.
par an&um with a houao. Ou 1 July 1815
49S Landon
he retired, after thirty-eight years' successful
service, on a pension of 600/. par annuB,
grnnted him by the prince regent. He lef^
a son, George Thomas Landmann [q. v.], who
was an oifioar is the royal engineers.
T.nndmann was author of 1, ' Ele- :
ments of Tactics and Introduction to Mili-
tary Evolutions for the Infantry, by a oele-
brated Prussian General [Saltern], translated
from the original by L L.,' 8vo, London^
1787. 2. 'Practical Oeometry for the nae
of the Royal Military Acjidemy at Wool-
wich,' 8vo, London, 1798; 2ncl ed. 1806.
8. The Field Engineer's Yade Mecum, with
'
Plans,' 8vo, London, 1802. 4. 'The Prin-
. ciples of Fortification reduced into Questions
i
and Answera ftr the use of the Royal Mili-
tary Academy at Woolwich,' 8vo, London,
1806. 6. ' The Construction of several Sys-
tems of Fortification,' 8vo, London, with
plntes, fol. 1807. 6. '
The Princinles of Ar-
tilleryreduced into Questions ana Answers
for the use of the Royal Military Academy
at Woolwich,' 2nd ed., with considerable
additions and improvements, 8vo. London,
1808. 7. < Muller's Attack and Defenoe of
Places,' 4th ed. 8vo, Ix)ndon. 8. ' Ooozae A
of the Fire Orders of Architecture,' fbL Lon-
don. 9. '
A
Treatise on Mines fbr the use
of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,'
8vo, London, 181& la < The Princiriea of
lAnnilloatio%'4k ad. 9fn, London, 1881.
[Records of the Boyal IGlftaiy Academy.
Woolwich, 4to, 1851.] R. H V
T.ETITIA ELIZABKTH,
afterwards Mua. Maclbaw (180:^1838),
poetess, and famous in her day under iha
initials L. E. L.,' was bom in Hans Place,
'
Chelsea, ou 1 4 A ug. I ti02. She was descended
from a laimly once poesossed of considerable
landed property at Crednall in Herefordshire,
which was lost in the South Sea bubble.
The dsaeendanta took to the church, and
Letitia's great-grandfather is recorded on his
monument to have employed his pen '
to the
utter confutation of au dfuCBtcrs.' Hflr
Sn(]fatherwas rector of Tedstone Delamere,
erefurdshire. Her uncle, Dr. Whitting-
ton Landon, who died on 29 Dec 18S8, hud
at thf time the deanery of Exeter, to whifh
he wa^ aupointed in lbl3, and the provost*
ship of Worcester College, Oxford, to which
he had been nominated in 1796 (cf. Gent.
May. 1889, i. 212). Her father, John Lan-
don, who in hie youth had voyaged to Afirioa
and Jamaica, wag at the time of her birth a
Her mother, whose maiden name waa Biakep,
waaof Welsh extraction; hermnternal crana-
mother, au intimate friend of Mrs. Stddons,
Digitized by Google
 LandoQ 494 Landon
was thought to be the natural child of per- |
tu rally gifted person, spoiled b^ flattery, and
OBSOf rauk. An only brotheV| Whittington associat4,>d with a Twy nnd imMe Utf:raiy
Henry Landon (1801-1883), was a graduate set, and, though earning large sums by her
of Worcester College, Oxford, and vicar of I pen, ebtituated by Jerdan at not less than
Slebech, Pembrokeshire, from 1851 to 1877 2,6(K)t altogether, hniMtaH and worn by a
(Foster, Aluvmi Oron.\ Robinson, Merchant continual strugcrle to support her family, who
Taylors School Iteg.) Letitia received her had become inipovuriaheu. The substantial
first education at a school in Chelsea, where truth of this picture is indubitable, and is
Mtaa Mitford and Lady Camlino lynmb wpre sufficiently evinced by the cruel scandals
likewiae educated, and waa att^rwards taught which in her latter years became associated
bfmatten. SheveryeorlyexhiUtedanomm- with 'L. . L.'i)' name, and, destitute as
vorons appetite for reading, and was ready in they were of the least groundwork in fiwt,
acquiring all branchL-a of linowledge except beyond pouie expressions of hers whose tenor
i

omrieuracalligTaDhj. About 1815herCamily is only known fcmn the admission of her

removt'd to Old BromptoTi, and thore made friends that they were imprudent, ooca.^ioned
the ttcquuintanco of Wiliiam Jordan [q. v.], her acute miserv. Thev were, says Mr. S. C.
who exercised the BMikdacMiTe influence on Hall, empkyod in n Wter to that ver> '

the future of the young poeteaa. ' My first worthless person Maginn,' and ' sutUced to
recollection,' he says, is that of ft plump girl arou.se the ire of a jealous woman.
'
i To have
faowlin^ a hoop round the walk, with the seen, much more to have known Maginn,
I

hoop-stick in one hand and a book in the would have been to refute the calumny.' It
'

othur, reading m she ran. 'ITie exercise was occasioned, neverthe^s, the breaking off of
fnseribed ; the book was choioi;.' Upon further an engagement between Miss Landon and an
,

acquaintance he thought her 'a creature of unnamed gentleman, (said to be John Forster
another sphere, though with every fasdna- [q. v.] (cf. mT8, MaclUe Gallery), and aeems
tion. whieu could render her ioveuble in our to have driven her in mere despair into an
eTerydsy world.' Inferior poetry to L. E. L.'s engagement with another gentleman of dis-
would have found easy entrance to the '
Lite- tinguished public service and position, but
my Guette' under sadi fiireurable prepos- with whom she can have had litue sympathy,
Msstons, and n her veree waa not only good, Qeorge Maclean, then governor of Cape
but perfectly adapted to the taste of the day, Coa.4t Castle. The marriage, delayed for u
*
he soon became a leading support of the time b^ the rumour that Macleaoa had a wife
periodical. Her first poem, * Rome,' appeared living in Africa, took place in June 183S.
on 11 March 1820, under the signal uru of Lytton Bnlwer cave the bride away, (hi
* L.' Before long ' she begin to txerdse her 6 J uly the wedded pair iftUed ftf Oa|Ni Ooatt,
,

talents upon publications in gewral lit^ra- and arrived on 16 AUg.

I

ture,' that is to review, and aoon ' did little No circumstance respecting 'L. E. L.' lias
hM lor the <' Gasette" than I did myself,' an occasioned so much discussion as her sudden
'

aoA^rtion the more probable as Jerdan was and mysteriotis death at Cape Coast Castle
an indolent editor. Her labours as a reviewer on 15 Oct. 1838. That she died of takioff
were far from chedcing the facile flow of her prossie aeid can hardly bo disputed, though
|

fngitive verse, and she soon attetnipted poems the surgtM>n'8 neglect to institute a post-
of considerable compass. 'The Fate or Ade- mortem e^xattkiatioB left anrojpening for doabt.
laide waa published in 182 1 The Improvioa- That she was found lying in her room with
' ,
'

trioe' in 1824 (6th edit. 1825), 'The Trouba- an empty bottle, which had contained a pre-
dour,' with other poems (thn>e editions), in paration of prussic acid, in her hand seems
1826, 'The Golden Violet' in 1827, 'The equallv certain, and the oircumstanot^ if
Venetian Bracelet,' with other poems, in 1829. proved, negat ives t he not unnatuml suspicion
She was al) an incessimt contributor to that her death was the effect of the vengeance
Hrams and other annuals, txiiting t he Draw- of her husband's discarded mistress, while
'

ing Scrap Book' from 1832. By the advice, there is no ground in any case for suspecting
it 18 said, of her friend, Mrs. S.O. Hall, she first him. Thre remain, therefore, only the hypo
attempted fiction in ' Romance and Realitj/ theaaa of snicido and of accident and tkft ;

1881, and 'Francesca Carrara,' 1834. general tone of her letters to Knsrbuid, even
During this period she resided for the most though betM^ing some disappointment with
\

Ert with elderly ladies, the Mis8e.4 Lance and

'

her husband, ia so cheerful, and the fact of

rt. Sheldon, both in Hans Place. The fosci- her having been accnstomed to administer
,

BBtkm of her appearance and conversation at a most dangerous medicine to horself ia so

the time is described by Mr.S. C. Hall; the well establislied, that accident mnat bo it*
other side oi' t he picture is given in Ohorley'fi garded as the more probable auppoeition.
* tfttnoiri)' wheie she is represented as a na^ i 'L.. L.'s ' literary woiir had of late yean

Digitized by Google
 Landor
been Iom oopious than fonnerlj, but included
0 xatatt^ tragedy, 'Castraecio Castracani,'
1887, The Vow of the Peacock/ 1836, ' Tmits
and Triala of Enrlv T>ife' (supposed to bo
m part autobiog^raphical), 1836, and 'Ethel
Churchill,' the best of her norels, 18S7.
The Zenana, and
other Poems,' chiefly made
op from contribatiottB to annuals, appeared
in 1S39, immediately after her deato, and
a Msthumous novel^ 'Lady Granard,' was
pQblished in 1842. Collected editions of
L.E. I^'s' verse appeared in 1888 at Phila-
delphia, in 1860 and 1878 in Londoiii the lost
edited by W.Bell Scott.
.A^j a poetess Letitia ElizaheA Landon can
onlT rank as a gifted improvisatrice. She
ku too little culture, too little discipline, too
low an ideal of her art, to prod lu anything
t^
of rerv great value. All this she might and
probably would have acquired under happier
eiitttmiCCDees. She had genuine feeling, rich
ftaey, considerable descriptive power, g^reat
flnency of language, and, an Mr. Mackenzie
Rell points out, a rml dramatic instinetwhen
dealing with incident. HerdifTufteness isthe
eommon fault of poetesses, and in this and
IB other respects her latent jjrod actions
Btrnfest considerable improvement. If not
entitled to a high place in literature upon
btf own ment, she will noTerthelesa occupy
t permanent dne as a characteristic repre-
sentative of her own timp, and will always
interest by her trutli of mi itinn, no less than
by the tra^redy and mystery of Imr death.
A portrait of Mies liandon by Maclise was
enrnved hy Edward Finden for her Traits ' at Knowle, ten miles from Warwick, when
and Trials. Another portrait by Maclise is
in the 'Maclise Portrait Oallfry' (ed. Bates).
Aa engraving by "Wright apjwared in the
New Monthly Mngaziue ' for May 1887.
[Blaachiini's Life titiJ Bemaias of L. E. L.,
1841 : Jerdnn's Autobiug. ; Charley's Memoirs
8. 0. Hall's Book of Memorio.H Oruntlny l^ep-
;
kftler'*Recollections Maddon's Memoirs of Lii'ly
;
BlwngtoD Miickonzic Bell Id Miles's Poets
; He refused to compete for a prize, in spite
ud Poetry of the Century; Oent. Mag. 1839,
pt i, pp. 150, 212 ; L'Rstranffe's :PMD^ips of
MhryPn^-iell Mitford, i. 12<;, 109, 231. ii. 48, AO;
ad hit of Miss Mitford, lit. 93, 1 19 ; Father
MliBtffiiM.iSljLim.] B.a.
LAITDOB, ROBERT BYRES a781-
1^60), author. [SooiuderLjjnioByWALCBB
LANDOB) WALTER SAVAGE (1775-
1864), autbor of 'Imsginary Cotiversations,'
bom on SO Jan. 1775, was the eldest son of
Waher Landor, hv his second wife, Eliza-
beth, daughter of Uharles Savage. The Lan-
ders had ])''. n '^ttledfor some generations at
Bogekj, titaSBrdsbiio. Tlieir descttodaat's
495 Landor
fancy ennoble<l his ancestry, and he be-
lieved, gratuitously as it seems, that one of
his mother's ancestors wai< Arnold Saraffe,
speaker of the House of Gommons in raw
!
reign of Henry IV. The elder Landor was
a physician, but after coming t/) his inherit-
ance, resigai'd his practice, living partly at
Warwick, and partly at Ipsley Court, his
second wife's property. By his first wife he
had one daughter, married to her cousin,
Humphry An^n, who inherited her mother^i
property. His own estat8 in Staffordshin*
wweentailed upon his eldest son. His second
I wife was coheiress with her three sisters of
their father, Charles Savage, who had onl^a
!
mall Mtato; but after her marriage she in-
|
herited Ibxm two grcat-unelee, wealthy Lon^
don merchants, the Warwickshire estates of
Ipsley Court and Tachbrook, which had for-
merly belonged to the Savagee. These estates
were also entailfnl upon the eldest son. The
other children of the marriage were Elizabeth
SavBg.' ( 1776-1 a34), Charles Savage (1777-
i 1849), who held the family living of Oolton,
Stalibidaliire,MaryAnne(1778-18l8),Henry
Eyres (1780-1866), a solicitor, Robert Eyret
(1781-1869), rector of Birlingham, Won h^-
tershire, and Ellen (1788-1885) (see BuncB,
|
'
Hintorvofthe Conrnmen, 1888>. Theyde^
peuded for their fortunes upon tneir mother,
and had an interest in the estate of Hu^en-
den Manor, whieh had been left to heir aaA
her three sisten. ThedtoghtafBtUdiedv*-
i married.
Walter Savage 1 ^ndor was sent to a sehotA
under five yean of ase. At the a^ of ten
he was ttnnsferred to Rugby, then tinder Tit.
James. He was a sturdy, though not spe-
cially athletic lad, and famous for his skill in
throwing a net, in whieh he once enveloped
a farmer who objected to his fishing. II
was, however, more given to studv, and soon
became renowned for his skill in lAtin verse.
of the entreaties of his tutor, John Sleatb^
afterwards prebendary of St. Paul's, to whoA
he refers affectionately in later years ( Worki*,
iv. 400). His penressities of temper soon
showeathemsdree. Hetookoffiuieebeetaia
James, when selecting for approval some of
his I^atin verses, chose, as Landor thought, the
worst. Landor resented this by adding soma
insulting remarks in a fiiir copy, ana after
another similar offence James requested that
he mip;ht be removed in order to atvrfd tha
neces.sity of expul.^ion. He waa placed accord-
ingly, about 1/91, under Mr. Langlev, near
of A shbourne, Derbyshire,whoieamfBiiile sttt*
he has commemoratcnl in the dialogue
plicity
between Iiaak Waltoiii Oottooiand Oldwaya.
DigitizecJ by Google
 Landor 496 Landor
Here he improved his Groek^ and practiseil shows of the study of Pindar and
traceji
English and Latin vene-writiog,th<mg[h his Milton, to which he had devoted himself is
tutor's scholarship was scarcely superior to Wales. Gebir/ published in 1798, had n
'

his own. In 179d he entered Trinity Col- fate characteristio of Landor's work. It was
K'j^e, Oxford, as s oonmoner. He ttul d- little read, but attxaeted the warn adimn-
chned to compete for prizr-s, though his Latin tion of some of the best judges. Southey
yersM were by his own account the best in became an enthusiastio admirer, and praised
the university. He maintsaned his intimaiT' it in the 'Oritaoal Baiview' for Septembar
\v th an old school friend, Walter Birch, afteo^
i 1799. Ck)leridge, to whom Southey showed
wards a country clergyman, and always an it, shared Southey's opinion. Henry Francis
affectionate frigid, and mado a favourable Gary [q. v.], the translator of Dante und a
impzessionvpcB htt tutor, William Ben well schoolfellow of Landor, was an early admirer.
[q. V. ] He pron ounced himself a republican, Heber, Dean Shipley, Frere, Canning, and
wrote satires and an ode to Washington, Bobus Smith are also claimed as admirers by
went to hall with his hair unpowdered, and Landor; and Shelley, when at Oxford in
was regarded as a mnd Jacobin.' In the
'
1811, bort'd Hogg by his absorption in it.
sutomn of 1794 he tired a gun at the windows Landor had thus some grounds for refuting
of (HI ohnaopmis toiy, who was moreover I)eQnuBeey^l statement that he and SouAsf
giving a party of *
servitors and other raffs.' had been for years the sole purchaAcrs of
The shuttexa of the windows were closed, '
G ebir.' StilLpe Quincey's exaggeration was
ad no harm was done; bat Landor refused pardonable (FonnnB, pp. 67-^ and Arch-
to give any explanations, and was conse- deacon Hare and Landor in ImagiTiary Con^
qnently rusticated for a year. The autho- verMtions). Landor led an unsettled life for
rities respected his abilities, and dettireU his some years. He formed a frieudsiup witli
return, llw affair, however, led to an angry Dr. Parr, who had been resident at
dispute with his father. Landor went off to near Warwick, since 1783, and was one flf
London, declariag that he had left his father's the few persons ^ualilied to appreciate his
house 'for owr. He consoled himself by latinitv. In spite of flHl's vanity and
bringing out ft volnmo ol English and I^tin warmtn of temper, he never quarrelled with
poems. Landor, left his after-dinnerpipe andoompanj
MeanwlulBhie IHends tried to make peace. to visit his young friend, and malnt&Md
Dorothea, niece of Philip Lyttelton of Studley with him a correspondence, which began
pastle^ Warwickshire, where she lived witn during Landor's stay at Oxford, and ooik-
two ndi uncles, was admired by all the tinned tiU Pan^s death m
1826. Ptarin-
Landor brothers, and carried on a correspond- troduced Landor to Sir Robert Adair [q. v.],
ence which was sisterly, if not more than the friend of Fox, who took great pains, ancl
sisterly, with Walter, her junior by a year or with some success, to enlist Landor as a
two. She persuaded him to give up a plan writer in the pieis uainst the ministry.
for retiring to Italy, and finally Induced him Other frifuds were Isaac ^(ocatta, who
to accept the mediation of her uncles with his persuaded him to suppress a reply (Fobs-
father. As Walter bad no taste for a profes- TEB puUishee aono interesting extntetsftom
sion, it was decided that he should receive nn the manmcript, pp. 69-72) to an attack
allowance of luOi. a year, with leave to live upon Gebir' in the ' MonthJy Be view/ and
'

as much as ho pleased at his father's house.
It seems that he might have had 400/. a year
if he would have studied law (see MadseHi
Zoify Blmiftfitonf ii 846). A
mooosal was
made a little later that he shoula take a com-
mission in the militia; but the other officers
objected to the offer, on the ground of his
violent opinions. Tno needs of the yoimger
brothers and sisters account for the ttniall
amount of his allowance.
Ijandor left London for Wales, and tea the
next three years spent his time, when away
Sei]geant Rough, who had published an imi*
tation of *
G<-bir.' called ''The Conspiracy of
Gowrie.' Mocatta died in 180L and Aough
had a quarrel with Landor at rufy henSb,
which ended their intimacy. In 1802 Lan-
dor took advantage of the peace to visit
Paris, and came back with prejudices, never
afterwards softened, against the French and
their ruler. On returning Landor visited
Oxford, where his brother was superintend-
ing the pnhlieation of a new edition of ' Gebir,'
with arfruments' to each book to explain its
*

from home, at Tenby and Swansea. Here obscurity, and of a Lat in version, * Gebirus.'
he made Aieiida with the frmily of Lord He contmued to write poetry, lived in Bath,
Aylmer. Rose Aylmer, commemorated in Bristol, and Wales, with occasional visits to
the most popular of his short poems, lent London, and managing to anticipate his in-
him ft itery by Clan Bsm^iriu<ui t^pgested eone. W
fatihar t hM hU
property in
tohim Hm oompowytion of Qehif.* lliostyle order to meet the son's dehtS| who nnder>

Digitized by Google
 Landor 497
took in return to present his brother Charles
to tlwfiuiuly living of Oolton whMi it aboold
beeome Tscant.
Hie &ther died at the end of 1806; and
Under set up at Bath, spending money liber-
illj. with ft fine carriage, three horses, atul
'
two men-servants.' Ue had various love-
iflUn, eomnemorated in poems aclAMsed
to Tone, poetical for Miss Jones, and Tantli*%
othenvise Sojphia Jane Swift, an Irish lady,
iftenrards Countees de MolandA. In toe
spring of 1808 Southey met him at Bristol,
Landor
cation. The Longmans refused to print it,
even at the authcw^s expense j and Landor
showed his anger by burning another tragedy,
'
Ferranti and diuUo,' and resolving to burn
all fiiture verses. Two ecenes from the de-
.stroyed tragedy were aft'Twrirds puhlished
as 'Ippolito di Ente' in the 'Imaginary Con-
versations.' Southey, however, got 'Count
Julian* published by the Longmans. Al-
though showing ftilly Lander's diatinction ot
style, it is not strong dramatioallv, and the
plot is bart'ly intelligible unless the storyi.^^

hachwasdeii^htedwiihhisadniirer. Southey previoxuly known. Naturally it made little

poke of his intended seriee of mythological unpreesion. Aeomedycalled'TheCharitakla
poem> in continuation of Thalaba.' Landor Dowager,' written about 180S,haadiiappeaiied
immt^iately offered to pay for printing Uiem. (FoBSZBBjpp. 175-7).
Soathey refused, but submitted to Landor Landor had meanwhile resolved to eet-
hid 'Kehama' and 'Roderick,' as they were blish himself on a newe!5tate. The land inhe-
composed ; and Landor sent a cheque for a rited from his father was worth under l.UUO/.
kige number of copies of ' Eehamft* upon a year ; hat be bought the estate of Llan-
it publication. The friendship was very cor- thony Abbey, estimated at some 8,000/. a
dis!, and never interrupted, in spite of much
KiXf in the vale of Ewyas, Monmouthshire.
dirergenee of opinion. Badi saw in the anaUa him to do this his mother sold
otter iin appreciative and almost solitary an- for 20,000/. the estate of Tachbrook (en-
ticipator of the certain verdict of noeterity tailed upon him), he in return settling upon
iM thsT htd tsldom to risk the nietioB of her for ah 460/. a year and tnrrendenng the
porsonal intercourse. advowRon of Colton to his brother Charles.
The rising in Spain sgainst the French An act of parliament, passed in 1609, was
caused an onthunt of eathndaam in "Bm/^ ohtained to give efleet to the new arrange
land; and in August 1808 Landor sailed mpnts. Landor set about improving his pro-
irm Falmouth to join the Spaniards at Eerty. His predecessor haa erected some
Corairaa. He gavetenthontatidreidtfordie nildings in tiie ndos of the aadent abb^.
inhabitants of a town burnt by the French, Landor began to pull thrso down and con-
ad raised some volunteers, with whom he struct a house, never finished, though he
jaiasd BlehsP* army hi Oauida. He todic mana^ to live at the place. He pkntad
offence on misunderstandlnir somothinrr said trees, imported ?hocp from Spain, improved
hj AO English envov at Corunna^and at once the roods, and intended to become a model
imUished SB ugry letter in Spanish and Eng- country gentleman. In the spring of 1811
lish. Lan :lnr cnuld liardly have been of much he went to a ball in Rath, and seeinjr a
ow ia a mill taiy capacity. He was at Bilbao, pretty girl, remarked to a friend, 'That's
vliehwas ooenpiedalteniatelyby theFreneh the nicest girl in the room, and 111 marry
md the .Spaniards, to\var(l>i tlio fnd of Sep- hrr.' The lady, named Julia Thuillier, was
tember, and ran some risk of beinff taken daughter of a banker of Swiss deeoent, who
pnoMT. Blake's army, after some ^htisg, had been unsneaeasftil in business at Ban-
wu finally cTiwhed by the French in tho bury and gone to Spain, leaving his family
beginning of November, and by the end of at Bath. ' She had no pretenaious of any
mt month Laador wu in Snclaiid. Tlie kind,' aa Landor wrote to hia mother, ' and
raprme junta thanked him for his services, her want of fortune wa.s the very thing
&nd the minister, Cevalloe, sent him an hono- which detennined me to marry her.' She
rtrr commission as eolond in the service of had refhaed for him two gentlemen of rank
Ferdinand. When Ferdinand nflt rwanls and fortune (ib. p. 188). The marriage
Mtored the jesuits, Landor marked his in- took place b^ the end of May 1811. The
AgBStion hr returning tlie oommis^m to Southeys visited them at Llanthony in the
GertUos. Upon his return to England he following August. Lnndnr was already CfCt-
joined Wordsworth and Southey in d- ting into troubles upon his estate. He uad
ooondng the conventi<m of Ointra (a^ed oflmd to the Bishop of St. Davida to restore
30 Aug. which had excited general indip;- the old church. Thr' bishop not nn=wering,
oation. The chief result, however, of his Landor wrote another letter saying that
Spanish expedition was the tragedy of 'Oonnt ' Ood alone is great enough for me to ask
Joliaii
.'
composed in the winter of 1 SI 0-11. anything' of twice.' The l'i~hnp then wrote
Southey undertook to arrange for its publi- approving the plan, but saying that an act
KK

DigitizecJ by Google
 La a dor 498 Landor
of jinrliamont would be ncpossnrv. Landor whither ho was fil.sn followed by his brotb-:
iatimattid dryly tlmt ho had had enough Kobert| who was intending a visit to Itslv.
of applying pailiament. Meanwlriltt ne Landor was soon in high spirit^i, madebiiD*

found tlia! his u('itTlib"ur.> as was always self nopular in Tours, ana always f;mcii

the case with Ijandor's ueighbours were ut- that ne had there seen Napoleon on his flight
terly deaf to the voice of reason. The Welsh after Waterloo. He soon became dissatisfied
were idle and drunlien, and though he had with the place, and started in September
spent 8,000/. upon labour in thrpe years, 1815 with his wife and brother for Italy,
treated him aa their worst enemy.'
'
In after tremendous conflicts with his land-
'
'

the summer assizes of 1612 he took the lady; The brother reported that during tlut
|
fonnal charge of the jndgr to the grand jury journey the wife was amiable and only too
literally, and presented him with a charge submissive under Lander's explosions of
I

of felony against an attorney of fll-rapute. boiatenMis though transitory wmtb. Hebid

The judge declined to take any notice of money enoueh for his wants and liv. d com-
this. Laudor next applied to be made a fortably. Tne pail finally settled at Como
magistnte, and bis appltcation iru hneBj for three yeexe. Here he was a neighbcrar
rejected hy the lord-lieutenant, the Duke of of tlie Princess of Wales, of whoso questian-
Beaufort. Ue applied to the lord chancel- able proceedings he made some mention in >
lor, Eldon, who woa equally obdurate, and letter to Southey. Sir Charles Wokelej de-
Lilldor revenged himself in a letter com- clared in 1820 (in a letter to Lord C^e-
posed in his gtatflitst Btylc point in^-^ out reagh published in the Times) that he could
that none of the greatest thinker.s from obtain important information from a Mr. '

Demosthenes to LocSce would have l)een ap- Walter Laudon' npon this subject. Lsador
pointed magistrates. His next unlucky per- refused with proper indignation to li;iveany
formance was letting his largest farm to one thing to do with the matter. Southey visitM ,

Betbam, who claimed acquaintance with him at Como in 1817. In ICarcli 1816 \
Southey. Betham knew nothing of farming, first child, Arnold Savage, was bom at Coma
\

spent hi8 wife's fortune in extravagant liv- In the same year he insulted the aothoriUei I

ing, Inronght tkree or four broihem to poaoh in a Latin poem prinarilv directed tgtinst
over the land, aiid ])aid no rent. Landor was an Italian ])o who had denounced Eng-
t

worried by knavish attorneys and hostile ma- land. Landor was ordered to leave the place, 1

gistrates. When a man aga inst whom he had and in September 1818 he went to Pisa. He
'

to twetr llie peace dranx himeelf to death, stayed there, excepting a summer at fisUiis
he was accused of causing the catagtrophe. in 1819, till in 18"il he moved to Florence,
Hist rees were uprooted and his t imher olen. where he seLlled in the rala;^o Media
When he prosecuted a man for theft he was Shelley was at Pisa during Landor's >t3}.
insulted by the defendant's counsel, whom, Landor, to his subsequent regret, avoided*
however/ he ' chastised in his Latin noetry meeting on account of the scandals then
now in the press.* An action bnmght by earrmt in regard to Shellev's character. <

Landor against Betham was finally successful Byron was not at Pisa till Landor had loft !
in the court of exchequer ; but he was over> In the course of his controvernr with Soutbey
whdmedwith expenses and worries, and re- Byron ineidentally noticed Landor, and is |

solved to leave Eneland. His nersonal pro-
Sirty was sold for the benefit of nis creditors,
is mother, howeveTf as the first creditor
under the act of parliament, was entitled to
manage I.lanthony, and under her care the
the 13th canto of ' Don .Tuan * calh d kim
the * deep-mouthed Bueotian Savagt- Lvi
dor,' who has 'taken for a swan ru(.u-
SontlM;y> gwdM.* Landor retorted b tlK-
imamUHyeonTeiBation between Bunu t .in<^,

property improvtHl. Hhe was able toallow Lan-
dor 5Q0JLaycar and to provide suffieiently for
the younger childn n. In thesummer of 18M
Landor went to .lersey, where he was soon
joined hy his wife. An angry dispute took
Ifaracastle. Tn bis second edition he in-
serted some qualify lug praise ia consequenw
of Byron's efforts for Ureece; but he could
not be blind to the lower parte of Bjtodi
obaraeter. |

place between them in regard to his plans for
settling in France. Laudor rose at four,eailed
to Tmnee witliottt his wifs, and by CNstober
was at Tours. His wife, as her sister wrote
to tell him, was both grieved and seriously
ill. Landor meanwhile found his usual con-
eolation in the composition of a Latin poem
on the death of Ulysses, nnd so calmed his
temper. Uis wie joined him at Tours,
The period of Landor's life which foUovst'd
< his removal to Florence was probably the bsp-
[ pieet and certainly the most fruitful in lit.rarf
,
achievement. In 18ii0 Southey had spoken ia
a letter of his intended 'Colloquies,* and tii*
seentis to havesuggested to Landor a scheme f r
|
tbecompositionoi ' Imaginary Con versa tioius'
or rather to have confirmed a project abvLnlv
eutertaiued. 'Cou^t Julian/ indeed, vai
^

Digitized by Google
 Landor 499
nallj an aoticinition of bis later plan. Lan-
ddr aooD threw nimself with ardour into the
eonpoition of his prose conversatiiiiu. The
fint Dirt of bis manuscript was sent by bim
to tM Longmans in April 1823. It wm
declined by them and by several other pub-
Hahm. Landor committed the care of it
lo JniittB Gbjsrlea Hare [q. v.], to whom be
was not a-* yet personally known. He had
beoome acquainted with Hare's elder brother,
Fnads, at Tours; they were intimate at
Florence, had many animated discussions
witli no quarrels, and remained intimate till
Hin*i death. Julius Hare at last induced
John Taylor, proprietor of the 'London
Miguine,' to publish the first two Tolumes.
The dialo^e oetween Southej and Porson
was published by anticipation in the 'Lon-
doa Magazine for July 1823 ; and the two
' kept pets, and played with his fonr diildren.
folames appeared in the beginning of 1824.
Har. adeavoured to obviate hostile criti-
ciim by an ingenious paper in the ' London
ybfumtf' ironically anticipating the obvious
tmcs of censure. It caused the suspension
MS hostile review in the * Quarterly,' in
opfcrthat the remarks thus anticipated might
be removed. Hazlittreviewed the book in the
'
fdinbnrgh ' in an article of mixed praise
ad Maine, touched up to some extent by
Jeffrt V. Taylor had insisted upon omissions
of certain passages, and Hare had reluc-
teitlj consented. Landor was of course
^iri..7, and exploded with wrath upon some
tnding dispute about a second edition and
As proposed succeeding volumes. He threw
s numbdr of conversations into the fire,
i*m that he wonld never write again, and
ftstMi ehildm ahould be * carefully warned
tctir st lit*>rature,' and learn nothing except
ficoeh, ewinuming, and fencing. The second
sfitioa, banded over to Colbum for publica-
<'oo, appeared in I8ii6. A third volume,
ftcr various delays and difficulties, appeared
IB \m, and a fourth and fiith were at last
published by Duncan in 1839. A sixth bad
tMcainisbed, but remained long unpublished.
Ifador in 1834 entrusted his five volumes,
'bterlesved and enlarged,' toprether with
tlut nxth TolumCj to N. P. Willis, for pub-
^MioB in America. Willis sent them to
York, but did not ff>llow thera, and
lan'Jor had considerable dilHculty in re-
wpring them. They were finally restored
in 18,17.
Lsador had acquired a high though not a
'T^^ spread literary reputation. He was
viilted at Florence by ilnzlitt and Leigh
iiiut,andwn8nn intimate terms witli Charles
Armitairo lirown [q. v.],Eirkup, the English
'oiKul, nnd others. He had of course various
H^uus witii tha authoitUeay and was once
Landor
expelled from Florence. The grand duke look
the matter good-naturedly, and no notice was
taken of Limdor's declaration that, as the
authorities disliked his residence, he should
reside there permanently. He had a desperate
quarrel with a M. Antoir about certain rights
to water, which led to a lawsuit ond a cual-
ktiige, though Kirkup succeeded in arranging
the point of honour satisfactorily. This
water-dispute concerned the Villa Gherar-
disoa in l*iesole. Landor had been enabled
to buy it for 2,000A by the generosity of
Mr. Ablett of Llanbedr Hall, Denbighshire,
who had become known to bim in lb27,
and who in the beginning of 1829 advanced
the necessar}' sum, declining to receive inte-
rest. It was a fine bouse, with several acres
of ground, where he planted his gardens,
The death of his mother, in October 1829,
made no difference to his affairs. They had
always corresponded affeetionatel^r, and she
had managed nis estates with admirable care
and judgment. In 183i2 Ablett persuaded
him to pay a visit to England. He arrived
in Lonaon in May, saw Charles Lamb at
Enfield, Ooleridge at Higbgate, and Julian
Hare (fior the first time) atCunbridge ; visited
Ablett in Wales, and with him went to the
Lakes and saw Southey and Coleridgo. He
travelled back to Italy with Julius Hare,
passing through the Tyrol, and there inquir-
ing into the historv of Hofer, one of his
favourite heroes. At Florence Landor set
about the con versat ions which soon aft erwards
formed the volumes upon ' Shakespeare's
Examination for Deer-stealing,' Pericles and
*
Aspai^ia,' and the Pentamer(m,'and contained
'
some of his most characteristic writing.
In March 1836 Landor quorrell^ with his
wiib. Armitage Brown, who was present at
the scene, wrote an account of it to Landor.
Mrs. Landor appears to have denounced Lan*
dor to his iHend and in presence of his chil-
dren, Londor, he says, behaved with perfect
calmness. He adds that through eleven years
of intimacy he had always seen Landor behave
with perfect courtesy to Mrs. Landor, who bod
the entire management of the house. Brown
admits a loss of temper with ' Italians.' Un-
fortunately, Landor acted with more than liis
usual impulsiveness. He left his house ibr
Florence in April 1836, not to retnm for
many years, lie reached England in the
autunui, and Stayed with Ablett at Llnnbodr,
to whom he returned in the spring of 18^i(J,
after a winter at Clifton. It is idlf to dis-
cuss the rights and wrongs of this unfort^-
natebudness. Mr8.LandorwasclearIyunab]e
to manage a man of irreprewiible temper. His
Mends uiougbt that his real amiability and
Digitized by Google
 Landor
hiB tender attachment to his children might
hftTe led to happier results ; but his friends
coiilfl r>scnpf' from his explosions. T.nndor
had been receiving about 600/. a Tear from
hiflEnglish properties, thiB remainaer of th
rents being absorbed by mortgnc'cs and a re-
aerre fund. On leaving Italy be mude over
4001. of his own share to Ids wife, and trans-
ferred absolutely to his son the villa and
farms at Fiesole. His income was thus 200/.
a year^whioh was afterwards doubled at the
cost of the reserve fund (Fok^tki:, p. 517).
Landor was again at Clifton in the winter
of 1886-7, and had a friendly meeting with
8outbi\v. After some rambling: he settled at
Bath in the spring of 1838, and lived there
tfllIns final amartnre from England. His
'Shakespeare' frt^ b'sen published in 183}
the 'Pendes and Aapasia' camu out with
sndh ni-eaoeess that Liandor returned to his
publishers 100/,, wliich they had paid for it,
&n action only paralleled in the case of Collins.
A stmilsr result ssems to hare followed the
publication of the 'Pentameron' in 1887 (ib.
m>. 372, 384, 403). He next setabout his three
plays, nie 'Androa of Hunffary,' ' GKovanna of
Naples,' and * Fra Rupert/ the la^t of which
showed acurious resemblance, due probably to
unoonsoions recollection, to the plot of a play
called 'The Enrl of Brecon,' published by
his brother Robert in 1824. Little as these
plays, or 'conversations in verse/ aoeoeeded
with the public, Landor gained warm ad-
mirers, many of whom were his personal
fHen. At Bath he was intimate with Sir
AVillinm Napier during hlfi first years there
;
he visited ^Vrmitage Brown at Plymouth, and
Jolm Kenyon, down to his death in 1866,
WIS a specially warm friend. Southey'p mind
was giving way when he vrrote a last letter
to hu friend in 1889, but ho continued to
r'pent T^nndor's name when genorallj in-
capable of mentioning any one. J ulius llare,
whom he frequently visited at Hurstmon-
ceaux, sent during his last illness (in 1851)
for Landor, and spoke of him affectionately
tffl Ilia nd. Landor occasionally Tisited
town to fiep Lady Blcsin^on. Forster's
review of the ' Shakespeare had led to a
' at I'ioreuce.
friendship, and Forater was in the halnt of
going with Dickens to Bnth, in order to cele-
rote on the same day Landor's birth and
(Aarlea Fs execution. Landor greatly ad-
mired Dickens's works, and was especially
moved by ' Little NelL' Dickens drew a por-
trait of some at least of Landor's external pe-
culiaritif" in hi^) BnTthcrne in Bleak llou-e/
'
Forster had helped Landor in the publication
of his plays, and was especially useful in the
collection of his works, which appeared in
1846. Forater having objected to the insert
500 Landor
tiou into this of his Latin poetry, Landor
yielded, and published his ' Poemata et In-
scriptiones'eepnrately in 1847. In the samf
year he published the ' Hellenics,' iucludioj;
the poems published under that title in tlie
collected works, together with Ent'l i^h trans-
lations of the Latin idyli>. The collecU<i
works also included the conversations rs>
gained from N. P. Willis. Some additional
poems, conversations, and miKcellaueous writ*
ings were published in 1863 as ' Last FWt
oil an OldTrt'.-/ It contained also some letters
originally written to the Examiner/ tbea
'
edited tty Forster, on behalf of SouthsfV
family, which hnd Ifd, to Landor's pl'a-ur",
to the bestowal of oue of the chancellor^
livings upon Onthbert, the son of his oM
; [
[
friend.
In. the beginning of 1857 Laudor's mind
was evidently weakened. He unfortuiiatlT
pot himself mixed up in a mi^rahle quarrel,
in which two Indies of his acquiimt flTic^ wae
concerned. He gave to oue of them a legacy
of 100/. receivea from his friend Kenyan.
She, without his knowledge, transferred haii
of it to the other. They then quarrelled,
and the second lady accu/ied the first of lur-
ing obtained the money from Landor for dis-
creditable reasons. Landor in his fuiy eiM>
mitted himstvlf to a lihel, for which he ws
persuaded to apol(*>;isj. Unluckily he hi
resolved, in spito of Forster's remonstraDoes,
to publish tt book called * Dry Sticks fagot<d
by W. S. Landor,' containing, among much
that was unworthy of him, a scandalous lam-
poon sugo'ested by thp qnnrrel. Landor had
desired that the book should be descriM
as by * the late W. S. Landor/ and he h^^i
ceased in fact to he ftilly his old =;elf. Un-
luckily he was still legally responsible. At
the end of Maichl868KB wasfirand irnsoAk
in his bod, was unconscious for twenty-four
hours, and for some time in a precsrioiu
state. An action for lihel soon fbllowsd. He
was advised to assign away hi^ property, to
sell his pictures, and retire to Italy. He a.-
cordingfy left England for France on 14 Jolj,
wont tn Qenoa, lod tli0nea to lua oldboM
Landor, before leaving, transfemd t]
wholn of thn Knglifh estates to his son.
His wife's income, which in 1842 had been
raised to 500/. a year, was now seoured upon
tho Llanthony ostate. The younger children
had received from various iMpades enough for
their support. Landor had himself (lj a
few boots, pictures, or plate, and 150/. in
cash. Damages for 1,000/. were given u^ain^t
him in the libel etae (23 Aug. 1858; re-
*
port od in ' Times ' 24 Aug."), ana by an '^rd-
i
j of the court of chancery this sura waii
Digitized by Coogle
 Landor 50I Landor
fioatbe Llanthon^ rents, and deducted from 1839, became the property of Crahb Ilobin-
tbmin reserved tor Landor*s rue. He was Bon, and was given by him to the National
thns entirelydependent, at the age of eighty- Portrait Gallery. A
hnfi\ of which some
,

tfane, upon the family who receivea the
vhofe meome from his property. He spent
ten months at his Tilia, but three times
Ml it for Florence, only to be brought back.
copies were made in marble, nns executed
for Ablett by John Gibson in 18.58. An en-
graving after a drawing bv D'Orsay is pre-
nxed to Ablett's Literary Hours (see below).
' '

(b July 1869 he took refuge agam at an Landor's character is suiHdantly marked

hotel in IHorf nee, with eifrhteenpencc iu
'
by hi.s life. Tlirouphout his career he in-
tuapociiet.' His family appear to have re- variably showed nobility of sentiment and
baed to help him unless he would return. great powon of tandemess and sympathy, at
Fortunately the poet Brownin;^ was then the mercy of an ungovernable temper. He
x&iiident at Florence. Upon his application showed exquisite courtesy tu women he loved ;

Forster obtained an allowance of 900^ a children passionately, if not diacreetly; he

fear from Landor's brothers, with a reserve treated his dogs (especially I'omero'at
'

of oO/., which was applied lor Landor's use as if they had been human beings, and loved
under Browning's difection. Browning first flowers as if they had been aliva His tre-
found him a cottage at Si^na, where the mendous explosions of laughter and wrath
Amaiican sculptor, Mr. W.
W. Stor^, was were often passing storms m
a serene sky,
tbBB liring. He
stamped for some tune in though his intense pride made some of his
Storr'f and was perfectly courteous
house, quarrels irreconcilable. He was for nearly
&nd mauaceable. At the end of 1859 Brown- ninetv vears a typical English public school-
iif Wttlecl him in an apartment in the Via boyi fiill of humours, ofaotinacy, and Latin
Nanxiatina at Florence, where he passed the verses, and equally full of generous impulse.s,
rest of his days. Miss Kate Field, an Ame- chivalrous sentiment, ana power of enjoy-
riean lady then reaideBk in Florence, d&- ment. In calmer moods he was a refined
^''ribed him a? he appeared at this time in epicurejin he liked to dine alone and deli-
;

three papers in the Atlantic Monthly

'
for cately; he was fond of pictures, and unfor-
'

1866. Landor was still charming, venerable, tunately mistook hinueu iot a connoisseur.
nd coorteous, and full of litera^ interests. He wasted large sums upon worthless daube,
He jfSTe Latin lessons to Miss Field, repeated though he appears to have had a genuine
poetry, and compost^ some last oonversa- appreciation of tbe earlier Italian masters
tions. Browning left Florence after his wife's when they were still generally undervalued.
(iath in lb61, and Landor afterwards sel- He gave awav both pictures and books almost
jwilaftthehouse. M
He published some ima- 8 mpidlyaa bought them. He waa gana-
pasiy conversations in the AthensBum in rous even to excess in all money matters.
'
'

1S61-2, and in 1863 appeared his last book, Intellectually he was no sustained reasoner,
tbe Heroic Idyls,' Inonght to England by
' and it is a niistaln to eiiticiaa hk opinions
Mr. Edward Twisleton, who had been intro- seriously. They were simply the pr*judices
iuced to him by Browning. Five scenes in of his (uaas. In politics he was an aristo-
^ene, written after these, are published in oratio republican, after the pattern of his
liii by Forster. His friendship with
life great idol Milton. He resente<l the claims
Forsterhad been interrupted bv Forster's re- of superiors, and advocated tyrannicide, but
fuul to pnUish man
Mout toa libel case he equallT despised the mob and hodaerad
W their correiipondence was renewed before at all vulgarity. His religion was that of
U death. Kirk up and his younger sons the eighteenth-century nohl* iuq ly ing much ,

^p;d to soothe him, and in the laet yew of tolKUOO and libeiali^ of ntimeut, with .-^t

Ilia hfe
Mr. Swinburne visited Florence ex- an intense aTersion for priestcraft. Even in
}tm\j to become, known to hun, and dedi- literature his criticianu, though often admir-
cated to him the At alanto in Oalydon.' He ably perceptive, are too oltan wayward and
'

'ii*<i quietly
on 17 Sept. I8f!4. unsatisfactory, becaiise at the mercy of his
Landor left four children Arnold Savage prejudices. He idolised Milton, but the me-
:

1^1818,4. 2 AprU 1871), Julia Elizabeth diffivaliam of Dante dimmed his perception of
SiT8;fe, Walter (who succeeded his brother Dante's great qualities. Almost alone among
Anjold in the property), and Charles. A
por- poets he always found Spenser a bore. An a
^t by Boxall, engraved as a frontispiece to thorongh-going classical enthusiast^ he waa
For-ttr's life, is said by Lord Houghton and outof sympathy with the romantic movement
^^ea to be unsatisfactorily represented iu of his time, and olTcnded by Wordsworth's
(kt Mfivfing. A
drawing by Robert Fa ulk- lapses into prose, though tba BO-called clas-
"'T i 'Tigraved in Lord Iloughton's ' Mono- sicism of the school of Pope wh'' too unpoetical
g^'pii.' A
portrait by Fisher, painted in for his taste. He thus took a uuit^ue po^i^

Digitized by Google
 Latidor 50s Landor
ia iiturature. As a poet he was scarcely
tioti in 1808. A fra^ent of another edition,
at hu ease, thouglk lie has left many exquisite printed at Warwidc, including a postscript
fragments, and lie seems to be too much do- to 'Oehir,' is in the For.st'^r collfctt'S
minated by bis classical modela. But the 4. 'Poetry bv the Author of "Gebir" (in-
peculiar merits of bis prose are recognised cludes the' Jraoceans *and * Ohiysaor'), lew,
as unsurpassable by all the best judges. ' I
F. 5. * Simonidea,' English and Latin poem?;
shall dine late,' he snid, * but the dining- the first including 'Gunlnncr and Ilelpa.'
room will be well lighted, the guests few 1806, F. (a unique copy). 6. Thn*e Lettt^r?

and select; I neitber am nor ovir shall be writti ri in Sjiain to 1). Fr.inri.-ico KiqueliM.'
popular' (FoTt<rrra, p. fiOO). Whether even 1809, F. 7. Count Julian, a Tratjedv,' IHIJ
'

tbe greatest men can safely repudiate all sym- (anon.) 8. Observation.s on Trotter's *' Life
'

fathy with popular feeling nay be doubted, of Fox,"' 1812 (the only known copy beloiu'i
.nndor's defiance of the cnmnmn sentiment to Lord Houplitnn). !>. Idyllia Heroics,''

|K>rhaps led bim into errors, even in the 1814 (five Latiu idyls). 10. ' Idyllia Heroic*
J
udgment of l^e select. But the tSm of bis decern. Ubnun jpbaleoeiorum unum paitin
ambition has hcen fairly won. Afti r nvilciii^r ]am prImo, partiin itiTum atque trrtin I't (

all deductions, he has written a moss of
English prose wbidi in siutwied preeisioii
and delicacy of expression, and in the full
expression of certain veins of sentiment, has
been rarely approached, and which wi 11 always
entitle huB to a uniqoe position in English
literature.
Savagius Laudor. Accedit qusest i uncuhi cur
poetn Latiui vecentiores minus legantur,' F.,
Pisa, 1820 (includes the preceding). ll.'Podie
osservazioni suUo stato attuale di que'popoli
che vogliono sravernarsiper mezxo delle rap-
presentanae,' Maples, 18B1, British Museum.
12. Imaginary Uonversationi*,* vols. i. and
'
ii.

RoBEBT Eyres I^^axdor (1781-1869), Lan- 1824; second edit., enlarged, 182*!; vols iii.
der's youngest brother, was scholar and fellow and iv. 1828 ; vol. v. 1829. 18. Gebir.t.'u ir t '

of Worcester College, Oxford, was instituted Julian, and other Poems,' F., 1 831 14.' Citu- .

to the rectory of NaiSbrd with Birlingham,
W(oestenlufe,!n 1829, and wu never absent
from his parish for a Sunday until liis death,
26 Jan. 1869. The church was restored with
nionerleft by him. He bad alt^ays spent
upon nis parish more than he received, and
was singularly independent and modest. One
of the poems in 'Last Fruits off an Old Tree*
is addressed to him. He was the nuthor of
tion and Examination of William Sluke-
speaM . . . touching Deer^tealing, to whidi
is added a Conference of Master Edmund
Spenser with the Earl of Essex. . .,' I8S4
(anon.) 16. 'LetteM of a OMtservatiiv, is
! which are shown the only means of savin:
what is left of the English Church ; addnst
to Lord Melbourne,' 1836. 16. ' Terry norm
. . . edited by Phdim Octavios Quarll' (s

'Count Arczzi,'a tragt;dy, 1823, which, as he conrfc squib npiinst Irish priests, attributed
saya (FoRSTEK, p. 400), had some succes? nn to I^andor), 1836, F. 17. 'Pericles and A?-
being taken for Byron's. On discovering this pasia,' 1836 (anon.) 18. ' Satire lip<m Sa-
he acTknowIodpt'd the authorship, and the sale tirists and Admonition to Detractors,' IS^-^^
ceased. He also published in 1841 three tra- (attack upon Wordsworth for depreciating
gedies, 'The Eeri of Breoott,' 'Fsith's FVand,' Southey). 19. 'The Pentameroa [ponena>
and'The Ferryman;' the 'Fawn nf l^ertoriu.s,' tiona of Petrarca and Bwcuccio, edited ly
1846 ; and the * Fountain of Arethusa,' 1848. "Pievano 1). Grigi"J and Pentalogia [fiv
The 'Eawn of dertorius' was taben fcr hie conwttations in Terse, with dedication signed
brother's until he publipht'd his own name. " AV. S. L.,'" 1837. 20. ' Andrea of Hun^arv
He gave much information used in Forster's and (iiovanna of Naples,' 1839. 21. 'Fra Ru-
life of his brother. pert, t he last part of a Trilogy,' 1 840. 22. Col- '

Some of Lander's works are now very rare, lected Wofks,' in two vols. 8yo, I84a(A0fiHt
and several are not in the T?riti>*h Museum, volume gives the old * imaginary converts*
Some of the rarer, marked F. in the fi>l lowing tions,' the second new imaginary converM* '

list, are in the Vonbat collection at the South tions,' ' Gebir,' * Hellenics,' Shakespeare,' '

"Kensington Museum. 1. 'Poems of Walter 'Pericles and Aspasia,'and the 'Pentameron,'

Savage Landor,' 1795, F.; 'The Birth of the three preceding plays, the ' Siege oT
Poesy,' 'Abelard to Heloise,' and 'Short Ancona,'andmisedraneott8piecee). 38. ^'Rm
Poems in En^-li^li ;' Hrnrlf casyllables' and Tlellcnics of AValter Savage Lanrlorjenlanr -d
'

a ' Latine Scribendi Defenaio in Latin. and completed,' 1847 (see above, republished
'

2. * Moral Epistle respectfully dedicated to with alterations in l8A9). 24. n*benata

Earl Stanhope,' 1795, F. C^ee 1'orstkr, pp. et InM ripliones notis anxit Sava^ius I^tn-
:

42-4). 3. 'fJebir,' 1798 (anoinmoue). A dor,' 1847. Also the Ijatin 'quK-stio* from
second edition, with notes and a Latin version the ' Idyllia Heroica' of 1820. 2o. ' Ima.2i-
called ' Oebirus/ was pubtished at Oxford nary Oonveiaatton of King Gbrio Alberto

Digitized by Google
 Landor 503 Landsborough
hkI the DucbeM lklgioi<MO on t be AUkirs of iocidental references; Sidney Oolrin's Landor in
ItalT. . ./164a. 96. Utalies' (English vm,
Horiey'e Men <ii Letters 8erifls.] It. 8.

printed \84S}. 27. ' Popen-, British nn<\ LANDSBOROUQH, DAVID (1770-
Foreign; 1661. 38. ' The Last ^Vuit otf an 1854 ), naturalist, bom at Dairy, Glen Kens,
OU TViw/ 1666, indu^ eighteen wm
* imft- Qalloway, 11 .\ug. 1779, wasedncatedatthe
ginarv cnnvi r?ntinri>,' rnp^Tv, British and Dumfries ncadcniy, ;ind fr ni 1798 at the uni-
'

Foreign/ ' Ten Letters to Uardlnal Wiseman,' versity of Edinburgh. Here, partly by his skill
kttm to ftmighaai upon Southcyfrom the as awiolintttyheiiiade the acqnaintanoeofDr.
' ExrimintT,' and 'five .<0Mnt?8 in vcrst'" upon Thomas Brownfq. v.] the metaphysician, and
Beatrice Cenoi. 29. 'Letters of an Ame- of the Kev. John Thomson of Duddingston,
vainlr on Riuiia md Beyolntion,' Hh SeoCtish CIttdeLomdne,'from whom he
MtX'"] Cwrirtcn bv W. S. landor, 1854. derived a taste for painting. He bofaine tutor
i

da Letter from W. S. Landor to R. W. in the fiimily of LordGlenlee at Barskimming

'

ftsenoR,' 1866 (upon Bmenon'e 'English in Ayrahire, was lieensed 4bt the ministry <n
Trct '
1 ol ' Antony and Octavius, Scene* the church of Scotland in 1808, and in 111
.

for Uie Btudjr,' 1866. 32. ' Drr Sticks fagoted was oidained minister of Stovenston, Ayr-
^W. 8l IiMidor,' 16B8. 88. 'SftVOUUKilft ddm. baddition to his elertcal duties, and
eilPriorn di San Mnrco,'180O. 94.'BfOic while keeping np his scholarship by n*ading
Idris, with additional Poems/ 1866. some Latm, Greek, Hebrew, l^Vench, or
LMMbrvabliihed some pamphlets now not Italian daily, Landsborouflh sesma to have
disc nverable (soc Forstek. pj). 42, 128), and early commeiicod t!if jitudy of the ttstiual
coathbttted some letters on ' High and Low histoty of his pari.^h and that of the neigh-
m ia Italy' to li^ Hunt's 'Monthly bouring island of Anan, whidi fbmed the
H>^>^itory* rT^f'f^niber 1887 and surrt'fdiujj^ .Hubjert of ht'5 first publication, a poem in .six
Bombexs). Six * imaginary con v.'rsntiona' cantos, printed in 1828. He began his bo-
otiier selections sre in J. Ablett's pri- tanical stndies with flowering plants, after-
Trtdy printed volume, * Literary Hours by wards proceedinL' in sncce.?ion to algfp,
nrioos Fnends,' 1887, F. Apoem on the lichens, fungi, aud mosses. His discovery of
SnbacriptkNi Ball,' con^uniUy a-
?\en(4 to him mthe ForstM- collection, can- him into communicat ion withWifUam T I'-nry
not be his. A
selection from hia writings Harvey [q. v. J, to whose ' Phycologia Britan-
was pnUi^ed by 0. S. HillsTd in Boston, nioa' he made many contributions; while the
Mamchusetts, in 1866, and nnother by Mr. discovery of new marine animals, such as the
Sdoey CdTin in 1882, in the 'Qoldon species of JEolin and Ijepralia that bear hia
T^easniy Series.' An edition of his English name, introduced him to Dr. Oeorge Johnston
works in fis'ht voU. 8vo, the first volume of of TJprwick [q. v.] For many years he k^t a
wiiich contains the life by Forster ( first pub- daily raster of the temperature, wind and
lidMd in iae>, appeued in 1876. The 0on- weatlier, and noted the first flowering of
IMItions, Gref'ks nnrl Romans,' wptv sppn- plants and the arrivnl of Tni.rmtnn,- birds.
titaljr vablished in l6o;>, and a new edition He also studied land moUusca and tiie fossil
if * Imaffianry Oonrersations,' edited by plants of the neighbouring coal-field, one of
Chirles G. Crump, in six vols. Rvo, in 18dl- which, Lifffino(1*'nrlrnn T.avd.<hurijii, bears his
1^. Mr. Crump has abo edited the ' Pe- name. In 18S7 he furnished the account of
'
lides and Aspasis' fcr the 'TsiBfle Library his parish of Stevnnston to the ' Statistical
(1880). Account of the piiri1ics of Scotland.
'

[Lifo by John Forster, 1869, aud first Tol. of At the disruption uf tho fScotti.'^h church
Woifa. 1876 ; rrMnoes abors to the 1876 edit. in 1848 he joined the free kirk, and became
R. H. HomoV Vi-w Spirit of the Age, 1844, i. mini^trr nt Snltcnnt; but the change in-
1 art icle partly by M rs. Browning)
f Miid- volved a reduction of income from
; to
(icD'fl Lif^ &c. of Lady Blessington, 1855, i. 114,
lt(M. a year, and the loss of his garden, to
ii- 916-429 (corrpondenco of iMOidox and Lady
which he wjis much attached. Its place was
nWBngton); lady Blessington's Idhria luly,
taken by the seashore, and many huadre<l
ii. 310-12; I>jrd Iluughton's Monojrraphs (from
sets of sign prepared by his children under
Edinburgh Review of July 1869); C. Dickons in
his direction w'n^ sohl to raise a fund of
AH the Year Roand, 24 July 1869 Kate VuM ;

io Atlantic Monthly for April, M;ty, iind June

200/. in 8upiK)rt of the church and schools.
HW (I.findor*s hvst years in Jtnly) Mrs. Lynn In 1845 he
;
contributed a series of artidea
to 'The Christian
Linf'-n in Frasfr'g M
ig. July 1870 Mrs. Cros-vo on Excursions to Arraii
;
'

m Temple Bur for Jane 1891 i H. Crabb Robin- TreasurjV and iu 1847 they appeared in book
mmf* Diaviss. ii. 481^, 000, 620. ffi. 43. 69, form as *Bxoursions to Arran, Ailsa Craig,
lOM, 115; 8onfh(y* Life and .?^lept Tietterx. and the two Cumbrne*,' a sf^conH ^cri- s Iv !n?
f a few letters from fiouthcy to Laador, aod published in 1862. On Hurley's recom-

Digitized by Google
 Landsborough 504 Landseer
tBttndation Landnborougli was employed StOTMston, Ayrshire, Scotland, was educated
to
writt^ a popnl ir liistory of British seaweeds,at Irvine. On emigrating to Australia he
aad the work, on appearance in 1849, was
its became a squatter in Hew England, then
ao ntiflfactory, that ne waa eommiattoned in the Wldo Bar district, aad afterwards, in
to prepare a siiullar * Popular Iliatory of 1856, near RocKhnmpton, Queensland. He
British Zoophrtes or Oorallinea/ which was then discovered Mount Nebo and Fort Cooper,
pttblished in 1662. In 1849 Landsborough and in 1869nlored Peak Ikmas and Nagod.
was eli c!r!l an associat* of the Linueiin In 18fiO he discovered the source's of tli.
Society, and in the following Tear he waa Thomson river, and in 1861 made a survey of
mainly instrumental in the establiahmenit of tlio Gregory and Herbert rivers. Seveniez*
the Ayrshire Naturalist.s' Club. lie visited peditions were at this date sen out to s.-arrli
moat parts of Scotland and Ireland on minia- lor Robert O'Hara Burke and William J.
terial duty, and ibund opportunities of jour- WiUi^ the explorers, wbo bad not been heaid
neying through Enfflaiut and France. In of since the previous year. Landsborough
1852, when upwards of seventy-three, he headed one ox these, and starting with four
Tinted Otbraltar and Tangier, retaining by companions from the Albert river tm 14 Nov.
way of the Balearic Isles, Marseilles, Genoa, 1861, made a preliminary seareh to the south-
Turin, and Paris. He reached London, after west, going two hundred miles in the direc-
fllTe months' absence, just in time to wit- tion of Ctoatnl Mount Stuart, aad then re-
ness Welling-ton's funeral. tnming to the depflt. On 10 Feb. 18(52 he
An epidemic of cholera broke oat in his sgain started, and crossed Australia from the
dirtrict in 1864 Landsborough was most Gulf of Carpentaria to Helbonme, diseovei^
assiduous in visiting the sic1< riiul dying, but ing many fine rivers and much good country,
was himself attacked by the disease, and but apparently making little effort to find
sooemnbed, after a ywj mef illness, at Salt- BurkeaadWius. TheioomalofhiseKpedition
coats on 12 Sept. 1>^.54. Land.sWough is was publl.ihed. For his dis;overies he wft.s,
said to have discovered nearly seventy species on 12 Nov., presented b^ Sir Henry Baddy,
of plants aad ammals new to Scotland, aad the governor of Vietoria, with a serriee of
thus well earned the title of 'the Gilbert plati^ valued st ROO/., and r>'oeiv>d a gold
White of Ardrofisan.' lie received the de- watch from the president of the Royal Geo-
gree of D.D. from aa American college in graphioal 8o<aety. Tn 1864 he was eleetsd
1849. Besides the specie.'^ already mentioned, a member of the Queenslnnd piirliaincnt, bat
a New Zealand genus of alsod was dedicated resigned his seat in the following year <m
to bim by Hanrey as LanMmyia. Lands- obtainini? the appoiatmeat of floremnuBt
borough married in 1817 Margaret, daugh- resident in Burke district. Finding Burke-
ter of Jamas M'Leiah of Port Glasgow, by town veiy unhealthy, he removed his hasd>
whom be bad Ibnr sons and three dangfatem. quartern to Sweers Islaad, whanea he xnads
One .son, William [q. v.], un Australian e.\- exploraf of the Gulf of OHpSlltavia. He
^rer, is noticed sejparately; and another, ceased to be government lesinnit in I860.
Dayid, nowfroe kiric minister of Eiiniamodc, Some time amrwards he was gaaetted in-
has edited the wnrk on Arrnn, with a memoir spector of brands for East Moreton, Queens-
of the writer (Ardrossan, 1876, 8vo). land, and for his public services in exploring
In addition to the works above mMrtionod, was awarded a mat of S,000/. Ho died at
of which the Popular ITistory of British
'
Brisbane in n v 1 886. He married the sixth
Seaweeds reachea a third edition in 1857,
' daughter of Captain Rennae, by whom he had
Laadsborough publishod' Ayrshire Sketches, adang^iter.
or Memoirs of J. Charters, H. Cuninjfhnme, [Times, 3 June 1886. p. 7: HojitonV Aostm-
and J. Baird,' 1839, 18mo; a series of ro- liaa Diet, of Dates, 1879, p. Ill ; Hewitt's Hist
iigious biographies. His oontribaiioms to tho of Diseorery in Anstmlia, 18M, ii. 191. M4>-M:
'
Annals and Magazine of Natural History' Julian K. T. Wood's Hist, of Discorf-ry in
and to the ' Zoologist ' deal with phoephoves- Aut,!ralia, 1868, ii. 390, 465-74; .JouniiU -A
Lniidsborough's P'xpedifion from f'arpentnnH,
oenoe, tbo bi^ita of tho rook, aad tlie plio-
cene and poat-pliooeiie deposits at Starens- 1862 Boorne's Journal of Laadsboroogh's Ex-
;

pedition, 1862.] O. 0. B.
ton.
Memoir by Darid Landflborovgh in his lition LANDSEER, 0HAHLE8 (170d-.1879>,
t
lis father's work on Arran, 1876; Prucecdinga
historical painter, bom in
1700,wasthe second
of the Idooean Society, ii. G.& B. son of John Landseer, AE.1LA. [q. v.^ froa
whom he received his first instmetion as sa
LANDSBOROUGH, WILLIAM (d. artist Tie afterwards became apupil of B. R.
1886), Australian explorer, son of David Haydon, and entered the schools of the Koyal
Laadsborough [q. v.] tne natnzalist, bom at Academy in 181A. Wlum a yonag man ht

Digitized by Coogle
 Landseer
coonipomed Lord Stuart de Kotlt> say to
Ptttnga], tad proceeded to lUo de Janeiro
on a mission to negotiate a commercial treaty
with Don Pedro I. During tliis trip he made
a aamber of sketches and drawings, some of
wUch were exliibited at the British Institu-
tion in 1828. In this year ho sent his first
pictun^ to the lioyal Academy, * Dorothea
(from Don Quixote
'
In 1833 he exlilLIted
'ClarisBa llarlowe in the Spunging House/
which was bought by Mr. Vernon, and is now
in theNational Gallery, together with the
'Skckiiig of Basing HouBe,' begaeathed to the
nation by Mr. Jacob BelL &
1637 he was
elected an as-sociate of the Royal Academy.
In lS4ihe exhibited '
(sharks II escaping
di^^e from Colonel Lane's House,' in 1 S43
'The Monks of Melrose,' and in 1844 'The
Return of the Dove to the Ark.' In 1845 he
honoursof the Acadt'mY,and
teoeiTed the full
dxHbited The Eve of the Battle of Edge-
'
lull,'containing a eroup of a spaniel and
despatcb-ba^ DT brother, Sir Edwin,
which has since been cut out of the picture.
Is 18.^1 he succeeded George Jones, R.A.
[0.T.J, ns keeper of the Roysd Academy, an
omcs which involves the duty of giving in-
jection in the antique school, la 18/3 he
n-tired from the keepership with full salair.
Btween 1822 and 1879 he exhibited 110
he sent thr^ pictures, including a portrait of
himself, to the Royal Aoidemy, and he died
on 22 July in the pame year. He left a con-
liderable property, part of which he inherited
from bis brother Edwin. He gave 10^000/.
totbe Royal Academy for tlie a>OlidtM>ll
Ludaeer scholarships.
[Bfejnuili IKet (Onma uA Ametcong);
Cilalogooe of tbe National Gallpry and South
Kensington Museam; StepbenHs Landseer in
Gnat Artiste Setke; 6nfee*e Diet. ; Bedford's
Uet ] C. M.
LANDSEEB, Sib EDWIN HENRY
(UQt-167S), animal-painter, tlurd end
joungest pon nf Jiihn Landseer [q. v.], waa
born at 33 Foley Street (then 71 Queen Anne
ftnat Seat), London, on 7 Mweli 1802. His
f&th'-T held that ordinary education was un-
aeceesary, if not harmful, to artists, and as
Bdwia flhowed little love for books and a
p*at deal for drawing, he was taken into the
&elds( which then extended nearlv all the wav
tnm If arylebone to Hampeteea) to sketch
the abecp, goats, and donkeys which grazed
there. There are veir clever drawings made
Urn froitt nature before bo was eix in the
South Kensinjjtnn Museum and elsewhere.
He also began \exj earlj to sketch the
50s Landseer
wild bt'iLsts at Exeter Change. His earliest
known etching (1809) is from a drawing by
himself, of lit iids of a Lion and n Tiger,' in
*
which the lion's head was etched by himself
and the tige/a fay Ualitotlier Thomas. Seven
more otcbinga were executed by 1812. At
he could etch as well as
this time, therefore,
'
draw and wafeet'^olours, and
in pencil, chalk,
he painted in hp was twelve. The
oils brfor*'
works of his childhood are still esteemed for
their artistic merit. 'A Brown .Mustiff,'
painted at tho age often, was sold at Sir John
Swinburne's sale (I86IJ for seventy guineas.
His young genius was fostered by the whole
family, and his genial disposition lulped him
in to gam friends. At Beleigh Grange, Essex,
the re.sidence of Mr. W. W.
I^peoa. he
found a second homo, and drew thchorses,the
Persian c&ts, the dogs, and the coachman.
In 1813 he was awarded the silver palette
of the Society of Arts for drawinpa of ani-
mals, and he took the Isis medal of the same
society in 1614, 1815, and 1816. In 1816 he
recpivpd some valuable hints from B. R.
Haydon [q. v.l, who gave him his dissect ions
of a lion* bam him study anatomy, Ra-
phael's cartoons, and the VAfr\n marbles, and
be the Snyders of England, and in the same
year he made his cUbut at the Royal Academy
exhibitions with drawings of a * Pointer bitcli
and puppy' (^engraved) and a' Mule' belongs
ing to Mr. Simpson. In 1816 he entered too
schools of tbfA Koyal Academy. At this time
he is described by C. R. Leslie [q. v.] as ' a
curly-headed youngster, dividing his tims
between Polito's wild beasts at Exotef
Change and the Royal Academy Schools.*
In 1817 he exhibited at the Royal Acer
of deray a portrait of ' Brutus,' a terrier belong-
ing to Mr. Simpaon, and the father of an-
other ' Bmtna,' n eelefanled dog of his own.
In the same year a picture of * A
Sleeping
Dog ' created an impression at the Socie^ ot
Punters in Oil and Water-colours (now the
Royal Society of Puinf ors in Water-coloura),
and this was exceeded by that of ' Fightii^
Do^ getting Wind ' at the following exhi-
bition of the same society, which was booght
by Sir Qeorge Beaumont. In 1 820 he availed
himaelf of the opportunity of dissecting ft
dead lion, In this year his previous successes
were crowned by that of ' Alpine Mastifia
reanimating a Distressed Traveller,' whiohwttt
engraved by hie father and brother Thomas.
In 1821 two large pictures of lions, ' LionA
enjoying his Rep.tt>t and '' A
Lion disturbed
at his Repast,' were exhibited at the British
Institution ; and in 1822 he obtained a prize
of 160L from the directors of this inatitution
for his picture of 'The Larder Invaded,' in
which his own dog 'Brutus' was intro-
Digitized by Google
 Landseer
dticed. In this also ex'ciit(*d a large
year lie
fnctiive of *A
Prowling Lion,' and a set
of five orifrinftl compositions of lion? and
tigers, enjjraved by his brother Thomas and
|>ttbBdiea in a work called Twenty 11-
'
rrnvinir? of Tiion?, Tipfpr^;, Panthers, and
Leopard8, by Stubhs, Uemhrnndt, Spilsbunr,
Reydinger, and Edwin Landseer; with an
Essay on the Camivorn by J. Landseer,' and
comuienced his later series of etchings (seven-
teen in number), one of which was theportrait
of a dog named .Tnrk, (lu' original of his cele-
brated picture of 'Low life,' painted in 1829
and now in the National Gallery. In 1824
he exhibited at the Piritish Institution the
'Catepaw,' which was boug;ht by the Earl of
EneK and established hu reputation as a
humorist. Tn this year he went to Scotland
with Leslie, pay ing a visit to Sir Waller Scott
t Abbotiford. There he drew the poet and
his dogs Mnida,' the famous de^-rhound who
:
' deeper note of pathos was Round"d in the
only lived six weeks afterwards, and (Jinger
WXtd Spice, the lineal desc'ndant8 of Pepper
and Mustanl, immortali^ '1 ft? the dogs of
Dandie Dinmont in 'Guy Maimering,' All
^eeedrawinnwm introduced in subsequent
pictur'fl, 'A Scene at Abbotaford' (1827),'Sir
Walter Scott in Rhymer's Glen' (ia33), and
Other pictures.
The visit toSmtland had a great eflect upon
Landseer. That country with its deer and
its mountains wa.s theneeftvth the land of
his imagination. He began to study and
paint animals more in their relation to man.
LioM, balk} and pigs gave way befora the red
deer, and even aogs, though they retained
their !<tronghold upon his art, were hereafrer
treated ratner as the companions of man than
in their natural oharaotaiaof ratcafeoheis tad
fighters.
In 18S6 Laadwar ecdtibited at the Royal
Academy a Inrpre pietnre of 'Chevy Chase'
(now the property of the Duke of liodford),
andwaa dieted an assoctetoof the Hoyal
Academv at the earliest age permitted by the
rules, being then only twenty-four. He now
Mt hit Ikther's house in Foley Street, and
went to liv* at 1 St. John's Wood Uoad,
Lisson Grove, where he remained till his
daatb. In 1827 appeared his * Monkey who
has seen the World (belonging to Lord
' sell, and Ladie-4 Louisa and Rachel (after-
Northbrook), and his first hijt^and picture
of importance, 'The Deerstalkor'8 Refeom'
(l)ukeof Northumberlanriy In I8l'8appeared
'An Illicit Whiskey Still in the Highlands'
(Duke of Wellington).
In 1831 he was elected to the full honours
of the Academy, and in the same year ex-
hibited at the British Institution the two
small but cel-'hrated pictures, High Life' '
and I^w Life' (now in the National Gal-
'
506 Landseer
lery), in which lie contra.>ted nppfisiir fla_sses
of society as reflectetl in their dogs- the aris- -
tocratic deerhound and the biifr!; r's mon-
grel. In 1833 this vein of humour was de-
veloped in his 'Jack in OHice (South Ken- '
sinptnn >rusenm), the first of tho'-.- ermine
burlesqut'S of huraiun life to which he owed
mueli of his popularity. The next year he
struck another popular note in his picture of
* Bolton
Abbev in the Olden Times ' (Duke
bf Deronsldfe), whieh exactly hit the pre-
-1 w^uch
vailing romantic sentiment for the pn
had been largtjly developed by Scott's novel-,
and displayed his power of elegjint com-
position and dexternii^ painting- of dead
game. In 1837 he showed the varietv of
his gifts in The Highland Drover's Depart
*
ture' (South Kensiiirton Museum), in w!ii~!i
perception of the beauty of natural .Hcenerv
wa.s ttnitod with humour and pathos. A
'Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner' (South Keu-
sington Museum), though the mourner was
only a dog. In IS.^S appeared Distin- '
A
guished Member of the Humane Societv'
(National Gallenr), find There's Life in tlie
*
old dog yet' (l^ir. .John X:iylor>, in which
sympathy is excited for the dog only. In
1840 came Laying down the iw ' (Dnke
'
ofDevon ]i ire), a scene in a court of law in
which judge, counsel, &c., were represented
by dog80fdinforentbreed8,oneofthecleverest
and most 8\icces.sful of his works of this
class. Belonging to this period, though never
exhibited, are three noble works, 'Suspense,'
The Sleeping J^loodhound,' and Dicnity and
' *
Impudence.* The first is in South Kensing-
ton Museum, and the two ofehen in tlie Ntr
tional Gallery.
Down to this time (1840) there had been
no check in his success, arti.stic or sociaL
Early in life he made his way into the highest
society, and became an intimate and privi-
leged friend of many a noble family, especi-
ally that of the }{n<- lls. As early a? 18"?:^
he painted his first portrait (engraved in ths
'Keefmke') of the Duchess of Bedford, and
between that year and 1839 lie painted a suc-
cession of charming pictures of her children,
especially Lords Alexander and Cosmo Ras>
wards the Duchess of Abercom and Lady
llacliel Butler). Some of these, as ' Little
Red Riding Hood,' 'Cottage Tndustrv,' 'The
Naughty Child (sometimes called
'
The '
Naughty Boy,' but really a portrait of Lady
Kachd), and I>ady Kaehd with a Pet Fawn,'
'
are perhaps as well known as any of his pic-
tures. A diflwrent version of t he last subject,
as well as several others of IjiiKlseer's work*,
was etched by the duchess. Among his othei
Digitized by Google
 Land seer 507 Landseer
fit'H'->:it the time, some for sepnratti portraits mother lyin{^ dead on the snow), perhaps the
, and others introduced into hu sportinf pic- moat pathetic of all his conceptions. In 1851
taree,weTtheI)ulreof G<n^don,tbe &ther of he eathibtted tiie enpeib * Monardi of the
th- T)uchess of Redford (' Scenn in the High- Glen (which was painted for the refresh-
'

Und8'1828)i the Duke of A thole C Death ment-room at the House of Lords, but the
Off a Steg in Olen Tilt,' 1889); the Bnke of HoweofCommoaarefbsedtoTotethemoney),
Abercorn (1831): the Tlvik-' of DLVonsliirc and his most charming piece of fancy, the
and Lady Constance Grosvenor (1832) ; the scene from 'A Midsummer Niffht's Dream,' or
i

Ooonteat of Gheeterfleld and the OowAma of Tit8ninnd Bottom (painted for the niake-
'

Blessington (l)^*5r,); the Enrl of Tankerv'ilin speare Hoom of I. K. Brunei [q. v.], and now
'

('Death of the WUd BuU'); Lady Fitxharris in the possession of Earl Brownlow); in
1

ad Viaooiiiit Ifdbourne d836) the Hoil 1868 the gread ^ctures of a duel betreeii
;

Mfg. Nortou, and two children of the Duk<^ stnps named 'Night* and 'Morning' (Lord
I

of Sutherland (1838). To 1839 belouffthe Hardinge) ; in 1804 ' Piper and a pair of Nut-
I

odelnttted portnitt of jrirlB, Min EUnTPtel erackeri' (a bnUfinch and two eqiunels) ; and
|

villi Fido Q Bcaut/g Rath '), Miss Bknrhp thi' ijrim dream of polar bears disturbing the
^niton (with a cockatoo), and the Princ^ ds relics of Sir John Franklin's ill-fated arctic
ItarfofOambridffe witha Kewfonndland dog expedition, caUed 'Man proposes, God die-
('OnTrii-t') and in the same year he painted poses' (nullowiiv Colh^tTf'V
;

hia iirst portrait of the (;[ueeu, which was giren In 1860 Landseer was knighted by the
hyher majesty to Prince Albert belsra thnr queen, and hi this year appeared ' A I>ia-
marriage. At thw palace he was hereafter log-ue at Waterloo' ("Natinnal Gallpry), with
treated with exceptional favour. From 1839 portraits of the Duke of Wellington and the
to 1866 he fieqaentlj painted or drew the MarehiooeiB of Bonro. He had gone to Bel-
q n. the wince consort, and their rliil-
i gium for the first time the year before, to get
dren, the Prmoess Royal, the Princess Alice, materials for this picture. In 1856 he re-
and the Prineeas Beatrice. He painted also ceived the large gold medal at the Furis Uni-

her majesty's framcki'cpt'rs and her pets, :ind versal Exhibition an honour not accorded
made designs for her private writioff-puper. to any other English artist. In 1860 he
He taaght Qnees Victoria and her nnsbend prodttoed ' The Flood in the Highlanda.'
to etch, and l)et\v>en If^l! iiitd 1814 the A severe mental d^ |iri s>ion, from which he
queen executed si.v and the prince four had long been suffering, began at thia time
etehin|]r9 fmm his drawin<rs. to obsenre Landseer'a reason, and in 186S
In 1- f
he was oblif^ed to trnvfl abroad and 1%3 no finished picture proc>'"f1od from
for tht) benefit of his health, aud he sent no his hand. But he rallied from the attack,
pietiira to the Academy in 1841 . He made, and in 1865, on the death of Sir Oharies
nowever, n scries of b*'i\ntifii! "kt-tehf;;: dur- Eastlake, hn wnn offerf'd the presidency of
ing his absence, some of which were after- the Roval Academy, which he declined. In
wuda nliliaed in pictures like 'The Shep- NoTember 1868 hia nervous state of healtii
|

herd's Prayer,'' Geneva,' and * Thi- Maid and WHS iip-rfrnvnti'd by a railway accident, which
the Magpie,' and from 1842 to 1850 he exhi- left a scar upon his foreheaid. His most im-
bited Tefrnl*riy every year. To tiiie period portant worxs between his partial recovery
belong Ttianv of his most fninoufl nna iro^t and his death were a picture of the Swan- '

poetical pictun-s. In 1^42 appeared 'Tlu' nery invaded by Eagles,' 1869, in which all
Skiictaatry ' (Windsor Oastk), the first of his youthful vigour and ambition seemed to
J

those picture*- of deer in wliich the f-'dititj n.'i^li out again for the last time, and the
i

of the sportsman ^ave place to that ol tlui models of the lions for the Nelson Monu-
mA contemplative poet, viewing in the life ment, for which he had received the com-
if animals a reflection of the lot of man. In mission in 1859. These were placed in Tra-
IB43 he painted a sketch of The Defeat falgar Square in 1866, when he exhibited at
<

of Oomna' for the freeoe executed for the the Royal Academy his only other work in
qaeen in the summer-honse at Buckingham sculpturi', a fine model of a j^tag at Bay.' '

Pshure called Milton ViUa, one of the most His last portrait was of the queen, his la^t
powerful end leeat agreeable of his works. drawing was of a dog. He died oil I Oct.
In 1844 came the painful 'Otter Speared' 1873, and was buried with public hamoan in
;
and the peaceful Shocinj^
'
' in 1846 the St. Paul's Cathedral on 11 Uct.
'Time of Peace' and 'Time of War;' in In person Landseer was below the middle
IH}"* Al'-rander and Dioj^enes,' his most
'
heipht. His broad, frank face, magnificent
elaborate piece of canine comedy (the four forehead, and fine eyes are well rendered in
lact are in the National OaUeiy), and ' A the portrait-group called ' The ConnMSeeora'
B*^*^ Shot ' (a fiawB tiying to auck ita (1866), is which the artiat has rflpfennted

Digitized by Google
 Landseer 508 Landseer
him;clf sketching, with a dog on each t>idtt of f>ortraitsof men are those of him.selt' and Ida
Itiiu critically watching hiaprogrcfls. Tbiii por- ather.
trait, which the artist pri s. nted (o thePrinco Landseer was fond of sport. In hi- boy-
of Wales (afterwards iviug Edward VlI)jiB hood he enjoyed rat-killii^ and dog-lights,
ehaneteristic, for Landseer went about with but in his manhrxxl his fiiiTOttrita sport, was
a troop of dogs, making up, it was said, in deer-etalking. This he was able to indulge
quantity for the quality of his early favourite by yearly visits to Scotland, where he wa# a
vBmtua.' In di.sposition he was genial,qaick- iaTOUxed ffnest at many aristocratic shoot ing-
wittcd, full of anocdoti's of men and manners, lodges. At some of these, as at Anlverikie
and an iidmirahle mimic, qualities which con- on Loch I.Jiggan, erected by the Marquis
tributed largely to his gnat iuccess in so- of Abercorn in 1840, and occupied by (^ueea
ciety. Hut his highly nervous disposition, Victoria in 1847, and at Glenfesliie, the shont-
which made him enjoy life so keenly, made ing-place of the Duke of Bedford, ho decoratwl
liim alao eztreiiielj muiti ve to anTtmng like the walls with sketches. Those at Ardverikie
censure, or what ap])'>ftrprl to him as sfighta have been destroyed by fire. Sometimes the
from his distingui^iied friends, and to such love of art got the upper hand of the sports-
causes are attributed those attacks of HUntal man, as once, when a fine stag was passing, he
Qlne&s which saddened his life. thrust his gun into the hands of the gillie, and
As an artist he was thoroughly original, took out his sketch-book for a shot with his
'
'

fltrikiiiu' )iit a new path for himself by treat- pencil. Between 1846 and 1861 he executed
inpf the analogy between the cha-
iiirially twenty drawings of deer-stalking, which,
racterb of animals and men. His principal engraved by various hands, were published
forerunner in this was Hogarth, wao occa- tx)gether under the title of * Forast Work.*
sionally introduced animals in his pictures f lis most important work as an illustrator
from the same motive. But Landseer was of books were his paintings and dru wings
more playful in his humour, more kind in for the Waverley Novels,' 18;U-41, and six
'

hif satire, trying only to show what waa illustrations for llogere's '
Itnly,' 18i>8. He
human in the brute, whereas Hogarth only drew a series fourteen) of sportinff subjects
(

displayed what was orutal in the man. But for 'The Annala of sporting,' 188-6r and
Landseer was a poet as well as a humorist, engravincrs from his drawings or pictures ap-
and could strike chords of human feeling peared ui S^wrting,' by Nimrod (four) ; ' The
'

almost lus truly and strongly as if his sub- New Sporting Magazine '(two); 'The Sport-
jecte Im bpen men iTiatead of dogs and deer.
l ing Review 'i one); The Sportsman's Annual'
*

Aa a draughtiiman he was exceedingly (one); 'The Book of Beauty' (five); Dickensa

elej^nt and facile, and his dexterity and Cricket on the Hearth' (one) ; * The Mena-

fiwiftne3? of execution with the brush were geries' in Charles Knight's 'Library of En-
remarkable, especially in rendering the skins tertaining Knowledge,' &c. In 1847 he drew
and furs of animals a few touches or twirls,
; a beautiiul set of ' Mothers' (animahs with
especially in his later work, sufficed to pro- young) for the Duchess of Bedford, which
duce effects which seem due to the most were engraved by Charles (ieorge Ijewis Tq. v.]
indicate mani|mlatum. Of hb swiftness of Landseer was the most popular artist oi
execut ion th<^rc are many examples. A pic- his time. His popularity, m
the first place
ture of a bloodhound called Odui was cnm- '
' due to the character of his pictures and to
pletod in twelve hours to justify his opinion the geniality of diaposition which they mani-
that work completed with one effort was fest ed, was enormously increased by the
the best. Another, of a dog called 'Trim,' numerous engravings that were published
was finished in two hours, and the famous from his works. Mr. Algernon Graves, in
'
Sleejiinp I?lnodhound in the National Gal-
' his Catalogue of the Works of Sir Edwin
'

lerywas painted between the middle of
Monday and two o^ctock on tha following
Thursday.
His compositions are nearly always marked
by a great feeling for elegance of line, but
in his later works his colour, despite his skill
in imitation, was apt to be cold and crude as
a whole. Though ue could not paint flesh as
well as ho painted fur, his portraits are frank
and nat ural, preserving the distinction of his
sitters without any affectation. His pictures
of chilflrp!) (generally grouped with their
peUi) aru always charmiug. Perhaps his beat
Landseer,' numbers no fewer than 434 etch-
ings and engravings made from his works
down to 1875, and no less than 12fi engravers
who were employed upon them. Sir Edwin
I
wa.s also very fortunnre in his engravers, espe*
I
cially in his brother Thomas j^q. v.], who may
be said to have devoted his life to engraving
the worka of his yoimgw hrothair< Of his
other engravers the roost important (in regard
to the number of works engraved) were Charles
George Lewis, Samuel Cousins, Charles Mot*
tram. John Outrim. B. P. Gibbon, T. L. At^-
. kiusoUf H. T. Kyall, W. H. Simmons, Kobert

Digitized by Coogle |
 Landseer 509 Landseer
Qnvw, AJLA., W. T. Davey, and R. J. by Sir E. Landseer by Janes Daflbme ; Iked-
Liin>>, A.R.A. nithogmi'lr^^ 1 Woofs of tli*- jrnirp's Diet. Redgraves' Century Bryan's Diet.
; ;

06t popular m these engravings are still ut (rr.ives's Diet. Enplish Cyclnj jpdia; Annals of
;

great premhim. The ui]gB wrttme wbich the FineArts; Lockhnrt'.s Life of Scott; Ruskio's
he left behind Iiitn was mostly accumulated Modem Painters. The Art Journal for a number
of years published stcpl engravings after bis pic-
tom the sale of the copyrights of his pictures
tures in the W^rn jii -.md other collections, and
in 1876-7 a quantity of outs after TendsBOf's
LanJ<cor's pain ting!" have gTLUtly incronsed
sketehfls, extending over his whole eaiear. The
in Tslne since his death. Even
his earliest l itti r yrorr' republished aa Stuilios of Sir E.
mrin fetdi eommratiTely large prices. ' A LainisHjr, with letterpress by the present writer.
Span! -l.' paintpcf in was bought in
1813, Inlbrmatioo from Kr. Algernon Oraves.]
at Mr. H. J. A. Munro's sale (18^) for C. M.
Ml. 10. ; ft dnwingof an * Alpine Maatiff,'
eueoted two years nf^or, sold at the artist's
LANDSfit Ji:^SIOA (1810-1880),
landscape and miniature painter, bom, ao-
mIs (1874) for 123 guineas ; and the picture
cording \ o her own statement, 29 Jan. 1810,
(punted 1890) of * Alpine Maatilbnftnunat-
was the daughter of John Landseer [q. v.J
injr a Dlstres^ied Traveller' sold in 187.5 for
Between I81B and 1666 she exhibited ten
2^7A lOi. At the Coleman tale in 1881 pictures at the Royal Academy,
soven at the
Ikefelloivring high prioea were given: for a
^British Institution^ and six at SuffoUc Street.
Urye cartoon of a Stag and Deerhound,' in '

She also etched two plates after her brothr

coloured chalks. 6 ' Digging oat an Ot-
Edwin Vixon,' a Scotch terrier (also en- '
ter.' fintilied by Sir John Sfi]Sus8,007<:iO.;
graved by her brother Thomas for 'Annals of
'Man projKvses, Qod disposes/ 6,615/. and ;
Sporting ), and 'Lady Louisa RnsseU feeding
' WeU-bnHl Sitten,' 6^1. The ' Monarch
a Donkey ( 18i?6). A. copy by h^r on ivory of '

of the Olen'iraa sold in April 1809 for over

W)/ and 10,000/. have been given for the Beauty's Bath [see Lai; dsbbb, Si& Edwui]
'
'
7.1 .

became the property of Queen Aleiandn,

'
dttg at Jday and for the Otter Hunt.'
'
'
She died ut I'olkeatone on 29 Aug. 1880,
Ttoe are several portraits of Landseer.
A a boy he was painted b^ J. Hayter, then [BryRu's Diet. Stephens's Landseer in Great ;

hioaelf a bov, as The Oncketer/ exhibited Artiste Soriee; Graves Catalo^fue of the Works
'

of Sir E. Landseer; Graves's Diet.; information

siths RaTai AeadeiBv in 1616, end in 1616
by C. R. Lesliej in 'Hie Death of Rutland.'
from Mrs. Mackensie, sister of Jtliss Jcosioa
iMdsesr.] G. M.
llicTe are two lithographs after drawings by
Ooant DDrsay, 18M. He drew himself in JMSmaaSBL, JOHN (1769>185),
1829 a^ The Falconer,' engraved in 1 830 for painter, engraver, and author, the son of a
'

'Hie Amulet' by Thomas Landseer, who in jeweller, was bom at Lincoln in 1769. He
tk Mune year engraved anortiait of mm alke^ was approntioed to William Bfme [q. v.],
Edward Dupp In I860 Sir Francis Grant the landscape engraver, and his first works
1.

Minted liim, and 0. Q. Lewis engraved a were vignettes after De Loutherbouj^ for the
aranrcotype. 'Tlie Oomioisaenra' belongs publisher IfoeUinls Bible and for Bowyei^
to 186.'), and a portrait hy John Ballantvne, History of England.' In 179_' he xhibited -

R.SA., to 1866. There is also a portrait of
him by Charles Laikdseer, and others by him-
lelf. A bust by Baron Marochetti is in the
poussaion of the Boval Academjr. In the
wiater of 1876-4 n laroe eolleetion of his
work? Wiis exhibited af t1n> Royal Academy.
By the generosity of private persons, prin-
cipally Mr. Vernon, Mr.SheepBhanhB,ano Mr.
Jacjjh Hfdl,the nation is rich in the -workn of
londeeer both at South Kensiu^on and the
NstioBal Gallery, and the Britmh Mnaanm
contains ft oolleotioB of Ms slehingB and
k*'tche9.
[Cat. of the Worka
of Sir E. Landseer by Al-
gnuuu OrsvoH (a very v.aluable work, full of
nolw '"mirir minute and varifd inf mii-
tion ni/oxit Landfieer aud hia works) Memoirs of
Sr B. lAndscPT by F. O. .Stvphens, Sir Edwin
LtPfiwsr in Ofcat Artiats Ser. by the same ; Con-
Fsintam (Haaton); Pietursa
for the first tune at the Boyal Academy.
His eentribntion was a^Viewfiiom the Her-
mit's Hole, Isle of Wight.' He was living
at the time at 83 Queen Anne Street East
(now Foley Street), London. His conneo>
tion with the Macklin family ro^ulfod in
his marriage to a friend of theirs, a Miss
Potts, whcMsc portrait, with a sheaf 00m
as it contained portraits of the publi.'^her, hi.<i
wife, and daughter. After his marriage he
removed toTl Qneen Anne Street East (now
33 Foley St root"), where his celebrated sons
were bom. In 1795 appeared 'Twenty Views
;
of the South of Sootlsnd,' engraved by bim
after drawinpfs bv J. Moore. In 1806 he
delivered at the T^oyal Institution a series of
leetnies on engraving, still vatuftble fat theif

Digitized by Google
 Landseer
clear evpositlon of the principli of the art s also
and of the methods of dmenjut kiods of en-
graving. In them he defended his view of
engraving as a description of sculpttirtj by
* Rut he did not entirely abandon himself to
muanoa,' and warmly demanded from tho
Bqysl Academy a more generouR recof:^nit ion
of the claims of engravers, who were then
placed in a separate claw as associate en-
gravers and only allowed to exhibit two
works at the annnal exhibitions. In the same
year he was elected an associate engraver, a
persomd honour which he only accepted in
the hopf that it would give him a strongt r
>sition for the furtherance of his views in
voiirof his profession. This hope was not
realised. He, with James Henth, Einntlier
associate engraver, applied to the Academy
to place engraving on the same footing as in
academies abroad, but their application wus
refused. lie also petitioned the prince regent
withont result. The lectures at the Royal
Institution were cut short bv his dismissal on
the ground of diqwraging allusions to Alder>
man John Boydell [q. .], who had died in
1804. The action of the managers was no
doubtdue to t he representations of John Boy-
dellli nephew, Jonah Boydell. By no means
daunted, Landseer published his Icctur- s un-
altered in 1807, with notes severely com-
menting on Joslah Boydell and on a pamphlet
which lioydell had issued. Attliis tlnir 1 .imil-
eeer was ei>ga|;ed on several works, including;
iUiiftfsdons mWilliam 8cropo*8 <Soenee in
Scotland' (published 1808) and the ' Scenery
of the Isle of Wight '(Dublished 1612). For
the latter he engraved thne of J. . M W.
Turiwr's drawings, 'Orchard Buy," Shanklin
Bay,' and ' Fraehwater Bay.' fiia only other
engravings after Tumer were *High Ton'
in WLitiikfi's Ilistorv of Richmondshiri'
'
(1812) and 'The Cascade of Temi' in Hake-
wlU*8 'Pfettnwqiie Tour in Italy,' probably
thefineetof all Laiu1>''t'r's ongrHving^s. In
IBOB he tiommencedaperiodioM, Keview of ' to the idng (William lY), and attained an
PuUieatania of Art,* which Hved only to the
second volume. In 1813 he lectured at the
3urrey Institution on ' ThePhilosoj^y of Art.'
Disappointed at ^he tuhxn of his memorial
to the Koyal Academy, he is said by the author
of a biography in the 'Literary Gaiette'
(No. 1884) to baTO turned lita attention tnm
engraving to archaeology. In 1817 he puV
lished ' Ooeervations on the Engraved Uerns
brought from Babylon to England by Abn-
hara IjOckett, K.s^q., considereu with reffrenci
to Scripture History.' He contended that
these gouLs or cylinders were not med as
'
' man, with long white loein and great aweet-
tali^man.(t but as 8oala of kings, &c., and in
1823 he issued Sabsaau Heseaidies, in a
'
Seiiea of Essavs on the Engraved Hiero-
glyphic* of Chaldea, Egypt, and Canaan.' He
5 to Landseer
commencedin 1810 a work on *The An-
tiquities of Dacca,' for which he executed
twenty plates, but it was never completed.
archieology. Ue (181^ engmved a drawing
by his son Edwin (afterwards SiB EBwnr
Landseer, q^. v.), called 'Tlus Lions' Den.' In
1823 he published an Essay on the Cam vora
' i
to accompany a hook of ' Twenty Engruv mga
of Lions, Tigers, Panthers, ami Leopards, by
Stubbs, Kembrandt, SpU-nbury, Keydinger
[Riedinger], and Edwin Land.seer,' nearly all
executed by his son Thomas. With some
gftsifttance nom his son Thomas he engraved
Edwin'aoelebratedyouthfulpicturBof' Alpine
Ma^t ifFd reanimating a Distressed Traveller.'
This was published in 1831 (eleven years aft er
the picture was pointed), together vnth a pam-
phlet called Some Account of the Dogs and ot
'
the Pass of the (heat St. Bernard,' &c. In
1833 appeared a seriet of engravings illue>
trating the sacred scriptures, after Kaphael
and otliem. In 1834 he nobliahed a descrip-
tioa of fifbr of the 'EarheBt Pictures in the
National Galltry,' vol. i. In 1836 he made
another effort to nresa the claims of engrav-
ing on the Royal Academy by joining in a
]H liiinii to the Ilouse of Common:*, who re-
ferred it to a aeleot committee. The report
of the committee was &vonrable, and was fol-
lnwe<l by a petition to the liiiij,', which was
inefiiactual. In 1887 he commenced a ehort-
lived Imt trsnoliaat periodical caDed ' The
Probe.' In 1840 appeared * Vatea, or the
Philosophy of Madness/forwhichheexecated
six platea. Hia eontribafcionB to the Royal
Acadeniy n\ I're only seventeen in number, ljut
they did not cease till 1851, His last con-
trimiljont were diawioge from natnre ; one
of ' FTadleigli Castle ' was exhibited after his
death in 1852. He died in London, 2U Feb.
1 and was huried in Ilighgate cemetery.
John LaiidsefiT wa-s a F.S.A. and engraver
hononrable reputation aa an engraver, an an-
ticjiiary, a writer ou art, and a champion of
his profession, but it has been said tnat his
chief work waa the bringing up of his three
di'-t inguished .'inn.^, Thomas, Charlet*, and
Edwm. Out of eleven other ohildren four
daughters only lived to maturity: /ane (Mr&
Charles Chri-^lmas), Anna >Iaria, Jessica
l^. and Emma (Mrs. Mackeniie). A
portrait of him by his eon Sir Edwin Lan^
SM-T waa exhibited at the rkoyal .Vrademy in
1840. It repre.i^ents him as a venerable old
ne8 of expression, holding a larj^o open
volume. ^ It is now in the possession of Mrs.
Madraniie^ hia only aurriviu^^ child, hut wiU
beoome the property of the aationat bar death.
Digitized by Google
 Landseer 511 Lane
FAv:'m Landseer, in Greftfc Artists SnricB,
[Sir work. Of etchings and engravi ng.< after hb
IT F. G. JStephens Pye's I'aLronngo of Jiriiisih
; brother lie executed over Il'o. Some of the
An; Cral>b BobinHJiis Diary, 1869, i. &O0-6 more important of his later eilbrta in re-
Uttnrj Gazette, No. 1884; EvideDM before producing his htother^s works an: 'A dls-
tkt Sakfit CommittM of Um House of Comtnons
tinffuished Member of the Humane Society
m Arts, he., I896v qiiaticni 2046 ;
Kedgmre's
(1830), Dignity and Impudence (1841),
' '
Diet; Bryan's I'i t Clravrs'e Diet.
; ;John Lnnd-
.

'Laying down the Law' (1 {^3), 'Stag at

Dta't Le<?tnres on tLe Art of Eugmving, 1807;
Atgemoii Grives'.s C;itulo;,Tie of tho Works of Sir
Bay ( 1848), * Alexander and Diogenes
'

.lAXideer; Annala of the Fine Arts; infonna- ( 1 Hr>2), The Monarch of the Glen (1852),
*
'

rioB fruBi Mrs. Miickensie and Mr. Algernon 'Ni((ht' and 'Morning' 0866), 'Children
6m] an. of the Mi8t'(lft56), 'Man propoees, God
disposes ' (1867), Defeat of Comua' (lb6d),
'

LANDSEER, THOMAlS 'The Sanctuary' (1869), 'The Ohall enge

(1795-1880),
son of Jnlin Landseer ^q. v. J,
tTi^rraver, pldt's^f (ISTi), 'Indian Tent, Mare and Foal (1875), '

WW bora at 7 1 Queen Anne Street at {nov and his last plate, after almost the last of
t8Pol878traeti,Lonao iBl796. He wis his hrother's piotiaes, ' TbB Font ' (1876).
br up to tne profession of nn cncraver,
ti^'l * Thomas Landseer was an engraver of ^reat
and recttivod instruction from his father, whom power and originality, and may be said to
leiamtedbiMTMralofliisplatfls. He alio have invented a style in order to render
^tni'u'i] ivith his brotber CHmrlf'.s nnd( r P. 11. more fiiitlifully and .^yinpathetically the
flardon [q. v.], under whose direction ho made works of his brother. master of all A
Hlkdiewin|;r8 from tke eeitooasof Raphael mathods of eirayingonmeta],he employed
Midtbf- Kl^nn niarhlc-!. Tii If^lfllp' piil>li.hed in his most effective plates all the resources
hii first engraTinff on copper from a ' Study of the art, making especially a free use of
of e Hand of a S^n/ hy Haydon, a mistnre the etdiea line in order to nnder move truly
of etr!iinp jind aquatint, and in the following the textures of fur and hide. His great ment
jear his father publiahed the first part of as an engraver is now well recognij;ed, hut
a seriM of etdtings by him, imitating the the Royal Academy was long in grantfnff
atudi<sof Ilaydonforhip picf ur- s. and called him his due honour. Tie was not admitted
'Haydon's lowing Book.' JUel'ore this he into the ranks of the associates till 1868,
hmH ezeented s nnmber of eteluBge after his when he waa seventy*three years of age.
Toung brother Edwin's dravvingn, tho first of The most important of his engravingn after
which is < A
BoU, mark.-d T. W.,' drawn artists other than Sir Edwin is 'The Horse
wdetdied in the Mine year (1811), when Fair,' after Rosa Bonheur.
Thomas wa=j sixtf nn and Kdwin nine years To the orin-inal desifrns, otclied by himself,
old. The ret of his life waa mainly devoted already mentioned should be added, 'Jdon-
to etching and engraving hie lirother'iidmw- keyana' (1827), 'Etchings iUnsttatlTe of
iDgl and pictures [net- I.anbsker, Stb Ed- Coleridge's "Devil's Walk"' (1831), and
nv]. In 1823 he worked with great viff0ur ' Characteristic Sketches of Aniinals '
(1832).
ad engraved Edwin^s pctum of the ' itnt- He was also the author of an admirsole bio-
eatcherfl' and five of his drawings of wild praphy, 'The Life and I^etters of William
bcMta. Tbeselaatplatee, withotluasby him Bewick' [a. y.j, his former colleague and
ifter Bnbena ena otiier artitts, with an ftllow-pnpii under Haydon. It was pnW
'Essay on Carnivora * by his father, \v. re li.hedml871.
iMoed in a Tolome in 1823. Thomaa'a en- Thomas Landseer died at 11 Grove End
gminge after Edwin haw a freedom whkh Bead, St. John's Wood, on 90 Jan. 1880.
ihovs Thfit lie ivns already cmancipatinghtm- [Bryan's Diet. (Graves); Annals of tho Fine
mi from the somewhat formal style of hie Alts; Staphsns's Landser in Great Artista
frther. Bohn^edttiooof the work (18S8) Series; Onrcs's Diet.; Oravesli Oatalogoe of
cmifain.<! three additional plates after Jraw- the Work-s of Sir E. L,ui.!soer.] C. M.
iagt by himself. ThreeetchmgB.aftor Edwin's LAIfE, CILIRLES EDWARD WIL-
dnnmigs fcr the 'Annals of Sp<jrt ing/ belong LIAM (1786-1879), rami
in the Indian
trt tl,f. same year
(1823), and in the next he army, son of John and Melissa Lane, was bom
Tcd six more for the same periodicaL In 29 Oct 178&and bajitised at St. Martin's-in-
beeidee many other plates, he exeentcd tb^Fielda, Limdon, m
November the same
one of a Vanquiahed Lion,' which has Ed-
'
year. He was
nominated to a cadotship in
win* name engraved upon it, but is supposed 180&and passed an examination in Persian
te have been painted as well as enmved by and Hindustani, for whieh he was awarded
himself Graves. Ciif'if"f/)i^, Xo. IolM. a gratuity of twelve hunJn d rupees luul a
In 1837 he engraved the Sleeping Blood- '
sword. His commissions in the Bengal in-
heud,' dona to that time his moat important fiuitiy warn: enqgnlS Aug. 1807,lietttenaat

Digitized by Coogle
 Lane 5" Lane
14 Jaly 1812, captain (army 6 Fb. 1^) corrections,and % manuscript presentation,
80 Jan. 1 824, major 30 April 1 835, liputonant- with pretty versus, tn Anne and Catherine
coluael 26 Dec. 1841, colonel 25 May 1862. Chettle). 2. Mercy Triumphant,' &c., 1680,
'

He became major-gneral hi 18B4)liea!teBaiit- 4to (against Lewis da Moulin [q. t.J, who
general in 1866, p- 1870. He !harpd
n rsil in held thfit probably not one in a million
'

the Deccan prize as lieutenant 1st Bengal of the human race would be saved); 2iid
native infiBntry for 'general eapturee.' He edition, with title <Du MoQlia^ BeieetioM
Bouphtpprmi.s-^ion in 1821 to change his name Reverberated,' &c., 1681, 8vo, has appended
to Mattenby, but the reouest was refused as 'Answer 'to the 'Naked Truth. The Second
beyond the competenoecn the Indian gorem- Part,' by Edmund Hickeringill [q. v.] (Wood).
mont. Ilf anrvrd with the 2ncl nntivp j^na- Bound with the British Museum copy (696,
dier battalioa in Arracan in 1825, was timber f. 13)of No. 1 is an autograph manuscrot,
cent at Naulpore in 18S8, and waa in charge pp.
of the Commi~-;iriat at Dinapnro in 1832. As
ready for press, and mdaded in
gift to the Misses rhettle, its title beii':: A
w '

major he commande d his regiment in Af* Taste of the Euerlastiug ii'east ... in Heauea
ghanistan under Sir WOliuB Nott in 1849^ At the Marriage-Supper ofthe Lsmbe . bv . .

and coramandt'd the garriflOll of Gandahar K. L.,' Sec. From 1638 to 1641 he wrote Hm
when, during the temporary absence of Nott, surname LLane.' Lane left in manuscript
'

the place was assaulted on 10 Mardi by ft 'Disoourse of the Waters of Nonb,' in reply

an Afghan detachment, which was repulsed to Thomas Burnett's 'Theory of the Earth'
with heavy loss ^see London Oazette^ 6 Sept. (^Notes and Queries, 6th ser. x. 181, 273).
1642). Lane reeenred the medal for Gandidiar 'As Image of our Reforming Times,' JuL
and Cabul, and was made O.B. 27 Doc. 1842. 1664, 4to, is by Colonel Edward l4Uie^*CI
He died in Jerwy 18 Feb. 1872, aged 85. Uam-pinnulo/ a Filth monarchy man.
[bidiaB Army Iifata; inftniiatioa obtained [Wood's BmM (Bliss), i. 6lo sq., ii. 127 ; Oar>
ftom (he India office.] H. M. C. diner's Rogister of St. Paul's School, 1884. p. 34;
LANi; EDWARD (1605-1685), theolo- information from the &ev. Evelyn 1). Ueatlioote,
gical writer, bora in 1605, was elected % ^iosr of Spftssholt] A. O.
scholar at St. Paul's School, where he was LANE, WILLIAM (1801-EDWARD
amonf the pupils of Alexander Gill the elder 18761, Arabic scholar, wsa bom 17 Sept. 1801
(q. y.T and was admitted on 4 July 1699 at 8t. at Herefbrd, where his &thr, TheonhSss
Johns College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. Lan e D r. L of Balliol College and
, .
.
, Mmf^^
162&-d,M.A.1629. In 1631 he was presented Hall, Oxford, was prebendary of WithtQClsn
(admitted 94 March) to the vicarage of North Parva. Foarof hisdirsctaiiosstonhadMMi
Shot'bury, E.ssex, by the crown, through the mayors of Hereford since 1621. Tli-; mother
lord keeper. Thomas OovenUy [q. ; he re- waa Sophia Qardinari niece of the painter
signed on 98 Jan. 1686, being presented by Ofunsborough, a of nnmraal intdlset womn
thi' same patron to the vicarage of Sjiarsholt, and character. He was educati'd, after his
Hampshire. He was also rector of Lainston, father's death in 1814, at the grammar schools
Hampshire, a pari.sh adjoining, probably from of Badi and Hendbra, where he showed a
1637. thi 0 .July IGIj') ho was incorporated bent for mathematics, which led bim to con-
M.A. at Oxford. In 1644, being a ' time of template a Oambri(k^ degree with a view to
wan^,' Lane was absent ftiymSpanholt. He taUngorders. TheplaawBsalMndoDed,how-
was rfcommendod by the assemhly of divines ever, and he wont to London to ham engrav-
to fill the sequestrated benefice of Sholden, ing under Charles Heath, to whom his elder
Kent, 97 TVb. 1644-6 (A^t. M8. 16668, brother lUehard James [q. v.] wee artkled.
p. .39 i). His incumbency i\\ Ho pos-p.-igrd much the same delicacy
Spjirsholt lasted <it"

fift^ Tears. He collected and transcribed the touch as his brother, but his health was
pinsfi registers from I60T,and seems to hare unequal to the trials of a eonfined oocupa-
Men an exemplary j^arish cl^Tirymiin. IIl' tioii and tlic London climate, and after pub-
died CO 2 Sept. 1685 m
his eighty-first year, lihhinff a solitary print a prolonged illness
and was boned on 4 8ept. in the chancel of comndled him to seek ft warmer Iititads.
Sparsholt Chu li. His wilV Mary was buried To tnis happy disability he owed the develop-
i
i

on 27 Oct. 1U69. iiia children, none of ment of his special genius. As early aa 16iB
whom survived him, included Edward, boned he had erinoed a marked pasaion for eastern
17 May 1660, who had been in IrehuKl. and studies, and it Avas to Kgypt that ho now
Henry, baptised 11 April 1639, probationer turned. An additional inducement waa the
scholar of New College, Oxford, buried 6 Oct. hope of a ooDSulship. Aoeordin^ly, in July
16o9. 1 si.\', T.aiir st sail for Ah'xandna, and aft (

He published : 1. ' Look unto Jesus,' &c., an adventurous vovaffe of two months, during
1663, 4to (British Musenm copy hia authox'a which his theovsticu knowlsdgft of naviga-

Digitized by Google
 Lane
to steoT the ship thrnugh a
liabl(l liim
terrific hurricane, when the sailing-master
ms incapacitated, and after narrowly es-
caping' d*ath in a mutiny of thf rrow, he ar-
rived in the land with which his name was
hneafbith to be permtnoitljr uaodttod.
Egy^t wft<< then almost an unknown conn-
trj. iNapriieon's scientific commission had
noentlj publidied the results of their re-
leaidies in the monumental ' De^^rription de
PE^te,' but this great work was a tentative
bsgmiui^. Noanehfld yet fully taken stock
th^ monnmentfl. On arriving, Lant^ found
him^elfinthemidstofa brilliant group of dis-
:nT> ren^ who were longing to essar tniattosk.
Wilkinson and James Burton (afterwards
HAliburton [q. .]), the hieroglyphic scholars,
were there, together with Linant andfionomi,
the Rxplorers; the travellers Humphreys,
Hay,and Fox-Strangways ; Major Felix and
III &tinguihed friend, Lord Prudhoe. Lane
determined to take his part in t hp work. He
resolved to write an exhaustive description
of Efirjpt, and to iUnstrate it by his own
Wncil. He possessed unnsnal qunliBcations
nrthe taak. He soon spoke Arabic fluently,
lad his grave demMnour and almost Arabian
east of countpnnnce, added to thenativp rlresa
which he always wore in Egypt, enabled iiim
to pa among the people as one of themselves.
AfWsome months spent in Cairo in studying
tb townsfolk and improving himself in the
<lial^, ud some weeKs' residence hi a tomb
b? the pymmids of Giieh, Lane set out in
itsrch 1826 on his first Nile Toyage. He
aioaded as far m
the second eatnaet, an
oniaal diptnnce in those days, f^pont more
tlisn two months at Thebes, in August to
Octobpr,and made a large nnmherofexauisite
s*piA drawincTs of the monuments, aided by
tbe camera lucida, the invention of his friend
IN'. Wollaston. On his return to Cairo he
'?''Totp<1 him'flf to a study of the people,
Uieir manners and customs, and the monu-
ments of Saracenic art. and then(1827) again
Mcende<l the Nile to W&di Halfeb,and com-
pleted his survey of the Theban temples in
ootfnr residence of forty-one days, living
the while in tombs. At the bejjinning of
1688 he was again in Cairo, and m
the au-
ton he returned to England, bringing with
Km an elaborate D. scription of Egypt,' il-
* by G. T. B'^'ttany, with a brief memoir, 1891).
hstrated by 101 sepia drawings selected from
Ui portfelioe. The work is a model of hidd
iii'l acruTJite description, but it has never
published, in consequence of the ditH-
nlty and expense of repradndng the draw-
in a manner satisfactory to I. fine's fas-
tii! :ous taste. The drawings and manuscript
ari^ DOW in the British MnMom.
Although the woih was nsrer printed as
TOU XI.
513 Lane
a whole, thn=;e rhnpters of it which related to
the modern inhabitants were, on the recom-
mendation of Lord Brougham, accepted hy
the Society for theDiflFusion of Useful Know-
ledge for publication in their 'Library.' It was
characteristic of Lane's tlhovoiighness that he
refused to print the chapters as they stood,
and insisted upon revisiting Egypt for the
sole purpose of revisingand expanuing what
most men would have considered an ade-
quate account. With the exception of six
months in 1836 spent at Thebes m the com-
pany of his friend Fulgence Fresnel, in order
to escape the plague which was then devas-
tating the capital, this MCOOd lesidcnce in
Egypt (December 1833 to August 1836) was
devoted exclusively to a close study of the
people of Cairo, with aTiew to hiellovnoomiiig
worK on their manners and customs. Lane
lived in the Mohammedan quarters, wore
the native dress, took thename of ' Mansoor
EfTendi,' associated almost exclusively with
Muslims, attended on every possible occasion
their religious ceremonies, festivals, and en*
tertainments, find fexcept that he always re-
tained his Christian belief and conduct) lived
the life of an Egyptian man of learning. A
p>od picture of his daily pursuits is given
in his diary (published in Lakk-Pooijb's L(fe
of E. W. Lane, pp. 41-84), where it appears
that he became nequainted with most sides
of Egyptian society, including the strange
mystical and so-called magical element which
has since vftni?}H d from Cairo. The result of
his observations was the well-known ' Ac-
count of the Manners and Customs of the
Modem Egyptian^,' which was first published
in 2 vols, in December 1 836 by Charles Knight,
who had bought the first edition from the S<^
ciety for the Diffusinn of Useful Knowledge.
The book was an immediate success. The first
edition was sold within a fortnight. The
society's cheaper edition came out in 1837, a
third in 1842, a fourth in Knight's Weekly
'
Volumes in 18461, and a fifth, in one volume,
'
by Tjane's
edited, with important additioiip,
nephew, Edward Stanley Poole, was pub-
^is, which is the standard
lisned in 18M>.
text, has been repentcdly reprinted in 2 vols.
(1871, &c.) An unauthorised cheap reprint
was included hi the * Minerva Library ' (edited
1*116 book has also been reprinted in America
and translated into German. The Talue of
the Modem Egyptians lies partly in the
'
'
favourable date of its com position, when Cairo
was still a Saracenic city, almost untouched
by Europ' an influences; but chiefly in its
microscopic accuracy of detail, which is so
complete and final that no im^rtant addi-
tifloa hafe bean made to its ptctme of llw
LL
DigitizecJ by Google
 Lane 5>4
life and cuttoms of the MuslimB of modern
Egypt, in spite of the reflearclies of numerous
travellerB and scholars. It remaine after more
than half a ceutiiry the standard authority
on its subject.
Lane'e nextworlf wasexoriit-'d in England.
It "wm a tranalatiun of the Thousand and
'
Om Nights,' or 'AnUAB Nights' Entertain-
ment,' and came out in monthly parts, illus-
trated by woodcuts ultur drawing by Wil-
liam Harvey, in 1838-40 (2nd edition, edited
by E. S. Poole, 1859, firequently reprinted.
A selection of the best tales was edited, with
additioDB, by Lane's grand-nephew, S. Lane-
Poole, in 8 vols. lOmo, 18P]). This was the
first accurate version of the celebrated Arabic
stories, and still remains the best translation
for all but professed students. It is not
complete, ana the coarseness of the original
is necessarily excised in a work which was
intended for the general public ; but the
eastern tone, which was lo.'^t in the earlier
venions, based upon GMland s French pac^
phrase, is faithfully reproduct d, and the very
Btiii'neas of the style, not otherwifie commend-
able^ hftS been found to convey something of
the impre.=aion of the Arabic. The work is
enriched with copious notes, derived from the
tnuislator's personal knowledge of Moham-
medan life and his wide acquaintance with
Arabic literature, and forms a sort of ency-
dopndttofMuslimcustoniBaiidbdiefs. (The
notes were coH 'ctf- and rearranged under
? but a very few chosf-n friends. On Sunday,
the title of Arubiuu Society in tne Middle
*
Ages,' edited by S. Lane-Poole, in 1883.)
In 1848 apponrpd a volume of 'Selections
from the ixur-an,' of which a second revised
edition, with an introduction by S. Lane-
Poole, apMMwd inliriUmer'a' QxientalSeneib'
1879.
In July 1842 I^ane set mO fer Egypt for
the third time, and with a new ohjoct. In
his first visit he was mainly a traveller and
explorer; in the second a student of the life
of the modern Egyptians; in the third he was
an Arabic scholar and lexicographer. The
task he had set before hinuelf was to remedy
the deficiencipj* of the existing Arabic-Latin
dictionaries hy compiling an exhaustive the-
MUrHi of the Arabic language from the nu-
nerOttS authoritative native lexicons. The
work was sorely needed, but it is doubtful
if even Lane, with all his laborious habits,
would have undertaken it had he realised
the cigantic nature of the task. The finan-
cial d&culty, tbe expeoM of copying manu-
ecripts, and the enormous cost of printing,
would have proved an insurmountable ob-
ttaela but for the public spirit and munifi-
cence of Lane's friend of h i 'nrliest Egyptian
years, Lord Prudhoe, afterwards ^1847)iburth
Lane
duke of Northumbf-rland, who undertook tht
whole expense, and whose widow, after hit
death in 1864, carried on the duke's project,
and supported it to its termination in 1892.
When Lane returned to Cairo in 1842 ho
took with him his wife, a Greek lady whom
he had married in England in 1840, his siflter,
Mn. Sophia Poole ^q>v>] (afterwards au-
thoress of ' Tlio Englishwoman in E2-\-pt'),
and her two sons, and his life could no longer
be entirely among his Mohammedan firienda.
Indeed, his work kept him almost wholly
confined to his study. He duuied himself to
every one, except <m Friday, the Muslim sab-
bath, and devoted all his energies to tbo
composition of the lexicon. Twelve to fon^
teen hours a day were his ordinary allowanoe
for study; for six months together he never
crossed the threshold of his house, and in all
the seven years of his residence he only left
Cairo once, for a three days' visit to the
Pyramids. At length the materiala were
gathered, the chief native lexicon (the ' Taj-
el-'Arug ') upon which he intended to found
his own work, was sufficiently transcribed,
and in October 1849 Lane brought his family
back to England. He soon settled at Worth-
ing, and for more than a quarter of a century
devoted aU his cSbrts to completing hiataak.
He worked from morning till night, sparinjj
little time for meals or exercbe, and none to
recreation, and rigidly denying himself to aO
however, he closed his Arabic books, but only
to take 1^ Hebrew and etndy the Old Tw-
tament.
He returned to Europe the acknowledged
chief of Arabic adiolim, who weie generooa
in their homage. He was made an honorary
member of the German Oriental Society, the
Royal Asiatic Society, the Boyal Society of
Literature, <.S:c. in 1864 he was elected a
;
correspondent of the French Institute ; and
in 1875, on the occasion of its tercentenary,
the university of Leyden granted him the
degree of honorary doe or of literature.
t He
dedined other offern of degreeo nnd also
honours of a different kind, but accepted a
civil list pension in 1863, the year in which
the first part of the * Arabie-Rngliah T^arieoa*
was published, after twenty years of unr^
mittmg labour. The succeeding parts came
out in 1865, 1867, 1872, 1874, and posthu-
mously, under the editorship of S. Lnne-Poole
unfortunately with unavoidable lacuuse'l. in
877, 1886, and 1893. The importance of the
'
dictionary was instantly appreciated by the
i orientalists of Europe, and the lexicon at
once became indispenaeble to the atadenl of
Arabic.
Lane continued his labours in spite of in-
Digitized by Google
 Lane
health and growing wenri-
cwirixigly delicate
am. In the midst of hi^ engrossing labours
ksoontrired to hi lp in the education of his
Wter'schildrc: nnrf ^'^rnnJchildrpn, who lived
uoder his roof, uud in epito of hia retired life
aaddevotiqii to itiid^ Itia eonfMntion Mid
toinner possessed unusual chann and grace,
On6 Aug. 1876 he was at his dfsk performing
his methodical toil in his unchanging
usual
lelicatehandwriting. TIf died four days later
(10 Aug. 1^76), a^ed nearly soventy-iive.
His portrait in ponol and ft life-sixed statue
in Egyptinn dreM WON ftXeeated bj hisfalO-
thr Uichard.
Besides the mnls neutioiied ahoTe, Lane
published t>vo es.'ays. translated into Germnn Leigh
IB the ZeiUchrift der deutschcu morgen-
'
Qeeellschaft,' the ono on Arabic
leiicogTRphy, iii. 9()-10H, 1849, and the other
a the pronunciation of vowels and accent in
Arsbic, iv. 171-86, 1860.
[8. Lane-Poole's Li fo of Edward WilHfim Lano,
prized to pt. Ti. of the Arabic-English Lexicon,
tad pablidM Mpamtely in 1877j patsonal knov-
Wi?^ ^ a
LAIiE, IIUMER (d. 1853), medical
, wa. admitted a licentiate of the Koyal
Cf>]Urn. of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1829, and
graduated Al.D. at Edinburgh University
lS30. He was honorary
physician to the
Cholera Hospital, Liveq)ool, during 1831-2,
and physician to the Lock Hospital of the
Infirmary thf re in 1833. In 1834 he col-
laborat.-fl with James Manby Gully
in a translation of 'A Systematic Treatise on
CoDiMratiye Pliytiolog\-,' by Profosjior Fre-
knck df-mann of Heidelberg, 2 vols. 8vo.
Ti>
In 1S40 he was appointed senior physician
of the Lancaster Infirmary, and in the same
Jar brought out his Compendium of Ma-
'
tcria Medica and Pharmacy, adapted to the
i^adon Pharmacopoeia, embodying all the
French, Ameriran. and Indian Medi-
BBSS, and also comprising a Summary of
ftictical Toxicology, a work of considerable
'*lne in its day. lie whs shortlv aft^erward.s
elected president of the Royal ^lediral So-
CMty of Edinlniigli. For the lust few years
of his life Lane resided at 58 Brook Street,
Gnxvenor S<^uare, and had an excellent
I^adon practice. He died at Br^hton on
28 Jane ia')3.
B**idt) the works mentioned. Lane con-
titead numerous articles to the medical
PPTS, and for some time edited the ' Liver-
lical Gazette' and the ' Monthly
pool Medical
AithiTes of the Medical Sciences.' He is
i<l also (Med. Direct. 1853) to have written
ui 'Epitome of Practical Chemistry.'
[QtotMag. IB69, pt.iLpb490; Mad. Oiswt.
ltkbit.MM;Brit.]iw.Gak2 T.
Lane
LANE, JA N I'!, nfterwnrdfl r.Any Fisher
(d. 16tt9), heroino, duughter ol' ilioma* Lane
[
of Bentley, near Walsall, Staffordshire, hy
Anne, sister of Sir Iler^'cy l^n^xot, bart., of
BUlhfieKl in the same county, distinguished
i baraelf by hor courage and deyotion in the
service of ( harlcs II after the battle of Wor-
cester (3 ^I'pt. Itiol). She was then residing
at Bentley Hall, the seat of her brother,
Ciolonel John T.nnp. Charl' S was in hidincr nt
|
Moseley, and wah in communication, through
I Lofd WUmot, with Oolonel Lane regaidtng
his escape. Jnne Lane was about to pay a
visit to herfriend.Mrs. Norton, wiltiof George
I
(afterwards Sir George) Norton of Abbote
near Bristol, and from Captain Stone,
,
governor of Stafford, had obt&in'jd a pass for
hill II ir II mini HWi iiinL mill bill ( (iiiiiiii, TTiiiiiji
Laspflles. It was arranged that the king
should ride with her in tlie disguise of her
man-servant. Accordingly, at daybreak of
10 Sept. Charles, dressed in a serving-man'e
suit, and assuming the name of William Jack-
son, one of Colonel Lane's tenants, brought
L.-P. Jane Lane's mare to the hall-door at Bentley,
and took her up behind him on the pillion.
Jane Lane's bratheiHn-law, John Pekre, and
his wife, who were not in the secret, were to
in accompanyheras far as Stratford-upon-Avon,
also nding saddle-and-pillion ;
Henry La-
'
scelleawas to escort her the whole way. As
they approached Stratford-upon-Avon Petre
and his wife turned back at sight of a troop
^q. v.]
of horse, in spite of the urgent entreaties of
Jane Lane. The others rode quietly through
'
the soldiers and Ae town without being chal<
I
lenged, and on to Long Marston, where they
put up at the house of one Tombs, a fnend of
Colonel Lane. Next daj they roide without
[
adventure to Cirencester, ana put up at the
Crown Inn. The third day brought them to
j
Abbots Leigh, where, at Jane Lane's request,
Pope^ the butler, found a private room for
William Jackson, whom she gave out as
just recovering from aa ague. The butler,
an old royalist soldier, recognised the king,
and proved trusty and serviceable. But
no fliin was available for Ofaarlaa'e flight at
Bristol, and the ri.k of di^covfry at Abbots
Leigh was very great. Jane Lane, therefore,
at Pope's sugge&on,lalt Abbo^a Leigh with
the kuig- on the pretence of r*'turning to her
father at Bentley, early on the morning of
16 S^'pt., and conducted him that day to
Castle Carv, and thence next day to the house
of Colonel Francis Wvndham, at Trent, ne near
|
Slierbome. Theking being now in a position
to reach France in safety, Jane, afi or a brief
i stay at Trent, returned with her couain to
Bentlej Ball. The newsof the king's
a I
MOO got abrcad, and, though nothing very
Digitized by Google
 Lane Si6
detinite leaked out, the fact that a lady, before
whomheluid ridden in the disgniMof hermon-
nervant, hnd hccn jjrinripnlly cnncempd in it,
etuallj got into print witlun a mouth of
ObarWa anival ta Furis (13 Oct.) Colonel
Lan<^ accordingly detprmined to remove his
ister to Fraace, and, disguised us peasant-
folk, they inadeiheirwayoiifootfimBBentley
Hall to yftrmouth, where they took ship for
the oontinent in Deoember. Arrived there
tliey tinew off tlieir diagaiM and posted to
Pans, havin? sent a coiirier in aavance to
appriie Charles of their ^proach. Charles
jaiae ftom Fkris to meet uum, aeoompanied
by Henrietta Maria and the Dukes oi York
and Gloucester, and gallantly salutiw Jane
Lane on tiie oheak, eaUod her hie 'lifo' and
bade her welromo to Paris. After residing
aome little time at Pazifl^ whore she was
traeted with great diatineaoo hy the ooort,
Jane Lane entered f hn service of the Princess
of Orange, whom she attended to Cologne in
1664. She wae alao one of the yery email
retinue which the princess took with her
when she went incognito with Charlee to
ErvikfortMr intiieaatiimBof I6661. Tluee
lettrrs from Charles to her, written during
the interregnum, are extant. Two are aub-
floribedyour aMit aflhetieoete friandt' and
'
one your most aaiired and constant friend.'
' Bufra's Elonchus Mottmm Nuppromm in Ane'.iii,
All have been printed, one in the ' European
Hagaatne,' 1794 ii Ma^vepdsted in Seward's
Anecdotes,' 1795, ii. 1,and Clayton's ' Per-
aonal Memoirs <d Charles II.' i. S08 ; another
in HagM'BQaeoMTnale,*Siidedh.p.87
the third in the Historical MSS. Commission's
6th Bep. p. 47d (for her own letters see Mitt.
MSS. Gmm. Urd Bep. App. p. S68, 4lii Bep.
Apt), p. 386). Nor was her devotion forgotten
at the Keatoratiom. The Houae of Commons
voted her 1,000JL to boT herself a iewel, and
Clinrles gave her a gold watch, which he re-
quested might descend as an heirloom to
every eldeet daughter of tlw Lane fonilT for
ever. It passed into the possesBion of Mrs.
Lucy of Charlecote Park, Warwickahirei as
then eldest daughter of tin boue of I^m^
nnil wrtfl soon stolen from that hoaeo hy
burglars. A pension of IfiOOL wae alio
granted lo lane Lane, aad another of 5001.
In her brother. Her pension wa.-; paid with
fair regularity, being only aix and a half years
IB amer on the aeeearioii of James II, who
caused t he arrears to be made good and the
pension continued. It waa alao continued
by William III. Her portrait, attrihnted to
Lely, with one of Charles painted expfressly
for ner in 1662, is now in the poesesaion of
Mr. Lane of Kings Bromley manor, Staferd-
shire, the direct deflcendnnt of Colonel I^ane
cufBentlej. The features are said to resemble
Lane
those of Anne Boleyn. A
portrait of her bj
Mary Beale, with a miniature of Charlee U
1)_v Cooper, and a deed of gift of money from
him to her and her sisters, i at Narford Hall,
Brandon, Norfolk, the seat of Mr. Algonan
Charles Fonntaine. Other relics of Jane
Lane are two snuff-boxes, one engraved with
a profile of CSiailea I in silTor, the other wilh
a portrait of Chnrle.<t IT and a pair of silver
;
candlesticks inscribed 'giTen to J. L. by the
FriBooM Tbeieaitiiowthepn-
SSnleebaiB.'
perty of Mr. John Cheeee of Amershan,
fenekinghamahire. The aaaietaare so bravely
iwdewil to ClliaileB II bj Jane Lane is one
of the historical incidenta elected for t^e
freaooea in the lobby of the Houae of Gon-
Jane Lane married, after the Beatoratioo,
Sir Clement Fisher, hart., of Fafikingt<m
Magna, Warwkfaiiire, when aho MuriTed,
dying without issue on 9 Sept. 1689. She
is said to have left but 10/. behind her, it
being herndo to li've fully up to r
which she pithily expreaised by saj
'
her hands should be ner executors.'
[The principal Mithorities aie ib
Tract*, d. Rnghes, Sod edit 1868, and a itljon
ties thflre dtw!; Whitaladiss, or hia Haatd
Majesty's Ksaaiiatsttu, Londan, 1660, 8vo;
pt. ii. LondoQ, 1668, 8vo Jeniugs's Miracuium
;
BasilicoD, London, 1664, 8vo Clarendoo's B*-;
bollioo, bk. ziii. ; Shaw's Siaffordahize, ii 97;
I)u^d!e*s Warwickshire, ad. Thomaa, ii. 989;
Evelvn'fl Difiry. 21 Dec. 1661 Thurloe Suie
;
Papers, i. 874, T. 84; Mere Polit. 18-26 Oct.
I6W; OU. daxeadoB Bsparo, H. 167 ; Cooa.
Joom. viii. 216, 216, 222, x. 2^0 Lords' Joam. ;
xi. 219; Pepys's Diary, 9 Jan. 16G0-1 Secnt ;
Services of Charles II and Jamoe II (Carad. Soc.),
p. 61 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-1 p. 423.
1661-2 p. 898, 1664-6 p. 660; LotHellV IM>
'
tion of State Aflyrs, i. 607; Collector.* h,
Borrows (Oxibcd Hist. Soc.), ii. 894 ; Notes ai^
Qoeriaa* Sad ev. L Ml. 4th asr. i. SOS.]
J. M. R.
ULNE, JOHN (JL 1620), veree-writer,
Uired OB terms of Wbauj MUton'a
father. His friends also included ' Thomr.3
Windhami Kenafordie, Somerartitenais,' Mai*
tJiew Jefloef, maeter of the ehoriate w
Wells Catli(><lral, and 'George Hancocke,
Someraettenais.' The apurovalhebeetowson
m
the Somereet poetDa al, aad hie deemiptbB
of liis own versi* as LaBofli Western Poetrr/
'
in contrast with 'Tuasei^ fiastem Has^
bandry,' flintlier strengthen llie aaiumptlaB
that he was connected bv birth with the
1 county of Somerset (cf. tritm't Tnmwtt,
iiiftV hi Ui dediealioB of *The Bqnn^
Tale to the poets Livireate of the univcr-^iti -
he sajra that he bad had no aeadeaio educsf
|
Digitized by Google
 Lane 517 Lane
tioD. He speaks of an old man of Warwick
biir.aelf as begun by Dan Lidgate .
. . . .

m IflSl, but if he be the John Lane who bnt now dilligentlie exqmred from all anti-
wrote to the astrologer William Lilly on qoitiaby John Lane, 1021 '(HarLMS. 6243).
6 June (3f& Athmol. 423, art. 34), he It is prefaced by a commendatory sonnet by
wt have fired to a great age. It is certain Milton's father, and bears an imprimatur '

that he was personally known to Milton's dated 18 Joly 1617 (Masson, Milton, i. 48).
arohew, Edward Phillips, who was bom in The prose introduction is printed in the'Percy
Wraa la his 'Theatrum Poetarum,' 1676, Folio Ballads,' iL 621-6 (ed. Fuxnivall and
Phillips describes Lane as a fine old Eliza-
' Hales).
beth gentleman.' He left much in manu- In prefatory verses to his Squire's Tale '

KTipt^ but published only two pieces 1. Tom l^ATiti claims that he was author of another
: '

Tel-troths Message and his Pens Comphiint. piece of verse, in which he had to poetes an '

A worke not mpleasant to be read, nor vn- alarum given.' In his Address' to all Lovers
nofitable to be followed. Written by Jo. of the Aluses,' prefixed to his * Triton's Trum-
La.. Gent. London, for R. Howell, 1600.' pet,' he notes that he had written a work
Ihispoeffifin 120 siz-linc stanzas, is dedicated called' Poetical Visions.' Phillips credits him
to luster George Dowse, and is a vigorous de- with two poems called respectively Alarm '

nunciation of the vices of Elizabethan society. to the Poets' and 'PiMtiealViaions.' Nothing
Lane describes it as ' the first fruit of my seems known of these productions, althouf^n
barren brain.* It was reprinted by the New Phillips asserts that they were extant iu
Sliab;ira .Socictv (ed.Dt.F. J. Fumivall) in manuscript in his time. Had Lane's woite,
1676. 2. An Lk-frie vpon the Death of the
'
Phillips adds, escaped ' the ill fate to remain
and renowned Princesse our late Soue- unpublisht whenmuch betteruu riting than
nigne Elizabeth. By I. L., London, for John manytlttftaraitt print{diey] might pos^iUj
Deane, 1603,' 4to. The Bodleian Libiaxy have gained him a name not much inferiour
poMe8 the only copy known. if not eiiual to Drayton and others of the next
In 1616 Lane completed in manuscript rank to Spenser.' This veardicfe modem eritiM
Chaucer's unfinished 'Squire's Tale/ adding must decline to ratify.
tra cantos to the original two, and currying [Phillips's Thcatruui Poetarum, 1675,pp.lll-
out the hints e applied by Chauoedr with re- 112; Wiostanley'a Lives of the Poets, 1 687, p. 100
ference to the chief characters, Cambuscon, (repeating Phillips); Hnnter'sMS. Choras Vatam
Camball, Algarsife, and Cauaco. Lane at- inBrit.Ma8,Addit.M8.24489.pp. 143 sq.; Lane's
t-3jpt^ an archaic style and OCnns many Continuation of Chaucer's Squire's Tain Chain t i

Eudo-archaisms, The literary quality oT Soc.), 1888, ra. ix-xv; Lane's Tom Tel-troth's
work is very poor. A
revisea version was Messaii^.ninuledlvHevSbakspere 8oe., lOTVt
finished by Lane in manoacript in 1680, and ed. FumiTall, pp. su-SV.] S. L.

IS dedicated to Queen Henrietta Maria. LANE, JOHN BRYANT (1788-1868),

Copies of both versions are in the Bodleian
Librarv, the earlier being numbered Douce
MS. 170, and the later Ashmole MS. 53. The
fcnner.altlioughlicen.^ed for the press i2 March
161-4-16, was printed in 1888 by the Chaucer
SodetT for the first time. The edition
Befully collated with the lOiiO version.
Two other manuscript poems, still
w- re finished by T-iine in 1621. One
printod,
u'Trituns Trumpet to the sweet monethea,
kusbanded and moralized b^ John Lane,
posticalieadducingo (1) the Seauen Peadlie
puinteri bom at Helstou inCornwall in 1788,
was ton of Samuel Lane, chemist and excise-
man, and Margaret Baldwin his wife. Lane
was educateil at Truro until he was fourteen,
when his taete for .-irt wus noticed by Lord
is d'" Diinsrnnville of Tehidy, who affonlt^d him
the mt-uiiji to practise it iu London. Lane
un- obtained a gold medal from the Society of
Arts for an historical cartoon of 'The An;rfls
Unbound.' In 1808 he exhibited at the
Royal Academy an altarpiece for Ixjrd de
Dunstanvillp'.s chun-h in Conuvull in 181 I ;

finnes practised into combustion {2) their ;

'Christ mocked by Pilate's Soldiors,' for tht
Remeditt by their Contraries the Virtues . . . guildhall at Helston; in 1813 'Kutychoa,'
(3) the execrableViccs punished.' Phillipb for a church in I>ondon. In 1817 his j^atron
men to the piece under the title of Twelve ' sent him to Rome, where he remained for
Months.' A
dedication copy, presented to ten years, engaged on a gigantic picture,
Charles, prince^ of Wales, is in the British
- 'The Vision of Joseph/ which ho refused to
-
Mt
luseom (MS. Reg. 17 B. xv. Brit. Mus.) On show during progress. At last he completed
179 Lane refers admiringly to the elder
-
it,andaEhibiteditat Rome. Certain detaila
Milton's gkill in music. Anotlier mnnuscript in it were ofren?ive to the pajxil nuthnritipH,
is at Trinity College, Cuuibrid^ja* (O. li. who expelled tlie artist and Ium picture from
^ ) The last work left bv Lane in munuscript the papal dominions. Liitu tlu n sent the
>
' Ibe CometodHietono of Hii Qwy, arle pictura to LondoDt where h exhibited it in

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lane
a room at the Toyal mews, Charing Gross.
Its huge size attracted attention, but from
an artistic point of view it was a complete
fiulura. It wag deposited in the Pantech-
nicon, where it mouldered to decay, l^ane
subsequently devoted himself to ])irtrait-
puntm^if, aiul sent portraits occasionally to
the Roynl A(^ademy, exhibiting for the last
time in 1864. Among his sitters were Sir
Hussey Vivian, Mr. Dayies-Oilbert, Mr. le
Gric(\ find Lord df unstunville. Lane died,
I paniola, passed up the coa.st nf Florirla, and
unmarried, at 45 Clarendon Square, Somers
Tbwn, London, on 4 April 1868, aged 60.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists Boase and
;
Coartoey'a Bibliotheca CornubtenaiB ; Boase's
CollectaDsa Coraub.; Oeat. Hsg^aeriii. (1828)
ii. 61 ; BoTal Aeademy GatalogiMS.] L. CL
LANE, Sib RALPH (d. 1608), first
governor of Virginia, may probably be iden-
tified with Ralph, the second son of Sir Ralph
Lane (d. 1541) of Horton, NorthamptoQshtre,
by Maud, daughter and coheiress of Wil-
liam, lord Parr of Ilorton, and cousin of
Gatlmrine Parr, Henry Vlirs last queen
(Collin.'', 1703, iii. 101). Tli^^ '^^il bore the
arms of Lane of Horton (Gtl. State Papers,
Ireland, 16 March 1598-9), and the arms as-
signed him by IJurlte quarter thes.> with those
01 Maud Parr (General Armoury). In his
oorrespondenee be speaks of nephews Wil-
liam and Rol r rt T>rino ( Cat. State Paper*. Ire-
land, 20 Dec. IoU2, 7 June 15U5), of a kinsman,
John Dnrrant (ib.\ and is associated with a
Mr. Feildinc {ib. 23 June 1593), all of whom
appear in the Lane pedigree (Blorb, Uit,
mi Antiq. of JRutbmdMn, n. 169). Wil-
liam FtMldinj? mnrri'-d Dorotny, n daiiphter
of Sir Ilalph Lane of Horton, and John Dur-
raat was the husband of Catherine, her first
cousin.
Lane would seem to have been early en-
gaeed in maritime adventure, and in 1671
he uad a commission from the ij-v n to search
certain Breton ships reputed to be ludun with
unlawful goods {Oal. St^te Papert, Dom
21 .\ug.) He corresponded continually with
Burghley, fn^uently suggesting schemes for
the advantage of the publie service (e.g. ib.
4 June 1572, 16 Aug. 1579, 30 April 1.5S7)
aud for his own emolument. In 1579he was
meditating an expedition to the coast of Mo-
rocco {ib. 16 Aug.), and in 1584 he wrote
that he had prepared seven ships at his own
' served in the expedition to the coast of Por-
ehai^gres, and proposed to do some exploit on
the const of Spain,' for the furtherance of
which he requested to have the queen's
'
commission and the title of '* general of the
adventurers'" {ih. 25 Dec.) In 15S3 he was
sent to Ireland to make some fortifications
{jib. Ireland, 8 Jan. 1688-8), tad continued
518 Lane
there for the next two years, latterly as
sherilTof c'\ Kerry. Sir Henry Wallop com-
1)lained to iiurfrhley that Lane expected 'to
lave the best and greatest things in Kerry,
and to have the letting and setting of all tBS
rest .
(Jb. 21 May ir>bol
.
Lane sailed for North America in the ex-
pedition under Sir Richard Grenville [q. v.],
which left Plymouth on 9 April, aud aft*'
touching at Dominica, Porto Rico, and
towards the end of June arrived at W
ukokan,
one of the many islands fringing the coast sf
North Carolina, or, as it was then named,
Virginia. Here the colony was established,
with I>aue as governor, and two months later
Grenville left for England, not before a bitter
auarrel had broken out between him and
lie governor. LanewvotetoWalsingbam,de-
'
nouncing Grenville's tyranny and pride, and
i defending himself and the others agauut
charges which he anticipated Grenville wodd
I
j
bring against him {ib. Col. 12 Aug., 8 Sept.
1585). After Grenville's departure the colony
J
I
was moved to Roanoke, and thnrs they r^
mninod, exploring the country north and
south. Quarrels, however, broke out with
the natives, and provisiona ran short As
the next year advanced the colonist? were
in great straits, and when Sir Francis Drake
[q. v.] came on the coast in Jumi he yiddsd
to their prayers, and brought them aft home
to Portsmouth, 28 July 1683. It is not im-
probable that potatoes and tobacco wen
fiist
brought into KTiplrsnd at tins time by Lane
,
and his compauious ; but there is no direct
'
evidence of it.
During 1587 and 1538 Lane was frnployed
in carrying out measures for the defanos of
thecoast. when his proposal to erect ' aooness
or raui])ai-ts along the whole line of coast
accessible to an enemv was rejected (^.
'
Dom. 80 April 1587), he requested that ns
might have the titlo of colonel,' for vicwlnj:
and ordering the trained forces ' {ib. 6
1587). He was afterwards appointed to
'ns.sist in the drfonct; of tlic coast of Xor-
i folk {ib. 30 April 1588), when he seems to
'
have acted as muster-master 17 S(i^
1 Oct. lof^f^), in which capacity ho also acted
j
in the exm^ditiou to the coaat of PortunI
under Dram and Noneys in 1689 (A. 87 July,
7 Si'pf. I 'l'iOi. In the following year he
I tugal under Hawkyns (jSb. 4 Dee. 1600), sad
in .lunu.'iry 15!)! 2 was appoiiiri 1 muster-
'
I
master of the garrisons in Ireland.' During
the rebellion there in the north in 160^
1594 ho servL'd actively with the army, wij
speciallv commended for his conduct in a
! skirmiah nesr Tulsk in Roscommon (sk Ira*
Digitized by Google
 Lane 519 Lane
kai; 98 Jum 1608), tad agiiii in the spring from the trial, and eflbofead dieir purpose by
0^1594, when he waa dangerouslj wounded. a bill of attainder. He was also appointed
On 15 Oct. 1608 ha was ku^rhted by thu lord counsel for Mr. Juatice Berldej in October
8it WiUiam Vitnvuliam [q. v.] 1641, and fbr the twel^ imprioMiad biahopa
ttj, Septemher 1594 Lane appliea to ]iurgh- in .Tanuary 1641-2. He jomed the king at
ly for the reversion of s pension of 10s. a Oxford, and was kmffhted there on 4 Jan.
d&7 {ib. 24 Sept.): and ag^n. a few months 1648-4 (Mbioaltb, Book ofKnigkU,ia. 201).
l&ttf, for ' the offiee of diia bell-siqgar in He was made lord chief baron on 25 Jan. m*
IreUnd, paying a red rose in the name of lowin^T, having been invested with the ser-
KDt/ or the surveyortihip of pariah darks in ieaut'8 coif two days before, and being created
*

;
Ireland a baae place/ 1m adoad,* witil aosne- D.O.L. by the nmTersity aix daya aftenraida.
'
'

Uiiw, which is better than greater employ- Hf artea as one of the commissinnprs on the
at with nothing' (i^. Id Feb. 1594-d). part of the king in treating for an accommo-
Afparadij abovfe tnia time he waa appointed dation ftt Uzbridfa in Jannaiy 1M6, and
keeper of Southsea Castle at Portsmouth, joined the other lawyera in resisting the
tits leTersion of which office waa aftarwuda demand of the parliament for tlie sole control
ni^ to hia nephew, Bobert Lam {CU. of tiie nilitb. On tha anadng 80 Aug. ha
ikl^ipgn,I>om. 20 June 1509). If it was was appointed lord keeper. Oxford surren-
not t sinecure Lane performed its duties by dered to Fairfax on 24 June 1616, under
dpoty, for from 1596 he resided in Dublin articles in which Lane was the principal
in the exercise of hia office of mnater'^naster. narty in the king's behalf. He ia aaid to
He died in October 1603, and was buried in nave struggle hard to insert an article in
St Patrick's Church on the 28th (funeral the capitulation that he should have leave to
entij, Olater'a Oflice). As during life he was carry away with him the gioat aeal, tocher
an inveterate beggnr, not only for himself, with the seals of the other courts of justice
but iioir hia nephewsi and aa no mautiou ap- and the aword of atate. On 8 Feb. 1640 he
MBiiereitlierwifeorehild, it woold aeem pro- had a grant of arma tttm Oharlaa H, which
bable that he was unmarried. Sir Parr Lane, ia preserved in the William Salt Library
wbote name frequently apfeeia in the ' State at Stafford (Atkmanmt 2 Apcil 1802, p.
Plpen' of the time of Jamaal, waa an|]]iew. 440).
Oiptaia George Lane, the father of Sir Ri- Lane continued nominally lord keeper
chard Lane of Tulsk, bart., and grandfather during the remainder of the King's life, and
of Geofj^ Laue, tirst viscount Lanesborough, his patentwas renewed by Charles II. He
iMM to hnvn belonged to ft diflhuaBt fuoSfy, followed the latter into exile, arriving at
[CklMidHra of State Papers, Dum-, Ireland, Hn*l St. Malo in March 1660 in a weak 8tat of
CiMBoal; Hakltm's frincipal Narigatioos, iii. health. Thence he wrote to the king, asking
HI; BaSdtm HM*
f Virginia; notaa kindlgr Uni to appoint his son Richard one of tha
l9 Sir Aitfavr ViMKa.) J. K. L. grooms of his bedchamber {Cal. Staff Papert,
Dom. 1660, pp. 612, 618). He was aabaa-
LANS, Sn WOHASD (16d4-1660),kd q nently ramrod to Jaraey, triian ha &d in
baptised at IlHrpok', Northampton-
keeper, April 1650 {S>. pp. 110-11 AdmmutraUm
;

Un^ on 1^ Hqv. 1684, waa aon of Biohud Act Book, P. a a, 1661, 64). Hia widow
f.

OonrteenhaHi near Northampton, by Margaiet, who waa apparently aunt to tha

Eliiabeth, daughter of Clement ^Hncent of
Harpole (Bajleb, Northamptoruhtn, L 181).
Ha was called to the bar from the Middle
1iMpie and pnofeiaad in the eourt of ex-
-h^m^r, where he was known as a sound
Uiwjer. In It) 15 he was chosen counsel for,
ordeputy-recorder of Northampton. He was
electrd reader to his inn in Lent 1630, and
poet Thomas Randolph (1605-1635) fq. y.l,
survived until 22 April lt)69, and was Duriea
at Kingsthorpe, NorthamptonBhire (Bakbb,
i. 42). Thomaa Randolph addressed veraao
both to Lnne and his wiu ^Workt, ad.
iitt, i. 59, ii. 565-8).
According toWood {PHHi Oxon. ed. Btiaa,
ii. 63-4), Lane on goinp to Oxford entrusted

was treaaurer in 1037. In September 1634
he waa appointed attorney-^neral to the
Prince of Wales (Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1684-6^ p. 2^1), and in May 1636 was nomi-
nated hf Henry, earl of Holland, hia deputy
in Forest Courta (t6. 1637-8, p. 484). When
Strafford was impeached by the House of
Commooa in 1641, Lane conducted his de-
hia chambera, Ubnurr, and gooda to hia inti-
matofriand Bdalrada Whiteloolta, who whan
they were applied for by the lord keeper's son
deiued all knowledge of the father. White-
locke ia known to hava obtained ftom the
parliament a few of Lane s books and manu-
script s (Pkck, Desiderata Curiosa, ii. 366).
Lane was author of Reports in the Court
'

iowe with so much ability,eB|peeially in the of Exchequer from 1605 to 1612,' fol., In-
legal eijpuBenty that the
i--*-^ ^ don, 1657 } another edition, wiUi notaa mhI
 Lane 520 Lane
a life of Laae hj O. F. "MmtSl. 8to, LMidon, Cbalon, and ao Ims than sLzt^-seven of hu
I

1884. lithogn^fiphs were exhibited at the Acadamy

His portrait was painted in 1646 by I^niel The total of his prints reached the nomber
My tens, and was in 1806 in AspoMMUoiiof of 1,016. HookotriodliiihuidatBculptuv
Air. G. Is. W. iloneage. with such success as to attract the admirstioD
[Nicholas Papers (Oaaid.8oe.); Cal.ClarendoD of Chantrey, his most important work in Um
SteteFlapsn; NtlMo'b (Mkek. of Afbirs of State branch of art being a lile-aize seated ststoe
(lfiS3). ii. 10. 153, 499, 812; Foss's Judgos of his brother, Edward Lane, in Eg^-ptian
Gobbett and Howoil s Suite Trials, iii. 1472 dress. In 1837 he was appointed litiiographsr
Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, ii. 608; to the queen, and in to the prince ooo-
WaUaea'e Bepotteia,^ 837; JDocdAle'eOri^iiMB; sort. In 1 when he had almost given
Ci^ of the it special '^hibiuoii of Hiatioiiel up lithography, he became director of the
Portraite, South Kensington, No. 724.] Q. O.
etching class in the scienee nd art depart-
LANE, RIOHARD J AMES ( 1 800-1872), ment at South Kensington, and retained the
line-engraver and lithogpnaphor, elder brother post almost till his death, which took plsoe
of Edward William Lane [a. v.], and second on 21 Hiw. 1872.
son of the Rev. Theouhilus Lane, LL.D., pro- Lane married, 10 Nov. 1 625, Sophia Hodines,
bendary of Hereford, waa born at Berkeley by whom he had two sous (who predeceased
Castle, 16 Feb. 1800. His mother was u niece him) and tiuteo dwighfton.
of Gainsborough the painter. From his child- Lane's preeminent ^ifts wore a sensitive
m
hood he show^ a preference for mechanical symiwthy interpretation ot his subjects, and
and artistic work rather thtn ieholarship, a delicacy and precision of touch, which, m
and at the age of sixteen he wae articled to as a lithographer, he had no rival. In spite
Charles Heath the line-engraver. In 1824 of the ' woollinesa of the material his tine '

liis prints were already attractine notice, and pencil gave a shaTTmoM and brilUanejr to hit
in 1827, when he proaaced an aamirable en- lithogruphs, which wore carried as far m
araving of Sir Ihomas Lawrence's 'Red elaboration as a hnishud line-engraving, for
Biding Hood/ he was elected an associate- which, indeed, at first sight, they might
engraver of the Royal Academy, although he almost be mistaken. Personally, his sDcisl
had so far shown only a single print ut their ?[ualitie8 were of an unusual order ; his graoe-
OskiUtiona. LiltryMio,wfa8n hehad no ul courtesy of the old tfliieo], hit powers of
personal interest to serve, he was larpfely in- recitation and marvellous memory, and his
'

strumental in obtaining, in 1866, the ad- fine tenor voice contributed to his populah^.
aiission of engravers to the honour of full Besides his own oitistic circle he was mf^
academician, mr which they were previously cially at home among the leaders of the open
[

noteligiblu. His peculiar delicacy and tender- and theatre, and among his intimate friendi
ness of touch were conspicuous mUt pencil were Charles Kemble (whose Headings from '

and chalk sketches, of which he executed a Shakspeare he editea in S vols, in 1870),

'

large number, repxeeenting most of the best> Macready, Fechter, Malibran, and her bril-
Imown neople or die dtgr* Ia 1839 he drew liant operatic contemporaries. His literarj
his well-known portrait of Queen, then work was limited to some sketches of Life '

Princees, Victoria, ugod ten years, and hu at the Water-cure,' 1846, whioh went to
afterwards exoctttod porimits in pencil or three edhaotw.
chalk of the queon and most of the royal [M ii^-^izino of Art, 1881, pp. 431-2 AthenaiB| ;
family at various ageti, be^idtis prints afler 29 Nuv. 1872 personal knowledge.] 8. L.-P.
;

Wintohalter's portraite.
Meanwhile he had turned from engraving LANE,SAMUEL (17.^0-1 5<>), portrait-
to litho^phy, then a newly diacovered art, painter, son of Samuel aud Elizabeth Lane.
in wmSk he att^od n mlieuj and re- wwhonitEing'sLynnon26 July 1760. In
finement which have never been surpassed. consequence of an accident which he met with
Among the best examples of this branch of in childhood he became deaf and partially
his work are the deligbt^l ' Sketches from dumb. He studied under Joeeph FaringtOB
Gainsborough,' in which he reproduced his [q. v.], R. A., and afterwards under Sir Thoms?
great-imclee charm with marveUous fidelity; Lawrence, who employed him as one of hu
and the scarcely less admirable series of chief assistants. Lane first exhibited at tbt
copies of Sir Thomas Lawrence's portrait* of Royal Academy in 1804, and, securing a large
QeoigelV's cycle, which are almostdeceptive practice, was a constant contributor tor mora
in tlieir imitative skill. He also lithographed than fifty years, sending in all 217 works;
several hundred picton^ of the leading artists these included portraits of Lord George Bea-
of the day, especialh- those of Leslie, Land- tinck (for the Lynn ffuildhall): Lord ds
ewi Riennood, mm his own apedil friond SunNS (fiir tho fJnitd Sonrioe Olnh) ,* Sir

Digitized by Googlei
 Lane
Gdorge Pollock and Sir John Malcolm (for the
Oriental Club); Charles, fifth duke of Rich-
WHui ; C. J. Blomfield, bishop of London
Tlnnas Cl&rkson (for the Wisbech town-
lull) Sir Philip P. V. Broke, bart. (for the
; a very successful career before htm, when his
Etft Suffolk Hoemtal); T. W. Coke, M.P.,
afterwards Earl ozLeicesterCfor the Norwich
Corn Exchange); Luke Hansard (for the
Stationers* Company) Thomas
; Telford, d-
mond Wodehonae, M.P., and other pr(ainent
pencos. Lane owed hisauccess to the mattor-
o(-hct truthfulness of his likenesses, which
in other reepecta have little merit many of;
them have been well enOTavad by C. Turner,
S. W. Reynolds, W. Ward, and others,
lam resided in London (at 60 Greek Street,
Soho) until 1853, and then retired to Ipswich,
vkenee he sent his last contribution to the
Aoidemy in 1867. 3 died at Ipswich on
[Redgrare'e Diet, of Artists Graves's Diet, of
;
Aitiits, 1760-1880 Sfigaier'sDict. of Fsinten
;
l9ilA0iteByOatalogiuab] F.ll.<n>.
LAKE, TFtEODORE (180O-I828), pain-
said to hfive boen born at Isleworth,
ter, is
Middlesex, in IbUO, but the statement is not
con&med by the parish register. His father,
native of Worcester,
ft WM
a drawing-master
in (traitened circumstances, and ha xaoeived
very little education. At the age of fourteen
he wu apprentioed to J. Barrow of Weston
Place, St Pancras, an artist and colourer of
prints, assisted him in his studies. Lane
who
tot came into notice as a painter of water-
eotoor portraits and miniatures, and he ex-
kikited works of that class at the Koyal
Afademy in 1819^ 1690^ and 182(1. But his
tabni was for humorous subjects, and a series
thirty-aix designs by him, entitled ' The
Life of an Actor,' with letterpress by Pierce
pn, was published in 1825. Lane etched
Mae clever prints of sporting and social life,
rach as Masquerade at the Argyll Rooms,'
'
'SeieBtifio Pursuits, or Hobby Horse Races
to tile Temple of Fame,' and < A
Trip to
Aioot Races,' a series of scenes on the road
ftMHyde Park Comer to the heath, which
kl dedicated to the king, 1827. He also il-
lustrated with etchings and woodcuta 'A
OonMete Panorama of the Sporting World,'
d P. Etran's Anecdotes of the Turf,' 1827.
Al/jijt \&Jo Laiu3 loc^k up (lil-paintinfj, and,
liiough left-handed, with the help of Alex-
ider Fraser, R.S.A., rapidly attained to
gret proticiency. In 18z7 he sent to the
Academy ' The Christmas Present,' and to
tfce British Institution ' An Hour before the
Hue].' In 1828 his ' Disturbed by the Night-
aare' was exhibited at the Academy, liead- ' his account, carrying with him a consider-
>B( the Fifth Act of the Manuscript ' at the
Lane
I
British Institution, and *The Bnthusiaat ' at
the Sutfolk Street Gallery. These attracted
much attention by their humorous treatment
and delicate finish, and Lane had apparently
Ufe was terminated by an accident. While
waiting for a friend at the horse repository
in Gra/s Inn Road he by mistake stepped
upon a ekylight, and, falling on the payement
below, was killed on the spot, 21 May 1838.
He was buried in Old St. Pancras church-
yard. Lane left a widow and three children^
for whose benefit his best-known work, *The
Enthtisiast,' representinga gouty angler fiah-
ing in a tub of water, was engraved hr R.
Graves ; it was subsequently purchased bv
Mr. Vernon, and engraved bjr H. Beckwitn
for the Art Journal,' 1850
' it is now in the
;
National Gallery. His picture entitled 'Ma-
thematical Abstraction,' which he left uu
finished, was completed by his friend Fraser,
and purchased by Lord Northwick it has ;
been engraved by R Graves. In 1831 Pierce
Epan published 'The Show Folks,' illustrated
with woodcuts designed by Lane, and ac-
companied by a memoir of him, which waa
derlicated to the preMdent of thu Royal Axsaf
deuiy.
[P. I^gaa'eShowFiiIki, 18S1 ; RedgnrnTsINeU
of Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760 1880;
Genu Mag. 1828, i. 672 : Art Jooroal. 1860.1
F. iL (m
LANE, THOMAS (JL 1605), civiUar,
third son of Francis l>ane of Glendon, North-
amptonshire, by his wife Mary, bom Bernard,
was admitted at St. John's College, 0am-
bridge, in 1674, graduated B.A. 1677, entered
Christ Churoh as a commoner in the same
year, and was incorporated B.A. at Oxford
10 Oct. 1678. Through the endeavours of
Mr. William Bernard of Merton Coll.' he
was, after a wearisome dispute between the
fellows and the warden, who claimed an abso-
lute veto, elected and admitted probationer-
fellow of that house in 1680, and graduated
M A. December 1683 and LL.D. 8 July 1636.
In March 1684 his name occurs ae one of the
signatories of a report drawn up with ayiew
to the better management of the Ashmolean
Museum (Wood, Athena^ ed. Bliss, xcviii n.)
In January 1687 he was reported to have
turned papist, and went out with Francis
Taafe, thii-d earl of Carlingford [q. v.], in the
embassy despatched to Hungary to oe pre-
sent at the coronation of Joseph I. In the
following year, during his tenure of office as
bursar, he suddenly left Merton, with the
intention of travelling and without rendering
able sum belonging to the college. The sul>>
DigitizecJ by Google
 Lane
wuden folloirad him, and aeems have re-
to
roveivd the money (Brodrick, Mems. of
Mei torif p. In 16S9 lie commanded a
tcoop in James IPs annj in Ireland, waa
wound'-d and riik<m prisoner at the Boyne,
and remained iu coulinemeat at Dublin until
1690. About Easter in either that or the
followinp- year he returned to Merton, and
'esteemed that place a comfortable harbour
of which beforo, oy too much ease and plenty,
he wns weary !in<l sick.' In 1695 ho waa
practicing as an advocate in Doctors' Com-
mona (Cootb, BngHah CivtUam, p. 102), but
no further mention of him can be traoed.
Lane ia said by Wood to have had u iiaud
Laneham
LANEHAM, ROBERT 1875)
writer on the Kenilwortli fr_'stivitie^ of 1575
was a native of Nottinghamshire. Heat-
tended successively St. Antholin'a and St.
Paul's schools in f.nndon. and apparentlj
reached the fifth form at the latter. He md
JEscfp and Terence and began Vii]^L On
leaving school hf wn.s apjirenticed to a
mercer of London named iiomsted, and in
due course b^an business oafaiiownaoeoaat
He travelled abroad for the purposes of Tade^
especially in France and Flanders, and hit
travels were anfficiently eztenahne to enable
him to become an efficient lingui.st in Spanish
and Latm ' (Le. probably Italian), as wellsi
'

in the English Atlas printed at the Theater,

' in IVnioh and Dutch. TheEarl of Leiesalv,
Oxford, for Moses Pitt,' 1680-4, 5 vols. imp.
fol. "William Nicolson [q. v.J, afterwaras
archbishop of Cashel, was the chief literary
director ni this colossal work. Lune's name
does not appear iu countctiou with it, but
he may well have been one of the nume-
rous minor collaborators. He i.i ahn said to
have translated into English Nepud's Life
cf Epaminondaay'Qsford, 16S4, 8vo, in addi-
tion to which, remarks Wood, he hath writ-
*
ten certain matters, but whether he'll own
them you may enquire of him.'
attracted by his linguistic faculty, Ket-ms to
have taken him into hia service, and helped
him and his father to secure a patent for sap*
plying the royal mew.s witli bf^anc. Fin.Hllj,
ne was appomted door-keeper of the counul
chamber, and appears to nave aeeonipsnied
the court on its perio<lical migrations. He
'
was til us present at the great eutertaiumeat
fiven by Leicester to Qbmb Rliaabeth ham
to 27 July 1676, and wrote aspirited descrip-
tion of the fastivities in the form of a letter to
his good friend. Heater Humphrey Hutin,'
<

[Wood's Athenae Oxen. e<i. Bli.-v'', iv. 480 ; another mercer of London. The letter, which
Wood's i-'asti Ozon. ii. 368; Bridgtis's N'orUiamp- was dated at Worcester 'Ji) Aug. 1676/ was
'

tonaldc%a.VhaUej,iiM; Oiadoati Cantabr.1 published without name or place with IlietMi

T. 8. 'A Letter: wliearin part ofthe entertainment
LANE, WILLIAM (1746-1810JL por- untoo the (Queens Majesty at Killin[woorUi
tieitdiaughtsman, was bom in 17w^ and Custle, in Warwik Sh'eer in thia SoooMi
commenced his career an engraver of ^ms Progress, 1676, iz. signified from a frf.-n^
:

in the manner of the antique, exhibiting officerattendant in the Coourt ^Ro. La. of
wotId of that class at the Royal Academy the coounty Nosingham untoo hia freend a
from 1778 to 17^0. Bi twi-.-n 178H and 1792 citizen and merchannt of T.nii lnn.' At the
he engraved a few small copperplates, in- close Laneham describes him^iell as ' mercer,
cluding portraits of Mrs. Abington and the merchant, STentiirer, clerk of the council
Duke ana Duchess of Rutland after Cosway, chamber door, and also keeper of the same.'
and Charles James Fox after Reynolds. In The accounts of the last week's festivities
1786 Lane ekhibtted some crayon portraits, are somewhat ioanty. Copies are in thi
and later became a fashionable artist in that British Museum and Bodleian LibrarifS.
style ; his drawings were slightly executed Laneham writes with much spirit, and his
in hara ooloored chalks, and admired tot apelling is quaint and unconventional. To>
their arrnracy as likenesses. He was pa- wards the close of the tract hegives an in-
tronised by the prince regent and many of teresting account of himself. He claims to
the nobOi^, and from 1797 to 1816 was a be a good dancer and singer, and an expert
large contributor to ihc exhibitions. A
few musician with the guitar, cithern, and vir-
of Lane's works have been engraved in ginals. ;Stories he delights in, especially
1816 was engraved his portrait of Sir James when thejr an andent and rare, ana a "ntf
Edward Smitli, M.D., F.R.S., by Fred, rick valnnMe part of his Letter' deals with the '

Christian Lewis [q. v.] He died at his house ballad.s and romances in the library of hi*
in the Hammeramith Road, London, 4 Jan. friend Captun Cox of Coventry [q. v.] Ht
1819. was a lover of sack and sugar, and refers
Anna Louiiiu Lune, who was Lane's wife jovially to his rubicund nose and compJaxioo.
or sister, sent miniatures to the Aoademy in The work was reissued ut Warwick in 1781^
1778, 17f^l, and 1782. and was reprinted in Nichols's* Progres^e^
[liedgrave's Diet, of Artists Gent. Mag. 1819, Quceu i^^luabeth.'
;
Sir Walter Scott quoted
L181 iH09ilAead.GatalogiiM.l F.H.O'B. from it in hie novel of ' Kaoihractli'

Digitized by Google
 Laney s$ Laney
bI iBtroduces Ltneluna, with his pert ma- Laney becume f lmj lain fir-st to ilLchard
n?T ami mnsc of official consequence. The NeileTq. v.^. lii-iliop ut Winchester, and tftei^
popolArity thus j;iTeii to Laneham and his wards to Charles 1. By Neile he was ap-
oteniy work lea to the republication of the pointed to the rectory of Buriton with Pe-
'letter' in London in 1821. Subsequent tersfield, Hampshire, and on 31 July 1631 to
reprints are to be found in George Adlard's a prebendal stall in Winchester Cathedral,
Amye RolMt* (1870), in the Kev. E. H. which on 19 June 1639 he exchanged for
Knowles's Kenilworth Castle (1871), and one at Westminster, on the king's nomina-
*
'

k the publications of the Bailed Society (ed. tion. Ab a duvoted royalist and high church-
YMreU), 1871. man, Laney on the outbreak of the civil wars
'
Old Lanam/ who may be identical with became the object of fierce iMittility to the
Laneham, ia mentioned a laehing the purit an puritan party. He was denounced by PrjTine
ptmpU^eers wi^ ' his rimee ' in * lUiythmes as one of the professed Arminians, Laud's
'

a^inst Martin Marre Prelate (1 589 ?Y One creatures to prosecute his designs in the uni-
'

John Laoham was a player in the Earl of versity of Cambridge' {Canterburiet Doome,
Lriceeter's company in 1574, and on 16 Maj p. 177), who, when one Adam."* was brought
l5'^9-90 he and another actor, dt\'*eribed as before the authorities for preaching in favour
two of the queen's players, received payment of confession to a priest, had united wit \\ the
ftv prodncing two interludes at court. majority of the doctors in acquitting him
[iaoebimd Letter, ed. FugiTill; Ballad (k pu 196). Whan tin pariiament exercised
8gattr, 1871 ; NiehoWe Bxommn of aveen supreme power ho wn.s deprived of all his
IBiabaCli, i. 480 iq.] 8. L. preferments, his rectory ot Buritou being
LAiranr, benjamin (1591-1075), sequestered tu the use of one Robert Harris,
'

bUliopsucrepsively of Peterborough, Lincoln, a godly and orthodox divine, and member

ml \Ay, horn at Ipswich in 1591, was the of the Assembly of Ministers' {Baker MSS.
fourth and youngest son of John Laney, re- XX vii. 4:i9). In March 1648-4he was ejected
eordcr if that town (who died in lt)33, and from his mastership, by a warrant from the
WM buned in St. Mary's Church). His Earl of Manchester, for opposing the pro- '

mother, Mnj, daughter of John Poley of ceedings of the Parliament and 0U6r scan-
Bd]eT, wa gfranddaughter of Lord Thomas dalous acts.' In K344 he was one of the
"Wentworth of Nettlested. lie wa educated episcopalian diviues chosen, together with
tt Christ's College^ Cambridge, where he Sheldon, Hammond, and otun, to argue the
amtriculatfcd on 7 July 1608, nnd praduatcd question of chiurch government against non-
B.A. in 101 1, standing twentieth in the list conformist divines before the Scotch commis-
of honours. He subsequently migrated to sioners, but was refused a hearing (Fullbb,
Pembroke Hall, where he was admittpd M.A. Chnrrh Hist. vi. 2*.>0). (Jn his ejection from
i
I

in 161 5, wad elected toa fellowshij) onSuiart's Cambridge he ultuched himself lo the jKirsou
foundation on 19 Nov. 1616, and to a founda- of Charles I, and in February 1646 attended
tion fellowship on 16 Oct. 1618. His subse- him as chaplain at the fruitless negotiation
quent degrees were U.D. hV22, D.I). 1030. He with the heads of the presbyterian party ai
was incorjior ited M. A. of Oxford on 16 July Uzhridge. He served Charlea U
in the same
1617. In 1626 he obtained leave of absence capacity during his exile in a most dutiful
'

trom his college for two years for the purpose manner, and suffered great calamities.' At
of foreign travel. The secretary of state issued the Restoration he at onoe recovered his
a order that ell the profits of his followjihip mastership and other preferments. Kennett
were to be reserved to him during his ub^jeuce, speaks of aim as having made a great bustle
'

vhich suggests that hie joozney was con- in the crowd of aspiring men at Cambridge'
nected with tlie king's service. On 25 Dec. {JRtffuter, p. 376). On liO July 106U he was
1630 he nucceeiled Dr. Jerome Beale as master appointed dean of Rochester, and was con-
of Pembroke Hall, and in 163L>-8 served secrated in Henry VII's Chapel on 2 Bee.
the office of vice-chancellor (Baker, Hist, of to the see of Peterborough.
i
I The see wa*
A. John's Colleye, Cambridge, ed. Mayor, p. a poor one, and he was allowed to hold his
214). Richard Crashaw [n. v.], then a Pem- Weetmiiiater stall and his mastership in com'
broke man, dedicated the nrst edition of his menrfam, and resided chiefly in hi.i prebendal
'Epigranimata Sacra' to him in an epistle house. High churchman as he was, Laney
both in prose and verse, in which he cele- treat ed the nonconformistsof his diocese with
hnttes Lauey's restoration of the choral ser- much leniency, in his own words 'looking
noe and a surpliced choir in the college through his fingers at them.' He enforced
ch&p^l, the digmfied adornment of the altar, the Bartholomew Act with mneh zeluctance,
tod the general care of the fabric (Cbashaw, saying to his clergy at his primary visitalinn,
HVrif, ed. Qrosart, ii. 7-16). *as chough he would wipe his bauds of

Digitized by Google
 Lanqr
it* 'not I, !mt the law'
pp. 376, 804,
(ib.
81.?, 815 Kennb^tt, Lansd. MS. 86). He
; xme,
WAS a member of the Savoy conference, but
1|0 was not frequent in his attendance, and
spoke seldom (Baxtsb, Life apud Caiamy,
i. 173). On the death of Bishop Sanderson
[q. v.] in 1663, he was translated on 10 March
to Lincoln, having, as a parting gift to Petei^
boKMiffh, devoted 100/. towards the repair of
0D of the great archee of the west &ont of
the cathedral, 'which was fallen down in
the late times Patrick apud QuxToy, HtH.
' (
Hf Peterborouy/i). At Lincoln, where he re-
mained five^ear8,he pursued the same system
of moderation towards the nonconforming
flle^ as at Peterborough, and allowed a
nonconformist to preach publicly very near
his palace for some years OOajlamy, Memorial,
pp.92, 94, 496). Calamy ill-naturedly suggeets
that this line of conduct was adopted to spite
the jiovemment throuffa < discontent because
he nad not a better obhoprick (t6. p. 94).
On the death of Bishop Wren in 1667 he
was translated to Ely, and held the see till
liis death on 84 Jan. 1674-5, aged 84. He
is described as ' a man of a generous spirit,
who spent the chief of his fortune in works
of piety, charity, and munificence.' He re-
built the greater part of Ely Palace, which
hadsufiiaired greatly at the hands of thv puri-
tans. By his will he bequeathed 600/. to the
rwbuilding of St. Paul's, the like sum to the
erwction of public schools at Cambridge, or
fiuling that, to the improvement of the fel-
lowships at Pembroke, and other sums to
putting out poor children in Ely and Soham
as apprentices. The legacies to his relatives
were small, as he had helped them adequately
in his lifetime ( Baker MSS. xxx. 38 1 ). Flo
was unmarried. He was buried in the south
aisle of the presbytery of Ely Cathedral, under
a monument for which he left the money.
There is a portrait of him in the master's
lodge at Charterhouse. Lane} "s mly contri-
bution to literature, with the excfotion of
ermons, was Observations upon a letter of
'
' taking Paul with him. Ashe jonmeyed to>
Tlobbes of Malmesbury, * about Liberty and
Necessity,' published in 1677 anonymously
after his death; it shows acuten'ess ancl
learning. Most of his printed sermons were
pceached before the king at ^V^litehall, and
were published by command. Five of these
were issued in a collected shape during h s Hfe-
time, 1668-9, which, Canon Overton writes,
vn *eepeeia1ly worthy of notice, as giving a
complete compondiiiin of church teaching as
applied to the purtinilur errors of the times,
snowing- a firm grus^) and bold elucidation despised monn-stery directed him to tine boose
ni ( Imn li 'There is a raciness which Herlwin was building at Bee. Herl-
principle.-^.
about which reminds one of South, win, the founder and abb >t, gladly received
tlu'Ui
and a quaintness which is not unlike that of him as a member of the convent, and found
Lanfianc
Bishop Andrewcs' {Lincoln Diocesan Mug9r
S14).
[Lausdowno MS. 986, pp. 27, 180; Baker
MSS. xxvii. 439, xxx. 381 Clrke \\)ewich,
;
p. 386 ;
Prynne's Canterburies Doome. pp. 177,
198, 398 ; Crashaw's Works by Grosart, ii 7-1 5
Hoylyn's Land, p. 55 "Wood'a Life a:id Timt*
;
(Oxf, ITiht. J>x\), ii. 26. 106, 297; Calamy'n
Aoooont, pp. 92, 94 ; Keel's Poritans, ii. 261
Patrick's Lifs, ^ 107; FnUer^ Ohh
290; Kennerfs Re^jister. pp. 37, 222, 376, 407,
804, 8 1 8. 8 1 6 ; Baker's Hist, of Sc. John's OoUMb
Gaataridgs^ sd. Mayor, pw 314.] bTtT
LANFRANC (1005 ?-l 089). archbishop
of Oanterbttxj, bom about 1006 (ILlbillqhI
was son of ^rabsM and Boca, citisens a
Pavia, of senatorial rank. Hanbald, who
was a lawjeii held office in the civic mumf
tracy. From early youth Lanfrane waseaa-
cntod in all the secular learning of the time,
and sct'ins to have had a knowleoffe of Grreek.
'
Specially applying himsdf to the stadr of
law he became so skilful a pleader thatwnOs
he was a young man the older advocates oS
the city were worsted by his knowledge and
eloqut'uci*, and his opinions were adopted by
doctors and judges. His father died in hu
son's youth, and instead of succeeding to
Haubald's ofTice and dignity he left the city,
bent on devoting himself to learning. He
went to TVsnoo, where he gathered some
scholars round him, and hearing that there
was ereat lack of learning in Normandy, and
that he might themfore expect to gain wealth
and honour there, hu moved to Avranches,
where he set up a school in 1039. He soon
became ftmons as a teacher, and many
scholars resorted to him. Among them was
one whom he named Paul, aft>rwards abbot
of St. Albans, one of bis relations, and,
conliiiL'' to tradition, his son ( Fi'te Abbahm,
i. 62). Beiigion gained power over him, and
he determined to become a monk in tb
( poorest and most despised monastery that
he could find. He left Avranches secretly,
wards Rouen, in the forest of Ouche, he fell
among thieves, who robbed, stripned, and
bound him to a tree, leaving him witn his cap
tilted over his eyes. In the ni'^'ht he wished
to say the appointed oihce, but found himself
unable to repeat it. Struck by the contrast
i between the time which he had devoted to
secular learning and his ignorance of divine
things, he renewed his vow of self-dedication.
In the morning .some passers-by released him,
and in answer to his mquiry after a poor snd
Digitized by Google
 Lan franc S5 Lanfranc
hi? Imowlof^p^' of nffnirs Tpry useful. Lan- in the essence of the elements, which -nas
franc applied himself to the study of the convert-ed into the essence of the Ixtrd's body,
aeriptures. Ispnorant as the abbot was of the sensible qualities of the bread and wine
worldly learning, for he had pasffd liis life Rtill remaining {Lanfrtmei Opera, i. 17, ii.
ts a warrior, Lanfranc listened with admi- 18(y), while Berengar maintained the doctrine
ration to his expositions of the Bible, and of John Scotna or Erigena [q. t.] Beraiifar
obeyed him and the prior implicitlr in nil wrote in a somewhat contemptuous strain
thin^. Being dissatistied with the charuct^r to Lanfranc on their difference. His letter
of hui fellow-monks, and kno win that some was brought to Bee while Lanfranc was at
of them envied him, for the abbot trrfitf.(1 Rome
Lanfranc's friends sent it on to him,
;

him with respect and affection, he formed and talked freely of the heresy which it
the design of becoming a hermit. Herlwin contatnad. The news was cairiad to Rome
diasuaded him, and in or about 1046 appointed that Berengfar had written heref^y to Lan-
him prior. He opened a school in the monaa- franc, and, aooording to Lanfranc's account
tery, which quickly became &mou8, and of the matter, he baoana aa much an object
Kholars flocked to him from France, Gas- of suspicion as Berengar. He produced the
oooTf Brittany, Flanders, Germany, and letter ; it was read before the council, and
Italy, some of them clerks, and others young Berenffar was at oaee condemned on the
men of the highest rank. Abotit 1049 he grouno of its contents. Then, at the bidding
iTMsent with three monks to St. BttouI, of Pope Leo IX, Lanfranc, to exculpate him>
vliidi wm for a short time in the possesnon ad^ flKpoonded his own belief; lua apaoch
of &e convent of Bee ; hut he soon returned was approved bv all, and he became the
to Bee. Among his scholars were Emost champion of the catholic doctrine. At the
md Oundulf, both afterwards bishops of flonncil of Vercelli held ia Sept. 1060 he
Bodiefter ; Gkiitmund, bishop of Avranches; again, at the pope's request, mamtained the
William de Bona Anima, archbishop of orthodox cause. lu 1055 he confiited Be-
Rouen ; and Anselm of Badagio, afterward! fSD^ ttl tha council of Tours, and in 1069
Pope Alexander II. Anselm fq. v.], his sufr- apam overcame him in the Lat^ran council
oessor at Canterbury, jomed the convent held by Pope Nicolas 11. Berengar acknow-
while he was prior. Am the number of his ledged his error, but did notdeaist from
scholars increased the monastery became too teaching it, and Lanfranc at a later date
mil for them, and the ^lace being un- wT0t his book, 'De Corpore et Sanguine
htMj he potnaded Herlwin about 1068 to Domini,' against him ; it was rsod fad with
nmove the convent and erect new buildings universal admiration A t the Late ran council
.

oo another site in the neighbourhood. he obtained the papal di8^>ensation for the
Mw while the Duke William had heard duke's marriage, celebrated six years before.
of his renown, had made him his counsellor, In June 1066 ho unwillingly yielded to Wil-
and trusted him in all matters. Later he liam's solicitations, left Bee, and was in-
fell into disgnce, for he (lisapnroved of stalled abbot of the dnka^ nenr imwiaiitiMrj
Williiim's marria^ (in 105.S) with Matilda St. Stephen's, at Caen.
on the ground ot consanguinity. He had Though Lanfranc's name is not mentioned
OHaiati and mischief was made. ThA in connection with the duke's negotiations
dnke sent an onl-T that he was at once with Alexander IT concerning the invasion
to leave his dommious. Lantraoc left Bee of England, there can be no doubt that
with one servant, and on a lame horse, tlw William was guided by Idm in the policy
hest which the house ronH pi ve him. On his which pave the expedition something of the
way he met William, ana fftid pleasantlv character of a holy war. Successful as thi.s
llat ha was obeying his command as well policy was, as far as the conquest was con-
M he could, and would obey it bott^:T if the cerned, it eventually strengthened the papal
doke would give him a better horee. Wil- power at the cost of the English crown by
Vtuk waa puaaed with hia spirit, entered calling in tli6 pope to decide who was the
into conversation, and was reconciled to him, rightful possessor of thp kinpdom (FRKTiKAX,
lanfranc promising to advocate the duke's Nurmnn Conquettf liu 274).
,
On the death
caoae with the jpope. He had already at- of Maurilius, ardtlmhop of Rouen, in Augii<)t
{

tended the councu held at Rome in M ay 1060, 1067. Lanfranc was nnnnimously elected his
in which the opinions of Berengar of Tours successor; he declined the promotion, actu-
i

on th<- Hiu rament of tho ahavwere discnased. ated, it is said, \gf hmnilitv, though it is pro-
j

Thonph Lanfranc had been one of Berensrar'e bable that he was aware tnat a greater office
friencltt he dillered from him on this subject, was in store for him. In accordance with
holding that by divine operatfam tfUNM^ the his wish the Bishop of Avrancheswas traaa-
j

iaiatiy of fctaa priest a chaaga waawfoiightl latad to Rouen, aaa Lanfraae want to Boms

Digitized by Google
 Lanfratic 5a Lanfranc
to fetch the pall for the new
archbishop and future daciaion of a competent eoclesiasiical
to ooDsnlt the pope on eedeuMtioal mattera, comieiL Lanfranc then oonaecreted him. In
actinp, of course, as tho Conqueror's n^prf- 1071 he went to Rome for his pall, and was
sentativd. lu 1070, Stigand kavuig been de- received with specialhonour by Alexander 11,
prived of the srdihishopric of Canterbury by formerly his pupiL Thomas also came for
R 1< rratini' council held in April, the Con- his pall at the same time, and is said toliavo
queror, after consultijig the nobles, fixed on been indebted to Lanfranc 's good olhces with
Laa&ane aa the new arebhiahop, and two the pope. The pope referred Thomaa's claim
legatea went to Normandy to urge him to to include three of the sufFnigan sees of Can-
accept the office. The matter was settled terburv in his province to an ecclesiastical
in a aynod of the Nonnan elnudi ; Lanfranc council to be hem in EngUnd. The case waa
profppst'd nnwillingness, all pressed him to argued at Winchester in the king's court., in
yield, C^ueen Matilda and her son Robert en- the urusuncc of prelates and lawmen, at Easter
treated him, and his old friend and master, 1072, and was decided at Windsor in an eo>
Ilr rlwiii, bade him not rt.>fusf>. He yielded, clesiastical assembly lu ld at Whitsuntide.
crossed over to England, received the arch- The sees were adjudged to belong to Canter-
biakoprie from the kinff on 16 Aug., and was bury, and it waa declared tbat Thomaa and
coiv Tntd at Cantoroury on the 29th by his successors owed obedience to Lanfranc
the iiiiiiiop of London and eight other bishops and his successors {Lmijranci Opera^ L
cS hie province. 27, SOS-5). In addition to this victory Lan-
As arclifiishop, Lanfranc worked in full fratnc raised the dignity of his see in the esti-
accord with the Conaueror ; he continued to mation of Christendom (see ib. p. 276, and
be bis chief oomnaelior, carried out, and, it alao under AmoEiE, bis successor). He waa
may supposed, often sugc^ested his pc-
trtirlybf* consulted by one archbishop of Dublin on
and by means proper to his
clesiaatical policy, sacramental doctrine, consecrated the two
oflBoe contributed largely to the complete next archbishops of Dublin, and wrota to two
subjugation of the luiglish. His policy as of lifi Irish kings, exhorting them to correct
primate was directed towards the exaltation abuses iu morals and church discipline. Mar-
of the chinch, and though, as was natural in garet, qu^n of Malcolm of Scotland, sought
a statesman who in early manhood had been his help in her work of eoch^i^iastioal vau>
A lawyer in the imperialist city of Pavia, he mation (JEpp. 86, 89, 41, 44).
was by no meana subservient to Rome, he
Inetaad of leaving ecclesiastic^ legist atioB
nevertheless strengthened the papal power in mixed assemblies of clergy and laymen,
to
England. The measures by wLich he and according to the English custom, Laulrano
tiie king for in ecdeaiaatical matters it is bald freouant council, which seem to hava

often impossible to separate their work im- met at the same times and places aa the na-
parted a new character to the national church, tional assembhes. His revival and couataut
laatfoyad its isolation, brought it into close use of ajBodtcal meetings had mucb to do
connection with the continent, and laid the with the growth of the usage by which convo-
foundation of its independence of the state cation is summoned to meet at the same time
in la^fiaUtion and jorisoietioii, tended to raise as parliament, though aa distinct from it.
its dig-nity, and to give opportunity for the The policy of assigning different spheres of
exercii>e of papal controL As Ions as two action to the church and to the state was
men so strong ae William and Mafrano flnttber carried out by the Conqoaior'a writ

worked in harmony the one supreme alike separating the spiritual from the temporal
in church and in state, the other administer- courts, in which the assent and counsel of
ing the affaire of the chvieh-- ^Mn
waa no tha two archbishops among others are ex-
TvSk that the spiritual power would come into pressly noted. In Lanfranc's synods the sub-
collision with the temporal. When Lanfranc jugation of the English was forwarded by
waa himself consecrated, he declined to con- the deposition of native churchman. Onfy
secrate Thomas of Bayeux to the see of York two native bishops still held their sees when
until Thomas made profession of canonical he came to England. One of tbese, however,
obedieooa to the church of Canterbury. Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, whom ba is
I

Thomas appealed t<i the king, who at first said to have determined to depose at asvnod
took his part, but Lanfranc convinced the held in 1076, et>cai>ed deposition, and Lan-
I

whole court of the justiea of bia daim, and franc einplojcd him. and huecessfuUy upheld
;

won over the king by representing that an his eatise in a suit against his own rival of
independent metropolitan uf the north might York. His hand was heavy on the nativa
I

ba nolitieally dangerous. Finally, Thomas abbute, for the monasteries were the strcmgw
'

maue a persniml nrofe-i^ion to Lanfranc, holds of nation&l faeling, and it waa good
rthe general (^ut^iiou beiu|( deferred to the policy to reatraiu the mouJu bjr giving Uiain

Digitized by Coogle
 Lanfranc
Mp
T<aftne
fvperion.
wu
In accomplishiiiff this
often unjuBt, and dia not
always even go through the form of OOlualt-
iag a synod (Orderio, p. 5*23). In ecclesi-
nedi appointments it is evident that he
VM oonsulted by the king^ for the new
bishops were generally ' scholars and divinee
[Conul&utitmal History, i. 283). Some of
the sbbots were men of a lower stamp, and
tffimud their monks. Almost without an
xeejpticm foreigners alone were promoted to
high office in tne church, and brought with
them ideas and fashions that tended to as-
ailste the Enp^lish church to the churches
of the continent. Lanfranc held the igno-
naee of the natiTS clergy in scorn. While,
haipmr, 1m TCmainad a foreigner to the Eng-
lish, to the world at large he assumed the
Cttoa of an Englishman, writing ' we Eng-
'
and ' our island.' One effect of the ap-
poiatment of foreign prelates was the decree
oftheeotmcil of London in 1076, which r-
ored bishone' from Tillages to cities.
The change had been begun in the reign of
ths Confessor ; but it was largely developed
nder Lanfranc, in accordance with conti-
oentd custom. In another synod which he
held at Winchester in April 1076 a decree
enioined derical celibacy. On this point,
which was then one of the principal features
of tkiDapal policy, the English custom was
57 Lanfranc
the house. In October he dedicated the
church of Bee, which had been begun when,
at his request, Uerlwin moved the convent.
His affection for monastidsm was evident in
his administration of the English church, and
one English chronicler calls him ' the father
and lover of monks.' An attempt, led by
Walkelin, bidiop of Winchester, to displace
monks by canons in his and other cathedral
chapters, and even in the church of Canter-
bury, though approved by the king, was de-
feated by Lanmnc, who obtained a papal
bull condemning the scheme, and ordering
that the metropolitan church should be servsd
by monks. At the same time it is doubtful
whether he approved of the ezempticm of
abbeys from episcopiJ jurisdiction, which was
then beonning frsqnmt, for Gregory VII
blamed him for not checking the efforts of
Bishop Herfast [q. v.] to bring St. Edmund's
Abbey under his control.
Owing to William's determination to be
snpreme alike in church and state, Lanfrano's
rations with the panacy were sometimes
strained. When the king refused some de-
mands made by a legate on behalf of the pope,
Gregory laid the blame on Lanfranc. Tia
archbishop answered that he had triad to
persuade the king to act differently. About
1079 Gregory reproved him for keeping
away irova. Rome he was not to allow any
;

In. Lsnfr^c refrained from laying too fear of the king to hinder him from coming
Imtj a burden on the married elez;^. But it was his duty to reprove William for hw
MeMions were allowed to have wive?, and conduct towards the hol^ see. Lanfrtmc de-
fer the future no married man was to be or- clined this and similar invitations until (in
itiasi deacon or priest. The pArish priests 1082) (Gregory summoned him to appear at
vho already had wives were not, however, Rome on the ensuing 1 Nov. under pain of
mapelled to part with them. The laity were suspension from his office. There is nothing
'"^arned against giving their daughters in to prove that this threat drew Lanfranc to
Mniage without the rites of the church. A Rome. On the question of the schism in the
eonparison between the writings of Abbot
aacy he wrote with caution; while re-
Jmeic {A. 1006) [q. v.] and the frequent ing a oorrespondent for abusing Gregon-
Moies of miracles connected with the holy he informed him that England ha<d not yet
(ikments in books written in England after acknowledged either of the rivals (Bp. 6.5).
the Xorman conquest points to a change in Lanfranc asserted his full rights within
ths position of the national church with re- his diocese and brought a suit ag^ainst Bishop
fcuMSS to euchtfistic doctrine, which, to a Odo for the restoration of lands and rights
lartr? mast no doubt be tttalmtedto bokniging to his see. The cause was decided
extent,
the influence of Lanfranc. in his favour by the shire-moot of Kent on
Later in the year Lanfranc, accompanied Pennenden Heath under thv: presidency of
by the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of Bishop Geoffrey of Ooutances, and Lanfirano
I^orehester, went to Rome to obtain certain regained the lands unjustly taken from his
pnrileges for the king from Gregory VII, church by others besides Odo, and established
ttd evried rich gifts from William to the his claim to certain rights and immunities,

KOn their return in 1077 they stayed both in his own lands and in the lands of the
.ne time in Normandy, and were present kiug. The decision of the local court was
with the king and queen at the dediofttaon of appfOfied by the king and his council. Lan-
the cathedrals of Evreux and Bayeuz, and franc spent his revenues magnificently. His

Js As church of Lanfrunc's former house, cathedral cliurch had been burned in 1067.
ot Stei)hcn"s nt Caeo. He visitedBrc, and In the short space of seven years he rebuilt
vhils tksrs iired m one of the brsthna of itiatheNoffmans^le. BitMwchnrohwM

Digitized by Google
 Lanfranc 5t
cniciform, with two western towers, a central
lantern, and a nave of eight bays ; the ceilings
were illuminated, and it was furnished with
gorgeous vestments. He gradunllj and by
gmitlft means brought the members of his
chnptrr fn forsnkp their worldly and luxuri-
ous ways of living, raised their number to
160, and made the eonatitution of the house
Complf'fply moniwitic, placing' if under a prior
instead of a dean, and probably causing canons
to tain sronastic tows, for previously the
chapter seems to have hpcn ot a mixed cha-
racter. He also either separated, or con-
firmed the separation of, the estates of the
convent from those of the firrlibisliop. He
built a palace for himself, and several good
ehvrohes and houses on his estates. At
Canterbury he aln built two hospitals for
the sick and poor of both sexee, and the
church of St. Gregory, wUeh ba fhwed in
the hands of regular canons, giving them
charge of the poor in his hospitals. The
ftvndaAion of this priory seems to littvv hem
the fit^t introduction of regular canons into
England. The church of Rochester Lanfranc
made his special care [see under GmmuxF].
His friendship with Scotland, abbot of St.
Augustine's at Canterbunr, enabled him
quietly to take measvTCS Ait ktMMd
independence of the monastery, and prepared
^ tmSm the 26th
the way for his attack on its privile^^es after
the OooqtMroi^s diath.
In Rprulnr matters Lanfranc played a con-
spicuous part, during the reign of the Con-
queror. Me was sometimes, as in the case
of the dispute between Bishop Herfa.<t and
St. Edmiuid'a Abbey ftee under Baxdwix,
d. 1098}, m>miBn<mea by the king to pre-
side over a secular court. During one or
more of the king s absenoea from England he
was the principal vicegerent the kingdom,
a function subsequently annexed to the later
office of the chief justiciar, and so that title
if aoniaitimes assigned to him. While Wil-
UtB wan in Normandy in 1074-6 Lanfranc
afoaars to have suspected that Ro^er, earl
of Hereford, was unnitlifiil to the kiiigv and
when bin suspicion was confirmed excommu-
nicated the earl, and would not absolve him
until he had i .nywn himself on the king's
mercy. About the same time Earl WaJtheof
came to Lanfranc, and oonfeHsed that he had
been drawn into the conspiracy of the Earls
of Hereford and Norfolk. Lanfroncappointetl
him a penance, and bade him go and tell all
to the king. In 1076 he visited Waltheof
in prison, and noed to ppeak warmly of his
repent^LTio'' and of his innocence of the crime
for which ho was put todaatb. Meanwhile,
the earls having taken up arms, the leaders
of the roj^foxoea lent reports of tbeirdoings
Lanfranc
to Lanfranc, who wrote to the king the neivB
of victory. Lanfranc is ondited with ett-
conrnpinir William in 1082 to arrest Bishnp
Odo, hiH old opponent, to whom the king had
given the earlc of Kent. TheknirwnaM
to imprison 'a Her1c,' but the archbishop
answered merrily, It is not the
'
<n K^Mm
Bayeux whom you will arrest, bat tho Bui
of Kent.' At the Whitsuntide court at
Westminster lO&B Lanfranc armed the
in
king's youngest son, Henry, on his receiving
knighthood, fi^ he had armed his brother
Rufus on a like occasion. In September 1087
the news of the Oonqneror's death filled him
with .<^uch n gniA tbt hit nwttk flwred tbit
ft
he would die.
Aa it pertained to Lanfrono'a offiot to
crown n new king, and probably alaobeeOM
he possessed great power and influenee, bii
action at tin eriria is repreaented aaof pat>
tno!int importance (aee William Bufut^ L
10, 460). When William Rnfiu came to
ii.
bim at Ouiterbury, bringing a letter in wbioli
the Conqueror had when dying expreaaed to
his old minister his wish that William ahonki
succeed to his kingdom, Lanf^c appcti to
have hesitated but being unwilling to pn^
;
long the interregnum he accepted W iUiaiBf
ster,
crowned him at Westmin-
receiving from him, in FidHition to the
coronation oath^ the promise that he would
in all things be led W
the archbishofAieoiB-
Bfil. He attended tne new king's emirt at
Christmas, and it must have been against his
will that the king then reinstated Babop
Odo, the archbishop's implacable enpmv, ss
Earl of Kent. On the death of .\l>bot :^t-
land in September 1087, Lanfranc renewtd
hie attack on the independence of St. Angua-
tme'a, and hallowed as abbot Quyi appnraitty
the bfaig's nominee. The next my
ijuatnmey
accompanied by Bishop Odo as earl, went to
the monastery, and demanded if the monks
would accept Guy as their abbot. They r>
fused. He bade all who would not submit
to leave the house, and installed Guy. Most
of the monks withdrew to the precincts of
St. Mildred's Church, but the prior and some
others were sent to prison. When dinner-
time cum most of tlwuaoadhy monks, being
hungry, mode their peace, onapromised obe-
dience to the abbot ; the rest Lanfranc sent
to different monasteriflSVBtiltluygfWMdb-
n)i-sive. Before long a conspiracy was mode
against Guy, and a monk named Columban,
being brought before the archbiahop, owned
that ne had intended to slay the abr>ot. On
this Lanfranc caused him to be tied naked
before the gate of the abbey and flogged in
the presence of the pwple, and then bade
that his cowl should be cut otl and heahonld
Digitized by Google
 Lanfranc
be driren from the city. Meanwhile, during
the rebellion of Ode and the Norman lords
1068, Lanfranc, together with his suffra-
1^8 and the Englisn people, stood by the
king.In November, when the rebellion was
put down, he attended the king's court at
Salisbury, where William of St. Calais,
bishop of Durham, was tried, and he took a
{ROffiuient ^rt in nuuntaining the kinL^'s
r^ht of jurisdiction over the oishop, who
tned to shelter himself under his spiritual
ehincter. In putting aside as trivial the
hiahop's objection that both he and the bishops
who were to judge him should haye been
wetring their rolws, Lanfranc implied that
tke hifiDop stood there, not as an eccleriMtical
difnitarr, but as one of the king's tenants in
chief, wfiile he and the other oishops who
ver judging him were in like manner doing
their service as members of the king's court.
.V^m, as he is said to hare sug^stcd a dis-
tiocy<m between the ecclesiastic and civil
diarfcctere borne by Odo, so one of his answers
to tlf Bishop of Durham implied that the
tern bishopric ' bad two significations, that
' andthearchbishopsawellmatchodinstrengtn
thebishopV spiritual office was separable from
his temporalities which he had received from
tbe king, and which were liable to be resumed.
^VUle he did not directly oppose the bishop's
sppeal to Rome, he maintninod that the king
had a rig^t to imprUon him, and his word^
oeHsd ne applause of the ibt Iwnms, who
cried, 'Take nim, take him that old gaoler
! theee traits wlto others more suited to liis
mj$ weU.' Ue further pointed oat Uiat if
a liahop went to Rome to tiie king's
damage Lis lands might reasonably be seized.
The {art which he took in theee proceedings
iOwHites hit Tiew of the feletions hetween
crown and it'i fipiritual subjft tH, ITo
not acting as a mere instrument oi the
roTtil will, fbr ho ehedred tho king when it
WM proposed to carry the ca.so against the
kishi^ farther than t3m law allowed (Mona-
Hm, I Wmbm Ru/iu, I 96*116).
Ur^ful as Lanfranr wns to liiin, William did
not keep his promiao that he would be guided
Us eeansel, grew angry when on one oo-
Ciion the arclibishop rr-minded ?:im of it,
lad ^om that time ceased to regard him with
bvonr. Yet it is eertda ts long as
lanfranc livt'd the kitip put some restraint
on kis evil nature. In May 1089iianfrano
is nised wilii a ferer at Oanterhuiy ; his
pbyi'ViftDR nrptNl him to take some draught
wiuchthey orescribed. Ue delayed drinkmg
H till he bad neeived the saennaent; it
had ct on him, and he died on tlie
^ hni\ otT-
21th, aftur a primacy of ei^teen veacs and
nine montiis. He was honed in nia eath*
drl. When Ansolm built thi> nr-w rhoir
lAafnnc'a body was removed and placed in
VOL. XI.
59 Lanfranc
another part of the church ; no trace of his
tomb remains. When his body was removed
one of the monks secretly cut off a piece of
his coffin, which was said to emit a fra^frant
odour this was taken as a proof of his holiness.
;
He is styled saint in the Benedictine
'
Martyrology,' and there were pictures of him
in the abbey churches of Caen and Bee ; as,
however, he had no commemorative office, he
should perhaps be styled 'Bcatus' rather
than 'Sanctus.' Although a largo part of
his life was spent in transacting ecclt'^^iast ical
and civil affairs, he never lost the habits and
tastes which he had acquired at Beo he re- ;
mained a devout man, constant in the dis-
charge of his religious duties. Strenuous in
all tilings, far-seeing and wise, resolute in
purpose, stem towards those who persisted
in opposing his policy, and not over-scrupu-
lous as to the justice of the means which he
employed in carrying it out, or the sufferings
which it entailed on others, he wm
in many
respects like his master and friend, WiUiam
the Conqueror, and men lookod on the king
of character {BremSelatio, p. 10). In Lan-
franc there waj, moreover, the subtlety of
the Italian lawyer, and his power of drawing
distinctions, the quickness of his perception,
and the acutenoss of his intellect must have
rendered him vastly superior to the church-
men and nohles of the eoint. Comhined with
profession, for he was humble, munificent,
and, when no qnestton of policy was eon-
cenied, ^'-ntlo and eun>idi'ratf towards nil.
His muniiicence was not confined to gifts to
churches, sneh as fSaxm which he made to
St. Albans, whore the great \s iirlis of Abbot
Paul were carried out liugely at his expense
he gate liherally to widows and the poor. If
he saw any on*' in trouble he always uKjuiii'd
the cause, and endeavoured to remove iU
OTer Ae hrethron of his large monastery ho
exercised a fatherly care, nut only promoting
their comfort^ but providing for their poor
lelatiTBa. Hu death was moomed by all,
and specially by thos*^ who knew him most
iutimately {Vita, c. 52 ; EASJifiii, Jlitloria
Nowrumt cols. 864, 356).
Asarchbishop T>nnfranckept up the b fimp
pursuits of his earlier days, and gave much
of hie time to oorrecting the Engiiah manu-
scripts of the scriptures andthefithers, which
had been oormpted by the errors of copyists.
His latinity was mtmh admired ; hia style,
although good and simple, is often antithe-
tical, and plays on words. His writings,
wludi, considering his fkmo as a scholar,
were few. were fii^t publiifTiod collectively by
Luc d'A.ch6iy, i'aris, lG4b, foLj in a voliaue
|
DigitizecJ by Google
 Lanfranc
conlfliiiinp; 1. 'CominentariesonthcEpistles
of St. Paul,' consisting of short notes, nro-
bftUy used in lectures. 2. 'Liber de Onr-
pore ft Sanguine T^mini noatri,* his book
against Berengar, -wTitt^n, as is proved by
internal evidence, not earlier than 1079, and
printed at Basle in 1528, 1551, with Pas-
chasiua Radbert in 1540, with works of other
mtiMm at Lonvain in 1561, and in varioos
early collections. 3. * Annotatiunculse in
nonnullas J. Cussiam collationes,' merely
four short notes. 4. Deereta pro ordine o.
Bencdicti,' printod in Rejrner's * Apofltolatufl
Benedict inorum in Anglia,' 1626, contains a
complete ritual of the Benedictine use in
England, with rules for the order ; it brought
about a revival of discipline ( Op#fa Abbatum
8Albant, i. 52 jMatthew of Wbstmiitsthr,
;
nnn. 1071, 1077). 6. 'Epistolarum liber,'
sixty letters. Oratio in ooncilio habita,'
6. '
repoftof speech on the primacy of Canter-
bury, an extract from William of Malmea-
bur/s Gesta Pontilicum/
' lib. i.
treatise, ' Confcssiono,' of doubts
De Celanda
ful authorship. Besides these Luc d'Ach6ry
printed a short tract, ' Sermo vel Sententise,'
on the duties of religious persons, in his
'Spicilp^um,' iv. 227, first edition 1677.
These pieces, with the exception of the * An-
notatiunculaB and the
' ( )r(itio,'
' Avoro re-
printed in 'Maxima Bibliotheca Patnuu,'
TheTaroall in
xviii. 621 sqq., Lyons, 1677.
Migne's Patrologia Lat.' cl., and were re-
'
Erinted by Giles in 1844 in his edition of
.aulranc's works, 2 vols, of Patres Becleeife
Anghcante' series, including the Chroiiicoii
Beccense,' the ' Vitae Abbatum Beccensi um,'
and other pieces, together with a en-
titled 'Elncidarium, a dialogue be tween a
master and pupil on obscure theological
matters^ attributed to Lanfranc fna twenldH
century copy in the Brit. Mus. MS, Reg.
6 E. vi., but of doubtful authorship
toire LittSraire, viii. 200). A
commentaiy
on the Psalms by him and a history of the
rli nrch of Canterbury in his own time (^Ead-
MER, IlUtoria Nownm, col. 856), which is
perhaps thp same as abt^ol: attribut^'d to hira
on the deeds of William the Conqueror
(irutoire LitUraire, viii. 294), are not now
known to exist. Other b>st works
attributed to him, in some cases at
erroneously.
[Fre^^man't Nonnas Conquest, li. in. it. posei m,
and William BoAu, i. 1-140 passim, and ii. 359-
360, give a (till aoeoant of Lanfranc'8 work in
England, while his William the Oonqusvor. pp.
141-6 (Engl. Statrsmcn Sor.), contains an excel-
lent sketch of his policy and work, for which see
also Stubbs's (Donst. Hist. i. 281-8, 347. Hook's
life in Axehbishafs of Oant. ii. 7* SQ)' is ansatis-
530 Lang
foctorj; Cbarma'a Lanfiraae, KoUoe Biogia-
phique, foraia a valuable aioBogfrapb. Vita Lu-
fraoci, by Milo Crispin, cantor of Bee, wriU-n
from recollectiou of Laufranc's cuntempornno*,
wasprinted by Giles in his Lanfrand Om>.i.38I
qq., along with Chron. Beccenso, Epistlee, and
I
|
other pieces. See also Letters from Gregory Vll
|
ID JaiVc sMuD. Greg. pp. 49, 36G, 194, ..20 F-il- ;
mere Hist. Nov. cols. 862-61, ed. Migue; Wil-
liam of Jumi^es, vi. 9, vii. 26, viii. 2. ed. Ih-
cbesne; Brevis Relatio in Giles's Gestn Willplmi,
i. 10, and ib. p. 175, Carmen de morti- L-m-
franci; Orderic, pp. 494, fi07, 823, 648. 66f'.
ed. DnohasDs; A.-8. Ohnm. ann. 1070, 1087, i
1089. wRh tlie*Iat{ii Lift fn App. pp. M6-f j
(Rolls 8er.); Hor. Wig. ann. 1074. 1076 (Enl
Hist. ISoc.); William of Malmesbury's GeaU
Bcgnm. oc. 447, 460, 462. 486. 496 (Engl. Hist.
Soc.),and Geeta PontiiT. pp 37-73, 322, 42S
(Rolls Sor.); Grvaw3 of Cant. i. 9-16, for
Lanfranc's rebuilding of Christ Church, and
43, 70. ii. 363-S (BoUs Ser.) ; Willia's Hist, of
Canterbnrj', pp. 18, 14, 66 ; Walsingham'sGfrta
|
Abbatum S. Albani.i. 46, 47, fi (Rolls ^t,1
c. 41. 7. A For the York side of the disnate with Arclibiishop
Thomas, consultHaghthsdoantornp. Histori&M
of York, ii 99-101, and T. Stubbs, ib. 867, SM
(Rolls Ser.) ; for the suiton Pennendon Heath,
Anglia Sacra, i. 334 sqq.; for the Sl Augustine's
venioD of Lanfrane's dealinn Tbom's uatnut-
worthJ aeeoimt io Dseem 8Bnptors8, eols. 1791-
1798; for Bishop of Durham s trial, Dogdale's
Monastioon, i. 246 sqq., and vi. 614, 616; for
writs sank to Lanfranc as a vicegeruiit, Litr
Eliensis, pp. 266-60 (Anglia Cauist.)^ OaUis
1
Cbristiiina, xi. 219 sqq. Labbe'e Gondlis, nx.
;
|
769, 774, 859, 9*H Mabillon's Acta SS. O.S.B.
;
T. 649 SQO. ; Acta SS., Bolland., May v. 822 sqq.;
'
Wilktn/s Concilia, i. 867 ; Hist. Litt. deFnucs,
viii. 197 Fqq. Wrighk^s fikg. Lik ii. I-l^.
woA also ufit ful.
;
W. H. I
LANG, JOHN DUNMOKE(179-167t*X
writer on Anstnlia, was born at Gtesoodc,
Scotland, 2.5 Aug-, 170f>. received his edofa-
tion at the parish school of Largs, Ayrsbirt'.
and at tiMiuuvanty of Glasgow, where be
remained eight years and obtained th^' M A.
degree 11 April' 18:^. He was licensed u>
preach by the presbytery of Irvine on 1 June
1820, and ordained in September 1822 with
a view to his forming a church in Sydnef.
New Sootlk Wales, in eonnection with the
linve been established church of Scotland. ITe arrir^^i
least in Australia in May 1823, and was the^^ ,
presbyterianminiBterwho regularly offiristw
in New Snuth Wale.s. His church, known m
|
the Scots church, was at Chuxoh Hill, Syd-
ney. Inl8dl,whileinEn||;land;heobtamed
oniers from I^ord Godendi directing the
colonial government to pay 3^600/. towards
the estaUislraMBt of ft eollege in Sydney |
the education of young men and of candi-
dates for the miniatsy, on the condition that
Digitized by Google
 Lang 531 Lang
sum should be subscribed by the Auo.tnili.i. In IStlO ho was elected one of the
a tiiilnr
piomoti. This scheme met with oppoutiott members for the city of Sydney, in Septem-
tbe eoloiij, and Lai^ bad to sell hifl pnTste ber 1861 he was reflected for Sydney at tbe
nertv to liquidate hia n-sponsibilit ies. On hend of t lie jioll. but : i
^ifrned his seat on going
I Jtn. i8S5 he establiahed the ' a to England in Eebruary 1852. On his return
Colonist,'
vwkty jonrnel, in which be diaenwed the bo was elected for tbe county of Stonley,
eiblicqiu'sfiriiisof the clay with groat vigour. ^loreton I'ay, in July 18f)4. After the intro-
6 protesUni against emancipated convicts duction of reeponsiijia government Lang was
occn^fmg the positioiw at feaden of tbe Areo times elected aa a representatiTe to the
pr -^-.arM! acTftinHt the vice of concjhinagc in legislative council for the const ituoncv of
high qaartera. For &ju cPeiprit he wrote on West Sydney, namely ia 1859, in 1860, and in
n draoding mcfvebuBt bia editor waa ftned 1864. Ho waa a nust active and energetic
lOOilfbut the money M-fm paid by the public. member of juirliument, and tooli u ]iroininent
Ihe 'Colonist' die^ in 1640, and on 7 Oct. part in all the ^uestionsof the day, advocating
1841 he edited tbe fink iramMV of the ' Colo- postal reform, the elective franchise, ^epara-
n's! Journal,' and tlicn, 1851-2, the 'Press,' tion of Port Phillip from Xew South A^'alo^,
aaother weekljr paper. It was not long ho- education, the abolition of the transportation
fbnbe beetme awoethat to diflPbae bnlthj of oonvioto, triennial parliaments, abrogation
pnnHplca into a comnninity so largely com- of laws of priinogt'iiii art", and abolishing of
poied of the oonTict element it was neceesary state aid to religion. On 2 May 1836 Glas-
teintrodiiee mdmtrioiia froe people from the gow, his own nnivessi^, created nim a doctor
mothfr-country. Asearlyas 1B31 he broupht, of divinity. During the our-o of his career <

OA a numbtt of Scottish mechanics at his he made many enemie^ but his views of
owaniL In when be went to England public afluTB wws
lihsnuand statesmanlike,
to engage minister- nnd pchoolmast^ra, he and his personal foes admitted tlmt lie was
pcnasded the Engiisit government to devote nearly always right in his public conduct.
cobrid funds to aid vom thoaamd peoplf He died in Sydnev 8 Aug. 1878, and bis re-
who contemplated cniiprntion.and who in he mains were accorded a public funeral.
I

course of three years left for Australia. On His better-known writings were: 1. *A
his voyage to England in 1880 hia veseel put Sermon preparatx)ry to the Building of a
into New Zealand. He advociifed in pnb- Soots Church inSy<lnrv.' 1*. 'Account

liibed letters addressed tot.be iilari of Durham of Steps taken in England with a View to
ttteeenpation of tbat group of islands ; no the Ertablisluneatof an Academical Bistitn-
wt of pnrlianKnt, ho iir^/ed, was neces.'^ary, tioninNewSonth Wales, and to drnumstriife
u the commieion granted in 1787 to Cap- the practicability of an Emigration of the
In Aillrar Philltp, gnremor of NewSontb Lidnstrions Olasaes,' 1881. 'Emigration; &
Wl<>t, included the holding of New Zealand. in reference to Settling throughout New
Msioly, if not entirely, in consec^uence of South Wales a numerous Agricultural Popu-
Ihtw wpnewuitittions. Captain Wilhani Hob- lation,' 188a 4.<AnHistOTieaUnd8tafii<ti.
wn took pnsHWJsion of the islands for Queen cal Account of New South Wales,' 1834,
Vktoria in February 1 8*10. ( >n Lang's return 2 vols.; 2nd edit. 2 vdi. 1837: 3rd edit.
to Aaitnli* in IMl he wm, on 11 March 1869; 4tb edit. 1874, 9 vols. 6. *View of
u that year, ndaiittid a mfmbfr of the pre8- the Origin aud Migrations of thp Polvne.^ian
brtenan synod ni Sydney, hut that body, on Nation,' 1834. 0. ' A
Sermon Preached at
II Oet 1849, 'depomd bin from tbe olBee the Opening of the Soots Church, Hobut
"^thfiholv minlst.rv '(cf. An Authmtic Slnte- Town, 183o. 7. 'Transportation and Colo-
neif of iAe Fact*, Sydney, ItJCO).^ Alarge nisation,' 1837. 8. 'New Zealand in 1839;
portion of Lui|^a eongrpgation aided with or, Four Letters to Earl Durham on the Oolo-
Dim, and continued t.^) nttond hi ministmrlon nisr-fion of tlmt Island,' 1839. 9. 'Reli-
It Church Uill, Sydney. Eveutttaliy in lSti5 gion and Education in America,' l&iO,
h* nd bis onngregAttom ware vaoonciled to lO. ' Cooksland in North-Eastem Auntralia,
th(prp?ViytrriaTi synod. Tn July he was the future Cotton Field of Great Britain,'
elsctedone of the six members for Port Phillip 1847. 11. ' Phillipsland or Port Phillip, its
diMiiek ta tbe legialativo ennncil, the single Condition and Prospects as a Field tar Ban-
chamber which then ruled New South Wales. gration,' 1847. 12. 'T!rji il or Pievolution,
He ast ontil 1846. In 1846 he went to ng- or a Glimpse of the Irish Future,' 1848.
Indfer tbe aixth time 'to nvo an impulse 18. *Tho Australian Emignuits* Ifannal,
to protectant emipT.itirin, nnd to prevent the or a Guide to the Gold Colonies,' 18" 2,
eoloay being turned into an Irish lloman 14. 'Freedom and Independence for the
cttbcilie aatUoBient/and until 1848 ba waa Golden Landa of Auitralia,* 1859 ; 2nd odit.
taplg|d in lecturing on tbo adTintagaa of 1867. Ifi. *I1ine Laetuna on Beligious
HK 9

Digitized by Google
 Langbaine 532 Langbaine
Establishmente, or the granting Monej for bus aliquot iUuBtntnaedeodum curavit et
the Support of Religion frort) tho Public notarum insuper auctarium adjunxit G. L.
Treasury in the Australian Colonies,' I806. cum indice. Ozonii excud. G. T. Acaucnu;v
id. 'Qaeensland, Australia, a highly eligible Typographus impensis Guil. Webb. Biblio..'
Field for l^minration, nnd fhr future Cotton 1636 (cf Hbabkb, Coll., ed. Doble, Oxf ri
Field of Great Britain,' ib<ji, 1665. 17. 'The Hist. 80c., ii. 207). Another edition, de-
Obminff Eventl or Freedom and Indepen- scribed in tho title-page as ' postrema,' ap-
(l<'nce for the Seven United Provinco? of Aus- peared in 1638. In 1638 Laiipbaine pub-
tralia/ 1870. 18. 'Historical Account of lished ' A
Beview of the Couucell of Trent
the Separation of Tietoria from New South . . . ftfBt writ in French b7 a learned RMBsn
"VS'ales, 1870. 19. 'Origin and Migration Catholique [W. Ranchinl. Now translated
of the Polynesian Nation,' 2nd edit. 1877. by Q. L.,' Oxford, fol. This was dedicated
[A Brief Sketch of my Parliamentary Life, by to Dr. Christopher Potter, at the time pro-
J. D. Lang, 1870 ;
Earton'H Poets of New South vost of Queen's. Langbainatelove of learning
Wales, 1866, pp. 33-7 Triibner's Amtrif^an Re- gained him the aoquaintanc> of tb-^ chiti
;

cord, 1879, pp. 14, 16 Lang's New South Wales, scholars of his time.
; Ben Juuson gave him
1876, 2 vols.; Times, 2 Nov. 1878, p. 11 a copy ofYoesius's Greek HistQriaiia,'iriudi '

Heaton's Anstmliajx Jlietioiiaiy of Dates. 1879, he annotated and ultimately prer-t -1 i

?
'

pp. 11U13.] G. C. B. Ralph Bathurst, president of Trinity Coikgk.

LAirOBAIinB, OBRARD, iho dder With Seldoi hb corresponded ott learned
(1600-1658), nrovost of Qucpn's rollo^o. Ox- topics in terms of close Intimacy, and several
ford, son of William Laugbaine, was bom at of his letters dated towards the close of ha
Barton, WeatmoreUnd, and -was edoeated at lifohave been printed by Heame (cLLsLun,
the free school at Blencow, Cumberland. He Co/fecteea, ed. neame,v. 282-93). When
*
entered Queen's College, Oxford, as bateller *
Ussher died in 1656 he left his collectioitt
17 April 1625, and was elected in munus for his Chronologia Sacra to Langbaine, u
* *
'

servientis ad mensam 17 June 1626.

' He ' the only man on whose learning, as well as
did not matriculate in the univprsity till friendship, he could rely to cast them into
21 Nov. 1628, when he was nineteen years such a form as might render them fit for tl: >

old. He was chosen ' taberdar of his col- press' (Pabb, {7MAr,p. 13). Langbam*-
' 1 .

lege 10 .Tune 1630; graduated B.A. 24 July the work to bo completed by his friend
1630, M. A. 1633, D.D. 1646, and was elected Thomas Barlow [q. v.], bishop of jLinfioln, who
ftillow of his coU^ in 168S. Ho was Ticar succeeded hun ac prof oat.
of Cropthwaite in the c^inrrsc of rarli?le, On the approacfi of the civil -wars Lang-
16 Jan. 1043 (Wooj). OoUeges and Maiis, baine aTOwed himself a sealoua lojaliat sad
\

ecL Gtiteh, p. 149 n,\ but teems to baTO re- supporter of episcopacy. Heiicrsffitedwitli
{

sided in Oxford. In 1644 he was elected the authorship of 'Episcopal Inheritance

i
. .

keeper of the archives of the university, and or a Reply to the Exammation of the An*
\

on 11 March 1645-6 was chosen provost of swers to nine reasons of the House of Com-
1

Queen's College. Owing to the city of Ox- mons against the Votes of Bishops in Parlia-
ford being invested at tne time by the par- ment,' Oxford, 1641, 4to, and of
j
Review '
A
liamentary forces, the ordinary form of con- of the Covenant, wherein the original!
j

finnationtOtlieprovost8hi|i by the archbishop grounds, means, matters, and ends of it are

I

of York was abandoned, nnd Langbaini 's examined . and disproved '[Bristol}, 1644. . .

election was confirmed with special permis- 4to. The latter is a searching examinatioa ot
tton of the king by the bishop of Oxford, and the ooveotnten* arguments. With viev
Dtp. Stownrrl, Fell, and Dnclco (6 April 16 16). to strengthening the position of his friends,
From ilia youth Langbaine showed scho- he also reprint^ in 1641 Sir John Cheke's
hrly taatee. In 1986 he oootribvited to Iho *Trm Snlgeot to the BebsQ, or the Hurt of
volume of TiJit in verses commemorating the Sedition, how grievous it is to a Common-
death of Sir Rowland Cotton of Bellaport, wealth . whereunto is newly added a Brief<>
. .

Shropshire. In 1636 he edited, with a Latin
translation and Latin notes, I^onginus's Greek
* Treat ise on t lie Sublime.' The work, which
is admirable in all respects, and has a
page en^ved by WiUiam Marshall, is called
* Atowtriov AriyyiVov 'Prjropnt rrrp) v^ovs \<>yov
fitfiXlotf : Dionysii Longini Rhetohs Prie-
etantieahni Liber do Grandi Loquentia sive
Sublimi (11'" r '' L'f'in Tt'. T/fitino nnlditus
vnoOiatai avvoTrriKais et ad oram Notationi-
Discourse of those times (i.e. of Edward Vi;
as they relate to the present, with the Al<
thor's Life,' Oxford, 1641, 4to. Moreover,
title- he helped Sanderson and Zouch to draw up
'
Kea.'^ns of the Present Judgment of the
University concerning the Solemn L* ncu'
and Covenant' (1(>47), and traosiated the
work into Ltm (WAS).
But L'lucfbnino also took practical step? to
enforce his views. In 1642 he acted as a

Digitized by Google
 Langbatne 533 Langbaine
ofmber of the delegacy, nicknamed by the pp. 3ii8, 40o). Ho had shown his knowledge
ofidergraduates * the council of war/ which of the subject by the aid that he rendered
^nvided for the safety of the city and for Arthur Duck [q. v.] in the preparation of
^l^ John Byron's rovali^t troops while stH- his'Do Usu ft Au'hortfat<> Jnri? Civilis llo-
tioned there. In May 1647 he wus a memlnir manorom iuDuuiiiuj.s i'riucipiuii Llirititiano-
it iha eommittee to determine the attitude rum,' London. 1653, Svo.
ftiha nniyeiaity to the threatened porliar Langhaine died at )xl'>rd 10 F. b. 1(;.j7-8,
<

nteiyTiaitatioD. He advocated resistance, ' of an extreme cold taken tutting in the uni-
aadwM liM aithor, aeoording to Oough, of versity library (MS. SwrL fi808, f. 291 ), and
'

Tlie PrivilpfTts of the University of Oxford was buried in the inner chapel of Queen's
in Point of Vitttation, dearly eridenoed by Coll^. He had just before settled a small
Iltar to an HanmtnluA Fianc^^ annmtj on the free aehool of Barton, his
with the Universities* Answer to the Sum- native placf.
moo* of the Visitors,' 1647, 4to. In Novem- Langbaine married Elizabeth, eldest daugh-
het 1647 he carried acme of the university's ter of Charles Sunny bank, D.U., canon of
oAhw to London, and aongfat permission Windsor, and widow of Christopher Potter,
for counsel to appear on the university's be- D.D., his predecessor in the provostship of
half before the Loudon committee of visitors. Queen's College. By her, who died 3 Dec.
Hii efforta produced little result, and on 169:2, sged76, he had at least three children,
6 June I64S, shortly after the parliamentary of whom one died in September 1 6')? ( rf. MS.
Tiutois had arrived m Oxford, Langboine was Jtawl. Misc. 898, f. 152). Iliii elder son,
wiBiiauaad to appear befcre them {burrows, WiHiam (1649-1672), proceeded BJL htm
Oxford Vmtatv ,
p 129); but the chief Queen's College in 1607, and M.A. from
viator, Philip Jderbert, earl of Pembroke, Magdalen College in 1670. He died at Low
qipmBUj tcestad him lenienilj, and ha Orendon, Bodnnghamshire, 8 June 107^
tamed his pzovostship. In January 164&<-9 and was buried there (Wood, Ltfc and TVmM,
Cission was virtually gTa^it<^<l ^ Lang- Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 238 j Foster, Alumni
toexerci&e all his ancient privileges as Oxon.) The younger son Gerard is noticed
{mjvoet of Queen's. Next moiiui be joined separately.
a sub-flologTicy which sought once again to Lnni^baine left twenty-one volumes of
mduce the visitors to withdraw their preten- collections of notes in manuscript to the
to direct the internal affiuia of tne col- Bodleian Idbrary. Some additional volumes
I'-ges, but the visitors ignored tlieir plea, were presented "by Wood. A detailed de-
ud illustrated their power by appointing a scription appears in Edward Bernard's * Ca-
taMar in leGO and a ftDow m 1651 in talofoa Has. Angli et Hibemifltt,* Oxt
Ungbaine's college. In April 1G.'2 the r oni- 1697, fol. (vol. i. pt. i. p. 268). TTrume makes
aittee in London finallv and formally re- frequent quotation fr >m tliem in his 'Collec-
Mond to Um inll eontrol of his college. tions' (cf. Tols. i-iii. puljl. by Ox Hist. Soe.)
Langbaine took a prominent part in a Aceoraint: to Wood, Langhaine made 'seve-
ninvr 1" f wt'fu the town and university in ral catalog lies of uiaiiuscripts in various libra-
litj4^. The citizens petitioned for the uboli- ries, nay, and of printed books, too, in order,
tioB of their annual oath to the university as we 8uppofl6^fi>r a universal catalogue in all
Mid for their relief from other disabilities. kinds of lenming.' John Fell, dean of Chri.-t
The official ' Answer of the Chancellor, Church, pnnted from Langbaiue's notes 'Plsr
Muters, and Scholara ... to the Petition, tonioorum aliquot qui etiam num snpei^
Articlc-sof Gripvanre, and reasons for theCit\' sunt, Anthorum Gnecorum, imprimis, mox
of Oxon, presented to the Committee for et Latmorum syllabus Al^habeticus,' and
neoUting the tJniTenity, 24 Julj 1640,' Ox- appended it to his ' Aldnoi in natonicam
' ixl.
164'J, 4to, ia aMijjnerl tn T.angbnine. It Philosophiam Introductio.* In 1721 John
WM reprinted in 1678 and also in James Hudson l^q. y.J edited ' thices Compendium
Bsiington's Defenoe of the Rights of the a
* Tizo d. Langhnnio (nt fertnr) adomatum
Tniversity,* Oxford, 1690. In 1651 he pub- et nunc demum recognitum et emendatuni.
lished The Foundation of the University of Accodit Methodus Argumentandi Aristo-
'

Oxford^ with a Catalogue of the principal telica ad dteptfitiatt mathematicam redacts'

Fomiders and special Benefactors of all the (London, 12mo 1721). Heame mentions a
CoIIegfs, and total number of Student^,' and copy of Hesychius, elahoratelv annotated in
% aimlUr work relating to Cambridge. Both manuscript by Langhaine {Coil. li. '2-3).
were ha^A on Scot's Tahles of Oxford and
'
' Fuller's statement that Langhaine planned
Cunihri Lr,.(16-J-2). In 165 1 he energetically a continuation of Brian Twyne's Apologia '

pressed on convocation the desirabili^ of re- Antiq. Acad. Oxon.' is denied bv Wood on
viving the atady of dvil law a* (hnvd (A. the teatimaigr of his friends Barlow and

Digitized by Google
 Langbaine
Lam])lupli, and has been credited on slitrht
lip
p^oimds with Iht; authorsbip of Dugdale'fl
*
Short History of the Troubles (ib. p. 0). '
An oil portrait of Langhaiue in academic
cap and failing collar is in the provott's lodg**
iugs at Quf n's College, Oxford.
[Inforinauon lun.st kindly supplied by the Kev.
Dr.Msfrratb, provost of Queen's College, Ozfind;
Wood's Aflunue Oxon. d. Uliss. iii. 446 tKj.
i
Wood's Hist, and Autiq. ud. Qutoh, vol. ix.
Foster's Aluntni Oxon. 150'i-1714; liurrows's
ViBitatioD of Oxford University (Camd. SocO:
Hanie*s CoU. (Oxf. Hiar. Soc.) ; Honttr't MS.
Chorus Vatum. in Brit. ]Mns. MS. Addit 24489,
f. 537 ; FuUer's Worthies ; Brit. Una.
LANGBAINE, GBRABD. the
(1C5G-1692), dramatic biographer and critic,
born Lu tho parish oi" St. Petur-iii-the-Eaat,
Oxford, on 15 July 1606, \Mt younger son
of Gerard Langbaine the elder [q. v.] After
attending a school kept by William Wild-
goose (M.A. of Brasenose College, O.xford)
nt DontDii, near Cndde.sdon, Oxford.shire, he
was d^prenliced to Nevil Simmons, a book-
eller in St. Paul's Churchyard, London but
on the death of Iji-^ "Id'T brotlnT William in
1672, he was aummuned home to Oxford by
his widowed mother, and waa entered as a
prntlemftn-commoner of Uuiverfity Colli ire
in the ALichaehims term of the same year.
He WAS of a lively disposition a great
jocli'oy,' [
Wood allsliira and idled away his
time. lie married young, apparently settled
in London, and ran ' out of a good part of
tho estate that had descended to him. But
* being a man of
good parts,' he finally chani^ed
his mode of life, ana retired 8U0(88ively to
Wick and Ileadington, in the neichbourhood
of Oxford. He had, in Wood' language, a
* natural and gay geny to dramatic poetry,'
and in his retirement he studied dramatic
literat ure, and collected a valuable library.
He dabbled in suthittship, but at flrat 'only
wrote little things, without his name et to
them, which he would never own.' The sole
productiim of this period which is traceable
to him is a practical tract entitled
ilunter : a Discourse of Horsemanship
was printed at Oxford by Leonard Lichfield
in KW), and bound up with Nicholas Cox's
'Gentleman's Recreation.' But it is quite
possible that he did work for Francis Kirk-
man, the Ijondon bookseller, who shared his
interest in drauiatic literature. It was cur-
rently reported that Kirkman invited Lang-
baine to writ** R continuation of 'The Enpr-
lish Rogue,' bv Richard Head [q. v.j, and
that he declined the commission on the ground
of the disreputable character of He'id'H ori-
ginal work. A
translation of Chaviguy's La
534 Langbaine
(ialante HermuphroditcNouveUeanioureuae,'
A ni st erdam, 1683, is assigned to him by Wood,
who describes it as published in I^Tudon in
octavo in 1687, but no copy is accessible.
In November 1687 appeared a wock hf
Liinglaue called ' Momus Triumphans, or
the Piagiarios of the English Stage exposed,
in a Catalogue of Ooiacaiss, Tragedies,' and
80 forth. Two title-pages are met wit h, one
bearingt.be name of Nicholas Cox of Oxford
a.s publisher, the other that of Sam Holfoid
of Pall MaU, London. In the preface Lang-
baine describes himaelf as a persistent play-
goer and an omnivocous reader and collect'or
of plays. Ho owned, he writes, 9^!0 English
{ilays and masques, besides drolls and inter-
yoniifljer udes. Although he complained of the lack
of originality in the construction of plots by
English dramatists, he admitted that their
plagiazisnis were often innocent. Along
catalogue of plays follows under the au-
thors' names, alphabetically arranged, and
the sources of the plots, which he ttsusllT
traces to a classical author, are stated in each
case in a footnote. A list of the works of
; anonymous authors precedes a final alpiia-
betical list of titles. In December 1687 the
work reappeared as ' A New Catalo^jrue of
English Flaysy' London, 1 688, and with sa
advertisement si at in;,' that Langbaine was
not responsible lur the title of the earlier
' edition, or for its uncorrected preface. Fir*
hundred copies, he declared, had already been
sold of the work in its spurious shape. For
Dryden Langbaine had no regard, and he at-
tributed the derisive title of the ])irated edi-
tion to Drvden'b ingenuity. Dryden, he be-
lieved, had heard before its pilhUeatton that
he was to be subjected to severs OBtioisni i&
the preface to the Catalogue.'
'
Enlarging the scope of his labours, Ln^
baine in 1691 produced his l)e6t-knowB
compilation, '
An Account of the English
Dramatic Poets, or some Obserratioas sad
Remarks on the Lives and ^^>i tings of all
those that have published either Comedies,
Tragedies, Tragicomedies, Pastmls, Masques^
'
The Interlude.s, Farces, or Opera", in the Eng-
;
' this lish Tongue,' Oxford, 1691, 8vo. The dedi-
cation is addressed to sn Oxfonl'^hire neigh-
bour, James Bertie, earl of Abingdon. It
is a valuable book of reference, with i^uuint
criticisms, but it is weak in its bibbogrsp-
phirnl details. Langbaine continued his war
on Dryden, and a champion of the ]oet,
writing in a weekly paper called The Madt-
*
rator' on Thursday, 23 June \092, <'\pl i-tjed
that Dryden could ' not descend :>u far beiow
hiittself to cops with Langbaine's porterlj
laniruas?e and disingennity.' Lancbaine's rvm-
'
tinuous etlurts to show that the dramatiid
DigitizecJ by Google
 Langbaine 53S Langdaile
asaallyborrowed their ploU rom classical Law, and Pby*-' ^'"^"^ ^"'.^ 1688, ' where
MHorians or modem romaace-writen have Peers left on,' to G Aug. 1090. Langbaine
exposed him to net'dlt^^sly severe censure. Sir died on 23 June 1692, and was buried at Ox-
W alter Scott write* of ' the malignant aasi- ford, in the church of St. Peter-in-the-East.
doity' with which he levelled his charges of According to Wood, the maiden name of his
plagiarism (Dbtdbk, Works, ed. Scott, iL wife was Greenwood ( Wood, Life awJ Tinf *,
2^, and D Israeli in hi' Calamities of Au- ed. Clark, i. 238). She married, atter Laug-
thon' declares that he 'reed poetry only to baine's death, William Smith (1650 P-1735)
detect pla^ariniDR.' Rut Laagbaine's methods [q. v.], and was buried nt MelsonLy, 8 May
were sch^arly, and betray no malice. A i7'M. Laiigbaine's mn William, boru At
new edition of Langbaine'a ' Aeooimt/ revised Hesdington just before his father's dssthf
bv Cli irlt'fl Gildon [a. v.], appeared in 1699, was Ticar of Portsmouth from 1739.
with the title, ' The Lives and Characters of [Weod's Athena Ozon. ed. Bliss, iv. 86-1-8
the Engliiih Dramatick Poets. First begun aelhMiliesqwtidsboffe.] S. L.
hj Mr. Langbaine, and continued down to LANODAILE or LANGDALE, AI^
this time by a careful Hand (London, 8vo).
'
BAN Boman catholic diviue, a
LangbMOe^work attained increased value BiitiTe of Yoriniuvor was edneated at St.
from the attention bestowed on it by Wil- John's College, Cambridge, and graduated
liam Oldye [g. v.], who embellished two BJ^. in 1631-2 (Coopbb, Athena Cantabr.
copies of the l691 edition with miniwriipt i. 609). Ob 6 Maroh 1684 he was ad*
annotations, embndyinir much contemporary mitted a fellow of St. John's, and in 1636
Kkip. Oldys'8 iirst copy passed into the he commenced M.A. He was one of ths
ds of Goxeter, and ultimately to Theo- proctors of the university in 1639, and pvo*
philoB Cibber [q. v.], who utilised portions ceeded B.D. in 1544. Ho took a part on
o( the manuscript notes in his Livee of the the Roman catholic side in the disputations
'

FwCi,' 1768. A second copy, ob which concerning transubstantiation^ hflM in the

OMt wrote the date 1727, was once the philosophy schools bt'fore the royal com*
poperty of Thomaa Birch, but is now in the missioners for the visitation of the university
Bi&h MuMom (a S8, g. 1 ). The maau- and the Marq[tns of Northampton, in June
soript notes arp written in this copy between l.'>49 (CooPBB, Annal of CnmbriU/e, ii. 31).
tbe printed lines. Bishop Percy transcribed Before 1551 he left the university AaciiAM, (

(Hdyirt notes In an interlettved copy Ixjund English Works, ed. Bennet, p. 393). Re-
in four volumes, and added comments of his turning on the accession of Queen Mary, he
own. The bishop's copy passed through the was created D.D. in 1654, and was inoor>
hands niiriOfllTnlj of Monck Mason and Hal- porated m
tiiat degree t Qdbid on 14 A|HiI
liwell-Phillipps, gathering new additions on the same year, on the occasion of his going
iU way, and is now in the British Museum thither with other catholic divines to dupute
(pL 46 d. 14). Joseph Uoslewood, B. V. with Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer (WooSf
bttmon, G^eorge Stt^evons, Malone, Isaac Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss^ i. 146). He was redor
Reed, and the Rev. ilugers Huding also made of Buxted, Sussex, and on 26 May of thai
transcripts of Oldys's notes in their copies of year was made prebendary of Ampleforth ua
Langbaine, at the saaae time adding original the church uf York. Ou 16 April 1666 he was
researches of their own. The British Mu- installed archdeacon of Uhicnester. He re*
eeum poesesses Haslewood's, Utterson's, and fused an offer of the deancnry of Chidiestar.
Steevens's copies ;the Bodlcinn library pos- Anthony Browne, first viscount Montague,
ieases Malone's ; other copies ol Oldys's notes to whom he was chaplain, writing to the queen
are m privefce haadi. 6tt Egerton Brydgee, on 17 May 1668, states that he had caused
who once owned Steevens's copy, printed a Langdaile to preach in place.*? not well affected
portion of Oldys's remarks in his memoirs of to religion (Cal, State Papers, Dom. 1647-
oiamatista in his 'Oensttffs Litraria/ but 1580, p. 102). On 19 Jan. 1668-9 he was
'iMvk's not^>8 have not been printed in their collated to the prebend of Alrewas in tho
entirety (of. Iiote$ and Queries, brd eer. i. church of Lichiield, and in the following
month was admitted ehanoaUor of that
T/in^^inint" was elected yeoman bedel in church (Plowdev, R^jHtrts, p. 526). TI-i
arts at Oxford on 14 Aug. 1690, 'in oon- was one of the eight catholic divines ap-
nderation of his ingenuity and loss of fiart pointed to arpie ^inat the same munber
of his estate,' und on 1!) Jan. 1091 was pro- of protestants in the disputation which began
moted to the pusl ul' esuuire bedel of law at Westminster on 31 March 1669 (Stbysb,
odarchi^rpographu*. To Richard Peern's Armals, i. 87, folio). On his vaAual to take
*Cltaloglie of [Oxford] Graduntps,' IWU, In' the oath of supremacy he was soon oftsV"
dded SD appendix of * Proceeders in Div., wards deprived of all hut prefermentat

Digitized by Google
 Langdale 536 Langdale
In ft lite made in 1S61
of popish xeeuMate tnnied to the next parliament, bat from 1887
who wero nt large, but restricted to certnin to 18-41 he ht'ld one of the seats for Knares-
places, he is described as ' learned and very borou^h,near which the property of hia father
earnest in papistry.' He WM
ordered to re- was situated.
main witl> Lord Montagu, or where his lord- Throup-hout hi-s life ho took a h-ading^ part
ship should appoint, and to appear before in all matters relating to the interests oi
the eomiBMnoiien *witliia twelve days aftr Itomaa oatboliea ; andhe eseited himself in
monition p'wen to TiOrd Montagu or his an especial manner, as chairman of the poor
j

officers' (Cb/. iState Paper$, Dom. Addenda, schools committee, to promote the education
!

IflOl-S, p. 638). Subsequently he withdrew of poorehildrabelongingtotbatcommvniflft.

to the enntinont, where he spent the r*- He died on 1 Dec. 1868 at 5 Que-'n Street.
m&inder of his life. He was living in 1584. Mayfair, London, havinff been admitted on
^

He nrast not be oonfoonded with Thomas his deaUibed a temponi ooadjntor of the
Langdale who entered the Society of Jesus Society of Jesus (Foley. Tf^^-orrh, rii. 433).
;

ui 1662 and served on the Englisn mission He was buried at Houghton, the family seat.
(DoSB, Ckurek Bigt. il 141). Dr. Manniny, aiohlHahop of Weatminstor, in
His works are 1. Disputation on the a funeral sermon, preached in London, de-
:
'

Eucharist at Cambridge, June 1549;' in scribed him as having been for fifty yeara tho
Foxe's ' Acts and Monuments.' 2. ' Gatholica foremoet man among the Roman eatholie
'^'nnfutfttio impirp cuiusdam DBterminationis laity in England.
D. Nicolai Kidlei^ post disputationem de Ue married, firat, in 1816, Charlotte Mary,
Eucharistia, in Aeademia Cantabrigiensi fifth daughter of Oharlee, wventh lord Ohf^
habitce,' Paris, 1S66, 4to
Dedicated to An- ford of Chudleigh she died in 1818; se-
thony, viscount Montague. The privileg^um condlv, in 1821, Mary, daughter of Mar>
'

ragtum ' of Henry 11 of France to authorise maduike William Haggerstono Oonttablfr-

the printing of flie book is dated 7 March Maxwell of Everingbam Park, Yorkdiink
1668. 8. 001100 uy with Ricluird Wood- and sister of Lord Herries she died in 1857.
'

man, 12 May 1567;' in Foxe's 'Acts and His eldest am, Oharlea, aofioeeded to th
Monuments.' 4. ' Tetrastichon,' at the and family estates.
of Secon's Dialectica,' 1674.
'
As a young man Langdale was intimate
[Addit. US. 6876, t M
; Beker^s Hist of 8l tndi Mm. Fitshofbert, wnom he frequently
John's Coll. pp. 116, 137, 462; Dnrtes's Athene visited at her house on the Old Steyne at
BriUnnica?. ii.200; Lansdowne MS. 980, f. 280 Brighton. With a view to the vindicatioa
lyower's Worthies of Suhsm, p, 70; Ridley's of her chanoter he publishod * Memmza of
Works (Christmns), p. 169; Kymer's Foadera, Mrs. Fitzherhert; with an Account of her
XT. 382, 643. 544; Strype's Works (general Marriage with ILR.H. the Prince
of Walea,
index) ;
W
ood's Athunce Oxoo. (Usb) i. 228. ii.
afterwards King Qeoi^ the Fouortii/Loiidon,
821 authoritie* quoted.] T. C.
1856, 8vo. He undertook this work at the
;

LANQDALB, CHARLES (1787-1868), request of his brother, Lord Stourton, one of

Roman catholic layman and bio^pher of the trustees named in Mrs. fltzherbeurt's wiD
Mrs. Fitzherbert, bom in 1787, was the third (the others beinp the Duke of Wellington
son of Chnrles Philip, sixteenth lord Stour- and the Earl of Albemarle), in reply to the
j

ton,by a sifter of MarmadQke,latlord Lang- attack on the Isdy's.charaeter in the^ Memoin

dale, a title which honame e.xtinct in 1777. of Lord Hollfind.' He was prevented by the
I

In 1816 he assumed lus mother's maiden two surviving trustees from making use of the
;

nan inalead of Stourton by royal license, contontaof the sealed box, wUeh Sad in 1888
in pursuance of a testamentary injunction of been entru.sted to their care, but he was en-
a kinsman, Philip Langdale of Houghton, abled to use the narrative drawn up by Lord
Torkriiiin. Ho iraa a Itoman catholic, and Stourton and based upon the mouBMnta
as n young man he appeared on the platform therein ooBtained aaa FmwMBBOT, Mabi&
in ,otidon at the meetmgs held by hisco-reli- Annb].
I

ginuists at the Freemasona' tavern and at the [Faoenl Dlseoonis, by Father P. Qallwev,
Crown and Anchor and stood side by side
; I/ondon, lSn8, Svn; Hnllwoy's ?5.'ilvage from th
with the Howards, the Talbota, the Aruu- Wreck, 1890, with portrait; Hegiater, i. JIO,
dells, the Petres, and the Cliffords, to claim on m; Oseoliaa, mmssr. iii. 4.] T. a
behalf of English catholics th<' right of poli-
tical emancipation. After the paasing of the
LANGDALE,
B.vbok (1788-1861), mas-
ter of the rolls. [See Bickbrstbth, Hbitrt.]
Relief Act ho was one of the first English
Cftt holic? to enter parlinmMnt,and ho took his LANGDALE,
MARM.VnUKE, first
seat as member for Beverley at the opening Bakon L&NacALK (lo98r-1661), was the sou
of the paiUammil of 1898-4. Bawaanoln- of Peter Langdalo of Pighill, near Beverlsyi

Digitizeci by Google
 Langdale 537

^ Aone, d>'urk
Mtffhter of Michael Wharton of
(BrBKB, Ertmet Peerafff,
Beftrhr
1883, p.'814 ). He was knighted bv r'li irlf
t Whitehall on 5 Feb. 1627-8 rAlETCALFB,
Book of Knigh tf, p 1 .
)
. His faintly -were
Roman catholics, and are returned as still re-
euaanta in the list of 1716 (CoaiN, Utt of
Bmm Catholies, &e. ed. 1862. p. 5P9). In
1639 he opposed the b'vy of '^liiji-im in v on
Yorinhiza 'I hear/writea Strall'ord,' my old
fritood Sir Mamtadnke Luigdale appears in
the head of this bu9in'.-<9 that i^ontleman I
;
ftar cairies an itch about -with him, that will
nenr let liim tilro rest, till tt one tine or
nther he happen to be thoroughly clawed in-
desd' (Strafford Letter4, ii. S08; cf. Cb/.
abfe Paperti, Bom. 1040, 989). Nerreiv
^
thelf'ss, wben tbe rivil war oegan, Lanirdalt',
DO doabt because of the severity of the jiar-
Itsnent a^^ainst MtlioUcs, adopted tbe king's
cv -H -witK the j_'Teat''f;t devotion. Ho wa.-<
Ml by the Yorkshire royalists in Septembt r
160 to tile fSsrl of Noweaatle, to en ^pre h im
to march into York-ililre to fheir Hsi-.t(ince,
and was one of the committee appointed to
irange terma ivith him {Life of the Duk^ of
ycvxa^tle, ed. Firth, pp. 833, 33(j). About
Fflbruarr 1643 he raised a regiment of foot
intlienatltidinfr, buthe irucfaieflv dietin-
P"
a-s a cuvIry commander (SLi^fosBY,
^VinMatri,ed.Panoii8,p.93). Newcastle em-
ployed him as uintennediatr in his toe-
cessful utfempt to gain over the Hothnnm,
ginning of November lfV44, just af^er the se-
cond battle of Newburj- (Wai.kkk, Ih'siori-
: I cftl T>i' -o!ir-ee, p. lit!). LanLidnle's northern
hoiaemtin were anxious to return to the relief
of their fnends. * I beseech your highneia,'
wrote l,an;j^.lulG to Kup<rt, '^vt not our
countiymen upbraid us with un^'ratefulnesa
in demnrting them, but rather give ns leave
to try what wo can do; it will be some satis-
iaction to us that we die amongst them in
revenge of their qnanellB' (19 Jan. 1645;
Huprrt MSS.) Langdnlf was allowed to try,
marched north, defeated Colonel Roasiter at
Melton Mowbray on 96 Feh., and nused the
siege of Potitefract on 1 March (Siirteei* So-
cietji Miioellttnea, 1801, ' Siege of Pontefruct,'
p. 14; WiXBWRnr, mm Rupert, iii. 68;
^ffr( urilul A itlicus, 8 March 1645). This was
his most brilliant piece of soldiership during
thewar. HereUrinedtheking'sarmv.itStow-
on-the-Wold, nloucestershire, on H Slay 164.^,
and took part in the capture of Leicester
{Diary ofjHehard Si/mofifis, p. 166). At the
battl. of NiLseby (14 Juni- 1(3 to) Lan;rdale
commanded the king's left wing, but after a
gallantresittanee it was complot ely broken hy
tJromwell fSnuie^E, .fwr/Z/a 7iV///-i"a, p. 39).
He was equally unfortunate in his encounter
with Major-general Pnynt* at Rowt(m Heath,
near T^hV-r r (Symoni)3, p. 242; Walkkr,
.1 30, 13U ). On 1 3 Oct. Langdale and some
n hunored horse, nnder the command
of Lord 'nijj:!^ >t irl d from Newark to join
.

sad in his unaocoese^l overtures to Colonel Montrose in Scotland, but were defeated on
Hndnnson (Sawvobv, StudiuandlUwera' 16 Oct. at Sherhum in Yorlcahiro. Langdale
ttnnj>offh/' Great Re^; t'!io;,. p. 55.^; Life of in antiijui' fi ^liion made a speech to hi.'* >ol-
VoionelMutchituon^ed. Firth, i.S77 ). Rebels, diers before the fight, telling thera that some
wrote to Hntehrason, might bo tnooMafbl people 'scandalised their gallantry for the
for a time, hnt pcnerfilly had cause to repent loss of Naseby field,' and that now was the
in the end, and neither the law of the land time to redeem their reputation. second A
MTtav religion publicly profened in Eng- defeat from Sir John Browne at OarUsle
land afiowea subjects to take up arms apainst eand.'? completely scattered the little array,
their natural prince. ' I will
go on/ he con- and Langdale, Digbji and a few officers * fled
dnded, <iB that way that I donht not shall over to the Isle at Man in a ooek-boat*
Rini the king his right forth of the usurp- r'.s r Vicars. BunwiQ nu.h, pp. 207. 308 Cla- ;

hand wherever I find it' When the iScota rendon M8S, 1992, 2003). He lauded in
nny invaded England, Langdale defeated France in May 1646 (Cart, Memoriah
'hnir cavalry at Corbridcrp, Nortlmmborland, the Civil War, i. 83).
19 Feb. 1W4 {Life of the Duke Ntto- On the approach of the second civil war
<if
iaUe, p. 360; RmnwonrH, T. 614). At Langdale was despatched to Scotland with
Marston Moor he probably foutrht on tlie a comraif;.ion from Charles n,diriicting him
left wing with the northern horse under to observe the orders of the Earls of Lauder-
I

the command of Genond Goring. Aftor the dale and Lanark (Fehniary 1648 ; Bvbvbt,
I

b'lttle through Cwm- Liven of the Tlnmiltons, 18o2, p. 426). On

this division retreated '

beHand, Westmoreland, and Lancashire, to 28 April he surprised Berwick, quicUy

I

Chester, and were defiaated on the way at raised a body of northern royalists, and pub-
I

Ormgkirk (21 Aug.) and Malpas (2fi An;' ), lisheil a T"). 'riant inn for the King' ('Ur-
'
1

L&ngdale commanding in both actions (( VW/ DINB, Great Civil fl'ar, iii. 370). Lambert,
War Traah f Lancashire, ed. Ormerod, p. who commanded the parltamentwy forces
I

?04 Phillips, fSrH War in Wnki>, ii. 200). in the north, forcer! him to retire into Car-
;

fls joined the kmg s main army at the be- lisle, and he joined the Scots with three
^

Digitized by Google
 Langdale S3
thousand foot and six hundred horse when
they advaucod intoLancosliiro about 15 Aug.
1648. At the battle of Preston on 17 Aug.
his division was exposed almost entirely un-
supported to the attack of Cromwell's army,
and was routed after a severe struggle.
Friends and enemies alike admitted tnat
they fought like heroes, though some Scottish
authorities attribute the defeat to the in-
ellicieucy of Langdale's scouts pp. 134,
4.%, 442; Clakkndon, xi. 48, 76 ; Buknbt,
p. 453 ;
Langdale's own narrative is printed
in Lancashire Civil War Tracts, p. 267).
Langdale accompanied Hamilton's march as
far as Uttoxeter, fled with a few officers to
avoid surrendering, and was captured on
23 Au^. near Nottingham (Life of Colonel
Hutchinson, ii. 385). On 21 Nov. parlia-
ment voted that he should be one of the
seven persons absolutely excepted {rom par-
don, but he had escaped from Nottingham
Castle about the begmning of the month,
and found his way to the continent (Ga.b-
PIXER, iii. 510; RusHWOBTH, vii. 1325). In
June 1649 Charles II sent Lanf,'dale and Sir
Lewis Dives to assist the Earl of Derby in
the defence of the lale of Man (A Declara-
tion of Sir Marmaduke Langaaie . . . m USB, ix. 423: Bdrkb, Extinct Peerages, p.
vindicaUm Jamu, Earl <f Derijf, Uo,
1649).
According to the newspapers Langdale
next entered the Venetian service, and dis-
tinguished himself in the defence of Candia
against the Turks (The Perfect Aoeount,
6-12 May 1652). When war broke out be-
tween the Dutch and the English republic,
Langdale came to Holland, and made a pro-
posal for seizing Newcastle and Tynemouth
with the aid of the Dutch, giving them in
rot urn the right of selling the coal {Cal. Ofa-
rendon Papers, ii.l49). Hyde now came into
collision with Langdale, whom he describes
as a man hud to please, and of a yer^ weak
'
understanding, yet proud, and much in love
with his own judgment,' and very eager to
forward the interests of the catholics {Cla-
rtnden Slate Papers, iii. 1.35, 181 Xtcholas
;
Papers, ii. 3). Though a large party in the
north of England desired his presence to head
ft rising, he was not employed by the king
in the attempted insurrection of 1655, and
complained of this negleet. He was con-
cerned, how' vt r, in the plot discovered in
th spring of iGo8 ( Thurloe Fapert, i. 716).
Charles fl created him a peer at Bruges,
4 Feb. 1658, by tlu- title of Baron Langdale
of Holme in Spa'.diugmore, Yorkshire (Dott-
UALK, Baronage, ii. 476; Burkb, Retmet
Pterage, 188.3, p. 314). Langdale's estate's,
however, had been wholly confiscated by the
parliament, and he had been reduced to great
Langdon
poverty during his stay in the Low Countries.
Aeeoraing to Lloyd his losses in the long^
cause amounted to 1()0,0(X)/. {Memoirsof &-
cellent Pf rsoTtageSf &c., lt>68, p. 649). In
April ItJiiO Hyde
dtaeribedliiiato Barwick
as retiri d to a monastery in Germany to live
'
with more frugality ( i/j/y of John liandekf
'
p. 508). In April 1661 he begged to boflK-
oii.-;ed attendance at the king's coronation on
the ground that he wa^i too poor {Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 1660-1, p. 564). He died at
his house at Holme on 5 Aug. 1661, and was
buried at Sanctun m
the neighbourhood
(DuGDALE, Baronage, ii. 476). ik. painting
of Langdale was in 1808 in the popoession of
the Hon. Mrs. iStourtou. An engraved por-
trait, with Ml autogfaph, is in *ThuM^a
Series.'
By his wile Lenox, daughter of John
Rodes of Barlborough, Derbyshire, he left
a son, Marmaduke (d. 1703), who sucfvpilod
him in the title, and was governor ot Hull
in 1iia iBteiBest of .James II when the town
was surprised by Colonel Copley in 1688
(IIbsesbt, Memoirs, ed. Cartwright, p. 420).
The title became extinct on the death
of the fifth Lord Langdale in 1777 (CoL-
814).
[Letters of Langdale are to be found am on;; th
'
Clarendon MSS., the Nicholas MSS., and in Cor-
respondeoea of Prince Rapsft. For p6di(;iMi
soe Foster'.H Vishntions of Yorkshire in 1584
and 1612, p. 12S^, and Poulsoa's iiulderueai, it.
2M.] a
H. F.
LA3rOIX>N, JOHN{d. 1434), bidiop of
Kochester, a native of Kent, and perhaus of
Langdoxi, was admitted a monk of Cnriat
Church, uanterbury, in 1898. Afterwaidsbe
J
studied at Oxford, and graduated BJD. in
i 1400 i aooording to hie ]^itash he waa DJ).
I
He is said to uits MooflM to Gkraoetter
. Hall, now Worcester Couege (Wood, CV/v
'
of Oxford, ii. 259, Oxf. Hiat. Soc.) Accord-
j
ing to another aceount he waa warden of
;
Canterbury College, which was coniiecieil
with hia monaatery \ but thia may be an error,
due to the &ct that a John Langdon waa
warden in 1478 {ib. ii. 288). He was one of
twelve Oxford aoholara appointed at the aug-
geationofeonTocvdon inl4Il to inquire into
the doctrines of Wveliffe (Wood, tlitt. ami
Aintig. Umv. Oj/. 1. 561). Their report is
printed in Willans's Concilia,' iiL 889-49.
Langdon Ijecame sub-prior of his monai>ter\'
before 1411, when he preached a eenaoo
against the lollards in a aynod at LcMidaB
(Hajipsfbld, //m/. JCccl. Aiigl. p. 619). On
17 Nov. 1421 he waa appointed 1^ papal pn>>
viaion to the aseof Roraeatw, and waa ooiiM*
Digitized by Coogle
 Langdon
catedoo? June 14L>2 atCanterbury by Aroh-
liiAopCSiielieleY (Stubbs, Reg. Skier. Angl.
p. 60). After nis consooration be apjK'ars
among tlie rovol councUlore (Nicolas, Proe.
Priejf Omtneii, uL 6), tad after 1430 his name
MMtwtly occurs tmong Ukmo present at the
nK?*tin^. Ho -was A trior of p^'titions for
ijucmy in the purliamont of January 1431,
and for Entrlnnd, In^land, Wales, ana
laad in that of May Rot. Pari. iv. 8(W a,
1 rA-2 (
%8). In February 1432 he wfis eneuged on
ttMBbMsy to Charles VII of France (iWhra,
X. 500, 514). In July following he was ap-
foiiited one of the English reprasentatives at
ttseovneil of Baale, whither ha waa intend-
ine to *et out at the end of the year be was
at the same time entrusted with a further
nawnto Chnlea VII {ib. x.
Lofdon waa, however, in England in March
14S3, and for some months of 1434 (Nicolas,
Pnc. Pricu Council, iv. 164. 177, 196, 221).
On 18 Feb. 1434 he had tieenaa to absent
hinuelf fmm the council if sent on a mission
br tiiepope or cardinals, and on 3 Nov. of
tl^vesr wa appointed to tnatlbr th>' refor-
lEsr. the church and peace with France
n of
iPadera-x. bl 1,688). Langdon had, however,
tad at Baale on 80 Sept. It ia eomnKmlj
alleed rlnit bis body wa.s brou^bt homo for
bvitl at the Charterhouse, London, but in
iwfity Im waa latorrHd in the dioir of tlio
Carthusian monastery at Basle (see epitaph
printed in \"fes and Querm, 3rd ser. ix. 274).
Bia will, dated 2 March 1433-4, was proved
Tfhxw 1437.
b'ln. ion is said to have been a man of
great erudition, and tu have written: 1. 'An-
rioroBi Chronicon.' 2. 'Sermones.' Thomas
K idbonie, in his preface to his Historia
Minor,' says that he had made use of Lang-
(W
!87y
68; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. n.
[B&Ip. tit.
4W Wharton's Anglia Sftcra, i. 380 Rymer 8
;
FwIcth, orig. ed. Godwin's De PraesaliKu-, p.
;
i^, d. Richardtson Le Nere'a Faafei Eccl. Aogl.
;
& M6 ; anthoritiee qtioted.]
LAJ^QDON, RICHARD (1730-1803),or-
finkt and composer, son of Charles Langdon
of Exeter,and giaadaon of Tobias Lan^.'^rlon
1T1 2), priest-vicar of Exeter, was bom at
Ei' t r in 1 7iJ0. An uncle, Richard Lang-
don. with whom he iaaometimes confu8ed,was
bom in 16^^6. The younger Richard Langdon
WIS aapointed organist of Exeter Cathedral
m SB Jane 1763 {OatJMml Jbaordv). Ha whom, Abraham Langford, was a govenuMrof
CTad i^* l Mus.Bac. at Exeter College, Ox-
-
toni, 13 July 1761, aged 31 iOj^fard EariaUr), SuppL p. 200). Laogl'ords successor at the
Oa S6 Nor. 17771m was alootef
f Slj, Vat aaana not to hara antand irdMraown aoctiomaer, George Robina.
539 Langford
his duties there, having been made orgauist
of Bristol Gathednl, 8 Dee. 1777. Hia last
appointment was as organist of Armagh
Cathedral, 1782-94. He died at Exeter on
8 Sept. 1803 (Gent. Mag. 1803, pt. ii. p. 888,
and memorial tablet). Langdun's works inp
'
elude, besides several antbems, 'Twelve Songs
j
and Two Cantuta^s,' opus 4 (London, n.d.) j
Scof^- and'Twelvf Glees for Thret- and Four Voices'
(London, 1770 1.In 1771 he published Di- '
vine Harmouy, beiuf a Coilectiuu in score
of Psalms awi AntSema.' At tha end of
this work are twenty chants by various
author^ all printed anonymously; the first,
a donmo ohai^ in F. haa uaualhr baan a^
;
bip^nr d to Langdon itimadf, ana haa long
been popular.
624, 627, 5dOV [Groves Diet, of Music, where the date of his
sppotntment to Exeter is wrongly Ket dovrn iv3
1770; Parr's Church of England p8.il tn ody
Jenkins's Hist, of Exeter, Fosters Altimni Oxon.;
notes from Exeter, Ely, and Bristol Cathodnl
Rsoocds, as puitately supplied.] J. 0. H.
LANOFOBD, ABRAHAM (1711-
1774), auctioneer and playwright, waa bom
in the parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden,
in 1711. When quite a young man lie began
to write for the stage, and was reponsiblo.
according to the Biognphia Dramatica,' for
'
an 'ontertalnmeBt* adlad 'The Judgement
of Paris,* which was produced in 1730. In
1736 appeared a ballad-opera by him en-
titled The LoTor hia own lUvai, as per-
formed at the New Theatre at Goodman's
Fields.' Though it was received indifferently,
it was reprinted at London in 1763, and at
Dublin in 1769. In 1748 Langford succeeded
* 'the gfreat Mr. Cock,' i.e. Christopher or* Auc-
tioneer' Cock {d. 1748; see 'Geutleiuau's
I. Magasine,'sA., pi S72), tt the auction-rooma
in the north-eastern comer of tlie Pinzra,
Covent Garden. These zooms formed part of
the lumae wbete Sir Dadley North died in
;
1691, and are now occupied by the Tavistock
Hotel. Before his daatn Langford seems to
G. L. K. haTO oeenpied tiie ftyrraioat plaee among tha
auctioneers of the period. He died on 17 Sept.
1774, and was buried in St. Paneras church-
yard, where a long and grandiloquent epitaph
IS inscribed on bouaideaof Ilia tomb(LT80Ha,
iu. 367).
A mezzotint portrait of the auctioneer,
without painter^s or engraver's name, is
noticed in Bromley's ' Engravt d Portraits*
(p. 407). He left a numerous family, one of
Highgate Chapel and scliool in 1811 (Lvsoys,
Oovant Gwdan anotumiooiBa waa anothar
Digitized by Google
 Langford 540 Langham
[Bi'ngmphia Bmmatlem, 1819, vol. i. pi. ii. {
their Una deliTend in Enffliah (M. PurL
p. 4M; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, passim Daily
; ii. 275, 283). Lan^ham's period of onico
Advertiaer, 19 Sept. 1774; Wheatloj aod Cud- was marked by stricter legislation againat
aiDgham't londoo, iU. 84.] T. S. the papal iuriMiotioD, in the shape of the
LAirOFOBB, THOMAS (fl. 1420), hi-
new act m prfrmnnire in 1^$*'.'. and by the
t'lrinn, was a native of E.?ex and Dominican repudiation of the papal tribute in the fol-
fnar at Chelmsford. He is said to have been lowing year. On 34 Juj^ 1806 Iianghaw
a D.D. of Cambridge, and to have written :
was chosen arch bishop of Canterbury, and on
1. 'CKronicon Universale ab orbe condito ad 4 Nov. received the pall at St. Stephen
sua tempera.' 2. 'Sermones.' 3. 'JJisputa- Westminater. BEa waa anduoiied at Canter*
tiones.' 4. *F(Mrtillft aitper Job.' Nome of bury on '2 March 1367. He had resigned
these works seem to have survived. the seals shortly after hia nomination as azch-
bishop and before 16 Sept 1866.
[Taooer'a Bibl. Bht.-Hib. p. 465 ; QiUUf and
As primate Langham exerted himself in
Eeluud'k Seciut. Ord. PnwL i. 638 ; Noarelle
correotin^ the abuaee of pluralities. Other
Biogfaphfo OMttfo.] 0. L. K.
constitutiona aaeribed to nim are also pre-
LANGHAM, STMON (d. 137(1), arcli- served in one he setth-d a disput- L t wr-en
;

blsbop of Canterbury, chancellor of England, the London clergy and their parishioners as
ud cardinal, was born at Langliam in Rut- to the payment or tithe (Wxumra, ConeUia^
laiul.To judge from the wealth which he iii. 62 I. II'' also found occa.sion to censure

aeuma to have posaeas^ he was probablv the teaching of the notorious John Ball (&.p.
a man of good ntrUi. Eta became a monk 66). He oondemned certain propositioiia of
at St. Pet'^r's, T^'nstminster, possibly about theology which had been maintained at Ox-
1885, but is not mentioned until liMt5, when ford, and prohibited Mara from officiating
lie Tepraeentcd hia bouse in the triennial nnlew by apedal lioeBaeaof the pojpe or aich>
chapter of the Benedictines held at Xnrth- bishop (t^. pp. 75, 64). One incident of his
ampton. In April 1^9 he waa made prior primacy which has gained considerable pro-
of WeBtmimter, and on the death of Abbot laiaaaoewaahiarmiMval of John WicUf
Byrchestou on 15 May following succeeded the heH'!';l;ip of Canterbury Hall, wbieli
him as abbot. He paid hia first visit to 1 hia predecessor, Simon Islip, had founded at
Avignon when be went to obtain the papal | Oxford. Sr. Shirley {FoMituU SSuamornm^
conflrnvition of his election. HorefustHl the pp. .IIR-??) nnrl others have argued that this
customary presents to a new abbot from the was uot the famous reformer, but his name-
moii]n,aaddiacbarged oat of his own means aake, John Wycliflb of Mayileld; the con-
tbedebts which his predecessors had incurred. tra n' opinion is, however, now penerally a -
In conjunction with Nicholas Littlington cepted, but the evidence doee not seem abso-
[q. v.], nis successor as |>rior and aftertrarda lutely oondoaiTO (LaoHm, Life of Wie^^
as abbot, he carried nut viirious important i. 160-81, 191-2; see also under Wici.ir,
works in the abbev, the chief of which was Joutf). On 27 Sept. 1308 Pope Urban V
the completion ox the clusters. The skill created Langham cardinal-priest by the title
which Lanphara displayed in the rule of his of St. Six t U.S. Edward HI was offended at
abbey led to his appointment as treasurer of Langham 's occeptanceof the preferment with-
England on 21 Nov. 1360. At the end of out Uie royal pemiiaioii, and, arguing that the
June l.'^fil tlic bi.shoprlc of Ely fell vacant, sec of Cfinlerbnrv was conscqncntly void, took
and Langham was elected to it ; but before the re ven ue.<) into his own hands. Langham for-
the appomtment was completed London like> mally resigned lus archbishopric on 27 Nor.,
wise fell vacant, and hewas elected to tliis see an d after .some trouble obtained permission
also. Langham, however, rt>fused to change, to leave the country, which he did on 28 Feb.
and was appointed to Ely by a papal bull on 1860. He went to the papal court at Ati-
10 Jan. 1J>C2. ITr was consecrated accord- pnon, where he wn" ptylea the cardinal of
UIkIt on 20 March at St. Paul's Cathedral by Canterbury. Langham soon recovered what-
\\niiiam Edendon, bishop of Winchester. ever royal favour he had lost, and was allowed
Althniiph active in his diocese, Laupham to hold a variety of preferments in Knclaiul.
did uot abandon his position in the royal ser- He became treasurer of Wells in 136tt, was
ipiee, and in 1863 was promoted to m chan- aidideaoon of Walla fWmi 21 Feb. 1869 to
cellor. He attested the treaty with Castile 1374. and afrcrtrnrdsi archdeacon of Taiintm.
on 1 Feb., but did not take the oath or re- He also received the prebends of i^tow W
eeive the leal till the 19th (Fadera, iii. 687, at Toik, 11 Feb. 1870. and Brampton at LiB>
689). Aa chancellor he cjpencd the pnrlia- roln, irt .\np. 1372 and was archidencon of
;

menta of 1868, 1300, and 1367; his speeches the West Hiding from 1874 to 1376. In 1372
on the two fbniiar oeoaaioni wera tha flnt of ha waa appointed by Oragoty XI, togthp

DigitizecJ by Google
 langfham
"with the cardiniil of lioauvais, to mediate
betwean Franco and England, and with this
purpose visited both courts. TIih mission
aid not iicliieve ita immodiate object, but
Lan;rhiim arranged a peace Ix'tween the Eiijj-
lish kiugaiid the O>untof I'laiulers (Fied^^ra,
iii, In July 1373 he was made cardi-
953).
nal-biahop of Praeneste. Next year, on the
death of uliittlesey, the chapter nf Canter-
burj- chose Lanpham for archbishop, but the
cooit denied the post for Simon Sudbury,
and tL( pope refiipefl to confirm the elt^tion
by the chapter on the j^round that Larigham
could not M
spared from Avignon ; Lang-
hun thereon agreed to waive hi? rights
(Sideg. Hut iii. 339). When in 1376 the
ntnrn of the papal court to Borne was pro-
posed, Lan^hani obtained permission to
back to Eugland, but died before eifectiug
hi. purpose on 22 Julv. His body was at
first interred in the cluirch of the Cartlui-
stAns at Avignon ; three years later it was
transferred to St. Benet's Chapel in West-
minster Abbt V His tomb is the oldest and
most remarkable ecclesiastical monument in
the abbey. Widmore quotes ajpoetical epi-
taph from Johnflete'snaiuiaanpt histoiyof
llie abbey.
T^angham was plainly a man of remark-
able ability, and a skilful udministrator. But
hia rule was so stem, that he inspired little
affection. An
epignun on hit tnadatioii to
Canterbury runs
Exnltent ccbU, qaia Simon transit ab Ely,
Cujn* in adventom flent in Kent millia centum.
Nevertheless, the Monk of Ely praises
tnthaome warmth as a di.'irreet andj)rudpnt
pastor (Anglia Saera, i. 60.3 ). ToW estmin-
ster Abbey he was a most muniiiceut bene-
ftctor, and has b^n called, notOl^UBtly, its
f!<cond founder. In addition to considerable
in his lifetime, he bequeathed to the
prtis<;'nt8
abbey his lesidoary estate altogether, his
; chronoloneA edubens,' London, 1670, 8to,
benefactions amounted to 10,800/,, or nearly
300/XX)/. in modem reckoning. Out of this
money Littlington rebuilt the abbot's house
(now the d' i-ntrv I. toirether with the south-
em and western cloisters and other parts of
the conventual buildings which have now
perished. His will, dated 28 June 1375, is
Minted by Widmore (Appendix, pp. 184-1)1).
It eontains a number ^ bequests to friends
and servants, and to various rlmrehes with
iriiich he had been connected, including
tiiosecf liwgiiitm and EI7.
[Watiirigham*8 Hist An;;l. and Murimuth's
Cluron. in Bolls Scr.; W barton's Anglia Sacra,
t. Le Ksw^ EMti Bad. AnitL ed. Hardy
Dacdal< ' M .isticon, 1. 274 Widmore's Hist,
1
; was bom nt "Wintnn in March 17.'^'. T?.'
of the C!tim>h of St. Potor, pp. 91-101 ; Stan-
54X Langhome
lov sMemorials of Westminster, p. 3ol Fo'i'.s ;
Juiiges of England, iii. 453-6 Ilook's Jvivef of
;
the Archbishops of Canterba^, iv. 163-220
authorities quoted.] C. L. K.
LANGHOBNE, DANIEL {d. \m\
antiquary, a native of London, was admitted
of Trinity College, Cambridae, 23 Oct. 1649,
became a sdiolsr of that house, and gm'
duated B.A, in 1053-4, and M.A. in U;-"7.
He became curate of Holy Trinity, !, and
on 17 Mardi 1669 the Inshop gnintedmni
and tlirongli-
lirens" to nn'r!r]\ in tliut church
out the oiocese (Kbmiteit, M^Uter and
Chron. p. 884). He "tnw elected a fifllow of
Corpus Chrl.'iti College, Cambridge, in lBft.3,
and proceeded to the d^ee of B.D. in 1664,
when he was appointee one of the nnirer-
sity preachers. On ?> Sept. 1070 he was in-
stituted to the vicarage of Layston, with
the chapel of Alswyk, Hertforaahire, and
ronsequently varftted his fellowship in the
following year (Clutibrbuok, Ser^hrd^
shire, iii. 434). He held hia boaelleo till hsa
death on 10 Ang. 1681 (Ihhst M88. zxii.
316).
Hirworkt are ; i ' Eleaeiiaa Antiiivitatuin
Albionennnm, Brifunnorum, Srotorum, Da-
norum, Angloeazonum, etc. Origines et :
Oeeta usqne ad annnm 449, quo Angli in
Britanninm i mm if:rrirunt,explican<,* London,
1673, 8vo, dedicated to William Montacute,
attorney-general to QaeenOatherim. 9.* Ap-
pendix ad Eli'nehnm Antiqintatum Albio-
nensium : lies Soxonum et Suevorum Tetu-
tiarimasexhihenSj'London, 1674, Sro. 8. <An
Introduction to the Tlistorv of EiiL'lnnd,
him comprising the principal afi'airs of this land
from its mat p!aiitin|Bf to the coming of the
Enc^lish Saxons. Totrether wit h a Catalogue
of British and Pictish Kings,' London, 1^6,
8vo> 4. 'CRmmraon Tte^^m Anglonim, in-
omnia eoruni rrr^tti
si^rnia <nV TTi'niristo
. . .
Rege primo, usque ad Heptarchi^ finem,
dedicated to Sir.To8eph Willlam-on, Rerrt ary t
of 8tat. A
beautiiullj written manoacript
by Langhome, eulaUea 'Ohroniei Begum
A ticdorum Continuatio, a rege Fpberto uHqiie
ad annum 1007 dedueti^' belonged to Dawson
Turner (Cat. cf2kmtm1kmm'MSS. 1889,
p. 107).
[Addit. MS. 5875. f. 42; Mast. rVs Bist. of
Corpus Citristi College. Cambridgu, p. 329 ; Ni-
colaon'k BagUah HiatorieBl litn^.j T. C.
LAirOHORlTB, JOHN (1785-1779),
poet, the younger son of the Rev. .Tos^ ph
Lanffhome of Winton in the parish of Kirkby
Stephen, Wratmorelsnd, and Isabel his wif,
was lirst educated at a school in his native
Digitized by Google
 Langhorae 54s Langhorne
viUago, and aftarwaids at Appleby. In hU known as DiydenVivemon, and though wiil>
eighteenth year he became a private tutor in ten so many years ago, it still holds th
a lamily nearRipon, and during his residenco field. Anothr-r edit ion wnspubli.shedtn !77>,
there commcnceu writ iiij;^ rerses. 'Sttidloy 8vo, 6vols.; the fifth edition corrected, Loa-
Vtak* and a taw other of hm Mxty efforts don, 1792, and many others )ia\ foUowi
'i l

have been preserved (CfiALiiERS, English
Po&U, xvi. 416-19). He was afterwards an
usher in the ftee eehool at Wakefield, and
while there took deacon's order?, and eked
out his scanty income by taking Edmund
Oartwright [q. v.] as a pupil during the vaca-
tions, in 1/59 he went to riackthom, neiir
Lincoln, aa tutor to the sons of Jiobert Cra-
cioft, and in the follovnng year matriculated
at Clare Hall, Cambridge, with the inten-
tion of taking the degree of bachelor of di-
vinity as a ten-year man. lie, however, lett
the university without taking any degree.
Leaving Ilackthom in 1761, he went to
Dagenham, Essex, where he officiated as
curate to the Reev. Abraham Bleoikhiiin. In
1764 ho was appointed curate and lecturer
at St. John's, Clerkenwell, and soon after-
wards oominenoed writing for the < MonthlT
Beview/then under the editorship of Ralph
Griffiths [q.T.} In December 1765 he was
appointed assistant preacher at Lincoln^s Inn
by the preacher Dr. Richard Hurd, after-
wards bishop of Worcester fq. v.] In the fol-
lowing year Langhorne published a small col-
ketum of Po -tical Works ' (LcndMi, 1766,
' have long ceased to please, and he b now
13mo, 2 vols.), which contained, among other
pieces, ' The Fatal Propliocy : a dramatic
poem,' written in 176S. In the same year
(176G) hn bocnino rector of Blagdon, Somer-
set, and the university of Edinburgh is said
to have granted him tiie honorary degree of
D.D. in return for his Genius and Valour:
* in Chalmers's
a Scotch pastoral' (2nd edit. London, 1764,
4to), -written in defenoe of the Scotch against
the aspersions of Churchill in hia ' Prophecy
down to 1879. Francis WraiiL'liam edite.!
four editions of this translation in ISIU
(London, 12mo, 8 vols^, in 1813 (Loidbs,
ovo, 6 vols.), in 1819 (London, 8vo, 6 xohX
and in 1826 (London, 8vo, 6 vols.) It hst
also heen onuished in Warned 'Ghsadn
Classics.' Ward and Lock's 'World Librarr
of Standard Works,' Koutled^'s * ExceUior
Seriss,* and in Cassell's * National libnrv.'
lAl
On 12 Feb.1772 Langhorne married, second^,
the daughter of a Mr. Thompson, a msgii*
trate near Brough, Westmoreland, Afters
tour through France and Flanders lie and
his wife relumed to Blagdon. a\ liere he T^-a*
made a justice of the peace. His second wiie
died in giving birth to an only daughter in
February 1776. Ho wns installed a pre-
bendary of Wells Cathedral in October 1777.
Hm dooostio miifiyrtunes am nid to hsn
led him into intemperate habits. He died
at Blaffdou House on 1 April 17 79, in tiie
for^-mUi year of his age, and waa hvnsd
at Blagdon.
Langhorne was a popular writer in hisdsT,
but hissentimeutal tales and his pretty verses
best remembered as tue joint translator of
'Plutarch's Lives.' liis 'Poetical Works'
were collected by his son, the Rev. John
Theodoslus Langhorne, vicar of HarmonJj-
worth and Drayton, Middlesex (Loudoo,
1804, 8vo, S "pob.) They win abo he finad
' English Faets,' xvi, 41&-75,
and in several other poetical collections. A
few of hit letters to Hannah More are pre-
served in Roberts's ^fomoirsof Mrs. Hannah
'

;
of Famine 'there is, however, no evidence
of any such grant in the university registers.
In Jannaiy 1767, after a courtship of five
years, he married Ann Ciacroft, the sister of
his old pupils, who died in giving birth to a
More,' 1835, i. 19-29. Besides olitineacol-
lection of his brother's sermons and publish-
ing two Mparate sermons of his own, Lang-
home was also the author of the following
works 1. ' The Death of Adonis, a pastond
:

son on 4 May 1768, aged 32, and was buried elegy, from the Ghreek of Bion,' jLoodflB,
in the chancel of Blapdon Church. At her 1769, 4to. 2. ' The Tears of Music: a poem
to the Mem(uy of Mr. Handel, with an Ode
desire he published after her death his cor-
to the Brrarlaen,' London, 1700, 4to. &'A
respondence with her befoTO marriage, under
Hymn to Hope,' T-ondon, 1761, 4to. 4. *So1v-
the title of ' Letters to Eleanora.' Leaving
man and Almena : an Oriental tale,' Liondoo,
Blagdon shortly after his wife's death he went
176S, 12mo; another edition, London, 1761,
to reside with his elder Vrather William [see
infra] at Folkestone, where they made their8vo| Cooke's edition, London, 1800, 12mo:
joint translation of * Plutarch's Livps reprinted with The Correspondence of Thoo-
. . .
'

from the original Greek, with Notes Critical

dosius and Constantia,' in Walker's Bniiii '

and Historical, and a new Life of Plutarch '

Classics' (London, 1817, 8vo) appended to :

(London, 1770, Svo, 6 vols.) Though dull 'Elifaheth, or the Exiles of Siberia,' ke^
and commonplace, it was much more correct London [1821 P], Svo. 6. * ITie Viceroy a :

than North's spirited tranehrtion from the TK>em, addressed to the Earlof Halifax,'anon.,
Frenehof Amyot, Of liieanaymlfrodnotioniLoiidoiii 1761^ 4t0b 6b'IieteBi<m

Digitized by Google
 Langhome
Retirement, Melancholy, and Entbnsiasm,'
l/>ndAn,1762, 8vo iniotheredition, T^ondofip
; Historical and Political, on the Ancient R>
17"2, 8to. 7. 'Tlic \*i!ions of Fancy, in
London, 1762, 4to. 8. Tlie
> !our elegies,'
Bfbuontof Friondship and Fancy, in several
!-'*=r- tn and from select friend?,' anon.,
London, 1763, 8vo, 2 toIa. ; 2nd edit., with
I
dSttoui, fte., London, 1766, 8yo, 9 toIb.
9 Tfco Enlargement of the Mind. Epistle I,
'
to General Oraufiird [epistle to W. Lang-
I lMne];2 parts, London, T76S-6,4to. 10. *Tbe
Letters that passe<l between TheoclnsiiH and
(.'oDstantia aiter &he had taken the Veil,
now first published from the orifipnal manu-
-orpt*,' London, 1763, Svo ; 2nd
ioo,1764, 8to ; 4th edit. London, 1766, Svo.
11.'The Correspondence between Xheodoaius
tad Oxurtantift from their first aoqnalatance
to the f^f^parture of Theodosiuf, now first
pabli<ihed from the original manuscripts, by
tte Editor of ** The L^ten that passed be-
tween Theodoeios and Constantia aftf?r she
.
had taken Um
VeU,"' London, 1764, 12mo.
The n^ole of Ihe oorreauoudence hotii before
\nd after talcing the veil was frequently pn))-
liihed together; 'a new edition,' Ix)ndon,
1770, 8to, 2 Tols. ; London, 1778, 16mo,
StoIs,; London, 1782, Svo ; with the life of
th- vnhor, London, 1807, 12mo reprinted
with tiie History of Bolvraan and Almena;
'
m Walker'a Briii^^h Clus.sics,' London, 1817,
' Subjects and the most useful Points of Di-
ISmo, and in Dove's' En grlish Classics,' Lon-
iim, 1826, 12mo. 12. Sermons, by the
'
Editor of ^ Letters hetfvreen Theodoeias and
Const an ti a.*" London, 1764, Svo, 2 vols.
13. Letters on the Eloquence of the Pulpit,
<
T tihe Editor of the " Letters between Theo-
d lu^ and Constantia," London, 17^5, Hvn.
' Lunphorne's edition of John Langhome's Poeti-
li The Poetical Works of William ColUns,
'
with Memoirs of the Author, and Obeenra-
^
tiocs on his G^enins and Writings,' London,
1765, 6to: a new edition, London, 1781,
I6iao. 16. 'Sermons preached before the
Hsaoarable Society of Lincoln's Inn
^eetmd edition,' London, 1767, 12mo, 2 vols.
3ni edit. London, 1773, Svo, 2 vols. 16. Pr>
17. 'Terse* ia Memory of a Lady,
written
t Sandjarate Castle.' London, 1708, 4to.
18. 'Letters supposed to have passed be-
tween M. BisSt. Brremond and Mr. Waller,
bv the Editor of the " Letters between Theo-
doaiua and Constantin,'" London, 1769, Svo.
19. 'Frederic and Pharaniond, or tlie Conso-
h^i .n.s of Human Life,' London, ITTiO, Svo.
2-1. 'The Fables of Flora,' London, 1771,4to;
5th edit. London, 1773, 4to another edi-
tion, Ijondon, 1794, 12mo appended to I'^d-
wd Moora^a FaUoa for tha
;
543 Langhorne
delphia, 1787, ISmo. SI. * A Dissertation,
publics of Italy [translated], from the Italian
' of Carlo Denina, with original Notes,' &c.,
London, 1778, Svo. 22. The Origin of the
*
Veil: apoem,' London. 177.3, 4to. 23. 'The
Country Justice: a poem, by one of Her
Majesty's Jnsdoee of the Feaoe for tho oonnty
of Somerset,' 3 parts, London, 1774-7, 4to.
24. ' Milton's Italian Poems, translated and
sddvassed to a gentleiaaa of Itety/ X4don,
1 776, 4to. 25. Owen of Oaixon : a poem,'
'
London, 1778, 4to.
William Lajtohobkb (1721-1772), poet
edit. Lon- and translator, hom in 1721, elder brother
of the above, was presented by the Arch-
bisliop of Canterbury, on 26 Feb. 1 754, to the
rectory of Hawkhlgesnd the perpetual curacy
of Fnilcf stone, Kent, and on 19 May 1766
received the Lambeth degne of MA. COent.
Mag. 1864, 8xd sor. xvt 687}. He died on
17 Feb. 1772, and was buried in the chancel
of I? olkeetone Church, where a monument
was erected to his memory. Bemdes assist-
ing his brother in tho translation of Plut- '
arch's Lives,' he wrote the following works
1 ' Job : a poem, in three books [a paraphrase],'
.
London, 1760, 4to. 2. 'A Poetical Para-
; phrase on part of the Book of Isainh,' Lon-
don, 1701, 4to. 8. 'Sermons on Tractical
vinity,'London, 1773, Svo, 2 vols. These
volumes were published after his death, and
were seen through the press by^ his brother,
bv whom the 'advertisement 'is signed* J.LbJ
2hd edit. 1778, Time, 2 vols.
fMemoira of the Author, prefixed to J. T.
cal Woriu, 1804, pp. 6-86 ; Liie^ pxefized to
OooU's edition of John Langhomeli PoetioBl
Works (1789 ?) and to Jonos's edition of the Cor
respondence of Theodosiusand Constantia, 1807
ChahDeHTs English Pbets, 1810, xvi. 407-18;
. . .
Memoir of Dr. Edmund Cartwright, 1843, pp
6, 7, 12, 13, 19-21 Chalmers's Biog. Diet. 1816,
;
xix. 515-24; Baker's Biog. Dramatica, 1813,
'
i. 444; Ornrfri^^n Era, 1834, iii. 562-3; Nicol-
Bon and Ijurn's Hist, of Westmorland and Cum-
berland, 1777, i. 649-60; Collinson'H Hist, of
Somerset. 1791, iii. 670 Hasted's Hist, of Kent,
;
1790, iii. 368, 388; Notes and Queries, 7th aer.
X. 209, 267, 287, 333, 368, 377 Gent, Ma.
;
1766 zxxvi. 892. 1768 xzxriii. 247, 1772 xlii.
94, 95; Lowndfls's BibL Manual (Bohn'b edit.);
WatfbBibL firik 1824; Brit. Mus. Cat ]
G. F. R. B.
LANGHORNE, RICHARD {d. 1G79),
one of Titus Oatt't.'s was admitted a
victims,
member of t!l(^ Inner Temple in November
; It^ti, and was called to the bar in lt)o4
fOookl, Memhert aOmtUd te iht Inner
Ladies.' PhUa- Tmipl$,j^9^), He WIS a Boman cathdio,
Digitized by Google

Langhorne
Shortly before the Reetoration lie enga^
half-wittod person to manncf elections for
him in Kent^uid adoiitted to TiUoUon (after-
waidfl archbishop of CanterboTy) that if the
igailt should turn informer it would beett^
toinnLidatehia evidence by representing him
AS a madman. Langhorne was aeensed by Langhorne, aa East India merehant, of Lon-
O iti-sfuul Ills rH'^oriftte!^ witli being'
was
leader in the pretended 'Popih plot,' and
among the first who wevs apprehended. He
^vas committed to Newgate on 7 Oct. I67f^,
and after more than ei^t months' oloae im-
nrisonmeDt was i^ed at the Old Baiky on
14 June 1679. Gates p-ave evidence ai^ain^t
LaaghoRM^ and Bedloe corroborated him.
LaaghoRw called witnesses to rebnt thefar
statomenta, and pointed out plnrinir discre-
pancies, but in vain. He was condemned with
five jeetnte who had been tried on the pvvviovs
day, and was reprieved for ?omp l ime in the
hope that he would make discoveries^ but he
perristed inaffiiminffthatheoould makenone,
and that all that nad been pworn ajrain^'
him was false. He was executed on 14 J uiy
1679 at Tybnm, where he delivered a speech
which hr ! irt-d mif^ht be published.
portrait of iiim in messotint has been en-
mved by E. Lntterel. It is reproduced in
KichardKon's' Collection of PoitraiteinflllUp
tration of Granger,' vol. iL
Hia works are: 1. 'Mr. Langhom^a M-
moires, with some M' litati iis and Devotions
of his during his imprisoiunent : as also hia
Bstition to his Blajesty, and his Speech at
his Execution,' London, 1679, fol. 2. 'Con-
siderations touch in(r the great question of
theKing'B right in dinpensing with tiie Penal
Laws, written on the occasion of lii? lato
bleasod .Majesties granting Tree Toleration
and Indulgence/ Jumdon, 1687, foL Dedi-
cated to the king hj the nthor'e son, Richard
Langliome.
[The following publications have refprencfl to
hln trialand execution: {a) The Petition and
Declaration of R. Laogboms, the notorious
Papist, now in Vawf^te eondmned for treason,
prornfrd tri ];is M
iji -fy in Cuuncil ... in which
he avowedly o^vncth Mevtnil i'opish principles
[London. 1679]. f"l. ('') Tryul of li. Langhorne
; ... He has his Mrat . . . moreover ho has
. . . London, l(i"'J. fol. (') An Account nf tli--
; his jnstici.-xries, but not on lifi' iinfl cl ath to
Deportment anil lu>^t Words of R. Lfiiu . .
horne, London, 1679, lol. {d) The Confession
;
and fUecutitiO uf R. Laoghoroe . . . rLoDdoo,
. . .
1679], fbl. (e) The Speech of R. Lan^ome at
:
his Execution, 14 July 1179. Being left in
writing by him [London. 1079], fol. Printed in
French thn unme year by Thomns White, aliaji
W^hitobrcid, jeuit. in HRrnngnes des oiuq Pir(
de la Compnpnie de Ji-^uf, execut/s k LoudrcH,
lo^ jnin 1679. ("Co, 4to. Sec iilso Burnet's
Hist, of his own Tim, i. 230, 427. 430, 431. 465,
466; (Aalloner^ Missioaaxy Prisita, No. 200;
544 Langhorne
* Dodd's Chnrch Hist fiL S6S; Onuiger> Biog.
Hi-t. of Ercdistid. 5th edit T. 129, 130; TlowelV-*
State Trials, vii. 417 ; Jones's Popery Tractsi, L
90 : North's LiTea, 18S6. i. 88.] T. a
LANGHORNE, Sib WILLIAM(1(529-
1716), governor of Madras, son of William
i
a ring- don, waj bom in the city in 16*2f>. lie was
probably a brother of the Captain Langhorne
of the royal navy who is neqnently men-
tioned in the State Papers ' during the rei^m
'
of Charles U(k>m. Ser. 16(16-7, pa&iin\. U.'
was admitted to the Lmer Temple on 6 Aug.
16<V}, but lines not apjr ar to luivo practised
at the bar {Inner Temple liegister). Ue soo*
eeeded to his father^ Bast udia trade, made
money, and %v;t? in 1GG8 created a buronet.
In 1670 he was appointed to investigate a
charge of fiaoa! maHpradaoe which bad been
brourrht against Sir Edward Winter. Eu.^t
India Company affent and ffovemor of Madras,
with the result tnat Langnome himeelf was
made governor in Winter's stead in the course
of the year, liis appointment ooincided with
a critical period in the history of the settle-
A ment. Colbert hnd in 1005 projected the
French East India Company, and in 1672
die French admiral, De la Haye. landed
tnops and jrutis at St. Thom6, on the Coro-
mandel coast. Laiighome maintained a dis-
creetly neutral poeitioii between the F^eadi,
who were at that moment the nominal allies
of England, and the Dutch^ with whom Eng-
land was at war. When u 1674 the Datoh
stormed and took po<;so'5?ion of St. Thome,
he contented himself with expressing sym-
pathy with the French, at the same tamo
strengthening the defences of Fort St. J rorpe.(
In the same year the English settlement
was Tiaited by Dr. John Fryer U. 1733)
V." the traveller, who spoke nighly of
^anghome.
iq. The true masters of Macuas,'
'
he says, 'are the English Gompnny, whose
nf^ent here is Sir Willinm Lani'lnun [a'!''], a
gentleman of indefatigable industry and
worth. He is snperintendent orer all the
factories on the const of Coromandel aa far
as the Bay of iiena^a and up Huygly river.
.
the king's liege people of England ; though
over the rset they may. His personal guard
consists of tliri e huudr. 1 nr four hundrtnl
blacks, besiden a band of fifteen hundred men
ready OB Bummona; he never goee abrcNid
without fife.'*, drums, tnimpet-a, and a fla::
i
with two balls in a rod licld, accompanied
with his Council and Factors on horseback,
with tb<:>ir l:i'li*<.s in palankeeu* (Fetse,
Aeic Accountf p. o8 ).
In 167fi he miocessfully rcaiitedan tttcmpt
DigitizecJ by Google
 Langhorne
ttextortion by one Lingapa, the naik of the
Poonamaleedi8tnct,butODly at the unlocked-
for expense of what might have proved a
545 Langland
the Olden Time, from the company's original
records, i. 68-93 (with facsimile of Langhorne's
aatogmph) the s-ime writer's Eiirly Itucords of
;

perilous misunder<ttanding with the king of Brituh India, pp. 66, 62, 72, and Handbook
Golconda (see Wheki.kr, Madras^ p. 80), to the Madiaa Bmrda ; BMwood'a India Ofltoa
In 1676 ho showed his tolerant spirit bj Records, pp. 21, 6i.] T. S.
firing a salute upon the consocration of LANGLAND, JOHN
(147S-1547)^ U-
a Roman catholic church in Madras, and shop of Lincoln. [See Lokoland.]
thereby drew upon himself a rebuke from
the directors at home. A strict discipli- LANGLAND, WILUAM (1330?-
narian, he drew up as governor a code of by- 1400 ?), poet, is not mentioned ia any known
laws which helps us to picture the contem- contemjrarary document. The first recorflod
Donuy social life of the settlement. Among notice u in notea found in two manuschnta
nis regulations it was enacted that no per- of 'PteraPIowBuui.' Tho Aabhunham itS.
lon was to drink abovo hiilf a pint of arnck says that Robert or William Langland made
'

V brandy or a quart of wine at a time; esrs ploughman.' The manuscript now at

Id aneh practices as blaspheming, duelling, ublm (D. 4. 1^ baa a note in Latin, aaid to
being absent from prayers, or being outside be in a handwnting of the fifteenth century,
tbe walla afUr eight oWek, atriel poialties to the efiect that the poet Langland's father
vera allotted. was of gentle birth, waa oaUed 'Stacy de
An over-shrewd man of business, Lang- Ilolcnylt*/ dwelt in Shipton-under-Wych-
iMna fell a victim, like his predecessor, to wood, and was a tenant of Lord le Spenser '

dtnfMof private trading, by which he was in comitatu Oxott.* About the middle of
sail to Lave realised the too obviously large the sixteenth century Bale, in bis 'Scrip-
om of 7,000/. per annum, in addition to the tores lUu&tres Majoris Britannise,' wrote that
8001 allowed him by the company. He left 'IU)bertu8 [P] Langelande, a priest, as ift
Msdras in 1677, and was succeeded by seems [?\ was bom in the county of Shrop-
Stnynsham Master, uncle of GantainStraya- shire, at a place commonly known as Morty*
In Master, R.N. [o. v.] men Clibery [i.e. Cleobury Mortimer], in
On arriving in Engiaml Langhorne bought Eoor district eight miles irom the Malvern
Aon the executors of William Ducie, vis- ilia. I cannot say with certainty whether
eouklKywne, the estate and manor-house of he waa edneated until hia maturity in that
iTiarlton in Kent (Ltsons, iv. 826). reiiinte and rural locality, or wliether he
Here
he settled, became a J.P., and commissioner studied at Oxford or Cambridge, though it
f the court of requests for the Hundred of was a time when learning notably flourished
Blacliheath (1689), endowed a school and among the masters in those places. This is at
MOW alnxbouaea, and died with the reputa- all events certain, that he was one of the first
tin of a rich and beneficent ' nabob ' on followers [F] of John Wiclif ; and further, that
?6Feb, 1714-15; he was buried in Charlton in his spiritual for;-our in opposition to the
Ciluch. By hia will lie left a considerable open blasphemies of the papists against God
aa to be apfplted, after the manner of Queen and his Christ he put lorth a pious work
Anne'a Bounty, in nupmcnf in^r poor benefices worthy the reading of good men, written in
(Hasted, Kent. u. 2&3 2^). llis first wife, the English tongue, and adorned by pleasing
ursce, second oangliter of John, eighth earl fashions and figures, which he called "The
of Rutland, and widow of Patricius, third Vision of Peter the Ploughman.'' There is
^noont Chaworth, having died within a no other work by him. In this learned book
namaffo, on 16 Fell. 1700, ha iatrodttoed, oeaidea varied and attractive
Langbome remarrifd Mary Aston, who, after imagery, many predictions which in our time
lusdecease, married George Jonesof Twicken- we nave seen fulfilled, lie linished his wurk
Wb. Leaving no issue by either marriage be kM. 1369, when John of Chichester waa mayor
waa Bticceedea in his estate by his sister's son, of London.' There is nn otlu r external au-
Sir John Cooyen, bart., of Uorden,
~
Durham, thorityof importance, but some details maybe
ioi Lnfj^Mfliiel'aMfonctey supplied from pas^agaa in 'Piers Plowman.'
beveral manuscripts! mention that his chris-
[Bvke*s EitlDCt Rironetago, p. 298; Bnifca's
tian name was ^Vil^iam, as appears also from
Extinct Peerage, p. 112 ; London Gazettes, Noa.
Mie, 84.^3 ; Hasted s Kent. i. 35 ; Lysons's En-
hia foem. Thm, itt tlie B
taxt, jn, 148

Tiiwsof London, vols. ii. and iv. Hibt. MSS.

; *I have lyned in laodik' 4V0d I j *Bi7 aaoM
ODana. 12th Rep. App. pt. r. pp. 80, 124. pt. vL
p. 4W, where bts name is mifspelt I^ni;1>om
J"hn Kryet'n New Account of EJ^t India nnJ Tn tlircf^ nmmifjrnpts the Ilchester, tho
Persia. 1C08 ; J. Talboja Wheeler's Madras in i l>oucej and the I'igbj a W. follows the
TOt. XI.

Digitized by Google
 Langland
William :
'
Explicit visio Willelmi
Petro le Plowm&n.' W. may stund forWych-
wood, or more probably denotes WigoraenBis,
i.e. of Woirestor, for with Worcestershire
the poet was bej-ond doubt closely con-
nects. As it is fairly certain that Langlftiid
bplonged to the midlands, and as his sur-
name secma to be of local origin, the proper
fqrmiirpuld naturally bo Langlcy rather tl^an
Lanpland for no place called Langland ap-
: quarter of England, as, for instance, ' Bi the
jbei^rs to be in the midland district, wherefts
flie BUne Langlcy is found both in Oxford-
ihireand in Shropshire. The manuscript note
quoted above informs us that the poet's father
^'as Stacy de Rokayle. Professor Pearson has
point <'d out (see North Briti'*h Ff vietr,Afnl
J 870) that there is a hamlet called Ruckley
kl Shropshire, near Acton Bnrnell. There is
another in the same county not far from Bos-
Cobel. From one of these places * Staoey
jtofaaliny took his surname. JBut near Ship-
ton-Tinaer- Wychwood there is a hamlet called
iLanglev, and near the Ruckley which adjoins
Acton Ikirnoll there is a hamlet called Lang-
ley, and it has been plausibly suggested that
from one or other of tnese two places Stacey's
tan took his surname. These suggestions,
however, ignore Bale's statement that the
^et was bom at Oleobury Mortimer, and it
teems not to hare been pointed out that,
close by Clcobury Mortimer, there is a hamlet
called Langley. As Bale probably had some
grounds for his stntement, jt may reasonably
be believed that the poet was bom in soutu
Shropshire, and that the commemoration of
him latply inserted in a window in Cleobury
gliurch toAj be fairly defended. Thus by
irtli both Stacey and his distinguished son
probably belong to Shropshire, though at one
time Stacy lived at Snipton-under-Wych-
trood in Oxfordshire. Profeesor Pearson baa
polntrj out a certain connection between
Acton ^umell and Shipton, Tia. an intermar-
riage between the Buraells of AetOB Bnmell
and the De IVspcnscrs of Sliipton. Al,<o he
points out a certain connection between one
Henry de RcAesley, who may possibly hare
been an nnopstor 01 * Stncy de Ilokayle ' and
the De Mortimera; vis. that Henry de
ley claimei! to ho deaoended from Robert
Paytevin, and ' one of the few Paytevins
who can be traced was a follower nf Boger
de Mortimer.' Some light is perfaape tnns
cast upon Stacy's migrations to Cloobuiy
Mortimer and to Shipton. Thus iMnglej,
father than Langland, eeeut to he the more
Oturate form 01 the name. On th-- f.ther
hand, the earliest authoritiea give langland,
and possibly in the line quoted above the
lancip* refers to thi! surnnme.
'
Beyond question the ^t
ia to be aaso*
546 Langland
W. do ciatod with the wcstem midlands. He par-
ticularly conneota his vision with the Mai*
reniHiUa}*^
Ac on a May mom in ge on MafuernehtiXtet
jtfe tgrfel a ferly, of niiy me thoa3te.
0 tnt, i. fl-7 (lee alw) i 163) ; yi. 109-10
And aeveral allusions indicate the saina
Itode of Chestre ' (B, v. 407) Thon was ther
;
a Walishman ... He highte 57*^^ 5i^-
a^yn,' &c (C, vii. 801)) ; Griffyn the Walish
'
(C, vii. 873). Nor ia the mention of * ryme*
of Robyn Hood,' aloi^ with rimes of Randolf
erle of Chestre,' inconsistent with this loca-
lisation; for a bishop of Hereford plays a
part in the Robin Hood cycle of ballads^ and
there are liobin Hood legends connected with
Ludlow. Langland also writes in a west
midland dialect. ' There are many traces of
west of ngland speech also,' ^\^ritc9 Dr.
Skeat, ' and even some of northern, but the
may possibly be rightly considered aa
latter
common to both north and west.' Such a
description leads us to Worcestershire and
Shropshire. A
careful examination both of
Langland'a words and his word-forms cer-
tainly confirms it. Thus, e.g., the scarce word
'
fisketh''^ wanders (0, x. 168) is recorded in
Mies Jackson's 'Shropshire Wordbook;' and
it will be found that the poems of John Aud-
lav of Haughmond Monoatory, Shropshire,
which do not ieem to have been studied in
relation with * Piers Plowman,' afibrd not
only many illustrations of Lanf^cttd** idaiOi
but many also of his dialect*
In the second edition of hia chief poetn,
Imaginative, addressing the poet, says he baa
followed him ' thia five ana forty 'winten.'
Nowthe B text was written about 1 877. We
may thus infer that the poet was bom about
188;^. From a passage in the sixth pasaus of
O
the text, we leara that be was free-oom and
bom in wedlock (C,vi. C4). He was duly sent
to achool. In the aixth Mssoa of tbe third
chief edition of* Piers thePlowmim ' he laya:
* When 1 w(i3 young many years ago, my
Rok^ father and my
friends found me [i.e. sup-
ported me] at achool, till I knew truly what
Holy \V rit meant, and what ia best for the
body, as that Book tella us, and safest for the
soul, if only I live accordingly. And yet aa>
auredly found I never, hince my friends died,
a life that pleased me, except in these long
clothes,' i.e, except as an ecclesiastic Pk>>
bably lie r-'cdved his earlier education at
9oma mowtery* fowibly at Qreat Malvern.
He wMtt* to ho fenembering waated oroor-
tunitics when, in the midpt of a reproacuful
I
1 speech to him by Holy Church * Thou Cooliah
Digitized by Google
 Langlaiid 547 LanglanJ
dolt/qiioth slip. 'dull arc thy wits; 1 believe wise T beg without bfig or bottlr*, but my
^ stomach only. And ait>o, it seems to mo men
learnedeet too littto lAtin in tkj jouth
shoald not force olerks to common men's
work; for by the Levitirnl law, which Our
Bid iiiiebi,qiiod ftenlam dvd TlUn jnTMllsni i
Lord conhrmed, clerks that are crowned ri.e.
It^BHktlnfc MMM or iMlwlAlif* tooanred], by a aatliial undenCanding
lind's literary acquirements were rongider- as nature would dictate], sliould neitberswink
'

tbk Uia poeoM re&r to Wycliil'e, the nor sweat, nor awear at inquests, nor hgUt
Va]gat0, RuteboBuf, liMerOoaMitor, ChxMMfc in the Tanwa^, nor haraaa their ibe; for
tAt. I)iony-ii.- Cato, lliion de Meri, Le- they are heirs of heaven, are all that ar^
*

fsnda Sanctorum,' laidore, Cicero, Vincent tonsured, and in quire and churches are
oi BnnvAifl, ' Gny of Warwick,' Boethios, Christ's own ministers' (C text, vi. init.)
SeaNA. and many (Altera. Stow, who oddly Elseii^aBB he speaks of himself as walking
h'.m John of Malvern, flays he was a in the manner of a ;
mendinaiint (mendi- *
'

fcUow of Oriel College. But the evidence on cuut) {ih. xvi. 3) of his roming about robed
1 ;

Uiit point is insuificient. {

in russet;" of the poverty that perpetually
When asked by Reason whnt work he ran asMailtid him. He evidently knew London
d, whether he could lend a hand in farming well be specially mentions Cheapide,Cock
;

MMil'iUMB, or loMW uiy Other kind of erall Lena, Shoreditch, Qarlidihithe, Sotithwark*
tint the romniuniTy n ds, he replies that
t
Tyburn, Strntforrl, Westminster, and its law
Um only life that attracted Jum waa the courts, besides the Comhill where he lived,
friMtly. H
Menui id mn
taken * minor oratarved. HeteUsnaheiwrakaaatfane'ny
rde*s; to have be.-n licen^i'd to act as an
' wit waxed and waned till I was a fool and ;

oooljte, exorcist, reader, and porter, or oetisF- some blamed my life, but few approved
rina ft doM not appear why he never tooJi it ; and they took me for a Ittnd, and Mm
thi 'gnsCar'or the sacred orders/ ' His im> loathe to reverence lords or ladies, or any
ooBiproTn inline' character may have pend!red Houl else, such as ^rsons [perhaps our par- '

hiannwillii^g to bind himself, or he may have sons '] in velvet with pen(lant8 of silver. Tu
lamod early. He speaks of Kytte my Wyf, ' Serjeants [f(iat lav^ars] and to anoh did
nd Kaloite (^icolette] mv daughter.' lie I not once gay * Heaven keep you, gen-
Mile what living ho oould as a ' singer/ tlemen," nor did I bow to them civilly, ao
*Snger8 (hppoboieu, paaUniits, monitoV that fblka held me a feol, and in that IbUy
QTB Walcott {Sacred Arfhcrolotm^ I raved,' ^tc.
*2iii^er ') * . . . ibrmed a distinct order. . . All this time Langlaud was seeing won-
IWf -wet* ttl lenfth ealbd ciaonieal or i> dsrftd visional which, when written down*
rifterr-*! singers though, s.v. Orders,' he were to give him a high place among the
; '
'

Utee ' that the singer was r^arded as a poets of the time, and perhape the h^heat
#rir<mly in a lai^ aenee^* Langland, as among its prophets. Qpheta. Bcsidaallia ' Viaioa erf
e know from his own test'unony, had drifted I'iers Plowman,' tlu re i" ^oodi reason for be-
op to Tendon, and in London he resided pro- lieving that Langiand wrote at least one
bably for most of his adult life. He ' woned other extant poem, viz. one on the misrule of
ii Oinhill, he tells w, * Kytte' and he in a Richard II out the ' Vision ' was the great
;

cfttage, dr'K->'d shabbily (' clothed as fi lol- work of hie life. He was engaged on it, more
itse,' tA aa a vaorant, as we should say and or less, from 13C2 to 1392, revising, rewrit-
wUnto tiwgre of even among the Tulfar ing, omitting, adding. He produced it in at
'-"r>tv tlmt >urroundt'd him, even 'among least three notably (htitinct forms, or edition?,
iuUareeof J^undou & lewede heremytes;' for to say nothing of intermediate versions, all
T'tsft^ of tlio men as veson met*uhte,*i.e. I ahowtDgwith whaikeen and'^atnnwaaaed
'lid not tp^it them with over much respect. interest he was watchinp ht^ eourse of events, i

I rattd them at their proper worth ; or per- and proving^ by their number how great were
Ittps, I composed rereee on those men eucn as the popularity and the infaneeoft^jloem
T^iJ* II ?-ugge9ted. 'And Hive in London and addressed to the people by one of tliemFelvps.
on L n Jon as well. The tools I labour with He waa reco^ised as the people's spokesman.
a&d fcAXtt my living axa J*aternoster and my No leit^nli forty-ilvamaftnaewptaofhiawaA
iriiiar JPtmiibo ana JXr^e, and my Ftalter are known to be now extant in the sixteenth ;

lome^imee and my Semn I^almn. Thus \ century there were certainly two more; ad-
mg fur the tioula of such as help me ; and ditional ones may yet be discovered, fiigna
those that find me my food gnarantae, I tiDW, of its circulation and acceptance are amUl^
That I shall be welcome when I come occa- dant. Not the least interesting occurs in
iieoaUy in a month, oow at some gentleman's connection with the great rising of the pea-
and
,
at MIM M^A
I iad in this
ftacry b
1981, in a latter ad^iMd hj Ma
H ]r2

Digitized by GoaTgle
 Langland
Bull {d. 1381) to tlM eommons of
Essex.
Tlw fint edition consisted of only twelve
paf^sns or rntit os, t lie second cnn* r\i nra twenty,
the third twenty-three. All the versiona can
be dated with considerable precision. In one
set of manuscripts are found no allusions be-
jond the year 1 though there are several
e,g. that to the peace of Br6tignj
that b&>
Jong to 1360 and thereabouts. A
mention
of * thif goutk-wetenie wynt on a Saturday
at ftten ' (A text, v. 13) obviously alludes, as
Tyrwhitt first noted, to a violent Atorm on
Saturday, lo Jan. 1362, of which an account
is given by Thorn, by Walsingham, and by
thecontinuatorof Adam Murimuth. A second
group of manuscripts connect* itself with
1377 and thereabouts. The decisive allusion
is to the time between the death of the Black
Prince and the accession of Richard II, and
the perils of the crown and the kingdom at
tlint time, especioUy from John of Gaunt (see
B text, prol. 87-20d). A third group of ma-
nuscripts carries us on another fit teen years
to 139:2 and thereabouts. In 1^92, as Piofes-
sor Skeat points out, the city of London re-
fused the king a loan of 1,000/., and a Lom-
bard who lnt it him was beaten by the
Londoners nearly to death. Now, in a line,
not occurring in the A and the * B groups,
' ' ' Near the close of tho Iburteenth centnry
Conscience, addressing the king, declares that
unseemly tolerance [vnsittynge sufirancel (of
bad men) has almost brought it about, bote
Marie the heln ' [unless the Virgin succours
him] that no land loves him, ana least of all
his own (C text, iv. 210) ; and in another
passage, also additional, Keason assures him
that if be will rule wisely, and not let 'un-
seemly tolerance ' seal hi f!fj letters/
'
Love will lend him silver
To wage thjns, & help wjnoe that thow wilaest
after.
More than al thy nszehattBS otiisr Ay mytrede
bisflhopa
Other Lumbardes of Lukes that Ijuen by kae as
Jeves.
A more complete indication of the various
dates of * Piers Plowman/ and for
a minute
aeeonnt of the diffisireiices between the three
chief tfxtp, is piven in Dr. Sheet's (2 vols.
8vo) edition published hf the Clarendon
imss in 1886.
I.nnp-land put into his poem nil that from
time to time ne had to say on the questions
of the day and on the great questions of life.
He thniieht eagerly on thosf' things, and all
the thoughts of his heart sodalibus olim
'
oedebet fihrit ; ' and these boohs his oontem-
Eiraries read with ecarrely less ejtsrt'rnese,
e was not only a keen observer and thiuJiery
548 Langland
but also an effective writer. His intense
feeling for his fellow-men, his profound pity
for their sad plight, nnshopherded and ^de-
lees rts he beheld them, were made effective by
his imaginative power and his masterly gi^
of language and expression. He sees titmI/
the ohjt'cts and tne sights he describes,
and makes his readers see them vividly.
He is as exact and realistic as Danta, how^
ever inferior in the greatness of his c/incep-
tion.H or in nobleuess of poetic form, in this
last respect Langland is connected with tb
past ratherthan with what was the metrical
fashion of his own day ; he is the representa-
tive of the Teutonic revival in England whiek
completed itself in the fourteenth century.
He adopts the old Knglish metre, the unrimtnl
alliterative line of most usually four aocenta.
Even Layamon [q. v.] had a century and a
half before largely admitted rime into his
verses, though they, too, are chiefly of th
Anglo-Saxon style. Langland in this matter
was probably somewhat retrogressive, though
we must remember that he knew his nndiaaoo
better than his modem critics can know it.
In the more cultivated circles certainly the
taste for the old metrical form was wellnigh
extinct. But Langland went Jitetty auwh
his own way.
Langland seems to hare returned to the
west. In 1380, if the poem written in the
' September of that year to remonstrate with
Richard II the poem well entitled by Dr.
Skeat ' Richard the Redeless ' is his compo-
sition, he was residing at Bristol ; and, though
there is no manuscnpt authority for ascrib-
ing it to him, the language, the style, the
thought, all seem thoroughly to iostify the
judgment of Mr. T. Wright and I>r. Skeat.
Years before, the poet had been offended by
Richard's misgovemment. He makes one
last app<t^al to this unworthy king, or was
making it, when it would seem the news of
his unthroning reached him. The poe Wide m
in the middle of a farsgraph.
[Skeat ' editions of the A, thf Vt, and the 0
pablished by the Early Englibh Text Soc.;
texttt,
with a vo-
his edition of all three texts together,
lume of introductions and ootes, published by th
ClHrndon press; his edition of the first sevrn
passuK, with 4jrulogue, B
text, in n volunio i>f th^
Clarendon press series ; The Vision of Piers
Plouefatn'tnr ^^^h the Creed of Pier* Ploogbmaa;
hy ft aifll'rent but nnkno-wn nnthor, who prol>ably
wrule about 1391. ed. by T. Wright, 2 voIm, l2mo,
2nd ed. 1856 ; Ten Brink's Early English Lit-
rauue, tr. H. M. JKeonsdy, IMS ; MilsMnli
Ut Chriatlamty, foL tL ed. 185<: Manh's
Origin and Hist, of the English LangiiAgf>;
WiHilit's Political Songs of KngUod from ths
Digitized by Google
 Langley
lUign of John to that of Edward II, publinhod
hr the CAmden Sociotj; Juuerand's L'Epop^a
l^jatiqae d IjingliuMi, Pmtm, 1893 (JGogL tranbl.
18M); RoMnthsToD Langlaad'g toe in Anfrlia,
t 414-59 Pnf. J. M. Manly in Cambridge Hist.
;
Emg\. Lau (.1908), ii. 1-42, with biblio^. 432-7.
MAoljeigeatlyftrgUM ttuit the Vision is n cotlee-
tuM of poems by Tarious authors.] J. W. H.
LANQLSY, BATTY (168&-i751),archt'
toetvnd writer, Mm of Daniel ud Eiiiabetli
Inn^ley, was baptised at the pariah church,
Twickenham, Middleeex, 14 iSept. 1096. lh
Crtherwwn gurdener in the netghhourhood,
nnd he aen:mf first to have occupied him-
elf * landscape gardener (see LAVeLBi,
PltmeUoal OwmUry, p. 35). He resided flxel Young Buildor's
at Twickenham, removed to Parliament
Stain, Weelminater, about 1796, and to
Maaid^ Gonrt, Dean Street, 8oho, with hia
brother Tli mfx^ about 1740. His taste in
arehitecturai deaign haa been much censured,
tat he didaome good work in the meehanioat
branchee of his art. Hia atvaue attempt to
remodel Gtothic architectnra ij theinven-
tioa of Ave Ofdara for that atyle in imitation
of those of clasaical architecture has made
' Batty Langley's Gothic' almost a bjr-wonL
Ho estaUUdSedra sehool oraeademj of ardii-
tectural drawing, in which he was assisted
bj his brother Toomas, an engraver. Elmos
{ZeAim, p. S90) atatea that all his pupils
were carpentfr.*, and gives him credit for
having trained many useful workmen, lie
had a large surveying connectioo, and waa
ft valuer oi timber (advertisement in Lang-
UT, London Fricet, 1 74^ Me also supplied
pumps, and acted as bttiloer ia the ocectttion
of some of bis designs.
In 1736 be published a design for the pro-
poood Mansion House in London, which waa
engraved by hirti^-t'lf. Malcolm {Lond. Redio,
iv. 172) quotes rum the iSt. James's Evening
t '
Boat' the description of ' a curious grotesque
temple, in a taste entirely new,* erected by
L*ngley in Parliament Stairs, for iSathaniel
Blackerby, son-in-law of Nicholas Hawks-
moor l^q. v.] the architect. Langley died at
his house in Soho on S March 1761, aged
6S. A qnarto menetiBt portnit of him hj
J. Carwithan, who engraved aevonl of hia
works, was published in 1741.
HbaBaserous publicati<Hia indude: 1. ' An
Accurate Aocountof Newgate tr^i^her
. .
with a faithful account of the IifpoKitions of
fiailifis . by
. . a
L. ofTwickenham,' 1724.
2. 'Practical Oeometry applied to Build- .
ing, Surveying, Gardening, and Mensuration,'
London, 1726, 1728, 1729. 3. 'The Builders
Chest Book, or a Compleat Key to the Five
Ordersof Columns in Architecture,' London,
I7S7 (in dialogue form). 4.*NtwFriiieiplea
549 Langley
of Gardening. . With Experimental Dtree-
. .
tions for raising the several kinds of Fruit
Tree8,Foru8t Trees, Ever-greens, and Flower-
ing Shrubs,' &c., London, 1728. Langley de-
nounced the practiccof mutilating the nat\iral
shapes of trees. 6. ' A
Sure Method of Im-
proving Estates bv Plantations of Oak, Elm,
Ash, Beech, &c.,' London, 1728 ; republisheil
in 1741 as 'The Landed Gentleman's Useful
Oompanion.' 6. * A Sure Guide to Builders,
or the Principles and Practice of An liit.-c-
t ure Geometrically Demonstrated,' Loudon,
1729. 7. 'Pomona, or the Fruit krden
Illustratt d,' L-indon, 1729. Many of the
plates were drawn by himself. 8. 'The
RuiUraents,* London, 17S(^
1786. 9. 'Ancient Masonry, b<3th in the
Theory axid Practice,' London, 1734 or 1735,
. 1786. Thb elabon^ worit contains short
descriptions of the 460 plates, with examples
from Alberti, Palladio, C. Wren, Inigo Jones,
and others. PUitee oeeix. and ceox. in vol. ii.
illustrate an Engli.sh order' composed by
'
Langl^. 10. ' A
Design for the Bridge at
New Alaoe Tard, Westminster,' London,
17a& 11. ' A Reply to Mr. .Tohn Jam&nV 1! -
view of the sevenl Pamphlets and Schemes
. . . for the Building of a Bridge at West-
minster,' London, 1737. 12. 'The Biuld-r's
Compleat Assistant,' 2nd edit. LoudoUf
(1738 P); a 4th edit, appeared after 1788.
13. 'The City and Ck)untry Builder's and
Workman's l^reaaury of Designs,' Loudon,
1740 (feurteen plates were added in \U\\
1 700, and again in 1 7.' 6. 14. The Builder's
'
Jewel, or the Youth's Instructor and Work-
nan's Remembmneer,* London, 1741, 1767
11th edit. 1708, 1787, 1808. lo. 'Ancient
Architecture, restored and improved, by a
great varietur of Grand and Useful Desij^s
(Ist part), London, plates dnted 1741. Tho
whole work, with a dissertation On the An- '
cient Buildings in this Kingdom,' and en-
titled 'Gothic Architecture/ 1747. Some
' Gothic orders of my own
examples of these
invention* were actually erected by Langley
in London. The original drawings for the
work are nreserved in Sir John Soaue's Mu-
seum. 16. ' The Measurer's Jewell,* London,
1742. 17. 'The Prosnnt State of Westminster
Bridge,' Indon, 1743. 18. Plan of Windsor
'
Castle,^ London, 1743. 'The Builder's
19.
. Director, or Bench-Mate,' London, 1746,
1751, 1767. 20. -\ Survey of Westminster
Bridge, as 'tis now Sinking into Kniu,' Lon-
. , don, 1748. 21. The Worlun a n's Golden Rule
for Drawing and Working the Five Orders
in Architecture,* London 1757.
Thomas Langley (Jl. 1745), enprnver of
antiquities, &c., brother of the above, was
bom at Twickenham in March 1702, and for
Digitized by Coogle
 Langley Langley
tome Tears of liis life resided at Saluborr. (Fetdera;, xl 500 ; see under LloxSL, Dof
He engraved A * Plan of St. Thomas's Church OF Clarence).
in the City of New Sanim,' north-west and the beginning of 1367 Kdmand joinid At
south-east views nf the church drawn by his eldest brother Aquitjiine, and accom- m
John Lyons, 1745, nnd 'The Sacrifice of panied him on hn expedition into Spain.
Matthews to .Tupitor,' drawn by Lyons, 1752. After the return of the Black Prinf'^ Ei-
He both drew and engraved many of the mund came back to England, but in Janua^
plates for his brothei^s boolra, ana taught 1369 was once more sent out in company of
itchitectural drawing to his pupils. .John Hasting''. Pt-rond earl of P.'nihrrl.'
[lADgley's works as above Redgmve's DicL [q. T.j, in command of four hundred meo-at-
atdfctr hundred archers. Th^lsaM
;

of Arti(.ts; I>i<'t, of ArcLireoture Civil Eo- anns ;

at St. Malo, and marched through ftrittsBV

f'neer for 1847. p. 270; PHmes's Ixictures on
,
Mbitactare, p. 390 Wal pole's AnecdoteB (Dalla-
;
to Angoul^me^ where the Prince of WaWi
wiiy and Wornomi, p. 770 LysonsV Ennrons, then held his eoort.
;
I April th two ssili
iii. 694; rjent. Mv^. \7V> p. 608.175] p. 139; were sent on a raid into P6rigord, wherp.
Londoo J>ail7 Adrertiser and lAtenxj (iasstte, after plundering the open country, they laid
UmvA 1 70] ; Bramlqr's Oat. of Engraved Por- siege to Bourdeilles. After eleven weeks ths
traitii, p 300; Cut. of Print* nnd Drawings in
town was taken by stratagem, and the eiree-
King's Library, Brt.Mua.; (^migh'sBrit. Topog. dition returned to Angoul^m>'. Tn July Ed-
i 685, n. 86 878; DaddTa Memorials of n- mund accompanied Sir John Chandos to ths
graTcrs, Add't. MS. 33402; Loriion Cat. of'
Hiege of Roche-Bur-Yon, and wb9 present tfll
Book*-. 700-lHl
1 r/owiidtVs B:bl. Man
I : Watt's ;
it capture in Augn.t. In Januftry and
BiM. Brit. ; Brir. Mii8. Oat.; Cnt. of Li bran- of
Trill. Coll. Dul'liii Cut. of Library in Sir .Ii>hn
;
February 1870 Edmund was employed Mice
Soiiiie's Mubcuru; Cut. of Library of R.I.B..\.; !
morsy in thecommny of PembrOKe,in effiset-
Vaiv. Cut. of Books on AH; Oat of Bodloian ing the relief of Belle Perrho. l,at*>r in tV>'
;

Libmiy.] 3. P. year he shared in the jrreat raid which cul-

Minsted in the sack of l^tmog'ss. When ths
LANGLEY, EDMUND nr. fir.-^t Dckh '

Princf of Wales went homo n-^xt vofir. Ed-

OF York (1341-1402), was filth son of Ed- 1 mund was left behind in Gaecony alsixs-
vrard HI by Philippa of Hatnaalt. He was |
n&fi, Hist Anffl. i. $12). In 1372 he retnnH
bom at King's Langley, Hertfordshire, on j
to En^'lund, and shortly afterwards marriwl
5 .Tnni' 1341. In 1347 he rrceivf^d a prnt I'.Hb^l of Castile, the seoonddaughtsrof
of the lauds bf jond Trent formerly belonging i
the Cruel. ,

to John de AVnrren, sari of Surrey. lu the On 24 Nov. 1374 Edmund was appointed,
autumn of lSo9heaccompnnin(lhi8 father on conjointly with John de Montfort, duke o<
the great expedition into France which im- ])rittany, to be the king s lieutenant in Uut
j

mediately preceded "the treaty of Br6tigny daehy (Firdera, vii. 49). Ssirfy lltt fssr
in the follfnvi:ip- yi'nr. "Fflmiinfl (^rtf of :
they ."Jnili'd from Southampton in cnmrmnd
those who swore to the alliance with France of a ptn^ng force, with the intention of at- ,

on SI Oet 1900. Next year, probably in
April. be was mndo a knirrht of tho GartMr.
On 13 Nov. lS62he was created Karl of Cam>
"bridge a weeV later he had a grant for the
; This town oapttired and its nvrwon put to
repair of hia castles in Yorkshire (Ftrdrra,
vi. 'VMS). In the previous February proponl8
had been made for a marriajre between lul-
ttund and Margaret, daughter of Louis,
count of Flanders (ifi. vi. 349^; the bn.-^iness
did not proceed further at this time, but two
years later Edmund and his brother, John of
I tacking the Frendi fleet before St. Sauvesr*
le-Vicomte. Contrary wind-;, how* vcr.ooei*
pelled them to diitemb&rk near St. Mathiea.
the sword, the English marched against 8t
Pol de L^on, which they took by storm. Tbea
they laid siege to St. Rrieuc;'biit they sooa
departed to assist Sir John Deveretus [q. v.],
who was Iwsiegwd by Oliver de Cli.<son in th*
new fort near Quiinperl^. The fort was re-
lisAxHl, and the French in their tun bsiisgsl |

Haunt, made a vi.vit to the count at Brnf:|-er, Operations, how^^rpr, \vprB

'

Mf (^);iimptTl*''.
and a treaty of niarriogo was agreed upon in soon afterwards terminated by a truoe. con-
October 1364 (t. vi. 446). The pope, how- eluded at Bruges on 27 Jniwt. Biimtta tbsn
ever, under the influence of the French king, returned home with the English fleet. On
refused to grant a dispensation, and the pro- 1 Sept. he was one of the commiaaioBers ta
ject was finally abandoned in ISOO (Fson- treat with Franee (A. iii. 1080, Itooord ed.^
SART. vii. 129, ed. LnceY There was another n<l on 12 .Ttm>> I'-TPi wa.^ appointed coe*'
matrimonial propo^l in 1366, when nego- stable of Dover, an offioe which he held tiX
tiations were opened for a marringe between February 138L On the a(;esion of hil
FJmund or his brother Lionel and 'V'inlnnt.ij n phew as Richard II, Ednnd became oas
daughter of Qaloauo Vi8contt,dttke of Mihw of the council of regsnc|y. In Jmm
197^ hi

Digitized by Google
 Langley 55t Langley
fained hia brother John an expedition to
in iii.305). In the troublei of his nephew*!
BrillMy. Aftar ttroseing the Channel they reign, Edmund, who feared little for ttMt
laid iicgeto St. Mnlo. l)u Oupsclin marched affairs, only played a small part. Ilt^ wa^

to it* rescue, but would not be induced to content to follow tlie lead oi bis brother
riiik il engagement, though Edmund endea- John, duke of fiancasterfOrinhieahBenee that
rnured to prrrvoko him to nnp. Evnntualljr of Thomas, duke of Gloticester. In l.SSfl h*
the English went home without etiecting waa at Dover, waiting to repel a threatened
ftaiFthing. FVenoh lilvasion, and 'he was ulto one of th*
Early in M*y 1380 n Portu^<<:o embassy fourteen commissioners appoiut'd hy parlia-
etmft to appeal for aid against the kms of ment to reeeit'e the crown revenues (lA. iii.
OMtil*, ma ai a resnH Edmund was des- 221 ). At this time Edmund snpported OloiH
patched at the head of fivo liundred lanrn? rertterinhiH ojipnftition to thf> kini;''? favourite,
aad aa many archari. Acoompunied by hia liobert do \ ere, and was with Gloucester
rUb ttnA Mm, h i^kd from FtyaonCli in when hn defeated I>B VeM lledr Oxford in
Jnlj harinsr hastened liis di'mrturc, 80 1387 and when he m?t the kin^ At Brent-
it is said, for fear the rising under Wat Tylor ford. Three years later his elder brother
abonld perant his romg (Fbotssaiit, viii. 2^), was back in England, and Ednmtt,d now fol-
t^LBucnon). Sir >I;itthpw de (Joumay[q.v.l lowed his guidance in .seeking for peace with
the Canon of itibertsart, and others, tooK France, against the wi^heji of Otloucester.
art in tiM expedition* The En^ish reached Consequently, in Mreh 1891, the dukv tff
T^i^b-^n aft< r a cformy voyage of tbree wf^f^ks' Lancaster and York went to Amiena td
duration. In accordance witli a treaty nlrea<ly duct the negotiations for peace.
MMsliided, Edmtind'p younrr mn Edward w>is When Kichard went w
Ireland in Sep-
raarrifvl to B''fttrir(, tlio dnuL'hf^T of King tember 130 J, Edmund was appointed regent,
Ferdinandof Portugal. Edmund !i.>n went to and in thi^ capacity held the narliament of
t

Bftran<,butmo8toftlMBng1i-)i wt-re under January 1805 (4^. lit 9B0). In September

th Canon of Rnbi-rtsart nt Villa VicioRa, 131)0 he was again regent during the king'*
whence diiringt he winter they made anattack absence on his A-isit to France to wed the
cm niguenw against the wishes of the Mb; of Friaoeia faabella. Durin|r these years Ed-
Pnrtngnl. In April 1382 the Knf?lish, weary mund was under the guidanrw of his eldep
of inaotion, remonstrated with tklmund, who brother. Thomas of Uloucestf>r, however, aa
could only reply that he must wait for his Froissartsays, made no account of himduring
brother John. Shnrtly afterwards the Eng- his intrigues, and I'Mmund took no part \h
lish mad afrt'sh raid, and captured Elvas and the events which attended his vounger bro-
Zafra. Thereupon Edmund came to Villa ther's death in 1397. AVhen Kicliard went to
Viciosrt ; but the Kni:1i--h, now thoroughly Ireland in March 1399, Edmund was for the
discontented, threntfned to turn fret-lances, third time madu regeut. Personally", no
and li|^t On their own acoomt unl^^^^ some doubt, hu was loyal to his nephew, batlt WM
action was taken. Under pressure from his his lack of vigour which n)ad>i the snoeMof
followers, Edmund then went to Lisbon to 1 1 eiiry of Lancaster so easy. Edmund, indetidf
remonstrate with the king, and ohtainxl jreuajped to oppoie LaiuBaster, tet iindin^
from him a promi!*e to take the fit-Id. Jiut little support, shortly went over to his (idf%

Ferdinand was now, as previously, intriguing
vitb the Spaniards, ana presen^y, before any
fighting took place, mane pen'"" without re-
ference to his EngUah airu-3. Edmund would
have attadwdthe king of Portugal if he hud
felt strong enough, but as it was he had no
choice f>v(*ppt to return to England, whor*-
he arri^ ' i:, f)rtober l382(F(r(fera,ir. 156,
; ICdmund retired from the court, and the onl^
Record od.) Thn king of Portugal soon after
remarried his daughter to the infant of Cas-
tile. Nevertheless, Edmund did not gSre up
his hop<'.^ of SfHiuring a footing in that coun-
try, and in 1384 opposed the Scottii^h war
for fisar that it WOwd interfere with his pro-
jecta. In the snmmcr of IS86 he took part
m the king's expedition to Scotland, and was
rewarded for his services by a grant of 1,000/,
(&. TH 474, 482). On 6 Aug. of the same
year he was created Duke of Vork (Jtot. ParL
and accompanied him in his ])rogre$s toliris-
tol. AHerwtfda E(lmun<l cume forward for
once ns a stati^sman, and he lui*the crodit of
having suggested that Uiuhard should be in-
duced to execute a formal resignation of thii
crown previous to the meeting of parlia-
ment. After the coronal ion of the new king
oiLlt incident of intetost in hi.s life uas Ins
,<(overv of his son Rutlond'e plot in Jaimary
1 100 lie died at Langley ou 1 Aug. 1 10 J,
and wa.*- buried in the church of the I)unu-
nlcane tliere by the side of his first wife^
His tomb was removed to King's I.anglej
Cliurch about 1^71, ntid *iiice 1^77 has
stood in a memorial chapel In the north
aisle.
Edmund was the I'^a'^t reraarknUe of lui
father's sous, lie was an easy-going maftol

Digitized by Coogle
 Langley Laingley
pleasure, who had no care to be a ' lord of chooee for the purpose of wimiiiiif the lo^
gw at wttridty richai.* scholars' submission to the parliamentary in*
novations. On the death, on 10 July 1647,
Vfhtn nil the lordes to councell anil parlyameot
of Thomas Clayton, master of Pembroke, ths
Went, he wolde to hunte and alao to bavekyng.
fellows elected Henry Wig^twidc te tia
But he wa a kindly man, and lived of his
*
vacant past, but their choice was overruled
own' without oppre^isiou. In uppeurunce he by the parliament, l^an^ley was nominated
ifM 'm favre a pcnon as a man might see on 96 Aug. 1647, and hia appointment was
anywhere '^(Hardtito, pp. 19, 340-1 ). Tliere confirmed by the parliamentary visitors on
is a portrait of him in liarlcian JNIS. 1319, 8 Oct. following. He became a delegate to
whica is enf^ved in Doyle's 'Official Baron- the visiton on SO Sept in the same year,
age.' His will, dated 25 Nov. 1 100, ispiinted perved as one of the twenty delegates ap-
in NichoU's lioyaX WiUs,' p. 187.
'
pointed by the proctors (19 May 1648) to
Edmiind wm twioe mamed : (1) in 1372 answer and act m
all thin^ pertainingto
to Isabel of Castile, who died 3 Nov. 1393 the public pood of the university, and on
and (2) in lSd6 to Joan, daughter of Thomaa 6 July following was oonatituted member at
Hbluad, eari of Kent [q. .], who, 8tirvtviii|7, the oommittee appointed for the ezamtnatioB
married three other husbands, and died in of candidates for fellowships, scholarships,
1434. By his first wife he had two sons: &c. He was nominated a canon of Chnit
)dward, who daring his ikthai's Wb was Church by a parliamentary order of 3 andi M
aarl of Rutland and duke of Aumale, and 1648, and held this dignity with the master-
Bucreodpd as second duke of York ; and ship of Pembroke till nis ejection at the Re-
Richard, earl of Cambridge (d. 1415), through storation, when he retired to Tubney, ne&r
whom he was great-grandfuther of Ed- Abingdon, and according to Wood ' took to*
ward IV. He had also a daughter, Constance, joumers (fanatick's ?ons) into his house . .

wife of Thorasis le Desi)ener, earl of Glou- taught them lo^^c and philohophy, and ad
cester [q. v.], a woman of an evil zepatafcion, mitted them to def^rees.' It is said that oa
who died on 28 Nov. 1416. the appearance in March 1671-2 of the
rFroiwMrt, od. Luce, vols. vi-niL (See; do claration of indulgence to dissenters, he was
'

Yn'\*t. de FrsDre). and Buehon, Tola. vii-siT. ehoaen with three others to continue a couifs
(CoUi'ot ion des Chroniquej*) Walsingham'B Hiet. of preaching within the city of Oxford, in
;

ADftUc. (Bolls Ser.); Chron. Aoglis. 1328-8$ direct onpoeition to the will of the univeraity
^tolli Ser.); Chrontqne de la Tn^n
et la Mori anthoriues. Wood aayt that he was a eoB>
de Bichart Deux (Engl. Hifit. Soc.); Trokelowp, 8taiit preacher at Tom Pun's house in Broken
BUneford, &c. (RolU Ser.) Chron. ilu Bel. de Hayes. He died on or about 10 Sept. 1679,
;

St.-Denys (Documents inMit sur I'Histuiro de and was buried in St. Uilen*a Onurch, A Liug^
la France); Bardyng's Chronicle, ed. 1812;
doo.
Rymer's Fcedera, original edition, except when
otherwiiis stated; Dagdale's Baronage Doyle's [Wood's Athenas Oxon. ed. BUm, ir. 10. 692
;

Official I?nronage, iii. 741-2; Archaeologia. xlvi. Wood's FoHLi OxoD. ed. Bliss, pt. it. i^. 1 1 3, 1 d7
207-828, givinf; an account of the opening of Wood's Life and Tfaes, ed. Claifc (Oxf. Hist
his tomb in 1877; Stubbs's Const. Hist. vol. ii.; Soc), i. 130 eqq., ii. 1 sqq.; Foster's
Alumni
Oxoniensus, Istser.iii. 878; Bloxam's Magd.C<
Other authorities as quoted.] 0. L. K.
Reg. i. 38 Barrows's Reg. Oxf. Visitors, pp
;

LANGLEY, HENRY (1611-1 G70), puri- 6, 102, 141 Lords' JourDals, viii. 486. ix. 387.
;

tan divine, bom in 1611, was son of Thomas 407, X. 87 Commona' Journals, iii. 136, v. 277,
;

I^ngley, a shoemaker, of Abingdon, Berk- 284; Cal. Stnto Papers. Dom. 1660-1. pp. 85.
shire. He was elected a chorister of Mag- 174 ; HisL MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. p. 192 ; Efcet-
dalen (College, Oxford^ in 1627, and on 6 Nov. ton MS. (Brit, Has.) 8618, foL 83.] D. H-4.
1629 matriculated from Pembroke College, LANOLBY, JOHN (<!. 1667), gram-
of which he subsequently became follow, gra^- marion, bom near T^nnbury, Oxiordshirc,
doating B.A. in 1632, and proceeding M.A. subscribed to the articles, &c. at Oxford oa
in im, B.1>. in 1648, and BJD. in 1649. 23 A pril 1613,gradaatedB. A. from Magdaleo
He is doubtless the ITonrv Langley, M.A., Hall in 1616, and proceeded M.A. in 1619.
appointed rector of St. ^lary, Newington, On 9 March 1017 he was appointed high*
Surrey, by a parliamentary order of 20 June master of the college school, Glouceater, re-
1643. By a parliamentary order of 10 Sept sigued hia oHice in 1627, wee leidmitted oa
1646 he was named one oi the seven presby- 11 Aup. 1028, and finally resigned in or about
terian ministers chosen to 'prepare the way' 1 G3o ( Gloueetiter Chapter A ct Book, i. 2 1 61). ,

fnr tiM raformtlloii of the tmiveruty by the It is said that he held a prebH'nd in Gloucester
parliampntary visitors, and was anthnri'sf'd Cathedral. On 7 Jan. 1640 he succeeded Dr.
to preach in anj church in Oxford he ui^ht ^ Alexander Qill the younger t.J as high-

Digitized by Google
 Latigley
master of St. raul's School, where, aa at Olon-
oeiter, be educated many who were after-
wudd Bervioeable in church and 6tte. In
recognition of his schohutie attainments he
wu appointiMl by a parliamentary order of
20 Jnne I(S43 one of the licensers of the press
for 'bfwks of philosophy, history, poetry,
morulilv, and art*,' but appears by a petition
(of JO Dec. 1648) from the atationers and
(rinters of London to have been latterly re-
miu in the performance of his dntiis. I laving
keen sworn at the lords' bar on 1:2 Jan. 1644,
Lmgley api)ered on 8 Jane following' as a
witnm before the lords'com mitt ees appoi n lh.1
t tranwript of lISKers^ Obapsl BK-
to take examinations in the cause oi Arch-
Mhop Laud, and deposed to sundry innovsr*
lions in the conduct of the cathedral services
iatrodnced by Laud when dean of Oiouoeater.
Langley was not only an able aohoolmaater,
batagenertil scholar, an nxcellent theologian
of the puritan stamp, and a distinguished an-
tiquary. Faller calls him the * abla and leli-
pous schoolmaster.' He was highlyattMnied
hg Seldea and other learned men.
RepaUi^ed: 'Totiua Rhetorics Adam-
Irsllo in usutn Paulime ScholaD,* 1641, 2nd
edit. Cambridge, 1650, and an ' Introduction
to (]iuntttr,'*8evral times printed.' Wood
cwl'ns, him with a translation of Polydore
Vaipl'i ' i>e Inventoribus Rerum,' and im-
pliei tlt this translation was new. The which would suit John Wakeryng, who was
onlytxlition which bears Ltiii;^!,.;''^ nmneia bishop from 1416
lJut of 166t, and it cannot claim to bo a copy IS probably nor much later thnn 1400,
mm trnmlation, or eren a new edidon. It and if the bishop's name was really John,
U finiply the remainder, with a new titl-
John Salmon must be meant, who was bishop
ptg, of the IQoQ edition, which i iteelf a
reprint of that of 1640, the work of Thomas
from
Liogley [q. v.], canon of Winchcstt r.
Laaglej died unmarried at his house in
StPlrars (%nichyard on 18 Se|t. 1657, and
via buried on 21 Sept. in M rccr-' Cfiapcl,
vhaa a funeral sermon, subsequently printed
fc&etSTii. 22), touching the 'Use of Human
min(?,* was prenclirJ by lil^ friend Dr.
Edward KeTnolds, sometime dean of Christ
Chn^ tad afterwaids bishop of Norwich.
The preacher wiirmly eulogises Langley's
lesnung and character, and states that he
M as vrach honoured hy the governors that
tIeys<-Cf pre<-l his recomtn* ndation of Samuel
(Vmleholme fq. v.l as bis successor at St.
Mb. His wQI bean data 9 Sapi. 1657,
tad was proved on 29 Sept. fidlowing (Rag.
iaP.C.C.&4d, Rutben).
He Is not to be eonibmidod with John
Lan-lcv.M.A., instituted to the n ctory of
Wet Tytherley or Tuderley, Hampshire, on
24 Joly 1641, and nominated a member of
the Westminster Assembly of Divines by a
pszliamenUiT order of 12 June 1643 iLortU
553
[Foster's Alnmni OxonfeniSS, 1st ter. p. 878
WjMjd's Athena- Oxen. ed. Bliss, iii. 434 Knight's;
Lifof Dr.Colel. 1724, p. 379 ; Pryono's Caatr-
buries Doome, 1649, p. 76 ; Fttlhofs Chvrdi Hist.
of Brit '.1:1. lGo5, pt. V. p. 168; Hist, of the
Troubles and Tryiil of Archbishop Laud, l(j95, p.
332; Slew's Survey, e l. Sirvpe, 17'20, pt. i. p,
168; Oatdtner's lig. SU Paul's Sohoul. p. 41;
Professor John Fer^^nsoo'hBihlio^raphicsl Note*
on the Knslish trau-*!!!)!!)!! of Polydore Vfr^Ml'i*
Dt^ Inventoribus Kerum, p. 30 I words' Journals,
;
vi. 377 ; CommoDs' JoumiiN. iii. 138 ; Cal. Stnte
Papers, Dom. 1844, p. 4 ; Hist. M.SS. Comm. 7'h
Hep. p. 67; Mercers' Company Minute-book;
SomerseC
House.] D. H-L.
LANGLEY, THOMAS 1320.*'),
(JL
writar on poetry, was a nonh of S. Benet
Hulme, Norfolk, and author of Liber de Va-
rietatecarminum in capit ulis xviii distinctus
cum prologo.' Ten ehapten are preserved in
DigbyMS. 100,f.l78,arr]i!>T5odlf'irtn Lihrnry.
The prologue consists of an epi^am becin'-
ninjn; * Dndum eonflictn vexatus rithimacnie,'
which seems to be Bale's only authority for
ascribing to Laugley a book of epigrams.
The treatise is deucated to a bishon of Nor-
wich, but in the Digby MS., which is evi-
dently a cop^ and not the original, the bishop's
name is omitted. Turner gives the bishop's
name as John, and T^ngley's date as 14 MO,
to 14S6. Bat the Digbjr
to 1835. Vm
[5.do, xi. 43
( Tanner's Bibl. Bril.-Hib. p.
;
4G Cat. of Digby HISS. ; iofurmution kindly
> ;
supplied by F. AbidBB, esq., of the BoJliMiin
Libniry.] C. L. K.
LANGLEY or LONQLST, THOMAS
(d. 1437), bishop of Durham, cardinal, and
chancellor, is said to Iiavo been second >ou
of Thomas Langlej of Langlej, Yorkshire
(DuftDau, VkU, fTork$kifet Snrtees 8oe.,
p. 300). lie was educated at Cambridge. au<l
was in bis jouth attached to the family of
John of Gaunt, dnke of Lancaster fq. v.]
Th'' accession of Henry IV insured his pro-
motion in 1400 be was a canon of York, and
;
on 20 July 1401 was made dean of York. In
1403 he was keeper of the privy seal. iJishop
Henry Beaufort [q. v.j having resigned the
chancellorship, the great seal was committed
to Lan;:^ley on or about 28 Feb. 1 105, and on
8 Aug. he was elected by the chapter of York
to the ardibishopric, then vacant hj the oco-
cution of Scrope on 8 June. The king wrote
tu Innocent Vll recommending Langley, but
the pope was oJIbiided at tha UMalim ot
Digitized by Coogle
 Langley SS4
Sorope, rad tlw alMtittn mur flanvtM.
Nevertheless the pope appointed Langley to
the Bee of Durham by provision, he was
electe<i nn 1 7 May 1 406, and, the see of York
beinjif still vacjint, was consecrated on 8 Aug.
m St. Paul's by Thomas Arundel [q. v.j,
archbishop of Citulerburv. lie received au-
thority from Gregory ^11 to reconcile all
who bad taken part in Scrope's death. On
30 Jan. 1407 he resigned the great seal.
Langley wu an able anid prodeat atoteiman,
and la *aid to have bet^n a good canonist,
iM^d otherwiae well educated. He aeema to
baiva lnlon|fed to the party of die Besnftcts
and the Pnnce of Wales, and to have so far
at least remained constant to the policy of
his old master John of Qaunt (CorutMutional
Hittoryy iii.60). Having in March 1409 re-
ceived letters of protection from thelfiiitr, be
set out with great mugiiiticviue to attend
tbe general council at risa, and on 7 May
presented Itiraself at the (oiniril as ]>roctor
lor several English bishops, abbots, and priors
(J'<a2mi,vui.579; jBbd(9nim,ttl414; iMm,
Concilia, xxvii. col. 348). In 1H0 hr waa
appointed to hold a confereooe with the Scots
comnuBsioiieTa on Ihe border. Jolrn %XU I,
being anxious to obtain tht support of Eng-
land, appointed him a cardinal on 6 June
1411, but in common with Robert Hallam
q. T.], bislir>p of Salisbary, and for the same
leaaon, he did not receive a title from one of
iha Roman churches (CiACOxi,ii. 80,?, where
will be found an engraving of liangleya
arms). By Italian writers he ia said to have
borne the sobriquet of Armellinus (? armel-
lino, ermine). In August 1414 he was sent by
Henry V, wi*h the nishop of Nonvi-h nnd
Others, on an embossv to Paris, and returned
thtiber agiun kkAy tbe next year, and con-
cluded a truce [see under Courtexat, Ri-
ch akd; J. J.1DuaUKsiNa,pf.d00,6O3). On sessions formerly granted to his chuxcit,
23 June 1417 he again suoeeeded Bettufelt whicb was gitren to bim in reco^ition of
a ebancellor, and opened parliament in No- the faithful service rendered by him toti
vember, takinp as his text Confortamini, kinj^r's father and the king himself for manv
'
viriliter agltis, et gloriosi eritis,' which he
applied by recalling to his hearers the suc-
cesses of Henry from the battle of Shrews-
bury to his victory at Agincourt, and remind-
ia^thetttof theneoeaiity of keerping peace at
home, and grantinp Rnppli^s for the war, for
tbe guardianship of the seas, and for the de^
ibnee of tAnboraer. HeaartMedsttbeeoro*
nation of Catherine of Valois [n. v.] in Fe-
bruary 1421. On the death of llenry V, as
a meaaure of precaution, lie unendaed tbe
great seal to the council on 28 Sept. 1422,
and received it again as from the new king
in parliament on 16 Nov. ( Rt^t. Pari iv. 171).
He also eshibited to the Arclibishop of Oan-
ttrbttiy tte king's last will, of wbica be wat
Langley
asupenriwr. On6Jnly 1494btTCtindftoii
the chancellorship, and was succeeded Irr
Beaufort {Comtitutumal History, iii. 100).
In that year he assisted at the conclusioB of
the treaty of Durhara,aQdiltertaiikedJaBMiI
of Scotland and his queen. Having bean
appointed on the council in the parliameat
held at Leioeafeer in February 1496, he wrote
to excuse his non-attendnnre, on tho pVa* of
age and infirmity and the duties of hu epi-
scopal ofBoe. Mfere lonff, bowever, he ie>
snmod his attendance (Orditiances of the
Ptiojf OmmcU, iii. 11*7, JOOsqq.) In Fe-
bruary 1^ be ms appointed to tmat vbh
Jaraes of Scotland, and at the coronatioo of
Henry VI [q. v.], on 6 Nov., he and the
Bishop of Bath led the young king up tbe
cbuieb. Wbett tlie parliament of 1431 met
ho was entracTpd in gi'srdin<T the border. In
1436 he was again employed to trt-at with th*
Scots. He died on 20 Nov. 1437, and wa.*
buried in the galilee of hi-* cathedral church,
where his marble altar-tf>mbstill remains. Ha
left benefactions to the libvafiea ef OifoHl
and Cambridge, Durlmm House at Oxford. St.
Mary's at Leioeater, and the coU^ at Hut-
Chester (Smmnw), and bia exeottton are aud
to have erected the magnificent window on
the south side of the choir of York Mimtar.
At Durham he repaired and finished tbe
galilee of his church, founded a chantry then
(Ditodat.e). and obtained license to place a
tout there lor the baptism of the children of
excommnnieata panona, assisted tto piior
and convent to repair the cloist^^r?, and
founded two schools on the palace green,
one for grammar and tbe other isr plaia- :
song, lie aliV) built a western gntoway at
'
Howden, where the manor belonged to l)ur- ]
ban. In 1407 be obtained from Henry IT \
a ehartc.T confirming the privileges and po>- j
{
!
!
years. As lord of the Palatinate he held
seven commissions of AlTCy, levied a subsady
for the war with France, and did other acts
beh)nj,'ing to his office (SoRTKBs). He em-
ployed as suftragans Oswald, bishop of
Whithern. in 14 1 ti, to whom he paid a tee <>f
14/. 6. Qd. (tb.), and in 14^ Robert Foistsr,
biabop of Elphin (Stxjbbs).
[SarteesV Dorham, i. 5$ ; Posa'a 7iid^ci, ir.
Lo Neve's Fasti, i i. lOH, 201 (Mardv);'
Stubb' Regi^tr. Shct. AncUc. pp. 63, 140, Coo-
stitetioftal Hist. Iii. 48, 59, 89, M. 97. 100 ; Ordi-
nances of Privy Council, i. 381, ro]<*. n. Ht. ir,
p^vs^im; Rot. Pari. iv. 106, 171.209; Kyroer *
Ffpiier.i, viii. 679,68ekix. HI, x. 410(e4. 1710);
Labbe'a Concilia, xxvii. col. Mt; Clnuaai^
Digitized by Google
 Langley
Ti| Romamorora Pouiiti'. ii. col. Sij3
eliar8.ft. Eod- Cardinftliun), p. 78; Creigb*
ton'9 P*t>cy, i. 246 ; JuveoiU de$ JJxmum (Mi-
chaud), li. 600. 603 Enlogium, iii. 414 (Rolls
;
e?er.): Amundenham, i. 68 (Rolls Ser.) Hist.
CoUeeU. Graoi7. pp, 140, 168 (Umden Soc.):
D||dyie' SlaoHUcoii, L 388, 340.] W.ll.
IaANOLEY, THOBIAS ((i. 1581% canon
nf Winrhester, was ?dn(L-ateJ at Curabridge,
and graduated B. A.. in 1 >hi7~B. 1 1 e was clmp-
luin to Archbishop Cranmer, and vicar of
Ileadcom, Keiif, in ir>48, nnrl may be iden-
tical with the ThomaA i^ualov, protectant
reformer and exile, who wa aanutled into the
Kn;rHh church and congregation at Geneva
in loot>. liangley was rqctor of Boughton
Malherbe, Kent, irom 1667 to 6 Oct. 1559,
when Queen Elizabeth presented him to a
canofurj at Wincheater. He wati inst ailed on
16 OeC following. On 7 Dec. 1550 he was
pri!nted bv the crown to the rH.torv of AVpI-
ford, Berkshire. After twelve years' study
he WI18 admitted B.D. at Oxfiord on 16 July
15tiO, without having previou.Bly taken his
iDter's degree. In lotiS LangU-y was insti-
tuted to the viotftgfl of Wanborough, Wilt-
shire, on the presentation of the dean and
chapter of Winchester, and held this bene-
lice until his death, which took place before
31 Dec 1581. In bis will, dated I'L' Dec. 1581,
aod proved ;iO Jan. 1581-2 (Keg. in P. C.C.,
Tirwhile, fol. 1), he expresses a wish to
be buried ia ibo chA&oel of Wabor9ugh
Church.
Ho published: 1.' An Abridgement of the
notable Wocrke of Polidore Vergile, cou-
teignjiiff the deuisers ... of Arte*, Minis-
tene, Feactes, &Ciuill Ordinaunces, as of
Kites and Ceremonies comiuoljr vsed in the
Churche,' London, by R. Grafton (black let*
ter), 16 April 1646 other editions are dated
; his former work.
26 Jan. 1646r-7], 1561, [1670], and 1660, 8ya
Copies of all the editions are in the British
Muaeum. This is an abridgiKl English version
of Vergil's De InTentoribus llerum.' Lang-
'
ley worked on one of the late Latin editions,
at 1 ahri'lged his original bvabout tvvo-tliirJs.
2. ' Of the Cluastiui Sabboth, a Godije Trea-
tise of Mavater lalKis of Milayne, tiantlated
it of Itafian into English bv Tbouifls Lang-
ley,' I>ondoii (William Beddell), black letter,
1662, ISiBO. wpf U in tbo lAnibath Li-
brmrr. 3. I>atin Terses in praise of the author
and hia work prefixed to William Cuning-
haa^B * Cosmographical Glan^* 1660.
[Cooftr's Atht nae Cantabr. i. 447 Oxf. Unir. ;
Reg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), i. 242 Foster s Alnmni
; pi. iii. p. 81 ; Cat Stowe MSS. 1849. p. 12;
Oxoo. 1st ser. iii. 879 Strype's CrantniT. 1694,
;
p. 179; Rymer's Foidsra, XV. MS. .OG'J Lo Neves
Faed Boel. Aagiicaaie, ed. Hardy, iii. 92 ; Mait-
laid'a lodes of Bui/ EaglUb Jboha
S55 Langley
; Nomen- LiimlKjth LilTftry, 1845, p. 62 Profo8or John
;
Ferguson's Biblioftrspbical Notes on th'- Eu^liaU
TsMalatioB of BoHjion Va^gii's work, Xto in v^t
tOfilMM RenuD. \9SB,pp, ITetesq. ; f&t Thomaa
; Phillipps's Insfitutiones Cloricorum in Comitattt
Wiltonjap, 1825, pU i. pp. 221, 231 ; Brit. Mus,
Lsnsdowne MS. 44% 111; Bom's Hi^t. P,
Reg. 1862. p. 278.] D. H-u
LANGLEY, THOMAS (1769-1801),
topographer, only eon of Thomas Langley
(d. 1801), by Mary, daughter of John Ht^
ginsOTi, was bom at (^reat Marlow, Bucking-
hamshire, cm 10 May 1 769, and bapti.'ed on
8 Inne following. He euternd Eton College
in 1780, and matriculated from Hertford
College, Oxford, on 17 May 1787, proceeding
B.A. on 9 July 1791, and M.A. on 5 June
1794. Having tak^n orders ho wr8 in 1793
licensed to the curacies of Bradenham and
Taplow, BuckinghamshtrOy and was insti*
tilted on 2 Oct. 18(X>to the rectory of Whis*
ton, Northamptonshire, on the presentation
of Frederick, BOCOaid lord Boaidi, btttapfpaan
to have been non-resident.
Langley was a careful collector of the aa^
tiquitiesof Buckingkaillilire,and gave a good
specimen of his literary capacity in 'The Hta-
tory and Antiquities of the Hundred of De8
borough and Dcfin^ry of Wycombe in Buck^
inghamBhire,' 1797, 4to, a work fibounding
in picturesque descriptions, but deficient iu
scholarly method. Alarge-paper copy of
'The History of Desborough,' containing tho
author's mannscript additions and original
letteie to him from the principal persons in
the county, is amonc th Stowe MSS. in the
British Museum. In 179^ Ijingley was con-
templating the nubUcation of a ^ History of
Bumhara Hunared,' with the addition of
plates, a feature which had been wanting in
In February 1800 Langley had completd
a religious poem of some lngth, which tie did
not print. He died unmarried on 80 July
1801, and was interred on 5 Aug. in the family
vault at Great Marlow, and is commemorated
by a monumental tablet in titodiurch. Ilia
will, dated 8 Feb. 1794, was proved on 9 Oct.
1801 (Keg. in P. C. C. 681, Abererombie).
Another Thomaa Langley, 'B.A. oarateof
Snelston, Derbyshire, was anthorof ' A Short
but Serious Appeal to the Head and Heatt
of ovary tmbiaised Cbiistiu/ 1790 8vo.
(Li pscomb's Hist, of BucktnghanmMTe, iii. 60?
Nichols's Lit. Anerd. ix. 227; Lysons's Magna
BritanDiA, r. 218 ; Hist. Comm. 8th Rep.
Foster'* Alamni Oxoo. 1715-1886, iii.817 ; Oxf.
; Cat. Gr*.l. lSSl,p.30S; Ocnt May. 1796 li. 7M,
1707i.49M801 ii. 788 ; Institution fieok.Ser.a,
ia lha L 49 in PaUi Rctord Ofllti Omt MwrlAir
Digitized by Coogle
 Langmead Langrishe
tmrish r^'stera inftmiuitioii from diocwmi r<v
; [Soltdton^ Journal, zxvii. 134 : Law Jonnat,
pimr Lincoln, GoD<*nil Sir George Hifr^in^on, xvil. TOO; Lhw Times, lxx\t. 218; Law M^.
K.C.B., and Mr. U. W. Budger, GreAt Murlow.] Hud J{evit5w. 4th ser. viii. 141 ; CoL Uai?. Om*
D. H-t. ford, 1892. pp. M, 176; KetM aad
LANGMEAD, aftenrard8 TASWELL- 2nd Kor. vi. 380. 6th ser. vi. 600 ; Misc. Om.
LANGMBAD, THOMAS FLTl (1840- et ilrmld. Dw Mr. L 255 j Inos of Court CL

1882), writer on conatitutional law and hb- 187M

tory,bom in 1840, was son nf Tlioni.is Lanjf- LANGRI8H, BROWNE, M;^
(d, ITOfU
mead^bv Elizabeth, daughter of Stephen Cock physician, bom in Hampshire, was edu-
Tuwell, a deaeendant of an old uinily for- cated as a surgeon. In \7'3ii he was in
merly settlt'd at Liminffton, Somersot. lie practice at Peterstield, Hampshire, and pub-
waa educated at Kinff'a Col We, London, the fished ' A
New Essay on Muscular Motion,'
iiUMofeourt, and St. Macy Hall, Oxford. He in which the structure of muscles and the
entered on 9 May 1800 the Inner Temple, phenomena of muscular contraction are dia-
and 9 July 1862 Lincoln's Inn, where he cuaaed with much ingenuity, but with no
took the Tancred studentship, and in Easter more satisfactory conclusion than that mus-
term 18<J3 was called to the bar. A t Oxford cular motion arises from the influence of the
be graduated B.A.in Itkki, taking Hrst class animal spirita over the muscular fibres. On
bonoon in law aad modem history. The 25 J Illy 1784 he became an e.vtra licentiate of
same year he was awarded the Stanhope the College of Phvfliciansi, and began practice
prize for an essay on the reign of Richard II as a physician, lie waa elected a fellow of
(printed Oxford 1888), tad in 1867 the Vino- the Koyal Society on 16 May 17^U, and in
fian echnlarship. 1785 published ''ITie Modern Theory and
Langinead practised as a conveyancer, and Practice of Physic,' in which he displays con-
vatappointeo in 1878tutor in constitutional siderable ori|nna1ity in clinical research, and
lawand legal history at the innu of court. He descrllies evj)erimtMit3 in the analvsis of e.x-
alao held Uie post of reviiiing barrister under ereta and the examination of the blood. A
4li0 Ritw Lm
Conservancy Acts, and for aecond edition appeared in 1764. prac- He
even years preceding his death was joint tised in AViiK lie.^ter, and in 1746 published
editor of the ' Law Magazine and Review.' ' Physical Experiments on Brutea, in ot^
In 1882 he was appointed professor of Eng- to 80over a safe and eaiiy Method of dia-
lish constitutional law anu legal history at j^olvinp Stnne in t lie Bladder.* Experiments
University (Allege, l^ndou, and died unmar- on cherry laurel water are added, and he
aried at Brighton on 8 Dec. the same year. Ha condndes that this poiaonom liquid wmj ha
waa btirit'd at Nunhead o-metf rv. Langmead usod in me<?icini' with advaiitnge. Tie Oeli-
asaumed in 1804 the name ot Tawell oh vered the Croonian lectures on muscular
aa addttioiial aunume, and waa thenceforth motion before the Royal Society in 1747,
Jmown as Tftswi'll-I^ngmead. and tliev wiTti puhlishcd in 174H. In the
In 1866 Lan^nnrad edite<l for the Camden same year he grudtuted M.D., and published
8ociet;f 'Sir Kdwnrd I^ake's Account of hia eleo ' Plain Directions in regard to tue Small-
Interviews with Charles I, on being created pox,* n sensilile and iiitrro!*t incr qunrt< of
a Baronat' {Camden MUcell. vol. and con- thirty-five pges, showing extensive readins
tributed to 'Notes and Queries,' 2nd ser. vi. aa well aa acute clinical oheerratioa. HediaS
M8(), tbf outline of a pchenie for the Ix^tter at Basingstoke, Hampshire, on 29 Not. 1769.
which he
1)re8ervation of parochial records,
[Murik'is Coll. of Phys. it. 130; Thoni>in'l
ong afterwards dereloped in a pamphlet en-
Hibt.of the Royal Soc. 1812; Works.) N. M.
tit hd'Parish Registers: a Plea for tueir Pre-
servation,' 1872. He contributed an article I.ANGRISHE, Sib HERCULES (1781-
on the same topic to the 'Law Magazine and 1811), Irish politician, bom in 1731, was the
Review' in Mnvl87H,nnd drafte<l Mr. W.O. only son of Itobert Langrishe, t*q. of Knock-
,

liorlaae'w abortive Parish Registers Bill of topher, CO. Kilkenny, and Anne, daughter of
1882. His only other important contribution Jonathan Whitby of Kilcregan in the saas'
to the ' Law Magazine and Review ' was an county. He was educated at Trinity College,
article on The Representative Peerage of
' Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1753.
Scotland and Ireland,' May 1870. In 1875 he From 1761 until the union he rapreeented ia
?ubliched* English Constitutional History: a the Irish parliament the borough of Knock-
ext-book for Students and others,' London, '

topher, of which he was moae a freeman

0voi, a valuable manual, evincini^ sooworiginal 29 Sept. 1 762, and waa iitually aole pio*
research, of which a second edition appeared prietor. He was a commissioner of barradts
in 1880, a third in 1886 (revi^Kl hv C. 11. . 1766-74, auperviaor of accounU 1767-75.
CumichMl), tad a ibatth ia 188a 9i TCTCona 1774-1801, mi

DigitizecJ by Google
 Langrishe 557 Langrishe
comniijsioner of excise 1780-1801. He was supported Secretary ITobart's measure for
am&nof culture and great aoeial qualities, and conferringthe elective franchise on the iioman
his political views were bfoad aad MociwiB. entholici. In 1794 heoppoeedPonsonby's no-
TTioug^h prof(P8<edly a supporter of govern- tion for a reform of parliament, and in 1796
ment^ he was one of the most independent a motion for the complete removal of the
politieians in tbe Irish House of Commons. eathoUe dieabilitiee, though be had eupported
At an early prrind he fnrm'd n friendfthip the same measure in the previous year, on the
with Burke, and his intimacy witb him no ground that the time was inopportune, and
doabt eolourad Mi political opinions. He that ' what little of concession etill remains
eonaistently opposed evpry efFort to reform behind fwhich is little more than pride and
the Irish parliament, but ind irnantly rebutttHl must be the work of conciliation
puuctillio)
tbe Amfge that Id dmng 90 he was Mtuated and not contention.' His attitude towards
hy merrt-nnry motives. His advocacy of the the union scheme was at first doubtful, but
catholic claimfl at a time when the penal on 6 Jan. 1799 Ca.'^tlereagh reported that he
laws were in full force entitles him to remem- would support the government. By the
branre. In 1766 he supported Flood's pro- Compensation Act he received 18,862/. for
Kal to establish a militia. In April and his interest in the borough of Knocktopfaer*
J 1771 he publii*hed ammymamnjf in the After the union he ceased to take any active
' Frf*>man's Journal/ a covert attack on the interest in politics, and died at his residence
government of Lord Townahend under the in Stephen s Green, Dublin, on 1 Feb. 1811.
title of Tbe History of Barntaria continued/ He married on 81 May 1755 Hannah*
'<>ih*quently republishful, along with a num- daughter and coheir of Kobert Myhill, esq.,
ber of letters by Hood, Grattan, and himiielf, of killerney, co. Kilkenny, and sister of
in a little volume entitled 'Banitofiana.' In Jane, wife of Chaxlee fliat marauis of Ely,
1772 he made a liberal and temperate speech by whom he had two Mns and three daueh-
in favour of a bill to enable papists to taku ters, Mary Jane, Elizabeth, and Hannah. The
'

building leaoea.' On the outbrealc of the war dder eon Robert succeeded as second baro-
with Am>rica he advocnted a conciliatory net, and died in 1835, having sat in the Irish
policy, and voted in favour of an amendment parliament as M.P. for Knocktopher from
to address urging tbe adopUonof ' healing 1790 to 1800. The second son James waa
m^-a'Tiff^ for the removal of the discontent archdeacon of Glendalough, dean of Achonry,
that prevaii?^ in thecolontes/ On 24 Jan. 1777 and rector of Newcastle, Lyons, and Killi-
be was created a baronet and a privy coun- shin, CO. Carlow; he died 17 May 1847.
cillor. He played a auiet bnt patriotic part Copies of some of Langrishe'a political
in the matter of the aeclaration of Irish in- letters belong to his descendant, Mr. li.
depen dence^ speaking ut some length on the Langrishe, of Dundrum House, co. Dublin.
sdarv^fl to the lluke of Port hind in M&y 1782. Dipests of his speeches between 1782 and
In l7iJ he opposed Flood's motion for a re- 179t) will be found in the' Irish Parliamen-
fvn of parliament* He support! d the chief tary Register.' Several, viz. on aUowiag
mfa.iires of government in 178C-8, votinif papiiits to take building leaser, 1772, on par-
aj^ainst the reduction of pensions, and in liamentary n?fonn in 1783 and 1794, were
fcvoor of the Police Bill and the bill to eup- published separateljr. A
pamphlet entitled
pr^s tumultuous risinf^. On the regency 'Considerations on the Dependencies of
question in 1789 he spoke and voted inuvour Great Britain,' published anonymously in
of the nddresa to the Prince of Walee. London in 1709, and reprinted in Dublin in
Th<* gTOvsth of republican notions among the same year, is ascribed to him by Mr.
the di.<ienterR in tbe north of Irelaud,and the Lecky {^England in the Eighteenth Century,
eordial relations established between them iv. B18, 876) on the etiengthof a contempo-
and th Koman catholics, seem to have sug- rary manuncrlpt note on a copy in the Halli-
^sti>d to I^n^rishe the advisability of learn- day collection in the Royal Irish Academy.
ing Burke's views on th^ ptfOposal to further
[Burke's Baronetage Grattan '9 Life of Qrat-
relnx the penal statutes against the lioman ;

taii Pari. Ksgieter (Ireland) Barrington's

catholio^. 'General principles/ he wrote, 'are
; ;

Sketches of his own Times, vol. iii. ComwnlliVs

not changed, but times and circumstances
,

Corr^-sj-ioodeiiLu Lib^*rHiberniae,pt.iii.; Hardy's

ar^ Rltfr*d.' Burke replied with his famous
,

Life of Chiirlemont Charletnout M.S.S. (Hist.

;

Letter to Sir H. Langriahe/ advocating a Mi$8. Comm. xii. App. pt. x.); Addit. MS.
complete or almost complete removal of dis- 33101, f. 37; Oent Mag. 1811. pt i. pp. 194.
atjilitieSt'lei-siirely, by deg^rees, and portion by 289 Burke's Works; Hist. MS.S. Comm. i. 128,
;

portion.' Acting on this advice Lsngrishe, on xii. App. ix. p 325; Willis's Irish Nation, lit.
jr, Jan. 1793, introduced his Catholic Relief 372; iuformiition kindly furnished by Mr. W. E,H,
fitU, and in Febninfy of the following year | Lsekj and the Bet. W. BejasU.] A. D.

Digitized by Google
 Langsbaw S53 langtoft
LANG8HAW, JOHN (I7i8-178), or- formed op 12 Got. 1686. Longston,
ganiet, bora in 1718, tvu.o etnplojed about wife, and thirty others were admitted to
17ttl with John Christopher braith * In ar- membership on 22 Oct., when a call to tho
ranging mu&ic for some IxirrtilB bolonffinff to pastorate was given him hu accepted it on
;

a latffo organ, the property of the arl of 29 Oct,, and was tt t apart by four elders at
Buto.' The barrels werti set, by an ingenious a solemn fast on 2 Nor.
' A new chappeir
'

arliAt uf the name uf Langshatv, in so masterly in Green Yard was opened od 26 June 1687,
k nanner that the effect was equal to (bl and the ohurob membership was raised tA
?oducp(l by the most finished play.' In 128 persons, many of them from neighbour-
772 Langihaw quitted London, and was ap> ing villages. Calamy says he was driven out
fotnted organist of tiM parish cfaundl, Lin* of hia house, was forced to remove to Lon-
caster. Hi died there in 1798. don, and was there accu8^d of beinf a Jesuit,
Uis ftou, JoHX LANGSTfAW (Jl. 1798), born whereupon ho published a succesc(ful V in**
jnliPtidon in 1763, wrr educated chiefly in di cation.' The publication ia unknown, and
Lancaster until in 1779 he went to London Calamy gives no date; the year 1697 has
to study under Charles AVesley, from whom been suggeetMl. Langston's cl^urch-book
nd also from Samuel Wesley he reoeived gives no hint of any persecution, but shows
much kindnesit. He finally settled down as that be was in the habit of paying an an-
a teacher of music in the metropolia. On nual visit of about three weeks' duration
Ilk iiitbei's death in 1798 ho >v as appointed to London with his wife. He notices the
organist at Lancaster, where he also fre- engagement with the French fleet at La
quently appeared in concerts as a pianist. He Uogue on 19 Mav 1692, 'for ye defeat of
yublisbed a number of oonopositions, includ- w** blessed be God,' and the earthquake oa
ing hymns, chant a, songs, pianoforte ooncerti, 8 Sept. in the aaroe year. The tone of hia
and a theme with variations for piano or harp, ministry was conciliatory ' towards people oif
mitten lor the Counters of Dromore. A large different perswaaions.' In NovLinlx r I70j
number of unpublished coropositioasby Laog^ Benjamin Giandtield (cf. 10 Sept. 17l'0) was
ahaw is said to be extant. appointed as his assistant. Lang^tun died
[Qrove'sDietofMn^rlHetorHosle. 1824; on 12 Jan. 1704, cetat. 64.' ^ His portrait
'

B^gisten.] B. B. Li hangs in the vestry of Tacket Street Chapel,

Ipswich; an engraving from it is in the
ULNG6T0N, JOHN (1C41 P-1704), in- ' Evangelical Magaaine/ 1801. He publihed
dependent divine. Was born about 1641, ao- nothing of a religious nature, but issued the
bording to Calamy. He went from the ftdlowing for school purposes : L ' Lusus
Worcester grammar school to Pembroke PoeticuB LstinoAngUcanus,' Slc, 1675, 8vu
College, Oxford, where he was matriculated 2nd edition, 1679, 6vo: 3rd edition, 16Sti,
as a servitor in Michaelmas term 1656, and 12xno (intended as an aid to capping verv<j.
studied for gome years. Wood di>g not men- 2. '^Eyxttpi^" woMTTatoV. Sive Poe*oie
tion bis graduation. At the Kest oration in OrtDoee Moduli^ cum venionie LatiaAf'
1060 (when, if Calamy is ri^ht, he bad not 1679, 8vo.
-completed his tuentioth year) h>' held the [Calamy^* Aeeonnt, 171S, wk60aq.; BvowmTs
equeatered ^p^tual cuiacv of Aahcbuicbi UUt. Conpr NW. and Salf 1877, pp. 89 sq.
'OloMwtenhm, from vUeh he was dieplaced infonuatioD from the master of Psmhroks Col>
by the return of tlie incun:bent. He went \t9n Oated.] 4. 0.
to London, and kept a private school near
SfritrifieUb. On the coning into ^ree of the LANOTOFT, PETER w (d. 1307?),
Uniformity Act (21 Awf. \i'A'r2) he crossfd rhvniiug chronicler, took his name from the
VBr to Ireland a chaplain and tutor to Cap- village of X<angtott in the JBaat Uding of
^tia Bladcwell, but recnratd to London and Torkflliiffa, whnre ha naj hava heoa bora.
to school-keeping in 166.*!. Under the ii:diil-We learn from llobfrt Mannyng fq. v.], the
ffenceof 1672 be took out a license, iu concert translator of his 'Cluonide' (Uobbkt o**
VirllhWiniateHoolreM. March 1677, aged 77), Bruh KB, p. 679, ed. Fumivall), that he wm
rortjiorly master of the Savoy, to pn-ach in
'
a run in of the Augustinian priory of Brid-
Richard Loton's house in S^ittle|^ard.' Some lington, a town onlv a few miles rom Lan^
Ume after 1679 he removed tnto Bedfofdahire, ton^ Ha wffote a historf of Bngland op to
where he mlnistHred till, in lij^d, he received the death of Edward I in French verse, and
an invitation from a newly separated oou- JtUoayiB^ tells ua that he iavoke4 St. Bda
ffTpgatioa of Independents, who had hired a to ttd him in hia hiatorieal eoBinciiUoa ^A.
building in Oreeu Yard, St. Peter's parish. p. D80). It htis been inferred by ifeame, with
Ipswich. Under his pceiaching a oongrega- some prubabilit JT) that he died about 1307^ thn
tiMial chnreh of aavtfttaett panooa was tiaM whan hit histoi^^ concludes. Atdditloaal .

Digitized by Coogle
 Langtoft 559 Langton
hsBTiM hy Laland, Pits, and historian. Br. FsnuTmll pvblMied in 1887
H^irae If pilfuljlf fruL--9work. the mythical part of Brunne's English version
Liagtoft's 'Chronicle' ie written in rough in the Rolls Series. Though this is mostly
Fima^tetM. The language is very loose taken from Waca, Langtoft is occasionally
ad ngnmrnaticalt and te plainly the work usedy and the pieface and conclusion oon-
of lffirv5m(^r little conversant with standard tftin our only biogmphioal infotmatioBi about
French, its i xieiisive circulation shows tluit him.
haye buen classes in tlwlMWth of
tiien BBUst Leiand makes Langtoft the author of a
nrladearl v in the fourteenth century who French niotrical version of Herbert of Bos-
atillipokeor un(ier8t<x>d Langtoft's barbarous ham's Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury,' in
'

Yomfaire FVench. The enxij part of Lang- whicb he is followed by Pits. Ifo. Wright
toft's 'Chronicle is taken from Geoflrey of
' shows that this translation is earlier in date
Mpanottthi and the middle part Iaa compikp and purer in language than Langtoft's work,
tialNitt miom
innnow, ttd cf no Mttmied beri oes bebg assigned in the mannseript to
rrjj.\ For the n iirn of Edwanl I Langtoft ouB Frere Ben< t.' liut two French poems,
'

isaofHiiteiapoiar,and in some ways a valu- one a commonplace allegory, the other a

lUsMlfcont^t Be'is specially interested in
iiortiiem aflairs and Edward I's wars against
A^lasd. He dwells with great energy on
tJu deTtitationa of the ScotM, and set'ks to
rT<>aK)rt of popnlarju8tiflcation of Edward's
't!eb policy. tSeveriil rurioufi ftfttrnu'nti! of
>'.'f
{.OEiiuaongs ar^ imb^idded in hif^ narrative.
Utfftkwn^ tm Idetory of Edward I,
St the reqnett of a patron called ' Scaff. id,'
iQ oat asnuscript, though in another he is
aaqilyilyMimftuia.* Itefamlated chioHy
in the north, one of the best mnnu^nript^
(DOT preserved in the CoQe^ of Anps) being
wiiMca by a eertnin Jejhaf at the request of
to UMu-ttT. Sir John, vicar of Adlingfleet in
West Hiding of xorkshire. It was held
lamentation of the Virgin over her Child,
are found in one manuscript (Cotton MS.
Julius, A. V.) of Langtoft's 'Chronicle' in
the same handwriting us the latter part of
the history, and are expressly attributed by
the copyist to Peter's autliorship. Mr. Wright
oonsiders internal evidence makes this pro-
bable in the oaseqftbfliitpoea,batiDaiflBlf
in thr snrnnd cae.
i^Wricht's preiaM to vol. i. of the Bolls Series
^ tioa loUeets alt that Is kaown of Langtoft,
and corrects the prni'ssc; and mi-sriit^roents of
Xoluad. Pits, and Uoame; some toanascriptsthat
hHve aecapsd Mr. Wtigfai's fesseTflhiS an ootieel
hy M. Paul Miycr in Revufl Critiquo, 1867, il.
19S BnlleLiQ de la Society de ADciens Teztes
;

ii|mt esteem in the north, and the latter Fran(;ais, 1878t PPW 10tf 140 ; and Bomunia, xv

put of it was translated into English by 313-1 T. F. T.

aobwt Mannyrg of Bonm in Lincolnshire, LANGTON, BENNET (1737-1801),
ore commonly calkd liobert of Brunne. friend of Dr. Johnson, son of George Lang*
MannTng regaixied Langtoft as quuynte in ' ton, by his wife Diana, daughter of Edmund
\--sr-^rh !!nd wT'/fipoakB of hia'myk^rl wyt/ Turner of Stoke Rochford, Lincolnshire, and
iDade-ipaira of imitating his 'fairspeche' deso^idant of the old family of the Langtons
(i. p. 5^0; of. p. n, feyrera langage non ne
'
of Lnngtoii, near Spilsby inLiaoolnahire, was
wia*). But he blames him fnr'overhop- bom
apparontly in the early part of 1737.
pi^'too much of Oeoti'rev of Monmouth's calls him twentyone on 9 Jan. 1759
Johnson
I'Stu aarrative, and prefen to transUrte (BotnrsLL, HiU, i. 8S4), and he was twenty
Wicefor the mythical part. (t'l). p. 6). He at his matriculation on 7 July 1767 (Foster,
^oUovi Langtoft, howe^-er, f^m the Baxon Ahmm
Ojmniatsee), While still a lad he
is*idw Mwavils. was so mueh interested by tlie *Itamb1er'
Unsrtoft's 'Clironicle* was published for (17C0 2) that he obtained an introduction to
tkf fin* time by Thomas Wright, in two Johnson, who at once took a liking to him.
ohaMsoftheRollsSerie8,in 1866 and 1808. He entered Trinity College, Oxford, where
Tb Uatorieal part of Mannyng's translation he became intimate with Topham Beauclerk
WMpnhlished by Heame in 172.1, with tht [q. v.l, and where in the summer of 1759 he
Peter of Lengtoft's Chronicle, as illus
* received a long visit from Johnson. lie took
i

ud improved by Robert of Brunne, the degreesof M.A. in 1769 and D.O.L. 1790
"'s *hf> Df-ath of Cadwaladr to the end of Tlif two youths took Johnson afterwards for
A.Dg inward the First's reign.' In the pr< his fumoiu 'frisk' to Billinirsgate. Johnson
ihniia long bat eonibsed and inaoeuratel visited tbeLangtona in 1 7H4,und declined the
fTountof Langtoft. Pits {De Ilhi.<'tr.Ar:gU(e oll'er of ft crnod living from Lnnpton's father.
p. 800)y who ealls him Langatosta,
. Jjapgton was an original member of the Lite-
MiQtlly malMe Langtoft tlie inthor of the rary dub (about 1764). Johnson* bowarerj
^nirli^h TrFion. Leiand {Comm. Saript. was provoked to the laughter which echopd

i^<i.
p. 318) does not know Langtoft as an from Fleet Ditch to Temple Bar by Langton's
j

Digitized by Google
 Langton 560 Langton
will in 1773, and soon afterwards caused luoira,Anwlf.tes, &C., 1824, . 144,276; Har-
a quarrol, which apparently lasted for some ward's Piozzi, ii.203 Gent. Mag. 1801, ii. 1207;
;

mouths, by rfnsuring Lanjrton for introduc- Burke's Landed Gentry; DuugWs

ing religious questions in a mixed company. Peerage (Wuod), ii. 434 pedigree in J.H.HiIh
;

liUgtOti becnni)' a captain, and ultimately History of LuDgton, p. 18.] L. S.

major, in the Lincolnshire militia. Johnson LANGTON, CHRISTOrnER, M.D.
visited him in camp at Warley Common in (15i!l-lo7ti), physician, born iul.'>l.'l at Itic-
1778, and in 1783 at Rochester, where Lang- cull inYorkshire, was educated on the fooa-
ton was quartered for some time. Johnson dation at Eton, and went as a scholar 23 Aug.
once requested Langton to tell him in what 1538 to Kin^s Colli^, Cambridge. Ue was
his life was faulty, and w&$ a gwd
deal admitted a iellow of King^s College a vsek
vexed when Langton brought him some later than all the other scholars of his year,
texta enjoining mildnesa oi speech. His 2 Sept. l&il, and graduated B.A. 1542. He
permanent feeling, however, wu
expressed received his last quarterage as a fellow at
m the words, Sit anima mea cum Langtono'
' Cambridge at Christmas 1544, and in 1547
(BoewELL, iv. 280). During Johnson s last he describes himself as ' a lemar and as yet
illness Langton came to attend his friend a yong student of physicke (Dedication of
'

Johnson left him a book, and Langton under- Br^e Treatite), and in 1549 he was study-
took to pay an annuity to Barber, Johnson's ing ' Galen de Usu partinm.' His copy
black servant, in consideration of a sum of the Paris edition of lo'2P, with his name, the
7601. leit in his hands. Langton was famous date, and notes in his handwriting on several
for his Qreek scholarship, but wrote nothing pages, is hi the Oimbridge Umvernty Ii
except some anecdotes about Johnson, pub- brury. He published, 10 April 1.547, in Lon-
lished in Boswell under the year 1780. John- don, ' A
very Brefo Treatise, orderly '^ifrHring
son and Boewell frequently cBsonssed his in- the Prineipel Partes of Plusiek, that ta tossy,
capacity for properly managing his estates. thyngesnatural,tIiyngosnot naturan,thyn^:iM
Ue was too iudoUmt, it appMrs, to iKeep agaynst nature^' with adedication to Kdwsni,
ooounts, in spite of exhortations from his dulre of Somerset. He deseribes the aiideBt
mentor. His gentle and amiable nuturo s-ecfs in physic, nnd then treats of anatomv,

made him universally popular. He was a patholo^, and therapeutics according to the
Ikvonrite at the 'blue-stoelring' meetings, method of his age. He oamDenda Pfiny*
wliorc, ficcordingto Burke, the ladles gathered quotes Hippocrates, itiu8, Paulus yEgineta,
round him like maids round a maypole (ib. v. Celsus and Galen, but of ^medisval writers
82, n. 3). He was veiT tall and thin, and is only Avioeniia. Bus Kwlidii^le is simple,
conipiir.^d by Rest to the stork on one leg in and resembles that of Slorp, being as full of
Rapaael's cartoon of the miraculous draught idiomatic expressions, but much easier sad
of fishes. He was appmnted in April 1788 more refined than that of tlie Ensliah tne-
to succeed Johii?;nn asi professor of ancient tises of the surgeon.'^ of his time. He shows
literature at the lioyal Academy. He died a fair knowledge of Greek, and wrote a good
at Southampton 18 Dee. 1801. A portnit Qreek head, asliis copy of Qalen proves; la
by Remolds wa.q in 1887 the pMportJ of I'OoOhe publi.shed, through the same printer,
' Edward Whitchurch, of Flete
J. H. llolloway, esq. Street' < Aa
On 94 Hay molAnmua Reguter, p. 180) IntrodttOttoii into Phisjcke, wyth an Univer-
he married Mnry, widow of John, ci^^hth earl sal Dyet.' It is dedicat4>d t o Si r Art hur Darcye,
of Hot heti, by whom ho had four sons and of whose iavours he speaks, and begins with
five daughters. Aoeordiug to Johnson, he an address supposed to be spoken by Ph^
rather .spoilt them (lyAKDLAr. T)iary, i. 73^. in person. Ports of it are mere alterations
His eldest son, George, succeeded him in his of his former treatise, and the additional
estate Peregrine, the second, married Hiss matter is not important.
; He was adautlsd
Massingberd of Gunby, and took her name. a fellow of tho Collf'ge of Physicians of
His second daughter, Jane (BoewBLL, iii. London on 'M Sept. 1552, having taken his
SIO), was Johnson's goddaughter, Joirason M.D. degree at Cambridge, but was catpsDsd
wrote her a letter in May 1784, which she for breach of the statutes and profligate con-
ahowed to Croker in 1847. She died 12 Au^. duct 17 July 1558, Dr. Caiiu being then
1664, in her aeventy-ninth year, having al- president. On 16 June 1568, havia^ beeo
ways worn a 'beautiful miniatma ofJohnson dnt^^cted in an intrigue with two girls, bs
{Gtnt. Mag. 1864, ii. 403). W!is ])unished hy l>eing carted to the Quild*
[Boswelfs Johnmn; Btrkbeek Hill's Dr. hall and through the city. Macbyn (2>sf^,
Johnson, his Frumls .ind his Critics, pp. 2-IR-79 CuinJ.'n Soc.), who saw him, describes ku
(where all tbo anecdotes are collected) ; Best's aupearance in the cart, liis profeesionsl
kamorids. 18, pp. 62-8 ; MIssHawkiniTs He- abuitjr must have beea oonmdenblsi for m

Digitized by Google
 Langton
of tbii public disgrace he continued to
I
practice. Lord Monteagle ^to him
Mosion, both Sir Thomas Smith [({. v.]
tad Sir Ricbaxd Gresham were his patients,
Langton
he was elected bishop of Chichest^, and on
i 19 Sept. was consecrated at Canterbury by
Archbishop ^yincheIsea (Chron. Edic. I and
IJt i. 184). Sliortly after the accession of
I

nd the lattw left hhn a nmn legacy (will Edward IT Langton again became chanoeUor,
|

pnntd in Bitkoon, Life and Times of Sir Jrobably in August l.'JO", certainly bi'fore
'

T. GrcaAam, it. 493^. lie published <me other
booh, a * TreettM ot Urines, of all the OoIouts
thereof, with the Medicines,' London, 1552.
He died in 1678, and was buried in Ixmdon
at St. Botolph'e Ohwch, Bisbopsf^te.
[Works ColIge of Phjaicians' MS. AnnalB
:
Moak't Coll. of Phya i. 61 Cooper's Athenae of the seial took place on 11 May. Brohahlv
;
anuar]^ 1 308. He was present at the king's
coronation on 25 Feb. At Easter of the fol-
lowing year, according to the 'Annults
Paulini,' he wait remov^ from his oflioe by
the king (ib. I 2{\8), but FoRS states, on Uw
authority of theClo6elloll,that his resignation

Caatabr. Machyn's Diary (Camden Soc'oty), p, his removal was due to his connection "mtn
;

J09; StrjT.*'s Life Sir T. Smith; his copy of the ordainers, for whose appointment lie liad
Galaa de Ucttpartium, ed. Simon Colina-UH, I'aris, joined in petitioning on 17 March, and of
liM^ IB Ounbridge Utriremtv Library ; MS. whom he was himself one (Xot. Part. t. 448a).
Ptotocollam J^ook, Kii:L.'''< rollege, Caiiilriileo. During the rest of his life Langton was
The whole entry is scortxi out and the namo in chiefly occupied with his diocese. But he
the aarffiaw] H. H. those who reoei^ leenrity fn
was one of
LANGTON, JOHN he (d. \?.^.7), Indium peace in 1312, and waa atiierof petitions in
of Uhicheeter and chanoeUor of England, the parliaments of 1316 and 1820, In April
vaeaeleilc in the raytl duuioery. There ie 1818 he was one of the mediators hetween
no authority for the statement that he was the king and Thomas of LancasftT, and waa
a fellow of Merton College (Bbodbicx, Jl/e- appointed one of the royal councillors under
moriaU o/Merfm Cblleffe,f. 180). In 1366 the scheme of reconciliation i. 468 b). In
151 m> n'. idiied lis licfpt-r tlie rnll", nn office July 1821 he was again one of the bishops
which probablj devolved on the senior clerk. who endeavoured to mediate hetween the
Lanfton it the firtt peraon wboee tenure of king and the rehel earls. In January 1827
th*:" \'<~t can be distinctly traced. In the he took the oath to tlu' new king, Edward III,
4^l^^^mn of 12292 LaagtOD, being then 'onljr a and his mother. InJanuary 1829 he attended
ample elerk m the (Aancery ' (Ann. Men. lii. the ecdedastlcal oouneil at St. Faurs. He
373), wafl appointed chancellor in Rucces^ion is said to have excomraunicnttd John de
to Robert bumel r^.T.J,and received the Warenne (1286-1347), earl of Surrev, for
mat OR ITBee. Thia promotion wesihortly adultery in 1816, and when the earl threat-
f .!lr'.\ve<l liv ecc'lc.'iiatticnl jm-fennpnt, aiul in ened him with violence to lirt\ a cast him and
12S^ I.<angton was acting as treasurer of his partisans into prison. Uediedonl9Julv
WelkyUid was holding t hejtrebend of Decern 1837 (iisftfNolem IfA 1148), hut aecording to
IJbrarum at Lincoln (Lb ^ kvb, Fasti, i. 173, another statement, on 17 Juno of that year.
ai, 141). Aa chancellor ho seema to have His tomb, now much mutilatiMl, stands in the
eartimmd the wise policy of Bumel ; the south transept of the cathedral. Langton
appeal cf Macduff, earl of Fife, agunst John built the chapter-house (now used an a muni-
AJiol is im, and the * Confinnatio Cart*- ment room) at Chichester, and the line deco-
rm'iB 1997, wm ineidents in hie temne of rated window in the wmth transept of the
office. In 1203 he warned Edward against catht'dral u hh also his work he bequeathed ;

iting to the project under which Qaecony to the church lOOiL and the furniture of his
wrenderea to Philip of France^ to he chapel. He was likewise a henefaetor of
received back the dnwer of the French the university of Oxford, where in 133G he
Jdog'e aieter Blanche {Ann, Mm. ir. 615). founded a chest out of which loans might
U 1998, on a vacancy in the eee of Ely, be made to deserving clerks (ilftwflwswte
Langton was the candidate of a minoritv of Academica, i. 133-40, I tolls Scr.) Tlu re
the monks; Edward favoured his chancellor, does not seem to be any evidence as to a
who on 80 Feh. 1309 left Eoriand to plead relationship between John de Laiigton and
his caui>e at Rome in pen<r>n. Pope Boniface, Stephen Langton, OV hia OWU OOUtampoiBlyy
however, quashed the election, but consoled Walter Langton.
Lanfton with the archdeaconry of Canter- [Annales Monastic i. Flore* Historianiin,Chr<^
bnrv- (WiiARTox, Anglia Sacra, i. nicies of Edward I and II, alt in the Rolls Sens*;
Langton returned to England on 16 June, Foss's Judns of England, iii. j CsmpbsU's

and at onee reramed his duties as chancellor. Livwof the Cbaaeslki,i 178-8, 188-80 ; Ood-
( hi 1'2 A lie. 1.103 he resigned his office, for vin, De Prcsulibos. pp. j50f)-7, cd. IHchaidsoBj
what reason is not knqwOf Oi| 3 April 1^305 An:haeolo|ia,xlv. |$8, 194-6 j some nnimportant
VOL. lU 9Q

Digitized by Google
 Langtofl 569 Langtofj
rMrrenoei to Langtoa are coatAiaed in the Cal. [Woed'g FaaU, ed. Bliaa, L 7; Woe<ff OoU
of FMatfi Rollf of Bdwnd HL) C. L. K. legea and Halli, ei. 6taii, pp. Bm*
LiKNGtON, JOHN (>f. 1890), Carmelite, cbins'a Dorset, i. xxviii; "Teatanunta Kbon-
"Was, acconling to Bale, a native of the \te6t oanaia (Saitees Soe.), iv. 297. 30a ; Le >'eTe
Faiiti, ii. 314^ 489, iii 14S 2a<, ^30 ; TalHMi'a
of Kngland. JDe Viilit rs, however, doecribes
lUm Wft' Londoner. He studied at Oxford, Bibl. Brit.] W. A. J. A,

lOld was a bachelor of theology (Fasc. Zis. LANGTON, SIMON {d. 1248), archde*-
SS8). He was present at the council of con of Canterbury, was son of Henry de
8tamfi>fd 04'^ May Id99,lMHiii70tnimp Langton, and brother, probably yomgw
[q V ] vras tried for heresy, nnd drew up the brother, of Stephen Langton [q. v.j, aicb-
account of the trial, which is printed in biahojp of Canterbui;^. He fl rat appears, widi
'FbseiMli Zinniorum,' pp. 84S-6H. He in the tttk of ' liuateir,' doting the atrugele
alao credited with Qutestiones Ordinarite' twecn King John and Innocent III, when he
*

trtid 'Collectanea Dictorum.' Langton,owinj? shared his brother's exile, and was activelj
to a confusion with John Lan^^on [q. r.J, employed in negotiation in bis behalf. Ok
bif^hop of Rochester, is wrongly aald by De 12 March 120b he had an interview with
Villiers to hnVf preached l>'fore a synod at .Tohn for this purpose at Winchester, and m
IjOntlon m 1411, aud to have uttriided the .March 1209 he received a safe-conduct for
council ut Basle in 1134 (cf. Harpsfeld, three weeks, that he might go to ?2ngland
Hist. Eccl. An'jl. p. 619). The ascription to to confer on the same business with John'-
him of .a treatise, 'De nebu;s Angiicis/ is ministers. With his brother he returned from
due to the ^me error. exile in 1919. Early next year he was at
[H tle's n. Hadcs, Harli in MS. 3838, f. 72 Bome, (defending the archbisuop against th?
I.flla id's Comment, de Scripiu p. 407 ; Pita, accusal ions of Pandulf ; bjNoTember he was
p. 1420; TamiaT^a dibl. ]Mt..Hlb. pi 4M; Be home again, ready to be tnitalled itt tbe pi*-
Villiers's Bibl. Cumiel. ii I'l] C. L. K. beiid of Strensall in Yorkshire and In Jon^ ;

LANOTON, UOBEPvT (d. I5i.'4), divine 1215 his fellow-canons at York chose him fur
and traveller, nephew of Thomas Langton theirprimate.countingupon his 'leamlnff and
[q, v.], bishop of ^\' in Chester, widB bom at wiadom ' to secure his confirmation
Appleby in Westmoreland. He was educated as champion of their independence againft
at Queen's Colle^, Oxford, of which his the king and his nominee, Walter de QreT
uncle was then provost, and proceeded fq. t.], brother of the Jolm de Orey whom
LL.D. in moi. He held the prebend of innocent had once set aside to make Simon'p
Welton Wefithall in the church of Lincoln brother Stej>hen archbishop of Canterbuiy.
from Oce. 1488 till 1617, and becftme Now, however, Stephen was ia pblifiwl He
prebenrla'v of Fordingtnii-with-Wridliiipton prare ut Rome, hiv\ Shimon's clwtion waH
in the church of Salisburv in 1485. From therefore quashed by Innocent at the re^peit
96 1486 till 15l4 he wis arehdeieon of
Jittf. of John. Tbcveupoli SiiMA flttA^ Uttt^
Dorset. In 1 487 he received, probably by actively into the party of the barons agHin>;
wuT of exchange, the prebend of Charmin.ster king and nope alike. He accepted the ofiic
ana Befe at Salisbury. On 24 April lo09 of cliancellor to I^uls of France when that
he was made treasurer of York Minuter, prince came to claim the English crown ii
holding olfice till loll, and held the prubeud 1210. His preaching encouraged the bar'v*^*
of Weiffhton in York Min.ster from 2 June aud the citizens of London to disregard the
1514 till I6l>4, and tjiat of North Muskham pope's excommunieatioa of Louis's partiMW;
at Sbuthwctlfrum 13 July 1514 till Junnnry auu Gnalo, in consequence, specially raen-
1016-17. Laugton went at some time on a tioned him by name when publishing the ex-
pilgrimage tdthe thvioe of St'. JftmeafOf Oon- couinmn icittioh on 90 Ifsiy. As l^o ivAsid
poatella. He was a benefactor to Qn'-en's to submit, he was excepted from the genersl
College, Oxford, and built the ante-chapel in absolution granted in 1217, And was &ga
1519. He di^ ill Lohdon; JAne 15S4, and
-
dYiven into ezil. He seoDU to luwe btwi
v:hi Ifuried in the chiijcl f the Charterhouse. absolved next year, but the pope forbade hiia
Bv his will he left 2U0/. to Qu. en's College to return to England. In Deceml>er 1224 lii
wherewith to bnilda school-house at Appleby. brother made peace for him with Henry III;
Langton ia said to have giv^n an account of at the close ox 1225 he waa of sufHeknt i
his wanderings in * Tlie Pilgriniaire of Mr. portance to be invoked by Henry's enrojsal
Kobert Langton, Clerk, to 8t. James of an intercessor at the French court in th<
Ootiipoeten .
./ LoMoa, 1699, 4to, but no
. negotiations abovt Flakes de Bfetfvtjft; ia
copy pe^^msti bcoxt'artt. K
porti*ait of I.Ang- May 1227 the pope, at Henry's requeisf esv? ,

ton is de.scnbed in ' j^ot^ {in4 Queries,' 2nd

j
him leave to go home. He was made areh-
er. vi, 847. I deaefm of Ctoterbuxj, and 16011 fot luf

Digitized by Google
 Langtori Langtori
high farotir with both king and pope favour [Roger of Wendover, vols. iii. iv. ; Matt. Paris,
whicii Matthew Paria aeema to have regarded Chrtjtiicd Majora, vols. iii^v.,aq(l Hist. Anglorunia
to bought by a <baertion of tlw cause of vols. ii. iii.; Gerraso of Canterbury, \oL ii.
which feimon had once Wm an extreme pai^ Annals of Dttatap}e, Ifi .^iuwtlaa JtfoAasfiioi, vol.
iii. Royal litters, vol. K.sll in Bolls Series;
tiaan. 'NVheti iUlph Neville, bishop of Chi- ;

Rot. Litt Pat.vol. aa(!Bt.Iifct,Claii.H.v>l.i.

th&KbBBf was ;locted to the aee df Cauter- i.

burr, in 1231, Gre^'ory IX consulted tlie
rchdeacou to the ciiaracter of the primate-
ket and quashed the election in conaequenca
, bishop of Canterbury and cardinal,
of Hlmmi's rt-ply, in whic}i, aeoording to
^latthtsw I'ttria, the crowmug charge against
Rriyl* was a deeij^e to carry out Stephen
LanfTton'a snpposwl deaign of freeing Kn^~
liind Irom her tribute to Home. Another
daetion to GanUrbiiry was set aside by Oro-
jrory on Simon's advice in l'2S'.^. In Jumiarv
1236 iSimon was in Gaul uii the iuug'^ tu^i-
Maa, endeavouring to negotiate a truce with
France and I*a Marche. Fur tho fulelity '
and prudence which he had already showu
' to lecture on theoIoi;y there till lu 1206
in tiiis matter he received Henry's special
thankfl, which were repeated in April, with
a requL*t that he would ajntiuue hia good
(fiict, it is to bo f '.iv
il that the work
which you have begun will fall to the OTound
if you leave it.' In 1238, when a dispute
Record Coainussion.'J K. N.
LANGTO:f, biiaUEN (d. 12JS),urcli-
w as son
of Ilt'iirv (Itr Lrttifftoti, and certoinlv an Kvt^'
luluiisu by Li: th, though from wlilch of the
many liBngtotia in England his isfmily took
its name there is no evidotico to show. He
studied at the university of I'oris,, became a
doctor in the faculties of arts and theolegya
and acquired a reputation for learniiicf and
holintsih which gamed hiui a prebend lu tho
cathedral church of Paris and another in thab
of York. Ho continued to live in Paris ana
Pope Iimocent UI called him toBopeana
made him cordinol-priest of St. Chrysogonus.
\V alter of Coventry gays that he taught
theology at Home also, and Roger of Wend-*
over declares that the Roman court had not
liis equal for learning and moral ^excellence.

aros0 between the chapter of Canterbury and He had long been on intimate terms witl^
their archbishop, Edmund
new v.], Simon the French King Philip Augustus, and King
warmly espoused the archbishop s side. He John of England now wrote to congratulate
accompanied hiiu to Kome, denounced the him on his promotion, saying that he had
monks m
guilty of fraud and forgery, and been on the point of inviting nim to his own
publislMd the BOitencea 6f suspension and court. It is clear that Langton was already
xeoiumuuieation is.sue<I against them next the most illustrious living churchman of
vaar. After Edmund's deatJ ^Notember English birth when a struggle for the freedom
1240) they accused th acohdescoti c4 usurp- of tDaseeofOanterburyoeened, in July 1205^
ing functions which, during a vacunoy of the on the death of Ilulx'rt Walter [q. v.] An
see, bolonfed of nigbti to tk^ prior. ^imoa irriMular election of Keginald, the sub-prior,
aeeofding to their aooontit, retorted witik made secretly by some of the younger monks,
'contumelious words and blasphemies,' tried and a more formal but equally uncanonica^
to seaociute the clergy of the diocese in a election of Johja, de Qiey ^4' ^^Jt ^9^^ under
eonspimcy ajr^inat thetHi and ctrriedtiirough pressure from the kiyik, were ooOi alike
bis ttsurpatitiii by force. Next year, when quashed on appeal at Uome in Deci-uibfc
they were on the point of being absolved by 1200. Sixteen monks of Christ Church wer^
the pope, Simon appealed against their abao- present, armed with full fovrer to act fo*
tion ; but a threut of the royal wrath, and a the whole chapter, and also with a promise
sen of boMg 'too old cross the Al{>s of the king's i^ssept ^ .w^hatever they mightj
again,' deterrad bim 'tfom eraseouting his do in its name ; thia promise, howevnr, nad
appeal. lie died iii 1248. GerMBse of Cait- been ^'wro. them only on a secrt^t condiliou,
tert>urr denounces his wemory as ' aocuxsed/ unknown to the brotherhood whom they r^-
while Ifrttbew Peris deeUflee nt is no woade r presented, that they should do notVing skt
if he was a i^ersecutor and disturbor of his cept re-elect John u (Irey. Innocent now
WB ctmniU f>( Cs^tqrburyi seeing thst he was baae them as proctors lor their cuuveut|
1

# atiriw-im of etrin itbro||lMnit the whole ohooee

' for primate whom they would, ' so he
reftlms of Enpland and FruiuH.' But tlie .-^ole were but a lit man, and, above all, an Kng-
Yi'^itOfMK^ against hipx^re Gurvaae ^pd l^ah lishman,' AYith Ifangtou sitting in ^is place
tfw wriiwimnlves, aad tb^ijievidenes is plainly among tilie cardinals,, tne suggestion of bis
ollMnd bj iumy fenling. uamt! fuUowf'fl as a matter of course. The
Qf the wmuixig which Bale attributes to monks were driven to confer their double*
Ijimtn iMigteOt the o^ily one now known is dealing and that of the long; Innocent soom^
a rreatMe on tbe Beek oi Cantielee (^odl fully absolved them from their sbamoful
compact I aU save one elected Slepheu Long-
I

Digitized by Google
 Langtoii 564 Langtoa
ton, and the pnp^ wrote to dematifl fmm John conduct for three weeks; he addressed it,
the fulfilment of hi? promise to rutifj their however, not to the Archbishop of Canter-
choice. John in a tarj xefiind te bsve any- bury, but to * Stephen Langton, cardinal of
thing to dn with a man whom, he now de- the Roman see; Stephen therefore could
clared, he knew only &s a dweller among his not accept it, as to do so would have been
enemies. When Stephen waa con!^crated to acknowledge that his election was iuTsUd.
by the popo nt Viterbo, 17 June 1207, John A mitigation of the interdict, granted early
proclaiiued that any one who acknowledged in 1209, was due to his intercession, and it
mm as archbishop should be aoeouttod a pub- seems to hare been partly his reluctance that
lic enemy the Canterbury monks, nownnani- delayed the excommnnication of John him-
;

mous in adhering to Stephen as the represen- self. Towards the close of the year he sent
tative of their dturch's independence, were his steward to John with overtures for re-
expellod 15 July, and the archbishop's father conciliation ; this time the king responded
fled into exile at St. Andrews. To Inno- by letters patent, inviting ' my lord of Can-
cent's threat of interdict (27 Aug.) John ije- terbury' to a meeting at I>over. Thither
plied in November by giving to another man Stephen came (2 Oct.) with the Bishops of
Stephen's prebend at York. In March 1208 l^ondon and Ely John, however, would go
;

the inteidict was proclaimed. no nearer to them than Chilham ; the ju*
Stephen's attitude thus far had been a ticiar and the Bishop of Winchester, whom
passive one. To the announcement of his he sent to treat with them in his stead, re-
lection he had replied that he was not his fused to ratify the t^rms previously arrangwi;
own master, but was entirely at the prae's and Stenhen went bock into exile. On
dipposal. After his consecration he appealed 80 Dec. he consecrated Hugh of Wells to
to his suffragans, in a tone of dignified mo- the bishopric of Lincoln, ilu^h having
desty, for support under the burden laid gone to hun for that purpose in defiance
upon him {Cant. Chrm. pp. Ixxv-vi), and of the king's order that he should be eoa-
at once set out for his see; all hope of reach- secrated by the Archbishop of Rouen. Next
ing it was, however, precluded by the vio- year (1210) John again tried to lure
lence of John. Pontigny for the second time phen across the Channel. Stephen declared
opened its doors to un exiled archbishop of nis readiness to goon three conditions that :

Canterbury ^Mabibkb, Theaur.Aneedot. 'm. he should have a safe-oonduct in proper

ld46-7), and was probably his headquarters form ; that, once in England, he should be
during the next five years a ptory of his allowed to exercise his nrchiepiscopal func-
;

hsTinff been cUanoelloir of FWns daruur thli tions there; and that no terms should be re-
perioaaeems to rmi upon a double ooniusion quired of him, saw those proposed on Ids
of persons and of offices (Du Boclat, Hint. last visit to Dover. II u then proceeded to

Vmv, I*aris, iii. 711). Throughout those Wisssnt to await John's replv. It came in
years bis pert in the strangle between Inno> shape of an irregnlar me-oonduct, not
cent and John was always that of pfiico- by letters patent according to custom, but by
maker. At the first tidinss of the expulsion letters close, and aocompuiied liy a waming
of the mottbs he bad sMxessed a letter to from some of tbe Englisn noUea wbidi mads
the English wnple, setting the main outlim s him rLtiini to JVanco. Envovii from John
of the case^ oriefly and temperatelr before followed him thither, but failtnC to move him
tbeni, wamfn^ tbem of the pfobsbie eonse- from his quiet adherence to tbe terms already
^ences, giving,' ihcm fiJvico and encounig-t- laid down. What moved him nt last wan
tnent for the coming time of trial, and iden- his country's growing misery. In the winter
tifying his own inteiesta entirely with theirs; of ISIS bewent wiA die bishow of London
of por?nnfil bittorness there is not a friirf, and Ely to Rome, to urge npon Innocent the
ana of personal j^evances not a word ^Cant. necessity of taking eneigetic measures for
CHrm. pp. IxzTui-Ixxxiii). The same note mttting an end to tbe state of aflhirs in ISm^i^
of mingled firmness and mndcrution rings land. In .Tammry 1213 the tbr* e j-rflat--*
through a letter to the Bishop of London, brought back to the French court a sentence
bim to act in ttieprimate'sstead of deposition against John, the execution of
ntrainst the despoilers of Canterbury (ib. pp. which was committed to Philip of Framv.
lxxxiii-v),and another to the king, warning In May John vielded all, and far more tliaa
bim of the erils be was bringing upon his all, that be bad been nliisin^ for tbo Inst sis
realm, and offering an immediate rchixfttion years, and i:i.iued letters patent proclaiming
ot the interdict if he would come to a better peace and restitution to the archbishop and
mind (D^AcniBT, ifyieilepfitm, iii. S08). In bis foIlow<d]es, aad'tnTiting ^ban to ivtnm
SeptiMnbor \'20^ .Tnlm invittnl !^t*^plirn to a at once. At the end of June or beginning
ineetin|; in England} and sent hin a safe- of July they lande4 i>Qmi oi 17 OT 19

Digitized by Google
 Latigtoti
JvItJoIiii met then tt Porchester, fell at the
!
rchbUbop's feet with ' Welcome, father
and kiaaed him. Laagtoo'a eagerness to for-
girm orartaapt tha bounds of the pope's in-
^ ruction* and the usual forms of ecclesiasti-
cal prooedura, and without more ado ha par-
ibrmfd liia fint episcopal acta in Englana on
Sunt-lay 20 July, by absolving his sovereign
in the chapter-liouaa of Wincheater Cathe-
tel, and aherwafda oelabrating maaa in his
prf^nce and giving him the kiss of peace.
Stranger to hi.<$ nativa land aahahad been
far ao many years, tntimatelHeBdof afimi^
56s Langtoil
the legate Nicolas of Tnsculum oarae to raise
the interdict and receive a repetition of John's
homage to the pope. Stephen'sattitude in this
lastmatter is not quite clear. Matthew Paria
represents him as strongly opjxwed to the
whole transaction, atadiwtnat when Pandulf
[(^.v.l on hia return to France in the spring
ot 1213^ trod under foot the money whicn had
been given him aa earnest of the tribute,
the aiehbishop 'aonowfiiUy remonstrated'
(CAron. MqJ. li. 540), and that he not only
'protested with deep aighing, both secretly
and openly ap^a nst Johira homage toNioolas,
,'
i

and hotil>- sovt-nM^n as John charged him but even appealed against it puoliuly in St.
with baing, faithful and aubmisaive servant Paul's {id. lii. 206^ But the writera of tha
of foreign pontiflT aa he nadoabtedly was, day mention nothmr of the kind, and Mat>
St'-pli<jii n-n ertht'lf s.s fell at nnro. as il" by the thew's story probably represents rather his
mere course of nature^ into the old constitu- own view, coloured by the exparienoea of a
tkmal poaitkm of tlm primate of ^gland, later time, of what the archbishop's feelii^fa
a> keeper of the kin^'-s concience and giiar- and act ions ought to have been than what
diiui of tha nation's safetVi tampozal aa well thiiy actually were. By the opening of next
aaapintaal. On 4 Aug. i3IS he was present year, however, Stephen and the lepiite diflbred
at a council af St. AIIihus, wht^'ro tfi j)ro- upon another ground. Nicola.^ wa.s using
misea of amendmant with which John pur- hi8 legatine authority to support the kinf in
ebaaed abaolntion were renewed by th; jus- fillin;^ up vacant abmetes aoooiding to hia
ticiar in the king's name, and in a more royal pleasure, without regard either to the
definite form ; the standard of goodgovern- general intereats of the English church or to
Mit oowaetvphmttf^Hhelawa of Henry I,'
in otli' - V, firds, the liberties which Henry
the diocesan and metropolitical righta of
bi.shojw and their prininte.
^
They discussed
had ffuarautuad by hia charter. On 25 Aug. the matter in a council at Dunstable in
Stepoen opened a oonnctl of ^nrdunen at January 1214, and thenee Stephen deaptttdied
^^V<^tmtn^to^ with r semKin nn tlie text, 'My to the legate a notice of appeal against his
heart hath trusted in God, and I am hel^ted: conduct. Nicolas, with the king^ concur-
thovfbfe mj fleah hath njmoaA.' 'Thoa heat,* venoe, aent Panduu to oppose the appeal at
cried one of the crowd ;thy heart never
' Home; there the ca.se was luitly ari^ned b>-
tnuUfd in drod, and thy flesh never rejoiced.' tween Pandulf and Stephen s brother Simon
The nan wae eeised hy thoee who atood [.see Lakotoit, Simon]; and though for the
ariiiind him and bent, n till he wa rescued iiinm> Tit Sreph* n'^ opponents pf' tn d to have i

by the officers of justice, when the archbishop gained the pope's ear, nta expostulations were
leeonBed hia diaaouae. He had, it aeems, probably not aItogetlMrnseU88,for in October
f'pfcially invited certain laybamns to In- pre- NicnluM was recalled.
sent at the council; at its close he brou<;ht At Epiphany 1215 the aggrieved barons
Ibrlh and wad ont to them the text of Hen ry'^ went in a hoay to John ana demanded the
c1iMrT<'r, and exchnnprd with them ilemn fnltilment of Henry's charter. Again Stephen
ii

promise of mutual support for the vindication took up the position of mediator ; he was one
*4 its principles, wnenerer a fitting time of three anretiea for the redemption of the
hould come. The time wa>< clo-e fit hand. kinp's promiaes before the clone of Kn'^ter.
John, having exasperated his already sorely When at the end of that time the barons rose
aiQifnevad barona by demanding their serricea in arma he remained at the king's side, not
for an expedition to Poiton.wH.s nt that very as his partisan, but hh thf> advocate of his
moment on his way to punish by force of subiecta; together with William Marshal,earl
anna the teAual of the northern noblea. of Fembroke [q. v.], he carried overturea of
Stephf-n hurried after him, overtook him at reconciliation from John to the barons at
Korthampton, and remonstrated strongly, but Brackley (April), and it was he who brought
in vahi ; aa then IbUowad him to hotting^ back and read out to the king the srticlea
Iwm, and there, by thnateninir to r-xcom- which were at last formally enihndird in the
mnnicate every man in the royal host save Great Charter (15 June). The Tower of
tiM king hinaalf, compelled him to gi^ up London waa then entruatad to him till a
his lawless vengeance and promise the barons dispute about its rightful custody s^hould be
a day for the trial of their claims. The dis> settled, and Rochester Castle, which was also
^t c, however, was ill diapota batwMii tba aaaof Canterbiir^ aa4

Digitized by Coogle
 (66
the diocesan biabop,Tra8 likewtMlMtorod to
bita* Some three months later John axim"
mdned him to give up both fortresses, but
Stephen refused to do so without legal war-
rant. Meanwhile John had succ only
tbo well in misrepresenting to Innocent III
the actions and motives of the constitutional
leaders^including the archbishop. On 10 Aug.
Stenben and his suffragans, gathered at Ox-
fora for a meeting with John, received a papal
j^ngton
in the spfMig was released from (-u.>^peoaiQiV
on condition of standiag to the pope's jud^*
ment on the charges agaijo^t him, and keeping
out of England till peace was restored. The
iiist condition expired with Innocent III
in July 1216; the second was fulfilled in
8eptenil>er 1217, whe^ the treaty of Lam-
beth rallied all parties round the throne of
Heuy III; and the primate came home once
more, witb the favour of the Roman court,*
'

letter bidding toemf on pain of suspeiiMon. in May 1218 ( Ann, Wane, and Chnm, UaU-
cause all ' disturbers of king and kingdom ros, ann. 1218).
to be publicly denounced as excommunicate For nearly two years he was free to devote
ttirou^out the country on every Sunday and himi^elf entirely to the ecclesiastical duties of
lioliday till peace was rt'stored. As no names his olhce. He at once began preparations for
were montioned the application of the sen- a translation of the reli< otSt. Thomas of
tence was uncertain; the archbishop and Cantarbury ; shortly afterwards Pope Hono-
bishops, therefore, after some hesitation, pub- rius III commissioned him to investigate,
lished it at Stainps on 26 Au^r. Once pub- conjointly with the abbot of Fountains, the
laahed, howeTer, they took no further notice CTounds of a proposal fur the canonisation of
of it till the pope's eommissioners, Pandulf l3ii>hou Hugh of Lincoln [q. v.] In the sprin^j
and the Bishop of Winchester, summoned of 12^ Honorius ordered that the unavoid-
Stephen to urge ufon iue aa^Traffans and en^ able irregularities of tho vonng king's iirst
ieroe'itt his own dtoeese it ^bnc crowning [see Hbtjrt III] should be set
repetition
on till- Hppoint* 1 d iys. Stopht-n, on the
right by a second coronation, to be performed
jioint of aettiutf out tor a council t Hone, at Westminster, accowling to ancient prece-
mmwnmA that ne heliored the sentence to dent, by the Archbishop of Canterbt>ry ; thit
have bet'n issu^"l by tlic popo utidt-r n mi-mp- order was joyfully obeyed by Stephen on
orohenaioa, and Jtliat he would do nothing Whitsunday, 17 Msy. On this occntion
Ibrther in the matter HO be had spoken the primate gave an address to the people,
about it with IiindLcnt himself, wlu'rt_'UI)OU exhorting them to take the cross, and pub-
the oommtssioneis auapended him from all lished Uonoriutj's bull for the canouisatinn
eeeteeitstiealftuiettoiif. Bellhof Coggeshall of St. Hugh, On 7 Joly he presided over the
Miv> llidt tln'v sliout>'(' their Rfutenco after most splendid ceremony that had ever taken
him aa ho set sail, and Walter of Coventry place in bit cathedral church, the translation
that Pandulf followed him aeroes the sea to \jf the relics of St. Thomas, amid a concourse
deliver it. He accepted it w itliout protest of pilsrriras of lanki and all nations, such
be was, in fact, contemplating escaoe from a as nad never been seen in England before*
sphere in wliieh all hta envrM aeemea doomed for all of whom he provided entertunment
to fnilnr.', hv withdrawn! to a hermitigeor ;i( liis own cost, in ii tenipornrj' ' pnloce run '

a Carthuiiian cell. From this proiect ho was up for the occoaion on a scuIm and in a fashion
wannlvdiaannded by Oemld w
Wales (Ors. eo astonishing tohiseontemporariestbat they
Cambr. Opf\ i. 401-7) but li'- s* nis to Imve
; .
thought there could have hv n im^liin^'^ like
'

still cherished it on his arrLvsl at Uome. Oon- it since ^lomoa'a tigM.' Immediately after
fcoi^ed there by two envoys from John, who Michaelmas he set out for Rodw, ' on bom-
charged him witli eomplicity in a plot of the ness of the realm and the church.' 11" car-
barons to dethrone the king, and contempt ried with him a portion of the relica of siL
of the papal mandate for the exoommnnica- Thomas, and at the ])ope's desire the fifft
lion oitlt-' r< VjcI^, lie made no di^T rn ", liut thinj; li did on his arrival wiis to deliver to
simply begged to be absolved from suspen- the Homau peopha a sermon on the English
flkm. Innocent, however, eonfirmsd die sen- martyr. He demanded of the pope tnne
tence 4 Nov. .Matthew Paris (IlUt. Anr/l. thinfr* lint all assumption of nietropolitical
ii. 463) adds that he even, at John's instiga- dignity by the Arolimahop of York in the
tion, proposed to de^ve the ttfdibiehop of sottthem province ehoold be once more fnr-
his see, but was dissua(l''d bv the unauiinou- l/idden; tlifit the papal claim of provi? jii i

remonstrance of the otlier cardinals. Iveadiug should never be exercised twice /or the same
thie story by the light, of Qerald*s letter we benefice ; and that during hie own lifctime
may well suspect it to be but a distorted ac- no resident l^fitc tlmnlil li>> n^'iin sent to
count of a resignation jroluntarilv tendenxl England. Thl^ lo&t demand aimed a^ s^
byStaphealuinMiC Agaifthe soMnltted is oiftug England's political, a^llf^cle-
jUMiw. HefeftnillM.-wiutBr t Boom, and aiaatieaL iwA***"^^"*** affainatA eomtiamiifli

DigitizecJ by Google
 itangtQi
of (he dtetaticHi to iwhiabWfs at fro9iit
Ml9et ftmn Ftoodidft Biimoriiv not <uXf
prantpfi aU three refjticats, but at oni"P dv
atmi FBodull' to iiga his oUiQe 03 legate
<Cbn<. Flob. Wi0. ann. 1221 $ Matt. Wbst.
aon. 1221). Stephen did not return to En^^land
till Augutt 1321, having stopped on the wuy
B FHUf where he wa commissioned by the
pope to assist the bl5]iop8 of Troves and
Liaieux in aettlinff a diapute betwiien th^
nniTenity and its diocesan (DmOXUti Ci^rf.
t/mP. Parts, pp. 98, 102). Earl^y next year
ka met his tellow-primate of York on thB
boiden of their respective provinces; tlioy
fail&d to settle the queftions of privilpf^e n
debate between their sees ; bpt in the hands
of Stephen Laagtoa. afli4 Walter de Grey
Fq. .] the debate WM
tl peaceful one, and
innght with no danger to either church or
tat. On Sunday, 17 April 1222, Stephen
"Tpf-ned a church council at Osney which is
to the eooleaiastical history of England what
tfc Membl y at Runnymede in Jlui^>liI16 is
to her secular history. Its dccreop, l<nown
a tba Constitntions of Stephen Juan^ton, are
'tlM tarliest provincial caaOBt which aro
li^ill recog^auaeaMlMidiiigia<rarmlaia4tiGal
courts.'
From the stabllBhmcnt of ordered freedom
in the chtirch ibo archbishop tumwl npnin to
tlie Tindicaticm of ordered freedom in the
lat*. JUhmij, in Jaauarr 1232, he had had
to summon a meeting of bishops in Liondon
to make peace among the counsellors
were quarrellingifor maatery over the yotn^
kinpr, in which he succeeded for the mo-
ment by tlin-at uinf,' to e.xcommunicate the
- eve of surrender, and when his wife appealwd
tronblersof the land. A week after Epiphany
12*23 he actod a.s 1< nder and ppokoemnn of tho
barons who demanded of Henry 111 the con-
firmation of the charter. The shift with
which William Bre^'er tried to put them oU'
in the king's name
'the charter was e.\:torte<l
by violeaoe, and ia therefore invalid 'pro-
voked the one angry outhurst recorded of
&ephen Langton : William, if vou loved
'
the kine, you would not thus thwart tka
peart> of hi? realm;' and the archbishop's un-
u.sual warmili startled Uenr^ into promising
a fresh inquiry into the ancient liberties of
Knffland. For this, however, Henry seems
to have substituted an inquiry into the privi-
legiN of the crown as John had held them
before the war {Fcedera^ i. 1C8). It was
probably in despair of gstting rid by any
other means of tne foreigners wno counselled
or abetted such double dealing as this, that
Stephen and the other English ministers of
atate tiuggestcd to tho pope that the young
kinjr hould be declarcu of age to rule for
hina.'Hilf, Aball to that efiecti issued in
VVpril* frol^il^y an:iv^4 i^ki^ the primatp
was aNant (ni a fn^lem jifiuiipti to pTrancQ.
in company with the bishops of |jon4lon anfi
$alibury, to demand Qroip Lottia VlII, wl^
had just (August) succeeded to the crown,
the restoration of Norinnnrlv prnmiscd to
lionry hy the treaty of Lai^U'th- iSymelimfi
in the autumn tho'wril waanaidiaa oooneU
in London. TIh^ party of anarchy among
the barons, headed by t he l^arl of Cheater
and Falkea de Bteut6 [q. v.], attempted tp
seize theTower, and, hilling, withdrew to
Waltham. Stephen and the hisliops per-
suaded them to return and mnke submissiop
\ to tho king, btit they Ptill refuped to be re-
conciled with the justiciar, Hubert da Bu{g|i
fq. v.], and from the Christmaa Opurt i|t
Northampton they withdrew in a body t.o
J>eiciter. The iirchbii^hop again, on St.St^
phcn's day, excommuniicatad all ' disturbera
of the realm,' and then wrote tO thp ' schis-
matica' At Leicester that unkta they sur*
rendered thair oaatlea to tho long at onoe he
would p.\roramnnicate every one of them hy
uanif this communicatKin and commjna-
;
'
tion ' brought them to submission 29 Dec.
In June 12l'4, when a fresh outrage of Falkes
com}>elled the king to p^'opeed against him
by force, the archbishopaanctioned the grant
of an aid from tho clcriiy to dpfmv the coat
of tho expedition, accoinpniut <l Uonry in
peraoD to the siege of Bedford Castle, and
orpornmunicated the offender. He absolved
who him, indeed, soon after at th biddifig of i'ope
Ilonorius, whose ear Falkes bad oootriv^d
to ^in hut l)y tlmt time Falkes waa on the
;
to the orchbbhop for protection aguiII^t the
claim* of a husband to whom she had beeji
marru'd against her will, Stt-phen success-
fully maittlaiBad her cause, and that of Eog*
land's peace, against both Falkes and Ilono*
rius. On 3 Oct. the archbishop was at Wor-
cester, deciding a suit between the bishop of
that 8i>e and the monks of his chapter. At
Christmas he was at We<4t minster with the
Idagt whaa Hubert de Burgh, in Hauy'a
name, demanded a fifteenth from clergy u&d
laity for the war in J'oitou. I^ed by the
primate, the bishops and barons granted the
(h inand (2 Feb. 1225), on condition that tho
C'hurler should be confirmed at once; and this
time the condition was fulfilled.
A fresh ditHculty with Home threatened
to spring up at the close of the year, wheaa
papal envoy, Otto, arrived wit\i a det^aod
that in every conventual or collegiate
church the revenue of one prebend, or its
yearly equivalent, should be devoted to
the needs of the Komun court. Once more
the diiUculty was turuud by. th^ ^rima^
Digitized by Google
 Langtoh
By his ad>nce the matter was deferred to a
council at Wejtminster on the octave of
Epiphany (1226). The king-'s illnew and
the absence of several bishops, including, it
pcem, Sl^hen himself caused a further
postponement till after Easter; and then the
rejection of the pope's claim was a foregone
conclusion, for meanwhile Stephen bad per-
suaded Honorius virtually to abandon it by
recalling Otto. Having thus, as he trusted,
secured the liberties of the state and the
church in general, Stephen in 1228 apili^(l
himself to recover for his own see certum ot
its ancient privileges and immunities which
had fallen into desiietudp. He offered the
king three thousand marks for their restora-
tion, but proved his case so clearly that Henry
remitted the offer. Shortly afterwards the
archbishop fell sick, and withdrew to his
manorofSlindon, Sussex, wherehedied. The
dates of his death and burial are pivon by
the chroniclers of the time in a strangely con-
flicting and self-contradictory way; the most
B( tangtoh
I
works preserved in the university and college
libraries of Oxford and Cambridge, at Lam-
beth Palace, and in different libraries in
France, bear witness to the lofty and wide-
ipmad esteem in which they and their authm
werp hold. The only portion of Stephen's
writings which has been printed, except the
few letters already referred to, is a treatise
on the translation of vSt. Thomas the Martyr,
probably an expanded version of the sermon
ftreached on that occasion. One memorial of
lis pious industry is still in daily use: eithor
in the early days when he was lecturing on
theology, or during one of his periods of exile,
he coted the Bible at Parys and marked the
chapitros' (IIloSES, Poluchrontcon, 1. vii. c.
34, trans. Trt viaa) according to the diviakn
which has been generally adopted ever since.
His literary labours wore not confined to tfaeo-
l^^BT f
he was, moreover, an historian and a
poet. He wrote a 'Life of Richard I,' of
which the sole extant remains are embodied
in the * Polychronicon of Ilnlph Higden, who
'

probable solution of the purrle seems to be
that he died on 9 July 1228, and was buried on
the 16th at Geoterbury, whither his body had
been transported from Slindon on the 18th
(Gekt. Cant. ii. 115; Roa. Wbkd. iv. 170;
' .studied to take the floures of Stevenos book
for his own account of that king {tb. c. 25).
Several bibliographers mention among Lang-
ton's writing's two other historical works: a
*
Life of Mahomet and 'Annals of the Arcb-
'

Matt. Pari.s, Chrmi. Sii. 167, and Hist. biahopa of OanterbuiT.' Of the former, how-
Angl. ii. 302 Ann. Wore. ann. 1228 Cont.
; ; ever, nothing is now Known,while the asrrip-
Flor. Wig, ann. 1228; Stfbbs, Reg. Sacr. tion of the latter to Steph^ seems to have
Aiutitc. y. 37). Five years Inter Bishop Henry originated in a confusioil Mtween tlie owner
of Rochester proclaimed that he had seen in and the author of two mBnnsrripts now in the
a vision the souls of Stephen Langton and library of Corpus (ylirist College, Cambridge i

Kichard I released from pur^tory, both on (Ixzvi and cccclxvii). In Leiaild's day Cksp
the same day. The pope himself did not tcrbnry College, Oxford, poftf:,'e<:od a po4>m in
hesitate to declare, a few months after the heroic verse called liexameron,' aud said to
'

primate's death, that the custodian of the be written by Langton, and Oudia meBtieaK
earthly paradise of Canterbury, Stephen of a Carmen deContemptu Mundi amotijr th''
*
'

happy memory, a man pre-eminently endue<l manuscripts at Lambeth. Both of the>>

with the gifts of knowledge and supernal seem to be now lost, bat a tliytlimical poen
grace, has been called, as we hope and believe, entitled Documonta Clericorum,' ascribed

to the joy and rest of paradise above.' A to the same writer, is still in the Bodleian
tomb, n.\ed in a very singular position in Library (Bodl. MS. 57, f. h). More inte- m
the wall of St. Michnel's Chapel in Canter- n'Sting still is a Sermon by Stephen Lang-
*

bury Cathedral, is .-ihown as the resting- ton on S. Mary, in verse partly Latin, partly
place of his mortal remains ; but the tra- French,' of whieb a thirteenth-century maoe-
dition is of doubtful authenticity. Bcript is preserved in the British 5luani
Stephen I^angton's political services to his (Arundel 292, f. 38). The sermon begini
country and his national rhurch were but a and ends with a ibw Latin rh3rmes ; its main
part of his work for the church at large. A part is in Latin prose, and its text is, not a
great modem scholar has called him, next to passage from Scripture, but a verse of a
'

Bede, the most voluminous and original com- French song upon a lady called 'labele Alis,*
mentator on the Scriptures this country bits to which the preacher contrivfs very skil-
produced. It was as a theologian, second
'
fully to give an excellent spiritual interpre-
to none in his ownday'(><n. Wav. ann. 1228), tation. Another copy of this sermon, (bl-
that he was chiefly famed throng-hout the Inwcd hy a tlif'oloo-ioal drama and a long
middle ages. He left glosses, commentaries, canticle on the ra.^.sion, both in French verse,
repositions, treatises, on almost all the books was found in the Duke of Norfolk's librsrr
of the Old Tp<tment, besides a large number by th*^ .\hh<^ d,. l;i Rn,, \\ho .'ittributed all
oi :ivrittO03. j )ie many copies of tUvse various three workb to the tame author {ArduKf
I

Digitized by Google
 Langton
xiiL 298-S) ; but it is doubtful whether
i(>$rui,
their jiLxtapohit ion in this manuscript is more
than acciaental (Pbicb, note to NVabton,
HUL Engl Poetry, 1840, il 28). There is,
bowerer, other evidence of the interest with
which the greatest scholar of his day re-
garded the Temaeular tongue of the land
where his learning had been acquired. The
earliest le[al document knovs-n to have been
drawn up in England, since the Conqueror's
time, in any lanpfuage other than Latin, ia a
French charter issued by Stephen Langton
in January 1215 {Hot. Chart. 209). Tho
l&nd of his birth needs no other proof of liis
loyalty to her than the Great Charter of her
freedom.
[The chief original anthorities for Stephen
Ixinptou'^ lif- lirt'ii CrtDterbury Clironiclo printed
in Bi:hup biubWs e<Jition of G3rviiik) of Canter-
bnry. vol. ii., appendix to preface ; Koger of
Wsodover; Walter of Corantry; Matthaw Paris;
Bilpti Coggeshall ; Annales Monastid HovhI ;
Ix^tters (all in ftolls Serit-s); Close and I'lti nt
Bolls (Ke<M}rd Cunimiit^ion) and the Lifo and
;
LKtenof Innocent III ^Migne, Patrologia, roln.
ecxir. ccxv.) Forhispolitjcal career, see StubWs
Const ittttiooal Hinfory and Preface to W. Cou n-
try,ToL ii. A full bingrnphy of Inm li ts ypt. fo
be written ; we have only sketches of bis life,
chanctsr, and woiIk, fWw three tliflbfsol
points of view, by Dean Hook in his Arcliliishops
of Canterbory, by Mr. C. E. Maurice in his
>.ri;;liah Popalar liCaders, and by the Rt-v. Mark
F.ittibon in the Lives of the English Saints
edited by Dr. Newman. His Constitutions are
printed io Wilkins'si Concilia, vol. ii., and his
LOwUns de Tnuislatioae S. Xhomte at the eud of
Utg9^ Qoadrilogiis and Dr. Giles's Saeetes
Tkenas Cantuariensis. His sermon on l,i l)clo '
Afia* is truuiluted in T. Wright's liio^uphia
K. N.
Britnauea litenala, voL ii.]
TtANGTON, THOMAS (d. 101>, Usbop
t.f Wincyipater and arc}il)i<^liop-el6ct of riti-
terburjf was bom at Appleby in Westmoru-
lad| end edneited hy the Osnnelite friais
tliere. He matriculated at Queen's College,
Oxford, bat soon removed to Cambridge, pro-
bably to Glue HaU, on aoootmt of the plague.
In 1461 be was elected fellow of rem broke
Hall, serving as proctor in 1462. While at
Cambridge he tooK both degrees in euon law,
and was afterwards incorponit' d intbaniet
itjdbrd. In 1464 be left the univesMtj^and
iMBBe tttto befoTO 1479 waa made diaplain to
Erlward IV. Langton was in high favour
with the lung, who trusted him much, and
eent hhn on Titioos inporlaai embanies.
In 14fi7 bp went ii'^ ambassador to France,
And as king's chaplain was sent to treat with
Ferdinand, king of Castile, on S4 Nor. 1470.
llr \niiit*d France apain on dinlomatic busi-
00 30 Not. W7,
and on 11 A.qg. 1478,
569 Langtoti
in order to conclude the espousals of dward%
daughter Elizabeth and Charles, eon of the
French king. Two years later ho v. .m nt
to demand the fulfilment of this mairiwe
treaty, but fh iirinoe, now Chadee Yul,
king of Franrf". refused to can;^ it onty tad
the match was broken off.
Meanwhile Langton rsoeived much eeelea*
astical preferment. In 1478 hn was made
treasurer of zeter, prebendary of St.
Decn-
maa*a, Welle Oakhedral and aboat the same
t'luv ma.ster of St. Julian's TTospital, South-
ampton, a post which he still retained twei^
years later. He was presented on IJnlj 1490
to All Ilallowa Church, Bread Street, and on
1 4 May 14S2 to All Hallows, Lombard Street^
city of London, eleo heooming ptebendary
North Ivelscy, Lincoln Cathedral, in the next
year. Probably by the favour of the Duke of
Oloooester, who granted htm the temporali-
ties of the sft' on '21 May, Lnnj^fon was ad-
vanced in 14b3 to the bibhoprioof St. Davids;
t he papal bull eonflrmtttg the eleetton ie dated
4 .luly, and he was consecrated in August.
I^n^^ton'h prosperity did not decline with Ed-
ward's de)>ositlon. He was sent on an embus-.y
to Koitie and to Fraiu i' hy Richard III, who
translated him to the bishopric o( Salisbury bj
papal bttlldated8Feb.l496. Ijongtonwasaleo
fleeted provof-t nf Queen's Collc^ri.. Oxford, on
6 Dec. 1487 (^WooD gives the date as about
1 4S.3), a post whieh he seems to have mtt^aed
till 149.5. He was a considerable benefactor to
the college, where he built some new sets of
roomsand enlarged the pnmMt*s lodgings. In
1493 Henry VII trnnsferred him from Salis-
bury to Winchester, a see which bad been va-
cant over a year. Daring the seven years that
he was bishop of Winrhetif or I.im^ton started
a school iu the precincts uf the palace, where
he had youths truned in fframaur and musio.
lie was a good musician himself, used to ex-
amine the scliolars in person, and encourage
them by good words and anutt rawuvb.
Finally, a proof of hid ever-increaiiijr iiopn-
larity, Langton was elected archbishop of
Canterbury on S3 Jan. 1601, but died of the
j
plaffiie on the 27th, before the confinnntinn of
the deed, lie was buried in a marble tomb
within 'a very ur chapel' whi<h he had
built south of the lady-chapel, Winchester.
Before bis death he had given lOi. towards
the eieetioii of QieatSt.lfiffy'a Ohwh,Oam*
bridfjp, and in 1497 a drinking-cup, weighing
07 ox., called the ' Anathema Cup,' to Pern*
broke HaU. This ia fhe oMeit eactaitt haaap
or covered cup that is hall-marked. "Ry his
will, dated 16 Jan. 1501, Langton left large
enma of money t o tho priests of Olave HaU,
Cambridge, money and vestments to the
^lows and priests of Queen's College, 0^
Digitized by Google
 Laington 576 "t^angtofi

Acdt beftides legacies to tlm friars at both uni- Bumell*8 dcuth in October 1292 received for
<ivtf<tt, vaA to the Cftnokelitoi tit Appleby. a shient space the enstody qt the great oea),
To his sisTnr and her hu-hand, Rowland until in J>eceml)pr a n"u- chancellor, .Tnhn
AUflhei, laada (probablj the family aaxMeti) L&ngton, was s^pointed {U>. i. 7ti2). iiut his
H Wertmoveland nd two Inniidnd norin evstodywaeteei^y forteel aAd temporary, re-
were bequeathed. An annual pension of eight siiltingtijiparently from his popition askeep^ r
marks was set aside to nMintain a chapel at of ^he wardrobe, and he has no claim to be
Appleby for i hundred yeura to ^ner for the reckoned among the regularly conetitttted
souls of Langton, liis parents, and all the keppers of the gr^at >>'al. Lnngton now be-
-fiuthful deceased at Appleby. nephew,A came a ^voured councillor pf Kdward I
'Bdbert' Lan^on, also eatkeotecl at 'Qvoei^ ('deriens regis fitmlliarisstmu^,' J%rar ifSvf.
Collfpf, O-xTord, actorflin;^ to Wood, left iii.2H0), wa.'i r'warfh'il \vit!i consiiler'ible f.--
mQnev to that foundation with which to clesiastical preferment, and soon became a
ffeimd ft kiiool'ct Appleby. landholder m msny conntiee. He beeeme
[L<insa.M8. 978. f. 12 Cole MS. 26, f. 240 ;
;
canon of Lichfield and papnl chaplain, aii l

Godwin's C^t. of Bishops, pp. 191, 284 Godwin, ;

also dean of the church of Bruges (Fadtra,
Dp Prspfnl. Anjl. (Uichardsnn), p 205; Wood's i. 706). But the local lists of di^tariee of
Afhnnnp (liliss) ii. 6B8 WoodV Collocros nnd
;
thf rhnpelof St. Donatian, now the cathedral
Halls (Gatch),i. 147; CoopetfsAtbeiueCanUbr. of Bruges, do not contain his name (Cbin-
4 4: U Nm^s Fattf. i ii, IW, fl4, U. 198; peniKum Ckronothiiiiewin E}n.*cojmvtk . . Br'
Qfllalms of Rymefs Fad. ni, ii. 708, 709, 710. g^Mum, p. W, 17.31). It was afVerwards
.712, 714, 710 ; Grants of K'\ng Kdwitrd V objected agaiiLi>t him that he held benefices
(Cailld. Soc), pp. xxix, Uiv. '2, :\7 Ntiwcotirt's
;
in plurality regai^esR of chtireh law'orpapd
Bapertorium, i. 245; Willia's C.ithwlr.ils (Lin- saiu-tion. By 1207 )i" h.i l ncmiired lands
oolo). p. 221^; Hhwm'b Framlingbam, p. 217;
worth over 2QI. a year in iSujrray and $ussx
jBnith'e CoUege Plate, pp^ 6, 4ec.] S. T. &
{PH. WriU, i. 664).
LANGTON, W.\TTEn (d. Langton took an actlvi-^ part, as ono of the
1321), bishop
ci Lichfield and treasurer, is judges of the great t>uit renpuctingt^ Scottish
said to have
tieso bom at Langton Wert^ a ehapelrr in Rueceesion (Feedera, i. 706 sq. ; RiSHAVent,
the parish of nhurrh T.ant^ton, four miles p. 261, Rolls S r.) In 129-t he shared with
from Market Har borough in Leicestershire. the Earl of Liucolu the responsibility of ad-
He eofltiiitied hit connection whh the vising Edward I to consent to tlie temporarr
trict,receivine in :^i)(J a grant of frfo- warren surrender of Gascony to Philip the Fair
!

at Langton West (Hill, Hut. of LangUm^ (Munimenta GildAallteLtndonicTisif, ii.L165i

p. 15). Tet at his deelih he only held three botrm, HiHmia Anfffimna, p. 2.32). Ai
ficres of land in the parish (C/. Inq. post the chancellor, John I/ington, %ViMi"lfl nn' >-!-r.
imrtem, i. 8U0). lie was ih nephew of the grant of surrender, the great ^eal was
Mfilltan Langton, dean of York; but there handed over temporarily to ni namesake,
seeni'< nn n nsoii for making him u kinsman \V alter, who signed with It the fata! deed.
to John iAngton |^q. v. J, bishop of Chiohestor When the French king treacherously retained
tad dieneelMT, hie eoitte poi m
mry. Neither foseeosioii of the daehy, Laagfon busted' Uiii-
ran aiiv n>al ronnoctlon bn traced between f^elf with obtaining a special oflering from the
"

him and Stephen Langton [q. v.], archbishop Londoners to the king. On 26 SepC 1295
of Cteterbury (Hill, Hut. of Lanrjton, p. Langton was appointed treasursf in sneoee*
j

17). He started life as a poor man ( Uemino- sion to William of March, bishop of Bath
BUBOB, iL 272), and became a clerk of the (Madox, licohepterf ii. 37 ). lUis toiuirs wu
hMB^^ MMMoeiy. His netne fifvt appeen pro* to be dtnring the kintr's pleeaiiie, aad Iks
teiaently in the records in 1 ?r>0. TT-' wastnen salary a liin Ired mnrlci a vear 42).
elerk of the king's wardrobe (i'<z<2era, i. 732), Langton nccompaniud to tlie court of the
had feeehred in the sene ^reerlieense to im- Fieneh king the two papal le^fatee who had
park hiswivul at Ahlev, fiti'l a eranl nf t wi'lve been sent to Knsxland by Boniface ATI! to
adjoining acres in the forest of KockinghHm negotiate a truce between Edwatd and his
(f'oss).' n 1S99 this park was enhnrffed ( Cat. allieswtthPhilip. TheoommiMioBte-Lenf-
Inq. post mflr/effi,i. 104, niV In 1292 ho is ton and the citln r i'nglish negotiat<5rs is dated
first described as keepes of the king's ward- U Feb. 1297 (Faderu^ i. 8&9 i Floru Mist, iiL
fobeCJFMra, i. 70:n,thoii|(liht fseleOepokeo 287). He also tttiliaedtidajoiiraejr for act-
of as trrapurer of tlie wardrobe (Ann. Dim- ing as one of the nofrotiators of the peace
t<i/>iein^liwa/fl< J/nAffict,iii.400), and even and alliance with Count Quy of i*landaa (sk
rfmply as treasnrer {FMlmi^ t. 77S). He af.m).
attached hinuelf tf^ tli' sr-rvicK' of the poucr- <'^n 20 Feb. Lftnjftcn was elected bofli br

cjiffioellor, BishQip Bumell [g. t.3 and on the monks loC Coventry and the canons 9i

Digilizea by CoOglc
 Langtodi sit Laogtdti
bishop, or, as the see wa'^
Lidjfield as their court until the date of bis citation had
.wap often c&Uad at the timo, bishop of poaned. Langton BHnained for bobm tinw
Clsster. Hiseleitionwasconfirmed bv Arch- m Italy, Edward covering his retreat hv ap-
bsbopWiuchelaeaoD 11 June, and on 16Juljr pointing him in March liiOU a member of a
Aftknf TCilinad Uni the temporalities of the special embaaaythflsAiDitotiie pope (Faedera,
pf (WnART07T,.4n/7/m .Sacra, i. 44 1). He was i. 939). The ting all along upheld the cmise
couecrated on 23 Dec. jb/ one of tlae luntos, of his treaaarer (tft. L 943, 956). Boniface
Bfem4<U Goth, cudiiuMiuiho|> of Ajfiano, urged Edward not toilMmlib nuMatf agwnat
and brother to the future pope, Clement V til accuser Lovetot until the inveatigaticht
^SrCBBS, Itegittrum Sacrum Anolicamtm, p. was concluded (id, i. 9."i9). At a later stage
49; Ann. Ihmftaple in Aw^ la on. m. 400). the pope sent back the matter to Archbishop
Lftogton still retained tiie ofilce of tren- Wiucbelsea, who, after & long inveatigatton,
nirfr, tnd devoted his enerpie'i to nffaira of was forced to declare the bi.shop innocent.

.<^Xe ratlier than to the work of his diocese, Ix)vetot was soon afterward.? committed to
ibifaared the growing nnpopolaritj of Ed- prison on a charge of homicide, and died
ird I towards the end nf hia reign. On there (JFVorf.-r Hist, iii. 80<i). At last, on
the Bieeting of the famous Lincoln parliament 6 June 1303, Ikiniface formally absolved
iSmiil. 1801, the barons and oommonB, Langton of tha diafgea fcfought againiktliim
iinrf*^ on apparently by Archbishop Winchel- (Foidfra, i. 958-7). All through the hud^
lei, requested Edward to remove Langton neas Winchelsea had shown a strong animna
fim hit office. At th aame time they pre- against theaoenaed, and a bitter aaClifelon^
fr-n'e', thr ntrh Henry of Keighlev, member feud between the rea.surcrand the archbishop
t

for iaaca&bire, bill of twelve aitiolee com- waa the most important result of the episode.

flaiuaf of the whole vfiUm off adminie- In June 1803 Edward showed his sense of
ttation. Edward gave way for the time, Langton 's trust wort hinetis by making him
hntin June he ordered the imprisonnipnt of principal executor of his testament. In 130H
Keighley, pulling him under the chargu of and 1304 Langton was with the king in Scot-
Lai^^ton, ai^auiat whom he had complained, land. On 15 June 1305 he was involved in
and directing that Keighley's considerate a grave dispute with Edward, prim e of Wales
tmtment in the Tower should stiem to como [see Edwabo II], who had invaded his woods,
hm the good will of the incriminated minis- and answed his remonstrancea with iamlt.
ter nnd not from the order of the kinjj Hot word-s pfi.!.erl bptween the minister and
uSrcBBS, CoTut, lliet. ii 151). On 14 Oct. the prince, but the king warmly took the
f tha aame jBti Langton was anociated w
tNaaareif8 tide, and the prince aeforeed into
vifkodier magnates nn nn f!mba.=''y to Franco Bubmis.^ion. Ibit tli>^ cimt limed remonstrances
(Admifi. Ann, land, in Ann. Edtc. I of Langton against the prince's extravagance
flidJ7,Rolla8Br. il08). They negotiated must have efiectnally prevented any real
t&e continuance of a truce tmtd November cordiality (Tbokblowb, pp. 63-4). In Oc-
1302, and returned to England on 21 Dec. tober of the same year Lanirton wn? sent with
Grave charges were now brought against the Jiarl of Lincoln and llu*^h le Despenwjr
laagtoB. A
kni||^ht, named Jomi Lovetot, on an embassy to the new pope, Clement V,
sensed him of living in atlultery with his at Lyonq (Aftn. Ijond. p. 143). Thev too1r
ftepmotlier, and fiualij murdering her hus- with them a present of sacred vessels of pure
kod, Ix>vet ot's father. lie waa also charged gold fRMn the king (Uishaxgbr, p. 227),
with pliir;ilim. simopy, and intercourse witli and were present at Clement's coronation on
lijedevU, who, it was alleged, had frequently 14 Nov. The main object of this mission
ijyiaWiJ to bin in person (Fcedera, i. 956-7 was to proenre the absolntion of the hihg front
Fiom lli^forinnim^ iii. 305"). 8o earlv as the oath,'? which he had taken to observe the
February 1300 lionifaoe VIII wrote to \Vin- charters, and particularly the charter of the
chebea demanding an inreatigation, and liMeete. Bat utngton took advantage of hia
citing Langton to appear beforu the papal position to urge the complaint wliich Ijoth
curia ( C%rfi. Zan<*mMf, pp. 200- 1 Bannnt yne
, the king and himself hod against Archbii^hop
C^ub). It waa not, however, until May 1301 ^\ inchelsea. On 12 Feb. Clement issued a
<Hat a formal oitelion waa served on the bull suspending the archbishop from hia Aui9-
)ish(Tp, who was eusponded from hia office tionf. On 24 Feb. 1306 the embassy was
Kodingthe inTastigation. Langton went to back in London. In the summer Winchelsea
HoMa to plead hiaoMiea in person, spending went into exilo< Thia secured the eontino-
Mt somfl of money on the papal officials, who ance of Langton's power for thn rest of the
idiew hie wealth and did not spare him. He king's life. He was now unqueetiooa^y
Vital ndiaadviataga^ ttaaom,aa he did Edwacd'e flait miiiiilaraad ilaiM ]daB^
ft.aiU Ha tfgttaum Mm tha fayal xeal flonfldint*

Digitized by C^^l^ !
 Langton
Ob 9
July 1806 Lnngton was appointed
joint warden of the realm wiih the Arcnbishop
of York during the king's absence in Scotland
(Fbedera, i. 989). But early next year he fol-
lowed Edward to the borders, appointing, on
B Jan. 1307, a baron of the exchet^uer named
Walter de Carleton as deputy during his ab-
sence (Madox, Hut. of th Exchequer, ii. 49).
Edward now directed Langton to open the
parliament at Carlisle (Faedera, i. lOUS).
i/sngton seems to have been present at the
king's death,and conveyed his oody with all
doe nonour on its slow march from the Scot-
tish border to Waltham.
Langton'sold quarrel with Edward II had
indeed been patched up, and Langton had
even professed to intercede with the old king
on behalfof Gaveston (IIbmixoburok, iL 272,
Engl. Hist. Soc.) Bat he had done this so
unwillingly that there is no need to believe
the chronicler's story of Edward I's answer-
ing Ui$ advances by tearing the hair out nf
his head and driving him out of the room (ib,
ii. 272). Langton was well known to be
GaTestOD's enemy ( Chron. Tjanerco$t, p. 210),
and the speedy return of the favourite from
exile, soon to be followed by the restoration
of Winehelsea, sealed the doom of the trea-
surer. As he rode from Waltham to Westmin-
ster, to arrange for the interment of his old
master, he was arrested and sent to the Tower
(IlEXlKaBUROH, ii. 273; Ann. Paulini, p.
257). On 22 Aug. ISO? he was removed from
the treasurership. On 20 Sept. his lands,
reckoned to be worth five thou-^and marks a
year, were seized by the king {Faedera, ii. 7).
On 98 Sept. Edward invited by public pro-
clamation all who had grievances against the
fallen minister to bnn^ forward their com-
51aints([liLET, MemoneU* of London, p. Ck^).
'he king and Gaveston also seized upon the
Taafc treasure hoarded up by Langton at the
New Temple in I^ndon, including, it
believed, fifty thousand ]'Tun(ls of .silver,
faeaideagold and jewels (Ukninodukoh, ii.
Most of this went to Gaveston. So
Taatfthoard explains Langton's unpopularity.
A apeeial commission of judges, lieaded by
Ko^at Brabazon, was appomtra to try Lang-
tOBf now formally accused of various misde-
meanors as treasurer, such as appropriating
the king's moneys for his own use, selling
the ferms st too low a value for bribes, and
giving false iudgments (Madox, JSrcAtfyMer,
ii. 47). On "19 Feb. 1308 Edward ordered
the postponement of the trial until after his
roronation(/''(iem,ii.32); but before the end
of March judgments were being levied on the
laadt belonging to bis sec. Langton himself
remained in strict custody, being moved to
WiodMrtor his trial, auil Uieu being bent
$u Langton
bMsk to tbe Tower {Btrl Writs, ii. iii. 230).
Gaveston was entrusted with his custody, and
annointed the brothers Felton as his gaolers
(MmniiirTH, p. 11). They maliciously car-
ried th.'ir prisoner about from castle to castle.
For & time ha was confined at Wallingford
(Cftfwt. lamrmst, p. 210 ; Caaov mr
LiKOToy,p.28),and w as filially ahut up in tie
king's prison at York.
Clergy, pope, and baronage interceded in
vain in Langton't* favour. Even Winehelsea,
who bated him, could not overlook the grave
irregularity of confining a spiritual person
without any spiritual sentence. In April
1308 Clement V strongly urged on Edward
the contempt shown to clerical privilege by
langton's confinement. The legate, the
bishop of Poitiers, pressed for his release.
At last, on 3 Oct. 1308, Edward granted
Ijsngton the restitution of his temporalities
{FdBdenif ii. 68). But nothing of advantage
to him resulted at once from this step. In
1 300 further accusations weru brought against
him in the articles of the barons, and he re-
mained in prison, though Adam Murimuth,
a partisan of WincheUea's, assures as (p. 14)
that the archbishop refused to have any deal-
ings with the king on account of his continued
detention of Langton. It is noteworthy that
duriaff his imprisonment Langton still re-
oeivea writs or summons to parliament and
to furnish his oootiiigeiicafor tlMkiiis^win
(Pari. Writs).
I>angton had been too long a minister, an>i
was too unfriendly to the constitutional op>
position, to care to remain a martyr. He had
great experience and ability, and as Edward's
ditfioulttes increased the king bethought him-
self that his imprisoned enemy might still be
of service to him. The declaration of Wio-
chelsoa for the ordainers and agaiiul the
king made Langton most willinf? to come to
was terms with Edward. On 1 July 1311 he was
removed from the king's to the archbishopV
prison at York (Fadera, ii. 1.38). This put
Edward right with the party of cltricl
privilege, though about the f-ame time he
appointed new custodians of Langton's estatrf^
(lA. ii. 14ft-50). But on 23 Jan. 131 2 Langton
was set free altogether. Next day Edward^
who was at this time at York, wrote to Pope
Clement in favour of his former captive (6.
ii. Io4). On 14 March Langton was restomd
to his otKce of treasurer until the next psr-
liament should assemble {ih. ii. lo9;. He
was believed to have betrayed the secrets of
the confederate nobles to the king as the
price of this advancement {Floret Hitt. iii.
1 48). The growing troubles of Edward fro
the lords ordainers are the best exnlanuri'^n
of his fulling back on hia father old uuw#-
Digitized by Google
 Langton
ter;bat Langton never pot more than a half
rapport from Edward II, 'ad setuigratiam
rmSMcipitur' (Tbokblowb, p. d4), and the
orauners, headed by the irreconcilable Win-
cbebea, soon turnea against him< On Mon-
dftfi 8 April, as Langton was aitting with the
barons of the exchequer at the exchequer of
ivceipt, an angry band of grandees, needed
bf toe Karls of Praihidlw ttnd Hereford,
mmt in and forbatlt* t\wm to hd any Ioniser
(Madox, KtrhetTwr, ii. 20ti-b). On 13 April
Kdward strongly urged him to do his duty
despite their throats ( F<rdera, ii. 164) but ; Lord Brooke in 1643, He erected the pn"'at
power was with the ordainers, and Langton
WM ftfved to yifld. Winchelsea excom-
nantcated Iiira for taking ofBce against the
injunctions of the ordainers. Langton now
appealed to the pope, receiTing on 1 May a
wie-condiict tnjro ahrnad from the king, who
rtill described him as treasurer (tb. ii. lt>6),
and wrote to the pope begj^inp for his absolu-
tion ii. 167; cf. 171,178). AdamMurimuth
the chronicler went to Avignon to represent
WiMbelsea (Mvrimuth, p. 18).
Langton remained gomo timp at the papal
eouit. In November Edward was forced by
the oidftiners to write pressing for a con-
elusion of the suit (Fcedera, ii. 180, 189),
Langton was still away in February 1313;
tal tk death of Winchelsea in ISIS, and
tl reconciliation of English parties, again
Bade it possible for him to r^^ain his posi-
tMB ia England. He renuuaed in the king's
council until the February parliament of
1316 insisted on driving him from otHce along
irithHoffh leDespenser (Moinc op Malmbs-
raT,p. 5o9>. After the reconciliation of the
king with the urdainors in 1318, Langton put
before the new council a claim for 20,000/.,
which he alleg-^d thnt he had lost in the kin);'fl
enice. He
was asked whether he intended
to Widen the king's distressed finances by
so large a demand, and answered va^ruely,
neither renouncing nor pressing his claim.
the end he receivcKl nothing. He
died at his
house in Ix)ndon on 9 Nov. 1321 (Floret Hut.
lit 200; Cii8TRriELD. De F.pp. Cor. et Lich-
JkU in Avglin Saera, i. 442 other writers
; dttiiaf the latter part of the time as agent for
My on 16 Not.) He wa-s buried on 5 Pec.
in the lady-chapel of Lichfield Cathedral.
Hietrigy,in Derbyshire marble, still remains,
tboQgh in rather a defaced condition. It is
iignred on p. 16 of Hill's ' History of Lang-
ton.* Bis couoin, Edmund Peveril, WM
his
ih*it heir, and, despite all his misfortunes, he
Irft land in eleven counties (Cal. Jnq. poat
mm-tem, i. 300). He ia deacribed as alwnyi
dealing moderately with the people as an
oliieial (^Arm, Dttmt. in Ann, Mon, iii. 400),
nd 'Imno imaginoeut d MMtiwimiu
ciininiimiii|ij.^s>
573 Langton
Despite the cares of state Langton found
time and money to be a muni6cent benefactor
to hia church and see. About 1300 he began
the building at Lichfield of the lady-chapel
in which he was buried. He left money in
hia will to complete the work. He u1ik> sur-
rounded the cloisters with a wall, built a rich
shrine for St. Chftd's relics, which cost 2,000/.,
and gave vestmetttly jawels, and plate to tim
cathedral. lie encompassed the whole ca-
thedral close with the wall which enabled a
royalist garrison to offer a atout defence to
bridge, built houses for the virurs, nnd in-
crea.sed their common funds, ile huilt, for
himself a new palace at the edge of the
close, rebuilt Eccleshall Castle, repaired hia
London house in the Stnad, Mid repured or
rebuilt several of his manor-houres ( Angtia
Sacra, \. 441,447; Stone, Jlut. <>/ LicAfkU,
pp. 22-3). He may have been associated with
new churches at Church Langton and
the fine
Thorpe Lengton (Hill, Hut. o[ Latigton).
[dwontelea of Bdweid I and II, Ool!ti,
Trokelowe, Flores HiHtoriarom, Murimoth, all
in Rolls 8r. ;
Hemingburgh (Engl. Uist. Soc);
Chron. of lAueroost (UannatTue Club) ; Rjmer'a
Foedera, Record ed.; Madox's Hit. of the Ex-
chequer; Whartori's Anglirt Sacra, i. 441-2,447,
451 ; Le Nrve's Fasti Ecclesiw Anglicanse, ed.
Hardy, i. 649L.60i Calendarium la^uisiUonain
post moKeni : Fariianientary Writs, i.*654-<, Ii.,
lii. 7-9-31; Fusa% Judges uf Engl.im'l; StubVm'a
Oouatitutiooal HiaU vol.ii.; Hill's Hist, of Lang-
ton; Stoae'e Hist, of Lidifleld.] T. F. T.
LANGTON, WILLIAM (1803-1881%
antiquary and financier, son of Thomas Lang-
ton (who in early life had been a merchaat
at Riga, afterwards at Liverpool, and wliO
died in 1838 in Canada West), was bom at
Fariield, near Addingham, in the West
Riding of Yorkshire, on 17 April 1803. His
mother was the daughter of the Rev. Wil-
In liam Currer, vicar of Clftpham. He was edu-
cated chiefly abroad, wiMrallonflqttiied fami-
liarity with forei^nx languages. From 1821 to
1829 he was engaged in business in Liverpool,
some mercantile nrms in Russia. Removing
to Manchester in August 1829, he accepted a
responsible position in Messrs. Heywood'a
bank, and in connection with that house he
continued until 1854, when ha succetHled to
the important poet of inuimgiuKr director of
the Manchester and Salford Bank, which
flourished under hia rule for the next twenty-
twoyenm HexdgiiedinOetolMrl876incon-
senuence of the complete failure of his si^ht.
During the long period of his residence in
Mandmter be was justly regarded as one of
i|i flMfl ueoippliaW Vila pliiimthio|a#
Digitized by Google
 luAtigton 574
w&s associated in the ostablish- tiied at Kirkham en 24 Sopt. 16&8. lU wm
dtixens, and
D^mt of some of Ha prominent fatttitutiona. educated at SSikliatt gMttftr aelioot,
He took a leading part in the proje<:tion of
the Manchester Aihennum in 18^ Uia
sMMb #eM publicly reco^Md ilk 1881-
the presentation to the Athcnocum of liis
jharble medallion bust, along with thoee of
bis c6-ib<mder8, Riohard Comlen and James
Heywood, F.R.S, When the Chetham So-
ciety wft? fOiindtnl ill 1848 lie b^came one
of its earliest members, and was elected its
tYeasurer, subse^Mitlyezohanging that office
for the honorary secretaryship. He edited
for the society three volumea of * Chetham
MiaeftUaAiea,' 1861,1866, IMS f <Ltooadun
Inquisitions Post Mortem/ 1876; and'Bo-
nalVa Viaitation of Lancaahire of 1588,' 2 toIb.
1876-89. About 1846 faotfotod 18 iscmtary
to a conimltfce that was farmed to obtain a
university for Manchester. Though unsuc-
oessftil, thisscheme probably in purt sug-
gested to John Owens [q. v.] the foundation
of the college which bears his naiiie. He
was also, in aaeociation with Dr, Kay (aftur-
-^ards Sir J. P. Kav-Shuttleworth fq. t.1), a
chiof promnter of the Manchester Provident
Society^ and of the Manchester Statia-
tfeal ^cietyin the same year. To fho latter
pociet^'he contributed in 1857 n pnper on thti
*Balance of Account between the Mercantile
ihiblie and tlte Bank of England,' and in
18C7 a presidential address.
Among other professional papers he wrote
On Banks and Bank Shareholders,' 1879,
and a h i ter on savings hanks, 1880, addressed
to the ciiancellor 6f the exchequer. Tie was
An accurate genealogist, herald, and anti-
qtuuy^ a philologist, a skilful draughtsman,
And a graceful writer of verse, both in his
own langiiage and in Italian. On his retire-
ment into private life 6,0001. -wm ciised in
his honour, nnd n memnrirjl T.nngton fellow-
ship founded at Owens College. He Bunt
Ms tetffettMtat at Ingntestone, I'Issex, where
he dl. d on i>9 Sept. 181 Ho wot Wied in
. to R. Tfioreshy, ii. 323-3, 301-2).
Frverning churchyard, Essex.
l^e married at Kirkham, Lancaahtio, oA
15 Nov. 1831, Maraaret, daughter of Joseph
Hornby of Ribby, Lancashire^ had inue Md
three sons and six daughters.
pStmafr in Chethau SbeUty^e Publications,
ToCct., which coDtainsnboaportt nit of I.nngtott
fW>m the Athenum bust; Mancho^ttr Guardian,
80 iSept. 1881 Mftnchoater Citv Newo. 1 Sept.
; ffitUrt, ed. Cheater, p. 437).
1877 and 1 Oot. iMl ; FobtH^a LaocanhirePcdi*
fri.) aw. S.
JjM!t(&tO, ZAmkRY (168&-1786),
divine, third son of Cornelius Lnnpton of
Kirkham^ Laneaahira, and Eliaabeth hia wife,
4fttifbMr of tbt M9f* ZMtoy Tajlor, head-
MHItfUr of tlia gMMNUMir aehopl tlioie,.%rM ba^
Langwtth
on being eleot^ to a B^ker exhibition, Aveot
teMagi&latt Hdl,Chr<bfd,fWh0ioliagwMjlu(ad
BiA. OB >8 m7i791, Mia MJL on 10 Jtu
1724. After his ordination he removed to
Ireland, where his kinsman, Dr. Clayton, wu
bishop of Killala, and afterwards of Clorhftr.
Ue held prefermenta in the diocen'' 4 Ku-
lala. and was chaplain betweeti 17-U! tad
ITLii to the Earl of Harrington, lord-lieu-
tenant. He held the prebend of Killaiagtit
from 5 July 1736 until 1782, and that of
Errew iiom 6 l7'6o until hit death, la
NoTflmbflr 1761 he returned to En^g^aad, aad
was present at Kirkham Church in 1769 tX
the recantation of William Gant, lat a Bo-
man eafholie priett He paUuliad: anony*
mously a pedantic work entitled * An Eassy
concerning the Human Rational Soul, is
three part?,' 8vo, Dublin 1753: Liverpool,
i:V); UxJbrd, 17t>4. The OxfiimedkioohM
a dedication of 166 pa^
addreaaed to tht
Duke of Bedfond, lord-heu tenant of IztslaQd.
lie died at Oxford on 1 Feb. 1786. He mar-
ried Bridget, daug^hter of Alexander Butler of
Kirkland, Lancaahire, but died without i&^u^.
[FbhwUkV KMdjam (CfaadmmSoa.). MS:
Pal.ktinoNoto-bCKjk.iv, 148,179. 246; Ennraker'*
Local Uleanings, 4to. ii. 127. 9^o, 214^ M*i
Monthly Itev. DaeMAM ttid. 4M ; Oaat.
Mug. 178G, Ivi. 266; Cotton's Fasti Hibem. it,
89. 1 10 ; Foster's Lauc Pedigree.] a W. &
liANOWITH* BENJAMIN (1684^
1743), antiquary and natural philosopher, a
Yorkshiremun, wa.s bom about 16.S4. Hi>
wn* educated at Queeurt" College, Cambridge,
and elected fellow and tutor (OoopEB, Afe-
moriuh of Onnhit'dqe, i. 314). He graduated
ii.A. in 1704, M.A. in 1708, B.D. in 1710,
and D.D. in 1717 (Qmtabr. Graduati, 1787,
p. '238). Thore.sby plactnl his sou under hw
care, but was obliged to remove him, owing
to Langwith*9 negligence (LeUen miittmi
Ha was
inatitttted to the rectory of Fetworth, Siuaes,
in 1718 (Daxxawat, Rape of ed. AmMt
Cartwright,p. 335), and was made prebendary
of Chichester on 15 .Tune 17'2.> (Lb Neve,
Fasti, ed. llardy, i. 273). IIo was buried at
Pet worth on 2 Oct. 1743, aced 59. Hia
widow, Sarah, died on 8 Feb. 1784, aged 91
and ^m buried in Westminster Ahhej {JR^
Langwith pave Francis Drake some a>sitit-
vao^ 'vol the preparatioa of hia '.^bq^acuiBa.'
Hie eoieotifie ettaiDmeatt weM eemidMebW
Four of his dissertations were inserted in tho
* Philoeophical Transactiona.' Ue wrote also
* Oheecvatione on Dv. Arbatbnot'a Diafert*-
tiona on Coim^ We^fMl^ Mid 1ifeenpnni'4ftiy
Digitized by Google
 Lanier Lanief
l.<Midoo^ 1747, edited bj bit wid6w. It. wad
H iiwti in tbo-ebad edition of AlMitbne' (1668-1666); nttrioiatf and aauteur of arC^
^Tablet of Ancient Goms,' 4to, 17rvl. born in I^don in 1588, is no doubt identi-
rXioboU'e UMkr. of lit. L ^i; Watt nil. cal with 'l^iohoUs, son of John l^aimver.
.

BnL] G. G. Mttsleiaatohep lla*^,' ifho wasbaptied on

10 Sept. 1688 in the churvh of Holy 5rinories,
ULNU&K, Sir JOHN (d. It>2), mUitary Loudon. John Lanier (or Lanuyer), tl)
father, maaried on ht^Oot 1686, at tho sflmno
of&glieh auxiliaries which son'ed some tini*^ church, Frances, dan phter uf ^lark Antbony
ia Franco under the Duke of Monmouth, and GalliardeU<h/*lu> had starved^ a .musician to
Iw loot eywhOit etafefred in thftt eerviee. Henry VHI md his thioo. s^eoessoini. Tb
He 8iioc*^'(]t Si r Thomas Morjjan a(fovefnor family of Lanier was of Fiooch origin, and
(1
[

of Jenej,andwaskmghitd. BLiftnileiaGftid served as muaioiaDS of the loyiil housobuld

I

tohcv* Wen deepoti&> At tho aeeeniotf of in England fbrsaveralgeaanibions. QaoJobn

I

Jam>e 1 1 he wae recalled, and put in com- Lanier, pn>b;ibly NlchDhis's grandfather, who
I

mand of a regimoitQC iuNsse ; he waecolonel died in 167:^, was described in lo77 s.a
1

of tlie dueen'e reginent of hovae^ iiwdiolii I FiendiilMn andrmuuoiftni a natiro of Boaon

drti-oon u'nnr.ls. in 1087 (I/arl. MS. -iM7 in France, and owner of property in Crutchrd
'

L 6j, and he became iieutenant-ffenoral in If'rian in the patSsbof St. Oiav^Hart Street
leea. HoMand Ibt WDIitttlltuidm Xiond^n (boo Bxtii Bpio, Comm. Now 1369^
<le?patchc(l to Scotlund to taliR Ediuburph 19 Eli/,, 1.-77).
Caatle, which aurrtMidered to him on 12 June Another iSicholss Laniery^poasibljr !Niho>
1689^(LinnfeLL, Brief HiMoribal MebOion, las*s vtadio, wis stasidBB toQneen Clisabeth
5.479, 533,547). Ho subscq a -Mitly did excel- in 1681, and owned considomble property in
lent eervice in the veduction of Ireland, but East Qreenwioh, lilaokheath, and tha noigli*
W bad mneli UoabltwiHi tbe majority of bia boifao6d. Bo died in 191S, leoving lour
repiment, who inrlinfid to Janins ll, uiul fn - danglitor-^ luul ttix sons, John (J. 1660), Al-
quentiy disagreed with hia brother oiboers pbouso id, IdiSLlanoceUt ((. 1625), Jerome
fd. i; S97, 618, ii. 170). On the eVaninfir ^
(d. 1657), CleiieHI )601)y Andrea (<
15 Feb. 1CS9 ft) he marched from Newry 1659), who were all musioiana in the m i-v ic*^
towards Dundalii, then strongly garrisoned by of the crowuj while some of their children
aIrlidi,'witliatUoiii*ndtffoopa. Tlienait MKtoeedod tliini ih thour pottv.
moniinET. dceniitifr it useless to make an at- Nicholas Lanier, like other members of
tack on tbe town, he burnt a great part of the his family, became a musioiao in, the royal
oofeu Aaov tbe 'woet ndo. At the eaifte tnne a honsehbld, and in* 1604 teeoivod payoMnt
p.^rtv of Levi^fonV driif^oon.^, under hi? direo- for his livery as musician of the flutes. IIo
tioo^ took Bedioe Caatie, and a prise of about was attached to the household of lie Uennr,
1ft wiu hnndM eowa and hotsas (Haskis, prmeo of Wales, and OQ tiia daath of mb
Life of William III, p. 249). At the battle prince in 161:.' lie wrot-e to Sir Dudley Cir-
of Um Boyne, on 1 July 1600, Lanier was Jeton [q. v. J that 'he knows not which is
at th' MM tt his rpgiroent. Ho Was a]ao tho mora dangt>roii attempt, to tumoonrtier
present at the si^ge of Limerick in the follow- or cloune.' He hrM .suhse(juently a pt(j-
iaff Aiiffiwt(i6. ii.210),atLuBesboroiurh I'ass minent position among the royal muaioia]%
iBl)teuber 100 with Kirko (Swrt, /ai- both as oonposer and poffbnnMr. Hiairiek .

partial Jlistory, p. 48), and at the battle of alludes to his skill in singing in a poem ad-
Aughrim on 13 July 1681 (Boxsb, iL i)04). dressed to. Henry Lawes. JUi, ldl4 Lanifi^
Lcnar ivat to have ud
a eraunand nnder the Gioranni Ooparsrio [a. t.], id othneoi>
Duke of Leinstf r but on 26 Dec. William posed the music f<jr the mu&i|ue by Thomas
;

offared him 4 ponsioii of 1,i600^ a j^ear on con- Uampion, given on St. Stspheua night ofi
dltion tttifr ho Mn^fDsd his oornnisnon (^JO^ tho eeensitihi of ti nahriagt of Robert ChuT,
TBFLt, ii. IfX), 3-23V T.nni. r rufus- d to earl of Somerset, and I.Ady FraJicea Howard.
tetife, and in April 1692 the king appointed Lanier oompoeed the music for the nasaao
htm ono of bii^ (|f(>nen]s'of hone ni Fmnders, of 'Lovan Ifiido Men' oonpoaed bjr Ben
tbongTi his health was fast failing. He was Jonson [a. v.], and given at Lord Hay's house
badly woupded at the bi^ttle of ^eenkifk o^ on<aa J^ob. 1017 i oa this oeoi<Mi JUniet is
8 An|^ 1692, vtA died ft fewdayi aftbmrdi. Md
to hnva introduoed Ibr the first time
Hit was a bachelor. info England the new Italian mode, or stylo *

fF7.1!e'9 .TcTrnr(Durcin.rr. 138.398; Boy. r's

recitativo.' Lriniar also sang himself in uyi
Lite of William 111, ii. 178. 181 MHcaulay'i Hist.
;
maiique and paiMM the sctiiory fef i^
Ch. SVt #in ff^. in P. aa
187. Pane.] composed the niuaic for Ben Jou.son'8 masqne
Q. a. *Tho Viajon of Peligbt,' perforated %% 0Hf|

Digitized by Google
 Lanier 576 Lanigan
at CImBtmaa 1617. An air by Lanier from Piiper'* for Lanier to journey with pictures
Luminalia, <wr the Festival of Light,' per- aiui musical instruments between Flanders
formed at court on Shrove Tuesday, lui7 is , and England. In 1655 the Earl of Newcastle
printed in J. Staflbrd Smith's Musica An-
* gave a bull at the Hague to the court, st
tiqua/ p. 60. On the accession of Charles I, which a song composed oy the earl was sunjj
Lanier wna w^ll rewarded for his services, to music by I.niiier. On the Restoration he
lie was appointed master of the king*B music was reinstated in bis posts as master of the
and given a pension of 200l a jmt (see king's music and maPMial of the corporation
RTMrH, Fcrdera, xviii. 728). of music. He composed New-year's music in
Lanier was also a painter himself and a 16(i3 and 1065, and died in February
dolled amateur of works of art. In 1625 he Songs by Nicholas Lanier are printed in
was fifnt by f'liarlesl to collect pictures and ' Select Musicall Ajres and Dialogues' (16<%3
statues for tlie royal collection. Ue remained and 1650), The Musical Companion (1C67),
'
'

in Italy about three years, staying at Venice * The Treasury of Music ' (1669), and ' Choio*

and elsewhere, and expended large sums of Ayres and Songs,' iv. (1685). A
good deal
money on his master's behalf. In 1 t'>2S he was of his music remains in manuscript ; in the
at Mantua, lodging in the house of Daniel British Museum there are songs bv him
Nys, the agent, through whom Charles I ac- (Add. 3rSS. 1160S, 29396; Eg. MS. 2013),
quired the collection of the Duke of Mantua, and a cantata ' Hero and Leander (Add. '

iBOlvdinfr Mantegna's * Triumph of Oseear,' MSS. 14399, 33236), ^fbioh had some sueean
now at Tlnmprnn Court. Lanier's acquisi- in his day. Other miisic remains in manu-
tions formed the nucleus of the celebrated script in the Music School and in the library
eolleetion fbnned by Charles L He is con- of Christ Churdi, Oxford, and also in the
sidrrpd to have been the first, with the ex- Fitzwilliam Museum at Camhridce.
ception perhaps of Thomas Howard, second Besides the portraits mentioned above
MUrl of Arundel [q. v.l to appreciate the Vandyck is said to have painted Lanier as
worth of drawings and sKetxshes by the great David playing the liarp before Saul.* \
'

painters. Certain pictures and drawings that miniature of I.anier by Isaac Oliver was in
an be ineed to the eolleetion of Charles I James H's collecHon of pictures. In the
htmr a mnrk generally accepted as denoting Mu.sic School at Oxford there is an in-
that they were among thase purchased by teresting portrait of Lanier, painted by him-
Lanier. Sir William Sanderaon, in his Gra- self (engraved by J. Caldwall in Hawkiss,
'

phice,' flllegrg that from his experionoe in Ili$f. of Afitn'r, iii. 880). Tliis showii him
trading in pictures Lanier was the tirst to to have been a i>ainter, but he cannot be
introduoe the practice of turning copies into identical with the NiOHOLas La.xtbr (1568-
originals by blackening and rolling them. 1646 P), pos-sibly a cousin, who in 1636 pub-
Vandyck painted Lanier's portrait at half lished some etchings rom drawings by Par-
length, and the king's admiration tar the pi c- migiano, and in IdSB another set of etchings
inre ?aid to have led htm to persuade after Gitilio Romano. It is probably this
Tandvck to permanently settle in England. last Nicholas Lanier who was buried in St.
Another portrait of Lanier painted at this Martin's-in-the-Fielda on 4 Nov. 1646.
time by Jan Livens was finely r ngrnvpd by Tlie family of Lanier continued to inherit
Lneas VoFsterman. Lanier was appointed their musical talent for successive genera*
keeper of the king's miniatures. In 1636 tions. One branch went to America, where
(Tharles T grnnted to him and others a charter it was worthily represented by Sidnej^Lanisff
of incorporation as 'The Marshal, Wardens, (1842-1891), musician and poet.
and Cominalty of the Arte and Science of [Oil. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 160A-T9*
Musirke in Westminater.' Lanier waa chosen Walpole's Anecdotes of Pninting, ed. Wornaic;
the first marshaL Sainsbnry's I'upers rehitingto Rubens; Vertue's
With the outbreak of the civil wars the MSS. (Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 23068. &c.);
fortunes of the Lanier family declined. On Hawkins's Tli^t. of Music; Grove'n Diet, of
the execution of the king Lanier composed a Music and MusiciiuiB; Meokel's MniiikaliKchrS
funeral hymn to the words of Thomas Pierce. Con vtrHif ions L4 xikon; F'^tis's Bio^raphie Uni-
venwlla des Mosiciens; Hasted's Hist, of KeoL
He had the mnrtificntinn nf seeing the king's ed. Drake, 1886; tnfttrmattOB ktodly eupplieii
odieotions, which he had done so much to
Ly ?tf(s8rs. W, Barclay Squire, Y.3.A.. Alft4
Ibrm, dispmed by anetion. Lanier and his bcun Gatty (York herald), and others ] L. 0.
cousins were larg^ purchnsers at the sale,
and he himself was the mirchaser of his own LANIGAN, JOHN, D.D. (1758-18i>S).
portrait by Vandyck. l)nring the common- Irish eoeleaiastical historian, bom at Cashel,
wealth he appears to have fnlln-w-erl the rovnl CO. Tipperary, in ITHP, wa.<? the oldf^'t of he
Uawly in exUe, Passes exist among the btate sixteen children of Thomas {^M^igaui a sclwvl-

Digitized by Coogle
 Lanigan 577 Lanigan
BUfter of that city, bv Mary Anne the French refugee denpr after the revolu-
his wife
fDeifcu!). H was oanotted hj hi* IkdieT, tion. This I^igaa inmgnantly refoaed to
who afterwards placed him in a seminary do, though he declared that he would cheer-
Icept at Caahel by Patrick Uarei a proteatant fully subscribe the bull ' Unigenitus l>ei
clergrmMi. Here ha im % gne* Uruad of FiUoa,* issued by GlMBflBt XI in 1713. Tho
Eli w a rd Lysaght [n. t.], and remained for acme result of the dispnto wa* that ho xaaigned
time M uaber. In 1776 be was recommended the professorship.
hgrDr. JHiiesBnt1er,ftrohbiah<mof C^hel, for At the suggestion of hia friend Oaneral
a bur-e in th Irish CoHoge at Rome (Moran, Vallancey he wtm enpiji^ed by the Royal
il^icUeaium OsBorifTugf iii. 361). He sailed Dublin Society as asaiataut-librarian, foreign
mm Cork to London, where he was robbed correspondent and gemml am^w Utm^
of his money by a ft llow-pasfienger but visor, with a salary of a guinea and a half
;

iottonately prieat affordea him a refuge per week but it appears that he was not
;

is Ms hottae until ft femittaiieo from borne regularly appointed as an oflioer of tho ao*
en;iblp(l him to continno his iourney to Rome, ciety untU 2 May 1799. In 1808 his salary
liiaprogreea in theological and philosophical was increased to I60i, per annum. He was
tMiM WWbrilltant and rapid, and after intimately aaiociatad iriA the litarny en*
having attended a courefi of Ifct iires on canon terprisos of the time in Dublin. His wit,
law et the Sapienaa he was ordained priest. learning, liberal Catholicism, and the dignity
Soon nlierw Mds be ww
indneed bf^am- and auttvity of his oontinental Hianneia wore
burini to settle at Pavia, whore ho wa.^ after- a ready passport to the best society. Among
wards afi^inted to the chairs of Hebrew his friends were General Vallancey, Richard
eedeaiaatieel bistoryuid dMnitfinibe uni- Kirwan, prsrident of ^o Royal Indi Aon
Tf riity. In 1786 he declined to attend the demy. Archbishop Troy, Dennis Taaffe, and
achiamatical diocesan council held at Pistoia the Celtic scholars Wilfiiun Hallidaj and Ed*
vnder the poretidene^ of the Jaaaenfafe bishop ward O^Beilly. He aaetsted the latter to
Soi{>io rJicci. In 1793 he published the first found the Gaelic Society of Dublin in 1 808.
part of his ' Institutiones Biblice/ which, it He wrote on current attairs under the pseu*
M mM, WM mppieased in eonseqaenM<^aome donyms of 'Lmuena' and 'An Irish Finaat;'
of th? opinions advanced (Ormb, Bibliotheea in 1805 he engaged in a controversy witii
BMica,^2Si). He was created D.D.b7the John Giffard concerning catholic disabilities.
wnremty of nvln on 88 June 1704. Two Symptoms of eerebru decay appesied in
Tear? lat-er, when Xapoleon's victorious troops lb I.'5, and he was removed to Canhel, where he
overran the duchy of Milan, the members of was tenderly nursed by his sisters. Although
the nai fw aity of VtciHtL were dltpmaed, and for ft time able to TCaume work, and even
Lanignn hurriedly returned to his native to superintend the removal of the Royal
conntry, in company with seyend other Irish Dublin Society's library (rom Hawkins Street
to Kildars Btraat, ho nltimatelv beeamo n
On landing in Coric as a penniless wanderer permanent patient in Dr. Harty s apylum at
he vainly applied for pecuniary assistance to Finglaa. He died on 7 July 1828, and was
Ite> Moylan, bishop of that dnooBBe, and his intflRod in F!nglaaeharehyara,wheroa nonv-
TieSP^neral, Dr. AfncCiirthr, who both re- ment was erected to his memory in 1861 with ,

paidea Lanigan as a Jansenist, on aoeount of appropriate inscriptions in Insh and Latin.

MB istiniacy with the notorioiia TamborinL Hia libnury waa aold 6and7 Mavsh 18S8.
He wa compelled therefore to walk to Coshel, His principal work is ' An Ecclesiastical
where he was welcomed by hia auryiving r- Histonr of Ireland, from the first Introduo
laitfvea. After an nnmeeeaeAd atlem^ to tionofObibtianit^ anionff tho Irish totlio
obtain the pptritnal rnre of a parish in the beginning of tho tferteentli century,' 4 vols.,
diocese of Cashel, he proceeded to Dublin, Dublin, 1823, 8fO: Snd edition, Dublin, 1829,
md was attached to the old I^aaeit Street 0VO. llib work he began in 1799. iteon-
OhApel, by invitation of its pastor, Martin tainp, in chronolo^cal seqtience, bio^phies
HiWi HamilL the vicar-general and dean of of the principal Insh saints, with their * acts
BaMm, who had been his ftllow^adaiit at abridged, while their reeoided nrindaa aw
m
Ro p. S li o rt 1 y a fl<> r w ard h was nominated, for the most part suppregsed. His other
oo the motion of the primate, seoooded by works are : 1. * De Origine et Progress u Her-
tibe Arehbishop of Dublin, to the chair of menentien Saem,' Pavia, 1789^ Ming hia in-
sarnHl scripture and Hebrew in the Royal augural address as professor of Hebrew snd
CoUsffB of 8t. Patrick, Maynooth. TheBishop sw^ed scripture at Pavia* 3. ' Sag^o sull*
tiCont, itiU fttitpec t ng bun to be a Jaasenist, manisra dlneegnare a' giorani sedniastiei
i b
sogvevted that be should j:iib<icribe the for- Scienta de' Libri Sacri, Pavia, pp. 1 59, a work
WKuik which had been drawn up as test for of great raritv. 9<'InetittttionumBiblicarufl
'

??

Digitized by Google
 Lankester S78
MM prima, qua continetur IliBtoria Librorum kester to his e.xcellent library, andhelMdiiifl
Bacxorum \ ett\ri8 et No\'i TesUunenti,' voL i. in the study of Latin and Gvtek ind wa&^
(all published), Pavia, 8vo, dedieated
179;i, lish classics. Lanket-terwas madeaeomarr i
f

to Count Joseph dd Wilieok, knight of the a vip^orouaoatusal history sooieity in thetowa

N>ldeii Fleeoe, iiKnit8ialn|f ikiuoh T&luable
mntter. 4. *An Eaeay on the Practical
History of Sheep in Spain, and of the bpauuU
AlilMdl Smmm, Ae. By
George St a mpf, M.A., and ineuilxjr of the
Academy of Menti, Lctpeiok, 17<86. Trtuur
krted fnm tke Qaaatan/ Soblk, 1800, 8to.
In Tol. u pt. L f the * TratuaotionB of the
Dublin Sociftv,' 6. * Introduction concern-
ing the Nuture, Present State, and true in-
tBMfet of the Chovohof Bngland, and on the
means of etTectinj? a Tvoonciliation of tli
Ohurohes; with remarks on the False Ke-
pwontationa, repeated in tome late Tracts,
of several Catholic Tenets, particxilarly the
SuOTemaoj of the See of Rome, IteiUBtts/
fMKtdtOftbookofee pages ntitled <Th
Frotostant Apolo^ for the Horann Cuthnlic
Oburch. IBjr Gbnatianas, Le. WiUiam Tal-
hot of CuUe Tatbot, ecu. Wizfiird,' Dnyhi)
1809, 8m 6. An edition of Alban Butler's
* Meditatirtna and Discourses/ Dublin, 1840,
6vo, is Baid to have been revised and im-
poffd'b^ Luigan.
pfrlsh Wks Worthies, inrln^ini; Dr. Lani-
gAD, bin Life and Timtfi. by W. J. KitrpAtrick,
LL.D., Dublin, 1873; Allibone's Diet, of English
lit. ii. 1068 IJren.in'.t Eccl. HIat. of In-lauJ,
; Between 1840 and 1 8-16 he made many friends.
1864. p. 649; Dublin Kev. Deember 1847, p.
489; Horne'H lulrud. to the Holy Scripturwi;
Ji0wnde's Wbl. Man. (BqIvd). p. 1309; Ci^t. of
J^brry of Trin. Coll. Dublin, t. au.j T. C.
LANiKS31!BIt, BDWDf <1814-18r4%
ian of Boienoe, was bom 28 April 1814,
at Melton, near ^^'^oodbridge, Sufiolk. His
father, William Ltankester, was a builder,
lld lUed (tf i^iiAisis at the age of twentj-
even, leaving a -widow, hie son Edwin, four
^ears old, and a daughter still younaper. An
andcurator^ilwnMMetttn. The friends,
by his honesty and nhility, lent hiui iiXXW. t
support him through a Aiedieal couneatlU
recently opened LoAidoii UnWeni^, iAm
from lcf34 to li>i7 ho studied medicine
the Jiafcaral fictenoes. Ue studied tooUi^
mteOmat tad botany under Lindlej,*
whose medal Uii
class he gained the ailvor
fellow-student 3 elected him president of tbt
college medical society. In 1837, bfliaguo-
aU :to afford the ex]^nee of the fidl coune
tiecessary for the uuiversity of London d-;-
pree, he qualihed as M.11.C.S. ajid LixA.
Through the friendship of his teach^,Iili>
ley, he obtained a valiKible appointra-rn? a.'
luaident medical.atteudaat and acnoe tutor
Ib the femily of Mr. Woodiif CbmpMttBdl.
near Donca.ster. With his pnpilBy youthj <vf
Bceptional talent, he incpeasea lua leitBtiiic
fauBwlmige, d|1 Im fumad n UUhn^fMr
ship with his colleague. Dr. Leciard bchiuiti.
In 1839 he went to Heidelberg to learn G-
man and to graduate as M.D., a feat which
he acconii^iMMd after a residence of t
months. He nowsettled in London, and t^f-
ported himself by literary work, ^pular lec-
turos, and such practice fell m biatraj-
ipcXudiiw Charles Dickens, Douglas Jerrola,
and Aarlfivr Hbnfrey [q. v.l He lodgeipitk
Edward Forbes fq. v.] iuGoIden Square; wr.;*^'
rej^vdarlj f<M: th * Lhuly Naws ' (cbiedr ou
mumtl tcAmb, in support of Ifv. Wtlw9)|
and began a conn. ction with the' Athetueum
which lasted till his death. ILe was a regular
attendant at the British Aasooiation, and te
iiTe-aud-twenty years (188^-64) was ieci^
tary of section D. He was an Original nj^lD-
ber of the famous lied Lions/ loundvd 1>T
*

nnudidouB use ti tmb email property left by Edwwd BbtbM [q. y.] in 1839. In 1641 b
William Lunkeftter made tfm family ponr. heCttttie secret nry of t lie Kay Society. In 1845
d win's school education came to an end he was elected a lellow of the Koyal Society
mthm Im-wu tiielf twdve ^ean told. He TiMtbw<iw% eaiMT altir Im aiamag* it>
!was about to be apprenticed to a watclimnker 1845 was divided betwtoa tim pUranit of
.when Sanuel QMsing, s^iveoo, of Wood- .soieoca and the axUfsiob of ft ItD^kdfs of
toidg, took UmucB airtiiudiNi^ In 168S Kneiitifie lemAlta. He bad in 1841 tabn tte
bis articles expired, and he became as'^istant e.xtra-]i cense of the College of Phy*iciiini,
to a surgeon named Stanisland of Fareham, with d View to practice in L0ed8. Bet hi
Hampshire. Hewos not well treatd,andafber failure in 1847 to obtain the London liceaS
a few months left to become assistant at the of that body led to his gradually alMndesosg
* lit'j>ertoriurt.' in SeynKnir Strtft, Eiiston the practice of medicine for more distinctly'
Square, London, Avhers he sull'cred literally scientific work. In 1847 he wrote the aruew
Atom seml-starvmtiiM. In 1633 he became ' Rotifera for the 'Oyclopiedia of Anatomf
'

assistant to Mr. SpurgeOn of SaflTron Walden and PLysiolopy;' in 1819 he produced s

in Essex, who, thiHi^hseTere and 8Lictitie,took traaslatiott of Scfaleidf& a ' Priseipiea of Scisa-
ft-Vliniureinfiirdieniigtlie intellectual deve- iaSe BotaA7,'atid in 1800 wis |lMiatd mo-
It - -

"

Digitized by Google
 Laitkester 579 LaAkester
4oB. In 18{>3 he Wa>6 lectiirvr on toatomT James, Westminster, a po^itiou which h held
ad nbyMologj at fchttOtomnif Place Sdiool until his death. Ial66vhewrote,inooi)}uno-
W iledicine, and from that ycnrtill 1871 was tion with Dr. William ly thobv, tin- nrtirle
joiat editor of the ' Quarterly Journal of Mi- 'Sanitary Sciince in xh eighth edition of
'
,

eiDaoopicAl Sdenoe' (until W68 with George the < Encyclopaedia Britannica,' and pot only
,

Bu;k, and from to 1871 with his eon, publishMl lii.^ olficiul reports to thevrstry of
K. Kaj iAnkeater). lie waa led to tiik aJi oL James, but iuitiated a system of itiatl|tit
;

ctiTe part in t|i lrfcro>oopio emnhial>k>n of far dietribution among thehottsehdida of the
irmli:lng--'watpr8 durinp tho cholera epideniic parish, whicb ha since been taken up and
of ibd^f Aod, in ooojunotion with Dr. Snow, carried on by the Na;tional Health Society.
6eaioattrsted ^ ooniiMtioiiof theeelebrated In I8G2, on the death of Tbomw Waklay,
Broad Street pump' with that epidemic. Lankester wns srlrf^tfd by tho medical pro-
In lSu5 be edited for the prince consort, at feaaiion as the medical candidate fpr the post
tks m^gwdon of Sir Jamea Clark [q. v.], an of coroner for Gentml lliddleasK. He waa
important work hy William Macgillivray op^eod by Mr. (now Pir Charles) Lewis, a
fa. v.j on the Natural History of the Ih-.o sohcitor. Lankester was elected after a hard
'

Sue ind Braemtr;' it was issued for private and expensive fight by a majority of fbrtar-
circulation. In 185(1 he piililisliffl a little tij\i n in a total p-dl 10,?^04, but incurreo a
book on the Aouorium, Frtsh Water and Mar debt which weighed him down till his death.
'

riaa.' Alfred LloTd, the originator of all the Re now threw himself endrely into work
great aquaria, publicly attributed his first in- C nnf'cted with the public licultb, and rxcr'pt
tereaft in the subject to a lecture bjLankester. occasional lectures in ladies' schools and the
In 1867 he produced a translation of KUchen- eu miner ooutaes at the nidene of the Royal
aDeister's important work on ' Animal and Botanical Society, he abandoned his connec-
Vegetable Parafiitea of th Human Body' tion with botany and natural history. Ilead-
(Sjdenhaoi SoeJ), and in 1669 was eleeled irooatedthoteaiaunff of physiology in eehoolB,
president of tin' MicroscopicalSocIcty of Lon- and produced a school manual of Health, '

aoa. In ISGli he was ap^lnted examiner in or Practical Phvsiology ' (1868). For twelve
botany to the acienoe and art department, yeara he was nown to the puUie by the
lie aljo did rnurb nnonymoas literary work newspaper reports of lii.s inquests. Ho wa.'i
condemned by the county iioanciers, but was
approved by the public, for insisting upon:
estigee proper medical evideiir(< ii^ to the euuso of
Z^ural iiiatorjr of Creation*' death. He drew attention to the frequencv of
Lsaheeter at the same time engaged in a hifittitieide, to haby-fhrmtag, and the negUet
very ardent attempt to spread a knowltd^o of workhouse intirmaries. His conclusions
of ph^aioloojand the causes of diaeaaeamung (aometinufs misrepresented by the press) are to
laymen, aniin important aanitarr invest iga- befirand mluelfToliintarily produced) 'Annual
tion*. In 1845 he had publlsbeu a work on Report*,' ]ubli*hed from iHtiH onwnrd'^ hytbe
* Natural History of Plants yielding Food/ Social Science Association in the 'Journal of
end in 1861 and 1803 he was a juror in the Seeiri Srienee/ whieh Laakeatsr founded in
depkrtment of economics of the Tiiternndoaal 186/), and edited until his death.
Exhihition held in Loudon. In 1858 he anc- lankester died, k) Oct. 1674, at the age of
aaidsd Pr. Lyon (afterwaidsdit Lofd) Play- sixty, from dbhetaa, after a Wef illneas. He
tttttM supenntond>>nt of the food collection married, in 1815, Phebe, eldest daughter of
M Bou^ Kensington Museum. He deviaed Samuel Pojpe of Highbury (formerly a mill-
athoaa f Mndering the aaaifrii of tuwus oiaerinlfaimhaat^^. utswift (the author-
kincb of food appreoinble liy the uninstrtirtcd ess of bookn on Brittsu wild flowers) and eight
Tiaitor, and gave courses of lectures upon ohildien survived him. She died on 9 April
feed (printaCin 1600), ojQd ilp9tt the uaea of 1600 at 5 Upper Wimpole Street. Hiseloest
animAle to man in relation to the industry of son, Kdwin Kay Lankest r, P\ R.S., at one time
t

man (printed iu 1961). On his appointment Director of the Natural History Museum,
m eorawer in 19#2, Sir Henry Cole (WJ^ Loadon, was orsatod K.O.B. in 1907.
1S82) [q. eecreturv of t]\>' science and Lankester was abovo thn middbj hoig-ht
art defctment, termiuuted bis appointment, and portly i hie complexion was hiflh-coiu ured,
and, m ppeniug fif tiie BmM Gmen eyes ead Mur darit brown. He ndneingi
M iistHi m in 1^3, wnvfed iht fhodogVeeiien larly i^reeable voice and manner, correspond*
lbiUir. ing to a natural kinduesa of heart, wlueh
Hia serview in s*H fe the ohokra of 18M leiideied it impoesilda 6rhim to he harsh or
led in 18^ tq his appointment iis tht> first unjust. He was a ,x'inal public speaker and
HHMia'al <ifieef of JiealtU li>r parish of iit. admirable iectorer. Uis chief mental
Ff3

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lankrink 580 Lant
was hia intense love of natural
ebaracteristic Lit e/*, 193). lie lived for many yan
iii.

9emwf tad of wild pknta and anhnals, oom- ,

in Piccadilly, but subsequently removed to
bined -with which he had good iudg'raent in ! Covent Onrc^cn, where he live<i in the hou*
matters of art. Until his last iUne; he was which al'terwards became Kichardaon'MHoteL
a man of irerj tethwbftbita. Ho died there hi 1682, and was boried it
11 is works are (besides those alren ly n ot iced his request under the porch of St. PaulV,
and many anonymous articles in periodi- Covent Garden. Uis collections were sold
cals): 1.Lives of Naturalists,' 1842. 2. 'An
afterwards to defray his debts.
Account of Askem and its Mineral Springs [Walpole's Anecd. of Painting, ed. Wonom;
topether with a sketch of the Natural History Virtue's MSS. (Brit. Mus. AddiL MSS. 2306S-
and a brief Topojjrnphy of the immediate 23U75) ; RdgniTe's Diet, of Aniatm.] L. C.
neighbourhood/ lfcH2. 3. Memorials of LANQUET or LANKBT,
THOMAS
John Ray,' Ray Society, 1846. 4. 'Corre- (1521-l64o), chronicler, was bom in 1521.
roondence of John Kay,' Kay Society, He studied at Oxford, and devoted himwU
o. ' }lalf<4ioim with the Mioroeoope/ Lon- to historieal research. He died in London
don, 1859. in 1545 while engaged on a useful general
[Private information; Nrttnro, 5 Nov. 1874; history. Thomas Cooper [q. v.1, nfterwnnis
Uucct, 7 Nov. 1874 ; Times, 31 Oct. 1874; bishop of Winchester, completed ir, and it
Medical Directory, p. 1177; Athenaam, 7 Nor* was |>ublished
in 1549 by Berthelet nadar
1874; Proe. Rogral 8oe. xxiii. 60.] the title of * An Epitome of Cronirles ron-
teining the whole Discourse of the Uisto-
LANKRINK, PROSPER HENRTCUS rics as well of this realme of England^ as ill
(102H-1V)2), painter, born in Germany in other countrei pathered out of mr>>r
. . .

1028, was son of a Ourman soldier, who probable auctors, fyrst, by T. L., from the
came with hit wife and child tx) Antwerp, beginnyng of the worid to the Ineamadoa
where h^^ prnctimd a command in the ser- of Christ, and now flni'^hed and coutinueil t<
vice of the Netlicrlandish amjy. After his the reisne of . . . Kynge Edwarde
the Sixt
father's death Lankrink was well educated by T. Cooper,' b.l.
4tO. This history is eene-
by his mother, who destined him for the rally known as * Cooper's Chronicle,' and pre-
clerical profession; but as he showed a great serves many curious traditions. Under th
talent mt punlan^, the reluctantly allowed year 1452 it is noted that then one named
him to be apprenticed to a painter, and to Johannes Kaustius fyrst founds the craft o(
Study in the academy of drawing at Ant- priutinge, in the citee of Mens in Ger-
werp. Here Lankrink made rapid strides, manie.' The subsequent editions of the
and soon showed a decided skill in painting < Chronicle' are mentioned under OooVKB,
landscape. This he increased by facilities Thomas, ^^'ond also assigns to LanqUf-t a
offered him for studying good works by Treatise of the Conquest of Bulloigne,' but
'

Titian, Salvator Rosa, and others in the col- it does not

teem to have snrvived.
lection of an amateur. After his mother's
[Wood's AtheSB Oxoo. ed.Bli&% i. 140 ; XotM
death Lankrink visited Italy, and then came
and Queries!, ist ser. viiL 494.] W. A. J. A.
to Enffhmd, where he soon atten-
'attracted
tion, lie was patronised, amongothers, by Sir LANSDOWNE, Barom (lOilT-lTS-j).
Edward Spragge [q. v.] and by Sir William [See Gkanvillu Gkb^ville, Ueobak.]
or
Williams. The latter bought most of Lattk> LANSDOWNB, Habovtsbs f. fSss
rink's painting, which wero, liowevcr, all Pettt, William, first Marqcis, 1737-
destroyed by fire. Lely employed l^ankrink 1806; PBm-lxTaMAUBios, Hjbjtbt, third
to paint the landscapes, flowers, and similtr Hasqvib, 1780-1869 { Frntx-VtoMAvrnta,
arcePsriri.'H in lii'^ portraits. His landscape IIk.vky Thomas, Ibnith MiMmm, 1818-
paintings were much admired at the time:
one, with a ' Njrmph Bathing her Feet,' was LANT, THOMAS (lWf-lG0O), herald
engraved in mezzotint by John Smith. He and draaghtomea, bom in or about 15(R^
painted a ceiling for Mr. Richard Kt-nt at was originally a servant to Sir Philip Sidney.
G^rsham, Wiltshire. lankrink was fond of Ho entered the College of Arms as Porteolhs
good living, and popular at court and in so- Eursuivant in 1588, and was created ^Wia^or
ciety, ecpfcially with ladies, but in middle erald 22 Oct. 1697, though hi-^ pntf-nt was
life he fell into idle and dissipated habits. not issued till 19 Nov. 160O. According to
He ibnned avefy good eolleetioa of i^etmes, Noble be died in the latter fmt.
prints, and drawings by the old masters, and His works are 1. 'Sequitur oelebrhaaft
:

by means of a loan from a friend, which he pompa funeris [of Sir FliUip Sidney], quptrr-
sever reoaid, added to it greatly at the sale dmodft a Clarencio Armorum et Insigniua
of Sir FMer Leij*s eolleetion (ef. NoBra, lege institnta est, m
enm fiviodiit imHit

Digitized by Google
 Lahtfred
aestoruiu, quibua pro loeo t ffradu cujusq;
c|Mlhtit ttflfoli otalmifettr. Delineatu . .
bocopuj ... est a T. LaaLiiueulptum deinde
ia mre a D. T. De'bri j. Hero ibUoweth the
Buuar of the whole proceeding of his fu-
neral],' &C., London, 1687, ohlong folio. It
ii dated at the end 1688. The work, which
Mof extreme rarity, consiata of thirty-four en-
prared copperplates, forming a long roll, with
a description u Laun and English.
the portnita is one of Laat himeelf, which
been republished. A w)py of the work, whirfi
vupuichaaed at Riduixd Gough'a
9L 18>. hj Sir Joa^h Buka, ia
BntiebMuaeum. 2. 'The Armory of Nobility,
&c, first jiathered and collected bj Kobert
Omke, aluu dannceuz, and afterwards cor-
nrti'il arul amended by Robert Glover, ali'rut
bomerKt, and lastly cqpyed and augmented
^ZUntfOtiat FbttcnUu,' 1689, Sloane MS.
4959. 3. ' A Catalogue of all tlie OJRcers of
Arbs, shewing how they have risen by de-
DM8, &&, whidi ordor hath hoon obaorred
long b'fire the time of King Edward IV
unto this year I686|' Lansdowue MS. 80.
4. 'lanfs Roll,* manuscrtpt In the College
of Arms. It has been rontinnrd by some
Other herald to the accession of Charles II.
Oae Thomaa Lant, ^haUy
the eame,
published 'Daily K.xercise of a Cbri.Htian;
gathered out of the Scripture, ^^inst the
TeBptatione of the Beml,' London, 1500,
Ifao; 1038, ISmo.
[Dallawajr's Heraldrv, p. Qmnpcr's Biog.
:
Rnt of England, dth i. 331 ; Kich&rdbon's
edit.
Noble's College of Arms, pp.
Portraits, pt. iii. ;
176,186; Anes's T> p<Mpr. Aatiq. (Herbert), pp.
M, 1680 ; Bromley's Cat of Enter. Fectrnfta,
V. 42; Lowndes'ii Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 1310;
Wau BibL Brit. ; Qongh's Brit. Topogr. i. 6 13
HnUIi BiU. Hendd. p. 84.]
LANTFRED or LAMFRID (J. 980),
t^irioprapher, was a pritv*t and monk of
^Vinchestt^r, Txnng a disciple of Bi.shop
-Ethelwold. lie wrote: 1. Dc iMiraculis
' rillway, and the Carrickfergus and Lame line.
Swithuni,' the first fortT-six chapters of
vhkh are printed in the BoUandigtH Arta
iknctonim,' 1 July, pp. 292-9, together with
a narrative of the aaint's translation. The
whole worlc is contained in Cotton. MS.
Nero E. L ff. 86-63, and Keg. 15, C. vii. ft'. 1-
flt^lnth of nearly contemporary date.
2. 'Epi^tola prrrmififia ni8tori;r de Miraculis
Swithani,' a prefatory letter prefixed to the
imgoinff. It ia printed in the 'Acta Sancto-
rum,' 1 July, p. 28, and in Wharton's 'Anglia
^^scia,' i. d^2. It ia often found in manu-
ciipta of Aleitin't letters, e.g. in Cotton.
Vfsp. liv., and Tiberius, A. xv. Lr.ntfrcd
ays he had little knowledge of Swithun's
$8t Lanyon
life,and wrote only of his miracles, liia
style is inflated and obscure, and words of
Greek origin are frefjuent in his diction.
John Joscely u [(}. v.] says he had an Anglo-
Saxon book containing ' Depositio Swithuni
per Lantfred um.' Tanner e u gge s f that 1 1 li .s
was a translation by another hand. Thomas
Rudbome from a
Liber de fnndatione
cites '
eccle.sise We
n tansB * by La n I fred t \v o hp x a-
Among meters, and also some verses, which are given
has at the end of the manuscripts of the treatise
'
De Miraculis.' Bale and Pits wronglj
sole lor ascribe to Lantfred a * Lift- of Switlum.'
now in the [Bale, ii, 37; Pits. p. 178; Tann^ra Bibl.
Bnt.-Hib. p. 463; Leaser's Hist. Foot, el Puem.
medii aevi. p. 286; Wright's Biog. BriU LitU
Anglo-Saxon, p. 469.] 0. Ju K.
LANYON, SiB CHARLES (1813-1880),
ci vil engineer, eon of John Jenkinaon Lanyon
of Eastbourne, Sn-^*( x, by Catherine Anne
MortimCT^ was bom
at Eastbourne, 6 Jan.
1813. Having
received his early cdocation
at a private school in his native place, he
was articled to the late Jacob Owen of the
Irish board of works, Dublin, in preparation
for the profession of civil engineer, lie pub-
sequentlv married Owen's daughter Eliza-
beth Helen. In 1885, at the first examinft-
tion for Iri^h county surveyor-liips. Lanyon
took second place; ho was appointed county
surveyor of Kildare, and in the fbllowin^
year transferred at his own request to co.
Antrim. Here he executed several worka
of great importance, among others the con-
Ptructingof the great con.^t road from Lame
to Portruiih, and be designed and erected
the Qneen'.s and Ormcau bridges over the
I^ngnn at B<'lfa.-t. He made several of tlio
chief local railways, such as the Belfast and
T. a Ballymona line and ita extensions to Cooks-
town and Portrush, now amalpniTintrd with
o her n f s. an d for mi ng pa rt of t he Bel fast and
t I i
Northern Counties rail way. He waaalso engi
'
n' l r of the
Btdfti.st, Ilfdy \voo<_l, and Bantjor
1
He was architect of some of the principal
' buildings in Bclfa.<*t, such as the Qur n's Col-
lege, the CourUhou.se, the County Gaol, the
Custom House, and the Institutions for the
Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. In 1800 he
resigned the county surveyorship. In 1862
he Wame
mayor of Belfast, and in 1866wae
returned in the conf^ervativc interest ns oni'of
the memlxTS for the borough. In 1806 he was
defeated at the polls. In 187(3 he served as
high sheriff of co. Antrim. He was one of the
Belfast harbour commissioners and a deputy
lieutenant and magistrate of the county. Ia
1862 he was el' N d president of the Koyal
<
j
Institute of *\rchitc<;ts qi Ireland, and held
j
Digitized by Google
 Lanyon
IBda till 1868, when ho was knlgWed hy the
l)ttki<Mf Abeweni,then lord-lienteiiatit. He
was also a fellow of the Institrxte of British
Architects and a member of the Institute of
Civil Engineers both of England and Ireland.
Pnr a long time he was a prominent member
of the masonic body, in which he roM to be
Srand master of the province of Antrim. He
icd, after a pmtrncTed illnfss, at his resi-
dence,The Abbey, White Abbev, co. Antrim,
on 31 May 1889, and vni Duried in tlie
chtirchyanf of Newtownbreda, near Belfast.
His wife died in 18^58, leaving a son, Wil-
liam, aftenrarda Sir WiUian Otraa Liaqntn,
who is separately noticed.
[PetaoDal koowledga ; Eiigineer, 7 Jane 1889;
TtilMe,6 Jane 1889; Imni, TJtiiie I8M.1
T. H.
LANYON, Sn WILLIAM OWEN
( 1842-1887), colonij, eolonial administrator,
born in county Antrim on 21 July 1812, was
eldest surviving son of Sir Charlea Lauyou
[q. v.], kt., of The Abb^, "White Abbey,
county Antrim, by his wife, Klizabethftelen,
dauffUter of Jacob Owen of the board of
troras, Dufelm. He waa edaoated at Broma-
grove, Worcestershire, and on 21 Dec. 18^0
was ffazetted ensign by purchase in the 6th
ToyafWarwiekshire regiment, with which he
served in Jamnira during the native dis-
turbaoees in 1865. The same year he was
a{^dnted Mde-de-canp to the general eom-
manding Ou- ti-M ips in tlieWest Indies. He
purchased his lieutenancy, 6th foot, in 1860,
exchangecl to the 2nd West India regiment,
and in ]f^CS purcliiL'^i^ 1 a company. Ilowas
aide-de-camp and private secretary to Sir
John Peter Grant, K.C.B., governor of
Jamaica from ISHS to 1873. In 1873, and
until invalided in January 1874. he served
aa aide<4e-eamp to Sir Garnet (now Lord)
Wolseley in the A>liniifre (;Hmi)alL''n (brevet
of major, medal). In 1874 he was despatchdl
hj the oolonkl ofRee to the Gold Coast on
ft special mission in connection with tlio
abolition of slavery, for which he was made
C.M.G. The year after he was appointed
administrator of Griuualaiid West (diamond
iields). Ue raised ana commanded the volun-
teer force thre during the Griqua outbreak
and thf^ invasion in 1S78 of tli< ]' i;l,ij)in
chief, Botla&ittiie, whom he defeated ro-
peatlly and finally subdued. He received
the thanks of tlie home govtjmment aiid the
Cape legislature (C.B., Kaffir medal, brevet
of lieulenant-colonel). He admini;3tered the
Transvaal from March 1879 to April lSl,
and in 1880 he was made K.C.M.O. for his
aervicf> in South Africa. He 8cr\'ed in the
i^gvpiian campaign of 1882 a^ colonel ota the
itafi* and oonunandant on the bat^e of oper^
Lapidge
tions (msdal, Snl class Osmanie and Khedi ve*9
medal ) He Also served with the Nile expe*
dition of 1884-6. Laayondiedat New York,
after a long and painjful iUness, on 6 Apnl
1887, aged 44.
Lanyon married in 1S82 Florence, dsug^ba
M. Levy of Grosvenor Street, Lon-
ter of J.
doBt the dMki 188a.
[Dud's Knightage; Army lists; Colonial List,
1887; lUaitc London Kewa^ ft July 1887 (viU.
ii oaof.) Mecb fa<hw>irttea jrtitfagto l^a^en'e
coloni il flfTvioes will b found in T'ArliameatArv
Pkpers, iodexd aadev 'Qold Ooasi,' *Qnqnm,'
TVanavMl,' te.) H. M. OL
LANZA, GESUALDO (1770-1869),
teai'lier of music, horn in Naples in 1779, was
sou of Giuseime Lanza, an Italian composer
and author of* 6 Arie Nottume con accomp.
di Cliitarra franc, e V, a piac.,' Naples, 17^,
and of six trios. Op. 13, and ix canzonets with
recit. Op. 14 (London). The father rMlded
during many years in En^rij^nd, and for some
time waa a private musician to the Marquis
of Abercom. From his father Oesua^do re-
ceived hisfir>t instriirtion in music, and soon
Lccameknown in Ix>ndonas asingin^maeter.
Among his pupils may be mentionra Cath>
rine Stephens (1807), afterwards countess of
Essex, and Anna Maria I'ree (1812), eiater-
In-law of Charles Keaa.
In 18 12 Lanza opened singing classes for
the bettor explanation of his theories at
76Newman Street; thefeeW8i1S.f(iyrtwelT)
Ip?<^ons. Later in thepnme vonr h" nnnniinr- 1
a fcries of lectures, The National School for
*
Singing in Clas-ses, free to the public,' and
on 6 l\o. 1812 he dcllvpred 'A Lecture at
the WesLnun*tr Literaty and Scientific In-
stitution illustrative of lite new eystera <
Teaching Sinuing in Classes.*
Lanaa published in London in 1817 'one
of the beet worke en the ait of singiiif vrUdk
haaappeared in this country,* under flie title
' The Elements of Singing familiarW
exem-
plified.' Hia other works inelude ' The Kle-
'(luide to System of Ringing in C1n->e'<*
( lx>ndou, 1812). He also composed a ' Stabat
Mater,' which ispreserredkitnelibnunroftbe
Royal Collcire ot jfusie, solf and soi^gfc
He died in London on 12 Marcii \6oO.
LGeorgian Lr i, ir. 628, Orore's Dict.of Mu**o;
Quarterly Mnsioal Kevievr, i. 31 ; Mu-^ical World;
Dram, nnd Mus. Rev. 1842.J VL H. L.
LAPIl^GE, EDWARD (</. 18*;0), airh't-
tect, Wbh brought np as an architect, and
foliiul dxiployment in the neigtihoiirhrtod bf
Hampton Court Paiaoe, whem hia fuW M
Digitized by Google
rmplojed chief ffardener. la 1808 h sent
me Ho^al Aea&anf rf view f tke gmrden
to-
front at Esher Place, in 181 1 fi f!rHwiTig for a
viOaat Bijdbnihara in Cambridgeshire, and a
fgw ol1ir<hnlwing8 iti later yeani.
aTi l ^^^'2^ Iiewas engaged in building
the tMyr bridge over the Thames at Kingston.
In 1897 anil the I^Nro'lbHowniffjrean fce bdlt
the cluirch nf St. Peter nt Hammeremlth,
and in 18S2 the chajpel of St. AadxtNf on
flam Goramon, Snrrey. In ISSIIIm wan an
unsuccessfal competitor for tin? new houses
of parliament, and in 18G7 for the.fltcwil-
liam Masran at C^mbndgv. In liS80-7 ho
oasdo rnn<i I'TuMa alterations to St. Mary's
CJharch at Putney, and in 1839-40 to All
8aint8* Cnurch at Fulham. Lapidge was a
fIln\v of the Institute of British Architect*,
and aur^'eyor of bridges and jpnbiio works
for the county of Surrey. In the latter
capacity he executed many works of minor
importance. He died earl^ in March 1860.
Rer-admiral William Lapidge, who serx ed
with great distinction in tiie Uhannel squa-
dron and died 17 Julj i860, aged 67, was
his brother.
pict. of AiefaiUetVMi Bedgtava'aDiiet. of Ar-
Oeot. Ibf I860, pt. iL p. 824.] L. OL
tiata;
LAPOBTE, JOHN (1701-1839), wnti-r-
r nlnur painter, was bom in 1 761 and becntne , daughter, who bore nine children, and sur-
a drawmg-mnster at the military acudemy
at AddiM;oml)e. He was also a snceessful
private teacher, and Dr. Thomas M on ro [q. v.],
tht* patron of Tumer, was one of his pupils.
From 1785 he contribttted iHndscapea to the
Koyal AcJidemy nndBritisli Institution *xhi-
bitjons, and wjijj an origintil member of the
abort-lired society 'The Associated Artijsts
Ltt AVater-coIour?,' from which he retired in
ISI 1. He published: Characters of Trees,'
'
1798-1801, Trogrcssivo Lessons sketched
from Nature,' 1804, and ' Tho Progress of a
:
Water-colour Drawing ' and, in conjunction
whh "William F. Wtdls [q. v.j, executed n set
of s^V' Tit v-two etchings, entitled Collec-
tion of riiiits illustrative of English Scenery,
ftomthc Drawiiijrs and Sketches of T. Gains-
Iwrotigli,' 1810. ilis'Perdita discovcrpd by
the Old Shepherd * was engraved by Barto-
losn^andhis' \ H w of Millbank on the River
Tliames nnir London by F. .Iukei. Laportr;
'
died in London 8 July 183f. Thrpfi of his
drnwings are in tho South Konpiiigtou Mu-
eenm. Hia d;ui2;htcr. Mi.'^s M. A. Lnporte,
exhibited portraits and fant y subjects at the
Acad> niv and the Briii-h Institution from
181.3 to' 1822; in ] -?,r> she was elected a
member of the Institute of Painter; in Water-
eolottn,but withdrew in 184(.
XiiKNBii^ OBOB0S Hbhst {A 1873), ani-
mnl painter, son of the above, exhibited snort-
ing subjects at the Academy, B^ish infltila
tion, atid Suffolk Street Galleryfrom 1818,
and was a foundation member oi the Institute
Ift)twpoii of Painters in WateiMM>IonM, to'whieh he sent
clever representations of atvimals, hunting
scenes, and militAry groups. Some of hia
works were engraved in the 'Vetir Spwting
Magaaine.' Laport held the appointment of
animal painter to the king of Hanover. He
died suddenly at 13 NorfoUt Square, LondoE^
23 Oct. 1873.
[ReJgravc's Diet, of Artists; Roget's Hiatonr
of the Old Wnter-colotir Society, 1891 ;OtHVes s
Diet, of Artiste. 1 760-1880 Royal Acjidtmy
and British iMtitntion CntalogiMii; Yeae's AiC
1886 ; ThMa. 8f Oet. 1878.} P. M. 0*0.
LAPRAIK, JOHN (1727-1807), Scot-
tish poet, was born at Laigh Dalquhram
(Dalfram), near Muirkirk, Ayrshire, in 1727.
After education in the parochial school he
succeeded his father on the estate, whioh waa
of considerable extent, and had be iA the
family for generations. He also rented the
lands and mill of Muirsmill, in the neigh-
bourhood. In 1754 he married Margaret
Kankine, sister of Burne's friend, roujrh, *
rnde, ready-witted Kankine.' She died after
tho birth' of her fifth child, and in 1788
Lapraik married Janet Anderson, a &nnn%
vived her husband fifteen years. Ruined br
the collapse of the Ayr Bank in 1772, Lapraik
hud first to let and then to sell his estate, and
after an interval to relinnuitih hia mill and
farms, on which for scverui yem hsatruggled
to prist. Confined for a time as a debtor, he
figured as a prison bard. After 1796 he opened
a public-hou.se at Muirkirk, oondttsliiig alsu
the ^'illago pn^t-otlice on the saiDA iMUBiina.
Here he died, 7 May 1807.
Early in 178o liurns heard tho song
'When I upon thy bosom lean at a rocking,'
' '
or social gathering, in his house at Mossgiel
M
Farm, ui rkirk. Learning that Lapraik waa
'
A the author, he made his acqwaintance, ami
within the year addressed to him his threu
famous Epistles.' Burns, who sent an im-
*
proved ver-sion to Johnson's Museum,' nev^r
'
knew that, the song was a clever adaptation
from a lyric published is 1th* Weekly Maga<
zine,' 14 Oct. 1773 (CHAMBERS, Burns '\.25i, ,
library ed.) Burns's generous patronage
em ouraged Lapraik to publii^b bis yersea,
which appeareu at Kilmarnock in 1788 as
'
Poems on Several Occaaions.' The volume
contains nothing equal to this 'Rooking
Son?.' .fames Maxwell of Paisley notices
Lapraik unfavourably in his 'Animadver-
sions on some Poets and Poetiaiett* of Ikit
Present Ago/ Paial^, 178fk
Digitized by Google
 Lapvvorth 534 I.arcom
rContoroporarie* of Burns Chambers's Lif*
; that learned physician. Doctor E. Lapworth'
and Works of Burns ; Lockhait'* Life of Bums, (S.MTTH, Account of the Berkeleyit, li. 401 1.

d. Scott DouzIas.] T. B. Lapworth contributed verses to a variety ot

LAPWORTH, EDWARD (1674-1636),
pliybician and Latiu poet, born in ir>74, was
a native of Warwickshire. He may havu
bem ft ton of the Michael Lapw-nrth who
"waa elected fellow of All Souls' College in
ir)62, and graduated M.B. in 1573 ; we know
that his father was physician to Henry
Berkeley (Smvth, Account of the fierMn/s,
ii. S81, Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch,
Sec) Probably he is the Edward Lapwort h
who tnatriculafed at Exeter College 31 Jan.
1688-9. He was admitted li.A. from St.
Alban Hall on 25 Oct. 1592, and M.A.
30 June ln9.'5. From 1598 to 1610 he wn3
books. Bloxam give.-i a list of thirteen, in-
cluding tlie O.xford verses on Elizabeth's
death, James's acce.;sion, and those of Bisg-
dalen College on Prince Henry and WillieOt
Sim of Arthur, lord Grey ile Wilton, as well
as John Davie.s's ' Microcoiimo!,' and the
'
Ultima Linea Savilii,' 1622. To these must
be add^d lines in Jophtui Sylvester's 'Du
Bortas.bisDevine Weekeaand Worke8,'1605,
and the treatineof Edward Jorden [q. v.Ton
'^^iturnll Bathes and Minerall Waters.' Tlje
lines given in Ashmolean MS. 781, f. 137,
as by ' Dr. lAtworth on his deathbed,' seem
to lie liis they begin 'My God, I speak it
;

master of Magdalen College School, and as a from a iuU oiitfurance.' There are some notes
member of Magdalen College he supplicated of his as to a child with two heads being bom
for the degree of M.B. and for license to prac- at Oxford in 16;W {(}r,^^n';< Coll. Oxtm. MS.
tise medicine 1 March ltK)2-3; he wa.Hlicenj}cd 121, f. 29; Cal. Utate I'a^Krt, Dom. 16^J3-t,
on 3 June 1606, and was admitted M.B. and p. 284). He was the owner of Harleian H^.
M.B. on 20 June 1611 {O.tf. r>iir. h'r<i. 11. [)7X {James MS.22 in the Ro^^Ileian LibniryV
ni.l72|Uxf. Hibt. Soc.) He was moiit rntor
'
'I'horewas an Edward Lapworth who ma-
inTCtperiis' in medicine in 1006 and 1611 trirulated as a pensioner at Corpua Ghristi
(l'ft,i.l29), and re.spondonl in natural pliilo College, Camliri'lcTf, 30 Aug. 1590, and gri-
*
'

Mipby on James Ts visit to Oxford in 1005 duated B.A. loVl and M.A. 1595. Masters
(^mOHOU, ProgreMet of James /, i. 527 ). In conjectures that he had migrated from Ox-
July 1611 lie lind permission to lie absent ford, and states that he graduated M.D. at
from congregation in order that he might Cambridge in 1611 {Hist. C. C. C. Ikmbr.
attend to nis practice. In 1617 and 1619 he p. 831). But it does not seem dear that the
seems to have been in iimcticc at Fnversham, two persons are identical the Oxford pro- ;

Kent (cf. State Pa]>er>f, Dom. 101 1- 18 p. 457, fesaori however, was certainly the Bath phy-
1619-25 p. 125). In 1618 he was designated sician and eeholar.
first Swlleian reader in natuisl philnsophy fWood'FH>ti, i. 637; Athene- Oxon.i. 4.5; Hun-
under the will of the foiinder (though the ter's Chorus Vat uia in Addit. .MSS. 24488, f. 449.
bequest did not taira effect till 1621 ), and on and 24493, f. 1 1 4 Blozam's Reg. Magd. OolL iiL
;

9 Aug. 1619 wa appointed Linacre jihysir 1 3R ^! V 41 Guidolt's Livos of the PhvM -i.ins
, 1 ;

lecturer. From this time he resided part of of B.iil), 1077, pp. 167-8; authorities quoltJ ]
the year in Oxford (of. ib. 1627-8, p. 480). C. L, K.
In the summer lif practii*cd URually at Bath, LARCOM, SiK THOMAS AISKEW
and dying there I'li .May 1636 was buried in (1801-1879), Irish oflicial, second son of
the abbey church (Wood, Fa/iti, i. 343). lie Captain Joseph Larcom, R.N., commissioner
had resigned his Oxford lectureship in the of Malta dockyard from 1810 to 1817, by Ann,
previous year. Lapworth married, tirt, Mary sister of Admiral llollis, was boni on 22 April
Oozhead, who was buried 2 Jan. 1 HlM and, 1801. After st udying at the Boyal MiUtaiy
;

secondly, Margery, daughter of Sir Georype Academy at Wo(>Kvich, he was in 1820 ga-
Sniffg of Bristol, baron of the exclietjuer, and zetted a second lieutenant in the corpH of
widow of George Cbaldeeot of Quarlstonc royal engineers. In 1824 he was selected by
(HoAKE, Wiltxhire,y. 31-2). He had n Pon, Colon. T. F. Colby fq. v.] for the work of the
1

Michael, who matriculated at Magdalen Col- ordnance survey of England and W^alet^aud
lego in 1621, aged 17 ; and a daughter, Anne, in 1826 was transferred to the same eenrioe
who was his lieiiMS, and mother of William in Ireland. For the next two years he was
Jovner [q. v.l occuuied in working with his friend Major
tn person Lapworth was 'not tall, but fat Ftortloek upon the great triangulation,' the
'

and corpulent \Gr I pott). He was 0 scholarly term applied to the series of ob6er\-ations br
man, with a tate for poetry ; there is a which tuo Irish survey was connected with
laudatory refisnmce to biro in John Daviess that of England. In 1828 Colby eppointed
'
Scourge of Folly,' p. 2 5. At t lie marriage Larrom as hi.s a.<.s)struit in the central or-
1

of Theophila Berkeley to Sir Hubert Coke in ganisation of the Iri;}h survey at Mouutjoy,
1618 there wwp^ it ia^ eaid, ' songe of joy from FhcMux Paik, near PuMiiu Ben Iw ooq

Digitized by Coogle
 Larcom
tttdthewofkmblflownlumtlfl. Bsorganued
the krgie bod v of ci viliaoii and raid iere req ui red
ftrthe multifarious operations of compiling,
enmvinff, &ud publisninff the county maps
dfmIand,thebMuty of which has nvw been
exceeded; adoptd the electrotype process,
mi introduoea the tyatem of contuurinff.
Meint|oy thus beeaine a centre of scientine
eduntion, and the resort of scientific men.
Luoom, however, aimed at something more
An neehuucal excellence. He * coaoeiTed
t^- '(^- a Muit with such opportunities asmall
ddttiooal cost would enable him, without
letarding the execution of the maps, to draw
tig^ther a work embracing every description
of local information rvlatine to Ireland'
(CoLBI, Londonderry Pari^th Tcmple-
MTf-Olrviwniee Survey, Pref.) The Irish
(TnTfTnTnent sanctioned the scheme, and the
sccoont of Templemore, a parish in London-
deny, was the reralt (Dublin, 1837, 4to).
the government deelincd, on the ground
of eoQoomy, to permit a further develop-
Best of this wonc* Larcom, however, had
ruii'le a jcit ntific study of the old Irish lan-
gosA^ bad inatructed numeroua amenta to
vononder him in the collecdon of infbniifr-
tion, and ended b^ accumulating a rich store
nf l^ral information concerning the history,
lan^'ui^es, and the antiquities of Ire-
Und. Dr. Todd, the president of the Royal
InM Academy, to which many of Larcom's
oiAimschpts passed, observed that * this in-
fomation has been of singular interest. . .
In manv p1;ir>s it will be found tliat the
<ietcriptioas and drawings presented in the
coQrttioB are now the onfy remaining records
'f monuments which connect themselves
vith our earliest history, and of the folk-
Wwhieh the fumae [of 1846] swtspt away
the ng>'d MUiBehtes, who were its lole
Uii Larcom's collected tn-
the results of
fciaaliom were based many Sttheequent im-
pTOT.'inents. In 1832, throe years before his
585 Larcom
adopted the general plan of the Irish census.
In 1843 he was appointed a commis^sioner for
inquiring into the state of the Royal Irish So-
I
ciety, and again, in 1845, for purposes relating
to the new Queen's C!ollef;es.
On the completion of thi' ordnance survey
in 1846 the government otiered him a com-
missionerBhip of public works, and he had
;
scarcely accepted it when the great Irish
famine called forth all his powers. Larcom
had aheadysraisted SirRic&aid JohnOriffith
assistant-commissioner in coiinr--
[q. v.] as
tionwith the system of public relief works
undertalnn in the initial sta ges of the &mine.
He now became the chief director of those
works; and though some of them turned out
to be of little permanent value, they proved
the salvation of such portions of the people
as were not hopelessly stricken. The <'n^ft9
of the famine soon made it evident that tiie
whole of the Irish poor-law system must be
dealt with nfresh, and Larcom was placed
at the head of a commission of inquiry. lu
1810 he held the same place in the commis-
sion for the reform of the Dublin corporation.
In 1850 he became deputy-chairman of the
board of works. The miions and electoral
districts of all Ireland were then reini)d."ll'd
in exact accordance with the reports ut the
yarious boundary commissions over which he
presided.
When the post of under-secretarj* for Ire-
land fell vacant in 1853, Larcom was at once
. appointed to the office, which was now made
forthe first time non-political and permanfnt.
Every efibrt was needed to harmonise ditfer-
ences between the tyro great sections of the
Irish people, the catholics and the protestants,
whose mutual antipathy had been intensified
by the reviyal of the agitation for repeal.
Larcom, adopting the policy of his fruMid
Drummond, undertook to govern all parties
alike with even-handed justice, to remove
abuses, and to prevent disorder, not only by
systematic vigilnnce, but by dissent n n itij
i f

fntad Thomas Drummond [q. v.] had be- a belief in the ubiquity of the goverunu-ut's
tmb under-secret ary, he prepared the plans power. His unique knowledge of the country
required for working out the changes made enabled him to use his position for the de-
'

ht^eiMary by the Irish Reform Bill. In 18% velopment of its material prosperity in a
b prepared the topographical portion of the manner hitherto unexampled. Heencouraged
'
Rnport on Irish ^Innicipal lleform,' whnn everj'thing which would promote pulilic on- c

elaborate maps of sixty-seven towns were fidence, attract capital, or give employment to
nnopieted in a month. In 1841 he became a the poor, and maintained the strictsttptemacy
leruas commissioner. It was owing to him of tne law on .exactly the same principles as
tUt the census in Ireland for the iirst time prevailed in England and Scotland.
iadoded a systematic classification of the oc- Larcom devoted himself iitrenuously to the
cupations and general conditions of the popu- deyelopment of education. He supported
lation, M well as its numbers, and tnat a the policy of the Irish National Society,
permanent branch of the registrar-general's whicu K)ught to evade religious ditierences
wpartment was formed for the collection of by teaching the working cmses only just SO
ifnodtval statisticsi Sngland afterwards much religion as wou)d not be obooxious |9

Digitized by Google
 Laitiher
iay of the fffPAt conteading forms of Chris-
tu^ty, and he iCrenubusly ur6moted the de-
yelopment of the *<^aMK$ UdilU^* tbii tbe
uf^r claaael.
In epite of ttie tutmmtary io t%'e
prosperity of Ireland given by the t*hoenix
conspiracy of 1859, Larcom was able to point
to a great and steady increase of prosperity
during bis tenure of ofl^ce. Yeai after year
he drew up memoranda, which were read
on public occasions by successive lord^lieu-
teoant. ibowing by official returns the pro-
gTOfs of ngricnlt iire, the evidences of improved
conditions of life, and the diminution ofcrimo.
la the decade which ^nded in 1860 offences
spociully roport"d f-'ll from 10,^30 to 3,r>31,
agrarian olitifnces from 102 to trO, and rubbery
<l anns from 1,009 t6 877. But the r^eat
Fenian movement inftiated in (he Unit-'d
States was seething in Ireland from ll^l
flinwaids. In I860 the storm broke and
tezdd all the enei^^ of government. On
Larcom fell the main dntv of meeting the
emergency. He acted drcL-ively, and when
be retired in 18C8 Ireland was tranquil.
I^arcom had been nuido K.C.B.in li^Gn,an(l
grateful addre.se8 and prtsentat ions from all
classes in Ireland commemorated bis depar-
ture. He died at Heathfield, near Faroham,
on 15 June 1879. His later years were do-
voted to th oolleetitmof inibnnatioAconoeni-
inghis own noriodof nile in Ireland, whicli ho
arranged and bound in hundreds of Tolumcs.
neBe he left to difRsrent letfrned soeietiee,
diiefly Irish, with many of which he had long
been closolv associated. Some professional
literature of his composition will be found in
Tolnmes of the ordnance survey, ineludinj^ the
'Memoir of Templt inore.' and in memoirs of
his friends Druuunoud and Porthx-k. besides
aiiidea In the 'Aide M*' moire ' of the rnval
engineers, and a vnluablc edit ion of Sir Wil-
liam Petty 's famous Down Sur\-ey,' published
' 13^^ vols. 8vo. Another serial, started ui
by the Inflb Aicbfeologiea? Sodiery in 1851.
Larcom married irt 1*^10 freor^Miia,
ter of General Sir Qeorge D'Aguikr [a. v.],
He waiB succeeded by his third son, Colonel
Charles Larcom ,A In pe,rsnn S' r TI1 om as
. i
was of middle height and .strongly built, with
a remarlrably fine head. There is
him at Mountjoy, Phoenix Pari;.
\' n^ tuary Memoir of Sir T. A. Lareom.' in
the rrocettlinps of the RjyhI Society, No. 198,
1879 ; Edinburgh Rorieir, No. 336. A Ccn: ury
of Irish Government;* manriHcript Life of Sir
T. A. Lareom, by the Right ilon. Mr. Jii*tico
I^wson.]
LARDNEH, moNYSlUS (17'jn
tfcientitic writer^son of a Dublin solicitor,
urasbommDttbKn 0^8 April 1793. He was impoftanoe ^ establishing direct ateam eaiD*!
idttCaCed Ibr tfat law, but, fiodinf ther mnk, municatioD India by way of the INi
586
diotasleful, oiitored Trinity College, wh^ne
be graduated fi.A. in WIT, M.A. m
WW;
and LL.B. and LL.D. in 18*27, (uldiig pr;i
in lo^c, metaphysicsi ethjce* pi&theiDAtic%
and physics, and a gold ihedsl Ibvacram
of lectures on ihe .<feam engine, (ItliTert'd
before the Dublin Royal Society, and oftw^
wards published. He took holy orders, but
devoted himself to literarv and scientific
workj contributinfj dnrin^ ^is resid^nc* in
Dublin to the Edinburgh Iioview,'tbe*En-
'
cyclopiedia Edinensis/ and the 'Encyclt"
ppedia Metropolitana * (for which he wn>t
the treatise on algebra), besides poblishiog
some independent works. leetedinl827tO
the chair of natural philosophy and astrft-
nomy in the recently foundea Loudoo Uoi-
versi'ty, now Univlkity College, he wamti
to London, and initiated in 1829 the w rk
bv which he is principally remembered, ilw
'Gabhiet Cyclop.edia.'^ He was fortuaiten
securing as contributors some of the most emi-
nent writers of the day. Mackintosh tttoIi'
on En!?land, Scott on Scotland, Moore on Ire-
land, Thirlwall on Andeilt Greece, Si^ffi mr
on the fall of the Roman empire and th^
ri>e and fall of the Italian republics, Si:
Nicholas Harris Nicolas on the chronoi'^pr
of hi-fory, Southey and Gleig on Britisli
naval and military heroes, John Forster oo
Brif 7sb atatesmea, Baden Powell and H-
SI 11 on the history and study of natural
plulosonhy and astronomy, De' Moi^n od
probabuitiesj PMUipa on geology, SwaiMos
on natural history and toolc^, and Ilen'-lv-
on botany, Lardner himselfcontributedllj-'
treatises on hydrostatics and pnoiunttitfi
arithmetic and geometry, and collabdratfJ
with Captain Kafer [o. v.j in the trtatijeM
mechanics, and wilh U. V . AValker la. v.] in
those on electricity, magnetism, ami m
'
olng-y. The work was completed in ISl!^.
1890, under the title of 'Dr. Lardner"'
daugh- Cabinet Library,' wns discont iniu'l, aft*
nine volumes had appeared, in lb32. It
comprised Moyle Scherer^s 'Military H**
moirs of the Duke of Wellington,' 'A H--
trospect of Public Affairs for 1831,' 'Hi*;
a bust of toricalMemoirs of the IIoupo of BouAoa,*
and the *ITi story of the Life and Reign f
Oeorf^-e IV,' all except the first-mentioitfl
work bring anonymous. Lardner also editel
the Edinburgh Cabinet Librarj',' of wbicli
'
thirty-eifjht volumes, 8vo, ehiefly devote!
history, travels, and biography, were publisbr^i
M. B. at Edmbu'r^rh between 1886 and mi.
la
a letter to Lord Me.ll>-tume, pubfishf^i^
iJ-^'ir, Lardner urged up<:in s^ovemment twj
Digitized by Google
 Lardner 587 Lardnef
ge* (* Steam Commnaicntion with In^ia hy below, and laundied upon the world in 1858
the lied Sea advocated in a Letter lo tha a miscollany of treatises on various braochea
Rifirht Hon. Viscount Melbourne,' London, of eciencd, especially in their relation to OOMf*
1837, fhro). He also didciiPsed, in the Edin- *
mon life, entitled The Museum of Science
'

burjrH lleview for April of this year, tho fea-

' and Art,' completed in 12 vols., London, 1656,
tibiiitv of oonstraetng tMms)iip8 capable 8vo. Portions of this work weraaekuo w ledgad
of making thft voynpp nrroM the Atlantic. and reprinted as Lardner's own under the
In the cotxrse of tbia article, the tone of titles : The Electric Telegraph Popularised,'
*

which wa cautious to the Tf* of flCflpti-
ci-sm, lie made some comments
dispamginiof
on Hall's recently patented method of con-
denasdon, which, by enabling tha earn watr
to be nsed throno^hout the voyajpfe, effected a
great economy of force. He waa accordingly London, 1806 iiud IS-jtl, 8vo (.reprinted 1873,
SenoroBeed before the British Aseodation by 8vo)
Loodoa, 1866, 8vo ; new edition, revised and
rewritten by E. B. Briprht, 1867, 8vo fGrer-
man translation by C. ilartmann in ' Neuer
r> Sehauplaii teKiinsU,' Hmenau, 1866, 8to){
'Common Things Explained,' in two series,
Popular Astronomy, in two series,
;
'

the inventor as ' an ignorant and impudent London, 1856 and 1857, 8vo (reprinted 1873,
emprric (Samuel HtuCt Address to the liri- 8vo)
' Popular Piiyaica,' lA)ndon, 1866, 8vo
;
'

tM Atsociationf tXpUmafory of the Ivhutke (reprinted 1878, 8vo>| 'The Bee and AVhita
done to hit Improi^rn^nfs rm St^am JEnt/ine Ants their Manners and Habits, with U- :

by Dr. Lardner, Liverpool, 1837, 4to). A

lustrations of Animal Instinct and Intelli-
paper hv I^iadner on the re^istanoe to gence,' London, 1866, 8vo ; 'Fbpolar Geo-
"ray trains, read before fho British Afsoeia- logy,' London, 1856, 8vo (reprinted 1873,
tion at thia meeting, was |)ubli6hed in the 8vo) { The Micruscope,' Loudon, 18.76, 8vo; *

'BaSNniy ManiiiiB^ for >iOTmber of the 'Steam and it8 Usee,' LoodOB, 1866^
ame year, and amnnpr the Reports' of the (reprinted 1873, 8vo).

Msoctation for 18^ and 1811 are two by him Lardner was a fellow of the litjyal Soci^
OB tba fHone subject, afterwards reprinted in ties of London and Edinburgh, of the BOTil
'P.f-port? on the Determination of the Mean Astronomical Society, of the Linnean So-
Value of i^Uway Couatanta,' London, 1842, ciety, of tho Zoological Societjr; an honorary
8to. fellow of the Cambridge Philoaophical So*
Id tho midst of these variou? nnd ardiiou'^ ciety and of the Statistical Society of Paris
labours Lardner carried on during several a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and
Tears an amour with Mrs. HeavuidAy the a fellow of the Society Ivr Fromoting tlseful
wife of Captain Richurd Heavisid, a cavalry Arts in Scotland, He was reputed to be the
officer, and eloped with her in March 1840. Paris correspondent of the Daily News." He *

HeaTiside obtamed a verdict a^rainst hlra In died at Naples on 29 April 1869. He U

an action of *r^(luctlnn, witli damfl2r*'fl. finririHod by Thackeray in the Inst '
Memoirs
An act of p irliarat nt dinsolving the marriag of Mr. Charles J. Yellowplush,' as a literary
followed in 1 845. The interral was spent by quack advert > lis cyclopaedia at dinner-
i i
^

Lardner in a lecturing tour in the U^nited parties, and also as Dionysiu'^ Diddler in the
States and Cuba, by which he is said to have 'Miscellanies.' He was certainly not an
made 40,000/., besiaea the profits arising from original or profound thinker, but he was a
the sale of his lecture", which were published mnn of ct (i and versatile ability, master of
at New York in 1842 and subsequent years, a lucid i^tyU', and m
a popularisur of science
mn^ pa--v- 1 througli many editions. U'tiirn- did excellent work.
ing to Eunp in lH45, he settled at Paris, Lardner married twice first, in 1816, :

where he thenceforth ro^<ided until his death.
He visited London in 1851, and reviewed the
Exhibition in a series of letters to the Times
newspaptr, reprinte<l under the title Tho
Great Exhibition and I/jndon in 1861,' Lon-
don, 1862, 8ro. Lardner also communicated
iix 1862 to the Royal AstronomicHl Society
papera *0n the Uran<M^phy of Saturn,' ' On
the Classification of Comets, and the Distri-
hation of their Orbits in Space,' and On
Cecilia Flood {d. 1802), granddaughter of the
Right Hon. Henry Flood [q. y.],1)yiriiomlie
' had thn'f children. The parties separeted
'
by miilti;il rmisent in 1820, and in 1849 a
formal divorce took place. The doctor then
married Mary, the divorwd wife of Cnptnin
Heaviside, by whom he had two daugliters.
A humorous' sketch of Laidaery which ia
vouched for by the editor a graphic like-
* nes.", is given in the MaoliKo Portrait Oal-
'

Certain Results of Laplaee*a FonniiLo ' (?ee i

Monthly Xnfirex of the Boynl Astrommiiytl
Society, xiii. 160, 188, 262).
dsQM mPlarialMinote the irorks on railway
lerv,' ed. Hntee, p. 122.
Gardner's principal works, exclusive of
During his ra^i- those of which the full titles are givm in
the text, nre a< follows 1. ' System of Alg**
:

fuwipiay and aaiaral pbiloiophj menUomU Mo Qeometry/ lumdoa, 16S8 oif

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lardner S88 Lai^dner
Tolume only, treating of the geometry of don, 1858, 8vo. 17. Chtsmiatry for Schools,' '

plana curvaa. ft. * An Elementary Treatise London, 1869, 8vo.

on the Differential and Integral Calculua/ [Vaperoau's Diet, Univ. dcs Contemporaini,
London, 1825, 8to. 3. An Analytical 1858; Ann.K p. 1859 Chron. p. 446, J840ChroB.
'

T^rea;Uaa on Plane and Spherical Trigono- p. 289 ConvorKiitionS'Lexikon, 1863 Men of ; ;

metry and the Analysis of Angular Sections/ the Time, 18>C; Dublin Graduates; Dublin
2nd edit. London, 1828, 8vo. 4. The First Univ. Mag. vol. xxxv. Webb's C>iupend:um of
' ;

Six Booka of Euclid, with a Commentary Irihh Biography Lowudob's Bibl. Man Bnt. ; ;

and Geomt-trical Kxprrisoa. To which aro Mus. Cat. private iufomiulion.] J. M. Ii, ;

annexed aTreatisn ou Solid Geometry, and a LARDNER,N.\TUANIEL,D.l).(16S4-

Short Etay on the Ancient Geometrical A na- 1768), nonconformist divine, biblical and
lysis,*London, 1828, 18;i8, 1843, 1840, 8vo. patristic scholar, was bom at The Hall House,
6. Discourse on the Advantages of JS'atural
* ilawkhurst, Kent, on 6 June ltf84. He was
FIlikMophy and Astronomy as part of a the elder son of Richard Ludner (sometimes
General and Profc'S-sional Education. Being writ ten T urner, which seems to have been the
an Intnxiuctory Lticture delivered in the proniiuf lation). The father, who was bom
University of London,' London, 1828, 8vo. on 28 May 10-33 at Portsmouth, was grand>
6, Popular Lectures on the Steam Enjjine,*
* Fon of Thomas Lardner, a cordwainer there;
Ix)ndon, 1828, 12mo; 7th iniit. 1840, 8vo; was educated at the academy of Charles Mor-
new edit. 1848, 12mo. 7. ' Mechanics,' ton (1626-1608) [q. v.], and became an in-
' Pneuraatirs,' and Newton's Opfics ' ('Li- dependent minister, heinp: settled betweOI
brary of Useful Knowletlge Natural Phi- lur^ and 17^2 at Deal, London, Chelmsford,
losophy,' vols. i. and ii.), London, 1820, Hvo. and elaewhere ; he died on 17 Jan. 1740; he
8. 'Course of Lecture* on the Sun, (.'omett?, was a little inft!i,' but 'a lively, masculine'
'

the Fixed Stars, Electricity, &c. Eight preacher. Nathaniel's mother was a daughter
double lectures, revised and oofxneted,' New of Nathaniel CoUyeror Oollier, a Soutliwark
York, 1842, 8vo. 9. Lectures upon IxHjke'a '
trad^man, 'citizen and grocer,' who iu the
liasay,' Dublin, 184."), 8vo. 10. 'Popular Slague year, 1665, had retired to HawkhursL
Lectures on Astronomy, delivered at the le appears to have be<m at a grammar aolioolt
Royal Ub.-iervatory of i*aris by .M. Arago, probably Deal, and thence went to the pres-
member of the Institute of Paris, &c. Witb byterian academy in Hoxton Square, London,
.\tenaive additions and corrections by D. under Joshua OldfieldjD.D., assisted by John
Lardner, LL.D.,' 3td edit. New \ork, Spademan and William Lorimer (^q. v.l To
1848, 8vo. 11. A
Rudimentary Treatise on
' warilb the end of Itiiiy he went with Martin
the Steam Engine^' London, 1846, 12mo. T<irakins [q. v.] to study at Utrecht. Dankl
12. 'Railway I'xjonomy: a Treatise on the Neal [q. v7], the historian of the puritans, was
New Art of Transport, its Management, among his fellow-students. In 1702 he re-
Sic.: London, 1850, 8vo. 13. Handbook of ' moved to Leyden for the winter session ; af
Natural Philosophy and Astronomy,' T^on- the course of studies at Levden he has given
don, 18')1 C) vols. 12mo; republished
.'J, some account in his funeral sermon for
as follows: 'Astronomv,* London, I800-6, Jeremiah Hunt, D.D. [q. v.]
2 vols. 12nio, 2nd, 3rdi, and 4th editions, In 1703 Lardner retunied to Ixmdonwith
reviswl and enlar^red by E, Dunkin, 18(50, Toiukiii? and Neal. Tie joined the iudeiicn-
lH67,1875,8vo Mechanics,' London, I800,
;
'
dent church in Mile<? Lune, under Mattnew
Rvo, new and enlarged edition by B. Loewy, (Jlarke the younger [q. v.] For 5i.T years he
1877, Hvo; 'Electricity, Jlafjaet isiii, and gave himself to 8tU(W. He preached his first
Acoustics,* Ivondon, 1856, 8vo, new edit, by sermon on 2 Aug. 1709 in Tomkins's pulpit
E. Carey Fn-ter, 1874, 8vo; 'Hydrostatics, at Stoke Newington. In 1713 he became
Pneumatics, and Heat,' Loudon, 1865, 8vo, domestic chaplain to I>adv Trebv, widow of
edited, in 2 vola., by B. Loewy vol. i. Hy- '
Sir Qeoige Trby (d. 1702), chief justice of
drostatics and Pneumatics,* 1^74, nnrl vol. ii. the common pleas. He
was tutor to their
'Heat,' 1877, 8vo; 'Optics,' London, 1856, youngest son, Brindley, and in 1 7 1 6 travelled
new edition by T. O. Harding, 1878, with him ftnr four months in France and
8vo, 14. ' Animal Physics, or the Body Holland, keeping a journal of the tour. In
and its Functions Familiarly Explained,' 1719 he was one of the non-subscribers at
T/)ndon, 1857, 8vo ; reprinted in Weale'a Baiters' HaU [aee Bradbobt, Tboxab}. He
Rudimentary Series as 'Handbook of .\ni- began to write about this time; his initial
mal Physiology,' 1877, 8vo. 16. 'Natural form the last letter of the name Bagwedl,' '

Philosophy for Schools,' Loiulon, 1857, 8vo; applied to the 'Oonaiomal Papers.' 1716-19
new edit, by T. (>. llardlnir, I'-HP, fivo. [see (iROfivrN'oR, BEyjAMiKj. Py l.i^v
X6.
' Ammai Physiology lor Schools,' Lou- Treb)'i> death, ut the beginning uf 1721, ha

Digitized by Google
 Lardner
loittn Affreeable situation/ and went to
Krowith nis ISttber m
Hoxton Square, act-
ing as his assistant (till 1729) at Hoxton
Square rnee tine-house. The death of his
tiupilRrindley Treby in 17S8 greatly affected
kis spirits and healtn. He became very deaf;
mAj in 1724 he writes that when at public
wonhip he eoald neither hear the preacher's
Toice nor the con^gation singing. He was
tx this timo taking part in a course of Tuee-
dtKj erening lectures at the Old Jbwtj, in-
rtituted in 1723. Late in that year ho began
4Kries of lectures on ' The Credibility of the
Goml BBetory/out of which grew his gpreat
wori on that subje ct. He joined two clubs
which net at Chew's Coffee-house, Bow
Liae: * literary club on Monday evenings,
and a small clerical club on Thursday evcn-
inga, to which his friend Hunt belonged.
Bjthe members of this Intter club a subject-
bdx to the bible wna ^irojected, the prr*-
puationof the first division embracing the
topiei of ieripCine ; Ood, his works and pro-
Id'^nce, wa< assigfned to Lardner, who oems
to hare made no progress with it.
In Febraary 1/27 he published the first
tiro volumes of his Credibility,' which at
'
once placed him in the front rank of Chris-
tian apologistt. He eold the copyright in
1768 for 150/,, * a sum far less than he had
laid outy' but this was the only work of
whidiMdiepoeed in like fashion. Adanger-
ous fever attacked him in Fehnmrv 1728;
lurphmicians desmlred of his life, but called
ianrEdward Hulse, M.D. [q. v.l, who cured
bim. On 24 Aug. 1729 he preached for Wil-
liam Harris, D vj, at the presbyterian
meeting-house in I^ior Jewry Lane, Crutched
Friars, and was unexpectedly invited to be-
eooM Harris's assistant as morning preacher.
For Hems he had held ' a high estaem from
Ids early youth,' and accepting the invitat ion,
,
atered on his duties on 14 Sept. His name
hooeeforth disappears from the lista of con-
l?regational ministers, but he declined the
faitor&l cure among presbyterians, and w&g
nor ordained. At this period he was in
correspondence on theological topics with
John Shute Barrington, first viscount Bar-
ibflon [a. v.], to whom ho addieoaed hie
Jetton tne Logos (see below).
Lardner's onfy brother, Richard, a barris-
tor,died in April 1783. In November 1786 be
wn? a^ain prostrated by fever, and inca-
pacitated for preaching till late in the spring
of 1787. The death of his father, with whom
be had continued to live, and of his colleague
occurred in the same year, 1740. He was now
ttged to take a share in the pastorate, and
consulted Joseph H all ett (1 691 ?- 1 744 ) [q. v.],
who tried (23 June) to meet hie diffiemties
5^ Lardifier
about ordination, deafness, and literary work.
Ultimately he decided to remain as easietant,
George Benson, D.D. [q. v.], being t.d>ct'd
pastor in November 1740. Hailett's letter
makes it probable that Lardner, wiio ela*
whore describes himself as ' not forward to
engage in religioiu disputes,' shrank from
the ordeal of a theological examination and
a detailed confession of faith. Early in 1745
he received the diploma of D.D. uom the
Marischal College, Aberdeen, and in Jnno
1746 he was appointed a London correspond-
ent of the Scottish Society for Propagating
Christian Knowledge. He retained nia plaoa
as assistant till 1751; the smallness of the
morning congregation was among his reasona
for resigning; he preached hialaataennoD on
23 June. Hi9 want of popularity as a preacher
was partly due to indistinct enunciation ;
he alnrred his words and dropped hia voice,
defects to which his deafness rendered him
insensible. From about 1 753 ' the only method
of eonveini^^ with liim waa by writing,' and
he amused himself when alone with looking
over the sheets covered with the miscellane-
ousjottingB of hia visitors.
His old age was lonely. His brother-in-
law, Daniel r^eal, died in 1743. Hunt^ his
closest friend, and eonnection b^ marriage,
who died in 1744, was to some extent re-
placed in his intimacy b^ Caleb Jtleming,
D.D. [q. v.], his neigfafaonrmHoKtan Square.
His only sister, Elizabeth, widow of Neal, died
in 1748. His family affections were veij
strong; on his sister's death he writei, 'now
all worldly friendships fade, and are worth
little.' He lived by himself, and was some-
times 'made unhappy by his 8er>'ants.' To
Hawkhurst, where he kept The Hall House
unoccupied, he paid an annual visit of a
few days. For works of benevolence he was
always ready; in 1756, and npain shortly
before his death, he exerted himself to pro-
cure contributiona in aid of fereign protes-
tants. His literary activitv wa.9 continued
to the last. Priestley, who often visited
him, called upon him in 1767, and fbund hia
memory for pKTsons failing. I^etters written
in the last year of his life show that he took
aa interest in liberal politics, but tiiought it
unsafe to allow a free toleration to papists.'
'
In July 1768 he took his annual journey
to Hawkhurst, accompanied by one of hia
nieces and her husband, William Lister
(rf. 16 March 1778, aged 62), independent
minister at Ware. He reached HawUimat
about 19 July in feeble health, hut seemed
to revive. Cta the 22nd an apothecary was
called in, but though the end was near he did
not take to his bed. Hf died at The Hall
House, Hawkhurst, unmarried, on the even-
Digitized by Gopgle
 Laidner 590 iardner
lag of Bmdtf^f (M Jqly 1768^ having com- what nix>re inviting to the student than to a
pleted his elghty-fr>urth year, and was buried wider public. Ilenco Lordner has remain. -d
la his fanailjr v^uit in Bualiiil Fielda, about a mine for scholars, while the results of his
tiM uiddb of the floitk dt t the totnb (r^ labooXB have been popularised by Puley and
Uott'd about 1800 by Isaac Solly of Wltham- Others. Ho complaiuod lo Kippis that the
atow, who nuurridd IiJbeUi Ne^l, Lardner'9 dissenting laity did not palrouLM his bookS|
great-nieco) bent i iiiMfi|^tMni to his va- and Kippis can only point to one eKpeptioik,
mory. His funeral was Tryiiiple. Fleming, Thomas Ilollip n 7-20 1774) [q. V.J, who seat
Thonai Amory, X>J>. [a. vA Hicbsrd Priue, 20/. in 1764 S4 a subi>cripUou. From th^
BJ)^ ftB^ gfctKaw ItftdollDv irera present dissenta^ iaidtB4 be had laoeived no mark
the last ntoed, his suiCcessor at Poor Jewry of favour, 'not so much As a trust' alluding
Lana^made a Ions osation at the grave, part to his not being made a trustee of Dr. Wil-
f moh if appanded to th* ' Lile' by Kippis. liams's Libraxy and other foundations. "Bm
A funeral fw^rnion he liad strictly forbi'Jdi.n. was in intimate relations with Serker, ex
Ia 178U an ioscribed marble siab was erected changed letters with Edward Waddington,
toUamanofyiii HMrkhlint CSuuroli by his bishop <^ Chichester, and had a large litorary
gr^nr-nephew, Daxid Jenninps [see under correspondence with contijiental scholars, and
jKauiea,Dikni>,D.D.] llis library was sold with tne divines of ^ev,' England. Among
in DwMabar 1768w l^uiiy books bearing his his dissenting oorreapondents were John Bre*
autoj:7aph are now in Dr. vVilliamB's Library, kell fq. v.], Samuel ChanJler [q. v.], Philip
QonlonjSquare,London. Hid 'Adversaria 'and Doddridge [a. v.], and Henry M
k-s [q. v.] ILs
1

iatillaaved bible he ordered to h% dMttoyed. oorreeponded also withTbomas Morgan v.]

Lardner's apologetic works were especially the moral philopopher, who had written
flaoaed for the benefit of the unlearned. He against reveiaiiou, bat addressed himself to
fsoatiad the average reader as capable of Lardner, thinking he could pot talk to any
'

judging for himself of the internal evidence
for tbe historical character of the New Teeta-
Mnt, and aimed at putting hia in a posi-
tion to form his own judgment res])pctiug
the extsmal avidence, in place of relyiug on
tka aiiiSlRHeity of tbe learned. Without de-
claring any theory of inspiration, he under-
took to show that all facts related in the New
man of greater impartiality and integrity.'
Conservalivo in the rasults of his biblical
criticism, tieTdnar it eopaervative also in hia
unilmibting acceptance of the miraculous
eUuu^tiu the biblical narrotiwu. His treat-
ment of demoniacal po&sessicm iacationalisticv
but it stand? alone. All the more remarkable
is his independence of mind in relation to dog-

Tests ant are not only credible as history, matic thet^lo^ .Christianity ha makes ' a
but n^mted without any real disoropanciee, repiihlinatlon of th'i law of nature, -with the
and largely confirmed by coutemuorary evi- two positive appointuients of baptism and
dence. His method ia thorougti, and his the Lord's Supper (Memoirt, p. bi ).
'
As a
dealing with difficulties is always candid. nouhuhricriber at Salti rs' Hall in 1719 he had
When he meets with a diihcuU v which he agrt>ed to a statement utterly disowning tiis
oaluiot remove, he enbibits much skill and Arian doctrine, and expressing sinceza belief
cautious judgment, on \vA\ h-s ample learn- in the doctrine of the Trinity. 'For some
iug, ia his variouB cxpi.iHt ni8 for reducing while/ probably under the iufluonce of hia
jMeaviiur alwtya the final deciawn with the friend Tomkins (dismissed from his cougre-
reader. Of greatest value ia hi^ vast n(3 caro- gBtion for Arian;-.iu in 1716), ho 'was much
ftil collection of criticaUv appmi^ed omteritUs mulined' to the modi tied Arutuidm adopted
for detenttiauil^ the date and authorship of by Samuel Clarke ( 1675-1 72U) [q. v.] in tho
New Testament books. Here he reni iln* un- pitablishinent, and by Jame^ Peirce omon^'
rivalled. He may justly be regarded aa t he dissenters. lu his ruply to Woolston, pub-
ftwidet* of the mooem school of critical re- lished towards the end of 1729, he elearly
search in the field of eaily Christian Litera- accepts this view. The penisalof an unpuh-
ture, and he is still the leading authority on lishwl correspnndencu between two writerf
the ('uii<jervativaaideL .
whoso names are only given as 'Eugunius,*
J
I is 8ty!e is not equal to his matter. an Arian, fuul PhileleutheruSj' a Sooinian,
'

OngiiiaLiug in P' rinon-lectures, his treatisfw led him to rti-examine his position* In 17UC^
have little lit >rary form. His writing is as his letter on the Logos ^hows, |ia had de
plain, but bulJ, and, as he admits, often pro- cided for what he calls the Naatnreno doc-
lix, giving at its best an impression ot quiet trine (as distinct from the Ebionite, which
atrength. Though in bis text arery citation rejected the miraculous conception). Thxa
ia presented in an English dmss, the copious opinion he taught from the pulpites early as
appsratus ^f original authorities at the foo( 1747, but did not pubiish it tiU 17&9, and
^ban anonymously, waa |ia| indebted W

Digitized by Google
 Lajrdher 59' Lardtier
8oebi*n -itjoiien, nor had hA aqgnfttnted him- himself ta an authority). 10. Sermons upoa '

elf i^tmk ; his guidt to Ibe interpre- Variont Bubiects,' &c., 1750, 8vo; voL IL
tation of script urt; were the commentaries of 17t'0, 8vo. 1 1. 'A Dtasertatiou ujpon the two
tirotiiMan4 bi own pfttriatio ttudi^i. piBthis ascribed to Olemant oi Aome . .
In ^eraatt Lsrdbw of ileiidir buUil published by . . . Wetstdn, . . . thewtn^them
tod middlf lit'ight. His portrait, token be- not to be fft nuinc,' &c., 175.3, 8%o. 1'2. 'An
xwtm 17 IS anU 17 uid 0mi*f4 hy T. Essay on the Mosaic Acouunt uf thu Creatioa
IQtdkui, is prefUced 1 bit *Seiiri;' it andPallof Sfan/&c.,17i>j,&ro(anon.; tajkea
shows a frank, Inh Uigeot faoe, but is not the account in the literal sense, but denies
thenrisd Mtxtkiw. All lyeak of mwtwaU the itthecitanco of a oorrupted nature, and
t>t iMftiftiliUM <lhi> temptrijrf theeirility mtintunt thai human virtue, reared amid
of hii deportment. Hia coatiOTersial manner temptation, may * exceed the vli ue of Adam ;

it a model of ealm oouctMqf, ' All uuthamt' in raradise/ or 'of an augel}' nearly tho
Bays, ' fihottldnrit liketdioknaad geatla* wbola edition of this tract was lost, owing to
iLa, at least like civilised ]>toplc.' Ilis ser- the 'misfortnne.s of tlie piihli>hor). 13. 'A
'

MB oa * GmomIs of Prudeooe is a reflex ' lietter . . concemiiig ... the Logos/ &C.,
.

rfMi<wm<iiifiintef y iw irtd an Ht w 1760, 8vo (anon. pontic ri}>t8 deal with the
;

qui . i^.pe]]lg, 'Uatom^' 'coMai^' 'godU- positions of Robert ClMyton [q. v.j, bishop
of Cloffher); lepriuted 1768. 8to^ 1793, X2mOf
'^tSbVsM: 1. 'ThtCradibaityof the 183S, ISmo (thit tmet made Pneatlej a So-
Gospel History,* pt- i-. 1727, 2 Tola.; cinian about 1768; see Rri r. Mtimira of
Sad edition^ ifSO; 3nl edition, 1741 ; pt. ii. PriettUt/f 1831, L 69, 93, &9, where a&txapta
imS; il 1735; vol lit 1738 ; vol. are f^en from uurflnn'teorrespondeiitewitli
1740; vol.
nr. 1743; vol. vi. 17 55; vol. vii. JohnWiche, epiierfil baptist minister at Afaid-
1748} VoL nil. 1760; toI* tx. 1762 vol. x. ; stone). 14.'Kemark8uponthelate)r.[John]
iniS;vaLxil794|ToLzti.l7J55; supplement, WarnDteertafiotmiMfi ..tettagsteftlw .

1756, 2 vols. ; vol. iii. 17fj7, nil Svo,
sditioot of whicb onlr two volumes appeared,
wm im 1847, Bfo. The Itnt vsrt was
tran*latL'(l into Dutch (17S0) by Conioliiis
Westtttmof Utrc^nd into I^tiB(1733)
lfMaCliritoplir]WW4fHatnlKi^ Tha
^ork, as far as part ii. vol. iv., was translattJ
iatoQwmaa (1700-1) bjr varioiuiuiids. 2. 'A
VbdieMiiim^Tkm tfma Blasted SaviourV
Mincles ... in aoswer to . . Woolston,' Sic,
1729, 8to: translated into German, 17(iO. In
Us1ImioIiib* it hit Ittlerof? Htveh 1780
to Viscount Barririj.^toii dealing furthor with
difioullist ftlK>ut. the laisinff of Jairu^'
A new . . . f^cripturea,' &c., 1762, 8vo (deals ^^ith de-
moniacs, &C.) 15, ' Obeervations upon Dr.
fJainesJ tfrielMight^ Hinhony,' &c., 1764
ovo (anon.) 16, *A l^arge Collection of
Ancient Jewish and HeatUiao Testimonies
to the Troth of llie Christuui Religion,'
17W, 8vo; vol. ii. 176."), 8vo ; vol. ill. 1766,
8vo; vol. iv. 1767, 8vo (extends to wiiteta
of ihe fifth eentury, with nuKite orttitiMi
. of douljtful piiM zes). Posthumous weret
17. 'Sermons on Various Bubjeota,' 17^
9to (appended to * Memoirs'). 18. *Th
Historv' of the Hcreticrt of the Two First
Centuries,' &e., 1780, 4to (unfinished edited ;

4aflit<r. 8 'Goootela of Frudonce, for from lus mainuerip^s bjr John Bogg, the*
Ike use of Younff People,* dc,, 17."i7, 8\ o minister at Mint Meeting, Exeter, sfter-
SKtiott on cUatt. z. 1& 4. ' A Uaution wards banker). 19. 'jPwo Scbemee of a
tfiintt Gonfemity to tWt Worid,' fte., Trinitf oouddezed, and tbe IXvine tTiutjr
1739, 8vo firmons on iJom. xii. '2.
; t\v(j Ubsertid,* kc, 1784, 8vo (anon.; four ser-
6. 'A Sarnioi^ occasioned by the l>eath of mons on Philioa ii. 5-11, preacbed in 1747,
...WiUiaa Haxii% D.P.,' fte., 1740, 8vo. and edited bjr JToIra Wiehe).
8. 'The Circum -stances of the J ju ish People: Lardner edited the inrsiliumous 'Select
saAnraraent for , , thaCimstianlieljgMn^' Sermons,' 1745^ 8vo, of iurby Beyner, prca-
1743, 8vo ; thim tansont on Rom. xt. byteriaa miiuttflr of Tnelrer Street Chapel,
U; tranfilau.'d intoGerman 17.'>-1. 7. *.\ I'ristol. In conjunction with Cliandler and
Ssnnea ... on oocaaion of the Death of . . Others he edited the posthumous 'Tractty
JMtaith Hnnt, D.1> . . . with hritf M- 1766, 8vo, of Motet Lowman [q. v.] ; and ui
ir.oirs,' 1744, 8vo. 8. 'The Ca-se of the conjunction witli CaKb FIi'mhh^'- lui editO^
l^wmoaiacs,' ^c, 174>i, 8vo ; four sermons on tupplyii^ the preface, An Itiquirv into . .
'

IbihT. 19,<m0lMd to a aaaall but atttntiro our Savioui^t Agony,' &c,, 1757, 8vo, by
tiiditaee in 1742
;
' translated into Of rnmn Thomas Moore, a Ilulvwtll Street woollenp
I'fiOl 9, 'A Lstter to Jonas Uaaway,' &c., draper. In 1761 and' 1762 he contributed
174d,8ro (anoB.; objeotttotb*tetrni'Mag^ four eritieal lettere to Kippls's periodical,
dalw bouse' a based on an error reepecting^ 'The Lihrnri-.' lie revised, at Fleming's
lU^of Mtgdai*! ^
l^^tef ho quotes n^^uett, the mani^^i^t of '^'hc I^^hUm

Digitized by Google
 Larkham 59 Larkham
I)octrine<5 of Pu'velation rt-lating to Piftcular wretch by the name of Atheist.' Before
SSacriQces,' !fcc., 1700, 4to, 2 vols., by James 19 Jan. I(i40-1 (when Anthonj DowM waa
Richie, M.D. and of The True Doctrine of
;
'
appointed to the living of Nortnam, voi l by
*

the New Testament/ &c., 1767,8vo, by Paul cession or deprivation ) lAfkham fled witk
'

Oardale [q. .] His letter (1762) to Fleming his family to New England, gtmi^ flnt to
on the personality of the Holy Spirit was Ma.'^achusetts, 'but not being willing to
iirst printed as an appendix to Cardale's pos- submit to the discipline of tbe churches there^
thumous ' Enquiry/ 1776, 8ro, came to Northam or Dow, a settlement on
Lardners Works' were collected in 1788,
'
the river Piscataquis, Maine. Here he be-
8vo, 11 vols., with 'Life' by Kippis, who came minister, ousting Mr. Knollys.' In this
'vn mot the editor of the vorlc. They hare capacity he signs first, among forty inhabit-
been reprinted 1815, 4ro, 5 vola.} 18Si9,8TO^ ants of Dover, a petition dated 22 Oct. lt>40,
10 voU. i 1835, 8vo, 10 vols. to Charles I, for 'combination of government.'
[Menoin of Lardner vere published anony- Larkham's conduct in usurping the principal
mously in 1769; they were dniwn up by Joseph civil as well as rt'Iigious authority led to
Jvanings, son of David Jennincs, DJ). When much discontent and even open warfare, and
Xippia traa bringing out hii lAh of Lurdner eommisrioiien from Boeton (of whom Hngh
(1788) he received a letter from David Jennings, Peters was one) were sent to arbitrate.
Lardner's grnodncphew, who wrote strongly ob- They found both parties in fault. Larkham
jeeting to the publication, not only on bis own remained at Dover until the end of 164i,
aeoount^ but <m that of Richard Dickens, LL.D., when, says Governor Winthrop, ' suddenly
prebenthry of Darbam, and his mother (Kippis discovering a purpose to go to Luglaiid, and
erroneously says his wife), Margwrot, diuiphttr of
fearing to be diaauaded by his people, gnve
Lardner's brother Richard, who married Samuel
them lii?^ faithful promise not to po, btit yel
IMckens, D.D. Kippis'a Life does not supersede
soon alter he got on shipboard and so do-
the Memoirs, and adds little of biographical
It wat time for him to be gone.*
moment. Soo also London Directory of 1677, parted.
reprinted 1878 (for Nathaniel Collier); Pro- There follows an aeoount of the birth of an
testant Difiseoter's Magauae, 1797. pp. 484 la. illegitimate child of which Larkham was ad-
* Upon this the
(aeooont of Iwdnei^a last days reprinted trlta mitted to be the father.
;

alditioD8 inMonthly Repository, 1808, pp. 364 church at Dover looked out for another elder.*
sq.,485 sq.); Wilson's Dissenting Churches of Larkham gives the exact date of his ' de>
London. 1 808. i. 88 sq., ii. 303 sq. Rutt's Me- part ure,' accompanied only by his 8onThona%
;

moirs of Priestley. 1831, i.37(c"'>TtiparePrit'8tloy'3 as 14 Nov. Some time after his arrival ia
"Works, xxi, 243); Turtier's Livt-s of Eminent
Unitarians, 1840, i. 126 sq.; Duvids's Evan^.
Honconformi^ in Esecz, 1863, p. 467 ; James s
Hist LItig. Fmb. Chapels, 1867, pp. 688. 713.
716; Hunt's Religions Thmi^^Mit in Etielimd,
1873, iii. 238 ; Urwick's Nonconformity in Uerta,
1884, p. 720 Lightfoot's Essays on Supematmal
;
England he became chaplain in Sir Herdiea
Waller's regiment going to Iielaiid. Ae-
cording to his own story, he was at one time
' chaplain to one of ^atest
honour in the
nation, next unto a hing, had hie nridenee
among ladies of honour, and was familiar

Religion, 1889, p. 40; extracts from family papers

kindly famished by I^dy Jennings.] A. G.
LARKHAM, THOMAS (1602-10C9),
|lttritan divine, born at LyM Regit, Dorset^
on IZAufT. piona pnrpnts,' matri-
inOi?, of
culated at Cambridge, and proceeded B.A.
from Trinity Hall in 1621-2, and M.A.16S6.
In 1622 ho was living at Shohrooke, near
Crediton, where he married. He was in-
stituted vicar of Northam, near Bideford,
on L'6 Doc. lti"20, and his puritan proclivities
brought him into trouble. A
petition against
him was, ho says {Sermons on the AttributM,
Pref.), 'delivT rd [anparently about 10:^<>1
into the king's own uand, with 24 terrible
with men of greatest renown in the king-
dom, when be liad a thousand pounds wora
of plate before him.' On .30 Jan. 1^47-8 he
came into Devonshire, proceeding in the fol-
lowing April to Tavistod^ where Sir Hardiea
then liafl h\9. headquarters. The vicarage
of Tavistock had been vacant since Qeorge
Hughes accepted a call from the people <^
j
Plymouth on 21 Oct. H>4'^. Larkham ulti-
mately succeeded to the vicarage, certainly
I before 1649. Accord ing to the report of the
commis.<<ioners, who, under the Act for Pro-
i viding Maintenance for Preaching Ministers,
I visited Tavistock on 18 Oct. 1660, Lavldiam
was elected by the inhabitants, and presented
by the Earl of Bedford, who as successor to
'

articles annexed, importing faction, hi resie, |

the abbey held all the great tithea and the
witchcraft, rebellion, and treason.' He waa right to present.' The earl had formerly al-
]

*jput into Star-chamber and High Commis- |

Bion/ and was proceeded againat in the Con-
eistory Court at Exeter under a .suit of pre-
'
ttiRde4 alunder for reproving on atheistical
lowed the vicar ' 60*' per annuin, but Lark-
i ham only received 19" from him.' An eddi-
I tinnal .W ppr annum was, however, allowed
him from Lan^erton aa t^ha. On 16 ^Qf,
|

Digitized by Google
 Larkham
]M he hni bMn dfnnisMd from hit pout
explain of Waller's regiment. According
to hi* 'Diary' he had had 'ditterences about
tiieir irrfligiou8 But he really
carriage.'
mma to have been dismissed aftr a court-
mtrtial, which sat for two dnys at Plymouth,
had found him guilty of inciting to insubor-
dhltm. He seems neveitlMleM to have se-
cuffd ^nme other military post, for he speaks
<d remving money in 1651 at a * muster in
(Mide for my men and on 11 June IfUSS
mvivrI ploven dnys'pay from Flbthery at
BauoL they beinffftbout to take ship,' for
'
Madvraibatily. HowuthuaabMutliNMn
Tiristock almost the whole of 1651-2, and
owiuto his absence, and to his introduction
ifter his return of novelties in the church,
'vhich would have wmntd any but an
A*h#nian Spirit,' his conqregntion showed
n:uch discont*?nt. In 1(>37 larkham attacked
h.it chief enemies in a tract entitled Naboth, '
in % Nfimitive and Oomplaint of the Church
of (i(A Bt Tavistocli, andandespecially of
conoemin^ Mr. Thomas Larkham.' llTelaad-
in/f who were especiallv abused,
parihioners,
Rplisd in' The Tavistock X^^aboth proved
an Answer to a Scandalous Narratiire
Nalal:
kjTbomas Larkham, in the name, but with-
out the consent, of the Church of Tavistocke
in Dtvon, etc., by F. O., D. P., W. G., N. W.,
W. ete.,' 4 to, London, 1668 (Bodleian).
Larkham in his * Diary ' calls this reply ' a
hape of trash, full fraught with lit.n and
!nder9,' but the authors seem to have been
j'ii'tified in their denunciations of Larkham's
iffecT ion for sack and bowls, which his ' Diarv
corroborates. They also idlnde to his pub-
Ii*hd attacks on tithes, although his 'Diaiy*
Rores that he made every effort to exact the
Lamsiton tithes from refraetoiy fkmers.
Accusations of immorality in New England
ud at home had, it was further declared,
bfo brought against him by one of theoom-
missioners. Larkham retorted in a pamphlet
eiill<?d ' Judas Hanging Himself,' which is no
lon^rer extant, and his enemies answered him
tjnin in ' A
Strange Metamorphosis in Tavis-
''''ck,orthe Nnbal-Naboth improved a Judas,'
ic, 4to, London, 1 058, British useum. But M London, 1656. Dedicated to Oliver Crom-
Larkham, who was out in printing Naboth'
1/. 10.' (Dinry, October 1(J57), allowed the
eoDtroversy to drop there. Alreadv he had
is the pulpit spoken of the neignbouring
n f rs ft - (? n n p ou mey work ,' an d h ad as-
rr) i i." ' works are very scarce, especially the tracts.
i
*eTtad that ' manv of them would sooner turn
Fnsbytenans, Independents, nay Papists,
rather than lose their benefices.' The
brated John Howe, then of Great Torring-
ton, openly protested against one of Larlt-
hara's sermons, which was afterwards pub-
lished in hia 'Atthbutas of God, 1M.'
TOL. XL
593 Larkham
m In Oetohsr 1609, to Lnrkhara's disgust, a
weekly lecture was established in Tavistock
by his opponents, and the neighbouring minis-
ters oihcitited. Larkham resisted he arrange-
t
ment, bat the council of state {State Paper$,
Dom. cxx. 226) ordered the justices living
near Tavistock (^17 March 1669-60) to take
measures to enntinna the Isetnras, and to sx-
amine witnesses as to the 'crimes and mis-
demeanors' alleged against Larkham. The
charges chiefly consisted of ca prjwsions h*
had used in sermons, in derogation of the
restored Long parliament, and in contempt of
Monde The justices sat to hear eridenee on
17 April, and Larkham was ordered to admit
others to preach in the parish church. On
19 Oct. the justices met to consider whether
he had been legally appointed to the vicafagn
of Tavistock, and he was bound over to sppear
at the Exeter assizes. On Sunday the 21st
Larkham, in compliance with the Earl of
Bedford's desire, resig-ned the benefice. He
was nevertheless arrested on 18 Jan. 1660-1,
and spenteighty-four days inprison atExMCA
On his release* he returned to Tavistock, living
with his son-in-law, Condy, and preaching
ooeanonally m rstired places, but leffc the
town on being warned of impending prosecu-
tions under the Five Miles Act. In 1604 be
became partner with Mr. County, an apothe-
cary in Tavistock, and carried on the business
successfully after Mr, County's death. The
last entry in his ' Diary ' is dated 17 Nov. 1669,
and he was buried at Tavistock on 23 Dee.
On 22 June 1622 he married Patience,
daughter of Geor;^ Wilton, schoolmaster, of
Crediton. Of this marriage were bom foor
children Thomas, died in the West Indies,
:
1648; Georse^went to Oxford and became
minister of UMkermouth; PMienoe, married
Lieutenant Miller, who died in Ireland, IBTifi;
and Jane, married Daniel Condy of Tavistock.
Hisirovln are, besides the tracts alread;f
mentioned: 1. 'The Wedding Supper,* 12mo,
London, 1652, with portrait, engraved byT.
Cross. Dedicated to the parliament. 2. *A
Discourse of Paying of Tithes by T. L., M.A.,
Pastour of the Church of Tavistocke,' 12mo,
well. 8. < The Attributes of Ood,' &c., 4to,
London,16r)6, with portrait, Rrlti!i ^lufcum.
Dedicated to the fellows, masters, and presi-
dents of colleges, fte., at Cambridge. All his
^m
His manuscript ' Diary ' 1660 to 1668
has been editM, but much abbreviated and
cele- e.xpurgated, bythe Rev. W.Lewis.
[Larkham's Tnanuscript Diary now in the poin
Mr. Fawoett of Carlisle; bis Wedding
session of
Supper. Discourse on Tithss, and AttrihutMiof
God jHistoiy of Sever, Ilass.,bjtheRev. Jeremy
a (i
Digitized by Goegle
 Larking 594 Laroon
BeUcnsip. i. 46; OorerDOffWiathrop'aHiitoryof ing's wife, ft daaaandant of Sir Rofw;
diraet
Kew EnglHinf, ii. r)2 History of MassachiiaetU,
; and 1857 'an Extent of the Lands of tb
in
bv ThuiiifiB Uuli lurisoD, i. 98 ; Provincml rHpc;-s lijiighta UospitaUers in fingUnd as lepoitsd
oi New Iliuiipahire, vol. i. ; Palmer's Noncon- to th0 Grand Master of the Onlar in 11881'
ii. 78, Eplscop-il
formist's Memori.i!, Registers from a document found by Larkin^^ in tLe
of Exeter; pariiih registers of iiontuim and
fublic libraiT of Valetta In the winter of
T^tetoek.] B. I*. R.
838-9 ; and in 1861 ' Proceedings princi*
LARKING, LAMBERT BLACK- pally in the county of Kent in 1G40.' The tvo
^VELL (1797-18(18), antiquary, horn at his I
earlier volumes contained en int roduction br
father's Ixouse, Clare House, luimt Mailing, '
John Mit<;hellKemble, and the la^t u preiuOo
Kienl<Mi 2Fb.l797,-w-a8 son of Jolin Lark- I
by JuLii Bruce,
ing, eq. (who was aherilf of Kent in 180'^), I
The Domesday Book of Kent,* witli trsn*-
'

hy JDoxothjr, daughter o Sir Charles Stjie, latiou, noteSy and appendix by Larking, wu
iNiit. He fna eduetted at EUm and Tubliahed ahortly after hia death, Londoa,
Brauenoee CoUege, Oxford (B.A. 1820, A. 800, fol. M
and was Ma foundac of tha Uoivaraitjr He married, on 20 July 1831, Franeea,
now ona of daughter of Sir William Jerm Twpdm,
ibamoat flourl8hing in the kiugdoni. In 1820 bart., of Roydon Hall, Norfolk. ThoiaVBI
he wa*i ordained to the curacy of East Peck- no isisuo of the marriage.
ham, near Tuubridtre. He became vicar of [lutnxlucfK n to the new edition of ITaiitdt
Kyarsh, near Maiastone, in 18^0, and of Kent, vol. .it, of Oxford Oradaatcs.Kicbob'f
i ;
(

I^unihtim, near Rochester, in 1837. lie held Cut. uf the Works of the CJamden Soc.] T.C.
both those livings till his death, which took
LAROCHE, JAMES (/I. HW6-1713),
place at Ryarsh on 2 Aug. 1868. pinger, appeared while a boy as Cupid in Mot-
Larking made extensive preparations for
ten x's Lovipa of Mars and Venus,' 4to, 1687,
a j^tovy of the county of K^nt^ and bad for which was performed in ltt97 at Lincoln's Inn
fmna years the assistance of tlie Rev. Thomas Tlieatre, a species
of musical entr'acte to the
StreatfeiUl of Cliarts Edge, Kent, vrhn diod
AnatmniA^ cf RaTensoroft;. He It then
'

jun 1^48 and left the materials at the disposal

called Jemmy Laroch p. ITi? portrait is girea
of liBrkinff. It wta not nnta 1886 that the in a rare print entitled The Raree
qhoVt '
iirst instalment of the projucted work ap-
sung by Jemmy Laroch in the MuaiMl Li>
peared under the title ot ilasted's History ti
'

rlude for the Peace [of Utrecht] with ths

of Kent, corrected, enlarged, and continued
Tune set to Music for the Violin [by John
to the present time. Edited by Henry H.
Eccles]. Ingraved, Printed, Cuhred, and Sold
Drakft, I'art L The Hundred of Hlaokheath.'
1 y Sutton Nicholls, next door to the Jack,'
Loudou, fol. To it is prehxud an cn^'^ruveU
Sec, fol ., London. It was subsequently pub-
|iortrait of Larking.
lished by Samuel Lyne. Tiie engraving
Larking was honorary secretary of the hibits I^roche with the sliow on a stnol, ex-
Kent A^chirologicnJ Society from iti> founda-
hibiting it to a group of ehildren. The in-
tion in 18^7 until 1861 when he was elected
,
terlude was played at the theatre in Little
a vict'-prt'i^idriit, and he contrilmtt'd many Lincoln's Inn flaldi in April 171S.
articles to the 'ArqlyiDoloflria Cautinna the '

roche's portrait wno also engraved by Mar-

^acieiya tranMctiova. ^e
most important
cellua Laroon the elder [q. v.] in his 'Cryn
of these papers are On the 8urrenden
'
Char-
of London,' and aohfleqnently by Smith ai^
ten/ from the muaimanta of the Dering Tempest (Btahi, Oat. ifSngraved J^rtraUt,
fmihr (i. fiO-65) ; Genealogical Notieee of
*
ii. 240).
the Northwoods' (ii. 9-42) ; 'The Diary of
[.Ml that 19 known of Larocha in snrp'iea
the pious, learned, patriotic, and loynl Sir
Mr. Julian M.irslmll to Qvmfk Diciii
Roger Twysden (vols, iii, iv.); a notice of ofy Music and Musicians.}
} rv :

'

J. K.
the topopraphical labours of hia friend Streut-
feild (vol. iii. ; also printed separately, IfeGi, LAROON
or LAURON. MARCEI^
4to) ; on the ancient Kentish family of Ley- LUS, the elder (l(i*>i-i 702^, pain t'r and en*
bourne, vol. v.; and 'Description of the graver, born at the Hagne in 1068, w em
Heart -Slinnp in Leybuunif^ Churrli;' also of Marcelhss Lauren, a painter of Krenci
printed separately, liondon, 1804, 4to. extract lun, who settled in Holland, where be
For the Camden Society, of trhoae coun- wioked for many vean as a painter, tlwoifk
cil lie was for many years a memljor, of small merit, and brought up his son< to the
Lacking edited in 184d Certaine Conside- same professioa. The son Maxxsellua migrated
'

raUons upon the Gomninent of England, by in early lifiitoEngland,whorehe WIS nauaUy

Sir Roger Twysden,' from an unpublished styled Laroon. end lived for many yeara ik
imnuscript bolonging to the family of Lark- Yorkahisat Ueinii>rmedVextuethathaaa

Digitized by Google
 Laroon S9$ Larpent
Bttbrandt at Hull tn IGGL I^aronn Uecaiun made tlie acquuintunce of Colonel Gorsuch,
well known for small portraits and conversa^ commanding the battalion of foot-guards ou
rion'pieceB in the hitter lie showed ffreat
; service iit Flanders. Gorsueh hit reduced
proficiency. He also painted uunieroup snmll him to Colonel Molesworth, aide-de-camp to
pictures of humorous or free lul^eeU in the tlie Duko of Marlborough. He
evOMed in
rtyleofEf^hprt van Ileemskerk.Home of which the duke'.5 ship to Holland, was presented
were engraved in moziotint by Bt'ckctt and to the duke, aiui joined the foot-guarda under
John Smith. He alao etched and engraved Gorsuch. Ha was soon promoted to a lieu-
in merzotint similar plat-'s himst lf. Lartioa tenancy in the Furl of Orkney repiraeut,
u bej.t known by the flrawai^'s he made Of 1 ru*> at Oudeuarde, where he wais
fought in
'Tie Cryes of L' 'ni! )!!,' wlilcU were wounded, at the siege of lalla^ and at the
engraved
and published l>y Pii r :-- Tempest, siege of Ghent, where he was again wounded.
lie also
drew tie illustrations to a book on fencin>j, In 1709 ho went under General Slanhopo
end the proce.slon at the coronafinn of Wil- with James Graggs the younger [q. v.] to
liam ni and Miiry in 1080. He was fn - Spain; in 1710 he was appoinfed deputy
onently employed to paint drnp<>rieH for ^ir quart ermaster-general of the J::ingU6h truupp,
tiodfoj Kaeller, and yrn wall known m I

a servad in all the battlea, and wis taken |^ri-

clew copyist. He was a man of pdcy-poinnf Roner with Stanliope at Brihuegn. In L 12
'

and convivial temperament, fmid ot uiu.hic he returued, on an exchanffe of prisoners, to

.

nd good company, and lived, on coming to London. In 1715 he flarred in Colonel Stan-
Loncon, in Bow Street, Covent Gnrdpn He hope's repriment of dragoons at Pre.ton, and
I

died of consumpt ion at Richmond in Surrey was quartered at various places in Scotland.
<a 11 March 1702, and was buried there. He was tlien placed on half-pay for eigkt
He married the daughter of Jeremiah Keene, years, and resicfed at York. In 1724 he was
builder, of Little Sutton, near Chiswick, by given a troop in Brigadier Kerr's dragoons,
nfeoB Ii had ft kige family, indndbg tbree in which he served till 1732, when he waa
Hxti, who wore brought up to his own nro- placed on half-pay, with the rniik of captain.
fiKAion. He painted portraits of Queen Mary Laroon was a friend and imitator ot W il-
(eneraved in mezxotint by U.William8),C.G. liam Hogavth [a. v.], and a man of jovial
LibWr the sculptor, and others ; his own and boisterous habits. At Strawberry Hill
portrait by himself showed the scars result- there was a drawing by him of the inside of
iBjrfrominjaries received in a street quarreL Moll King'a house. lie appears himself in
Somedrawlnp-i by him are in the print room Boitflrd's engraving of The Covent Garden '

in ttie British Mus'-um. He bad acollectiou Morning Frolic' Another portrait of Laroon
flffietureg, which was aold by ftuction byhU ooevie m
the group of artists painted by
Moon 24 Feb. 172". Hc^arth, now in the University Galleries at
.\iiC^LLiU&| the youn^rer (1C70 OxK)rd. He was a deputy-chairman of a club
1772), painter and caplftiA in the army second, presided over by Sir Robert Wal pole, which
am of the above, wa? born on 2 April 1070 met nt the house of Samuel Scott [q. v/1 the
it hi* father's houBe in How Street, Covent maruie painter. He bought pictures for Wal-
Qaiden. He and two brothers were brought pole^umnding a 'Holy I^amily by Vandyck, '

op a? painter^, b'lt were nl-^o taii^rht vii- th<! authenticity of which was doubted. This
rioua accomj^lishuieuts, includiii>r Ireiich, BO enraged J^aroon that he issued a challengw
faadair, daneiitg,and music. His father bad to all the critics (see JJnt. Mus. Addit. MS.
frequent cnncerta in his house, at whieh tho 28076, f. 27). Laroon's drawings of musical
oa, whtii quite children^ became noted for parties, conversat ions, &c., are very well done.
titeir proficiency on the vuAin aad oliier in- There are drawings by him in the print room,
itruments. In \*'>97 I.aroon wns appointed at the British Museum and in the Unlver-
ptfe to Sir Joseph \Villiam*ou [q. v.juKuglish sity Galleries at Oxford ; some have been
i

plenipotantiiKir at the peace of Bjavryck. j

Afkerthe peace was signed he becfim*^ pap-e to
tbeEarl of Manchester, who was leaving the
engraved. He died at Oxford on 1 June 1 773y
:
in his ninety-fourth year, and was buried ia
St. Mary Magdalene's Church in t hat city.
j

Englwh embM^ in Holland t<i fill tbst at [Walpolo'fi A need, of Painting, ed. Wamranj
Venice. Laroon went througli Germany nnd Vertno's WS:^. (Brit. Muf. Add. >!SS. 230CS-
I

Tyrol to Venice in the earl's train, but. soon li.'J076); J. T. iSmith'a >iollckcus and his Times,
MUmed by way of NoHb Italy and France to vol. ii. Segaier's Diet, of Painters Cbaloncr
; ;

I/)ndon, where )ie resumpfl pnintin?- Family Smith's British Maantinto Fortraitaj ITaglar'a
4ifft;reuce8 led him to abandon his art for the Monogrammisten, ir. Sto. 1976.3 L. C.
tage, and he wa for two years engaged a LABPENT, FRANCIS SEYMOLTl
an actor and sinfrer at Drury Lcne Theatre, (177t>-184.'3), civil servant, eldest son of John
filithe resumed paiuting btUore 1707,wbenbe
j
Larpent [q. v.], and halt-brother of Sir George

Digitized by Google
 Larpent 596 Larpent
G^rard de Hocliepied Larpent. [q. v.], was the same year. The manuscript forms Brttiih
bom on 1 ' Sept. 17/6, and educated at Cheain Museum Addit. MS. 88419.
school. He graduate*! R A, from St. John's [Memoir prefixed to the Journals Qent.Ha^
;

College, Cambridge, as titth wrangler in 1799, 1846, ii. 99 ; Burke's Peerage.] W. A. J. A.

was elected fellow, and proceeded M.A. in
1802. He studied for some time under Rayley,
the eminent special pleader, was called to
the bar, and went the weotem circuit. On
circuit lie did little business, but made some
useful friendships. Manners Sutton, judge-
dvocBte-gtmeral, selected him in 1812 to go
out to the Peninsula as deputy judge-advo-
cate-general to the forces there. He re-
mained till 1814 at headquarters with Wel-
lington, who thought highly of his services
LARPENT, Sra GEORGE GERARD
DE HOCHEPIED (1786-1865), politician,
youngest son of John Larpent [q, y.], by his
second wife, was horn in London on 16 Feh.
1786. He early entered the East India house
of CockereU & Larpent, became chainnan
of the Oriental and China Aaeoetation, and
deputy-chairman of the St. Katharine's Docks
Company. In Ma^ 1840 he unsuccessfiillj
contested Ludlow in the whig interest, ana
in April 1841 Nottingham but in June 1841
;

(Denpatchfti, vi. 360). In Augus^t 1813 he
irtttaken prisoner, but was exchanged almost
immediately {{b. pp. 737, 761). In 1814 he
was made a commiissioner of customs. About
the same time he was appointed civil and
admiralty judge for Gibraltar. A new code
was in course of format ion, and Laqwnt was
(imployed fife a month or two in arranging
Thecourt-martialonGenenilSir John Murray.
In the spring of 1815 Larpent was invited
bf the psiaee regent to inquire into the im-
proprieties which the Princess Caroline wns
alleged to have committed abroad, but he
witdy insisted that hit appointment should
pcoeeed from the government directly, and
he was returned at the head of the poll for Not-
tingham, with Sir John CbmHohnouse [q. v.]
On 13 Oct. 1841 he was created a baronet.
He retired irom parliament in August 1842.
}>ending the ranut of a petition presented
against his return. In 1847 he unsuccesa*
fuUv contested the city of London. Hadiad
in Oottdnit Straet, London, on 8 areh 18B6.M
He married, first, 1^^ Oct. 1813, Charlotte,
third daughter of William Cracxoft of the
exchequerdie died on 18 Feb. 1861 nt Bath,
leaving two sons and a daughter; P'condly,
in 1868| Louiss, daughter of George Bailer
of Lboolnshire, by whom he left a son-^ua
coml wife died on 23 March 1856; La^
f-i

that he should be employed to sift rather pent wrote a pamphlet in support of no-
than gather partisan evidenoe. Although tection to West Indian sugar, 1823, whiA
he nominally set out to take up his work at ran through two editions, and another en-
Gibraltar, he went to Vienna, where he was titled ' Some Remarks on the late NegoUa-
accredited to Count Miinster, and began his ttons between the Board of Control and the
investigations into the princesi^'fi conduct, East India Company.' He also edited the
with the result that he dissuaded the prince journals of his half-brother, Francis Seymoor
r*gent's advisers from bringing her to public Larpent
[q. v.], in 186S, and the 'BBaloiy of
trial. He thence travelled to Gibraltar, and Turkey' oi his grandfather, Sir .Tames PortSt^
remained there till 1820, when he wa.'< agwiti continuing it and adding a memoir, 1854.
employed in secret service with reference to
[Oent. Mag. 1866, i. 624 ; Al'Cullocb's Lit.
the Princess Caroline, In 1821 Lord Liver-
pool made Jjirnent one of the commi-s-niouers
of Bolit. Eeoa. p. 98.] W. J. A. A
of the board of audit of the public accounts. LARPENT, JOH.V (1741-1824X ia-
In 1826 he becninp its chairman, and in 1843 KpectoT of plays, bom 14 Nov. 1741, was th^
he retired, lie died at Hulniwood, near second son of John Larpent(1710-17^), who
Itorking, SatfVf, on 21 May 184f>. was ftMrtjr^hMe years in the foreign oflice, and
Larpent married, first, on 15 March 1815, twenty-five years chief clerk there. His
Catherine Elizabeth, second daughter of Fre- mother was a daughter of James Pazaut of

1

derick Reeves of East Sheen, Surrey she a refugee Norman fSunily. John was edu-
died without issue on 17 Jan. 1 822; secondlv, cated at Westminster, and entered the foreign
on 10 Dec. 1821), Charlotte Rosamund, daugh- office. He was secretary to the Duke oi
ter of George Arnold Arnold of Halstead Bedford at the peace of Paris in 176S, andts
Place, Kentshe died at Bath on 28 Apnl the Marquis of Hertford when lord-lieutensnT
1879. of Ireland. In November 1778 he was ap-
When in the Peninsala Larpent wrote pointed inspector of plays by the Marquis of
descriptive letters to his step-mother; these Hertford, who was then lord chamberiain.
were edited, with a preface by Sir Qeorffe He is said to have been strict and careful,
Larpent, under tha title of ' Private Journals and to have left behind him mannseript
of Franci> R'vmnur Lnrpert,' Lrmdnn, 1H.'').3, copies of all t!ie plays submitted to th# in-
S vols. 8vo, and pa66ed through three editions spector from 17^7 txii 1824 (c& A'otet md

Digitized by Google
 Lascelles 597 Lascelles
Qmrm, 2nd Mr. ir. 269). He died 18 Jan. as A moderate tory. He was an admirer of
IM. Lupent narritsd, first, <m 14 Aug. Pitt, and spoke fairly often. On 13 Feb. 1800
1773, Frances (d. 9 Nov. 1777), flldet he supported the Habeas Corpus Suspension
dMighter of Maximilian Wetni of Coke- BUI, and on S Nov. 1801 voted for the pre-
Ihe^ Tkrk, Oxfordshire, and bt her he had liminaries for peace with France. He se-
two sons, of whom the elder, ('rancia Sev- conded the appointment of Charles Abbot
our LeraenU ia teparately noticed. Ilia (afterwards iunt baron Colchester) [q. v.]
moBd in&t whom he married 26 April 1782, as speaker on 11 Feb. 1802, and took the
W Anna ^largaretta. elder daughter of Sir nio<lerate side in the debate on the Prince
JiMi Porter [q. x.\ by Clarissa Catherine, of Walea'a debts on 4 March 1803. He moved
fMok dinghter of lberd, second baron de the second reading of the Woollen Manufao-
Hochepied (of the 0rman empire); by her tiires Bill, an act of some importance in
hB W two mutf John Jamee and George manufacturing districts, on 13 June 1804.
Ganvd, both of whom, by license dated Aiker the death of his elder brother in 1814
14 June 1810, added the name De Hochepied. ho wasstvled ^'istount Lascelles, and when
i

<kS5 Marck 1828 the elder son aucoeuded in 1819 iiaxl Fitzwilliam was removed on
1

hb othei'a brother as aeTenth Baron de political grounds from the lord-lieutenancy

|

Hochepied, a license to bear the title in Eng- of the West Ridinpr, Lascelles waa appointed
kid having been granted 27 Sept. 1810. in his ohuM. On 3 April 1820 he succeeded
Omgi Qeraid ds JfodkayM IfpaBt ia lus huoT in the eaildom. He took little
Mptntdy Botioad. part in the debutes in the House of Lords:
[RiirkA Peeraf^ and B'<mn0tage; Nichola'a ne waa opposed to the Bill of Pains and
Lit. IHuktr. i. M8 ; Walpale's Ltti>r. ed. Cuo- Penalties against Queen Caroline, and to
tti0um, r. fli ; Alaauii Waattnon .tB'-', Mi.] catholic eumncipation. On 7 (>ct. 18.'U he
W.A.J. A. declared himself a moderate reformer, and
favtrared tiie exteonoB of representation, but
LASCELLES. Mm. ANN (1746-1788),
opposed the Reform Bill. Inl83.'3theDuolie.'-H
fMdiak (See Camr, Anr.]
ot Kent and the Prinoesa Victoria, and in
lASCHBLLBS, HENRY, aeeond Em 18S9 the qneeB-dowager ^ited him at Hare-
Of IUrk-vs ood ( 1707-18-n 1, bom on 25 Dec. wood Ilou.'ip, near I^eeds, Yorkshire. His
1767, vaa second son of Edward, first earl chief interest laj in country lilh. He main-
of flnewood, by Anne, dauf^htor of Williajn tained the Harewood Hvnt, and died on
Chiloner. In 1 79C, hewm elected member 24 Nov. 1841 at Rramham in Yorlishire, just
U ftriiament iior Yorluhire in the tory in- alVer returning from a run with the liounda.
H
Umt He waa i-eleeted in 1809, but did is portrait, l^Jadaon, is at Harewood. He
not represen t tlu> constituency in 1806. In married, on 3 Sent. 17iU, Henrietta, tUtst
Idas he waa again a candidate for Yorkshire, daughter of Sir John SaundersSebrkht, hart.,
ikt int cooteated eleetion whieh had oo- aadnad issna eeroi sons and Ibvr daughters.
curred for sixty-six years. Tlie sf ru^glo was His eklest son, Edward, died in 1839, and
alw nemontble on aooountof the vast expense his second son, Heniy, succeeded him in tba
vUdi Lueellea and Lord Milton, the whig peerage.
(andidafe, incurred, it b^'in^ stated that to- [Gent. Mug. 1R42, i. 98; A Collection of
gether thej gg&at 200,000^., and on account Speeches, Addre s. and Sqnibs produced . .
the return of William Wilberfiyroe, whoee daring ths late coatssted Eleetion, 1807 R. L :

party almost entirely lacked oi^anisation, at and S. W. Wilherforce's Lif.' of WillUm Wilbei*
the head of the poll. The excitement was force, iii. 5.5, 306, &e. Piu-liumentary Dehstos;
;

tMMndoas ; the poll opened on SO May, and Smiths PMrliaiiientanr Ilepreaeiitation of York-
continued for fifteen (lays. Liiflctlleg waa shire Thorubury'a jTorkahtre Worthit!!*
; Men
;

BBMiCfeMful, coming 166 votes behind Lord

of the Reign.] W
A. J. A.
Kkea. Ob SO July 1607, however, he was LASOBLLBB, BOWLEY (1771-1841 ),
"eturned for "Westburj', in jtlace of Ms eMt-r antiquary and miscellaneous writt r, born in
Ivother Edward, who elected to sit for the the naxian of St. James, Westminster, in 177 1.
'niily borough en Korthallerton. On 6 Oct. TCOM'red his edneation at Harrow School, and
Iftl2 he was returned for Pontefract ;but was called to the \mt at the Middle Temple
^'ilberfofoe having retired from the repre- 10 FeK 1797. Afterwards be practiaed for
NBtation of the ooun^, Laaeellea eatne in aa about twenty years at die Irish bar.
his (Ktbetitute on 16 Oct. Probably in con- In 1813 the record comrnissioners for Ire-
eqoenee of the enormous sums he had ex- land selected Lascellen, m succession to Bar-
pended in ebetioMering in the eounty, he tholomew Thomas DuhigiT fq^. v.l to edit liate
eho*e to eit for the town of Northallerton in of all public otFii rs n rnrded m tlielrish court
f

1818, la the House of Commons he voted of chancery I'rum iu4U to 1774. The lista

Digitized by Google
 Lascelles
formed part of the extnsiv manuscript col-
leodmia oonetounr the hiitorjr of Ireland
TTiftde by John Lodge [q. v.], deputy-keeper
of the rolls ia Ireland : these oollections had
been purohaeed ftfler LoAvtfi dettth in 1774
from his widow by the Irian jrovorninent. and
were deposited in Dublin Castle. After a
time Laseelles quarrelled wiA* fUe eonnof>
8ioner.s hut hfi ring gained thefavour of Lord
; Coronation in Westminster A^)bey,* 1880^
Kedesdale, he was authorised bj Ooulbnm,
then chief secretary tm Ireland, to etrry on
the work in London, where it waa printed,
under the immediate authority of tue trea-
BWf, in twoMio vohmet dafeea reepeetively
1 I nn.I 1 P30. Liber Miinp-
Its title ran : the manner of Gast inrlione,' London, 1821.
rum Fublicorum mbemie, ab an. 1 152 usque
ad 1887 ; or, tbe Bftabtk^nients of Ireland
from the nineteenth of King- Stephen to the
Mventh of George IV, during a period of
tax bttttdred and erentjr'fiT* years/ his-
tori- of Tn-'land, styled Res flestfe Anglonira
'
59 Lascelies
in the ' Patriot' Dublin newspaper, tfid after-
wards norinted nndef the mtB of ' Letten
of YoricK, or a Good-humoured Remon-
strance in favour of the Established Qhurcilt'
8pts., Dublin, 1817, 8ro. 9. *Tbetlera1dio
Oripin of Gothic Arrhitectnrr. Tn an?wer
to oil foreooinip systems on the subject: on
occasion of thoftpmoacMnfif eerem'omal ofthe
8vo. A very conceited and bombattk: mh
dnetiott. 4. 'The Univeriity and C5itT of
Oxfonl ; displnyed in aperies of ise\entv-two
Views drawn and engraved by J. U. S.
Storsr. Aeeompanfed with a Dia1o|irne af^
8vo. 6. 'The Ultimate Remedy for Ireland.*
(anon.), 1881 , 8vo ; a copy in the BritiiAi Mn-
seura, revised in March 18:^2, has ntimeKMn
manuscript additions by the author.
A [Gent. MHg. 184! pt.ii.pp. 3'.3-fi. 18,^4 pt. ii.
pp. 263, 4.57, 1869 pt. I. pp. :!GOS ThomMS
;

in 1 1 ibcmia,' written by Lasoellesin apart isan Introd. to Liber flibttroisB; MioUi RsfMt of tho
was prefixed on his own aatiiority, and
flpirit, DAputy-Kaeperof FiUie Baedldi hi Irriaod. pp.
gave 80 much offcTir.' tlint, nlthoiigh copies of 6, 7; Ix)wndee'8 BiW. Man. (B6lin>, p. ISli;
the book were distributed to public libraries, Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vi. 3dU.] T. C.
it wns |iraetically suppressed, and Leseenes's
employment ceased. Arclidt rimn Cntron ro- colonel, chief engineer of Great Britain ajid
ttarks that the work contains a great mass deputy quartemiAster-general of the forces,
'

ofenl'iominlbnBatioiieainieeriyimt together, was bom in 1070. He serredksa Tolonfeer

and disfigured by flippant and impertinent in Ireland from 168f) to 1691, and rH^tin-
renuurks of the compiler, most unbefitting a Siished himself at the battle of the Bopie.
yovgrtnnent emplov6' {Enti BedegitB Hwet' e also serred in llie expedition to
nicct, 2nd edit. 1851, vol. i. Prt'f.) A finnnrial and Cadiz in 1702, as gentlemen of H.M".
dispute between Laseelles and the treasury 2nd troop of guards volunteers. He received
followed. Laseellesnidntainedbefbreaieleet his first eommfssion in the regular army on
conjmittpr> of ih'' TTnnc of rnminnns in 1836 17 March 1704, and proceeded to the l,ow
that he was entitled to 500/. a year till the Countries, where he sen'ed throughout Harl-
eonpletion of tfto woiik. IIo reo^ved bonmghV campaigns, and was preneot s>fc
in ]f^.'l-2, nnd .?00,'. in 134. Two ]v-titinns nearly all th.i' })attles and sieges. Tn
which he addressed to the House of Commons a sum of 65,000/. was by royal warrant of
on iho tuUect led to no result. He died on Qneen Anne of 19 March, on an address of
19 March 1S41. the IIone of Common?, distributed to the
In 1852 the volumes were issued to the army under Marlborough for its gallant ser-
^blic nt the price of two guineas, witih an rices in the preceding year, especially at
introduction hy F. S. Thomas of the Public Blenheim. LaHrr lltw, who was dan;r''rous]r
Record Office, 'showing the origin of the wounded at Blenheim, received li^i. as hiis
work and t^e cause of its being published in shstre.
its present imperfect state.' A partial index On the declaration of the p-ace of Utrecht,
to the mullifarious contents oi the book is I.^scelles and Colonel John Armstrong were
printed in the 'Ninth Report of the Beputv- appointed, under the treaty, to superintend
Keepcr of the Public Records in Irelanci,' the demolition of the fortifications, kc, of
Dublin, 1877, pp. 21-68. A
full abstract of Dunkirk. The fortress had been surrendered
its contents is given in the 'Gentleman^ M
a- by the Fknch as a pledge of good fUth ftr
gttine' fot im,
pt. ii. p. 263. the pT'Tutinn of the treaty, and by its con-
Laseelles^ omer works are 1 ' A Geueral ditions the fortifications and h&rbour works
:
.

Oatline of the Swiss Landscapes,' copious were to be rased. LasoeUes was employed
extract': from whirh a]i{icared in the ' Gentle- on this duty until 1716, and, on an applica-
man's Magazine for July, August* and Sep- tion to the king; Armstrong and he were
'

tember 1S18. 9. 'Letters or Publ^la, or gfranted pay at 6$, n day, dottUe the 0Tdi
11 modest Pefencoof the K'^'a^'^i^hrd rhiirf li,' narv allowanrr. The hoard of ordnancf in-
Dublin, 1816| 8to j letters originaUy issued formed Mr. Secretary Bromley tfaat*Oolonci

Digitized by Google
 Lascelles 5^9 Laski
AnaatrongMui Colonel LaacoUes highly do- By royal warrant of 1 L April 1750 La>
ling mifitioB of 10*. each per diom MiUeB was granted 9001. per attnthn fat MH
ibove t heir ordinary pay.* In 1715 Lascellp.<i for hifi long and faithful fer^Ic^^''. The samf*
waa appointed depaty qoairtenBaater-geaeral year he retired on a nension of 200/. per an-
era]rijI.foraM. 1780 to ms lie nin. Ha ^ed on 1 Nor. 1761, aged 81,
was again emploTPil atDunliirlf.Riulon 1 July having served through twenty-one em*
1722 waa piomoteU to the rank of director of paigns and having been present la thirtj-eis
(gieeen, wee Pet it, who'ed on S6 Merch engagement*. HoiTW 006 of tliaAUnatiMi^
pr>. vi I)!!. In 1 7*27, hy royal warrant, he was gineers of th* taOM IS ButO^
ordered to perlbrm the dutiea of surrevor of [State Papers; Board of Ordnanro Rceonti
eidNoee dnrinpr Oolmel Amwtreng'e eb- Boyal Engineers' Kecords; Qout. Mag. 1751,
eace abroad. In 17'29 he -wjis afipnintod p.m] R.H.T.
firitiah eommiaaioner for inspecting. the de-
oitwii of ae^ woAn^ ctonsntin^ of quny.s LABKI or ALA800, JOHN (140ol
an! ji rrics constriirtpd by tho hurphi^rs ol ]^(^0), reformer, was horn nt the castle of
Dooiurk, and bv the end of December 17^ it Lask in Poland in 1490. Uis father, Jaroa-
wai inotted'tluit tbeee eMiiofy nsod law, baron of Ijaal^ wIm aaems to harto
to the level of the strand to Ltascclles's satie- claimed descent from Henry de Lacy, third
faetton. In 173;^ he received penonal in- earl of Lincoln [q. (c. JHotet and Quetittf
fMotaonofioaithe king inxelitfeiiettoDin^ ind aer. s. 883), was aoeecas iTriy tribona of
kirk, and went thither to meot tbft IVeadi Sioradz, palatine or vay vode of Lecryc, and
nd Britiah oommiaeioners. vayrode of Stcmds, and died in 1623. Hia
In 1740 Loeedlesww appointed diief en* mailber waa Smasna of Bakiwa^Oon, of tU
fineer to the train of artillerv in tho expedt- family of Novina or l^tomicncasyk. John was
tien under Loid Cathcart to Carthagena, but the second of three sons, all afterwards famona>
Ui HrriMO were in meh Mqueet !> hoBe In 1610 hia nnelev Jolni Laski, primate of Ba^
thitt hh had to be talccn by Jnnos land, took the boys into his palace at Cracow
Moore fq. t.] By royal warrant, dated to direct their education, and when, in March
18 Nor. 1741, LmmUm was diraeted to m 1618,thearchbishop8etontlbrRometoatfoad
tteeffice of surreyoMpenpral nf th*: ordnance tho Latoran council, ho took John and his
duiag the illnoM <h Major-general John elder brother with him. Thence, about the
AtMtNnif. On 80 April I74S lie ires ap- end of 1614, the two boye wen aent wkb
pnintej, hy letters patent undi^r the great their tutor, John Branic/ky, to the university
aeal, to be mastei^^urve^or of the ordnance, of Bologna, where they probably met Ulrioh
mmraitioiif and habiliment of wat within on Huttea. John remainad at Bologna tUl
the Tower of London, tho kingdom of Grtrnt Christmas 1517-18. Hia utu-h' looked after
Briuin and Ireland, and all iiritiab domin- lua interests, and in 1517 he became canon
iaaB,and to 1m duflf enfftteef of OietkBritoiii, of Lecsyc, on 80 Dae. 1617 ooadfntop tolfta
in ihp room of Qcneral Amitrong, deceased, dean nf One^en, and in IfjlB, afTera judicioils
st a salary as chief engineer of 601^ 17. 6d. distribution of fourteen hundred gulden at
firaiumni. Ibit mts in addition to his pay Rome, enalodiMi of Leosye and canoB of
of 385/. ppr annum as director of eng-imx r.-:. Cracow and Plock. Tn I.'?! ho waadfdainsd
Bj royal wamuit of 19 May 1742 ha wag priest and became dean of Gneaeub
tndNr appoitttod aanstant and deputy to In 1638 Laski and hia two bMlnrt tift>
tke lieutenant-grneral of the or luancf and, Veiled to Bn.'sh', where they met EmsmuH.
to parfotm the dutios of lieutenant-general of Alter a abort visit to Paris John settled down
^Ofdiaaoe, so long as the post shoold M- at Baala fbr a year in BmaibrfB bonaa (end
mtin vnrant, at a salary of 300/. per annum, of 1624 to October 1625). He naid certain
la 1744 he waa sent to Ostend to report on house expenses, three and a hadf gulden a
tke armament and anunnnition to be tent montliftrhiifMm, Mid boofibtth^ravenimi
tliithtT, and to arrange for repairing and nng- to Erasmus's library for three hundred golden
nenting the fortifications. In 1745 ho was crowns fcf. D.EratnU EpistoUtf ed. 1706, p.
aiyinlt J, as inepector-genenl of aaCillory, 891). Ito met Haidenberg, with Pellleanua
to ppprosent the British government at the and other reformers, at Basle, and when in
Hague, to carry out the terms of a conmi- October 1525 he returned to Poland| he had
liM dated 6 May 1746 between the States^ probably to aoaaa OKtent adopted tbairTiawfc
general and Qeorge 11, and to determine the Though suspected of Tefnrniinr tendendoii
Ulaooe due from Great Britain to tJie Statea- especially in 1534, he continued to hold and
ftoamloQ account of expendi tore firf artiUery amtobia benefieea, erven after tbe dtetbof bia
and ammunition stipulated to be fnmished uncle. He becatnePiahopof Vesprimin 1529,
I7 Qnat Britain in the iiow Ck>antriefl. later provoet of Qnesen, and on 21 Jiaraii

Digitized by Google
 Laski 600 Laski
I6S8 archdeacon of Warsaw. A few months 24 July 1550 was appointed superintendeat
later he declined King Sigismund's offer of of the London ehaich of forei^ proiiiirtiBli,
the bishopric of Cujavia, and in the autumn who included many of his Frisian consrrpp-
probablj of the same year (1538) he left tion, and to whom the church of the Augru*
FoUuid tat Frankfort, lodging there ia IJm tiaiaa Finan wae assigned by letters prtmt
aame house as Hardenberg, and the two tra- 24 July 1650 (cf. Li ckock, &YuJi tk
vailed together to Majenoe, whence Laski JIutoru of the Prt^ Book, p. iil). la
left iur Uie Netheriaa^ 1660 LiMki took Hooper^ mde ia theeoaln-
In 1510 La.'^ki settled at Emden in East vorsy tLs to vestments (HooPBB, Later Writ-
Frisia. In 1542 he became pastor of a con- ings, p. xiv cf. Zurich Letters, iii. 95), aod
;

gregation in the town, with a general ehat^ Hooper's attitude may be largely attributed
as superintendent over the surrounding dis- to Laski's influence. He organised his chuitk
trict, and an nfficial residence in the Francis- on tlje presbyterian model, and mwK be r*'-
can friarj. lu this otliec J^slii appeared as garded as the founder of the presbytehao form
a ttlBonam of tlie Swiss schooL Uis views of church goTenmeat ia thia eoaatir. He
mia extreme, especially in regard to the still actively supported the extreme reformen
Saecament, and he cleared his churches of in their long controversy with the Lutheraos
what be beld to be idols. Yet be was no respecting the sacraainite. In Sevtaoilnr
favourer of the anahapti<;ts, and had difficul- 15^0 Laski visited Bucer at Cambridsre, an
ties with Menno. The form of church go- had a long discussion on religious matters
vernment which he eotabliahed was ftmoy- They dilRmd oo the qaertioa of the Bed
t+sriiin, for which the Fribians were prejMired
II
Presence. Bucer wrote down his opinioB,
by earlier customs of their own. In l->44 it and Laski prepared comments on Ituceri
was decided that four lajmea from the con- views, which were published in his * Breris
gregation should assist the minister in the et dilucida de Socramentis Eccln Christi
r^ulation of discipline. To Laski was due Tractatio,' Ixmdon, 155i^ On 6 Oct. 1551
the cuetus, or assembly of ministers, which Laski was appointed one of the divines on
gathered at Emden once a week from Easter the commission for the revision of the e< 1 1
-

to Michaelmas, and examined into the life siastical laws (Zurich JjeHers, iii. 578). TIj'
and doctrine of its members. For his con- result of the commission's labours appeared
gregation he prepared in 154d hie 'Cate> later as the ' Reformatio Legum ; * oa i9 Nov.
chismus Emdanus major.' This was used for 1551 he received a preitent of one hundred
some vears, and superseded by the * Heidel- French crowns (AiHts iff Privy (Council, 1660-
berg Galeehiam/ which was partly baaed upon 1552, p. 420). Hieiaflaenoeattheooater
it. In tlie spring of 15J6 he ceased to be a Edward VI was frreat, and can be traced in
superintendent, but remained a pastor. In the second prayer-book and in Cranmer's lat
1547 he formed a ftienddirp with Hooper yiews (cf. GASQinrrand Bishop, Edward VI
(Hooper, lAxter Writings, Parker Soc. ix.), and the Book of Vommon Prayer, pp. 1 78, StO^
through whom, and thrtniijh the foreign pro- 232; Cardweli,, The Two Book* ,f Commm
testant.s who had settled in l^ondon, Laski Prater Chmf>ared,Vnii.), but the pnxiuction
became well knowa to pioleetaat diviaeo in of his OWB lltttfgyaeeaM to indicate that thlo
England. influence was not as successful as he wished
When in 1548 Cranmer bt^an to scheme (cf. British Magazine, xv. 612, xvi. 127).
fer a general reunion of the Tanoae protestant Oa 16 Sept. 1553 I^ki enbarked el
sects, he invited Laski to come to England OravfSf'ud with 175 of his con^r^-uTitioB
to attend a public conference on this subject (Zurich Letters, iii. 612) on his way to
(ef. OaaintBB, IForfts, Parker 80c. pp. 420-1 ).
,
Poland. Aetonadfora the f>lup to CSIaiaafs.
Laski arriveci at the end of August 1648, and though the kinp^ of Denmark recvivi^l
and spent the winter at Lambet h. An cvder Laski Cavourably, other influences ^rvvailed,
of council of SS Feb. 1548-0 gave him COL and they were drivea away ia midwinter.
(Acts of Privy Council, 1547-50, p. 244), and They had no better reception at Ilambunr,
:

he left England for Emden in March 1549 Liibeck, and Rostock, but the main boHr
(cf. H^orks, ii. (iiii ). On the 22nd Latimer found shelter at Danzig, while l.aki manag<i
ia a aermon said : ' Johannes Alasco was to laaohEaiden and remained there for flMxe
heia, a great IrNimed man, and as they say, a than a year, chiefly throuph tlie intrce8$ir>n
nobleman in hi^ country, and is gone his way of the Countess Anna of Oldeubuiv. Oa
agun if it he for lack of entertainment, tbe 81 Dec. 1555 Ijuki was reported to ba dBa>
:

more pitv ( Wurkt, i. 141 ; cf. Zurich Lettem^ gprnnsly ill at Frankfort, where he remained
'

iii. 01, 187; GB42fMiiB, Works, p. 425). He during the hrst half of 1556. He employed
ratamed to this ooaatiy 13 May 1660^ lifad himiMf ia supwiatendliy tha ehwwihoe, hold-
Ifar MMtiaia atLambeCh (A. p. 488)^ fad on ing a diqiatauonfritbVehM% and tiyiag to

Digitized by Google
 Laski
a union between the Lutherans and
P*rtT. He proceeded to Poland ia
December 1556. In February 1557, in com-
faaj witli UteahoTius, he went from Cracow
10 wibia, whan tlio mag veeeived bim kind ly
and made him hia secretary. Calvin wrote
of Laski at this time that the only danger
vas that he might fail through too great an
Aosterity (Hsmtr, Calvin, ed. Stebbing, ii.
.W) He preached regular! y ( Zti rich Lettfrt,
ill. 600, (i87-90), and took an active ^lartin the
fjMds of Ivanovitzein 1657 and Pmczow in
I'W frf. Wallacb, Anti-Trinitarian Biog.
Tol ii. pasaim). He was one of the eighteen
ftfiMs whooe Teraion of the Bible in Polish
ippeared in 1563. In March 1558 lie left
vith UtealioTittB for Prusaia, but returned
is Oelolnr. Ho lad the goneRol ramriiH
tifodenco of the reformed churches in Little
Poland, a charge of neat difficulty. Laski'a
object continued to M
the anion of tho vo-
tunned cburchBSfbutu in London andFrank-
Inrt he Ibutid union impossible, although he
pRpand the way for the subsequent com-
poaaiie at Sandomir. He died, after many
moBths' illness, at Calish in Poland 13 Jan.
WSk His widow waa left in
MMHBlL TLaaki married his first wife in 1539
St lyjuvain. She died in London in 1552,
K? her he seems to have had tliree sous,
Jolm, Jerome, and a third who died youn)^,
ith a daughter, B'lrhura Ludovica. His
eooad wife waa Catherme, whom
rnd in London in Augnat 1663. hr
ke had fiT children, of whom Samuel was
distingtiished soldier. The Laski family
li'temard^ became Roman catholic again.
.Vlbertna Laski, palatine of Slradz in Bo-
h^-raia. pTOlbly a nephew of the reformer,
riaited kugiaud in 1583, and nearly ruined
Uandf by aearehing for the philosopher's
ftooe in partnership with John Dee
ladEdward Kelley [q. v.] (cf.
<MM,8BdMr.z.8S3).
Tliere a full and careful account of
is
Lsitki'a writings, both published and iu manu-
script, in Kuyper's ' Joh. a Laaoo Opera
Oiaiiia' (Amsterdam, 18(K5, 2 vols. 8vo).
Those which relate to his connection with
England are : 1. Epistola Joannis 1^ Lasco
'
. . . continens in ae Summam Contro-
T^rsiie de Coena Domini breviter explictitam,'
London, 1551, written in 1546. There is a
copy of this work in the library of Trinity
College, Dublin. 2. Compendium Doctrinas
' xii. 265), was virtually the fir^t example of
de Term unica^ue Dei et Christi Eccleaia . .
ii qw P awgrmorum Ecclesia Londini insti-
tnta eat . London, Latin and Dutch, 1551
. .,*
Skal adit^ Dutch Tersion, 1553; 3rd edit.,
OimA vwwNVBiudi allimd, Eaulfln, 1666.
kmgf^ tha flat aditlon ii ywwervud at
6ot Lassetl
Dublin, of the third at UtrechC 3. ' Cato-
chiamua Emdanna major,' drawn nn I6i^
published London, 1551, Dutch and Latin
preDaoa by UtenhoTiua; other editions.
4. ' Brovifl 0t dilnmda de Sacramontit Eo>
clesiie Christi Tractatio . .,' London, 1552;
.
copy in the British Museum. 5. Brevia
'
Fidei Exnloratio,' written about 1550 e<li- ;
tions published in 1553 (Dutch) and (with
sliirhtly varied titl*') 15.'8; a copy of the
l.>>rt edition at AiDsterdHiii. It appeared m
Latin, London, 1555. 6. 'Forma ac Ratio
tola I'xclesiastici Minieterii Edwnrdi VI, in
Peregrinorum . . . Ecdeeiainstituta Indini
in Anglia . . the liturgy of the church in
Austin Triurs, printed for church use only in
1651,and later as a justification of Luski's me-
thods, FtenkfratHtn-the-Uaine, 1555: copiea
of the latter are in the British Mu^- iiin,
Trinity College, Dublin, and the Bodleian
Library, Oxford.
[Authorities qu ito i;Dalton's John a Ltsco,
trans, by Mr. J. Evans, for early life ;Hessera
Ecclesias Lon<)ino-BatavKArch., pnMim; MoeoNS
Reg. of the Dutcb Church, Austin Friars Kni- ;
sinski's Sketch of the fiefoimatioo in Pulandp
poor circum- i.chap. T., and Skeleh of the Religiow Hist, of
the Slavonic Nations, chap. vii. Ilerniiuiiinrs
,
Corresp. des Refurmatears dans les pays de ia
langue Fran^ise ; Diioa'a Hist of the Chardk
of England, i 1.622, iii. 98,&c..iv. 43; Mosheim's
Eocles. Hist. ii. 26; SchafTs Hist, of the Creeds,
i. 6U, 68S; Lit. RemHins of Edw. VI (Roxb.
he mar- Club), pp. 48, &e.; Adrian Rcffenvolsciu'^'f! ('An-
By dress Wengiemki) Systoraa Histori<"(>-t'lirono-
logicum, p. 409, &c; Dan. Ocrdvs's Flnrilc^um
HiHtorico-Criticnm, ed. 1640, Bro (list of works),
and Hist. Reforniiitioaia, lit. 146, &c., Erasmus'*
Letters, ed. 1642, pp. 779, &c., 794. 828. 831,
836. Knyper'a edition of Laaki'a Worka.]
A* J A
LABSELLt WILLIAM (1799-1880), aa-
[q. v.j tronomr, was born
at Bolton in Lancashire
NoU$ and on 18 J une 1799. At the age of four or five
he amused himaelf by polishing lenses. After
his father's death from fever in 1810 he
was sent to school at Bochdale for eighteen
montha, was approntiee from 1814 to 1881
in a merchant's oilicL' in Liverpool, and set
upin business as a brewer about 1825. In
1820 he bt^[an to construct reflecting tele*
scopes, being too poor to buy them. A nine-
incn Newtonian erected by nim at Slarfield,
near Liverpool, where he built an observatory
in 1840 (A(emoira Royal Antronomical Soc.
the adaptation to reflectors of the equatoreal
plan of mounting. With it he observed the
solar eclipse of 8 July 1842 (ib. xv. 91),
Faye's, d' Arrest's, Mauvab's second, Vico'a
first and aeoond oometa in 184S-6^ UXiam*
ing them fiuthor than was posstUa at aoj
Digitized by Google
 Lassell
public observatory. lie desired to passe
instrument ; but di8satifil. wfter
a Iftfger
inspection, with the mefhorJs us^d by l>or(l
Rosse for grinding eix^cula, lie invented a
new machine constructed from his design hj
.TamPs Nasroyth [q. v.] With this he ground
atid poliBhed a iipeculum of rarp perfection,
two feet in diameter, and twenty in focal
length, and in 1846 monntpd it equatfir'allv
at Starfleld On 10 Oct. IfvltJ
xviii. 1).
ho saw with the satellite of Neptune
it
(^fonthh/ Notic'f, vii. 157), and verified tho
discovery in tlit following July. On 19 Sept.
1848 he detected, simultaneously with Bond
in Amrrira, Saturn's eighth satellite (Hy-
perion ) {^ib. viii. 195), and was one of the first
nbeervem of flatnrn's dusk^ nngi compared
by him t<i a crape veil (I'A. xi. 21). For these
achievement* he received, on 9 Feb. 1849,
tht> g<dd medal of the Royal AttiOmmrfoal
Society m .''rv, xviii. lOli).
The composition of the IJranian sritem president 1870-2, and attended it cowaoil
was fint doarhr aeoertained by Lassell. He meetings until his death. He waa oladtod <
discovered on 'Jl Oct. 1851 the two inner sfi-
tellites (Ariel and Umbriel), and established
later the non-<?.\istence of four out of Her-
Hchcl's six {Monthly Noftcef, xi. 201, 218,
xii. 16, XXXV. iny The total solar eclipse of
S8 July 1851 WHS oliserved bylum with a
two and n half Merz rofnictor at TroU-
iit h 1874. An affection of the eyes latterlj pre-
lihttfin Fiilis in Sweden, and in the autumn
{>:'
1
- 1 he transported his two-foot speculum
to Malta, where he obsen't'd with it during
the ensuing winter. Much of his attention
was engaged by the 'marvellous ipMliacle'
of the Orion nebtila, of which ho executed a
detailed drawing (Memoir/i liot/al Astrono-
mical Soc. xxiii. 58). Ho also made w>veral
sketches of Saturn {tf>. xxii. 151), and iiot<'d
for the first time tlie traasj^jiia'ncyof ita dusky
ring (Monthly No(icr$, xvii.l2).' The growth
of inrtories round Starfield compelled him
to inov> lii.^ ol>.*i>rvatory in 1854 to Brad-
gtone'', two inilfi further away from Liver-
pool. There he observed and depicted Donati's
comet, 1 2 Sept, to 80ct. 1868 {MemoirB Jiot/al
Asfrommieal Soe. xxx. 68), tad construct od
}n lBr)9-60 a reflecting telescope of four f-et
apertiire, thirty-seven focal length, mounted
equatoreally at Valetta in Malta towartls the
close of 1861. The tnVM> of this plpndid in-
Strament woa of iron lattice-work to avt-rt in-
V^nililtof of temperature, and the nmnW per-
ceTit^rreof ar?enieeraplovod in Lfi";rll'.enrlier
specula wa3 omitted from it^ composition.
AMiitd br Mr. Mttth, he tUMked with it
diliirently for three years, and catalogued
hundred new nebulae, besides carefully de-
Mtibing and drawing nebuln already known
xxxvi. 1). One, a planetary nohula in
A^luMrias (Gen. Oat. 4d28), showed as a sky- ' before or after be left England thej oo<ulll
6o Lassels
bliielikeness of Saturn,' of plainly annular
structure (Pnetsdmsm Ak/eU Soe. zn.
Report Brit. Afforuttwn, 1862, ii. 14), and a
large drawing of the Orion nebuUi taacuiad
by Miss Owoiiaa Laasall under Mrflrtlnrli
snpr-rvision, was by him in 1868 presented to
the Ivoyal Society, and was photographKally
reprodoced in ' uowledge,' 1 May 1889.
Aft+^r his return from Malta, Laseell t^ok
a residunce near Maidenhead, and set up kia
tiro>foot reflector in ail ohaMrvatoiy tfas>,
At Maiderih^iid T>n.- 11 ohj,orvfvd a 'black*
'
transit of J iipiter's fourth satellite on 30 Deo.
1 87 1 {Monthly NoHem,-aam. 83),aiHlraeM
an imprr)ved polishing machine, described
before tlio lioyal Society on 17 Itec. Iti74
(PhU. TroM. clzv. 803). lie disoasaed m
1H71 and decided against th.> reality of al-
leged changes in the nebula about 7 Azrai
{Monthly N<itii!t,xxi.%iSi), HelwattA<r
of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1839,
fellow of the Royal Society in 1849,recetTa4
a roval medal in 1858, was admitted to meim
bership by the Royal Society of Edinburgh
and the Snri(^ry of Sciences of Upsala, and
had an honorary de^rt?o of LL.D. conferred
unon him bv the univerrity of Caiibridga tai
cluded him from observing, and h died poafio>
fully in hi^ sk>cp at MIdealiad on o Oet.
IH^^O, leaving behind him a high reputation
for moral worth and pracUcai scxentite
ciency. lli.s specula have never Im#b eoil
passed for perfect ion and permanence of fiffnrv
and polish, and he ranks with Sir Wiibaia
Hergchel and Jjord Roeee aaonf the pr-
Icfter.i of the reflecting telescope. The in-
strument with which ho made moet of hit
discoveries was presented hjthe Mfniia \m
sell af^er his death to thA Rt^al ObiMffiuij,
Greenwich.
[iMonthly Notices, xli. IfiS; Proceedings Royil
Roo. xixi. p. vii; r i;ir inir-al Reg. .XVii. 284j
\ Niiture. xxii. 606 (Hoggins) ; OfaaervatOTT', Ql.
587 (Mrs. Huggins) Times, 7 Ost. IMO} AtliO*
;
iiTum, 1880, 11. 469; Ann. Reg. 1880, p. 203:
i Cierke's iiist. of Astronomy; Andri et R*;-etli
L'Astreooiaie Pratique, i. 114; Aetr. Nach>
j
riehten, xeviii. 207 ;
Sirins, xiii. 245 ; Miidler's
1
Oeachichte dar HimmeUkunde, Bd. ii. paat>im(
I
Koyal Sedety'aCtt.orScieatifle Papers, vols, ilk
viii.] A. IL C.
LASSELS, KICUAUl) (1608P>168^
catholic diviae, eon of William Leh m
six Brackonboroitgh, Lincolnshire, bom about
1003, was, according to Wood, ' an hospee for
some tfaneui thUumvenity [Oxford], as thoet
of his persuasion have told me, but whether
Digitized by Coogle
 Latcs 603 Latewar
not teir ( AthfntT Oron. cd. Bliss, iii. 818). the author of a Xpw Mrthnrl of Eiolly
*

Ob 6 Sept. 1G:^3 h was admitted a student in Attaining tlie Italian Tongue,' London, 1 766.
ttBDfdi*li College at Douav, where he was m
Thefathwaoe e tobeidenticu'witli*Bignior
known bv the nArrit^ of BoH'?. He ^va8 madti Lates, late teacher of Oriental languajijes/
prafieMorofciassicJ! in I629,and wasordained who died at Oxford 28 April 1777 (Oent
frisH 6 Mneh
1 631 -2. He bocame tutor to May. 1777, p. 247, and iWfo, H. 841). The *

WTVrtl p^r^nns of di.tinctinn, with whom he
made three journey a into Flanders, six into
FWaoe, Are into Italy, and onetoartlBOQgll
TTollan i nn^ rirrronny. The last person with
whom he travellod was
WifSt But
of Searbornufifh). Daring his
residence in England h-^ was appointed a
etnoD of the chapter and arrhdeacon of a
son bfc'fiiue a violinist of repute at Oxford,
where he was a teacher of the violin and
leader of the oooeerta He owed nmeh to
thti Djiko of Marllwrough, in wlm^p service
Ix^rd Lumley (after- he was lor many years at iileoheim, and
seems to have bieen at one time oiiganist of
St. John's College. lie is said to have died
in 1777. He published Six Solos for a
:
'

jiHifct. He was recommended for the posts Violin ud VioloBMBo, with a Thmroagh-
of a!:>Tit The clergy at Rome and president
for bass for the Ilarpsichonl, humbly in.scrib'd
of Douay College, but he declined all prefer- to Oldtield Bowles, Lq.,' Up. 3} also duels
Mftti. He died at Montpolier in France m fortwovioU]u,Op. I; dttetowr twoGemwa
wa buried in thechurch
SefitetDher lP/):^.nnd flutes, Op. 2, London.
of the bArefooted Carmelites in the suburb His son, CuARLE hAim (Ji, 17tKlj, bona
efthat city. at Oxford in 1771, becwne ft fmpil of Db
He wtt.? author nf ; 1 .
' An Aooonnt of the Philip Hayes [q. v.], the uiitvorsity professor
Jmrmv of Lady Cathnnnp Whetenhall from of UMUtc, matrieul&ted at Magdalen College
Bn^\6 to Italy in im),' Rifch MS. 4217 4 Not. 1708k tl the ego of twnity-wo awl
ii British Museum. 2. The Voyapo of Italy ' graduated Mu8.Bac. 28 May 1794, when he
or 4 Onnpleat loumey t[h]T0ugn Italy in ; described himself as 'organist of Gains-
twoyutfl. Opus potthu mum Corrected & set : boreagb.' His exebdaa for the degree, pre-
ftith bv his old friend and fellow Traueller servea among tli*' maniucripts in the Oxford
a'mml W[il80D],' a secular priet, Paris, Music School {MH. Mua. Soh. l::x. d, 72), ie
70y Imo. Dedicated to Richard, lord Lum- entided M < Antfcelii^**Th Lord k my
W, riscount "Waterford. Some copies hare
Light " for Voices and Instruments it was
;
'

a tiile-psge dated London, ltt70, 12mo. d- performed 7 Nov. 1793. He eubaequeatljr

virdHarwood nys tliat Jolm WIUm dii* fubliahed a <8ett'df 8onstM forPiaaofort^'
kt}M this book as 'one of the best accounts Bongs in ?con^, .^c ITc was a fine orcranist
01 the curious things of Italy ever delivered and extempoiu plaj^er, excelling in tht art of
toths world in any bookof travels ' ( I^ wsdes, 'fuguiigk*
BAkt^^roph^'fi Sfanual, ed. Bohn, p. 1314).
[Diet, of Mua. 1824 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.}
Aaecond edition, 'with large additions, by Foster's Alnmni Oxod. iii. 820.] R. II. L.
t aodem hand/ but according to I>odd
'WTstchedly flefiiff^ nri nUerpd/ appeared in LATEWAR, RIOUARD (loGO-1601),
tvo parts at London, 1698, 8vo. French A scholar, wa.s son of Thomas Latewar of Lon^
tnadatMm wee published la 9 -vols. Paris, don. He was bom in iryiO, and in lo71 WM
1671, 12nio. Tho work vrnn Tpprinted by sent to Merchant Taylors' School (ItoBia-
Dr. John Harris in his Navigantium atqua '
SON, Rtffitter, i. 17), whence he was elected
Itinerantiom Bibliotheca/ yol. ii. London, scholar of8t John't ObUefft, Oxfoid, iftlflBO,
1705, fbl. 3. \ M-^:h >fl to hear Mans'
'
and in due course became follow. He was
fl86?). There apnea rnd at London in 1804, admitted B.A. 28 Nov. 1584, M..\. 23 May
l2iB0, St. George s Mass Book
' containing : 1588, B.D. 9 Jnly lfiM,tiid D.D. 6 Feb. IWh
^original preface of R. Lassela, printed 1686, In 1693 he was proctor, at which time he was
with yarious extracts, 2nd edit., compiled rector of Hopton, Suffolk. In 1696 he was
nd edited by Thomas Doyle, D.D. 4. 'A recoramendea by the university of Oxford aft
Treatise on the Invocation of Siiints.' u. An '
one of the randidites for the first ( Sresham
Apolo^ for Ofttholics/ 2 vols. 8vo, mauu- professorship of divinity (Warp, Javcm a/
Profestort at Ormkom Ouief/e, p. 36> Oft
Chnroh H1t. iir. 804; fV^hroeder's
[Do^d'd 28 Juno 1599 he was appointed rector of
Annals of Yorkshire,ii. 330 Holmea'B Decrip- ; Finchley, Middlesex (NBWcorKT, liffert. u
titoOit, ofBooks, \r. 60; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; 006), and was afterwards chaplain to Chariot
lotM and Qneriee, Srd ear. iv. 616 ] T. C. Blount, eighth lonl Miiuiitjoy [q. v.l, whnm
LATES, JOHN JAMES (d, 1777?), he accompanied on hie expedition to Ireiaud.
MMoomposer, wuBon of Dtm FnuidMD He died on 17 July 1601, froftt fttmmdM^
tom^ttenher oflaagoageetdOiferd, and Mifftd tn Baakuk^ ok I^vom^'ob tho sn

Digitized by Google
 Latey
vious daj (FrvBS HoKwattHist. Ireland, ii.
964, d. 1786), tnd ww
Imned in tlie ehmch
at .'Vrtna^h. A
monument was erected to his
memory in St. John's College chapel by hia
fiitlm; the &te of Us death is ineometly
given as 27 July. Amhur^t, in his 'Teme
FiliuSf' !. 186, alleges that on the monument
thsfe wsra tbose unes:
A sero bllo dives durosqne vocatns,
A sero bollo nomen et omen
They are not there now. The actual inscrip-
tion is given in Wood's 'BSatoiy sad
tiquities of tin Uaiveieity of OxfuEd,' p, 666^
ed. 1786.
Latewar wis n fiunous preacher, and a
Stow refers to his
Latin poet of some merit.
Kstic gifts (An>M/!,ed. 1631,p.812). Samuel
niel [q. v.] spealu of him as hisiiriend, and
in the 'Apology to bis ' Philotas mentions
' '
that Latewar told him that he himself had
written the same argument and caused it to
be presented in St. John's College, Oxon.,
where, as I afterwarda heard, it was worthily
ad with fn^t applause performed.' Late-
war contnbuted verses tn the Oxford ' Exe-
quiiD on Sir Philip Sidney, as well as to
'
eone odieir hooks, lie also wrote 1. 'Car-
604 Latey
religious difficultie8,and attended the preach-
ing of Edward Burrough fq. v.], Frsndi
Howffil, and others, at the nouse of Sarah
Matthews, a widow, in Whitecroas Street
He at once joined the Society of Friends, and
shortly became one of their most influential
members in London. He thereupon coa-
seientwosly reflised to make coats suoer-
fluously adorned with lace and ribbons. jSort
babet. of his customers, who 'were persons of rank
and quality,' left him, and his trade, which
An- had Wen prosjKToua, for a time declined.
In 1659 he went to St. Donstan'a Church,
Fleet Street, and after the sermon openly
chftri^i I Dr. Thomas Manton
[q. v.], thi
preacher, to prove hia doctrine. The omgr*'
gation growing to ' a fSsrmentatton,* a oon-
Btable wa.s sent for and he was tken before
a magistrato. The laUr told him that Man-
'
ton waa a wry learned man, and coold donht.
less prove by script ure what he said. '
That,'
aaid Latey/' is all I asked.' Hie magiitzate
aooordini^y dismissed him, with the remaik
that he had understood the quakers to be a
mad sort of folk, but this one seemed rational
enough. Soon afterwards Latey and sixteen
others were thrown into a small dungeon
:

men ilR-o/ii'i7^oirtn-(icdv, Coll. S. Joban. Bapt.,*
which was restored and augmented by Richard
Andrews, a later fellow of the college.
2. 'ConcioLatinnnd Acndcmico80xon.,'16y4,
n sermon on rhiUppians iii. 1, preached on
his admission to his B.D., and printed in
1594 with his apoloEfv in Latin. A letter
from Latewar to Sir llobert Cotton, of no
particular interest, is preserved in Cotton.
MS. Julius C. iii. f. 231. An epitaph on him
at the Qatehotts^ Weatminster, for meet-
ing together. Tney could only lie down
by turns, and lind neither straw to lie on,
nor an^ light. Latev afterwards suooeedsd
in proving charges of cruelty and extortioe
against Wickes, the master of the prison.
After hia releaae Latey signed the petitkai
of six hundred Friends, presented through Sir
John Glanville, that they might ' lie bodv for
body in place of those alraady in prison.
'

is contained in the 'Affania of Charles Fitz-

'
The request was fefftased. Latey constantly
visited the numerntis meetings in and around
gefflrey [q.v.]
[Wood'a Athens Oxon . i. 709 ; Hunt er's Chorus
London, at Kinyiton, Hammersmi t h, Bark-
ing, and Ghreenwieh. wMle riding to Q reei
Vatum, Addit. MS. 2U91, f. 407; information
kindly supnlied by the Bev. W. H. Hutton. fel- wich he was on one occasion stoned by s
low sir 8t. John'a OoUaga; aathnrities qnotd.] mob. In 1661 he was taken by a party U
C ti K the Unj^s iMt^uards from a meeting in
IiASM; GILBERT (162e-1705), qiiaker, Palace \(ird, and confined under the ban-
youngest son of John Latey, bom at St. Iss^, queting-room at Whitehall In 1663 be
Cornwall, waa baptised 20 Jan. 1626. His andOMrge'Whitehend procured, after
a per*
MoHher, whose name was Hocking, was ' a sonal appeal to Charles 11, the release of
gentlewoman,' and her brother was married sixty-three Quakers imprisoned at Norwich,
and a remission of their fines. He waa agaia
to a siater of Sir William Noy [q. v.], attor-
arrested at a meeting at Elizabeth Trot*
L Latey's father was a well-to-do
veoman, maltster,and innkeeper. Latey servedhouse in Pall Mall, near the Duke of York's
palace (St. Jamea's). The q uakers continued,
liis apprenticeship to a tailor, and took service

at FljiDOaih witn a master ' who was after- however, to meet there until lG6(i, when they
wards mayor of the town,' but he left this lemoved to the more pq^ulous neighbtMuhood
employment because he had doubts of his of Weetmfaister.
Blaster's religious sincerity. During the plague of 1665 Latey was in
In November 1648 he arrived in London, constant attenaanceon the sick, distributing
and soon commenced business as a tailor in montsy collected among the Friends. Tn Sep-
the Stflusd. In 1654, although he was beal^ tember 1070 he held meetings in Scnnerwt,
ing four aennoas n dsj,hs was disturbed kqr Devonshize^ and Oomwmll. Baton 'fnT"'*g

Digitized by Google
 Latey 605 Latham
thft Sir John Robinson, eovemor of the vain fashions and fanei^ nnlikn to sober men

ToKrer, had given orders for the pulling down and women,' and the ' decking of themselves
of several meeting-houses in Lcmdon, Latey, and servants^ livirieB so tliat they may be
who held the title of the one in Wheeler known to serve such and such a master.'
Street, hurried back and managed to prevent Besides this he wrote four small tracts ia
its demolition. In 1071 Latey, in spite of conjunction with other quakers.
the warning of his patron, Sir William Saw- Latey's character was of sterling integritv.
Iceil (? Salkeld), that he had orders to arrest His influence with the nublea, bishops, and
11 who should be present at the Hammer* great men was never used for nia own andto.
oaith meeting on the following Sunday, A
conrtier snid of him that no man 'bore a
preached there for an hour, and was acoord- sweeter charucter at court.' Whitehead calls
nwly arrested and fined. him ' a sensible man, of good judgment.' An
IB 1679 Latey again went by Bath and epistle of his, dated from Hammersmith
Bristol to Ck)mwali. He visited Thomas 22 Aug. 1705, shows he was one of the
Limplugfa ^q. .]' bishop of Exeter, after- earliest to ad vocatethe employment ofWOOiail
vtris a^bishop of York, by whose influence in offices of the society.
he h(M>d to moderate the persecution of [A Brief Narrative of the Life and Death, &c.,
Friends in the west (letter from the bishop, by Latey's nophow, Richard Hawkins, London,
dftted 24 March 1693-4, in Bnff Narrative). 17U7 Beck and Ball s London Friends' Meetings,
;

Soon after the accession of James II, Latey 1869, pp. 92, 131, 16S-8, 220. 240, 250, 26*i, 812
tad Whitehead, who in the preceding reign Soase and Courtney's Bihl. Coniub. i. 306,
hid always been well received at court, in- SuppL p. 1266 i Friaads' Library, Phiiad., ISar.
duced the new king, after long attendance voLk; 8Mral*aHistoi7,ia41l; WebMTMber
ti Whitehall, to order the release of fifteea
Swatthmoor. pp. 207-8, 217S942S4; Registers
hundred Friends who were at the time in
at Devonshire House.] C. F.
prison, and to remit the prisoners' tines of 20/. LATHAM,
JAMES (<i 1760 P), portrait-
Bonth for non-attendance at church. Sub- painter, was a native of Tipperary. When
Mqoent interviews of Latey with James led voung he studied art at Antwerp, and about
to the pardoning of other Friends in Bristol 1725 began to practise portrait-painting in
and elsewhere, and, in 1086, to the restoration Dublin. Latham was tin oarliest native
ofaeeting-house* at the Savoy and at South- artist who gained any repute in Ireland, and
vk which had been seized as guard-houses from his skill in painting portraits he was
fcr the king. Latey's house at the Savoy oom- called the * Irish Vandyck.' it ia atated that
municsted with the meeting-house by a stone he also worked for a short time in London.
pAA&ajre and flight of steps (Bkok and Ball, Latham's works are seldom met with oat of
Jjondon Friendt^ MeeHng$). In December Ireland, but are to be found in many family
1687 a thirri visit paid by Lat<*y and White- mansions there. His portraits of Margaret
bttd to the king was foUowod bv another Woflington and of Oeminiani the composer at-
proclamation of ptidon. Witk William ud
tracted much notice. Several of his portraits
Mary, Latey's personal influence was exerted were engraved, including those of^ Bishop
AO lees successfully. On their accession he Berkeley and Sir John Ligonier by John
pnsented an add w, with the feavlt that a Brooks, Sir Samuel Cooke by John Fabw,
hondred quakers, mopt of whom were impri- jun., and Patrick Quin by Andrew Miller.
xmed for refusing thu outh of all^iance, Latham died in Trinity Street, Dublin, about
were set at liberty. It was owing to Latey 1760.
and Whitehead's personal and persistent ap- [Pasquin's Artists of Ireland ; Gilbert's Hist.
plicationsat court that parliament passed the ofUubhn, iii. 329; Walsh's Dublin, ii. 1163;
ict in 1697 by which tne quaker affirmation Ctaaloasr Sadth'a Brilisli Maiaotialo Portmits.)
became equivalent to an oath. Tha aot was L. C.
aade perpetual in 1716. LATHAM, JOIIN (1740-1837), ornitho-
Latey continued to preach at Hammer^ logist, was bom 27 June 1740 at Eltham,
sith and elsewhere until his death on Kent, where hig frither, John Latham, had
16 Nov. 170o. He was buried at Kingston- long practised as a surgeon, and died 23 .Vug.
oa^Thames. He married Mary, only daugh- 1788. He was eduoatiM at Merchant Taylors'
ter of John and Ann Fielder of Kingston, by School, studied anatomy under Hunter, and
^bon he had eleven children, ten of whom practised medicine for many years at Dart-
died young. tord. Ha aoon acquired a eonsiderable for-
Latey wrote an address To all you Tay-
:
*
tune, and, retiring from practice in 1796,
lors and Brokers who lyes in W
c lied n ess,'
i settled at Rorasev, Hampshire. He received
London, ItMK). In this he deprecates the de- the degree of M.D. at Erlanfen in 1796u
cnu practiaed in hit trade^ toe inventaoii of Tluoaglioatliialile Latham waa an anCkiN
I

Digitized by Google
 Latham -606 Latham
MUtie ohaervrf aaUue, tad was iDtrastad Latham lietoed toreyise tlip second edifciiA
in Mebnology. He waa flltotad F.S.A. on fFniaaitt'aaiidiaii2oolop7'inl793; 'tite
16 Dec. 1774, and r.R,S. 25 May 1776, nd more laborious part, relative to the insect^,'
\ took ft leadiiu; part in etUbliihing tlM fdliog to Latham's ahare. Two years later
m
Unamxk Society 1786^ Ofnitliology md Latham'b 40Btrilration oo the subject reap-
comparative anatomy were his favourite sub- peared in 'Faunula Indica, concinnata a
jct of etudjr, and liia ooUoction of birds was Joanne Latham et Hugone Davies,' ed. J. CU
notably fine. Ho liyedon termtof intimBcy Forster, HaUe, 1795. Baaidea pawn in tiie
with wie leading poiontific mvn, and as early '
Philosopbical Transactions and the 'Tran*- '

177 1 began a oomwondenoe with Thomas
Aumant, wiaohlaslod tnilTSO. Inlibold
age pecuniary losses forced him to sell a great
fad of his library and museum^ and he began,
t the age of ei^htyone, his Ibeffc-kaown nook,
H 'General Ili.-tory <>t lairds,' with the hope
of recovering his huancial position. Uelivod
during tliA Mat yean of bis tong life witli
his son-in-law at AVincln -^ttr, devoted to
natiii^. activei patient, chearfui to tiie end.
Loid-Palmentott Yisited luin in tiie entunin
of 1836, wheji he wns ninety-six years old,
actiMis of the Linnean Society,' Latham
fTflofee aeeemitB of ' Aaeient Seulpturaa ia
the Abbey Church of Romsey' ('Archaeo-
logia,' vol. xir. 1801} and of an engrared
brass plate tnm Netlwf Abbey wl. xv.
1804). Other writings bv hi^ iinine^dk.-,
John Latham, M.D.(1761-1848) [q.r.], hare
been erroneoualy MevHwd toliinL
Works; Pro'^essor Newton in Enercl. Brftaon.
J
xnii. 0k art. * Onithokigy liidiolsV Lifesniy
IllMltstibni of tlw BiglitevatbCBiitary, M. ftS,
&c. Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 26 NatanUti^ iy.
; ;

and d e$cri bed h m as ' well, hearty, and cheer-

i 26. &c, . ii. 66, 23 ; OenU Hag. July 187
ful, eating a good dhmer at fiT,' Vut addi Ana. Big. 1M7, ^ 17&] M. 6. W.
that he oould no longer see to read (Dal- LATHAM, JOHN, M.D. (1761-1848)^
uxe, lafe ofFalmenton, 1874, iii. 18, 19). physician, wa bom on 'JQ Dec. 1 761
at Qawa-
Re died 4 Feb. 1887, Mid Vat tnnied in Uie irarat, Ohaahire, of which parish
his great*
ftbbev uliua-h of Roin'^-'V. An ensr'a vf 1 por- uncle wa:^ r^>ctor. He was
the oMeft non of
trait forma the frontiajpiiece to voL it. ot the John Latham of Oriel Colltwe. Oxliurd, Tiear
Natttraliat.' of CRddinfirton, Cheshire, andSkn^ Ptodliwii
Latham was twice married, for tbo first of Sandbacb, Cheshire. After educatkm
tim in and for the atoond in 1798. H is Maacheeter grammar iohool, he enteied
aeoond wifc ma a Miia DaUoBDMfe of Ealing. BsaMDK^ Oollege, Oxflnd, in 1778, gra-
His son, also called Joiha, a vbMieiaii. died duated B.A.on 9 Ftb. 1782, M.A. on 15 Oct.
in 1843. 1784, Jd.a on 8 May 1768, M.D. on 8 April
Lathim^ ehisf works are : 1. <A Ckaenl 178a From 1789 to 1784 he atndied medi-
Synopsis of Birds,' 3 vok. 4to, 1781-6 this; cine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital (On
contained many new genera and apeciea. Dia&etetf f, 188). He began to praetise
2. ' Index Omithologiooa sive Systema Omi- medicine Itt Manehetter, but soon tnored to
tholo^ue/ 2 vols. 4to, 1790, containing' do- Oxford, where on 11 July 1787 he became
eriptions of all known birds and their habi- physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary. In 1788
tats ; reissued with additions at Paris in 1809 he removed to London and was elected fislloir
,

by Johanneau. The Linnean classification 1

was modified in this book, and, as countless
new speoimena poured in upon Latliam firom
all parts of the world, especially from Aus-
tralia and tht I^ific Islands, he prepred a
fooond edition ft>r publication, which is now
in the hands of Professor Newton. 8.
General History of Birds,' 1821-8, 11 vols.,
Winchester. This, an enlargemeilt -of bis
'Synopsis,' is Latham's great work, and was
dedicated to Geotge IV. He deigned, etched,
and coloured all the illustrations himself!
Latham is constantly referred to by omh>
thologista as the authority for the assigned
names of species; but, as Professor Newton re-
marks, ' his defects as a compiler, which had
))ean manifest before, rather increased with
foei the conaequences were not happy.'
of the Collefe of Physicians on SOSept. 1789.
He was elected physician to the Middlesex
Hospital on 16 Get 1789, and resigned on his
election to the same office at St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital on 17 Jan. 1793 {Afemuscript
Mmutf^took of Hotpital). His praMice b>
'
A came large, and he was a rep^ular attendant
at the College of Physicians, where be was
censor the year after his election as fellow,
and delivered the Harveian oration in 1794.
He delivered the Gulstonian lectures in 1798,
and the Croonian in 1796. He was president
1818-10 inclusive. In 1795 he became phy^
Aician extraordinanr to the Prince of Wales.
He published < A Inan of a Oharttable Insti-
tution to be e.'itnljlished on the Sea Coast 'in
1791, and in 1796 'On Rheumatism and GhMit
ft Letter nddri'ssed to Sir George Baker, Btft.'

Tne 'History' is, however, a mnrvellous [q. v.] In this letter he states hieopiaicNi
apU^vement lor a 'nan at the age of 8^ .that aeitiier a4ute fhevaiatiaaB aor fel

Digitized by Google
 607 Latham
ikoold be dnMed amonginflammations, and are mentioned below, and his second son,
tktt th seat of both is the radicles of the Peter M>re, is noticed aeparately.
Irapbatie vessels. He denies the heredity Latham's portrait was painted by Dance
<^ gout, maintains the belief that an attack in 1798, and, when he was president of the
' trtr htm^sM to be erroneous, and ad- College of Physicinns, by Jackson.
warn A Tvy Uboeate qratan of tml- Latham, ^ohx (1787-1663), poetical
MMt writer, eldest son of tlie above, bom at Ox-
LitliaiBl's house was in Bedford Row, and ford on 18 March 1787, was sent t Mvocles-
bs hsd made a fortune and bought an estate field grammar school when five years old,
atSaadbach before 1B07. In that year he and to Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1803.
rMghed up bloody and seemed abOttt to die lieffioald Ueber fq. v.l was his coatemporary
J Mosumptioo, but Dr. David Pitcaim cured ana friend. In 1806 ne won the university
him, and be reUred for rest to his estate for prixe for Latin versu by a poem on Trafalgar,
two ymn. Ue had already (July 1802) re- and in that vear, while still an undergraduatOi
ligniKl hi& hospital phyaiciancy, but he grew was electeti a fellow of All Souls' College.
tmdof country life, and returned to London, In December 1800 he entered at Liucolu's
vbrre he took a house in Hariey Street. Inn. Sooa afterwards he was attacked by
PiKtiGe soon came back to him, and he con- ophthalmia, and became almost blind. lie
tiflmd it till 1829. lie retired in that year returned to his college, and resided tlu;rj,
to Brsdwall Hall in Cheshire, where he died or with his father, till 24 May 1821, whea
sf stone in the bladder on 20 April 1843. he married Anne, daughter of Sir Uonry
Latham wrote ' Facts and Opinions con- Dampier. In 1829 he settled in Cheshire,
Mtaing Diabetes ' in 1811. Halt of the book near his father, whom he succeeded as squira
soaiista of long extracts from the Greek in 1843. He died on 30 Jan. I803. His eldest
witnrs and from Willis on the snbject, and son, John Henry Latham (1823-1843), an
ths other half of cases carefully recorded. accomplished scholar, had died while an
Re wu in favour of a dietetic treatment, undergraduate at Oxford, but two sons and
lad sopported the views of Dr. John RoUo a daughter survived him. His only publi-
U.r.] The' Medical TmnMOtions' publiihed cation was a volume of poems, published
*y tM College of Physicians in London con- anonymously at Sandbach in 1836, but a
ttiii tea papers by him :
'
Cases of Tetanus,* volume of two hundred and hfly pages was
11 Dec. 1806, describing the effects of printed in 1863, after his death, English '

SBram; 'Remarks on Tumours,' 11 Dec. and Latin Poems, Original and Translated.'
1806, OQ the clinical methods of distinguish- They are devotional and domestic, the best
Bi^ ovarian from hepatic tumours ; ' On being on the death of hia wife. He trana-
Angina Notha,' 11 Dec. 1812, describing lated into English verse a long passage of
(noptoms like thoee of angina pectoris, but Tasso's 'Jerusalem DelivMi$d,' and one of
iw not to cardiac but to abdominal disease his best Latin poemf is a translation of the
;

'Ob Lumbar Abscess,' 13 Jan. 1818, men- ' Song of Judith.' His poems contain many
jpning the various directions it may take ; reminiscences of Cuwper, and while often
*0t LtMorrhaea,' 81 March 1818; ' Cachexia graceful have seldom any higher merit.
4pbtbosa,' 8 Jan. 1814: ' Saperacetate of liATUAM, Hbxby (1794-lSGO), poetical
lead in Phthisis,' 17 April 1816 ;
'
On writer, third son of the above, was uom in
Anthbltnintics and their Effects on Epi- London 4 Nov. 1794, gradual^ at Brasonose
Imr/ 16 Nov. 1815 ; <0n the Medicinal Pro- College, Oxford, and there obtained a prize
Pttce of the PoUto/ the learee of which he for Latin verse. He was admitted a barrister
tbinki superior aa narcotics to henbane and of Lincoln's Inn in 1820, but soon entered
iMBtlock ; On the Emplovment of Vene- the church. He wat vicar successively of
'

leetion in Pita,' 16 Dec. 1^19, a dissuasive Selmeston with Aloistom and of rittltworth,
from too frequent use of this remedy. His Sussex. He was a friend of Professor Coning-
wittinn show that the parts of physic in ton, and retained through life a taste for classi-
vbtdi as excelled were clinical obeervation cal studies. In 1803 he published at Oxford
Md aaqtiainta&ee with the nmteria medica. 'Sertum Shakesperianum, subnexin aliquot
Bs wtt aside a portion of his income for inferioris notsefloribus.' Sixteen are transla-
harity, and called this his corban fund. tions from Shakespeare and four from CSowper,
Besides his printed works he wrote an ela- others from the prayer-book, while ttn ar
borate * Dissertation on Asthma,' lectures on short original Latin poems. He died ot
Mditiae, and lectures on materia medica. cholera. 6 Sept. 1866, at Boulogne. Hewa
Latham married Mury, daughter of Peter twice married.
llere, vicar of Prestbiiry, Onehin>. His fFo8trr'.s Alumni Oxon. For the fdflii-r
1BN1, Joha, aad, bia third son, ileury, Papers in poaaession of Dr. J. A. Ormorod, his

Digitized by Google
 Latham
gmndBon ; SOS ; lfdi*
Mttnli't Ooll. of fliyi. H.
cal Guz-tte, 6 Mny 1843, Memoir by his son;
Works; manuMcrlpt Minote-book$ of St. iiartbo-
lomew'fl UoRpiul. For the Mn John: Memoir
prefixed to the posthumouf* volume of his jKwmJi.
J^or the Bon Haarj : InfurmaliuD from Dr. J. A.
Otmorodf] If U*
LATHAM, FETER1CER,M.D. (1769-
1875), phydcian, Be<'on(l son of Dr. John
Latham (1761-1843) [q. v.] and ManrMere,
was bom in Fenchurch Buildings, London,
on 1 l]y 1789. His first e<lucation was at
the free school of Sandbach, Cheshire, but in
1797 he wae sent to Macclesfield grammar
school, of which his uncle was heau-master,
and thence in 1806 to Bmsenose College, Ox-
foffd. H ohteined the chancellor's prize for
Lfttin verse, on 'Corinth,* in 1809, anu gradu-
ated B.A. -21 May 1810, M.A. 1813, M.B.
1614, and M.D. 1816. He began his medical
studies at St. Bartholomews Hospital in
1810. It wa8 then the custom for an in-
tflBding physician to attach himself to one of
the medical staff, and he chose Dr. Haworth,
a member of his own college. He was elected
a fellow of the College of Physicians on
30 Sept. 1818, and delivered the Gulstonian
lectures in 1819. He took a house in Gower
Street, and in 1816 was elected physician to
the Middlesex Hospital, which office he held
till November 1824, when he was elected
fltysician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
n March 1823 he was asked by the govern-
ment to undertake the investigation of an
epidemic disorder then prevalent at the Mill-
bank Penitentiary, and in 1825 published
' An Account of the Disease lately prevalent
at the General Penitentiary.' Scurvy with
gos Latham
he published ' Lectures on Subjects oonneetod
with Clinical Medicine.' The first six are on
methods of stndy and of obeervation, six
more on auscultation and pereusaion, and two
on phthisis. He made careful notes of hia
oases, and sixty folio volumes of these are ia
the library of St. Bartholomew's HoepitaL
His clinical teaching was excellent. He was
appointed physician extraordinary to the
queen in 1837, but never attained a very
large practice. In 1839 he delivered the Har-
veian oration at the College of Physicians,
and it was published with a dedication to Sir
Henry Haliord and the fellows. His descrip-
tions of the merits of Sydenham, Sir Tho-
mas Browne, Morton, and Arbuthnot are ad-
mirable, while his Latin style is above the
average level of such compositions. He also
delivered theLnmleian lectures, andwasthree
times censor 1820, 1833, and 1837. In 1845
he published ' Lectures on Clinical Medicine,
comprisinf^ Diseases of the Heart,* a work <n
great origmality, full of careful observ ation,
and containing a discussion of all parte of
the subject. I^ricarditis was unknown to
him except as part of acute rheumatism, and
he held that a murmur tau|[ht an observer no
more than whether the inside or the outside
of the heart was diseased ; but his remarks
on functional palpitation and on the cwdiae
physical signs in cases of phthisis have not
neen superseded, and deserve high praise.
He treated acute rheumatism by bleeding,
calomel, and opium, bat was opposed to
copious venesection. His discussion of the
symptoms and post-mortem appearances of
angina pectoris m relation to tne case of Dr.
Thomas Arnold of Rugby School is a model

diarrhoea and cnrioua subsequent nervous dis- of the best kind of clinical dissertatimi, nod
orders were the main feature of the epidemic. though some of the thirty-eight lectures are
More than half the prisoners were affected, now obsolete, they contain information of
and Latham, with Dr. Peter Mark Roget permanent value, and aim leftjr atudj
[q. v.], proved that it was due to a too scanty
cample6 of method.
oiot. Thej recommend>d at least He had extreme empUyt;<-tnti at a some-
one solid
meal erenr day, better bread, and three half- what early age, and with it ficejiuent attacks
pounds of meat for every prisoner every fort- of asthma. These forced him in 1841 to re-
night. This improved rep men put an end sign his physiciancy at St. Bartholomew's,
to the epidemic In 1828 he published in but he cont'mued his private practice till 1 865,
the ' Medical Gaxette ' ' Essays on some Dis- when he left London and settled atToraumv,
eases of the Heart,' in which he maintained where he resided till his death, 20 July i875.
that the administration of mercury till sali- He was a small man, with bright grey eyes
vation was produced was essential to the cure and a large aquiline nose, and with a pleaain^
of pericarditis. In June 1830 he was elected, voice. His portrait was painted bv John Jack-
with Dr. Burrowa, joint lecturer on medicine son (1778-1831) [q. v. J He married Diana
in the school of St. Bartholomew's Hospital Clarissa Chetwynd Stapleton in 1824, but she
iMantucript Minute-hook of Medical Sc/tool). died in the following year (monument in tha
lis lectures were delivered in a slow and church of St. Bartholomew the Less). He
formal style, but comAianded attention from afterwards married Grace Mary Chajnben^
the full information they contained (informa- and had four children.
tion from Sir G. M. Humphry, a former at- [Life by Sir Thomas Watson in St. Birthoto-
tendant of the lectures). In the same year mew's Hospital Reports^ voL xi. ; J^io^mphisal

Digitized by Google
 Latham
RBte hr Dr. BoUrt Mxtiii mt&ud to the
CUlMtd Woilci i Dr. P. K. L^Iwid, S tdIi..
Ibv Sydenham Society, 1876 ; Munk'ii Coll. of
Phyi. vol. iii. ; mauaifcript Minutea of Court of
Ooreruora of St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; m Ji-
ll ujcript Minute-book of Medioal OfBcers of St.
Bartholomew's ; Works.] N. M.
LATHAM, ROBERT GORDON, M.D.
(lBlS-1888), ethnologist and philologist,
ddest son of Thomas Latham, vicar of
Billingborough, Liucolnflhire, wna tx>rn at
BilUngborough on 24 March 1812. Ho wa
entered at Eton in 1819, and wa-s admitted
on the foundation in 1821. In 1829 he went
to King's Ck>llege, Cambridge^ wfaare he
jnduated B. A. in 1832, and waa soon after-
wtrds elected a fellow. In order to study
{jiilology he resided for a year on the con-
tinent, nrst settlinf^ near Hamburg, then in
Copenhagen, and tinally in Ohristiania. In
1839 he was elected profeoc of English
Unguage and literature in University Col-
lege, London, and in 1841 produced his well-
known text-book on 'The English Language.'
He had also determined to enter the medical
pfofeseion,and in 1842 became a licentiate of
the Royal College of Physicians. He subse-
quently obtainea the degree of M.D. at the uni-
rersity of London. lie became lecturer on
forensic medicine and materia medica at the
Middle8exHo8pital,andin 1 84 4 he was elected
ssistant-pbysician to that hospital. But he
diialhr dvroted himself to ethnology and
fhilofo^, and in 1849 abandoned medicine
ind resigned his appointments. In 1852 the
direction of the ethnological department of
tbe Crystal Palace was entrusted to him.
Li 1862 he made his celebrated protest against
the central Asian theory of the origin of the
krjva, supporting views which have since
Wen strongly advocated by Benfey, Parker,
Canon Taylor, and others. Meanwhile he
devoted himself to a thorough revision ot
Johnson's ' Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage,' which he completed in 1870. He sub-
tequently spent much time on a Dissertation
' London, 1863. 23. 'Two Dissertations on
on the liamlet of Saxo Qrammaticus and of
Shakespeare.' In his later years Latham
frequently gave lectures on his favourite sub-
jects, ana in 1863 he obtained a pension of
jOO/. from the civQ list. Latterly he was
Afflicted with aphasity And died at Putney on
March 1888.
Mr. Theodore Wattsf-Dunton], an int Imate
friend for many year8,characteri8es Latham as
'one who for brilliance of intellect and ency-
clopeedic knowls^^ had, in conversation at
Wat, scarcely an equal among his cnutem-
porariea, and who certainly was less enslaved
by authority th m any other man.' This in-
dependence of miud gave his literary work
VOL. XI.
600 Latham
itssuccess, despite hh frequent obscurities of
style and his occasional inaccuracy. His
works on the English langmtgefasBedtliiougli
xnan^ editions, and were regarded as autho-
ritative till they were superseded by those
of Dr. Riebaid Morris ana ProfeiBor Skeet.
His lexioogrq^hieal effiMrts wen nofeTeiymio-
cessful.
Latham's prineipal works are: 1. 'No0>
way and the Norw^ans,' 2 vols., London,
1840. 2. ' The English I^anguage,' Loudon,
1841 : 5th edition 1 862. 8. An fileiMala^
'
English Grammar,' London, 1843 ; new edi-
tion, revised and enlar^;ed, 1875.
4. ' First
Outlines of Ix>gic applied to Grammar and
Etymology,' I^ondon, 1847. 5. ' History and
Etymology of the English Language, for the
use of Classical Schools,' London, 1849; 2iid
edition 1854. 6. ' Elements of English Gram-
mar, for the use of Ladies' Schools,' London,
1849. 7. 'A Grammar of the English Lan-
guage, for the use of Commercial Schools,'
London, 1850. 8. 'The Natural History of
the Varieties of Man,' London, 1850. 9. <A
Handbook of the English Language,' London,
1851; 9th edition 1875. 10. 'Man and his
Migrations,' London, 1861. 11 ' The Ethno-.
logy of the British Colonies andDependencies,'
London, 1851. 12.' The Ethnology of Europe,'
London, 1852. 13. 'The Ethnology of the
British Islands,' London, 1852. 14. The Na- '
tive Races of the Russian Empire,' London,
1853 (* Ethnographical Library *). 15. ' Varie-
ties of the Human Race ' (* Orr's Circle of the
Sciences,' vol. i.), London, 1854. 16. ' Na-
tural History Department of Crystal Palace.
Ethnokwy. Described by R. Q. L.j London,
1664. 17. ' Logic and its Application to
Language,' London, 1856. 18. ' Ethnology
of India,' I/ondon, 1859. 19. 'Descriptive
Ethnology,' 2 vols., London, 1869. 20. ' Opus-
cula. Essays, chiefly Philological and Eth-
nographical,' London, I860, 8vo. 21. ' Ele-
ments of Comparative Philology,* London,
1862. 22. 'The Nationalities of Europe,'
the Hamlet of Saxo Grammaticus and of
Shakespeare,' London, 1872, 8vo. 24. Out- '
lines of^ General or Developmental Philology.
Inflection,' London, 1878. 26. 'Russian and
Turk, from a Geographical, Ethnological, and
Historical Point of View,' London, 1878.
Latham also edited and largely rewrote
John.son's Dictionary of the English Lan-
'
guage,' London, 1860-70, 4to. He wrote a life
of Sydenham for the Sydenham Society's
edition of his' Works,* 1&48. He was joint-
author with Professor D. T. Ansted of a
work on the Channel Islands, 1862; edited
' Horro Ferales * by J. M. Kemble, London^
ld6d, 4t0| and Priduidi 'Eastern Origm
Digitized by Gopgle
 Latham ^ no Lathbuty
^ tba Celtic N*tioQ8,* 1867. He translated extant (at Oxford) ; it was printed px, Oz>
(with Sir E. Creasy) '
Frithiof'a Suga' ami ford iu 1432, and is one of the earliest booli
]A^4' ^ 3we4j9h of Tejoa^r, 18^: iiu^ued b^ the univ^r^tjr preaa. pthar vQrj}i
of Ilia stiU extant in manuscrint are 'Dfotu-
ethaolofical clitseirut|aiu| aiai noim, Lad^ tion^ Theologie or Alphabetuiu Morula'
' '

or'LociCommunee/aod extract* &am a UW'

. [Mr. Xhpo4or# Wtitt ia Ailx<;;)eum, 17 ^&rch tise De Luxuria Clericorum.'
'
^
1888. p. 840 ] '
&.T.B. [Leland's Scriptores Bales Soriptares; Tw-
;

ner s Bibl. Brit. The Grey Friars in Oxfori

LATfiAM, SIMON 1618), falconer, ( Oxf. 11 ist. Soc.);
;

Mertnn Coll. MS3. vol. ckxxii.

derired his 'art and understanding' from pernard's Cat, MSS. Angl.] A. O. L
Henry Sadleir of 3'>erle^, Wiltshire, third
'4mm Sir Ralph Sadleir, grand faleoner to LATHBURY, THOMAS (1798-1866),
ecclesiastical histozi^Q, son of HoniTLtth-
Queen EUrabeth. He wae afterwards ap-
bury, was bom at BradcIey, Nortbttap^
pointed one of the officers under the maater
pbire, in 1708, and eJucutL-J at St. Fdmund
Ilall,Oxford, whence h^ firadualod B.A In
he embodit>d an exc^l!t'nt
hia experipnoes in
1824, and M.A. i|i 1827. paving taken holj
treatise entitled Lathams Falcoury or the
*

orders, he was appointed curate of CSiattin^

Ifaulcons Lure and Cure; in two Bookes.
Cambridgeshire. Afterwards he was cuts-^
Th^ fir^, ooncerning the ordering of all . . .

at Bath, and at Wootton, Northamptonskre-

Hftwkes in generall, espociallv the Hag^gard
lu 1631 he obtained the curacy of AlangOl^
Ffivlcon Gentle. The eocond, teaching up-
field, Gloucc-ster^hiro, and Lis fifth curacy
jpnnred medicines for the culof all IMmssos
wua the Abbe^ Church, jLJath, to which he
m thpm,' kc. (' Lathams new and second
was appointed in 1888. |!n 1848 lie was prt^-
fioake of Falconrie, concerning the training
sented by Bishop Monk to tlic A-icarag^' of
irp of tail EEawkes that were mentioned in hn
first Boo^e of the Hajgart Favlrnn, fee.'),
St. Simon's, Baptist MUls, ^nstol. Havsa
(no of t^ principal promot(m of tbe drani
2 Lppdoh, lUi5-18 (other editions
pts., 4to,
congress hold at Wrist ol In September 1861.
nTim, iM, sna 16li8). Tkiere tft- wm He died at hia residence. Cave Street, St.
wise ]niblish<'d undtT )>\'^ rmmt^ 'The Oentle-
PatU's, Briato). on 11 Feb. 18Q)i. Hi>
m^'s Exercise, or Supplement to the Bookes stipend fromi the established church at the
of Tkil^bonry/ 4to, IMidon, 1669. Iktham
time of his death amounted to little m< r.^ thim
is thongjit to have been the nephew of Lewis
I^tliain of Elstow, Hedfordnhire, under fal-
150/. a year. He It- ft a widow and fuur
children, throe of th' Ui .<:ons. 'Tbe eUsst
coner (lt5'i'") hut afterwards (1027) Serjeant
son, Daniel runn<'r Lathhury, became a well-
falconer to tne hini: V//. >Stnff Papern, Dom.
(
''

known journalist the stcond t<ok orders in

;
1625-6 n. 544, 16->7-S p. 801, 166I-& pp.
the church of England.
S66, 869^, who died a reputed centenarian m
His principal works,fiomp, lllo' Tii? historia
May 1655 (Elstow parish register;' will ro- of convocation and the noniucord, being of
gii^tr H'd in P. C. 0. 316, A^lett)! curious A
great value, are: 'The Protestant Me- L
j^ortrait of Lewis Latham is in the |ioBseaion
morial. Stricture.'? on a Letter addroA^ed by
of kit deaeendailla, tbft doldm'fiuDllT f tin
Mr. Pugin to the Supporters of the Martjn
United States.
Memorial at Oxferd,rton4oii (1690 P], l$too.
[Latham's Faloonty; J. O. Austin's Qencaloe. 2. 'A Historv of tlie f^nglish Kpi^i^opary.
Diet, of Bhode laland; parting's Bibliothe^
from the Period of the Long Parliament to
otilrftnm.] 0. 0.
the Act of Uniformity, with Koticee of tb*
LATHQSBT, ;rOHX l^.p. ( /?. 1350), Eeligjous Parties of the time, and a Review
Franrifionn, was famous as a tlieologiun of Kcolesiastical Affairs in England from tl
throughout the Jutur middle ages. Ltfand Kfformatiun,' London, 1830, Svo. 3. *A
atate that he was a fnax of fading and lieview of a Sermon bv the Rev. W. Jav on
doctor of Oxford. According to Bale lie the Eniflish ReformatJon* (anon.Y London.
flourished 1 400, but thjs appears to be a mis- 1637, bvo. 4. The State of Poptry and
t]Mi He was certainly at the provincial Jeauititm in England, from the ReformatioB
chapter of Fri ir? Minors at London in 1313, to the . Roman Catholic Relief Bill in . .

hut pn>bt)i>ly became D.D. aff4r 1350, aa his 1829, and the Charse of NoveltT. Hexesr,
niil (Ioe0 not ooenr inth* Iwt of nuwtMn of and Sebism against tSe Chnrcb of Rome sao-
theol<4ry at Oxford in ' llommiente F!nuici- stantiii'.d,' London, 1839, 8vo. 5. 'Protes-
cana,' voL i. tantism the old Religion, Popery tbe new,'
Hii lMSt4mowii -vorlc was & ' Commen- London [1838 ?], 12mo ; sixth thousand, mticb
tary on lamentations^ (called tlfO'Lectune enlarged, London [1850?], lf?mo.
, 6. 'The
>C(k of whioh many miiaiueripta are State of the Cburch of England from tba
1

Digitized by Google
 L^thom
laijoduc^oa of Olui^tiHutj to the uno4
4l BeftmatioQ,' London, 1839, ISmo.
7. *Qny FawLp?, or a complete Hif^tory of
tkft Qnnpowder TreaAon . . and some No-
. subsequently removea to Bogdavie, a farm-
tiow of the Uevolutiou of 1688/ London,
1S39, Sto ; ?nd edit., enlarged, London, 1840,
J^vo. 8. 'The Spanish Armada, a. D. 1588, or
tht Attempt of Plalip II and Pupe Sixtu* V
to n>-etablish Popery in England,' London,
1840, 8va 9.
A
Hiatorv of the Conroca-
tioa of the Church of Englaud, being an Ac-
ooimt of the Proceedings of Anglican Eccle-
iMtical Councils ftoin the earliest Ptriod,'
6u ]Lathom
wrote for tl^ ^orwid^ Th^^tre, an^ ^irobablj
acted thero, tmt al^r 1801 bo retired to iQr
verurle, wnere be lodged with a baillie. an(|
house in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, belonging to
one Alexander ttenpie. He was liberally
provided with money and developed many
eccentricities. He dressed, it is aid, ' IUl^
a play-actor,' read regularly London news-
papers, drank whiskey freely, interested him-
self in theatrical gossip, wrote novela, and
sang songs of )u9 own composition. He
waa
known in Fyvie as Mr. Francis or 'Boggie's
'

Laodoot 18^, 8vp ; 2Dd edit., with consider^ Iiord,' from tlja ^ame of Renn|e'a fann)iOuse^
bbidditiont,London,18o3,8m 10. 'Th^ and nia Teputod wealth exposed bim to inh
Autbority of the Services, (1) for the Fifth quent risk of being kidnapped by those who
of >'oTember, (2) on Thirtieth of Januaiy, were anxious to secure so profitable a lodgeck
(S) the Twenty-ninth of May, (4) for the In nia last years he lived with Rennie a$
Acceeiion of the Sovereign, considered,' Lon- Milnfieldfarm in the parish of .Moiujuhitter,
(im, Svo, reprinted, from the 'Church and died there sudden!} on 19 .May ].bS2. H^
o! ELigland Quarterly lU'vlew,' 11. * Memo- was buried iu the Ilennies' burial plot in the
riiU of Emeet the Pious, first Duke of ^Sn xe- churchyard of Fyvie.
Gotha,and the lineal Ancestor of His lioyal His writings, which met with some suc-
HighneM Prince Albert,' London, 1643, 8vo. cess, are: 1. 'All in a Bustle; a comedy/
M. 'AHittorv of the Nonjurors, their Con- Svo, Norwich, 1795.; 2nd edit. 1800, nevef
trovereies and Writings, with Kemarka on acted, 2.
'
The Midnight Bell ; a German
Kme of the Rubrics in the Book of Common story/ 3 vols, li^mo, London, 1798? : another
Pnter,' London, 1845, 8to. 18. 'List of edit. 1800P; 2nd edit. 1837(iranaW into
PriDtrd Services belonging to T. T.athbury* French, 3 vols. 1 Cmo, Paris, 1799). 3. ' The
IliOadon, 1846 F], 8to. 14. An edition of Castle of Ollada,' ^ vols. 12mo, Lon4onf
maj GoUiei^ * Ecelemutical History of 1799 P 4. *Men and Manners; a noveli
Aett Britain,' with a life of the author, 4 vols. 12mo, London, 1799; ^motiOifu edi^
the eontroveraial tracts connected with the 1800. 5. T!iB Dash of the Dav : a comedy,'
'ffiBtorT,*andan index, 9 vols. London, 1853, 2nd and 3rd edits. Svo, Norwicli, 1800, acted
BfO. loi. * A History of the Book of Com- at Norwich. 6. Mystery ; a novel,' 2 vols.
*

rocm Prayer and other Books of Authority; ] i^Tno, LonH^on, 1800 (translated into French

with ... an Account of the State of Re- and German). 7. 'Holiday Time, or the
ligion and of Religious Parties in England School Boy's Frolic; a farce,' acted at Nor-
from 1640 to Ifi'X); London, 1858, nml again wicli, Pvo, Xnrwicli, 1800. 8. 'Orlnndo aiic^
imSvo. 16. 'The Proposed li vision of Seraphina, or the Funeral Pile an heroic ;

tbtBodk of Connpon Prayer,' London, 1860, dfttttta,' 8to, London [Norwich printed
8to. 17. ' Facts HTid Fic^tionsof theBicen- 18001; another edit. 180.^, artprl at NorwicHi
leBary: a Sketch rpm 1640 to lGt}2/ Lon- 9. 'Uuxioeitv; ^co|n#dy,' adapted Irointhe
im [1862], 8vo. Printed for the Bristol Fren^ of Madame do Genlia, acted at I^or^
Church Defence Association. 18. 'Oliver wich (8vo, 1801). Genest describes it as 'a
Cromwell, or the Old and New Dissenters, ffood piece considerably better than Ma-
;

with Strict ureH on the l..ecture9 of N. Hay- dame Genlis's original; the moral is excel-
croft and H. Quick/ London ri8G2], 8va lent (HUt Acommt, x. ^22-3).
'
10. ' The
Pnpted for tb^ Bristol Ghuvob ^Defence A- "Wife of a Million a comedy,' acted at Nor-
:

Mdation. wich, Lincoln, and Canterbury, Svo, Norwich

pMrtol TloM sad Kimr. It Veb. 1860. p. 2. [I8O23. 11. * Astonishment 1 1 a romance
!

mL6. 14 Pel., p. 2, c<>]. 16 Feb. p. 2. col. 6 ; of a century ago,' 2 vols. l2mo. London,
CNckfbrd'l CUricnl I^irectory, 1860, p. 369; 1802. 12. The Castle of the Thuilleries,
'

BaMi^ Men st this Bar, p. 267; Men of the or Narrative of all ti^' ^jBOta w^ich hav^
Time. 1862. p. 468; Geot. Mag. cciriii. 386; taken plare in the mtonOT of that I'alace.
Lnrades's Bibl. J^aa. (Boho^. pp. 496, 1315^ Translated from th^ iPwD^* 3 yols. Svo.
London, 180S. 18. ' Very Stranffe bnt Yer;
lATHOM, FPvAXaS (1777-IB:12\ no- True; a noTel.'4 vols. 12mo,lS08. U.' Er-
Velilt and 4i'n>&tit, bom nt ^'orwich in nest ina; a tale from the French,' 2 vols.
1177, b said to been die fUegiiimate 12mo, Londou, 1803. 1^. ^Tlie Iropene?
0^ of an -%gliah pe^. In e^lj file hf trable Secret| Ffn^-ijt Qi^t/8 vols, m^i^

Digitized by Google
 Lathrop 6l3 Latimer
London, 105. 16. 'The MvBterious Free- tributed to Lathy bj Watt. He is also cre-
bootw, or ihs DftTi f Qumii Ben; ft dited fay the same antbority vrith x etbsr
romance/ 4 vols. r3ino, London, 1806. novels: 'Paraclete/ ISO/J, 5 vol<*.\ 'Usurp4-
17. Human Brings ; a novel/ 3 toIb. 12mo, tion/ 1805, 3 vols. ; ' The Invisible Enemj,'
'

Londottf 1807. l8. *The Fatal Vow, or 1806, 4 vols.; 'Gabriel Forrester/ 1807,
St. Michiiel's Monastery; a romance,' 2 vols. 4 vols. The Misled General/ 1807, anon.;
;
'

12mo, London, 1807. 19. 'The Unknown, 'Love, Hatred, and Rev'n(Tp/ 1809, 8 voli.
or the Northern Gallery/ S vols. 12mo, In 1819 Lathy perpetrated a succei^al
1806. 20. 'London, or Troth without plagiaristte fraud. At the time a kind of
Treason/ 4 vols. I'imo, T^ondon, 1809. mania was prevalent among book-brirer* for
21. 'Romance of the Hebrides, or Wonders angling literature. Lathy accordinglv oallM
Never Cease,' 3 vols. l2mo, London, 1809. upon (ionden, the well-known bookbinder
22. Italian Mysteries, or More Secrets and publisher, with what he alleg'^! to V tin
*

than One ; a romance,' 3 vols. 12mo, Lon- original poem on angling. 'Qosden purduied
don, 1820 (tnuidftted into Franeh by Jalee the manttseript lbraQI.,and had it publiihcd
Saladin, 4 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1823). 23. The as " The Angler, a poem in ten cantos, with
'

One Pound Note, and other tales,' 2 voU. notes, etc., by Piscator" [T. P. Lathy, eq.j'
12mo, London, 1890. 94. 'Pbuled and In rsalitj the poem was copied alman ni
Pleased, or the Two Old Soldiers, and toto from ' The Anglers. Eight Dialoguei
other tales,' 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1822. in verse,' London, 1<58, 12mo (reprinted in
S5. 'Live and Learn, or the first John lluddiman's 'Scarce, Curiou", and Valuabl
Brown, hie Friindi^ Enemies, and Aeqntint- Pieces,' Edinburgh, 1773), by Dr. ThoBSS

ances, in Town and Countrv a novel,' Scott of Ip'^wich

;
[q. v.] Tlie fraud was '

4 vols. i2mo. lyondon, 1823. 20. 'TIih Polish pointed out by Scott's great-nepbew, ibe
Bandit, or Who is mv liride ? and other possessor of the original numuscnpt, in the
Ules/Svols. 12mo, London, 1824. 27. Young
Gentleman's Magazine' (1819, ii. -107).
John Bull, or Bom Abroad and Bred at [Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, p. 196 Wau's :

Home,' 8 vols. ]2mo, London, 1828. BIbl. Brit. ii. 6S9; Kilkett and laing's IXrC
28. 'Fashionable Mysteries, or the Rival Anon. Lit. pp. 92,2217 Notes and QoMif^Ird
;
J

Ihicheesee, and other tales,' 3 vols. 12mo, ser. vii, 17 ; Hrit. Mu'*. Cat.] T. S.

London, 1890. 90. 'Mystic Events, or the

Vision of the Tapestry. A
Romantic Legend liATIMEK, Baboks.
[See L&timrr,
William, first Barok of the second creation,
of the days of Anne Boleyn,' 4 vols. 8vo,
<2. 1304 Latixb]|,Wuuaii, fourth fiawi,
:
London, 1880.
1329.-1381; Nkvillb, Richard, f^nd
TLatbom's Woyfcs; Watt's BlbL Brit ; Kotss Babon of the third creation, Utk^lo^U;
and Queries, 2nd er. iVi 259 Fyvie Parish
;
Nbtiu^, Jour, third B*ar, 1490P-164S.1
Magazine, May 1892; information moat kindly
supplied by the Ber. A. I.IPm^UjJ)., minister LATIMER^ HUGB,' D.P. (14SoP.
ofFjTie.] G.G. 1556), bishop of Woroeeter, son of a I^reice*-
tershire yeoman-farmer of the same names,
LATHROP, JOHN (d. 1653), indepen- wasbomatThttreaston. FiporaFoxei'sstste-
dent minister. [See LoTHROPp.]
ment that he entered Cambridge at four-
LATHY, THOMAS PIKE {/I. 1820), teen, it has been inferred that he was oaiy
BOvelistf-wastionimExeterinlTTl. Though eighteen when he took his baebeloi's denes
Ined to trade he devoted himself from 1800 in 1610. The statement of his servant (8t
to 1821 to literary production. He appears below), that he was threescore and seven
to have been in America in 1800, when his in Edward YI's time, places his birth mors
' Reptration, or the Sdbool for Libert ines, a probably batWMii 14W and 1486. ' My

dramatic piecp, as performed at the Boston lather/ he says in a sermon, 'kept me to

Theatre with great applause,' was published school, or el.se I had not been able to have
St Boston ' for the oenefit of the author.' preached before the King's Majesty [Ed-
The only other work of LatLv's in the Bri- ward VIJ now. He married mv sisters wnfh
tish Museum Library is his Memoirs of the 6/. or twenty nobles apiece; so that he brought
'

Oonit of Lonie XlV, in three volumes, with them up in godliness and fear of Gk>d. He
splendid embellishments/ London, 1819, 8vo, kept hospitality for his poor neighbours and ;

ft compilation of some merits based upon some alxDs he gave to the poor.' From an-
contemporary memoin and letters, and dedi- other sermon we learn that nis &ther tanght
cated to theprince regent. 'The Rising Sun/ him archtrv, and how to 'lay his body in
1 807, and llie Setting Sun,' 1 809, two novels his bow.' In 1497, when his father served
by Eaton Stannard Barrett [a. v.], issued with- Henry VU
Mainet the Conush rebels at
out the authof^snme, have liaen mmglj at- Bbdoeath, Hngli budded mt hia

Digitized by Google
 Latimer 613
hlfi06 be WM aent to Cambridge, and was
fleeted to a fellowship in Clare Uall in Fo-
fanuT 1610, just before graduating B. A. In
iniee vrooeeded lff.A. Ho tow orieet'a
onin at Lincoln, but the date is not known.
In waa one of twelve preachera
1522 he
licansed hj hia university to preadi in any
fUtef England, and he was also appointed
to earrj the silver CRMs of the ftuTenity in
jrooessione.
h 15M bo attained tbo degree of B.D.,
lut, as appears by the proctors' books, did
fiot and his right to the
paj the usual fees,
4a|M was efterwatde denied. His public
oration on that occasion was dirertetl an^iiinst
tk isaching of Alelanchthon, as he stUl ad-
knl to tbe old religion. Oneof bisbearere
1W fiihiey, the iiiture martyr, who be-
euM his intimate friend, and inMuenced hia
opaiooa [see Bilket, Thomas]. With Bil-
agrbtwent about visiting prisoners and sick
penoiu. The first time tnat he had an inter-
Tiewwith Ilt'nry VIII (six years later) he
eblnild tbe pardon of a woman whom he
htd seen unjustly imprisoned at Cambridge.
Oa 2^ Aoff. 1524 he was named trustee in
dsed to find a priest to sing mass in Clare
Rill chapel for the soul of one John k Bol-
toa and in October, being at Kimbolton, on
i
UiwaT borne to Tburcaaton, be wrote tbe
first extant letters, applying to Dr.
of hia
Greene, the vice-chancellor 01 Cambridge, in
behalf of Sir Richard "VViugfield, who was
desirous to become steward of the university.
la 1626 he preached in Latin in the uni-
Hnity church. The diocesan, Bishop West
of Bj, came up to hear him unexpectedly,
ir)<i enfori'd just after he had begun his ser-
ttoQ. Latimer adroitly changed his dia-
MNme, and started fiNni Heb. n. 11 to de-
Kribe the office of a ' h'l^h. priest' or bishop.
West thanked him for his good admonition,
d asksd bim to pnadi a aeraion against
Urther. Latimer wisely answered that he
eoold not refute Luther's doctrines, not hav-
ing read his works, which had been for some
Tears prohibited. The bishop was not satis-
fied, and remarked that Latimer smelt of the
' palatable to the vioo-chancellor of Cam-
and would repent. The s')lu accoimt
|iaa,'
interview hardly does justice toWest's
of this
andoubted sagacity. 11^^ inliihited Latimer
bom preaching in his diocese, and, to oountec^
ictbis influenoe, preached himself in Bam*
wdl Abbey, near Cambridge. But Latimer's
timd, Robert Barnes [<u r,\ ^rior of the
Amtio Friars at Oamlnndge, being exempt
from episcopal jurisdiction, lent hira his
pilpiton Simday, 24 Dec, while Barnes
lunuelfpreached a violent sermon at iSt.
Edward's Church. Bamea waa soon after- jectionable opinions.
vuds obliged to abjuze befora Wolsej aa those selected
Latimer
legate, and Latimar had to explain himself
before the same authority. lie disowned
Lutheran tendenci^, and, being examined
bv Wolsey's chanlains, Dr. Capon and Dr.
Marshall, showed himsolf hjiter versed in
Duns Sootus than his examiners. He also
declared what be had said before the Bishop
of Ely, and in the end was diemissed by the
rnrdinal with liberty to pwcb Uuoughottt
all England.
On 19 Dec. 1629 Latimer again provcdred
criticism by his two famous sermons on tbe
'
card,' preached in St. Edward's Church, in
which ne told his hearers allegoricallj how
to win salvation by playing trumps. Thin
gave offence by his depreciation of what he
called ' Toluntanr wtmsB* sudi as pilgrim*
ages or costlv gifts to churclics, in compari-
son with worW of mercy. Prior Buckenuam
[q. .]. of tbe Blad^ i^iars, Cambridge, an-
awered him bv preaching from the game of
dice, showing his hearersliow to throw cinque
and quatre to protect themselves against
Lutheranism. Some other foolish obserTO*
tions brought upon him a withering re-
ioindw from Latimer ; but some fellows of
St. Jobn*s Coll^ oontiniMd tbe eoniwwwsy
with Latimer.
Latimer incurred additional displ^sure
beeanaa be was baown to fsTonr HenryVIirB
divorce. In January 1530 the king enjoined
silence aa to their private dispute both upon
him and Buckenham. But in the next
month Gardiner came to Cambridge and ob-
tained the appointment of a select committ^
of divinesj to report upon the validity of the
marriage to Catherine. In the list of tba
committee which he forwarded to the king,
Latimer's name, marked, like others favour-
able to tbe king's piu-pose, with an A, ap-
pears in the class of 'musters in tlumlogy,*
not in that of doctors. Latimer was at once
appointed topreacb befare tbe king at Wind-
sor on 13 March, to the deep aniioyame of
his opponents; and the king, highly com-
mending his sermon, remarked significantly
to the Duke of Norfolk that it was very uiIp
bridjge, who was present during part of it.
Latmier received for his sermon the nstial
gratuity of 20. paid to a court preacher, and
a further sius of 6/. from the privy purse
ipal ffenry VIII, . 817, 740>. Hia ex-
penses to and from Cambridge were also
defrayed through the vice-chancellor (ib. p.
751). AboDt this time voyal letters were
sent to Cambridge for the appointment of
twelve divines, to join a like number from
Oxford, in examining books containing ob-
Latimer waa one of
for this duty tba vico^haa*
Digitized by Copgle
 Larimer 6t4
oelloi^ own univursit j, and he was pre- bent, at the ro^uptit of certaiii merchants,
of his
tfint on 24 May, when the report of tne com- and be sua be tmirf not awive df kny epi-
mission presented to the king, and tlio
Ij^t of miac^evous books and errors con-
, tainly open to misinterpretation: prhettiff-
tained: Inthem was ordered to be proclaimed
by preachers in their sermons.
An animated Ijetter to the king in finvour
en the free circulation of an English Bible on
1 t)ec. 1630 has been erroneously attributed
to Latimer by Fo\e. Neither of ibe two
nianuscript copies of this letter in the PuDlic
Record Office bears the date appended to it
in Foxe or the name of the writer^wbo seems
to be a layman, and accuses the ctergy of
tvranny in auppres^ing 'the Scripture in
Englisn/ i.e. Tyndaile's Bible, one of the
books disapproved by Latimer and his fellow-
commissioners.
Latimer was now in high favour, and by
the influence of Cromwell and Ur. (aflerwarcfs
Sir William) Butts [a. v.] was presented to
the benefice of West iSLington, or West Kine-
ton, in "Wiltshire, on the border of Glouces-
tershire. Although in a remote and solitary
district, the living was valued four years later
at 17/. Valor JEixlenastirus, ii. 134), then
i. (
j
a good clerical st ipend. lie was instituted
14 Jan. 1531. Soon afterwards a sermon
preached by him (probably, as the text iudi-
^tes, on (K) May 1531) at the neighbottrii^
pariah of Marshfield in Qloucestorshire pro-
voked a remonstrance from William Sher-
xrood, the rector of Dyrham. IL' was reported
to have said that almost all the clergy, bishops
included, instead of being shepherds euterlug
by the door, were thieves, wliom there -was
not hemp enough in Englojid to hang. Sher-
wood not unnaturally stigmatisea it as a
'mad satire.' Latimer, in a long and angry
reply, said that ho only referred to all popes,
'
bishops, and rectors who enter not by the
door,' not to all clergy without qualitication
(Foxe, Mariyn, eoL Towneend. 183& viL
479-84).
Metnwhile Latimer's pteoclung had been
pensured for other uiattersin convocation, and
|u>ticle8were drawn up on 3 March uj^ainbt
him, dward Crome [q. t.], and Bilney.
"within A year Crome recanted, Bilney
^oflered at the stake, and Bainham, another
Bitftyr, had declared that he knew no one
who preached the pure word of God except
Latimer and Crome. Kut Latimer feems to
have remained almost a twelvemonth unmo-
lested. He had frlen<Ls at court, and Sir
Edward Baynlou, a Wiltihire gentleman in
mgh favour with Henry V^UIjWrotw to warn
nim of the complaints made against him.
^fore he left London he had preached at
^bchttich, it waa said in defiance of the
liishop^ but with tiio consent of the incum*
LatimcH
ncopal inhibition. But the sermon waj cer-
gested the possibility of Str. nitu, bad be
lived in that day, being accused to the bishop
as a heretic, and obligfid to bear a .bgotat
Paul's Gros^ His object was to idtocili
freedom of preaching, the preat ettti^ h
Latimer's opinion, fpr the evils of the tnML
He told Baynton that the Bishop of London
himself would be better employed in preach-
ing than in trying to interrupt JuAuithat
duty by a citation.
l?ne citation, however, could only be served
on him bv Dr. Hilley, chancellor to ths
Italian bishop of Salisbury, Cardinal Osm-
peggio, and Ililley, as Latimer insisted, could
nimself correct him if necessary, without
compelling him to take a journey up to Loa-
don in a severe winter. Latimer had de-
clared his mind to the chancellor, in presonca
of Sir Edward Baynton, upon purgatory and
the worship of saints, the chief points on
which ho was accused of heresy. Hillej,
however, thought h>st to servo him with i
citation (10 Jan. ] to appear before the
Bishop of London at St. Paul's on the 2iHh.
He obeyed, and the biiihop brought him be-
fore convocation, where, 11 Maich, t set
of articles, much the some as those snb^
scribed by Crome, were proposed to him.
Tliese he refused to sign, ano he was com-
I
mitted to custody at I^ambeth, but was al-
lowed an opportunity of going to see .Arch-
bishop Wurham. He waa preventefl by ill-
ness, but wrote complaining of being kept
from his flock at the apprrmch of Easter.
Ife dechired his preaching to be quite in ac-
cordance with the fathers, and said he did
not object to images, pilgrimages, praying to
saints, or purgatory, lie only cooaidsiafl
these things not e^^^ential, and there weri
undeniable abuses which he might ap[>ear to
sanction by a bav^ subscript ion. Ultimately
he consented to eijrn two of the articles, and
ou 10 April he made a complete submb^ion
before tne assembled bishops; whereojpon
he was absolved, and warned to appear oi
15 April for further process.
Unluckily, he imme<liately gave new of-
fence bv a letter to one Greenwood, in which
he denied having confessed to any error of
doctrine, but only to indiscretion. For this
he was ordered t/) app'ar again and malii
answer on the 19th, wlien he appealed to the
king, whose supremacy over the church coo-
vocation had been obliged to acknowledge ii
the preceding year. Henry, however, rei
mitted the decision of his case tg convora-
tioi^ and OA the ^ad iAtitear ooofbiaed tbA
Digui^uu uy Googl
 Lsitimer 6t$ Latimei'
ke
triw.
W He was tkn
erred not onlj in discretion but in doc- i were granted at his request, always with the
taken back into favour strict injunction that the preacli^^ iho^d
tt the kind's request, on condition that he sav nothinsr pri?judicial to the king's marriage
did not relapse a^ain(WlLXnfS, Concilia, with Anne Boleyn. He suggested to Crom-
fil746,74S; LATIllB1^ Jl!fliidtt,p.866). A I
well that tlie conmiMlonen did not pneli
I

f-^w davs later he visited, in Newgate, his ad- sufflcientlv thf oV)noxtous oath to tln' sdc-
airer ^inbam, then under sentence aa a cession UUmaina^j^. 867), ^ Next year also,
leUpaed heretie, and urged him not to ^row shortly before he was tdadi a Wilio^, he
tM\j his life without cause, as some at h nst was appointed one of nine commissioners to
of te articl' s ht> h^d maintained were doubt- investigate the caae of Thomae P&toDaer, a
ful; but ho wad obliged to leave him to hid heretic.
Yet in Febniary 1535 4 strange report got
.VotwithstanJlnphis nrantat ion.T.ntimpr's abrnnd that he bad turned over the lenf/ and
'

prosecution had gained sympathy for him
utWMt,aad on ittumin^ to his benefice
invited to preach at ftrlstol on 9 March
1533. In this sermon he was reported to
lainird his old tietMiek, and alao to have
liclired that our Lady was n. sinn. r. Thf?
in in prt'uching before thokincf had defcmfed the
be pope's authority, the worship of the Virgin
and saints, and thr use of pifprimagfes. His
promotipn in the siunmer to the bishopric of
Woreester is <n|flcient evidence againiit th4
storv. Tfii' royal assent hnvini: been given

oujor a^ed.him to preach again at Easter
bat the Bridtol doi^ todk alami, proenred
IE Inhihltion againBt any one preachiiig with-
out th bishop's license, and set up Drs.
Hubbaidiue and Powell to answer I^atirapr's
iltqgaiOlU doctrines frodi the pulpit. The
natter was rejwrted in convocation, and a
copy of Latimer's submiabion, signed by hia
'n hand, was sent down to Bristol. Anne
R'Uvn had just been proclaimed queen, and
tL> deAn of Bristol hsul got into trouble for
forbid<iiDg prayers for her. Latimer^^ 61^4^^,
k'^adc*! bv John TTili.'V |"n, v.], prior of the
Black Fnara at Bristol, de&nded him^ and
Hali&ar&e and ^well ymm oommttted to
the Tower, with some of the opposite party
u well. A
commission was at the samo
time issued to John Bartholomew, a local
collector of customs, as a fit person to inves-
tijfite thewhole question, with the aid of five
or six others selected by himself (^Calendar
Batry VIII, vol. vi. Nos. 796, 799, 873, vol.
."ii Xo. 1001 V ^Vnd although on 4 Oct.
^bllowini^ tho Bishop of London Issued an
aliUtkm k4[4ilLit Latimer preachine in Ua
(fioce-te, it was clear tliat the whole nu^nett
adnaoed hia favour at court.
Wexi spring (15^) he wfts apnoinfed tt>
W'^ach before the king every "Wednesdav in
Lent, and the most famous doctors of Oxford
tad Cambridge came to hear him. To ^ive
-tta^|inuiic6 of ikir play. Roland Philips,
be renowned vicar of Croydon, had liberty to
with hira, but he was hampered by a
('I'fpute
lireat atleostof the Tower. SirTbomas More,
tr'ierawaiting his examination at Lambt-th,
sv Latimer m
the garden very merry. for
Be auf^hed,' &&yi Sir Thomai, ' and.tdOK bne
Of tTam about the neck so handsomely' that
? thiy had been women I would have veened
tM ^ ti$A been waken wanton.' "Ob wae'
flide 1 c&^laliiia&d llcensea topveaoh
to lus election/ 12 Aiig., he went up to Loh-
don fltoin Bristol in the end of tne riiontli,'
and, after arranging(with some trouble) abont
his first-fruits and other matters, had hir
temporalities restored 4 Oct., and returned
as bishop to bis diocese, probably in Novem-
ber. In the interval h^ hnd pvfn (though
in Cromwell's name) given Cranraer a sharp
reproof for 'looking upon tho kin^f's bunneas
through his fingers.* His advancement may-
have been due to Anne Bolcyn's influence,
to whom on 18 An^r. h 0 guve a tkfifd wfit
200/. {Cal TTcnry VlII, vol. \\. No. 117)
but we^ do not find in his Wzitiugs any ex-
pression or rcgara tot ner.
Under Cromwull's visitation Sotne insub-
ordinate monk^ of the cathedral priory at
Worcester had brought charges of treason
against their aged prior. .Hm ndan bore a'
high cbanict"r, find his accusers very bad
on*'."*
; but he hnd apparently transgressed
some statutes and been too inaul_:i'nt to c^i^'
tain brethren who thoughtCatherine (>f Arra-
gon Henry VIlI's true wife. Acommisfsion
was sent down^ and m the end nd ^as com-
pi lied to resign. Even the king was inclined
to continue him in office) bntXatimer's
ipe being asked, he wiwte that tt ' that ^rbAt
crime' (wharpM-r it may have been) wns
proved a^^ainst him, it was enotJgh to have
snared his life; but in any cftselio was top
Old, and a.s Cranmerand Dr. Le^h (avetylikd
nut h nrity) were agreed as to his inromj^tidiOBj
Latimer subscribed to their opinion.
In March 1598 Latimer was at Lamimtir
along with Cranmer and Dr. ^Tleholas Shdx-
*
ton [q. v.] examining heretics, against one of
Whom n letter of the time stat^ that h^
wn^ tho ^r\r:^* extreme of the three. He aha
preached at Paul's CrobS in his old vein, de-
mmncing in homely lan^age (not vety in*
teUlgiUj reported) the luzaiy of bih^'

Digitized by Google
 Latimer Latimer
abbots, and other ' strong thU vf^.' Lat imcr tory was adelusion. In July the bishops
was then in London attending that session of brought their labours to a close in the com-
parliameut in which the smaller monasteries position of Tlio Institution of a Christian
'

were Bu^pn\<;se(l.Latimer said, in preaching Man,' comuionly known as 'The Bishops'

before Ldward VI, that 'when tlipir tMior-
mities were first read in the parliament lioiixi.
they were so neat and abominable that there
was nothing but "Down with them."' But
Book.* The theological discussions which
went to its formation were not to Latimer's
mind. He declared that they perplexed him,
and that he had lever be poor parson of
'

he went on to lament that many of the abbots
irwe made bishops to saye the chai^ of their
pensions. He was dissatisfied, even at the
time, that there was no real reformation, but
only plunder. He believed, at least to some
extent, in the defamatory reports. Yet in
s^ite of his strong prejudioes, he told the
lung, M he aftenniraa aeolared, that it was
not well to use a-s royal stablea bnilirnif:f3
which had been raised and maintained for the
use of the poor (Sgrmom, p. 93).
On 9 June Ijatiracr preached the opening
sermon to convocation, denouncing the de-
giadation of Ohrist's word by superstitions
about purgatory and images. In the aftt r-
Doon he preached again, and asked the as-
embled clergy what rood they had done to
the people during the last seven yt-ars. They
had ourned a dead man and tried to burn a
lirinff one (meaning himself) ; but the real
impulse to preach oftent rhaa como from the
king. This sermon was delivered in I^tin,
bat an English version of it was published
poor Eineton again than to continue thus
Bishop of Worcester.' When Dsfcy was
committ'ed to the Tower, Latimer went with
Cromwell to visit him there and helped in his
examination. He had got home to Hartlebury
Worcestershire, by 1 1 Auc'. Soon afterwards
he visited his diocese, and issued injunctions
to his clergy, urging each of them to obtain,
if possible, a whole Bible, or at least a New
Testament, both in I^tin and in English,
before Christmas. He was called up again
to I^ondon early in November to preach t?:e
funeral sermon of Jane Seymour. He ^ieems
to have been veryill, and wrote to excuse him-
fA( for not cnlling on Cromwell beforehand.
That duty done, he once more returned to his
episcopal residence at Hartlebury, where be
was visited by Barnes,probabIy to discuss the
will of Humphrev Monmouth, under which
they and two otber preachers, Oome
and
Taylor, w^ere to preach thirty sermons in
honour of the deceased (Stetpe, EccJ. Mem.
I. ii. 3G8).

in the following reign. Being addressed ex- Tn February 1538 he Avaa again in London,
clusively to the clergy it did not correct the when the rood of Boxley was exposed and
nmonrs, which grew again, that he had re- burned ; after which he carried in his hand
canted his past preaching. But he cleared and threw out of St. Paul's a small image
himself of tnese imputations completely in a which a popular legend had dt'clare<l eight
!

aermon at Bud's Oraio on the 17tn. donvo- oxen could not move. Meanwhile in his own
cation then proceeded to pass acts in accord- diocese, which at that time included Bristol,
ance with some of his su^;^tions. It drew puritanism had been encouraged by his ap>
,

1^ a set of articles of religion and a declara- Cointment as bishop. In his own cathedral
tion touching the sacrament of holy orders, e had canned an image of the Virgin to be
both of which Latimer signed with the other stripped of its jewels and ornaments. He
divines present, and it abrogated a number of was anxious that * our great Sibyl,' as he
(

superfluous holidayR. It also delivered an called the image, should burn in Smithfield
opinion, signed by Latimer in like manner, with her old sister of Walsingham, her
declaring that it lay with sovereign princes young sister of Ipswich, with tlteir two
and not with the pope to summon general other sisters of Doncaster and Penrire.' Ho
councils. There was no doubt now t hat he was ably supported by Heni7 IIol lxuich^. v.J,
was a great promoter of hereejr in the king's the new prior of his cathe^l.
counciLs, and in the Lincolnshire and YorK- In April 1538 Cranmer and Tint imcr wero
shire rebellions at the end of the year the commissioned to examine John Forest [q. v.],
insoifNits repeatedly demanded that he Mid who, after acknowledging the roval supre>
Cranmer should be deUversd vg to them or macy,had retracted and Men conaemned for
banished. heresy. Latimer, who wrote to Cromwell that
In 1537 he took part in the assembly of the prisoner was too well treated in NewgatB^
divines called by the king to settle points of accepted with singular levity the commis,*i)n
doctrine ; and it was probably at this time to preach, or to 'play the fool' at his eie-
that he held a paper discuisionwith the king cutton* Later in the year ntanv other images
himself upon purgatory, and tried to show were brought to London and burned, tbs
that the diasolution of the monasteries could ' Sibyl' among them. The larger monasleries
only be justified on tlie iheotj that purga- ^ and the houses of firiarswers adw begiaaiog

Digitized by Go
 Latimer 617 Latimer
tolliuppreMed. Latimer used his influence Letter* in Public Keoord Offiee) saya that
v-'hCnraw* !! that the houses of Black and he escaped to Grave?Lnid and was brought
Ukt Friars in Worcester might be bestowed back. Ue was at once ordered into custody,
01 tlM city in relief of ita burdens. In 0&- and remained nearly a year in the keeping
t'Kir hie was at the heftcl of a commission to of Sampson, bLsbop of Cnicbester, Ili.s con-
iirestiffste the nature of the famous blood of
' finement was not rigorous, but for some time
WM
Hailes, which found to be honey or some he daily expected to be called to execution.
yeJlowi&h gnm, long enimfeed as the blood From tliis fate, it would appear by a letter
of later date, he was savea by the inter-
latunerdepended much on Cromwell's sup- Tention of some powerful friend (probably
fntiiad approred many of that ministers Cromwell), wlio is reported to have said to
MMwIar acts ; but the terms in which he the king, Consider, sir, what a singular man
*

appsudtfd the sacrifice of Cardinal Pole's in- he is, and cast not that away in one hour
nocent family to therengeance of Henry VIII which nature and art hath been so many
in the end of 1538 can only excite horror. years in breeding and perfecting' (State
'Ibetrd you say once/ he wrote to Crom- Papers, Ireland, Lix. vol. z. No. 60). In
viU, * after you ind seen ihat fniious inveo- May 1540, when Biabop Sampson waa sent
tire of Cardinal Pole, that you would make to the Tower, it was at first tliouglit that
luBi to eat hia own heart, wliich you now Latimer would be set free, and even made
km^Itwir, Inoiiglit to pass; for be mixst biahop once more ( Corrttportdance Politique
(

now eat bis own hearty and be as heartless de MM. de Ca^tillon et de Marillac, p. 188).
M he is graceless.' Latimer excused himself The king, however, ordered that he should
to CkoBwell for not giving him a very hand- still be kept in Sampson's house under guard.
mm Chnstmaa pwaont that year by aa ao> In J uly he was set at liberty by the genwal
eount of his finances. During the three years pardon but before the month was out his
;

that be bad been bishop ho bsd received patron Cromwell Ijad been t>ent to the block,
npwinis of 4,000/. For first-fruits, repairs, and his chaplain Garrard and his old friend
ind debts he had paid 1,700/., and at that BariiP9 had perished at Smithfield. That
time he had but 180/. in ready moneyi out he attempted to intercede for Barnes at this
ofvlidiliawoiildhaTe to pay immeatatoly time (which he waa hardly in poaitioii to
105i for tenths and 00/. for his New-year's do) rests only on n misiuterpretation of 80mo
pftftto the king presumably. words of Barnes's own in a miadated letter.
la 1680 he waa called to London to attend On hia liberation, Latimer waa ordered to
the parliament which met on 28 April, and remove from London, desist from preaching,
oomrocation, which began at St. Paul's on and not to visit either of the universities or
J May. It was important to show, in the his own old diocese {Original Letters, p. 216,
'ioe of a papal excommunication, how little Parker Soc). For nearly six years his life
tr.rUnrl bad departed from the old principles becomes an absolute blHnl<,exc.'pt that we are
'i
t faith, ana Latimer waa appointed one told by Foxe that soou alter be had resigned
of a committee of diviiieiy botn of the old his bishopric hewaaemahadalmoat to th
Khool and of the new, who were to draw up by the fall of a tree.
Bticles of uniformity. They (ailed to agree In lu46, when his friend Crome had got
atndays, and under pressureliNmi the King into trouble for his preaching, Latimer and
the Act of tlu^ Six Articlpf waa carried on some others were brought before the council,
i June. During the next three days Lati- charged with having encouraged him ' in his
Mr, who Ind hSea a regfolar attendant in folly.' When apprehended, his goods and
parlid.-nLMit, was absent from his place. Tho jiHpcrH in the country ^Vl^e well searched
ct was %uite opposed to his couTictions, and ( Dasext, Acte of the Privy Council^ i. 468).

ma he waa hu^ly safe from ita extreme He admitted having had some communioa>
werity. It receiv-'d the royal assent on the t ion with Crome, but complained of a aet of

Jfe'th, and on 1 July he and Shaxton, bishop interrogatories administfred to him, and de-
of Salisbury, both resigned their bishoprics. sired to spoak with tho king himself before
Latimer afterwaida dedarad tbat he had he made answer. He at length made a reply
iwigned in consequence of sn express intima- which the council did not consider satisfac-
tion from Cromwell that the aing wislied tory. But he was released from the Tower
ktm to do so. This the king himself subse- next year by the general panlon, on Ed-
n*iy denied. But it is clear his resigna- ward VPs accession, and hi." eloquence was
wOQ was accepted without the least reluc- at onoe recognised as likely to be serviceable
^acs, while Im, aeewding to Foxe, gave to the new goremment.
!iip on the floor for joy, on puttinj^ ofT liis On Sunday, 1 Jan. THIS, after eight years*
rocW A Gontemporiuy letter (i/<S:thXw/0 sUencei Latimer preached the first of four

Digitized by Gobgle
 Latime^ 6id

ii)!naon8delirerodf st VkvSts Crosi. He fflab,'| ' hr ttettdittff of dfvers pews dlil

bfelng paid
it would bcoin, yironrhfil nn were bmken when l)r. Latim r ^'-A pr^'icb'
Wr.-!nt*5f]ay,
tiio Ibtb, in the covered place called 'the (Nichols, liltistratiotu <if. Antant Timet^
Shrouds/ nuridde St, Pull's, his ftmoai wr* p. IS). In April of thst year lie JoiiMdii
moil ni" till' IMouph,' in which he dfclaim>d pT-sin^ sentence on Joan Rnrhrr ^q. v.], who
'

against tuiiuj public evila, especially ' un- was burnt in the year following (Bcsnr,
preadiing fmhites,' and declared th* mvU .S4S,ed.Poeodk>. One Oet.hewasnBA
|

to bo the most assiduous bishop in Enpland. on the commis.'<ion of thirty-two to rr^fcrm

Thia was published separately in the same year. the canon law, but jie was not a member of
On WedBeaday^t Haivh, a pulpit the more select commission of e^tytosMm
for him in the 1unp;'s privy garden at "West- the vTork was immediately afVerward en-
minstttr, as the Chapel Royal was too small. trusted (Stbtfe, Cranmerj p. 388, ed. 181S).
Here he '(ireaehed on the duty of natoriilif In the b(ginning of ISBO he is setd to have
stolen poods with Ruch pnnd tr ct that a dt^- been very ill, bo tbat he d*spairBd of r'coveTT,
t

faulter gave him 20/. conscience money' to but on 10 March (Dbmaus, p;378) he fiouad
'

retornintothe exchequer. l%iswasfol1<med energy enough tx) preach a last sSnifoftlMins

next Lf'Tit by 9,-y)l. more, and the Lent fol- King Ed ward, which. likt'^omr> of hi'^ptsfWDSI
lowing by IbU/. Ws. The money came^m discourses, was in two parts, forming ratOjr
John Bradford [q. v.], the ftetnre martyr, and two sermons, each of coniiAenUe len^b.
60/. of it WAS awarded to the prfachcr by tlie A renpTved ntrrr of a bifboprtr spf^mst''* hav''
council aa a gratuity {Sermons, p.i262 ; com- been made to him not long before {Origmal
pve NxcBou, Lit. Bmahu qflBHwitrd F7, Zettert^ p. 485, nurifer 8oc.>
cxivii). It was doubtless to these Lenten In the autumn of lUTiO hr> v:^nt to Lfah
aeimona in 1548 that Lord Seymour referred colnshire, where he had not been since Ik
when examined before the council in the next ordination ('Srfl|0ns, p. 298), and presiM
spring. The king^, aftf^r asking Seymour's at Starafonl rm 9 Nor. On 18 ian. 1551 hfi
advice, sent 20/. for Latimer, and 20/. for hia was appointed one qf a commission of thirty-
servants ( Brit Mu. Aid, MB. 14091, f.l04). two to correct anahaptists and persons wbe
In April Latimer was appointed on a com- .^hots^ed disrespect to the new prayer-book
mission with Cranmer and othera for the trial (Kymer, XV, 260, 1st ed.) It does not np-
of herdiics, tome of 'whom ^rere indneed to pcar, however, that hl took any active psrt
Ijpuro. All It this Yy timp, if not a few m the.^o prnf'ccdinjrP, and it is doubtful
months earlier, both he and Cnuimer eave whether he was ever in London during tb
np their helief in tntasnbetantiation {Oriif. nmaimngtwoytikrgtffEdwiupdVKi^i. Part
Letters, Parker Soc, p. 'i2'2, and note). On of that time hn waJi the g^ue^t of John (ihrtr
8 Jan. .1549 the House of Commons peti- at Baxterler Hall in Warwickshire, sad
tioned for the TQetoratlon of Ltftiner to hii dnrittg nnother nsnt of it he wtm with the
old bishnpric of Worcostor {Journal* of the Duche.ss ofSuffillr at fJrim'^thorpe, fjncnln-
llouae o/ Commons, i. 6) ; but he was content shire. In an undated letter of the duche^
to remun coort preachftf merely. The seven to Cecily written in Jnue 158f, she vqjMs
sermons which ne prcichcd before the Inn;^ nnt h.iTinp bi'cn nbVtn srnd Latimer a nnrk
in the following Lent are a curious combina- for his niece's churching (State Papers, Vom.
tion of moral forvonr and political partiMn- 6dw. Vr, vol. xiv. No. 47). Ouplm vuk^
ship, cli:H|tK'nt1y deimuncinq- a host of current havi^ mii-oad wife' for * niec^' bdltLiUSM

abuses, and paying the warmest tribute to was apparently a bachelor.

the. government of Someraet. Ife was In-
dignant at the insinuation that it was the
government of a clique, and would not last,
when popular gym p: it by Wis moved by the
execution of Lord Scytmur, ho not only
justified it from the pulpit by a number of
scandalous tnecdotee, imt intimated strong
Huspiclon that S\vmnur had gone to everlast^
ing damnation. These passages were wisely
suppressed in latvr editions of t^ sermons.
N it ov. u iu Tudor times did they appear
creditable to the preacher.
Acurions entry in thflrchnrdrwsrdens'a^
counts of St Miit LraretV, Wt'stmlnster, ?ihows
thft excitement occasioned br his preaching
b thftt dmrcb some time m 150, Is; o
At this i!me he is deserihed h^ Us st*
tached Swiss sen-ant, .\u.''ii-tiji.> Bember,
as being, although 'a sore bruised own,'
orer thftesoore Stra seven, most asridtttntt itt
prrrirliinr. generally delivering txi-o sermons
each Sunday, ai^d rising every mofiuiv,
winter ana summer, at two c^ock to t/tmf
, (SermortK, p. .'^I'O). TTe fully uuticipat^'.
however, thait on Mary's accession he should
| he called to account for his docti^ne, espeei-
ally after Gardiner was relra;ed from th"
I Tower. On 4 ^*-pt. 1568 a summons wu
|
issued to bring him up to London (HiTOTl,
State Papers, p. 179), but appun ntly tb*"^
wsA every desire to allow him to escape. H*)
|
had privat noHeo six honn kelbttf it wti

Digitized by Google
 Latifhei'
deiifered, and the panuivant was ordert>d to
h'lwev' tbe msTi ne was a welcome
Tnlfl
BejMngf r, and said he waa prepared to
go mn give Mil ADobiml m
his preaohinf
>Sfrmon/, p. 321). On tho 13rh he appeared
^^fre rho. council, * and for his seditioaa de-
rr t?inc ur waa committed to the Tower
* with
hi-' attendant, AngVHltiiie ilemher^Af Harl. A
64,T|. Hi,-' imprisonment, though probably
noc exceptionally severe, waa trying^ to eo old
t man, and in winter iM Mfiit word to the
iK itcnant that if he was not better looked
to he might perhaps deceive him ; meaainr,
b tflerwsrds explained, thcfe h<ft thouid
vrirli hv cold and not, as exjKTtfd. by fire,
iievas, however, comforted by writings sent
to Um by Us fbnow-prisoner, Kid ley. In
SkI it would seem that th-y \wre allowed to
prepare and write out a jumt defence on the
-lur^f: of heresy. Bemher acted as Latimer's
^ecFeta^r, and eoptod oot the wtitingB atab
hia hr Ridley.
Slaich 1554 Latimer, Kidlcy, and ( Van-
flwrwers sent down to Oxford, to dispute
Trfth the b*^9t divines of both univer8iti>'5
on three articles touching the mass. On
I4A^ tb^ proeeedings were begira in St.
JliTTS Clinrrri by the readin<^ of a coiiinii>^-
licm fiom oon vocation to diacoss the three
<)MitieBS. The tiM
entivM appeared
before the commiasionera, Latimer with a
kerchief and two or three ceps on his head,
hia apectacles hanging by a string at his
hmst, and a staff in his hand.' Ue was
iSowed a chair. He protested that owin^
sickness, want of practice, and luck
''f books, he was skaovt as meet to discuss
thp 'lng-v- afl to be baptain of Calais but he ; Atrin^ of leather his testament, and his spec-
vould declare his mind plainly. Ue com-
plained, homvmtf tint n fan nether pen
ink.nnr any book but the New Teeta-
ttSDt, wjueh he said he had read over seven
^km w illtOut ftuSbbptlMiraitoin it,
tie marrow-bones or sinews thereof.
esttkm wa appointed for Wednesday
biring,the 18th. On that day Latimer, who
ii very faint and * durfet not drink for fear
of vomitin::.' banded writtf'n roplit
three propositions, definlug his own position.
Then eoaof^aMug that he had been lileiioed
hythe outcry on his former appearance he
Q^fadijedwhat he meant by the four marrow-
bottM ^Hbh mate lis four snpeistitions prac-
"icrA and bcli'-'f^* in which it mainly consisted.
A docosaion of three houtsfollowed, although
he pmtnfcM tturt bii ramory was '^lean
r 'ne.' OnPriday followingalt three prisoners
brought up to hear their sentence, after
being once more adjured to recant, and weA)
knuJify iseoaimiiiuetiM Ilflxt dij
Latiihe^
was again celebrated, with the host ckmed
in ptwMsion, which tba tmmim wmm
brought to view from three aifiTerent places.
Latimer, who was taken to the bailitfa house,
expeetM his end at once, and desired a quick
fire to be made but when he saw the proctw*
;
sion he rushed into a shop to Avoid Ui^kid(f
at it. . I
A long delayfefioMred, although the realm
wf\3 formally reconciled to the church of
Homo on ^iO Nov. l.')64, and the persectttion
bvgan in February 1554-^. li wmnot till
28 Sept. 15o5 that the cardinal sent thrr-o
bishops to Oxford to examine t^ three
.
pnsonerft forther, tritb power i rmabakf
t!ifm if ]>"nitent, or else hand thom over td
the secular arm. During this interval ther
woe mora strietly guartsd than thej Km
been before the disputation each was lodgift
;
in a separate place, with a strange man to
wait upon him, and pens, ink, and paper were
itriothf iftrfaldden to them. A liberal diet
was, nowever, allowe^^l thfiTi, and tho sTm-
pa thy of friends, and even btraugors, found
means to send them pHMBta and maaaageiu
Ridley and Latimer appeared before the
three bishops in thedivinityachoolondOSepti
Latimer complaanei of having to iihii,
*
gaxing upon the cold wall''/ during Ridley's
examination, and was assured it was an
aoeidielit. Ht Hmh fault btibretlio bishops,
' *
holding his hat in his hand, haying a kei^
chief on his head, and upon it a nightcap or
two, and a great oap (such as townsmen use,
with two hcoad wps to button unddr thie
chill), wearing an old threadbare Bristol
frieze gown girded to his body with a penny
letither girdle, at the which hanged by alo^
tacles without case depending about his neck
upon his breast.' He
ttide a spirited repl^
to an exhortation to recant from Whyte,
bishop of Lincoln. In the end his answers
nor yet w^ittM t flva Mtidtiy an of wliiek ho
A dis- was held to have coufosbed. fib WSS 10^
fol- maoded till next day. .
,
Aocordingly, 1 Oct., both Ridley and ^irttir
mer appearod again. Latimer was called,
^ to the after Ridlev had received ^entoncp, the clotli
being muaii while removed from tiie table at
which Ridley had stood, because Latimer, it
wa finid, had never taken the degree of doctor.
He comphiined of the pres^surc of tho multitude
on his entering the court, saving he wad ah
old mn with ' a vpry pvil back,' He declSivd
that he aoknowledged tho cstholio Church,
but dented the Reaish(iid adhemd to liis
previous answers, without admitting thf)
eompetence of the tribunal wlueh (Miiv^
its authoritj from the pojtet. flwtMftii mm
huM tfaob paiiod poa hitt Ij iIm Bidtfip f Liil*
Digitized by Google
 Latimer 6m Latimer
mIb, Latimer in rtht inqtuiing wbedier it liam Latimer who waa sheriff of Yorkshire
were not lawful for him to aiipeal 'to the from 1253 to l-2o9, and again in 1266-7.
neiKi genenl council which fluall be truly The holder of these olfices wsa mote pco>
caUed in God^ name.' bably hiafhthflr. The elder Latimer wssaent
On tlio 16th ho and Ridh-y were Lronplit to assist Alexander III of Scotland in 1256,
out to execution by the mayor and baiitl}'8 was eschoator-general north of the Tiaat
of Oilbidi at * tbe ditch over against Balliol in 1257, and in December 1268 waa ons at
College.' Ridley went first, Latimer follow- those who undertook that the king would
ing aa &t aa age would permit. When abide by the award of Louia IX. He sup-
Latimer neaxed the place Ktdley ran back ported tbe kin; in the butma* war, and
and onibraced him. For a few minutes the IS referred to in the 'Song of the Barm-,'

two convexaed together. Then Dr. Kichard ( WueuTy JPoL S<mgt, p. 63^ Ue was at ts-
Smith preached a sermon in the worst spirit rious times in charge of the castles of Picker*
of bigotry. Kidh'y allied Latimer if he would intr, Cockermoutli, York, and Scarboroogii.

speak in reply, but Latimer desired him to Ue was alive in May 1270 ((;ai,J)ocU,S90a.
begin, and both kneeled beforo the vice- i.2B61).
chancellor and other commissioners to desire Will ill m Latimer the younger may be the
a hearing. Ho hearing, howeyer, waa allowed baron of that name who took the croas ia
them ucdflss they wirald recant, whidb they 1271. No doubt it is he who was son-
steadfastly reAised todo. AftcrlwingHtripped moiiod ti serve in Wales in December 1276,
of some outer garments they were fastened and sgain in May 1282. At the defeat of
to the stake hy a chain round the middle of the English at Menai Straits, 6 Not. 1282,
both. Ridley b brother brought him a baj of he escaped by riding through t he midst of
gunpowder, and tied it about his neck ; after the waves (fiBmnQBUBOH, li. 11^. Uewas
which, at Ridley's request, he didthesame for present in parliament on 29 Ma^ i290, wlna
I.Atimer. Thefagots were then lighted at Rid- a pruiit -vviis made yur fille marier (i?^^.
'
'

ley's feet. ' Be of good oomforti Master Ridley,' Fori. i. 2oa)f hut his first recoidMl whtof
said Latimer I 'we shall this day light such snmmons is dated 29 Dec \7SSI9. Jn April
a candle, by God's grace, in England as I 1202 he was summoned to attend at Xnrliini
trust shall never be put oat.' The old man equipj>ed for the field. Ue sailed in the ex-
succombed finrt to the flames, tad died with- pedition fbr Gaaoonr which left Pl3rmontli on
out much pain. 3 Oct., reaching Cnutillim on 23 Oct. At
The seven sermons preached before Ed- the beginning of 1295 Latimer was ia con-
ward VI in Hareh-Apiil 1649 were pub- mand at Rions. He ssems to have rsouiiBsd
lished collectively in thot year. Others ap- in Oa-sc<>ny till 1297, in which year he wM
peared serarately in 1648 and 1660. Twenty- employed in Scotland, and was present at the
seven of Latimei'b sermons were published battle of Stirling on 10 Sept., wben the Bng*
collectively in 15G2, and with 'others not lish were defeat^<l by Wallace (^Chrm. de
heretofore set forth in print' in 1671. Later MeUa, iL 268, ItoUa Ses,) In I2m be ac-
collective editions are dated 167S, 1678, 1584, companied Edward to Scotland, and was pre-
1696, and 16-i5. All Latimer'n extant writ- sent at the battle of Falkirk on 22 July. In
ings wevB edited for the Parker Society in August he was in command at Berwick.
1&44-6. Next year, in April, he was appointed a
A portrait by an unknown arUst it in the commissioner to treat for tho exchange of
National Portrait Gallery. prisoners, and was one of those sununoosd to
[L&timcr'fl Remains and Sermona (Parker
attend the ooaacU at York in July for the
See.) Original Letters (Parker S<xu)
;
; Foxe's consideration of the affairs of Scotland
Acts and Monutnpnts; Calendar of Henry VIII, (SlBVBiraoir,Mi$L DocntmtnU iUtutrative of
Tola. iv. &c.; State Papers of Henry VIII Ms BUt. <f SootUmd, ii. 296-8, 370, :t79).
Tytler's England under Edward VI and Mnry; In July he was engaged in a niid into (iallf>-
8me'e Memorials, ni. ii. 2M sq. (ed. 1822); way, and in August was again at Berwid^
llMbjrn^s Diaiy and the Ohronlde of Qneeo being at this time the king's Ueutensnt it
Jane (Camden Soc.) Stow'a Chronicle Liven
; ;
the marches. In June 130<.) he wai* at the
hf Oilpio, Corne, and Demaua. The revised siege of Caerlaverock. In October 1300 hs
edit^<18Sl)orthelastiszslaiiBdta] J. O. was agmn keeper of Berwick, and in Septsw-
LATIMER, WILUAM, first Barow ber 1802 was ni command at Knxburgh. In
T./^TTMBB {d. 1S04), was a member of a February 1301 he was present in the narli*'
family which had been settled at Billinges ment at Lincoln, and was one of tbe Mueas
in Yorkshire since the time of Richard I. who joined in the h-tter to Pope 13<jiiifu<"'>.
On chronological grounds it is improbable Latimer died 6 Dec 1304, and was buried
that he isj as stat^ by Dugdale, tne 'Wil- at Uempinghara <ir Empingham, BatUai

Digitized by Google
 Latimer C21 Latimer
(Hn(i7rGBrBGH,u.241). Hemingburgh pfiys Nicolas's Song of Caerlav^ro. k, 1!. 26S-7 S
he had eeen service in many lands. The Nicolass Hirtoric Peernpe. pp. 72, 280 Records
;

nttor of the ' Song of Caerlaverock ' aays
'Of could not find a more valiant or prudent
man. He married Alice, also called Amicia
or Agnes, elder daughter and coheiress of
W*ltr Ledet, baron Braybrooke, who re-
presented the Ledets, lords of Wardon, and
die1 in 1257, wImB dtngllters were ag'ed
tWfUe and eleven years recpectively. Tbe
jtiunrer daughter, Christiana, married I^-
timerB brother John, and from this mar-
ripe the barons Latimer of Braybrooke and
tle present Lord Braybrooke descend. By
kk wife, who died in 1316, William Lati-
mer had two sons : John, who died without
iaue in 1299, having married in 1297 Isabel, on 30 Sept. 13<30 [Ftedera, iii. 510).
'
of the An-hitertunil and A re hipo logical Society
of Backingbamshire, vi. 48-60, art. by Mr. W. Li
Rntton.] a L. Bu
LATIMEB) WILLIAM, fourth Barow
Latimer (1329 P-1381), was son of William,
third baron, by Elizabeth, daughter of John,
lord Botetourt [see under LmOIBB, Wii>
LiAM, d. 1304]. He was six years old at his
father's death in 1335, and had livery of his
lands in 1351, but the homage was deferred on
acoonnt of his abfience at Calais in the royal
service. He served in Ga.scony in 1359, bat
in the same year was appointed gOferuor of
I?L'c}ierel in Brittanv, where he was servin;^

On
dttghter and heireas of Simon de Sherstede, 8 Dec. of the latter year he was appointed
ind William, who is noticed below. He the king's lieutenant in the dtichy, and on
bid also a daughter Johanna, who married 80 Sept. 1361 lieutenant and captain for John
Akzander Confn nt Buchaa (CbJL JkeU, da Montlbrt. vemaiiuBg in Anttanj for aoiM
Scotl. iii. 233). vears, and having charge of the castles of
Laiimer, vVilliak, second Babon Lati- B^cherel and Trungo (tb. iii 025, 658-9, 662).
m (1276 P-1327), son of the above, waa At the end of ldmLh was made a knight of
employed in Scotland in 1297 and 1300, and the Garter, in succession to Sir William
in l3(o was engaged in a raid from I)un- FitsWaryno, who had died on 28 Oct. In
lexmline across the Forth. In March 1304, September 1304 he was present with John
with John de Seprave and Robert Clifford, bo de Montfort at the siege of Auray, and also
defeated Simon I raser and William Wallace at the subsequent battle against Charles de
at Hopprewe in Tweeddale (ib. ii, 1432, iv. Blois. Afler this he was sent by John to
474). In 1306 he had a grant of the forfeit od England to obtain the king's advice as to the
Unas of Christopher Seton in Cumberlaud. proposed truce with Charles's widow, and
He was taken prisoner by the Scots at Ban- took part in the subsequent negotiations,
B0ckbam(GEOFFKr BAkR,p.8,ed.Thomp- which resulted in a truce between the riral
aa), and was not released till after February claimants to the duchy of Brittany (LoBi-
1315 {Cal. DocU. Scotl. iii. 419). lie was a WBJLV, I 869, 377, 380, u. 507). In 1386
lopporterofThomasof L&nca8ter,but in 1319 Latimer was still serringin Brittany, but soon
pardoned for adhering to the earl, and afterwards returned to England, and in 1368
bf^orw&rds sided with the king. He was was made warden of the forests beyond Trent.
peeeat at the defeat of Thomas of Lancaster In ISiiQ he became chamberlain of the king's
k Borouehbridge on 16 March 1322, and was household. On 5 July 1370 he was appointed
fterwards made governor of York, where he one of the wardens of the west march of Scot-
itiU was in January 1323 {ib. iu. 803). Lati- land,and some time in the same year guardian
iwr had been summoned to parliament in of St. Sanveur le Vicomte, a lucrative post,
liis father's lifetime in 1299. Ho died in which he resiim ed before 26 Nov. 1370
1337. H OBarried Lucia, daughter and co- (Foedera, iii. 903). In February 1371 he was
Mmt of Bkiliard de Thwenge of Danb^, one of the triers of petitions for England,
Yorlttlure, previouply to 11 Sept. 1299 {tb. Wales, and Scotland, and served in the same
ii. 1001). In 1313 he obtained a divorce capacity in the parliaments of JanuuT and
from her, and afterwards married Sibill, October 1877, October 1378, April 1879, and
widow of William do Iluntingfield. By January 1380 (i?o//.f of rarUmnmt). On
Ui fint wife he had a aon^WUliam, third 1 Jan. 1373 Latimer waa appointed to treat
Latimer, bom abont 1801, who died in with King Fernando of Pbrtugal, and pre*
ISS-S, If^aving by his wife Elliabeth, daugh- vlously to 10 Nov. 1874 wan constable of
ter qI John, loni Botetourt, a son, William, Dover Castle and warden of the Cinque porta.
lAttHueaeoed m
fimrth buoo, and is sepa- In September and OetoW 1876 he waa em-
itefyiiotieed. ploy ('(1 on missions to France and Flandfrs,
rWsltar of Hemingburgh (Engl. Hist. Soc.) and on 2 Jan. 1376 waa a commissioner of
CiLflfDoeanients relating to Scotland; Steren- array in Kent (Flatden, iii. 961, 1017, 10.39,
' Historical Documents Dul'iI ile'-- JJiinmago,
; 1042, in J.'). During all this time he was
iHO; Borks's Donnaot and Extinct fdarags; high in favour with Edward HI, OTf to speak

Digitized by Google
 Latimer 622 Latimer
more Mmetly, with Jobn of Gaunt, whoM BrittanyaseonataMeofthehoat. laOelolKr
influenre was then paramount. But when ho wna with Bnckingtam at Rennes, ^nd was
(b Good pftcluuneut mot ia April 1376 009 one of the envoys sent to Jojm de Mootibtt
of the fteiBt denunde of the oommont mw for to confirm him in hU Bn^liah alfiahcii. ^khai
the removal of certain bad advisers. They wards he ser^'ed in the siege of >*.inte8dtmnif
Curtber ptocpeded to impeach Latimer, t^is November and December,and when the lie^
l^eing i^fi f^^\ieat record the impeachment was raised on 2 Jan. 1381 was stationed it
of a minifitarof the crow|i 1^ the commons, Hennebon. John doMontfort proved fkitb-
^he chanes against him were thnt he had less to his old allies, and BucKinffham r*-
len guilty of oppression in Brittany lin4 tunied to England on 11 ApriL iJefore hi*
;

pold the castle 01 bt. Suu\ >ur to the enemy, departure he commissioned Latimer to hold
fMid impeded the rt'licf of Bvchnrfl in l^?.'); an interview wit^ the duke in his behalf.
thltt he had taken briber fur the releusp uf Latimer died of a sudden stroke of paraljsii
raptured 6liips,and n>tained fines paid to the on 28 May 1381 (Malvebxb ap. Hismt,
king, notably by Sir Robert Knofles [q. v.], PolychronicoHj ix. I), and was buried
fuid the city of ^riatol j and finally, that iu Ouisborougb, Yorkshioe. The St. A|biu
IKioetaliiqo ^th ]3olwrt Lyona lie Dad bb- chzonieler, a hostife witness, deeriibai
tAined money from the crown by tht^ n pay- as a mati of very lax moralitv, and n sla^^to
ment of fictitioua loana (Cham, Arul9, pp. avarice. luziuioos hab'ts made hits d
JtolUqfPartidmentyu,dl24r^. WSle no xalB in war. fie wai pnjud, cruet, tai
the impeachment was still pending a report irreligious, deceitful and untrustworthy. He
was spread that a messenger from Rochelle had enough of eloouence, bht a lack of iris-
had been smuggled out of the yraj Lati- dom {Chron. AruiUee, pp. 84-5). Latirwr
mer. Tke maatenger waa a^'|ength found, married Elisahj^ daughter of ^ichardf^a-
but the clamour against Latimer was much tilan, earl of ArundeL She died in J^.
iocreast'd by this incident. Latim<-'r is alk-j^ed leaving a daughter. JEUizabeth (1367-18B6).
to have bribed this messenger and Sir Thomas who married John, lord NchnlliBof Raby, tM
Katrington, late warden of St. Sauveur, to had one son, John Neville, summoned to m>
Jteep 8irenpe,^ut neither bis own precautions liament as Baron i^timer from 1404 to 1490,
aoc thfk ii|6tience of John of Oaujit availed when he died withont ofispring. Elizsbe^
to protect him. Tlie lords (1"flared the yiStimet" niarried, seeondlv, Robert, lord tViT-
cbaijppesprpvi^, and pondemned |iim to fine I
oughbv de Kre> by Her daughter, EHcabetk,
.

asdimpriso^ent at the king'e pleasure, and maxrtra Thomas, third son of her flec(Mialra>
ttt the roquciit of t lie commons he wt8 re- band by a former maxrlagp, and th \)fLv^t)

lieved ixom his Qthce and from the royal
oottpql ^VL\ on
ralaased on
^ May 1376 Latimer t^as
and, though Lancaster ha^
bcenoblipcdtqsenttnce hiin to imprisonment
and focftiiture of hiu piuce, the attempt to
bring hi|n to justice proved un.succe.'^ful.
^loreover, wlien, throuL'h the .death of tlie
Prince qf Wales on b June, Jolin of (Jaiuit
lOOOveied his influence, tiatiiner was restored
of Latimer is now vested in, though nc<
claimed by. Lord Wlllonghby d Broke ss
\ifa h^i]v|ppteiai
[Chronicon Anglise, 1328-88, ed. ThoinpoD.
the beaf , and. with t^e eac^ptiofi thp it4^ ^
Parliament, the onljr aothority for Ae
mftth
fitnncesof I>atlmer'8iinperhmt<iit; Wa!singhaiD*<
IliBtoria Anglioana; llipden's Polychronicrt
(the.se three axe in the Rolls Series) ; Froi*sr:'*

to greater favour than ever. In the parlia- Chrbriiqncs. vol. viii. cd. Huch< n Rvrn. -
:

ment pi January 1^7^ ^he commons, now Fcedera, lieoord edition ;Lobiueau's IIito;r(. c-,
vn^er John's influeqce, ptitioned for his re- Brftagno; Dugdnle's Htironagw, ii. SO; B*Ui's
storatlon {ib. ii. 372 b). Irreviously, on 7 Memorials of the Order of tlie Oarter. pp. 1 46-S
art. by Mr, W. L. Button in Ftoc of A^chit^
137 1), he had be^ made one of the executors
tund nod ArchrcnlORial'Bae. for BuckinghAft*
of the Idag's wfll (Finfera, iii. 1080). After
ehire, vi. 48-60.] CL L. K.
the death of Edward III Lntinier -was nent
on a miasioii from the king tp the citizens ol I4TIMEB, NVILLIA^I n460P-1646l
London, to p: p j e a reconciliation between classical scholar, borri dMvt 1 460, Was eledri
them and Lanc^ister. ^e was placed on the in 1489 a fellow of All Sonl^lCoUeffp, Oxford
royal council 17 July 1377, but was once where he .spent several years in studying lojrii-"
more excluded by the commons in October and philosophy, and graduated B.A. After-
.(*6. iv. 10). Latimer took part in the light waKB he travelled in Italy with Grocjniad
with the Spaniards at S! ]yy in tlii'^ y^nr, and Linarrr>. rnntinninfr hifl studies in thp lin'T**-
was afterwards made guveruor of Calais, in sity of i'ii lutt, and ucqjiiirmg a knowl^ig'f 0;
iSSObeaocorapnnied the Earl of Buekinphaih 6reek. During his residefltee abroad'ke fr-
[fee Thomas oF^Vo(^PsTocK,t)^Kl; or Gior- dunteil M.A.. and it np|H fr9 that afl^r Kb
CESTEbJ on Uife expedit ion through Frauce into return to Oxford he waa inrorjporated in thi:

Digitized by Google
 La To^cfae L^trobe
dwree in J513 {Oxf. Unie. Reg^ Oxf. Hist. travel^^ (md g^t)e4 the goo4wiU of the
Sm, Bo48e, i. 89). He 'bo ISVhen ZoHor wa eantuted by the
nal^Tee.
eminent, and was worthily Dumterrd Bm<"'ng Poreians in 1770, he ranflomea the in*liabi-
tl^el^tsof learning in his time bj John Le- tanta at l^s own excuse, and so saved th^m
\m^(pjaj^,Encc7nicL, pp. 18,74). About firom alaTerr. Durmg the siege pf Baw^ii
tli beginning of the reifirn of Henry VIII in 1775 La Touche gave the principal citiiens,
he Tia tutor to R/*pnald Polo. afU'rwarJa with their wives and Camihes, shelter in the
ttrdinil and archbishop of Caattrbury, by English factory. Two intereatingletters ad-
whoe influeniie he subsequentlj' o|)^<Ull^ dressed to Sir Hobcrt Aioflia bj La Toqdie
ppefement in the church. He was a prc- from Bnsornh in 1782 are preserved among
t/f adary of the cathedral church of Salisbury the Manjuis of Lansdowne's manuscripts
V3& nctor of Wotton-under-Ed^, and also (Hut. MS&
Qmm. r>th Rep. p. 2-'^).
ofSalntbuiy, G|onr' .stershlre, wliprohe <\\*-'i\ Ln. Touclu' ri'turned about 1784, and married
UftFerradTanc$4 ajgre,abou$ September 104o. Grace, d^UKbter of Johj^ Puget, a London
'Biiitt ft arrait meiij of SurThomaQMore banker. He now IweiiaM a murtner in L^
vA Richard Pace (Pacetjs, De Fructu, p. 54 Touche*s bank in pttbHn, and by his Lon-
d Sii^ MSS. Comm. 1st Rtp. p. 25) ; was don connections and lu> well-known honesty
Iwndfai tfbcred and profane letters; and, largely inereased Ua Ira^nera. He built tliSs
M Erasmus remarks, ^vas * vere theologua in- family manj'ion in St. .Steplien's Green, and
tigritate Tita> conspicuus.' Of his writinf,^9 purcbased the country house of Sans Souci,
none a Vnown to be extant except some near Dublin. He died in Dublin 7 Nov.
r.pistoIiB ad Eraamum.' SrasmiiiieprDached 1803, and left four sons. The eldest 80%
\i.m with his unwillingness to appear in print. James DI>ri;cfl La Touche (1788-1827), en-
In conjunc^pu with Linacre and Grocyn he tered Trinity College, Dublin, as a fellow-
W M enftn^ed'in traaalating Ariptotle'a works commoner an 2 Oct 1803. graduated B.Au,
into Lhtin. hnt QltAri^rc&atliJw ftlwpidQOed taking a gdlJ medal in 1S08, monaped the
Ihf undertali.Lng, bank, fuid \^ as a gr^t supporter of Sunday
[Bale's Scriptt, Brit. Cut. ix. 8 ; Collectanea
echools. He died in 1827, and left iaeua Igr
(Oxii BixL Soc). ii. .346, U4, 3G6, 372; Erasmi hia wife, Isabella, daugliter of Sir
Epitplx, 1619, pp. 318, 331 ; Johnrop's Life of Lawrence Cotfoo, bart., of Kocklpreat.

tiMcre, pp. 18. 158, 2U4. 2d3-.5 Kennett .MJS.

;
Tike faimliee of La Toucbe ledding at
'

f. 47 o; LiliI tlogia do Viris Illustribus; Marlay and Bellevue respectively both de-
ICorija IiB ot Sir Thomas More (IIiu)tr). p. 80 scend from David Dirges La Touche, tlu*
9ik,V9 Anglw Sniptwilnu, j 95; Tanner's elder son of the immigrant. With tiie L
. (

IKW- Brit. p. 4nO; Wo6d's AnnalM (Outch). i.
(7, it M; Wood's Atheoie Oxon. (filis), i. 1 47.1 used to live.
LA TOUCHE, WILLIAM GEORGE
DIGGES (1747-1 803), resident at
^t %qm of Jamea Diggea La Touche by
luiiMXRid wiftjlfAtildtf, aaugliter ofWilliani
Hiirait**?, was bom 28 Aug. 17J7. T);i\ id
Kgnea La Touche (1671-174o), the founder
f die Jriiihhnoch of the I41 Touche familT,
Vrn near Blols in France, fled to an uncle
in Amstmiam on the revocation of the
iirt of Nantes. He entered Caillemotte's
Haguenot regiment^ nine to England with
if Prince of Orange, served at the hnttle of
tite Boyne^ and remained in Dublin alter hii*
n(fmmA WM <liillwMidlwi, first as a
popHns and later as a banker. lie died
whil^ at larTioe in Dublin Castle, 17 Oct.
f74B, aad left by his first wife, Maxthft Judith
ard, two sons, Bavil INgues and James
iyvm La Touche.
TMlaStti^s Mm, William George Digges La
Touche, entered St. Paul's School, London,
30 Aug. 1767, and proceeded to Bassorah in
1704 with Moore, the British resident, to
trhoM porition he mieceeded. He aseiated
Touches of ^ei|eTiie\^PflKai|dfir EBp3t[q. y.]
[Urwick's BiograpIjicJil Sketc'.ies of James
Dicges La Toucho; Gardiner's Reg. of St. PhuI'm
ri>sorah, S<.h' ol;
Tiiylnr's Tnivels from Erifrland to India
hy vray of Altppi; IJiirke's Lnuded Qeotry;
Leckj'e Hist, of kn^l u a. iv. 482, Ti.568; notee
Buppfied by 0-. P. Moriiirtv, esq ]
LATEOBR CHARLES JOSEPH
(180l-18tG^, Anstraltan governor and trar
vcIL r, lH -m inLorb^on nn -0 March 1801, was
son of Christian Ignat ius Latrobe v.j He
received the usual Moraviaii edueatum, witb
a view to entering the Moravian ministry,
to which his father belonged, but abandoned
this design in order to travel. He began by
makor of wandering in Switzerland, 1824^-6, where
he proved himself a wnrthy pioneer of the
Alpine Club, and, unaccumpunied by guide
or porters, ascended mountains and pa^.'^es
hitherto nnexplored by Englishmen. In 1 830
he made a long walking tour in the TyroL
and in 18S8 went to Anmiea with hie mend
Count Albert Pourtales, and, after visiting the
cliiof cities In the States, sailed down theMis^
Bis^ipjpi to Kew (Means, whence tn 1634 ha
stnicK acrooa the prairie^ in company 'vrith

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 Latrobe
WaBhington Irving, into Mexico. In 1887
1i was commissioned by government to re-
port on the working of the funds voted for
the education of the West Indian negroes,
and made a tour of the ulands; and in 1839
he was appoint fd (30 Sept.) suporintendent
of the Port Phillip district of New South
Wales, a post whicn was conrerted (27 Jan.
1861) into the lieutenftnt-governorship of
Victoria, on the separation of that district
from the parent colony. This was the time
of the gold fever, when the population of
Victoria rose in six months from fifteen
thousand to eighty thousand, and the go-
vernor's position was no sinecure. Latrobe's
upright and honest character, however, made
him generally popular. He retired on 6 May
1854, was made C.B. 30 Nov. 1858, and died
in London on 2 Dec 1876. He was buried
ftt the Sussex village of Littlington, near
BiStboume, where he spent the last years of
hi! life. He was twice married, an^ left a
on and four daughters.
Latrobe published many pleasantly written
descriptions of his travels. His books are en-
titled: 1. 'The Alpenstock, or Sketdies of
Swiss Scenery and Manners,' 1825-6, Lon-
don, 1829. 2. ' The Pedestrian : a Summer's
Ramhie in theTyrol,' London, 1889. 8. *The
Rambler in North America,' 1832-3, 2 vols.,
London, 1836; leprinted at Mew York.
4. * The Ramblerin 1884,' London,
1836. These last two are in the form of letters.
5. ' The Solace of Song,' poems sugmeted by
tmTi^ in Italv, Ix>ndon, 1887. He also
translated Ilallbeck's 'Nurnif ivt* of ei Visit ...
to the New Missionaiy Settlement of tho
United Brethren.'
[Heaton's Aastralian Dictionary of Dats;
AtheDanm, No. 2612.18 Dec. 1875; OenUMag.
1M9, i. 86 ; private uifonttation.] 8. L. P.
LATROBE, CHRISTIAN IGNATIUS
(175S-lbiJd), musical composer, eldest eon
of the Rev. Benjamin Latrobe, a prominent
Moravian minister, was bom at Fulneck, near
l^ds, 12 Feb. 1758. The family is said to
have been of Huguenot extraction, and to
bave originally settled in Ireland, coming
over there with William of Orange. In 1771
Christian went to Niesky, Upper Lusatia, for
Study at tlic Moraviaa eou^ there, and
after completing his course was appointed
teacher in the pedagogium or high school.
He returned to En^aod in 1784, was ordained,
and in 1787 became secretary to the Society
fur the Furtherance of the Gospel. In 1795 he
succeeded James Hutton [q. v.] as secretarv
of the Unltv of the Brethren in England,
and at the iterrnhut fsynod of 1801 was op-
pointed a 'senior civilis,' on olKce of the
ancient brethren's church which he waa the
634 Latrobe
last to hold. A 8 an advocate of the misaions
of his church he laboured at home with greet
zeal, and in 1815-16 undertook a visit*
tion in South Africa, an account of which he
published under the title of' Jonnfll of a
Voynge to South Africa' (London, IBI81.
Besides this work and a translation of Los*
kiel's ' History of the Missions among the
Indians in North America,' Latrobe wrote
an account of the voyage of the brethren
Kohlmeister and Kmoch to Ungava Bay, and
published Letters on the Nicobar Islands'
'
(London, 1812). ' Letters to my Children,'
a pleasant little volume, was issued in 1861
by his mn, John Antes Latrobe.
Latrobe possessed some musical talent
and composed a large number of anthems,
chorales, Sec, of no little excellence. His
first works were chiefly instrumental; three
sonatas for pianoforte which Ha^dn had com>
mended were]pahUshed and dedicated to him.
His other prmted compositions include a
set ting for four voices of Lord Roacommon's
version of the 'Dies Ir'(1799); ' Anthemfor
the J ubilee of George III ' (1809) ; ' Original
Anthems for 1, 2, or more voices* (1823);
'Te Denm performed in York Cathedral;'
* iMiserere,
Ps. 61 ' and ' Six Airs on Serious
;
Subjects, words by Cowperand Hannah More.*
He was editor m the first En^sh edition
of the Moravian Hymn Tune Book.' The
work lor which he is chiefly remembered is a
' Selection
of Sacred Music from the Woiks
(if the most eminent Composers of Germany
and Italy '(6 vols. 1806-25). By means of this
publication, the detailed contents of which
are printed in Grove's Dictionary of Music,'
'
Latrobe first introduced a large number of
the best modeni t ompositions to the notioo
of tho British public. He died at Fairfield,
near Liverpool, 6 May 1836. His sous, John
Antes and Guudes Josfl^ MB lepantsfy
noticed.
Latrobe Family. Londoe,
I^Brief Notices of the
privately printed, 1864 (a translation of article,
'revised byroembersof thefdtnily,'intheBrueJer
Bote, NoTcmber 1864, a periodical published in
the German province of tne brethren's church);
Grove's Diet, of Music, ii. 102 ; tfasical TtiiNi^
Soptemhsr 1861 ; private tnHmaCioa ; HofaaMni
Hiflt. of ProtesUnt Choreb f United Brethrea
2 vols. London. 1825.] J. C. H.
LATROBE, JOHN
ANTES (1799-1878),
writer on music, son of Christian Ipnatiuj
Latrobe [q. v.l, was l>om in Ixmdon in 1799.
He received his education at St. Edmund
Hall, Oxford, grojluated B.A. 1820, M.A.
1829, took orders in the church of England,
served ns curate at Melton Mowbray, Tin-
tern (Monmouthshire), and other places, and
finally ibecame incumbent of St. Thomas's,
Digitized by Google
 Latter
Kndal, a post which he held from 1840 to
I?d5. In 1858 he wa? made an honorary
Ckuoa of Carliale CatliedrftL He died, un-
Mmed, at Gloaeeeter, where he had been
on 19 Nov. 1878. La-
living in rctirenieut,
trobe was the author of ^The Muaio of the
Oranh eonridflsed itt fta Tarions hranches,
CongTpeiitinnal and Choral,' London, 1831, a
book which waa much valiied in its day, but
vliieh, owing to ite obeolete Tiews, is now
seldom quoted. Ills other publications in-
dada: 'Instructions of Chenaniah: Plain
Dbvelioai for accompanying the Chant osr
PsalmTune,' London, 183\'; 'Scripture IIlus-
tmions,' London, 16^} and two volumeA of
on^iiul poetry, 'The Sokoe of Song,' 1837,
ind 'Sarri il Lays and Lyrics,' IBoO. He
eoouied the Uthui Book used in hia church
at Kondal, ana nTeral of hia own hymns
were included in it.
brother, Peisb. Latbabb (1795-1863),
toskarders in the BCcmiTian chnrdi, and soo-
csededhis father m
s- crt taryof the Momvian
maion. lie boo had musical talent, both
If IB oiganist and composer; he wrote for
n edition of the 'Moravian llytun Tunea* an
'Intzoduaion ou the Progress of the Church
MawdT,* which ahowa a wide knowledge
of tbs subject.
IBrisf Notices of the Latxobs Family,
tmr Gunnsjr lowaTnis Latbohk; yriv ito
isfon&iitiuD which shows that the t;itement in
Oran'a Diet, ol' M
usio ( i i. l (>2 ) that J A. Latru lo
W sa snuiiiA iu Lifarpool b incorrect .]
.
J. C. H.
LATTER, MARY (l72.'>-1777),authores8,
^Ufffam of a country attorney, was bom at
ley-upon-Thames in 1725. She settled
tt Raiding, where her mother died in 1748.
B income was small, and she indulged a
propensity for verilication. Among her early
ittsBpts were some verses 'descriptive of the
Mops and characters of seTeral ladiee in
Besding/which she thought proper to disown
h a rhymed advertisement inserted in the
Betding Mercury,; 17 Nov. 1740. In 1759
ppeartj at Reading 'The Miscellaneou.i
Works, in Prose and Verse, of Mrs. Mary
Utter,' in thre V imiisf, consisting respectively
of epistolary corre9|>ondence, poems, and
'oUloquies, and (part lii) a sort of prose poem,
prompted by a pflrasal of Young's 'Kight
ihought^,' and entitled A lietrospectivo
Visw of Indigence, or the Danger of Spiri-
tssl Poverty.' A short appendix treats of
temporal poverty, and describes the writer as
niident not very far Crom tlte market-place,
' Pegu
nUHiMd in business and in debt ; sometimes
Bisdly hoping to gain a competency; some-
tunes juatlj Uuiag dungeppa ^nd distress.'
Hw wofk M inKruSed tq Mn. I^v^y, wife
695 Latter
of John Ixyveday [q. v.] of Oaversbam. In
1763 ahp published a tragedy entitled 'The
Sie^ of Jerusalem by Titua Vespa.siun,' to
whidi waaprefized 'An Essay on the Mystery
and Mischiefii of Stagecraft Tho play hud
previously beenacoepted by Rich, the patentee
of Oorent Qarden, who took the authorees
under his protection, cl isirLng hi-r *to remuiu
in his house in order, as he kindly said, that
by frequenting the theatre the might improve
in the kuowledge of it.' Rich died before
the V could be produced, but it waa aub*
se^ ,nt iy perftmed at Readhi|^ (176B) and
proved a failure. In addition to tho above,
Mrs. Latter wrote: 1. 'A Miscellaneous
Poetieal Eaeay in three parts,' 1761, 8vo.
2. 'A Lyric Ode on the l^irth of the Prince
of Walee ' (George IV), 1763, 8vo. * I^. a
berty and utereat; a BnrlMque Poem on
the Present Timea,' London, 1764, 4to (see
. 0hL Mag, 17tf4, p. 01). 4. < Pro and Con,
or the C^inionista, an ancient fragment**
1771, 8\ 0. She died at Rending on 28 yhxrdk
1777, and waa buried iu the churchyard of
St. Lawnnce in that town.
[Bakers Biog. Dram. I. 439, iii. 272 CoatsV;
Hist, of Reading, p. 447; Doran's Hist, of
leading, p. 273; WattTa BibL Britw tt. 689;
Brit. Mu8. Cat.] T. 8.
LAITEB, THOMAS (1816-1 853),8oldier
and Burmese scholar, son of Maior Ban
Latter, an oflicer who distinguished him-
self in the Gorkha war of 1814 (see Mill,
Br&uk India, ed. Wilson, viii. 22, 62), waa
bom in India in 1816. He obtained a com-
mission in 1636 from the aat India Com*
pany in the 67th Beiunl inlhntiT, then ata>
tioned in Anucan. Thrre he devoted his
leisure to the atudj of the Burmese language,
and in 1645 pnhliahed a Burmese grammar,
wliich although subsequent to the primers of
AdoniramJudaon, the American missionary,
waa the first scbolarly treatise on the subject.
At the commencement, of the negotiatitinfl
respect ng breachea of the treaty of If andabop
1
(18i'6), Latter left hie regiment to serre as
chief interpreter to Commodure Lambert's
expedition, and on the outbreak of the second
Biiraiese war he served Sir He nry Thomas
(Jodwin [q. v.] in the s!ime ca})acity. On
14 April 1852 he led the storming party des-
patched by Godwin against the eastern en-
tnuice of the Shw6 Dagon pagoda, and acted
so gallantly that Laurie, the historian of the
war, called him the 'Cheyalier Bayard of the
expedition.* He took part in the capture of
in June Ido^and when shortly after-
wuds the town of Frame, whieh was one of
the chief rallying-places of the enemy, wa.<
occupied. Latter was on 30 Deo. 1852 an-
ointed |8ident deputy eonniisioner. Tb
 )V>st was rendered a partictdnfy difficalt one
"oy the fact that, although open warfare had
ceascrl, the Burmese were still avowedly
liofitile to British Influence an anomalous
^tate of thijiigs which lasted until the defini-
tive treaty 6f li^2. The vigilance and ac-
tivity which Latter e^Hibit|Nl in repressing
dii^anection in the neighbotirhood of Prome
during the jl^Uo.wipg ^ear rendered him spe-
Idally obnbxidiu to the court of Ara, and at
'two p'clock on the tnorning of 8 Dec. 1853 he
Vas murdered in his bed. H9 waa buried
jP^Eoe wljth ia^^tary hopotsn'tm ih^ fill(iii(-
ingday.
[Laurio's Burpee "^'ars and Pegu, fisslta
East lodia Begteters, 1 8*^3 and 1851; 'filen 9f duee tne doctrinea
ihe Rfi>ni 1885, p. 620 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T.
hAXJD, WJLUAit (1573-16^15), arch-
bishop of Canterbury, bona at Reading 7 Oct.
1573, was the ouly sop of William Laud, a
dotluer. His mother, whose maid^ natne
-waa iJncj Webbe, waa widow of John Ro-
binson, who, OS wqU as ber second' hushandy
^waa a .clothier of Iteading. Th^e younger
XVnUam Laud was ed'ucAted at the
borough Pohool of that town. In IHSO he
proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford,
Inatriculatit^ on 17 Oct, anil was in 15S|0
r onilni^^'J to a scholarship set apart for hoys
e4L^ated at licading &chooL In 1503 he l>o-
Tdinjie a fellow on the sapie foundation. ^le
'pradupted B.A. in iri04, M.A. in 1508, and
perfect fear|e9sne88 in eyprewing ^i^!^
wMcb could not fail to rotise oppositioo.
Wh^n 1604 he took the degrM ot ba^elor
of dir^ty,'ba inaintaiiibd^tliiB ileeNilkrf
baptism, and * that there could V
no true
church without diocesan bishopa,' thetebjr
incurring a reproof from I>r. Hodaad, via
was in the cbalr. On 26 Oct. 1606 he
preached a sermon at St. MaiVa, for yAmk
ne was called to ae^nnt !^ A ilf ri|i
cellor, Dr. Airay, on the ground that it c6o-
tai^i^d popish opinions. Laud, howpver,
escaped without having to ioiLU any twie
recantation, though be b/^ramf" a marKroinsn
in the university as one who ^ougbt to ijittD-
Romb int6 raadiMk.
S. On the other hand, tlio incronsing number of
those why weyo hostile to CaivinvsiQ were <m
his s^dft. Treferinettts fl<hred in^ In MOT
he became vicr\r of Stanford in Korthamp-
tonshire. Having taken th^ d^ree of Di).
in 1608, he was in the aMM year nde
cbnplnin to T^ishnp Ncilo, and on 17 S^pt
preached before the king at Theobalds. Uo
me 2 Oct. I6I9 Laud resigned &ia feUowaUpto
attend to his duties at Cuxton in Kcnt.tOtbe
iivingof which hehadrecently been appointed
>y Bishop NeUe ('Diary' in WmlMtm Vk\
On 10 Afay 1011 Laud was elected to
the presidentship of St. John's, Bnckeri(%e
having been anointed to fAa see of Roela*-
ter. Even beiore his eh.^rtion nn ineffectual I

"3).D. in 160^ (^BTLTX, Cuprianus AngliqMt attempt had f>een made to exclude hifflbr
the influence oifAj^btthop Abbot andtAn-
ioc.) collor Ejlesmere, the main pillars of tbe Cal-
A,san undergraduate Laud had for his tutor vin ist party at court. AAer the election
John BucKe^c^ v.],whohecame preaident was completed^ Lan^a opponents unjed diat
Jq.
'of ^t. John's in lo(i5. B^iclfcrldge was one of it had l:^n in eornf r''.*pect8 irregular. On

those who, during the closing ye^ of Eliz^- 29 Auf. King Jainos heard the partiesy sad
Yietb's reign, beaded at the two nniveraities decided that the election was to st-aad gtxvl
B reaction ag-iin-t tVio dominant Calvinism, on the ground that thf irn .rularif y bad atisfln
find who, standing hetwecn lioman catholi- from an unintentional mistake iii. ISS;

'cism on the' one band and puritan ism on the ^or^, iii. 34 Answerto Lord Say's Speeeb.'
other, lairl ptres'^ on sacramental frraco nnd Work*, vi. 8H l.'ttors between Jamet I md
;

'on the e;piscnpal organisation of the church Bishop Bilson^ Utatf Papers, J)onu Itiv. S61
of England. Bnckeridge's teaching proved 86,lxvi. 25).
'conp;cnia] to Laud, -^vlio wns by nature ini- The hcatKliip of aoollffT" did not mtisfy
"patient qf doctrinal coiitroverey,and stfonply the mind of a man who was aiming at a I*- 1

nttach,ed to' the observaneeof external order. form of the chnroh,' atad iftdeed LanAfiA* |

Laud was ordained deacon on 4 Jan. 1601, tion at Oxford was not altog-fther comirot-
andpriest on 6 April in t^ie pamo y,ear. On able. In 1614 he was violently attacked hr
"4 May 1603 he was one of the pToetomfor Dr. Robert Abbot fron tmhrersity pelpt
the Tear. On .*5Sept. 1603 he was rmrlo for iurr declan-d in a Pormon that pri<??.T-
terians were as bad as papists, and was wm-
^

chaplain to CbarK's Blount, earl of Devon- 1

nhire [q. v.], and on 26 Dec. 1605 he married fully asked whMieT fete was himself a psp^;^ |

liis p i' run to t!io divorced wife of Lonl Rich, or a protectant. His isolation in the nni-
an action for which be was afterwards versit V uiav to some extent account for trtut
lit terlv penitent (jror*. iii; 81, 181, 132). would in tfie present day be oonkidered u tni'
By this rime Land had romo into collision seemly eagerness for promotion, shown in
with the Oxford theologians. There was a complaint to his patron, Bishop iS'nls. h>
ibfirpnesa or ftntagoiiiqA about bin, tad % 16)4 indeed Nuil*^ h>ii feMiqp oT XMr,
I

Digitized by Googl
 6s7
cneli^BlilApvdbenJ ofBnclvdon.andin IClo
Th flrchdoaconry of ITuntiugclou. In 1616
ilie kijig promott'd hira to the dcauory of
Gflouceetar (Hetlytj, j>p. (JO-3).
Before Lnnd paid his first visit to Gloucos-
ua the liing told hin^ to set in order whatever
M mm. Not oi^y had the fabne <lf the
catlirafKl Won n'eU'cted, but tlio wnitrmnion
tli^dl^o allowed to ptiuid in the eentrtj of
Am C^oir, a petition which it occupied ap
fbftt tinie in most of the 'pan<?li churchoa,
iliOUjjli in mo^t cuthedruU, and in the king's
dbp^l, it waa placed at the ^Mt end. Laud
ptT-'iiJvd th'i clmpt^T to pa.S nctH for the
ivj>air of tlie building and the removiil of
communion table, but did not explain
his aefion in public, and gave det p ofi^nce
10 the a,god bishop, Miles Smith, a learned
kbni^ and stout Calviniat, as well &$ to
lUrw part of the population. This atftiir
t Gloufcstur ck-arly exhibits the causes of
Lnfp failure in late life. If he had an*
thorUy^n sid*\hr consiiltTt'd it unriece^-
wiyevnu to atteuij^t to wi^ ovor'bv persua-
sion those who difiered Dram him (id. p. 63).
In If^lT Ivaud accompanied tlie kmq' to
Scotland, where he gave offence by wcuriug
a nqrijoe at a fnneml {Diary 'XlcuOLB, ; conpemu'ncps--4hieii, both in and of these,
Prajn'vrf, in. r.U). On L'-J )nn. 1621 ht-
w insuiied as a prLh^ udury of Westniiu-
iter,i)id on 29 June of the sam^ year the
kinjy gavf him the bishopric of St. Davids,
with peraiis^ion to hold tnc presidentship of
a'Bfccn^m0idain. * But,' wrote Laud
io his diary, ^by reason of the strictness of
that statute, which ^ wjll not viijlate, nor
tQvoath to ityiiiider aaj cr)loar, I am re-
wired before my conR'cra(ion to leave it;'
udinfact he resi(i:iifd the heudshipon o Nov.,
his coD*ec ration U'in<( on the 18th. He re-
fused to allow Archbishop Abbot to take
any part in on the ground that he
the rlto,
vas dia^ualified by an accidental homicide
Wjently committ*H] by him. According to
Hackftt (p. C3), Janied gave Laud the bi-
sHopric only under pr^tire from Charles and
Biiddnghrim and it 5s quite possible that
; visited his diocese, entering Wales on 5 July,
.JwDes pircfived that I^Aiid would be better
jiC>A la the deanery of Westminster, for
viiich he bad first intended him. AVilliams,
Wtver, on li^nig nmdo bishop of Lincoln,
' -
:-i;?ricicnt inmuince to secure the zeten-
^ it with rich commttnian plate (Hprr.rx,
f oD of the deanery, and Laud had;Co be pro-
IhW fgr in some other way.
On 2B April 1022 Jamen sent for I^ud,
*kuig him to use his influence with the
Coiwfess of Buckingham, who was attracted
towards the chipcQ m
Ko^B bj the arga-
em of Pwcyj a Jesuit who went bv the
Me of Fiflher fitee Pisblbr, Jons, 1569-
B^|fiekiiig'84yi4nti^erahi)dbee&
jLaud
|,wo conferences held in her presence hot weert
Fi.shcr and Or. Francis Whlte.and on 24 M.'i3r
1622 a third confertuce was held, in wluch
Laud took the place of White. The subject
then discuased was the infaUibiliigr of
church.
Ija^d's arguments on tliis occasion, toge-
ther with their subsequent enlargement in
liis accoi^nt of tlie cotirroversy published in
1639, mark his ecrl- ^lastical position in thi
line between Hooker and Cliiliing^vnrth. On
the one hand he acknowletlged, the church of
Rome to be a true church, on tihe ground
thfit it ' received the Scriptures as a rule of
faith, though but us a partial and imperfect
rule, and qotb the sacraments as ms'ni-
mental causes and seals of grace { U'ork.f,
'
ii. 144). He stro\e igainst the position
'that all points definecT by the church ajn
fundamental* (if), ii. .''1), attempting as far
as possible to limit the extent of soul-saving
'
faith ' ii. 402). Theibimdatipns of faith
were the Scripturps nnd the creeds' (ib. ii.
'
428). When doubts arose 'about the mean-
ing of the articles, or superstructures upon
th'-m which nrc doctrines nbouttbe faith, not
t he faith itself,uulesa when they be immediate
hnvful and free general council, determining
according to Scripture, is tj^e best judge
on earth' (flk.) Ijiud, in short, wished to
narrow the scope of dogmatism, find to bring
opinions not necessary to salvation to tho
bar of public discussion by duly authorised
o.TjKinp !its, in^fffld of to thfit nf an authoritv
claiming uilallibiLity [on thf bibliographv of
the controversy see the editor's preface to' the
*llelation of the Conference,' H orAvi, vol. ii.)
Though Laud's argumt iita failed j^rma-
ncntly to impress the Countess of Bmdring^
bam, they gave him pT"at influence over her
son. On lo Junf', as Le .states in his diarv,
he became C[onfcssor] to mv Ixjrd of Biu-ic-
'
inghain,' and was aftcrwnrJR consulted tgr
him on his religious dilBcultics.
Soon afterVasda Laud, for the first time,
and leaving Carmarthen for England on
j
]5 A .ig. (* Diary in Works, m. 189, 140). He
'
ordered tlie building of a chnpel at hie epi-
scopal residence at Abei^willy, presenting
88). During the remainder of Jame>^'s n-ign
Laud continued on good terms with Buck-
ingham and tho king, while there was an
estrangement between him and Lord-keopiir
Williams, and Archbishop Abbot.
On STMtrch 1626 James 4ied, and witb
the accession of Charles I Laud's real pr^
dominance in the church of England began,
faniev's nrmpatbiesiHth Land wen nuuiihr
^
3
Digitized by Google
 Laud 628 Laud
evoked by the breadth of his theological where for the causes of Laud's bilare dunn;
judgments Charlps also sympathised in hia
; his own life and of the success which in-
Advocacy of auiiiority over the external tended his principles af^cr his death. lo
actions of ministers and eongregatioiu. pleading against the intolerance of the puh> |

Shortly after his accession Charles asked tana he was at one with the best spirit of hi<
Laud to inform him who among the cierg)* time. In pleading for the use of authoritr
were suitable for promotion. Land gave against the opinions of the intolerant, he vu
him a list in which the names of the pro- animated by immediate fear of destruction.
minent cleigy were marked with 0and 1\ On 16 Jan. 162d Laud was one of fo
the orthodox to be laTOured or Uio jpuritaa bishops who, writing to Bvctanglisn ii
to be discouraged. The breadth of theoreti- favour of Mont-ague's book, advised tbt no
cal opinion which distinguished Laud's views, one should be allowed to discuss the qoe*
as enunciated in his conference with Fishert tions at issue ' by public preaching or writ-
was coniiistent with much narrowness in ing' (lift. vi. 249). Preaching before Chsries'i
dealing with individuals. In refility puri- second parliament on 6 Feb. 1626, Lausl
tauibiu WU8 maister of the held, and by 110 magniBed the kind's authority in the it&t:
I

means inclined to tolerate those who asaaiied as well as in the diurch, aa he had alretdj
it. Laud, knowing that his opinions wero done in hb sermon at the opening of the fint
I

those of a minority among the clergy, and parliament of the reien {jU>. i. 63). By tbij
,

of a still smaller minority among the laity, time the House of Commons regarded him
I

looked to the royal power to rrdrcss the as hostile to civil liberty as well as to reli-
balance. Circumstanoea thus combined with gious truth. Laud took the king's part on ill
his own sense of the value of external disci- points. He prepared the spMches lAuA I

plineand withhisown unsympathetic nature Charles delivennl on 20 March and 11 Mty

to blind him to the danger of using the king in behalf of Buckingham (tb. iv. 354),
as an instrument for the reform of thechnnsh. he criticised and <x>rrected Buekinj^toi'f I

The unwritten tradition of Anglicanism, that defence delivered on 8 J une.

it was the duty of kings to 8up|>ort a learned Charles showed much gratitude to Lsui
uud large-minded clergy against the dog- On 20 June 1626 he was nominated bisb*^|
matism of Rome on the one side and of of Bath and WeUs, and he held the din |

Geneva on the other, found a hearty sup- till his translation to Tx>ndon two rt*n
porter in Laud. He would have been very later. On 30 Sept. 1G26 the king sent him
difierent from what he was if he had stopped a message by Buckingham that he was to t
to ask what effect the cru^liing of his oppo- dran of the'Chapel Royal. On 2 Oct. Buck-
nents by the royal authority would have ingham told him ' what the king had furtb^r
upon the independence of religious thought. resolved eooeeming ' him ' in case the srcb-
At all VI n"^ T. ami's opponents could not bishop of Canterbury should die * ( Worh,m.
<

teach him the lesson of toleration. Charles's 190). On 29 April 1627 Charles made bin
first House of Oommoos inristed on punish- a privy oounci11or(A. iil 205). On VfJW'
ing Richard Montague [q. v.] for using anti- he promised him the bishopric of I^itiJi^o,
Cat vinistic arguments against the Roman ca- On 9 Oct. Laud was included in a comim^
tholics, and for appealing to the king for pro- sion
.subsei^uently revoked on 24 June 1828
tection. On 2 Aug. 1626 Laud and two other for executing the oflleeof archbishop da^
bishops wrote to the king on Montaptie's be- ing Abbot's (ai-qurstration. On 1 July IfiWi
half. The church of England, they said, at the cwiyc ct&lire for the bishopric of Londca'
the time when it was reformed, 'would not bo was signed bv the king (t^. iii. 200, 20S).
too busy with every partictilar school-point. It was at Laud's advice that, before tb?
The cause why she held this moderation was end of 1(328, Charles issued the declar^itioii
because sha eouM not be able to preserve any prdhced to a new edition of the artides vo^
unity among ChriBtians if men were forced printed in the prayer-book. It was an at-
to subscribe to curious particulars disputed tempt to avert distractions in the church ^
In schools ' ( Workaf vi. S44). With strange, upholding the artides aa the standard
hut not inexplicable inconsistency, the three faith and prohibiting controversial pr-ath-
bishops reminded the king ' that we cannot ing. All questions of the external policy ^
conceive what use there can he of civil the church were to be decided by cOTTOCf
govezDinent in the commonwealth, or of tion (Heti tx, p. 170). When parlisiiWl^
preaching or external ministry in the church, met in 1629, trie House of Commons *>
if such fatal opinions as some which are serted its right to maintain (j[uite a differenl
opposite and Oontrary to tlioge delivered by standard of doctrine and discipline, but wM
Mr. Mnntngue pliall l>e pnbliciv tmieht and its di.isolution on i' Mareh brought the pi^
ipaiut4^iqed.' it is minecessar^ Ig seek ej^ic- jiamentary life oi Kng)iM)4 to % clow k

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 Laud 699 Laud
^wi years, Laud, through his mfiueuce ^raj^ than prophesj, and left the future to
irith Charles, became master of the ecdesi-
Mtical Mtuation. In the contest which he was now carry-
The difference between Laud and the ing ou Laud showed himnelf absolutely fear-
House of Commons wa^ one which had been less. An attempt has, indeed, been made to
inhenmt ia the church of England since the reprseont him as timid and superstitious, on
'iav* of Henry Laud was the intel- the ground that he noted down some of his
lectual ucce8or of the men of the new learn- dreams in his private diary. Until it can bo
ing, vbo had attempted, with the king at shown that in any single instance he allowed
rhfir back, to reform the church under tlie his conduct to be deflected by these, it may
mflaence of constituted authorities aud be taken that he noted them simply aacurio-
Vuied nquiry. The eommous trero the aitiM. On S9 HiBieh 19319 a paper inti-
int-Ilectual succeRsors of the men who, under mating thiit his life was sought wiis picked
the uAttenoe of continental teachers, first of ujpibut it only drew from hun the ejacula-
hna^ ud tfterwardt ofCalvin, attempted tion : *Lord, 1 am a grievona nnner; but 1
I'^eitract a definite syf-tmi of drx;trine from bo'jeoch Thee, deliver my soul fi-nin them
ibe icriptureR. In Laud's time, however, that hate me without ft Cftuse' C'-l^iftTy*'
tUibtter mode of thought chamcterised the Works, iii. 210).
ntter part of the clergy and of the religMNIS On 12 April Laud was elwitcd chancellor
liitT, sothat T^iuid, in attempting to revive of the universitv of Oxford. Ou IM) Oct.
a lyftem which seemed to have passed away, 1628 he had had the suti.sfaction of hearing
ftnmd himself at issue with the conservatism that the university had passed a statute
hich clin^ to existing habits of thought, drawn up by him, by which the election of
and wiuch is with an attempt
as di6satijfied proctors is still regulated, and in the follow-
toreprodiKe the ideas of a past generation ing January he induoed the Earl of Pem-
Mit would be with an attempt to introduce broke, his predecessor as chancellor, to buy
xim altogether unknown. Ignoring the ex- the Baroccian collection of Qreek manu-
wpk of Andrewes, who^ wittiout mitating scripts and toptoeent them to the univeraity
nT one, had simply recommended the ob- iWorkA, iii. m, V. 10 note 0).
immx of the relurious usages of whidi he Laud's first act showed at least his in-
^proved. Land held it inenmlinit on Idm twtion of piooeeiUnff in his new position
t'?r jmjx'l ob.servancj even by those who dia- with fairness. He oroered notice to be taken
*9|roTedof them. In his mind the external of two sermons, one directed against devout
<iHlpiMa alwajrs took j^recedence of the gestures in churches and the other justifying
intnaleoiioeption. Uniiormity to him wa ^ '
the five articles commonly oftUedArmlniftn-
wesurpst prnpag-ntorof unity of spirit. He ism,' and laying itn nspersinn upon the svnod
'

he hiui>elf acknowledged, an Aris-

as of 1 )ort .' During the remainder of 1630 Laud
tMitn ('Hist, of the Troubles and Trial,' did his best to restore discipline^ not only
" '' , iv.
59), a di<riplf of the teacher to enforcing the wearing of cape and gow:i,
J ui the formation of habits was the main but uUo insisting on the due performiince
wcurity of moral excellence. He sought, of such exerdaea as were then required fitt
t^. f >r the rul*^ nf pcclesiastical belief and the attainment of dcpjrws ({^. v. I^.'VI").
'txtdoct in the Uw of the church as it had On 4 June ItiSO Laud took port in passing
l^femed in tlieperiod of the Keformation, a cruel sentence npon Leighton in ^e Rtar-
the practice of the meditcvul
iiTwring alike chamber, and found an opportunity nf -

l
aaidi and the customs which had groum fending episcopacy against the presbyteri-
vithottt l^gal sane^oa in recent yeara. anism which Leighton held to be tiie cuvine
In this way, quite irrespectively of the con,'<titu(ion of tlu! cluircli. According to
Jluofthe practices which he inculcated, I^eighton (E/>ii<nnf, p. 83), as soon as the
lawi, l>y his &iluro to take into account sentence was passed Laud took off his cap
-
in^habits, brought Uniielf into collision
' and 'gave thankstoOod who had given hira
*ith the higher puritanism of his time as the victory over his enemies.' The story
*rfla with the mere disorder and unruli- may have been exaggerated, if it was not
n^'S of which there was enough and toaparr. untrue. It is also on Leighton's authority
He did not himself expect sttooees. lie that we Ipam tliat the lifelong friendship
^te to Vossius on 14 Jul^ 1629 ( Workt, between Laud und Went worth dated from
^,S86) that he had done his best to find a this occasion.
"pict way out of the difficulty, especially in On Jan. 1631 Laud ronwcrated rhe
lf3
vhat be regarded as non-essentials, but that church of St. Catherine Cree in London, ao-
ris fytn
outweighed Us hopes; that be cording to ft fbnn which had heen drawn np
it'ifihi ft dlifiPi though ho would lather ))j Andiewes (An>BBWJ| Mmor Workt,
^

Digitized by Google
 Laud
* ' ''1 ,
^
316). TLouitIi tTio story told hy projiulicecl
witoessea at lua trial may be rej^tea aaJun-
<jredible (se^0ABlriTEB, Hist of Engl. lOTo-
, iLaud's dislike of dieorder rftoweS iiiftf in
1642, vli. 244, notes 1 and 2 ), there can he;
no douJbt that Ixia apjpeftraaco outside the
. he urged in the Star-chamber in the case of
gate 01 tlie chared AlU eanontcals, and
his bowing towards the altar, g-avo offenco
to the pobtaua who swarmed in the city,
"the q|ne8tioh of bowing in chiureh wa^i at
that tunc !i Imrning one. A (crtniu fxilea
AViddow ea, haying written in defence of the
^practice, was attat^ed I^rvane in a book
putitled 'Lumo Giles, his IlaltiugB.' One
Page, prepared to answer Pry^ne, but was
^edrod by Ab^t on the ground that con-
tXOVtt^ Avas to be avoidiMl. L.nid, howpv.?r,
at once intervened. The university of OA-
fond, now under Lattd*a didUti<m, liceosed
Pago's book, Laud having declared that the
king was unwilling t hnt Prynne's ignorant
writings should remain unanswered. Botb
the king and the Bishop of London seem to
have drawn a distinction between a contro-
versy about tbe. ceremonies of the church
which were to be rnfrulitt;(l by law and a
controversy about prcdejitiuation which was
matter of opinion. An attempt having
lyt-i ti mftdo at Oxford to reopen the latter
dispute in the pulpit, Charles, on 23 Aug.
Idol, sunimonea the offenders before him-
self, and ordi red the expulsion of the errinfj
preachers and the deprivation of the proctors
who had failed to call them to accouttt(HT-
MX, p. 20"{ ).
Scarcely any one of Laud's actions brings
out more clearly the legal chaxmeter of his
mind than his treatment of tlm quest i(in of
bowing in church. 11 it< own hubit was to bow
whenever the tfame of Jesus was pronounced,
and also towards the east end on enterin'
a church ; but he reuognii<ed that while the
former practioe waa enforced by the canons
tlio latter was not, and while ho required
ob8er\'anco of the one he only premised the
other by the force of his example, excepting
where it wa.s Ipguliscd by the, statutes of
particular churches. In other respects he
rcHiuired conformitj to the law, paUently,
indt ed, when there was any prospect of
winning over tho.se wlio bad hitherto re-
futed obedience, but without the digbteet
rt '^Jird for conscientious objections to con-
loruiity. In the court of high commission
he was exceedingly active, especially in
cases of immorality. He was detorniiued
that no offender should et>citpe punishment
on account of wealtli or poaition, and in May
1632 he took part in successfully re.>is.tlnga
]fI)obibitioQ issued by tho judget^ of the court
of COBUluni pl a at the instance of Sir Giles
S^ffioOf wliO had married bia own nieo^.
630 laid
In his action in reprcssliig antin imian^ an'T
separatists he had the co-operation q;f Abbdu
the hard eonten'ce whicb in February ICSS
Henry Sheffield, Ai bre^ker of a window in
which God the Father was donict'^d, and in
the same month he approved n^f^J <^f
verdict in the exch^uer ebaibber diflMlrfatg
the feoffment for the acauisition of impro-
priations, and directing that the patronage
of the feofleee, wbo' bad intend ed^ to' male
use of it to pnwnt puritans to benefice.*,
should be transferred the king. In lus own
college at OkferdLaudTs liberality had riiown
it<i'lt in the new buildings. In Londnn he
was dissatisfied with the slackness of tL
citizens in contributing to tbe repairs of tbe
dilapidnted cathedral, and induced th- privy
council to urge the justices of the peace to
gatber money for the purpose from the wbole
country.
Hitherto^ except in the courts qi Star-
chaml)er and high commission, and* in the
rart' instances in which he could F-*t in
motion the direct authority of thu king,
Laud's action had been confined to tbe dlo-
ri**'- of London and the university of Oxford.
On 0 Au*j. I63'J, after his return from Scot^-
land, whither ho had gone with t^ie king,
he wai* prt't fed by Charle, who bad jiwt
heard of Abbot's death| with t&e words:
'My Lord's Grace <rf Canterbury, you are
veiy welcome (Heyi-ttt, p. 2r>0). "Two days
'
before Laud recorded in his* Diary 'that * there
came one me, Keriously, and that avowed
to
ability to perform it, iind offered me to b*'
cardinah' Another entry on 17 Aug. btate^
r!iat the o^ was repeated. 'Bu^' adds
Laud, '
mv answer again was tliat .:r(me-
wbat dwelt within me which would not
.suffer tliat till Rome were other than i i.
Laud's it;t' !!( ual position wniiM l> nf*ces-
t
a Koman catholic in
sarily uiiintelli;4ible to
those dayst (^"(l would be no better appr^
ciatcd by a puritan.
As archbishop of Cante rbury I*aud had at
his disposal not only whatever ccclesiasf ical
authority was inherent in hisoffiw, but alsrt
whatever authority the king waa able to
supply in virtue of the royal supremacy. Th;
combmnfion of the two j>owers made him
irresistible for tbe time. On 15> S<.*pt. 163->
the king wrote to the bishops, evioenOy at
Laud's uistigutioni direct 111'^ tb' ni f<> r> -tnct
orJinutlon, except in certain s'jK.'oLlii'vl ca^,
to tho^e who intended to undertake tike cWe
of souls {ib. p. 'J 10). The direction was in
tended to stop the supply of the puritaa
lecturers, who were mamtained by conpvga-
^ns or others to leetuie ttr pireiftlif HxthMd
Digitized by Google
 Laud
^eing compelled u> teati tlie aarnca to wlkich
thvr objected. . ^ s
Upon his removal to LanilielA LAuid aet
his chapel in order, placing the communion
t&ble at the east end. On 3 Xov. 1633 ho
poke strongly in the pRvy council in favour
01 that position in the cape of St. Gregory
when the king decided that the lihort j al-
lowed by the canons for placing the tahlc at
the time of the administration of i\w com-
noniuQ in the most convenient pohitiou wus
Mbject to the judgment of the urdinarv. Xu
Mie WH* likely to be made a bishop by Charlej^
who failed to take Laud's view in t his matter.
Lud alio succeeded in c^^mpelliug the use of
the prayer-book in 1633 in the Eugli.sh rogi-
neuta ia the Dutch servicCi and in 1631 in
tliB chairoh of A Manetiant Adventurers at
Delft.
At borne nothing ecclesiastical escaped
Lnd*a Tigilanco. Before his promotion,
in 16S2, he had complaiiu-.d to the kin^ of
the mterference of Chief-jui>tice Kiphardnun
wiibtiie Soanersut wakoB. and in 1838, vrhen
Richard -on was before tlie pnvy council to
awe an account of hi;> conduct in t he matter,
hmA mted him so wnmAy that the chief
iu.^itii-e on leaving the room declared that he
had been almost choked with a pair of lAwn
' viiK-e of York.
dcevM.' The republicat ion of the Dcclura-
' to KJ37, Land's vicar-general, 3ir Nathaniel
tlon of Sports' by Clnirlea on 10 Oct. 1633
had the archbishoj>'8 warm approval, if, iu-
desd, bedid n<^ instigate the step^ Laud
was tho consistent opponent of anything re-
^tT| tiling the puritan Sabbath. On 17 Fob.
16M he spoke in the Star-chamber in much
tte same spirit against the sour doctrines of
Ihe' Histriomastiz.' He denied, in sentencing
VrttiMi that stage-plays were thom^lves
oiuawful. They ought to be reformed, not
tMi^H**^ If there were indecencies in tbeni,
itwaa' a scandal and not to bet(danted.' It
was notLaud'H oillcial bu>inr>3 to purify tbo
flUg0f and we bear of no f lirther advice of his
tandfagmthiadifaetion. On the other hand,
he called for a heavy sentence on IVynnf?,
Uioogh when oit Pfynne'b second appearance
m ih StaxH^iamlMr on 1 1 June 1634, Noy
asked that the prisoner might be debarred
from going to church and from the use of
pen, ink, and paneri Laud at once interfered.
Tbtrn.' was a k ma of official severity in Laud,
a belief that severe punishments were needed
to daler meo firam resisting' oonstttutad au-
thoritie^, but a certain amount of perHooal
kindliness underlying it can occasionally be
As far as the civil government was con-
earned Laud was in oppotutton to Kich&rd
y^Mtiai. ficst aad of Bortlaiid, tha lord tieap
IBnr|obiii ha hald to ha aorra|t aadioerti
65t Laud
That s:iip!o-eyed devotion to the king's intp-'
rejit'S which obtained the name of* Thorough*'
in the corresponden6e' between hiijis6lf ahdf
Wentworth led him to attack all wlio shel-
tered their own self-seeking under pretexts
of unbounded loyalty. On 15 Mareh 163^
Laud was, upon Portland's dieatH, plfice 1 mi
the commission of the treasury and on the
oommittee of the privy council for foreipi
nfTiiirs. His dealtTi-s with temporal alfliirs
were not succ '^sful. He did bis best to be
rigidly ju&t, but his financial knowledge was
not equal to the task he had undertaken, and
in the afiair of the soap monoi)oly he com-
nutted mistakes which exposed him to the
attacks df his ailvrrsari' s. All ojtpn.sitiott
ho took as a i>er^nal sliirht, and he even
?[uar relied witn Bis old nrieiid Windebank
or voting afrain.'it Iiiin on this matter. As
for foreign affairs tht-y remained, as before, in
Charles's Own hands.
In his treat iiiejit ofecch jiiastlcal questions
Laud continued blind to the ueceesity of
giving plav to the diverse elements wniqh'
niu'lc uji the national chwroh. Tn lfi34 he
claluied ihf! ri^lit of holding a metropolitical
visitation in the pruvinc*! of Canterbury,
while Archbishop Aeile held one in thO DID*
For three year.<;, fron\ Io34
Crent [q. v.], went from one diocese to an-
other, enforcing conformity. Irregularities
in the conduct of services and dilapidations
in the f:ihric of clmrches were all noticed and^
ameuJuient ordered. Some of the irregula*
rities complained of were mere abuses, ot&ers
were committed in order to avoid practices
opposed to the spirit of puritaniem. The real
(jjuestion at i.ssue was whether in the facfe Of
the ditHcultic- in tiie way of so strict aJi en-
forcement of uniformity it would be pos*>ible
to avoid tha disruption of the church. In
refusing even to entertain the question Laua
did not ditl'er from his opponents i but the
conscientious rigiditv with which haen&rbcid
his views did much to ripen the question
for consideration at no distant date.
The changes which Land now orderad werB
intended merely to remove illegal abu-^-es}
but it was inevitable that 800)9 of them
should be regarded as evidencift of hfs inten*
tion to draw the church into a path which
would ultimately lead to a reunion with
Rome. This was especially the case with
his direction for fixing the communion tabia
St the east end of the churches. The opposi-
iibii created was the greater, as Roma was
the same time making an effort tn extend her
influence in Euirland, and in that effort Laud
waanatnnAly, though quite untruly, regard^
ii Ml aoooin|liQe JFiomthi9&d<K 16Mt9
Digitized by Google
 Laud
of 1636 Pttnsant was in Eng^lrad
on a mission from the p'tp^, listening to tlms.?
who, ia their dUlike of puritanismj brooded
over the tdw of a reunion of the chiirehee of
I^me and England, Laud correct v gau;:^'Hl
I the opportunity of delivcrinpa spf^rh. whir'i
the aitiiatioD when he told the king that if he
' isas instructive on his position as a discipli-
wished to go to Rome the pope would not stir
a step to meet him;' but his cleghtedlie6S
gained him no popular credit.
In 1686 Lfttt^s XHrefiwence for external
power over jipiritual influnncorfcelved a cu-
rioua illustration.On H March Charles made
Juxon, the bishop of London, knrd treaaurar.
* No
clmrcbmnn,' Laud noted in his Diary,''
* had
it since Ilenrv VII's time. I prav God
bless htm to cany It to that the ehnreb may
Imve honour and the king and the state eor-
ioe and contentment by it, and now if the
ehureh will not hold up themselTee under
Ood I can do no moro ( fVorkg, iii, 226). He
' dition that, bo.sldo.'* rc^i^aiing the soe of
could not see that the exerciseof eecuUrau-
tboritT wasin itself asoaroeofweakness to the
diurefl. In his hands the church came to be
nnxded asaninflicterof penalties rather than
a helper on the pathof godlinees and purity.
One side, though not the most Important,
of Laud's deficiencj in this respect was after-
wards set forth IB OaKadoin *History ' (i.
196): 'Ho did court persons too little, nor
cared to make his designsand purposes appear
as candid as tber were, hj showing them in
any other dress tiwiii lu ir own natural beauty
t agency of Con, who hiul rec-'iirly succeeded
and roughness, and did not consider enough
what men uia or were like to say of htm.
Jf the faults and vices were fit to bo lookt j
into and discovered, let the persons be who
they would that were guilty of them, they
were sure to find no connivance of favour
from him. Me intended the discipline of the
ehureh sbonld be felt as well as spoken of,
and that it should hi applli d to t1ie pri atest
and most sj^lendid transgressors, as well as
to the puuisbmeDt of smaller offenees and
meaner offenders and tliereupon called for
; Ilira, make me good corn, for I am K'twtfn
or cherished the disc^ivery of tnose who were
Bot carefal to cover their own iniauities,
thinking they were above the reach of otlier
men or their power and will to chastise.'
Ob 91 June 1636 the privy council ao-
knowledgf'd tjaad's claim to visit the uni-
versities. Henrizedthejud^entasenabling
Um to overriaethe opposition of Gbimlnndge.
At Oxford be had long been master, and on
22 June he sent down a body of statutes,
whidi were cheerftillj accepted by convoca-
tion. On 20 Aug.
ho appeared at O.xford to
do honour to the kin^ who was then on a
it to the universitT, and on the 80th
showed him over the Uodletan Libcaijy and
took him round St. John's.
^;cawhile pacitans attacked Um
tad hit
6ii Laud
system with senrrilottB Mttsnieis. WboB,
on 14 June three of them, Prynne,
Burton, and Bastwick, were brought up for
eentenoe in the 6tar<hamber, Laud seised
narian as the conference with Fisher is on nis
views concerning doctrine ( If'orl-^^ vl. -V').
In the course of his speech Laud referred
bitterly to a book isauea by Bishop Williana
\inf'er the title of 'The Hofy Table, Name and
Thing,' in which a compromise in the dispute
about the poeition of the comnnnion table
was recommended. "Williams was nt this
time being prosecuted in the StaxHsUambcr
and high commissioB court for personal of-
fence.'', and on 30 Aug., after he hnl be>n f^en-
tenced. Laud by the King's command offered
himabish opnc in Wales or Ireland, OB con-
Lincoln and his other bi netices, he would
acknowledge himself guilty of die erimea
imputed to him, and his error in pnMi-liing
his book (^LamMk MUSS. mxxx. foL bd b).
In spiteof all that he was now doing, Laud
was unable to understand why hi^ mainto*
nance of the strict fleveritjof the law of tb*
church should be interpreted as savonrinfr of
a tendency to he on good term*? with ll 'in.-,
and on 22 Oct., many conversions to lioman
Catholicism having been made through tlio
Fanzani as papal a^nt, he took the oppor-
tunity of complaining at the council ot tl^
favour shown to Human catholics, and of
asking that Walter Monta^ the Earl of
Mancneetei^s Boman cathohc son, might be
I
I
prosecuted before the court of hij^'h commis-
J
si on. By this Laud drew down on himself
the displeasure of the nueen. 'I doubt not/
be wrote to Went worth, 'but T have enemiee
enough to make use of this. Indeed, my lord,
I have a very hard task, and Ch)d, I beeeecb
two great factions, very like com between
twomin-etones'(LaudtoWentwortb,l Nov.,
I'A. vii.378). lie found the queen's influpnce
too strong to be resisted. At his impor-
tunity, indeed, Charles consented to iaen> a
firoclarantion thn-atentng the Romnn r;iThM-
ics with the penalties of the law; but when
it appeared on SO Dee. it was found that it
hn l b* en so toned down aa to be practioal^
worthless.
At the same time Laud vras not unmindfvl
of the duty of encouraging those who unde9>>
took the church's defence bv argument. He
took an interest in the pnblieation of (!%il-
lingworth's Religion of Protesta^t^' towards
'
the end of 1637, and though in t he spring of
1638 he sent for John Hales v.^ ol Elo
Digitized by Google
 Laud ^11 Laud
to complain of his tract on ' Schism/ warning as it was called, against Scotland tilled bim
him that ' thm ooold not be too much care with despondency (Laud to Roe, 26 July,
taken to prpserve the peace and unity of the t6. vii. 5s3). Lat4?r in the year Went worth's
church/ he treated him ia a friendly way, and arrival in England and his instalment as
took no repressive measures a^aintt him. No Charles's chief political adviser gave him
doubt Chulinp-worth, and still more Hales, a gleam of hope. With Went worth, I^ud
held opinions in which tht- archbishop did not had long carried on a familiar correspondence,
bare, but he saw in their appeal to reaaon as the only one in which he allowed himself
agnin.-'t do|c^ati?m ill lies in his double conflict. perfect frp<^dom of expression. When, in
Laud was already involved in that inter- December 1U39, Strafi"ord proposed that par-
ianaux with the Scottish church which liament ahould be summoned to vote money
proved ultimately dististmus to his system. for a new war against Scotland, Laud gave
When he accompanied thu king to Scotland him his support. What he ii ured for the
ia 16S3 he had ban shocked by the uneccle- church was an attack upon it from witlumt
jtastical appearance of the churche-s, and on by the discontented nohillty and gentry sup-
cue occasion an intimation that the change ported by the Scots. At the beginning of
he disliked had been mads ftt the Reforma- every year he sent the king an account cf
tion drew from him the remark that it was the state of religious discipline in his pro-
BOtreformationbutadcformation. Charles's vince, and the one which he gave on li Jan.
piopoaal to issue new canons and a new 1640 (ib. v. 361) contained ao Ibw marks of
prayer-book for the Scott ish church may havo dissatisfaction that the king noted at the
been suggested by Laud at any rate, the arch-
; end : I hope it is to be understood that what
'

bishop heartily supported it. The work was
indec-a entrusted to the Scottish bishops, hut
it was sent to the king to revise, and m that
revision Charles was guided by the opinions
of I^ud and Wn n. Officially Laud had
nothing to do with the matter, but it was
perfectly well tmdaralood in Sootlaad how
grit his influence waa, and the canons and
prayer-book weretherahald to have emanated
direetlj from him whom they entitled the
pope of Canterbury.
When, on 23 July 1G37, the cxjdosion took
place at St. Giles's Chiueh at jSdtabur^h,
and the Scottish bishops w*'r? growinj^^
frightened at the result of their handiwork,
LMid uiged that there should be no drawing
back. * VVill they now,' hf wrote of th-;
bishops to Traquair, 'cast down the milk
they nave given because a few milkmaids
have scoldea at them ? I hope they will be
better advised.* In March 1638, in a lit of
ill-temper, Laud complained to the king of
the jeers of Archie Armstrong [q. v.], the
king's jester, and poor Archie was expelled
finplB court, though at Laud's intercession he
wcapod a flon-ijing. The jester only gave
utterance to public opinion. Everywhere
liMid was belu up to toe indignation of men
as the real author of the Scottish troubles.
Laud s system of obtaining unity of heart
hy the impention of compulsory uniformity
of action was in truth breaking down. It
wa5 in vain that on 10 Feb. 1639 he pub-
lished by tlie king's orders an amended re-
port of his Conference with Fisher,' in order
'
to prove that his principles differed widely
from those of the Roman catholics. Ho
found few to liclieve him, and befor-- long
t^ disastrous rciiuit of the lirst bi^ihopa' war,
is not certified here to be amiss is right
touching the observation of my instructional
which granted, this is no ill certiGcate.'
In the meeting of the committee of eighty
in which the rpiestion of undertaking a
second war with Scotland was discussed
after the dissolution of the Short parliament,
I^ud spoke in support of ^Ventworth (now
earl of Strafford) ui favour of providing, even
by unconstitutional measures, for the war.
'Tried all ways '
such at least is the abstract
of his spuech which has reached us * and re-
fused all ways. liy the law of God and man
you should hftva anbaiatence^ and lawful to
take it.'
As ofWn happens with men in autlunity,
Laud's power was believed to be more un-
limited than it was, and when the king, rest-
inff upon the opinion of the lawyers he con-
eulteci, alloweu convocation to continue its
sittings after parliament had b+^en dissolved,
the blame was thrown upon Laud, though
he had dissuaded Charles fmra tal<i!VK' a step
which was likely to be condemned by j>ubliG
opinion. As, however, Charles was firm on
this point, Laud made use of the prolonj;^
sittings of convocation to pass through it a
new body of canonB in wuich, though the
Laudian discipline was enforced, an ntfeni])t
was made to explain it in such a way us to
satisfy honaat inquirers. So far the canons
breathe a more bberal spirit than is to b
found in the contentions of their opponents.
It was, however, I^aud's miafortone thatnt*
tempting as he did to force upon the many
the religion of the few by the strong hand
of power, he was driven to take apolitical
side with that authority in the state which
was working in his favour. The new canon^

Digitized by Google
 ^$4 Laud
tliertforc, declared that 'the most high and blessing ho faintcil, overcomo with emotion
*
acred oaler of kinds' v^ia ' of diirine tight at the sight before him.
R'nt^ that it wafl therefore an offenhe aramst Unlike Strafford, Laud wa;s not re?ard3
God to malntAin * any iiidebendent coJctiTe as immediately dang^us to parliament, and
pow^r, either pttj^Qor^^ttlar,' and that ' for no attempt was for some time made to pro-
pnbjfM^ts to bear flroas wainst their kings, ceed against him. On 2^ June 1641 he re-
offensive or defensive,' *at the least, to signed the chancellorship of the univeraily of
resist the powers which are ot'Aiined of God/ Oxford. Parliament was too biisjr to mtaSk
and tbereBy to 'receive to themselves damna- further with }iim,and it was not till 31 Mtj
tion/ Men not under the influence of Laud's l(>4ti that an order was issued to Prynneand
ecclesiastical theoriea rightly jiiaged that the others to seize on his letters and papers in
price to be paid for the establish ni'^nt of his the expectation of findlng^ evidence ajrair.jit
system in the church was submission to him, an opportunity which Prj'une used to
absolutism in the state. publish a garbled edition Of iD6'p1fiiMad&^
Ridicule is often a stronger weapon than of the archbis-hop.
indimntion, and nothing did Laud's cause so It was not, however, tiU 19 Oct. 1643,
mtlcn h^rm aa the deinatd made in the soon after the acceptance By pkrliafflentof
canons thit whole chi'^es of men should the solemn league and covenant, that thi>
swear never to give their 'consoTit to alter commons sent up further articles apainst
the govt;haaedt of this church by areh- Laud, and on the 2Srd the Jl^pUsc of J, rds
bishnps, deans, and archdeacons; &c.' People directed him to 5end in hisanSWer. The ac-
asked whether they were to swear perpetual txial trial did not begin till 12 March 1644.
adhereniie to a hierarbhy ihh detltila (Xf ft'tleh 'I*here was hardly even the seiiiblance of
th* framers of the oatb were unnbte or un- jiHir inl impartiahty at the trtaL Th few
willing to specify. Thb etcetera oath, aa mi mbcr.- of the liouse of Lord< who still re-
it wai ^alledy tttxHeA the UiiA igmst mained at Westtalinster stroUed in and oatj
I^ud. without cnrirtg to obtain an^ conii^ted ide*
Laud Was now by common cohscnt treated of the evidence on eitln r side, Th^ had
S th^ source of those e^lk Jii church and made up their minds that I^tid hid atteaiptsd
state of which Stratford wns rerrarded as the to alter the foundations of church and 8t<te,
most Tigorous defender. Libfllers assailed and that was enough for them. Neverthe-
hunttadmobs callod for his punishment. As loMttto'VOlaxbilioiis charges had to take their
the silmTnor of 1610 passed awav he saw the course, and it was not till 1 1 Oct. that Laud'*
ground slippiJip^ from henonth hi;> iVet by the counsel were heard on points of law. They
ntiseaitiltge of the king's olTorts to provide an urged, as Striitl" inl's oouniiel had before wged
ahiiy capable of defyinjj the S'cots. Early in on behalf of their cliont, that he had not
October ne was obliged by Chuclcs's orders committed treason under the statute of Ed-
to inikpend the etcetera o'nth. On 22 Oct., ward IIL It was an argument wl^HUtdlt
when tne treaty of Ripon disclosed the weak- lords were' peculiarly sensitive, ad they trers
ness of the crown, a mob broke into the more likelv than person.s of mcaliie^ ranTt to
high commission court and sacked it. Laud be accused of trMSoo, and the enMniiss of the
fearlrpsly called on the Stdr-charabcr to ar. hbishop sOon began to doUbt ^thrthor tli
punish the offenders, but the other membbrs compliance of the lords was as assured as they
of the Star-chamber shrank from increasing had hoped. Oin 28 Oct. a petlttoii fiir tM
the lond of unpopularity which lay heavily execution of Laud and Wr^n wn.^ presented
upon them, and left the rioters to another to the commons by a large tiumber of Lon-
court, in whlcli they escaped stot-frre. On don. rs. and on the Slit tne commdnS, drop-
Nov. the Long parliament met-. On Eing the impeachment, rc8olv<<l to prooe-'d
18 Dec, the commons impeached Laud of y an ordinance of attainder. This orainance
treason . lie was placed in confiiiement, and was sent up on 22 Not:, toil as thfe lords de-
on 24 Feb. 1641 articles of impeaohraont wore la3-ed its pne?npe the commons threatened the
voted against him, and on I March he was lords with the intervention of the mob. On
coUuliUied to the To^er. Here, on 1 1 May, 17 Doc. the lords gave wdy so far as to tot*
he n^ceivcd a message from Sfrnfford, who that the allefrarions of the ordinance wera
was to be executed ou the morrow, asking true in matter of fafct,Or, in other words, that
for his firayers, and for hii preacdiM at the Laud had endeavoured to suhVert the fiinda>
window before which he \<'a8 to pass on his mental liiws, to alter relig-ion as by law eS-
way to the scaffold. On the morning of the tabliahed, and to subvert the rights of psr-
12th Lahd appeared at the window as he liamont. The^ did noi, however, proceed
Im-l been askeci to do; but after raising hii' to pass the ordinance, arid on 2 Tan. 1645 a
kuiih in accompaaimeat of the words of pouference was held, in which the commoM

Digitized by Google
 Laud 635 Laud
<rput"d that parliament had the right of de- A relation of the conference between' f.iiud
curing aojr criiD<is it pleased to bd treason^ and Fisher the Jesuit appeared iirst as an
alOK On 4 Jta. tti^ ftoiiae of Lb^ gave a^jiendiT^ to Dr. fVanda^t^i "ft^li^ f o'
way, an! pas^oJ tl;'^ ordinance ('History of Jesuit Fishers Answere to Gertain Ques-
th* Troublea and Trialsi' iu IVorlu, VOL0. iiL tions,' &C., London, \&2i. It was signed
and ir.^ . R^lchard] B[aily], Baily being Liiud^s cMp-
Lfi'id had in hid possession a pardon from lain. The second and first complete edition
tixe king, dated in April 1643k J^liia ha ten- was ill 1639. foL, third edition IG73, fourth
dered to lihd houBtet but though tba lords edition 1686; a reprint was published at Ox<
were ioclined to accept it, it \Cas rtjected by fonl in TS:>0. T.aud's' Dldrv^,' the manuscript'
the coflunons. lie tken aaked that the usual of which is at St. John's College. Oxford, first
iNrbuxms form ofezectition feiriretfion might appeared' ita Prynn'e's garbled edition of 1o44.
in his case be commuted for beheadinfj, ajul Tt was tiibli?hed by Wharton in full in 1005.
though he commons at lirst rejected his re-
t Parts 01 the ' Sum of Devotions ' were printed
quest, they on the 8th agreed to give the in 1650 and' 1603. A complete ediUpn <^I^-
pequircd permission Joumals,vn. 127, Ejared at Oxf rd in 1667; other editions,'
1^; Cktmmom' JoumaUt iv. 12, ,13^. On onilon, 1667, 16B3, 1687, 1688, 1706: axe-.
10 Jan. tiaud wa^ brought to tetmilA 01k ?rint of the 1667 odltiijin was publiued in
Towrr ITilT. Hi; J( ltin>d that he cuuM find
i R.'jS. Tile nuinu.script of this work is misii-
in himstilf no oU'ence ' which di'scrvus death ing.* The History of the Troubles and Tryal,
bjthe known laws of the kingdom,' and pro- of iVilliatD, Archbishop of Gsaterbury,' of
tested against the char;;^ of '
hrin^^inj; in of which the miinuscript is at St. John's, was'
Bopeiy/ expressing commiseration for thecun- edited by Wharton in 1695. 'An Historical
dition of tne Cngliah ehnreh, and assorting Account of all Material Tiran^etions relating
himself to Muivp always lived in tin pro- to the University of Oxford ' during Laud'a
teatant church of England.' * WJuit clamoura chancellorship was publi-sbed from the manu-
ahd aUuadenk'I Bsve endttred/ be added, * for script at.St. John's Ly \Miarton in 160S. A
Ubonring to keep an uniformity in the cx- collected edition of Laud's works was edite<l
tenal aeryiM of Qod according to the doc- by Henry Wharton, 1695-1700. "VVharton
trine ftnd* dhciflliie of l9ie chureli all men died before the second volume appeared, ana
know, and I have abundantly f it.' After a it consequently 'was3uper\ i.^eil by his fatlit-r,

praver be moved forward to take his place Edmund Wharton. It contains, besides the
at Uie block. Sir John dotworthy, however, wox&s noted above, the speech delivsMT on'
thou^i^'ht iit to interrupt him with theological 14 Juno 16^ at tho censure of Bast wick.
Soestiona* Ijaud anawered some of them, and Burton, and Prvnne, which had apfiearedv
ben tuned away and, after a prayer, laid separately in 1697, and a few letiert atid
Bis head upon thf bloi^k. lie was beheaded in fiapers. An edition of tho whole works (Ox-
theseventv-aecondyearof hiaage. His bod/ ord, 1847-60, 8vo) forms part of the 'Li-
was buried in the ebaneel of AJl Hallows brary of Anglo-CatholicTh^ology ; ' vols', i-ii"
Barking, whencf^ it was removed to the (ed. \V. Scott), vnh. iii.-vii. (ed. W. nii.-vs).
chapel of St. Jolm'a College, Oxford, on Portraits of Laud bv Vandvck, or aftr
34 July lees. Vandyck, are at St. John's Coflege, Oxford,
It has often been said that Laud s system, at St. Peterriburg, at Lanibeih Palace, and in'
and not that of hia opponents, prevailed in the nossesfiion of Earl Fitzwilliam at Went-
the chureli of ESnglana, and that the relipon worth. A
dipf of ^lie Lambetb nicture by
of that church showed itoclf at the end ol the Henry Stone is in the Xational Portrait
seventeenth century to be less dogmatic than Gallery. At St. J<^hn's-Collegc it> also a bust
ttat of the puritans, while its ceremonies' bjan unknown artist, possibly by Le Sueur.
were almost precisely those which had been
[The main source is Land's Works, including
defended by Laud. The resul^ however, was
hiti Correspondeuoe. His biogruphy was writtea
only finally obtained by a tdtal abanatament
by hiti diNeiple and admirsr^ Hqr^t under Um;
of laud's methods. What had been im- titJe ot Cvpriimus AngKeos. Pryntoe^s Hidden
possible to effect in a chucdi to the wornhip WurkH of Darknese and '.m'. rl>ury's D'yjm OoO-
I

efwliich every peraon in tlielaadf wa!^ obliged taio many <1 wument* oi importaucw, but iheyare
to conform became possible in a church chtractariswi by a violnot and uncriticHl spirit.
hick any one who pleased was at liberty References to Liu i ;\rH frequent in the Lott#*r!l
J abandon. also VVood's
and StJito Tiperti ol tiie time. S>e
Laud published seven of his sermons at Athena Oxod. d. Bliss, iii, 117-144; Hook's'
the times of their delivery ; they were col- Lives of the Archbishops of CHoterbury, anif
VfeuA in onsi yolume, 12mo, in I60I: i'le* lives by C. SC. Simp'kinson (1 894) atod by fi!
lldi idltidn Wai fubltshed In 18281 Button (18tf5>;] 8.B.0,

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lauder
LAUDEB, GEORGE (Ji. 1G77), Scottiah
wet, bom about 1600, was ^ounfer son of
Lauder of Hatton, Midlothian, by Mary,
third daughter of Sir Richard Maitland of
Lething^on [q. .] lie probably i^radiuted
M.A. at Edinburgh University in 10i?0. lie
seems to have entered the English ann{,where
he attained the rank of colonsL and in 1627
it is likely that he accompanied the Duke of
T^ucktnglmm on the expedition to the isle
of Kj. As & royalist he spent many years
on the continent, living cuiefly at Breda,
Holland, where ho printed vnrioiiH po+'mp,
and appears to have entered tlie army of the
Prince of Orange. Writing from the Hague,
1 April 1662, to Lauderdale, he thanka him
for Kindness to his son. On 15 Aug. 1677|
trhen with his vegiment at Embriek, & rafiMn
in another V^f tor to Lnnderdale to some offer
which had been made to him by Sir George
Downing of a place in the guards, and says
that he declined it becau^ having ' more
hungry stomachs than myne owne to fill 'he
reqiuted some provision to be made for his
wue and children. He also asks to be ' freed
from the rigour of the law and proclamation
and receaved into the number of his majesty's
free subjects {Add. MSS, 23116 f. 9, 23127
' Boewell without reference.
f 201). A referencu in Sinclair's 'Truth's
Victory over Error' (Edinburgh, 1684) shows
that he reached an advanced age. In ' Fugi-
tive Scotlsh rortry of the Seventeenth Cen-
tury David Laing wronsly makes 1670 tlie
'
year of his death. In uie same work (2nd
neries) Laing gives a ' Christmas Carol' by
*
F. G.,' For t he lleroycall L, Colonel Lauder,
' Scott Lauder [n. v.], was born at SilvermilU,
Patron of Truth,' and an 'Epitaph on the
J lonourable colonel Oeorge Laudaf by Alex-
ander Wodderbume.
Lauder's poems are mainly patriotic and
aiUitary. lie writes the heroic couplet with
considerable vigour, and skilfully compasses
an irregular sonnet. His most notable
ehtevement it his sveeeMfnl memorial noem,
'Damon, or a Pastoral F1p<j-v on the Death
of his honoured Friend, ^VilUam Drummond
<tf Hawthomden.' This was nrefixed to
Drummond's' Poems' (1711). Robert Mylne,
an industrious collector, possessed a good set
of Lauder's tracts ; and a quarto manuscript
in Now Hailw Library contains several of his
pieces, apparently transcribed from cojiies
printed on the continent. Two of these, i'he
*
Scottish Souldier' and Wight' (an appeal
*
from the Isle of Wight for bulwarks), were
ftrinted about 1629, and republished in
Firondes CaduesB,' by Sir Alexatider Boswell
of Auclilnltck (Edinburgh, 1818). In the
second series of Laing's 'Fugitive Scotish
Poetry'eve the follomiiff fmir noent from the
aaqqe collection: ^Leumrdalre Veledictoij
636 Lauder
Address,' 1622 ; 'The Souldier's Wish,' 1628:
' Aretophel, a
Memorial of the seeood Lora
Scott of Buccleuch,' undated, but probably to
be assigned to 1634 ; < Death of King Charlei,'
16^. Leudei'a other writings, aooordingto
a list compiled by Geor::f' Chalmers, and pre-
fixed to ' Frondee Caducas,' are : * Tweed*!
Teere of Joy, to Oharles, Great Britaio'c
King,' 1639, Advocates' Library, TracU and
Signet Library, Edinburgh 'Caledonia's Co-
;
venant,' 1641, Ritsou and Signet Library;
'His Dog, for a New Year's Gift to Jnni '*
Fr8l<in^, Col. of a Scots Regiment,' Brrtla,
1(U7, Mylue'ii MS. Catalogue ; ' Mars 13el-
gicu8,or y' Funeral Eleg>' on Henry, Prioes
of Orange,' Pr.vk, VWI, >lj-lne's Ciltaligue;
'Achilles Auriacus, or a luneral El^eoa
the Death of William, Priiioe of Oniig<
Breda, 1650, Mylne; ' Eubulus, or a F^aad
Loyal Discourse to hie Sacred Majesty, V?
one of hie meet Feithftall Su^ects,' 1 660,Coi-
lege Library, Edinburgh ' Hecatombe Chris-
;
tiana, or Christian Meditations and Disouiji-
tions upon the Life and Death of our Lord and
Saviour, Jesus Christ,' 1001, College LibrsiVt
Edinbiirph HrtMla Exultans, or a Poem on
;
'
the Happy I'eoce with England,' given bj
[Laing's Fagitire Seotlsh Poetry and Bov
well's Frondes CadooB, m above ;
Irving'^ Scot-
ish Poetiy; Massoo's Drummond of Hawtiwra-
dsn, p. 41.] T. B.
LAtTDKR, JAMES BCKFORD (1811-
1809), painter, younger brother of Roljort
Edinburgh, on 15 Aug. 1811 (see inscription
on the back of his brother's monument in
Warriston cemetery, Edinburgh). In his early
art studies he was aided by his elder brother,
and he attended the antique class of the
Trustees' Academy from July 1830 till June
1 b33. In 18^ he'joiued his brother in Italv,
where he remained nearly four years. Ckibis
return he settled in Edinbnrgh,and from 1S32
when he was first represented by 'TheGip^
Otrl'hewas aTer\' regular oontribntortotw
exhibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy,
of which he was elected an associate in 1839,
and a full member in 1846. He also exhibited
fourteen works in the Royal Academv, the
British Institution, and the Suflolk $treot
Gallery, London, between 1841 and 1853;
and in 1847 his 'Parable of Forgiveness'
gained aprizeof 200/. at the Westminster Hall
competition. Among his more importantjptc-
tuee were * Julie end Lucetta,' a scene Iron
the Two Gentlemen of Verona ' 1840
Pay ;
*
and Night/ 1846; ' Lorenso and Jessica,' 1849 ;
* Bailie Dancen Uiewheeble st Breakfast,'
1864; <The FaraUedtheTcnVligUii^* 185^
Digitized by Google
 Lauder 37 Lauder
agrayed Lumb Stocks : and ' Hagar/ 1 Nov. 1689 appointed a lord of session, with
1867, now in the National Gallery of Scot- the title of Loni FonnteinhalL On the 27th
land. Hediad at Edinbui^ on 37 Haidi of the following .January he was made r lord
18^9. justiciary. In 1692 he was ofi'ered the olUco

fKedipnml^ IKetionary of Artiate of tha Bo|r- of lord advocAte, hut declined, except on con-
dition that he were allowed to proseoute the
Imb School; information from family \>oo]iH of
;

Ikutaaa' Aadamv : cataloffuea of exhibitions.} agents in the massacre of (Uencoe. Tie further
J. M. O. opposed the union with England, and voted
against it. Not long afterwards h" re'jifrned
LAUDER, Sir JOIIN, of Fountalnhall, the office of lord j ii-t iciary from failing health,
Lord Foustaiwhall (1646-1722), born in but he oontinu) il for so me^jeus to discharge
Edinburgh 2 Aug. 1646, was dc^^^onded from }ii.<;duties as lord of eoenoa. He died on
aaoldHaddin^tonfamily which can be traced 2U Seut. 17L'2.
hdl to tlM thirteenth century, and claims aa Although not possessing exceptional abi-
an ancestor ono of the AngloXorman barons lities, Lauder, by his wide Knowledge of law
who accompanied Malcolm Caumuro to Scot- and the conscientious care with which he dis-
land in 1056. lie was the eldest son of Jolm charged his Judicial dtttioR, obtained geaenl
Lauder, an Edinbiirgh merchant and bailie, re**i>ect. It is, howpver, rather as a chronicler
who was created a Nova Scotian baronet in or diarist thu.t he has acquired fame. The
1688, by his second wife, Lsabella, daughter majority of his manuecripta are in the library
of Alexander Ellis of Merton Hall, "VVijj- of the Faculty of Advocates, Edinburgh.
townshire. John wtia educate<l at the high '
The Decisions of the Ivords of Council and
school and uniTersity of Edinburgh, gra- Session from June 6th, 1678, to July SOth,
duating M.A. on 18 July 1664. In the fol- 1712, collected by the FTonourable Sir John
lowing yeiir he went to the continent, partly Lauder of Fountaiuhall, one of the senators
vitk Uie view of studying law. After some of the College of Justice, contAining also the
time epent in travelling he resided from Transactions of the Privy Council, of the
98 Jolj It3ti5 till 24 April 1666 at Poitiers. Criminal Court^ and Court of Exchequer,
Later in the same year he proceeded bv Pari.*, and interspereed irith a variety of Histori-
Brussels, and Antwerp to Leyden, where he cal Facts and many curious Anecdotes,' was
matriculatetl at tlie university on 27 Sept. fiublished at Edinburgh, 17o9-61, in two TO-
(Index to Iityden Sttuient*, p. 59). He passed umes. In addition Fountainhall kept a eep*-
advocate at the Scottifth bar on 5 June 1668, rate historical nv.ord, contained in two manu-
and from the time of hia admission began to scripts. The earlier, entitled ' Miscellanie
kei^ a record of the decisions of the court of Historical! Collections, digested into Annals,
teeston. Along with fifty other members of by f^rder of tyme as they occurred,' extended
tbe Scottish bar he supoorted Sir George from IGGO to 1(!80, but has apparently been
Loekhart fq. v.] in his resolve to appal from lost. The second, which ho named 'Histo-
a court of law to the parliament. They rical Observes of Memorable Occurrents, hap*
were in consequence debarred and banishnd pening either in Church or State,' extenoe
tvalTe miles from the city (Sik Gkohuk from 1680 to 1701. From this manuscript
MAfKF^fzir, Memoirf, p. 2i)3), but after a KolMTt ATylne.un Edinburgh lawyer, between
je&r'h exile they were permitted to retuni. 1727 and 1729 made aseries of extracts, occa-
Lauder was one of the council for the Earl sionally abridging them, and also inserting
of Argyll on his trial in 1681 for lease- additions and corrections of his own, indi-
making and for having previously advised cating persontd knowledge, but also a strung
;

theean that hie conduct was lawful, Lauder Jacobite bias. A portion of these extracts
and eight other advocates WCN Called before was published by Sir Walter Scott in 1822,
the council and censured. under the title Chronological Notes of Scot-
'

On 23 April 1686 Lauder waa elected a tish Affairs from 1080 till 1701, being chiefly
Biember of the Scottish parliament for the taken from the Diary of I^rd Fountainhall.'
county of Haddington. He alsosat as member The diary was printed in full by the Banna-
for the same county in the parliaments of tyne Club in 1840. The club also printed in
1690-1702 and of if02-7. Although mode- 1848 Historical Notices of Scottish Affairs,
'

rate and cautious in the expression of his selected from the Manuscripts [of the '
De-
ophouoiM, he disapproved of the policy of the cisions'] of Sir John louder of Fountainhall,
goremment of James II against the cove- 1661-1688.' The 'Observes' and the 'No-
nanters, and holding decided protestant tices' of Fountainhall are among the moat
views, he also took a firm stand against the important historical authorities for theperiod
attempts of the king to establish Catholicism. of Scottish history inrluded in them.
He support^ the revolution, and wm on When Fountainhall s father was created a

Digitized by Gopgle
 Lauder
]Boronpt In hU tlu'rd wife, on the groun^
of Fountaifiball's disloyalty, obtainpcl the
succession to the title for litjr own 8Qu George;
"but aftor tlio revolution Fountai|ihftll secured
a now de^tio^t^om hj whiph In 1(}92 it de-
0ceQ4^ to 0
Jianjsay, daughter of Sir
mairie^Arst'io Janet
Andrew llarasay,
jiurd Abbotshful, fuid secondly toMfii^ion An-
denon, daughter of Andersrm of Baltrahi.
[e lu^d issue by both marnagns, and was
Bucceeded in the title by John^Ei^ ddeat^n
the first marriage.
[Prcfaoea to HiRtorical Obserres and Hi-
t'>ricfil Notices, and also InridcntAl notice in
those volumes and Id Fonntaiuhall's Decisions;
Brunton and Haig's Senut/ rH of the ColleRO of
JnMice, pp. 442-18 ; ChApibnVl JBmineot 5^cnt<;-
men.] ' ." "
T. P. H.
tiAXJDBR, ROBERT .SCX)l*r (1803-
18o9), subjprt painter, brother of James Erlt-
ford Lauder [a. v.l waa bom nt Silverpilb,
Bdinburgli, 25 June 1808, tbe tlur^ sdn tit
a tanner of the place. An early aptitude
for art received no encopragemcnt at home
the )k>7 ^tdentalLy made the acqnai^-
tanoe of David Roberts, then an entbuslastic
young painter, from whom he received wel-
come incitement and some hinta in ttie
'management of colours. In June 1822 ho
entered the Board of Trustees' Drawing A.ca-
demj, where he studied in the antique cWses
tinder Andrew "Wilson. He next went tD
Ijondon, drew in tbf^ British Museum, and
..attended a lie academy. Ketumififf to din-
'Iraivlt in 1826, be ctrntrauefl his stftmes nnd^
}iis friend William Allan [q. v.], then master
the Trustees' Academy, whose classes he
coiidmited fbr a year, m 1829-80, diiring
Allan's absence abroad. From 1826 t ill 1830
be exhibited twenty-three works in the Royal
Institution, Edinburgh, of which he was ap-
pointed an associate in 18^8. lie was one of
the twenty-four artists connected with that
body who, on 18 July 1820, were admitted
members of the Scottish Academy which
obtained its royal charter in IPMS aiifl itb 'r^
few interruptions he contributed to its exhibi-
tions from 1828 iiU the yeaf of Hie destn.
ITe also exliibited in tUe Royal Academy and
,the British Inatitiytfon, Londgn, tUirtjr-six
fforks, trim 1827 to 18^. His aH was
much influenced by the Rev. John Thomson,
the painter-minister of Duddingston, whose
voungeat daughter, Isabella, he married. In
1^33 visited the oonj^nent, where he re-
mained for five years studying the greot
listers in Venice, Flo^nc^ Rome, and Bp-
Iqgpal with marked impsove^ent of bis own
work in dignity and in beaut^ of colouring.
"VV hile abroad Itje was also much epaployed
jprtmtum. Qe i^etimfe4 1^ fnd re^idea
63? Laudef
in Lcmdo^ ; here his works attracted grprt
attention, and hjs became first presidaitof
^e KfLijonal Institution of the Fine Ail^
exhibiting in the Portland Gallery, l^nt
Street (information received from his dao^
terl. U Mtahit 1888 (hoAM miatM^
was appointed principal teacher in the draw-
ing academj of the Board of Trustees. Edu*
baVgh, a pontion whidi he retained anertlis
ufiiliation of the school with t^e Science^
Art Department in 1858, and from which he
retired in 1861. As a teacher he extxdseti
a most beneficial influence upop iiifiw t^
Paul Chalmers, Orchu^
artists of Scotland:
and Peter Gnilua
son, Pettie, ilcWhirter,
were among the pu^Is whom he stimids^
as well aa instnirtprl. An attnek' ofparalyri*
in 18C1 compelled himtogivt;ap wiotL He
died in Edinburgh, 21 Apra 1889. '
'
Lauder's art is distinguished by rr-fin- nif nt
and a delicate sense of beauty, by rich i
pleasing colouring, and by n^xxdh drsmaft
power. His Trial of Eflie Dean3,'1840, now
'
at Hospitaltield, Arbroath, is the greatest of
his productions, and is perhaps the no^
vi\ialy dramatic fi^ure-pictore execnt^ la
Scotland. Among' his other important worfa
are 'The Brido otLQipmcnnobr,* 1^1, which
gained the Liverpool prize in that year Chrijt :
*
walking on the $ea,' contributed to the Ws
min^ter Hall competition in 1$47, now^d
m the Bufdett-Coiiits oolleetion; '1^1^
Pierre, the Connt-'^s of Croyo. and Queotia
:'
Durward in the Inn/ 1851 Chriat sfipBU^
'
ing to ttie pisriplesontheWay'to Sboiui'
jmi i and nirfyt teaching Hamility,MSl^.
'
which, oloqg with other of his works, and
bis buist'in marble by his pupil, John Hutcltf*
son, RS.a:, Is in the Khtiaqal GtStmj
Scotland.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artist-a of the Enf-
liflh Sciol; tnioute book of Bwrd of TrustMl:
exhibition cntaloE^MCW, and Cat. of Nat. Gallfry
of Scot!.; Art jDurnal, ii. 12; informaticm ni*
ceired from bia dauphter.]
LAUDER, THOMAS (1396-1481).
bishop of Dunkeld, born in 1805, in 14^ WM
m^wter bf the hospital of ^Itrs or Sbltrf in
Midlntbinn, bel. the Trinitarian.'' or
til
Bed Friars, liis name occoi^i in the charten
o!r 'this hospital fboin 8 fan.' t4d7>8 ^to^
Aiignit 1444. In the latter year he fouded
a chapel at the altar of St. Martin and 3t.
Thomas in the Holy Cross aisle of St. G ilea*
Church, iMlInburffh. lliis endowment wm
cpufirmed by royal charter given l^y Jamp? ITl
in 1481. He was npned precept orto Jameall,
who in 1 452 promoted hmi to the see of Diu-
keld. By his exemplary life phd frequent
m preaching he is said to hare made a salutary
tm^ree^OQ on ra<b ^o|)uiatibit of )^
Digitized by Google
 Laudef
^fapeee.W'hf n beg&n to officiate at
first
imnield he -was drirt^n from the altar by
nned bands of highland robbers yet ho so ;
Iw pacified the country as to be able to hold
Kjnod in his church. This building, bogun
Jam.^ ^' - " ^dy (1 406 ?- 1 4 G.*)) [q. v.1. Lau-
dir's^n. >r, was finisheil ana deuioated
bj him in 1464. He provided it with glass
wiadows and adomod the portico with eta-
tUJirv. lie increased the number of canons,
wovided prebends, and founded a chantry.
He obtained the royal authority to form the
Bishop Und^ on the north ^Ide of thoTay into
ibtrony, to be called the barony of Dunkeld
tad those on the south side into another, to
]le cftlled the barony of Abcrlady. lie built a
Ividge over the Tay near to his palace, which
irucomplet4ed on 8 July 1461 and performed
, teristic of him
jiany otoer acts of public utility and charity.
He wrote the life of Bishop John Scott, one
of ills predecessors in the see of Punkeld,
Md ilso a volume of sermons termed 'Pos-
fOe^y or Brief Notes on the Evangelists,' He
died 4 Nov. 1481, (ind was buried in the
cathedral.
fThs Dpnkeldeosis Ecclesise Episcoporuro ab
AkxaDdxo M>-Id eju^dem ecclesis Kdinbur^,
J831 Demp^r's Hist. Eccl. Gent. Scot. No. 820
;
Spotisvood's Uiit Rfgistrum Doniusde Soltre,
; of his blue carriage makes their soles itch to
BecnoQ ccle8is CoUegiatse S. Trinitatis propa
Edmbnrg, &c. (Bannatyne Club). 1801.1
J. G. P.
LAUDER. Sib THOMAS DICTv (1784-
1&48), author, bom in 1784, was a descendant
of Sir John Lauder of Fountninlmll [q. v.]
Hi father was Sir Andrew Lauder, sixth
baronet of Foiintalnhall, who married Isubel
Dick, the heiress of Grange, and his mother
Dirtbeth, daughter of Tlxomiia Brown of
Jobjustonburh. For a short time he hiJd a
ctnnmission in the 79th regiment (Cameron
bkUanders), but on his marriage to CIuuv
l(|t^ Cumin, only child and heiress ot George
Camin of Relupas, Elginshire, he took upliis
midence there. Tie succeeded to the baronetcy
on the death of his father in 1820, The scenery
ftii l^nds of the district gave a special bent
to l^s scjeptific and literary studies. In 1 Si
he began to contribute papers on chemistry,
Mturalhif^tOTT, and meteorology to the 'An-
nals of Philosophy,' edited by Professor Tho-
mas Thomson of Glasgow; and in 1818 he
read a roinarkablo paper on the 'Parallel
Boada of Olenroy/ in which he conclusively
prOTwi that thev were not artificially con-
itructed roads, but the result probably of
the action of a lake. Sl^ortlv after the com-
mencement of ' Blackwood 0 ^Iaga7.iDe ' in
1817 he cout/ibuted to it a tale, * Simon
KoT.Oardeni^ 9t Dumphail,' which was edi-
^nally described W '
written, we hay^ no
639 Lauder
doubt, by the author of Wavcrley.' To the
'Edinburgh Cyclopnedla he contributed a
*
ptatistical {iccount of the province of Moray.
Two romances by hun, 'Lochindhu' and
*Tlie Wolf of Badenoch,' appeared respec-
tively in 1825 and 1827, the scenes of both
being laid in Morayfihire, and theperiod that
succeeding tlie wars of Bruce. They at ohcjo
acquired popularity, and were translated into
several foreign languages; butlliough\'iTidly
realising the oharms of egctemal niiture and
ancient modes of life, thev are weak in cha-
racterisation. In 1830 there appeared the
most permanently popi^lar of all his workis,
' Account
of the Great Moray Floods of
1829,' which, according to Dr. John Brown,
contained * something of everything charac-
his descriptive power, his
humour, his sympathy for Buffering, his sense
of the picturesque.' Tn 1 832 Lauder removed
to his mansion of the Grange, near Edin-
hurgh. He was a zealous supporter of the
Heform Bill, and otberwise busied himself
in politics on the liberal side until his ap-
pointment in 18C9 as secretary to the Board
of Scottish Manufactures. 'He is,* wrote
Lord Cockburn, 'the greatest favourite with
the mob that the whigs have. The very sight
take out the horses.* He also credits him
with a tall, gentleman-like Quixotic figure,
'
and a general picturesqueness of appearance'
(Journal, 1874, i. 102), and was of opinion
that he could have made his ' way in the
world OS a player, or a ballad-singer, or a
street-fiddler, ora geologist, or a civil engi-
neer, or a surveyor, and easily or eminently
as an artist or a lawyer,* Soon after his a}H
pointm<iut to the secretaryship of the Board
of Scottish Manufactures it was united to
the Board of ^Vhite Herring Fishery, and h
became secretary to the consolidated board.
Tlie work was thoroughly congt-nial. OfEci-
ally he devoted much attention to the founda-
tion of technical and art schools, and he be-
came secretary to the Royal Institution for
the Encouragement of the Fine Arts. In
1837 ho published 'Highland liambles and
Legends to Shorten the Way,' 3 vols,; and
in 1841 'Legends andTalcsof the Highlands,*
a sequel to Highland Ramhles,' 3 vols. In
*
1842 appeared ' A Tour round the Coast of
Scotlana,* made in ^he course of his labours
as secretary of the Fisheiy Board, the joint
production of himself and James Wilson [q.v.]
the naturalist. In 1843 he published 'Me-
morial of the Royal Progrea^ in Scotland,'
1842. During the tedium of a long and pain-
ful illness he dictated to his daughter Susan
a series of papers descriptive of the rivers of
Scotland, which appeared Ma^
' "^Bli't
Digitized by Google
 Lauder
eine' from 1847 to 1849, and were repub-
lished in 1874, edited, with prt lace, by Dr.
John Brown, author of ' Hab aiidluB Friends.'
He died on 29 May 1848.
Lauder edited Sir Uvedale Price's ' Essays
m the Picturesque,' 1842, to which he pre-
find an essay 'On the Origin of Taste;'
Qilpin'e 'Forest Scenery,* and, along with
Thomas Brown and ^^ illiam Rhind, 'The
Miscellany of Natural iiistory,"2 vols. 1833-
1834. Many of his w^orks were illustrated
by drawings made by bimse'If. He left two
ons and ten daughters, and was succeeded
in the baronetcy hj hit eldart aaa, JvUm
Dick Lauder.
[Tait'a Mag. 2Dd ser. 1848. xv. 497 Oent.
Uag. new ser. 1848, xzx. 91-2 Lord Cock- ;
Imrn's Journal, 1874; Archibald Constable and
his Literary Correspondents, 1873, ii. 432-8;
preface by Dr. John Brown to Lander's Scottish
iru8, 1874 : Chambers's Eminent Seotsmeo.1
lAUDER, WILLIAM (d. 1426), lord
ehnncellor of Scotland and bishop of Glasgow,
was son of Sir Allan Lauder of Ilaltoun (or
Uatton) in Midlothian. He was appointed
archdeacon of Lothian. On 24 Oct. 1406
Henry IV granted him a safe-conduct to tra-
verse England, on his return from France,
whither he had gone on public business. He
was made bishop of Glasgow by Pope Bene-
dict Xni in 1408. The regent Murdoch,
duke of Albany, appointed him lord chan-
cellor in 1423, and on 9 Aug. of that year he
was named Urst commissioner to treat with
England for the ransom of James I, which
was accomplished during the following year.
Be added the battlements on the tower of
Glasgow Cathedral, made the crypt under the
chapter-house, and had the steeple built as
far as theflnt battlement. His arms are still who worked alternately at St. Andrews and
to be seen on these port ions of the cathedraL Edinburf^li.
He died on 14 June 1425.
[Fordun's Scotichronicon Rymer's
;
Fcedera Early English Text Society ill 1864.
Spotiswood's Chun:h Hist. Innra's Origines notice of Hall's edition appears in the Edin-
; '
Parochiales Scotise; Chalmers's Caledonia; Gor- burp^h Review,' vols. xciv. and xcv.
don's S( 'iticlironicon, ii. 497.]
LAUDER, WILLI A (l.'20?-ir)7.3),
Scottish poet, born in Lothian about 1520,
was 'among the students who were incorpo-
rated in St. Salvator's College ' at St. An-
drews in 1537. Another student of the
seme name jiuiied St. Leonard's College in
the same university in 1542, and qualified
himself for the degree of M.A. in 1 r>ii. The
poet after leaving the umTonity probubly
took priest's orders, but seems to have chiefly
devoted himself to literary work, and ob-
tuned eome celebrity as a deviser of court
pageants. In Fehniar}' 154H 9 he received
(he sum of HA for ' making a pluy to
640 Lauder
celebrate the marriage of Lady Barben
Hamilton, daughter of the TCfent Arran,
with Alexander, lord Gordon, son of Georgw
Gordon, fourth uarl of lluntly, When the
queen-dowager, Mary of Guise, arrived ia
Edinburjxh in 1554, 'the provost, bailli*',
and cuunsale' arranged for the performauoj
in her presence of a litill farsche & play
'
maid be Willinm Li&udeT* {Hdi'nb. Oouneil
Bf cords, ii. 40 A). In July 1658, at the
celebration of the marriage of Mary Queatt
of Scots with the dauphin, Francis, 10/. was
paid to Lauder by the royal treasurer for
composing a play. None of these dramatie
efforts are extant. Lauder joined the re-
;
formers on the establishment of protestantism
in Scotland in 1560, and about 166S waaap>
p4iinted by the presbytery of Perth minist-er
of the united parishes of Furgaudeimy, For-
teviot, and Muckarsie. His name appears in
the earliest extnnt lists of ministers dated
T.P.H. 1567. He died in February 1572-3. Ho
was married, and his wife aurviTed him.
Lauder's publislied verse is more interest-
ing from a philological than from a literary
point of view. It consists nutinfy of denun-
ciation of the immoral practices current in
Scotland in his time. In his 'Tractate con-
cerning the OfBoe of Kyi^'lM iiMuta on
the need of virtuous living among rulers, and
he shows, whenever opportunity serves, a ran-
corous hatred of ell papists. Their titlei
run : 1. ' Ane compendi'Mis and breve Trac-
tate concern vng ye Oiiice and Dew tie of
Kyngis, spintnall Pastoris and tempondl
Jugis, Laitlie eompylit be William Lauder.
For the faithfuU Instnictioun of Kyngis and
Prencis' [without printer's name or plecei3>
The 'colophon 'gives the date 1666. It may
safely he attributed to the press of John Scot,
It was reprinted by Peter Hall
[q. V.J iu the 'Crypt' in 1827, and by the
long A
Two
J. 0. F. copies are known one belonging to
; Mr
Christie-MillLf at Britwell, and the other
formerly belonging to Dr. Thomas I>eckie of
Edinburgh, wmefi passed to David Laing
fq. v.], and was purchased at the Bale of his
library by Mr. Quaritch in 1879. The metre
is throughout in rhymed eieht-^Uable lines.
* Ane Godlio Tractate or Mirrour. Quhair
2.
intill may be easilie perceauit qwho thay be
that ar mgraftit in to Christ and qwho if
;
nocht . Compyled in Meter be A''illiam
. .
Lauder, Minister of the Wourd of God,' in
368 heroic couplets, printed by Robert Lek-
preuik at Fdinburgh about 1570. At the
' I end is The X^amei^t^tiouii of the I'uif
'
Digitized by Google
 Lauder 641 Lauder
tvkbing the miaerabill Estait of this pre- of e I
^
roems, and stated that Robert
1

mt Warld. Compylit be William Lauder Stewart, professor of natuzalhittoiy at Edin-

at Perth. PrimoRibruariel568.' The 'La- burgh, John Ker, profeeaoroflmmanitythere,
mentation '
is in alternately rhjming eight- and Thomas Ruudiman had promised him
irUsble lines. 8. ' Ane prettie Mlnour or their aid. The work was printed at the nreea
CoDferenoe betuix the faithfoll Protestant of Tliomaa and Walteir Kuddmnn, and ap-
and the Dissemblit false Hjpocrit. . . . peared in 1739, in two volumes, with the title
Cnapylit be William Lauder, Minister of the '
Poetarum Scotorum JHussa Sacraa.' It waa
Woara of God/ in thirtj-seven four-line dedicated to ChailM Enlrine of Tinwald,
lUnxas alternately rhymed ; printed by Dumfriesshire. Lauder contributetl an ela-
Lslqraiuk. A
man bearing a mirror is en- borate and well--writtn lAtin pteiiice and a
fitfcd on the title-page of this and the former Latin life of Arthur Johnaton. Iliere follow
work. 4. 'Ane trew and breue Sentencius much of Johnston's Latin potry, including hit
Discrefptinn of ye nature of Scotland twiching renderings of the Psalms and Song of Solo-
tLeluterteinment of virtewus men that laketh mon paraphraaesofotberpartaof^eBlbleby
;

Rjcbes. Cumpyled be William Lander, Minis- PiitricK Adamson.Willinm ITogjRobert Boyd

tar of God's Wourd/ three eight-line stanzas, of Trochrig, DavidHumeof 6odsoroft,Qeoxge
;
eofldcding with ' Quod Lauder ' probably Eglisham, and Wflliara Barclay and wnw ;

priated by Scot. 6. ' Ane gude Ezempill be
the Butterflie instructing Men to hait all
Harbttrie,' four eight-line stanzas conclud-
iiiffwith 'Quod WUliam Lauder, Minister;'
ffobsbly printed by Scot. Unique copies
tt the fast four works are in the library of
Mr. Christie-Miller at Britwell. They w re
rtprmted as Lauder's ' Minor Poems' bj the
Early English Text Society in 1870.
[Lander's Compendioas and Breve Tractate,
ad. Fiuedvard Hall, vith life by Darid X^ing
(Earl; English Tsxt Sop.). 1 864 ; lAndr*8 Minor
Poema, Fnmirall K irly English Text S<x'.),
f 'teacher of humanity in Edinburgh,' he urj^ed
mo ; Dickson and Bdmood's Annals of Scottish
PM, i 166, M8-9.1 Im
LAUDER, ^'ILLIAM (d. ml^, literary
lbnrer,is said to haye been related to the
wMoKmnikmUyafFoimtualiaU. He was the
original Latin verso by Thomas Ruddiman,
Professor John Ker, and other of the editor'a
friends and contemporaries. Lander foi^
warded ft ropy, with an adulatory Latin
inscription, to Alexander Cruden q. y.J
(iVM^oiMf <2iierM!s,4theer.'vi.S97). Thfoogli-
out Lauder vehemently insisted on John-
ston's auperioritj to Buchanan as a latinist,
and Ha aonglit to tnra tbis literary prefer-
ence to pecuniary profit. On 10 May 1740,
be presented to the general assembly a peti*
tion, in wbieh, after describing himself as
the desirability of introducing Johnaton'a
a paraphrase of tbe Fsalma Into all the
mur schools of Scotland. Professors Stewart
and Ker and Thomas Ruddiman su^orted
petition after dne eonstderation it was
;

Edinburph T"ni\ crsity, and fcror

edacatt^d at granted on 13 Nov. 1710, and Johnston's
dosted ALA. on 11 July itiOd {Cat. of Edin- work was recommended aa 'a good inter-
hufk IhoAuAm^ Bannatyne Club, p. 151). mediate sacred lesson-book in the schools
On taking his df gree he prxjrngetl in tt-aching, between Costallo's " Latin Dialogues" and
kot while watcbinf a game of golf on Brunt* Buchanan'a paraphrase.' Tbe decision caused
linla, near Edinburgh, he reoeiTed ii discontent among the adnurert of Bnebsnan,
iccidfntal blow on tlio leg, and improper and 'A Letter to a Oentlemnn in Edinburgh,*
trwtmeat of the wound rendwed amputation signed Plulo-Buchananus,'and issued a day '

MeMuy. He was aaaiatant to Adam Watt, or two beferstbe general assembly reported,
proff'wr of humanitv at Edinburgh, for a tried to convict Jolin.ston'a Latin verse of
Vm iDoiitha before Watt's death in 1734, and habitual inaccuracy, and Lauder of inepti-
kstrn IB innneeMaM candidate fertbediair tude as a eritie. The antbor was John Lot%
that Watt's death vacfited. His testimoiiiiils rector at one time of Edinburgh High Schoo^
described him as a fit person to teach hu- and afterwards of Dalkeith school (Cb/umiw
'

tai^ in any adiool or colle^ vlttttever.' Difiplay'd, pt. iii. p. 1 n.) Lauder defended
Soon afterwards be applied, without regult, liis poet with great energy and bitterness in
lor the keepenhi^ of tne univeraitT library. 'Calumny Display'd, or Pseudo-Philo-Ba-
iaoder was % good elaasieal acuiolar, and ehanannsooncvdofsOataract, beingamodest
^si a student 01 modem Latin verse. Li and impartial Reply to an impudent and ma-
17^2 hepubliahed ' A
Poem of Hugo Qrotius licious Libely' Edinbonh, 1741, 4to. His
B tiw HoIt Saenment, translated into Eng- adversary retorted in ' A Second Letter,' and
J Verse,' and dedicated it to the Laiidt'r H'turned to the atta<::k with unbe-
lish [blank

provost (John Osbiun^ and the corporation coming warmth in his 'Calumny Dimlay'd,'
ofEdinburgh. folTWIwMimwnwialibin- pirlB 11. and liLy Edm1mq|lL 17A. He tried
mtioD of iamiaig mbBoiptioB a ^oUwtKiii to enSst Pope's ijmptbj aj ssndiiig him
TOL.XI.
 Lauder
copy of Lis Johnston, and % letter
cilition of
ficquaintin^' him with the controversy with
Love. But I'opa (lid not reply, and in 174:2 ho
jpubli<hed in the third book of the Dunciad' '
a couplet (IL 111-12), in which he unfavour-
ably contrasted Johnston's literary mvritjj
with Milton's. On Pope's action Lauder placed
an pxa|rgt*ratcd importance. To 'Mr. Pope'a
bloslinfj iho credit of .lobiiston's paraphriise
)xe attributed the pecuniary failure of his
yrovk and an annual lo8a of 20/. to 201. (An
Apology for Mr. Lauder, p. 22). lie further
)isertd that be ' was censured with great
freedom for forcing upon the schoolman author
'whom Mr. Pope had mentioned only as a foil
to a better poet' (Letter to Dr. Dougla,
1751, p. 13). He took a somewhat subtle
revenge by recklessly traducing the nxemorj
of the * better poet (Milton).
' alleges that Milton translated some of hit
In 1742, armed with recommendations
from Patrick Cuming, professor of church
liistory at Edinbiirgli, and from Colin Mac-
laurin [q. v.], ho applied for tbo rectorship of
Dundee grammar scliuol, but u as oiico again
rejected. Bitterly disappointed, he soon made
his way to London with a view to maintain-
ing himsi'lf bv literary work. Early in 1747
Lauder startled the learned world by pub-
lishing an article in the Gentleman's Mai,ni-
' diately after the publicat ion of the work, *I
jtine ' lor Junuarv, in which he showed that
Milton's ' Paradise Lost ' was largely con-
litructed of plxi^iaristic paraphra.se3 of a
Latin poom entitled Sareotin,' by Jacobus
'
Masemus(1054). He followed up his attack
in four siicweding papiTs (pp. 82, 189, 28'),
3(33). liy long quotations from Grotius's
'Ad&mus Exaul and Andrew Ramsay's
' nius and Staphorstius were absent from tU
'Poemata Sacra (1633) he wt-nt far to prove,
' accessible editions of thoir work", and bsd
if hie quotations merited reliance, that Mil-
ton was a very liberal and a very literal bor-
rower. Richard Richanlson ventured to con-
test Lauder'ri conclusions on general grounds
in a letter to the ' Gentleman's >[aguxiue
for April 1747, and before the year was out
Richardson publLilied 'Zoilomastix, or a Vin-
dication of Milton from all the invidious
charges of Mr. ^Viliinm Lauder,' London,
1747. But Lauder was not defeated, lie
pursued his alleged itpvestigations, and in
August issued propo,uils for printing by sub-
Bcription Grotius's '
^Vdamus Exsul,' 'with
fOiEnglish version and notes, and the lines
imitated from it by Milton subjoined.' Care,
who consented to receive subscriptions, pro-
))ably introduced Lauderto Dr. Jonnson,who
wrote the prospectus of the undertaking cf.
Oent. Mag. 1747, p. 404 ; NicnoLS, Lit. IUua-
tratiora, iv. 430-2^. But Lauder suspended
hiA lab<;urs on this publication in order to
pomplete an expanded version of his essays in
(1)9 ' Geptlemaq f Magazine/ which appeared
643 Lauder /
at the close of 1749 under tlie title of 'A^
Essay on Milton's Use anid Dnitation of thf
Moderns in his " Paradise Loat," ' Londoo,
1750. Milton's line, 'Thin^ unattemptci
yet in prose or rhime,' was pnnted asamotto
on the title-page. With Dr. J ohnson's conieat
the little essay that formed the pnospectoa uf
Lauder's promised edition of ' Aaamus Cxsul*
'
was employed as the preface, and Johnson
also appended a postscript appealing to tL
benevolent public for the relief of Mrs. Eliza-
'
beth Foster,' Milton's granddaughter. In
this curious volume Lauder quotes fitom
eighteen poets, chiefly modem writer* of
Latin verse, and pretends to prove Milt<aii
extensive debt to all of tiiem. From Taulh
mann's 'Bellum Angelicum* (KXW) tnd
Caspar Stnphorstius's 'Triumphus Pacia'b*
noblestlines. Public excitement wasarooaed,
and, in order to take full advantage of it,
Lauder announced (3 July 1750) pronNal*
for printing the little-known works vhence
his (quotations were drawn, under the titlf
'
Delectus Auctorum Socrorum MiltonofacMB
praducentium.' But suspicion waasoonex-
preiised as to the accuracy of Lauder'i quo-
tations. Worburton wrote to Ilurd, imme-
have jubtread the mu8t eillyand knavishfaoiric
I ever saw (Nicuols, Lit. Uluttrationi, il
'
177). Richard Richanlson first ahowed, in
a letter sent to the Gentleman's Magaaae'
'
in January 174iM)0 (but not published till
December 1750), that the crucial paanges
which r^aiider placed to the credit ofbuit-
been inter^)olated by Lauder from ^Vil^iam
Ilog's Latm verso rendering of 'ParadiM
Lost.' John Bowie [q. v.^also detected thp
fraud. In the spring of 1< 50 John Doogltt
[q. v.], afterwards bishop of Salisbury, came
independently, and more decisively, to lha
same conclusion, and in ' Milton vudicat^d
from the Charge of Plagiarisii^, ... in a
Letter to the Earl of Bat.h,' prored bevood
all doubt that Lauder had garbled nearlvaU
his quotations, and had wilfullj inaeriM ^
them extrt^its from the liatin version of tbp
'
Paradise Lost.' Lauder did not at ones
erceivo the consequences certain to foUov
f
louglas's attack. Cave, the publisher of th
'
Gentleman's Magazine,' wrote on 27 Oct
1750: 'I have procured a Latin Cooun
( [also by Ilog] for Lauder, of which I wp-
poso he makes great account (NiCBOU,
'
Lit. AnecdoUt, v. 43). Dr. Johnson, irboM
rcput^ion was involved, soon, however, ob-
tamed from louder a confet.ioa of his guilt,
I and Laud>'r readily conseqte4 put his naxnf
Digitized by Coogl
 Louder 643 Lauder
to to abject Ajjology, which Dr. Johnson dic- querulous 'Apolggr ipr Mr. Ladder in &
tatad tohim(20Dtte.l760). lMppoaz<l as Letter to [Thomas Hiring] tho Ajinblrialiop

A I>ett?r to the Reverend Mr. Douglas, occa-
iooetl bj his Vind^^ion q( A^ilton ... by
WiDiamXavder, A.M.,'176i, and anpplted a
long list of tho forged or interpolated lines.
Bot to it. Lauder appended, undoubtedly
wiAOQt J6lioaoi>*0 muataxm, many of Lis early
testimonials, and a postscript by himself im-
of Canterbury,' 17.'!, in ^^hich be disclaims
all malignity to Milton, and dishonestly com-
plainf tbat hia own preface to tiie wij^al
edition of his * Es^uv was supprt'ssed by his
publishers. In a uirther vain atteppt to
o^raeome popular boe^ity, Lauder issued
in 1752-3 two volumi-'s of his promi?ed De- '

^deatly denying anj criaoinal intent, and lectus,' including Ramsay's * Poeuuita iSacra/
treating his perfonnaace aa fnetical ioke, Ghrotius'a ' Adamita Szanl,' MaaenitM*8 ' Sar^
aimed at the blind worshippers of Milton, cotis,' Tanbmnnn's 'Bellnm Angelicum,' and
pother apology ha forwarded to ona of hie some shorter pieces. aohworkwas8eparately
anbaenberaf Thooiaa Birdi, and it ramain* dedieated to aomo weU-loown nobleman of
in manuscnpt at the BritishMuscum (Addit. scholar. IIo was still resolute in his charg^f .l

MS. A312,L465). Lauder^publiahei^atonca a^minst Milton, and in the seoond volume gave
p. ^ ured niania of Ids < Elaaay/ to wUdh aiist of ninety-aeven autbmv wbom (be al
thev pre fixed an account of his * wicked im- lejred)Milton had fobbed. Finally, in a fit
pQtttioOy' and admitt^ that the oi^y inl^erciB^ of despersUon,Lauder ismuBd'^KingCharlea X
tkat the worit eonld wm 6it&m waa aa ^a Vindicated >ia tbe Cbai|pe of Flagiavtam
cur'.'isity 01 fraud and interpolation,' Tho brought against him by Milton, and Milton
eaenxiea of Johnson tried to make capital out himself Convicted of Forgery,' London, 1754.
of Ilia eonaeotion with tbe oflSending nublica^Going over tbo old ground, hmSet hem
tlon.but Johnson's integrity was unuoubted. blames Johnson for extorting his first con-
'In the business of Lauder,' he said later, 'I fession. Milton, he disingenuoosly argues,
waa dfleeiredl\ partly by thinking the man too bad binuelf inaeited in twi pri&taid edmon
frantic to b* bt; fraudulent' (NiCHOls, Lit. of Charles I's ELkon I}a,ilike a prayer
'
'

Anecdote$f iL 561). Douglas made no little from Sidney's Arcadia,' and had afterwards
'

rtpntatioD out of hia sncccasftil exposure of charj^ed the kingwitb blasphemer in quoting
toe trick, and Goldsmith refers in his Re- it. buch conduct^ Lauder urf^ed, iustitied the
*

taliation' to the cbaxacter that he conae- ven^mild injury whichhia garblt^d ^uotationa
qneatly gained aa 'the scourge of impostors bad done the poet'f Hiemory. fie bad iiaad
and terror of quacks/ who was always on the a similar argument iaa letter of excuses sent
'

At tlio aame time louder waa Tiolently aa*

^ai'.- 1 in manyponular '^auibs. I*audanio-
'
m
alartlbf * new Laudera Irom across the Tweed. to Dv. Mead oa 9 April 1761 {cL Nichols,
i7A<s^bns, ir. 428-SO).
I'lit Lander's reputation was irretrievably

aium, or a new Infernal Luedition, inscrib'4 lost, and he emigmted toiiarliadoea. At first
to a oeinff wbo caHs Umself iv'flliam Lander, be opened a granunar school, bat tits enter-
by Pkiliiletheg/ London, 1751, 4f o, was pro- prise failed. Subsequently he tookahuckstor's
bably the earliest of these effusions. In shop in the Roebuck,' and purchased an A&i-
'

'Tbe Progress of Envy . . . occasioned by can abvewomfn, who belped bim IB tbe buai*
Lauder's At tack on the Chnructer of Milton,' ncs.o. He died in BaxMMoes in peeimiavy
^751. 4tOt the wriu'r churitably attributes tho distress in 1771.
frana to Lauder's poverty ; and ' Fiuioa, or a He left a daughter, Rachel, whom bo la
Modest Attempt towards a History of the said to have treated wit !i I jathsome brutality.
LUIa and 3urpnsing Exploits of tbe Famoua Captain Pringle of I1.M.S. Centaur contrived
W. Is Crttie and Tbefcateher/ baa been wbile at Barbadoea to deprive Lander of bar
assigned to Andrew Ilenderson (Jl. 1734- custody, and after marrying D piity-provoit
1775) T.j * Louder has oflered much marshal Falgreea she became landlaay of tin
tpvipeneiit to tbe imblicVWarbiirton wrote Royal NavalHotd. She called benelf Rachel
sarcaaticaTly, niiJ they are obliged to him' Pr; r.^]>- Piil n^ri on, and was remarkable for her
'

(s^. T. 660). Lauder's character waa of the J^enialitv and obesitv. In 1780 Prince AVil-
wiM wt. and hii Amwd contemptible. Nerer- iam (afterwarda Wuliam IV), wbile ia com-
tlif-lf ~H }jt' tlx'rri'dit of first proving'' that injtnd of the frigate Pegasus, visited her hotel,
Miltop had studied deeply^ the works of and took part in a drunken frolic there, in tlie
Qfotsus and othernoden I^A>tlB veiuo* writers, course of^wbieh tnn^ damage wn done to
aad bad occasionally assimilated their ideas, her furniture. The prince handsomely com-
^t bis duMgea qf plagi^risai are impcftinenl^ pensated her for bar loaa id* Hotu and
fsd ooamt themadlTea. Querietf 4tb aer. r. 83-6).
louder made many vain attempts to re^ [Cham hers 's Scottish Biogmphy; Chslmcr^^'s
^ver bia refutation. first published <| ]4fo of Ruddiman ; Bo^weU'a Joboaoo. ed. IIUI,

Digitized by Google
 Lauderdale
I 228-31: NicboU'f Lit. Anecd. Mui lUaM.;
^jrmiiMiiifliliUborUtltoiL]
LAUDERDALE, Dvn ov (1616-1688).
[See Maitland, John.]
LAUDERDALE, DuoHssa op (d.
[See MuftRATi Eluabbih.]
LAUDERDATiK, Eaiu
Maitland, John, second Earl, 1616-1682;
Maitlaxd, Cuarlbb, third EAia*,eL 1691;
Maitlakd, Richabd, Ibiirtli Eabk, 1668'
1695 Maitland, John, fifth Earl, 1650 P-
; (td. p. 364).
1710; Maitland, James, eighth Earl, 1759-
163^ Maitland, Tuoma, eleventh Earl,
i 8 May 1648, and received several wounds m
1806-167a]
LAlFCraARNE, ROWLAND (Jt.
Boldier, son of John Laugharne of St. Bride's,
Pembrokeshire, by Jane, daughter of Sir Hugh
Owen of Orielton, wu
bom before 1613.
He was in early life page to Robert Deve-
reux, third earl of Essex. At the outset of
the dvil war he took up ethm for the parlia-
ment, and bt^ranip govMnuir of Pembroke
and commander-in-chief of the parliamentary
foroee in that county. In Pebrasrf and
March lft44 he caotured Carew Castle,
Haverfordwest, Roueli Castle, Tenby, and
several minor royalist garrisons bttt Roach;
Castle and Haverfordwest were recaptured
by Colonel Charles Gerard in tlie course of
the summer, and Pembroke and Tenby were
Iwrieged. In December 1044 Laugharne
captured Cardigan town and n;i-tle, and
defeated Gerard's attempt to retake it on
23 Jan. 1645 $ but on SS April following
Gorard rornpletely routed bim iir Newcastle
Emlyn. After the battle of Naseby Gerard
-was nUed off to veioforoe the king, and at
Colby Moor, on 1 Aug. 1615, Laugharne
defeated his subordinates, Stradling and
Egerton, with great loss. Haverfordwest,
Picton Castle (20 Sept), and Carmarthen
(12 Oct.) fell into the conqueror's hands,
and he was able to lay siege to Ab<'ryst witb,
though without success. In February 1646
herelieved CardiffCastle, and on 14 A pril t ook
Aberystwith. In June 1647 he suppressed
ft nevolt of the Glamorganshire royaiieta.
Parlianipnt rewarded his signal servires
by voting him on 28 Feb. 1646 e commission
as commandei>-faiinef of the oonntiee of
Glamorgan, Cardigan, Carmarthen, and Pem-
broke, a gift of 1,000/., and a grant of the
forfeited estate of John Barlow of Slehech
m Pembrokeshire. Nevertheless Laugharne
was dissatisfied, and in January 1648 he was
reported to be negotiating with royalist
agents. His soldiers had in some cases re-
ceived no pay for two and a balf years, and
he had himself disbursed much fur the par-
liamenty for whioh be bad taiqIj sought
644 Laughton
repayment. Accordingly, when Coloiul
&Ifc Poyer set up the king's standard in Pns*
broke Castle in March 1648, Laughamei
soldiers deserted to him, and on 4 May hi |
1697).
was joined by Laugharne himself (Phillips,
it. 8l5, 361). In his letters Laughameecn*
plained that Colonel Horton had been oent
ov. HSm into the counties in which he himself by
ordinance of parliament was commaadsr4ii>
chief, and n*>f'rtpd that his soldiers had been
injured, atl'ronted, and robbed of their pay
Ijaugbame was defei^ by
Horton at St. Pagan's, Glamorganshire, on
i
the bttttle. In the hope of being sucooorad
'
1648), by the king's fleet, as Lord Jem^fn had pn>-
mised, he held out for a time in Pembroke
Castle, but was forced to surrender on
11 July to Cromwell (lA. pp. 369, 397;
Clarendon, Iie^>fllion, xi. 40). By the
articles Laugharne and four other officers
yielded thenselves to tbe mercy of the par-
liament, witboiit any promise of quarter.
On 14 Nov. 1648 parliament passed a vote
that Laugharne should be banished {L9r4i
Jbumafo, X. 590) ; but the army, deeni r
j
this too light a punishment, obtained iho
revocation of this vote from the House of
Commons on IS Dec. 1648, as destructive to
the peace and (^uiet, and derogatory to t'te
justice of the kingdom {Commons' JoumnU^
vi. 96). Laugharne, with Oolonels Poyer
and Powell, wo^ tried by r >nrt-martial, and
all threewere sentenced to death on 11 Apnl,
but they were then allowed to east lots fbr
their lives, and Poyer alone was execul-^l
(The Moderate, 10-17, 17-24 April 16i^^
On 6 Not. 1649 Leugtaame was allowed to
compound for his estate at a fine of 712/., but
the nne was remitted by Cromwell on 25 De**-
1 655, on account of the debts he had contract ed
in the parliament's service (Cn/. of Compvun'
dfix, p. 210t). At the Restoration Charles II
granted Laugharne a gift of 500/., a pen^ioa
of the same amount for UHa^ but tlio peaston
I
seems to have been rarelv paid (Ca/. StaU
Papers, Dom. 1601-2 p. 313, l6<^4-5 p. 851).
A
portrait appears m
Vieani*s ' En^land^
Worfliir?;,' 1047, p. 85; other portraits arij
mentioned in the Catalogue of the Suther>
'
land CoUectiou,' i. 680.
rCivfl War in Wales and tbe MardisB,
also Lnw's Little Eng-
J.K. Phillips, 1874. ^<
land beyond Wales; Clareodon, Kebellioiii, n.
4 0 and Vieanrs Eta^Isnd's Wottblss.]
; H. F. a
LAUGHTON, GEORGE (173C-iaxi\
divine, bom in 1786, was son of John Ijaugh-
ton of Bridgwater, Somerset. On 3 Apnl
1754 he matriculated at Oxford from ^V ad-
[
ham College, graduttiog B,A. in 1767,
Digitized by Google
 Laugh ton 45 Laurence
MX, BJ)., aad D.D. in 1771 (Foster, academic discipline, at that time much re-
Ahmm Onm, 1715-1886,
Ui. 821). He laxed, and his sffoits in this direction in-
Nrred a curmcy at Richmond, Surrey, from volved him in an unfortunate collision with
1763 to December 1775, and was instituted some other leading members of the university,
to the vicarage of Weltoa, Northampton- smoDg whom were Conyers Middleton and
shire, on 2 Nov. 1785 (Baker, Northamp- Thomas Gooch. He was charged with e.x
tomJUref i. 4t>3), and to tb&t of Chippenham, cessive cen^oriousness, and witn aiming at
Onbridii^wliire, in 1794 {Omt. Mag. vol. his own profit and tdvaacement by contriving
Ixit.pl. li. p. 1211). Laughton, who was to gain credit for great vigilance and cnn-
alio J.P. for Cambridffeslure, died at (.'htp- scientiousnebs as a college tutor. Of Lau^h-
peaham in June 1800 (ak vol. Ixx. pt. i. p. ton's attainments some of his contemporaries
fi93). Brsirita tlirt^n sermons h published: speak very highly. Samuel Clarke, in the
1. 'The History of Ancient Kgypt, from preface to his otlition of Hohault's Phvsics,'
. . .
'

U first settlement under Mizraim, B.C. 2188, acknowledges his obligations: 'Permulta
1 lijo final 6ubver.sion of the Empire by
1 doctissimo etin his rebus etercitatissinm viro
(mbyfies,' 8vo, London, 1774. 2. 'The Ricardo Laughton debero me gratua . . .

ProgTMt tad Eetablishment of Christianity, fateor.* Whiston speaks of him as that ex- '

in reply to Mr. Giblxin,' 4to, l^indon, cellent tutor;' styles him 'his bosom friend ;'
. . .

17^ another edition, 17S.<. 3. 'Sermons and records that Laughton strove, though
J

MltlM Great Doctriues and DatlM of GhfM- without avail, to turn mm from his adoption
tiinity,' 8vo, lx>ndoB, 17901 of Arianism {Mnnnir.*, p. 151). It wns to

lWti Bil.l. Brit ] 0.0. Laughton that Ludy Masham addressed her
well-known letter describing the closing
LAUGHTON, KICIlAKD(ir>(>8?-1723), scene of Locke's life (Chalmkr.'?, B'wf;. Dfrf.
prebendary of Worcester, was educated at XX. 369). In 1717 he was an unsuccessful
(Itre College, Cambridge. He graduated candidate for the mastership of his eo11e||pe;
lU. 1684-6, procred.vl M.A. Vm, and was and on 14 Nov. in the same year he was in-
createdD.D. by mamlutc in 1717. About stalled prebendary of the eighth atoll in
1603 he appears to luivo been chaplaiii to Worcestsr Osthedrsl. He died on 28 July
John Moore, bishop of Norwich (\VnifTov, 1723.
Memoin, p. 20). in 1694 he was appointed His speech, as senior proctor, in the bache-
tutor of his college, and in this capacity he lors' schools is among the Cambridge Univ.
>cqatn>d rpniiirkablo reputation. Colbatch,
rt 5ISS. Oo. vi. Ill (3), and he has verses in
in bis commemoration sermon preached in 'Acad. Cantabr. Affectus' (1684-5], f. I 3,
Trinity College Chapel, 17 Dec 1717, says, and in LacrymnOantabrigienses' (1694-6),
'

ulluding to laughton, 'We see what a con- f. N 2. He also wrote 1. ' A Sermon preach'd
^ux of nobility and gentry the virtue of one before the King at King's College Chapel
nun draws daily to one of our least colleges in Cambridge,' Cambridge, Com. Crownfittd,
(ii.p. 430; cf. Hist. MSS. Com?/). 5th K- p. 1717, 8vo. 2. 'On Natural Ileligion,' auto-
400). Amon^ his pupils were Ikowim graph manuscript, 4to, sold at Dr. Jo. Lee's
(afterwards^ir W
illiam), Martin Folkes, and saU) (Sotheby), 7 April 1876.
iamin Ibbot. Laughton also di8tin- [Whiston's Memoirs Cunvfrs ^lidJleton's
;

wiihed himself a.s an ardent supporter of the Remarka on the Case of Ilr. lientley, WorkH.iii.
Newtonian philosophy; tad inion in 1709- 341 Monk's Life of Bentlsjr.i
; Nichols's ;

I'lOitdevolrf d on him ns pro<-tor to n]i])oint Lit. Anecd. iii. 322.] J.B.M.

iiBoderator in connection with tiiet>xiiuiiua-
LAURENCE. [See also Lawrencf.")
tioBt, he disebuged this function himself.
At that time, according to Dr. Wh^vv'll, he LAURENCE O'TOOLE, Saint ( 1 130 ?-
Hid already issued a paper fit" quu>tions on 1180), archbishop of Dublin. [See O Tooi.b.]
theNewtonian theory, with the design, pro- LADBBNOB or LAWRENCE, ED-
hhlj, of fiugp'^'^fing theses for the ditsputa- WARD (d. 1740.5*), land surveyor, was a
twDA in the schools (Mus. Crit. ii. 617-18). brother of John Laurence (d. 1732) [q. y.]
He was on terms of the closest intimacy About 1707 ho estabUabsd himself as a land
with Bent1ey,and is the I.n utrhton' to whom
' surveyor, estate agent, and valuer, n sidine
Uk the correspondence of t hat great scholar chiefly at St. Martin, otherwise Stamford
ktm^ sav&at are frequently to be found Baron, Nortbamptonuiire. He beeamft an,
ending their compliments. By Conrad von expert on all agricultural suhjorts, and wns
Uiwibach ( Visit to Cambridge in 1710) he famous for his booiaof maps, with particulars
i* described
as ' an agreeable mon, ipoko drawn from bis surveys, showing ths dif*
Franch Well In 1710 be was, as proctor,
' ferent kinds of land in the po^^o^sion of each
^mioent in hia eudeavoura to restore the tenantt ^ f^m^ of the Spalding,

Digitized by Google
 Laurence
indStfiinford societies (NiCHOT f, Lit. Anecd.
VL 5, 93), and joined with "Wiliiam Stuit ley
and George Lynn in the formation of th6
Brazen-nose Society at Stamford, to which
IliB communicated accurate metcorolopicul ob-
gervaticms (Stukelky, 7v/7//y Mrutii\, Sur-
(eee Soc.,ii. 427). He died in 1740 or 1742.
To the ' Clergj man and Gentleman's Re-
eMtttion/byhis brother John, 4th edit. 1716,
Laurence appended ' A npw and familiar way
to find a most exact Meridian Lino by the Pole-
Btar, whereby Gentlemen may know the tru"
Bearings of their Houses and Garden Walls,
and regulate their Clocks and Watches, &c.'
(NlOHOLByiv.576). lie also published: l.'lTie
Young Surveyor's Guide, 12mo, London,
1716; 2nd edit. 1717. 2. 'The Duty of a
Steward to his Lord ... To which is added
an Appendix fchowing the way to PliMity
Sroposed to the Farmers; wherein arc laid
ova graoEftl Rules and Directions for the
Management and Improvement of a Farm,'
Ac., 4to, London, 1727. Both treat ises were
^nritfen originally for iSa use of the stewards
and tenants of the young Duke of Bucking-
ham. Exception was taken to some pn&sagos
in the boo^ by John Cowner, a Surrey farmer,
in An Essay proving that inclosing Com-
* Thomas Francis Weiunan fq^. v. J, suod the
mona ... is contrary to the interest of the
Natioilt' 8vo, 1732. 3. 'A Dissertation on
Estatesupon Lives and years,whelhor in Lay
or Church Hands. With an exact calcula-
i^on of their real worth bj ftffff^ Tablet,'
ACi S?Ok London, 1730.
rLMMnee'aWoriBj DoaaUiOB'i Agdeultnial
lATntSNOE, FRBKOH (17S7-1800),
eivHian, eldest son of Richard Laurence,
-#atduaaker. Of Bath, bjr Eiicabeth, daugh-
ter of Jobn rreneh, doihier, of Warmimter,
Wiltshire, was bom on 3 April 1767. Richard
LauTeiice[q. T.3 was his Toungier brother. He
<<^a8educated at Wioeneater 8cboa3 under
Dr. Joseph Warton [q. v.], and at Corpus
Christi CoUeg^ Oxford, oi which he waa
scholar, and wbere be naduated 6.A. on
17 Dec. 1777, and proceeood M.A. on 21 Juno
1781. On leaving the university he took
ehambn at tbe Middle Temple vttb tiie
view of being calb d to the common-law bar,
but eventuaUy determined to devote himself
to civil law, and baThig tainn tbe def^^ of
D.C.L. at Oxford, 10 Oct. 1787, was admitted
to the College of Advocates on 3 Kov. in the
ensuing year.
Laurence had shown in youth considerable
faculty for English verse. While pursuing
bis legal studies be wrote poHtieal ballads in
aid ot*^ Fox's candidature for Westminster in
V^t and oontributed t tbe ' BoUiad tbe'
Laurenc^
advertisementa and dedieatioi^Ontieism iiL
y{. yii; tiii. zBl andxrr.in thVtsrt pert,
in tbe second part Probationary Odes xv4.
:
and xxi. : and tbe first of tbe Political Ec-
logues, v.*Ho8e, (ArtbeOontplaiiit.' "Bwnng
made liimself useful to Burke in preparin^^the
preliminary case against Warren Uastuigs^
M was retained UeokmA in 1786 \ff vha
managers of tbe impeachment, to^tber with
William iScott, afterwards lord StoweIl[9^.T.],
for eotleague ; abd tbAngli ba tooktto put in
tbe procot^dinr^s in Westminster Hall beyond
attendiiw and watching theirprogressjhegave
exceOent adrfee in enunben, and aoqnired a
hig'b reputation for learning and ability. Tfis
practice in ecclesiastical and admiralty courts
tbenoeferward grew rapidly, lie mnaiued
on very intimate terms witb Burke until that
statesman's death, and was bis literary exe-
cutor [see under Bvkkb, BDimiDl
letters to Burke were publislu J ana edited
by bis brother in ' The Emstoiazy Correepood-
ence of tbe Right Hon. Edmund Burke and
Dr. French Laurenct',' London, 1827, Rvo. In
1790 he was appointed, through the interest
of tbe Dtdre of Pordand, regius pfrof<^8aor of
civil law at Oxford, in sueceiision to Dr.
same year, through tbe inmienoe of BmiM
with Earl Fitzwilliam, entered parliament
as member for Peterborough. ULis a^jteecben
in pariianent wen marbM by leamm^ and
weigbt ratber than brilliance and fore- r;-,!
,
except on questions of international law, in
i^biob be wad a recojuuleed aQtboritT,9yinoed
a mind so dominated by tbe inllii-nc^ of
Burke as almost entirely to have parted with
ita independehee. In opposing tiie nnion
with Ireland he insistt^ that Burke, had \m
lived, would bave done so likewise. Lmi>
TBttcs waa a netnber of tbe eouiuitttM ap>
pointed in ISOH to frame the articles of im*
peachment against Lord Melville [see Dim-
DA8, Hbitbt, fini Vtksam Mumuil H
was cbanc'llor of the diocese of Oxford and
a Judge of the court of admiralty of tbsf
Cinque ports. He died anddenhr <>n M
FVb.
18CMi, wnile on a \ I'iif to one of his brothers
at Eltham. Kent, and waa buried in Eltham
Oburebf wbers a naiUe tablet #bs placed to
his memory.
Laurence did not marry. His leisure time
bn spent in society>b6 Was a nieftberr of tbe
Kuint'lean Clul) -or in trifling with litera-
ture and divinity. As bis contributions to
tlie ' Rdliad' abomdantty eTiwoe, be d?d nbl
lack wit. but be bad not the readiness neces-
sary for brilliant social success, and an in-
d^imct enunciation madift bSs eonvvniatioa
'like a leanied manuscript written Ln a btd
band.' His person was dmriel^, and kit
Digitized by Go
 Laufenc6
nouth was said to bear a sf rilcing resemblance
to ih&t of a shark. His Pootical liemains,'
pabliahed with thosi! of
q. V.J, Archbishop of Cashel ^Dublin, 187i?,
gyp V include some odes (aae ot which, on the
' Witdtot
i
M
a chool
a3ne* Shak8peare,written
XiTk ise in his si\teeuth year,
-
wu mach adxxiired bv Wartonj, and a few
aunts anel tometfsnsiattonfl fromtlie Greek,
lAtln, and Italian. I a ronco waa also a fre-
1 1
^Qdbt contributor to tho Gentleman's Maga-
stna.' Ills dabblings in divinity appeared
M < Crit ical Remarka on Detached Pu&sa^es
"f th>^ New Tostament, particularly the Rf-
t lit ion of St. John,' Oxford, 1810, 8vo,
edited his loth6r.
worthless.
[tfesuuxs prefizod to Epistularj Corrobp. and
Mt!ll BemaiDs; Ooote*a Oil <^ fiugtrah
C^nlia:m; Cit. of Oxfonl OraJnat^s; Bru'ighain'a
Sutosmea of tha Reign of Oetirge III ; Life and
Lttttra of Sir Oilb>rt SUiot. flttt Bart
1 139. yicliols's Literary Anw^itf^B,
OcBt lias. Ib09. pt. i. 282; European Ma^.
p.'
imffcin.Mlj Aan. Bag. 180t, r r,64 l
J. M. R.
LAURENCE, JOHN (rf. 1732), writer on
iTirdeniog, a native of Stamford Barnanl,
Vorthamptonshire, entered at Clare TTall,
Cambridge 20 May 1 68-*") a n d grad u a t ed >f A
, .
m 1692. He bf'came fellow of Clare TIall.
prebendary of Sanim, and chaplain to the
Bijbom of Salisbury. He was rector of Yel-
Tflrtoft, Northamptonshire, and aftcrwarda
became rectorof Kahop's Weannonth,iKrhef
^!'?(3ied 18 May 17,'^'2. A ('^iip Tplato of I^u-
rence,^ Vertuo, is prefixed to his * Clerpry-
wB^n neersatioD.' He Isft otte son, John,
rector of St. ary, AldermanbuTf , and three
liaa^faters. His brother Edward li separately
aoticed.
Lanrence's chief works apart from sermons
w: 1. 'The Cler^^'man's llecroation,?hew-
the Pleasure and Profit of the Art of
jaidenmg,' 1714 ; 4th edit. 1716. 2. New
'^T>t*m of AcTicnltnre, beinff a Complete
iiodj of Husbandry and Garaeninff,' 1726
fh<aderi]nf of fish ponds, briek-manng, and
o'hr emplnvments of rural economy nre
treated atlengtb. 3. * On Enclosing Com-
mons,' 178S. 'Fkradiee Kegain'd, or the
Art of Gard' nln^, a Pof>m,' 1728, a poor
piece of Tersifying, is doubtfoUj attributed
to Laurence.
[Works ; information kindly supplied by L.
rbtiilc, esq. Nichols's Lit. Anccd. viii, 298. \x.
:
483; Gent. Mag. 173'J, p. 776.] M. G. W.
LAURENCE, RICHARD
archbishop of Caebel, bom at Bath in 17(j(),
VM yoonge^ htMuH tt Fwtch Lanrenoe
647 Lautencrf
[fj. V."] Ho was
educated at Bath gTamniar
* school and at Cjrpus Christ Colle^'y, Oxi'iinl,
i
liis brotlier iLn-hanl where he matriculated on 14 July 1778 with
an exhibition. After graduatinf^ B A. in
1782 (M.A. in 1785), he in 17.^7 became
vicar of Coleehill, Berkshire, where he took
pupils. He also contrfbuted to the Monthly
'
Review'aud uudurtooktho iiistorical depart-
ment 0^ the ' Annual Regist er.' Shortly after*
wards he held tlie vicar.ij,"' of Great Chsre-
' rell, and the reotoiy of liollatone, Wiltshire.
In June 1704 he tookths decrees of B.C.L.
and D.C.L. as a member of Uiiivorsity Col-
lege. Upon his brother's appointment to tbo
regius profes-sorship of civil law, in 1796, he
They Sf whoUy was made deputy ])rofossor, and again settled
in Oxford. In 1804 he dt liviTed the Bamp-
tonlectun-s, An Attempt to illustrate thoea
'
Articles of the Church 01 England wbich the
CHlvini.-.t8 luiproperlv consider Calviniatiral,'
1805 ; 2nd edit. 1820; Ikd edit. ,1838. The
of Minto. Archbishop of Canterbury presented him m
ii. 638; 1805 to tihe rectory of Mer.slmm, Kent and ;
in 1311 he was collated, to the valuable rec-
tory of Stone, near Dartford, in the same
county.
From youth Laurence read widely in theo-
logy an(i canqn law, and in later life ho
-Studied oriental languages. Accordingly in
. 1814 he was appointed regius prof.;s.>ior of
I lebrew and a canon of Christ Church, Oxford.
In 1822, after the death of his wife, he re-
luctantly accepted the irclilM^liopricofCaiJhel,
Ireland. He ruiiidcd at Cashel until tho
Cbupoh Temporalities Act of 1883 annexed
the diocese.s nf Waterford Rzvl Lismore to
that of Caahel and Emly, when he selected
Waterford as the fbture place of residence
for himself and his successors.
T^urence governed his dioceses with ability
and tact. He died on 28 Dec. 1838 in
Merrion Square, Dublin, and was buried in>
the vaults of Christ Church Cathedral there,
in the choir of which a marble tablet waa
'
erec^ to his memory. Thec1ai)g[y of Cashel
also erected a handsome monument to him
in their cathedral : and in that of Waterford
a small slab raCoros the fact that it was owing
to T.aiirrnre that NVaterford nmuned tha
home of a resident biahpp.
Lamtsnoe's wife was Mary Vaughan,
dauj^hter of Vaughan Prince, merchant, of
Faringdon, Berkshire. Henry Cotton v.],
dean of Lismore, was his son-in-law.
Laurence's writings are models of exa< t nesa
and jtidicious moderation. His enuliti ni is
well illustrated by the three volumes in which
he printed, with Latin and English trans*
(1760 1838), lations, Ethiopic ver-^ions of apocry])hal boolis
of the bible. The first, the ' Asccnsio Isaia
Vatis' (8vo,Qxfbra,18I9), whichh6daMdA.li,
Digitized by Gobgle
 Laurence 648 I^Ufence
66 or 69, furmlied in his opinion argomentB Memoir prefixed to Laurence's Poetical Remains
(with photoRTaph) Miirtin'a Oat. Friratelr
gainit thb imitaritii &lsification of passagea ;

in the New Testament . The second, * The Printed Books, pp. 314. 371.] 0- <>
Book of Enoch the Prophet ' (8vo, Oxford. LAURENCE, ROGER (1670-1736),
1831 ; other editions, 1883,1888), was printed nonjuror, * ton m
Roger Laurence, cittixen
from til e Fthiopic manuscript which James nn<l ftnnorer,' was born 18 March lt570, and
Bruce had brought from Abyssinia and pre- n lmitted on the royal mathematical foun-
sented to the Bodleian Library. The third dation of Christ's Hospital in April 1670f
wna the Ethiopia v(>rpion of the fixet book of from the ward of St. Tlotolnh, Biehopsgat^, on
Edra8' (8vo, Oxford, 1620). the presentation of 8ir John Laurence,
MeBawiule Laurence wu as zealously chant, of London. On 29 Nov. 1688 be
defending thp church from the Calvinista as dischnrf^-ed find bound for seven years to a
from the unitarians. 'The Doctrine of the murclmut vessel 'bound for the Streighta'
Church of England tipon the elBoacy of Bap {ChrUe HotpUal Reg.) He was afterwaids
tism vindicated from misrepresontatinn ap ' employed by the firm of Lethieullior, mer-
peared in 2parts, vo, Oxford, 1816-18 other chants, of London, and was eent by them to
;

editions 1818 and 1838. While occupied Spain, where he ramained aone yeara. He
|

by these invasti^ations I>aiirence published studied divinity, became dissAtisfied with his
' Authentic Documents relative to the Pre- baptism among dissenters (L4VBHCB, Lay
deitinarian Oontaroverey, which took place Jiaptum IntMuid, 1709, p. 25), and waa^ in-
araoncj xhrnr- who were imprisoned fur their formally baptised in Christ Church, New-
adherence to the Doctrines of the Reforma- gate Street, on 81 Match 1708^ by John Bates,
tion by Queen Mary,' 8vo, Oxford, 1819. reader at uw ehvnii. Theie ia no entry or
Laurence's other AVTitings include: 1. 'A the baptism in the register of the church.
Dissertation upon the Logos of St. John,' 8vo, Laurence's act attractwi omsiderable atten-
I

Oxford, 1808. 2. 'Oritieat Reflections iipon tton, and waa diai^iproTed by the Biibop of
owe important misrepresentations contained London ("White Kbkkbtt, Wisdom of Look
in the Unitarian version of the New Testa- ing Backward^ p. 228). Laurence then nub-
inent,*8vo, Oxford, 1811. 3. ' Remarks upon lished hie 'Lay Baptism BtTalid,' Wbidi
j

the Systcmat ical Classificnt ion of Manuscripts gave ri-^c t o a controversy. It was discu'^ed
>
adopted by Griesbach in his edition of the at a dinner of- thirteen bishops at Lambeth. . .
.
'

New Testament,' 8vo, Oxford, 181 4. *Bo- fdaoeon22AprU l7l2mf9o/ Skarp.ArA'

4.
ronrks upon the Critical Primnples . bishop of York, i. .^70), and a dix^Iaration was
. .

adopted by Writers who have .. . recom- drawn up in favour of the validity of bap-
mended a mw Tianidation of the Bible,' 8vo, tisms penormed non-episcopally ordttned
Oxford, 1820. 5. 'The Book of Job, in the minisltT-H. Tliis wa.s offVired to convocation
words of the authorized version, arranf^ed on 14 May 1712, but rejected by the lower
and printed in irenenil oonlbrmity witli the house after some debate (KBamn, Wudowtf
Masoretical text (anon.), 8vo, Dublin, IS.'H. p. 237).
6. '
Remarks on the Medical Effecta of the Through the influence of Charles Wheatly,
Chlorides of Lime and Soda' (anonymouslT then fellow of St. John's College, an hoaioiary
and privately printed), 8vo, Puhlin, 1835. deforce of M.A. was conferred upon Laurence
7. ' On the Existence of the Soul after Deaths b^ the unn i r^ity of Oxford on 16 July 1713
a Dissertation opposed to the principles of (th. np. l'84-o). He was ordained deaoon on
IMestley, Lnw, and th('irro?pcctive followers. .'JO Nov., and priest on 19 Dec. 1714, by the
By R. CL' 8vo, Loudon, 1834. 8. 'Extracts nonjuringbitiho^UeorgeUtckes. In 1716- 18
from a FonnidsTy for the Visitation of the nonjuring ordinationt took place ' In Mr.
j
"
"
Saxon Church, A D. 1528,' 8vo, Oxford, 1838 Lawrence's chapell on College Hill within
(this is inserted in the last edition of the the city of Loudon ' (EawliMon MHii, in
Bamptott lectures ; a few copies were struck Bodleian Library, D. 8%, If. 2, 4a, 4). Ua
ofT Beparatelv). 0. 'The \isitntlon of the was consecrated a bishop by Archibald Camp-
Saxon Reformed Church, in 1527 and 1.528, bell [q. v.] in 1733, but his consecration was
with an Introdnction and some Remarks on not recognised by the vest of the nonjurom
Mr. X^wman's " Lectures on Jti>titication," on account of its having bet n performed by
8vo^ublin, 1839, a posthumous work, edited a single bishop (PERCEvaLy Apustolical SvO'
by Dean Ck>tton. lO. ' Poetiesl Remains,' eefsion, App. K, p. 226). new party wis A
8vo, Duhlin, 1872 (twenty-five co^)iea pri- thus4)tnrtca,of which Campbell and LauKSnOi
vately printed), edited with those oi French were the leaders, Brett being at the head of
Laurenoe by Dean Cotton. theoriginalbodyofnonjurors. Laurence died
[Qtnt. Mag. iiow str. xi. 205-7, xiv. 677; on G March 17.3H nt K<'iit House Bcclicnhsra,
Ctfltoos fasti 18. Uib. i. 98-103; Cotton's the country nisidcuce of the irfethiuuiiiM)%

uiy j^uj by Google

 Laurence 649 Laurence
aged very nearW 66, and waa buried at thor of "Two Diacouraea,"' 1732. (h) 'A
Kclcenham on li Maicli. In hia will, mada Supplement to the Lidispenaible 01 1ons,'
i t i

29 Feb. 1736, he is descriVofl n?- of the pariah

'
of St. Saviours in Southwark.' He left all
hU property to Ml wife, Jane Laurence,
whost^ maiden name was Holman.
Laurence was an able controversialist,
tbo^ hia style was not elegant. Hia col-
lection of facts and references in support nf
his view on lay baptism is valuable. lie
vabliabed : L 'Lay Baptism Invalid, or an
Kssay to prove that such Bajitism is Null
and Void when administer'd in opposition
to the Divine Right of the Apostolical Suc^
&c.,1733. (cV The Supplement Continued,*
1734^ in whicn Laurence quaintly oommenta
on hn own Tiews and world in tiie thifd
person.
[Roisters of Christ's Hospital, commnntcated
by W. Lenapripre, esq.; Daily Post, 6 March
1736; NicholK'8 Lit. Anecd. iv. 227; Burnet's
Hbt. of his own Time, tL 117 seq. (Oxford adit,
of 1823) : Life of Arebbisbop Sharp, i. 869^-77
Laurence's Lay Baptism Invalid, 1712, pp. xii,
liii; White Kennett 's Wisdom of Looking Back-
ward Oxford Gra<iniit.o.s, 1659-1860, p. 398;
;

cession. By a Lav Ilrinrl (anon.), London,

'
1706. Editions, with various alterations, ap-
pened in 1709, 1712, 1714, 1723, and 1725,
Post Boy, 26-8 July 1713 ; Notes and Queries,
Snd ser. v. 476-7, 3rd ser. i. 226, iii. 243-4;
Lathbury's Hist, of the Nonjurirs, pp. 381 4
KIwin's Minister of Baptism, pp. 227-40; pr*
;

and a ri'priiit. edited hy W. Scott, in 1841.

f)ice by W. 8oott to his adltioa of Lay Baptiam
The book was attacked by Burnet in a ser- Invalid .1841 Burnet's Two Sermons, 1710; will
:

BMB (7 Not. 1710); by Bishop' Fleetwood iij SoiuerHt-t Mouse, Probate Derby, 60.] B. P.
r<j. v.] in an anonymous pamphlet; by nishop

lalbot in a charge of 1712 ; and by Joseph LAURENCE, SAMUEL (1812-1884),

m
Knghin [q. v.] his ' Scholastusal Hiatofy
of Lay Itaptism,' (ITl'i). Laiireuce was
a]^orted by Hickus and Brett. 2. Sacer- '
dotal Fowen, or the Neoeeaifcy of Confession,
Penance, and Absolution. Together with tlie
I>(allity of Unauthoriz'd Lay Baptism as-
McCed' (anon., in roply to the Bishop of Solis-
bn^), London, 1711 2nd edit. 1713; a re-
; followed at the Acadomy by portraits of
priatof the first four chapters was edited by
Qraalev in 1862. 8. 'Diasentera' and other
UnMUioris'd Baptisms Null and Void, hy the
Axtidei^ Oanons, and Kubricks of the Church
of En^bmd ' (in anewer to FleMwood), Lon-
don, 1712; 2nd edit. 1713; 3rd edit. ISIO;
reprint by W. Scott with Lay Baptism In-
' Thomiis Watson, bart., M.D., 1870 |and the
T^lid,' 1641. 4. (The Bishop of Oxford's
' 'liurtrf consider'd.' 5. 'The S( cond Part of
Lay Baptism Invalid,' in which he tries to
prove hia position from Binriiam'a ' Scholas-
tical Historj',' London, 1713. Binpham re-
portrait-painter, was bom at Guildford, Sa^
ri'v, in 1812, and early mnnifcstfrl a piroat
love for art. The first portraits which he ex-
hibited woru at the Society of British Artiste
in 1834, but in 1836 he sent thn-c portnita,
including that of Mrs. Somerville, to the ex-
h ibition of the Royal Academy. Tliese were
^e
Right Hon. Thomas Erakinc, 1838; Thomas
Garlyle^ IBil ; Sir Frederick Pollock, bart.,
1842 and lSi7; Charles Babbagp, 1HJ5;
Dr. Whewell, 1847; J iiintiS Speddin^, 18(K);
the Rev. William H. ThompaoOy naatcr or
Trinity, nnd Robert Browning, 1809; Sir
Rev. Frederick Jjenison Maurice, 1871. He
exhibited also crayon drawings of Charles
Dickens ('Sketch of hot'), 1838; John
Hullah, 1842; Professor Sedgwick, 1846;
tlip Ul'v. Frederick rk'ni.<;on Maurice, 1846
;

Slied in a second part of his Schol&stical

' George Urot<j, 1849; Lord Ashburton and
Laurence rejoined in t 6. ' Suptilo*
[ifltory.* Bernard Barton, 1850; Sir Henry Taylor,
in<?nt to the 1st and 2nd Parts of Lay IJap- 18.52; Sir AVilliam Bowmnn, bart., 18.53;
tiam Invalid (asaaUing also White Kenuett) Sir FrederickPoUockand Lady Pollock, 18<i3j
'

(iioii.\ London, 1714. BinghanT again re- James Anthony Fronde, Rev. Hugh Stowelt,
plied, nut was not answered. An excellent and William Mai cepeace Thackeray, 1804
bibliography of the controversy respecting Anthony Trollope, 1806 ; Sir Uenxy Cole and
lay baptism and Lanrence's poaitton is given Dean Howson, 1866; William Spoftfswoode,
i n Elwin*s * Minister of Bantism,' pp. 268 1869; Lord-justice Sir Edward Fry, 1871 ;
e( seq. 7. ' Mr. Leslie's Defence from some and Sir Theodore Martin, 1875. He ceased
. . . nindplee Advanc*d in Letter, awd to to exhibit at Suffolk Street in 1868, hut his
have been -w-ritten bv him concerning the works continued to nppojir at the Royal Aca-
Kew Separation' (anon.), 1719.^ 8. 'The demy until 1882, when he sent a drawing oi
ladiapennhle Obligation of Himstring the Mrs. Cross (' George Eliot *)> msde in 1860.
Great Necessaries of Publick "Worship . . Early in life Laurence was brought into
.

Bra Lover of Truth (anon.), London, 1 732- close relations with many of the eminent
'

ITM. (a) '^le Indispensible Obligation literary men of his time, and was on temla
^

, . . with a Detection of the False Reasonings of great intimdcy with George Henry Lewes
m J>fc Printed Letter to the Au- and Thornton Leij^h Hunt ^ but his most w/*

Digitized by Gopgle
 Laurcttcd 6$o LftufehdS
timatd friend i/aa Jamed Spudding, the ecKtot Peitibroke. At Ottford, .where he chiefly
of Bacon. Uany of bis vottitJu 6f them sided, he ieem^ te hiiTn IMd IkiU^ evteoMd
have bt'cn enmraverl, t]ie nc^t-linown being as a preacbor un-1 man of Tcarrtinp, hcint:
those of Thacleray leading a letter, Carlyl6
HMng t de, Htoidt UAf AtlhhmoA
(in Lord Tloughton's Monogra]>1is "1, Fre- By I>aud's influence be became chspla
'

derick Denison Maurice, Mzt. Gaakell, Arch* Charles I, and was elected on 11 Nov. 1^
bishop Trench, and WiUiam Edward Font^. inastef or Us old eiMlege, B411io1. Jo^
His portraits of Tennyson and Carlyle are Evelyn, one of bis itndrr^TarlimTe?, described
eiupraTed in Home's < New Spirit of the Age,' him as ' an acute and learned jMsrson' aad a
1614. ^ be of his most auooesAftd portrfita severe cfisciplltiarian, who tried to eountenei
in oil 18 that of Lt'i^h Hunt, palutea in 1837, the effects of ' the extraordinary remiss-
hut never ^uite finished. It^ waa exhibited ness ' of his predecessor Parkhurst CEv^tW,
in the Knttonal Poitrwt Exhibition of 1868^ lMy,8ublOMay 1637). OntOlUKhM-
and photo^ ru|ilu-d for Lei gl? Hunt'Il ' ClMre- lowing he recei\' il, in succession to Dr. Fell,
afondence,' published in 1862. the Margaret proiiissorship of divinity, to
hmmaoB mafriod Anastttrin Oliddon, -#bldi chair m Worcester oanonry waci iSm
OOVnn and adopted sister of >rrs. Thornton ftttaebed. Laud, wiiTincT on tbp o^i^.sioit,
Lebdi Hnt, and during his early married life advised him to be ' mindful of the waspish*
ho tndtM FUiraDoe snoVoniee, studying diU* ness of these timet.' 'With Iris other fnk^
gently the muthoda of tli> old maBters, and ments T>mirt n{ e ubfO held tbe living of Be-
endsavouring to discover the secrets of their merton with Fuggiestone in Wiltahiie, worth
Mooess. In 1^1 he viattd the TJn!td States, about 140/. a year. On 6 Dee. 1689 Lsat
and while staj'inp at Ix)ngfellow'8 residence wrote that as banr^tice bnd been sltnfst
in Massachusetts he drew a portrait of James every week at death's door, he had betto' be
Russell LoweU, which has been engraved. dispensed mte leeturuig at Ozfind Ibr ^
TT.> died at f. W. lls Street, Oxford Street, iif\t toriii. t")ii thf sovfiif eentb davof TjtkTs
London, from the eiTects of an operation, on trial Laurence was instanced as one pppijiblT
38 Feb. 1884, in the seventy;4eoond year of affected whom Laiid had itroimoted. Ths
his age. Thfre are by him in the National parliamentary visitors compelled bimin 164^
Portrait Gallery portraits io oil of Charles to resign his mastership and professorship ia
Babbiige and Sur Thomas Bourehier, R.N., 6rd6r tb aToid expulsion, but he afUffwirtt
and an unfinished hen f TIih 'koray, as well Bubmitrod to tbem, and receiver! a cortificato.
^
1 <

as chalk drawings of Frederick Pollock, dated 3 Aug. 1048, attesting that he engued
haii., end Sir Cnarles Wneatatone; and an to preach only practical di vin ity , and nm^
unfinished sketch of Matthew Jame llifjgin bear from expressing' any opinionsconderEnf^
(* Jacob Qmnium ]). The Scottish National by the reformed church. His Wiltshire bese-
Fmtnui Gallery nas a head in crrrau of Ifce was sequestrated before )668. S^smiawA
IliomasCarlyle. nisportrait of Dr.Whcwell from Oxford with tbe los.s of i'\ ervtliint:. ^'
is in IViuity College. Cambridge, ^d one of was fortunate enough to be appointe<i ihap-
!tliackeray is in the jReform C9ub, London. lain of Colne, Huntingdmrtihm, bv the nai^
(Atbiueum. 1884, i. 318; BryiiDH Diet, of liamentarian, Colonel ValenTine A\'it!Ker,
BMntacB and Eogmven, ed. 6rave% ii. whose release Laurence bad brou^t about
38 ; Exhibition Catalognes <rf tba Royal Aoa- when the colonel was inrprismiM by tin*
demy, 1836-82; Exhiliition Catalogutjs of the' royiilists at Oxford. Chnrlp^ IT npp^jint-^
Society of British Artibts, 1834-53 information him to an Irish bishonric, but he was ne^cr
;

from Boraee if. P|ni,e8a.,of Foxvold, Brasted.] consecrated, for be oitd on 10 Ike. 1667.
R. E. O. During his latter days nt rnlne, Laurence
LAX;RNC| THOMAS (1698-1657), said to have srown d^nerate and careless
naster of BalliQl College, Ox^rd, born in both ia bis lira end eonvnaition He left i
1598 in Dorset, Wiis the tnn of a clerp:yraan. vridow and diildno fti vtrf poor Stiailh
According to Wood be obtained a scuolar- stanees.
ehipa^ Balltol College, Oxford, in 1614, wheA He publiebed Itoee sermons ? 1. *TMktf
only Bixtoen, and matriculated 11 May lfil5. of the Laity and Privilege of the Clertt
|efore 1618 he was elected a fidlow'of AU preached at St. Mary's in .Ozon. on IS J
Souls, and frriiduated B.A. on 9 Junie 1618, 1684,* Oxford, 1686, 4tofB6^elW>. 9.*t
M.A. on IG May 1621, B.D. 1629. and D.D. Schism in tbe Cbnrcb of G kI, iirrai bed ir. tlii
1633. He iucorporatod M.A. at Cambridcre Cathedral Church at Sarum^ the vtsitS-
,

in 1637. On 91 Jan. 1639 he was made tion of Win. Archbtshtilb cf Carilefborv, on

treasurer of Lichfield Cntbedrnl, and held M.iv in.'U, on 1 Cor. t. 12/ Oxfi^rd. 1635,
(he post of private chaplain to the Earl of 4to (Wood). 3. * Sermon before the Ko^
^

Digitized by Google
 Laurent
3ffiywtj-at 'VVIu(.!iall on 7 Feb. Ifi36, on
xod. iii^ 5' (Bodleian), in which, acoordingf
to Wood, 'be moderately stated tub feal pre-
ien.v, ancl ^ufferid troublt; for it.'
Laurence is said to havt lefb much manu-
enpt rtedj for the press. A collection of his
manu'cripts, calUd 'Index Matcrlarum et
Authorum,' ia in the Bodleian Library (.
Xuaao GollecttOD. G. Mus. 40).
[WtoJ's Aihen.T, ed. Eiiss, iii. 438; Woods
aiU of Univ. of Oxford (Outcb), i. 84. ii. 215
0ml Voir. Hfg. (Osf. Hbt. Soc.), n. H. 338. iii.
Ahiagdoa'B Aotiqnitiu of the Citholio
Choreh of Worcester. 1723, p. 148; Willisu
Surrej of Culi iraU, ij. 411 ; La Xcve's l''a.>ti,
I M3. iii. 85, 619. 641 Walker's Sufferines of
;
iht Clergy, p. 10'; Dind'n Works, \v. 295, r.
1<?6. 194, 244,289, 398; Liny, IV Memoire. ed.
A curiouH rhyming epitaph
1777* pp. 644, 646.
m Li MS BSs is gvtm hy Lloyd.J E. T. B.
LAVBEITT, PETER EDMUND (1796-
1837), cla.--ical scholar, born in 1706, waa a
native of Picurdy in France, and studied at
fhfi Polytechnic School at Paris, where He
pjiinei pcveral pr'z'>>?. Hecamt! to Kiigland
at an earl V age, and waa engaged fur several
years as a teacher of modern lanfpuigee in the
university of Oxfnrd. lie wa.^^ al -o FnMich
master at the Royal Naval CoUe^^e^ Ports-
mooth. He was a good mathematician, and
is stated ( Gent. Maj.) to havespoken fluently
' nearly all the European lan^ uagea,' and to
have l>ecn ' well versed in Arabic, Latin, md
Greek.' In 1818 he left Oxford with two
aniversity friends and visited the towns of
northern Italy. Starting from Venice on
!? July 1818 ho vbited Gn- ceand the Ionian
Islands, and came home in 1819 through
Nm^m, Rome, and Florence. In 1821 he
published an account of his travels as ' Ile>
oollections of a Classical Tour,' London, 4 to.
Tlie book is not without interest, though
Laurent was neither an ari"ha)ol\>gist nor a
topogtnplier. Laurent died in the autumn
(Wore the end of October) of 1837 at the
Royal Hospital, Hu.sl;ir, Hampshire, aged 41.
He was the fatLer uf futu* childr<*n| who sur-
vived him. His wife, Anno, died at Oxford
on_6 Jan. 18^8, aged 50 {{b. 1818, new ser.
nil. 220). Besides the ' KecoUectious' Lau-
rent published i I. 'Introduction to Uie Study
of German Grammar,' 1817, 12mo. 2. Pin-
iar' (English prose translation with notes),
8to. 3. 'Herodotus ' (English transla-
tion fr m Gaisford's text), 1827, 8vo; 1837,
8vo; aL<o 184(5, 8vo. 4. 'Outlines of the
French Grammar/ Oxferd, 1827, 8vo. 6. 'A
Tn'rrxlnction to . .. Ancient Oeo^phy,'
1830, 8vo. 1832, 8vo.
fOent Kmc. l^<''. new sr. fiii. 436; Brlu pany on -4ivli l836,h4JDgsiASaddlfii;8' ilall^
651 Laurie
LAURENTIUS {d. 619), archbishop of
Cantrluiry. [See LawiiEXCE.]
LAURIE,SiBPETER(1778-1801),lord
mayor oT London, born at Saundersdean farm,
Iladdington, 3 March 1778, was son uf John
Laurie, Tarmur, formerly of StitcheM, Rox-
burghshire, lie was at first intended for the
inini^tryoftheestablished church of Scotland,
but nothing came of this design, and he Citma
to London as a lad to engage in commerce.
He obtained employment with David Tol^
lock, founder of the legal family, who was
saddler to George III, and subeeciuentlv set
up for hjmself as a saddler, carrying on busi-
ness at 2(90 Oxford Street {Post Office London
Directoryf 1807). Becoming a contractor for
the Indian army his fort une was rapidl)* made,
and in 1820 he took his nephews into partner-
I'hip; he himself retired from the business in
1827. He was chairman of the Union Bank
from its foundation in 1830 until his death.
In 1823 he served the office of sheriff, and on
7 April 1824 received the honour of knight-
hood. On 6 July 1826 he was chosen alder-
man for the ward of Aldcrsgate. In 1831
he contested th' election for the mayoralty
with Sir John ^^y^ who was put forward for
re-election. Launewsa defatt^d^bntaerwed
the otHce in the following year in the or-
dinary course of seniority. Ho was master
of the Saddlers' Company in 1833. During
his mayoralty and throughout his public life
Laurie devoted himself largely to schemes of
social advancement. He
gained the repute^
tion of bcincT ft good magistrate, and took an
active part iu the proceedings of the court of
\
common council, where be showed himself
I
a disciple of Joseph Hume q. v.l In 1826 he
succeeded in throwing open to ihe public the
meetings of the court of Middlesex magis-
tratee, and in 183o the meetings of the court
of aldermen were uUo held iu public through
his endeavours, lie waspe^idcnt of Brim*
well and Bethlehem Hospitals, and a magi'^-
trate and deputy-lieutenant for the city of
^^'(3stminater and the oount]^ of Middlesex.
His town residence was situated in I'ark
Square, Regent's Park^ where he died ot old
age and inhrmity OS 3 Dee. 1801. He was
baried in Uighgate cemetery. Laurie mar-
ried Margaretfdaughterof John Jack, but had
no children,aiid wia left a widower in 1847.
There is a mezzotint portrait of him en-
graved by James Scott from a painting by
Thomas Philippe, R.A., and publish^ in
Is.;;) : find an inierior lithop^raphic print froni
Cruikshunk was published
a drawing by
by HuUman^el. A portrait by John lamee
hiw by the com-
jirosented to
iialls [q.
I^attiie published: 1 'Haadma,' a sktt|
Digitized by Google
 Laurie 6$! Lavenham
London, 1833, Substance of SueecU
12aio. 2. ' Return from Egypt,' 'The Crucitixion,' and
of Sir P. Laurie on the Qiuation of the Perio- 'St. John the Evangelist,* after Kubeat;
dical Election of Magistrates in the Court 'The Crucifixion,' after Vandyck The In- ;
'

of Common Ck>uiiciV 2d March, privately credulity of St. Thomas,' after Bemhraadti

printed, 6vob London, 18S6. 8. 'Oorraspoad- The Holy Family,* after Guereino; 'Chnt
ence between C. Cator . . and Sir P. L.
. crucified, after Annihalc Carrarci; 'Tb*
upon the Miuutes of the Court of Common Adoration of the Magi,' after Andrea Casslii
Cbntieil,' 8vo [1839]. 4. ' Speaeh . . . t the *The Quack Doctor/ after Dietrich ; *1W
Public Hri'akfu'^tof the Wesfevan Missionary Flemish Rat i lu r
iit< and 'The Itinertat
'

Society,' pp. 8, 8vo, London, 1843. 6. ' KilK- Singer,' after Ostade ; 'The Wrath of
ing no Murder, or the Effects of Separate Achilles,' after Antoine Coypel; 'A llpd
Confineraent . .,' 8vo, London, 1846. 6.
, ' A Gale and A S(Hiall,' after Jos^h VenH;
'
'

li^tter on the Disadvantages and Extrava- * The Oath of rulypso,' Diana and '

gaiu es of the Separate System of Prison Dis- Nymphs bathing,' and a Madonna,' aft^r *

cipline tat Oountv Qaols . . J

8vo, London, Angelioa Kaufmanu ' Sunrise landsctps
; :

1648. with fishermen,' after George Ikrrt t

[P. G. Laurie's Sir Peter Laurie, a imily me- Naval Victory of Lord Kodney,' after Robert
moir (priratriy printed), 1901 ; Tovnsend'iCal* Dodd; Young Ladyoonfeasingtoalleak,'
'

rndarof Knights City Pre.7 Deo. 18C1 Gent,

; ;
Hag.l862,pt.i.pp.91-3 ; SberweUN HistoricalAc*
eotmtoTclMSeifdlWCoiapiiny.lSSQ.] C. W-h.
LAtmiE. ROBERT(175r>?-ia36), mezzo-
tint engraver, bom about 1755, was de-
scended from the Lauries of MaxweUon,
after William Millar; 'Court of Equitj,
or Convivial City Meeting,' after Robot
Dighton; The RiTal MiUmen' and "ns
Jealous Maids,' after John Collet; 'The Full
of the Honeymoon ' and ' The Wane of th<;
Honeymoon,' after Francis Wheatlcy.RA ;

Dumfriesshire. He received from the Society a scene from ' She Stoops to Conquer,' with
of Art^t in 1770 a silver palptte foradmwing portraits of Shriter, Quick, and Mrs. Green,
from a picture, and in 1773, 1775, and 1776 after Thomas i'urkiu8(>u and a scene from
;

premiums for desi^rna of patterns for calico- the * School for Scandal,' with portraits of '

printing. His earliest portmit,? in mezzotint
are dated 1771, and from that time until
1774 his name appears on them irerioiuly as
Tjowery, Lowry, Lowrie, Lnwrey, Lawrie, or
Mrs. Abing'ton, King, Smithy and Paliaert
from a drawing by himself.
His best portraits are those of Georm III
and Qxieen Charlotte, nfter Zoflany Q\i-^m ;
i

Laurie. He invented a method of printing Ciiarlotte^with the Princess Royal andPriji*

raenotinto engrttTinss in eoloare, ana Ibrite eessSophm Augusta, and Qeor)^, prineesf
disclosure he rfHjtiived from the Societyof Arts Wales, with Frederick, duke ot York, two
in 1 776 a bounty of thirty guineas. Early in groups after his own designs ; David Garrick,
17$H, in partnership with James Whittle, he
succeeded to the business longcarried on by
after ^
Joshua Reynolds Oarrick led off
the Stage by Time towards the Temple of
;
'

llobert Sayor at the Golden Buck in Fleet Fame,' after Thomas Parkinson r?irrirk ;

Street, as a publisher of engravings, maps,
eharte, and nautical works. The most im>
portant charts publishtnl by tins firm were
Cook's * Survey of the South Coast of New-
foondland' (1776) and the 'Surveys of St
with Mrs. Belhimy, as Komeo nnJ Juli^,
after Benjamin Wilson; Mrs. Hadilfley, th*
actress, after ZofTany; Elizabeth Gunninfr,
duchess of ArgyU, two plates after Catharine
Head Jemima, countess OomwaUis, after
;

George's Channel,' Sec. (1777). Laurie tlion Sir .h)hua lleynolds Richard, earl Howf*,
;

gave up the practice of engraving. He re-
tired mmi businees in 181 S, and the firm
was continued as Wliittlt> & Laurie, but the
business was conducted by his son, Richard
Holmes Laurie, who, on the death of Wliittle
in 1818, became the sole proprietor. De la
Rochette and John Purdy were the hjrdro-
S'aphers to the firm. Robert Laurie died at
roxboume, Hertfordshire, on 19 May 1896^
aged 81. His son died at 53 Fleet Street, on
Id Jan. 1858, also at the age of eighty-one^
leaving two daughters.
Laurie's plates are well drawn and care-
fully finished, and his groups possess con-
idmbleinflrit His principal subject prints
Its AdmitiMi of th* Uagi,' <Tha Gamelite fnuMlb IpswfehiStodied at Oxfoid,
after P. Mequiguon ; John, earl St. Vincent,
after T. Stewart ; Etienne FVan^ois, duke of
Choiscul, full-length, after J. B. Van Loo;
Georgiuna, duchess of Devonshire; Joseph
Amies, F.R.S. ; and a series of twelve pofr
traits of actors, after Dighton.
[Gent. Mag 183 ii 108, 185 i. 661-J
Bryan's Diet, of Fuintcre Hnd Engravers, ei
Graves. 1886-9, ii. 26; Chaloner Smith's Britisk
Menotinto Portraits, 1878-83. ii. 799-819:
M
Dodd's Memorials of Engravers (Brit. us. Add.
lI8a83tM^X*aU9^L1 B.E.O.
LAVENHAM or LAVYNOHAKr
RICHARD (Jl. 1380), Carmelite, was bom
at LMmhAm, SuffbUc, and, after becoming s

Digitized by Google
 Lavenham 6S3 Lavington
;
V here be is said to have graduated D.D.; but ive super viii. lib. Physicorum a copy,which '

m the colophon to bis tract against Jobn was formarlyin the Carmelite Library at Ox-
Purvey (J. V.J he is called simply 'magiflfer' ford, is now at Gonville nnd Caius College,
{Fofcti'uU Zizaniorum, p. 399, Rolls Ser.) Cambridge (Smith, Cat. MSS. p. 224^, where
Larenham was aftenvnrds prior of die Car- it is styled * Commentarivs super vui. libros
melite house at Bristol. He was confessor to Aristotelis Physicorum, qui dicitur supple-
Richard II, and a friend of Simon Sudbury, mentum Lavenham.' Tanner ascribes this
archbishop of Canterbury. Do Villiers, on work both to Richard and to aThomas Laven-
the authority of a reference in Polydore Ver- ham, who was in 1447 one of the first fellows
gil (p. 403, ed. 1557) to a Carmelite called of All Souls' College. 6. 'Be Septem Pecca-
Richard, says that Lavenham was one of tis Mortalibus,' an raigliah treatise beginning
who were killed with the archbishop in 'Crist y*devde upon y* crosse.' In Harleian
1381: but Balestate?^ that be died at Bristol, MS. 211, ff^SS a-46 b, an early fifteenth-cen-
aod LeUnd at W'iucliustor, both giving the tury manuscript, with a contemporarv ascrip-
date as 1383. Lavenham must, however, tion to Lavenham. 6. 'De Gestis et Yransla-
have long survived that date, if Dr. Shirley is tionibus f^nnctormn trium regmn do Golonia,*
correct in bis opinion that Purvey'i'EoeletiiB ascribed to Lavenham by a late hand in
Ri irimf-n,' from whicb Lavenham extracted Luud. MS. Misc. 525 in the Bodleian. Thii
certain berediefl, was written as late as 1410 is, however, a once famous work by John of
(Amb, ESa, pu IzTUi). The leaMO g^ven for llildeshein 01 1870), a Germuu Ctirmelite;
thisdatp does not, however, seem conclusive. but there were pevernl English translations,
The 'EcclesiaB Ilegimen' would appear to be and Ijavenham may have been the author of
the ba.is of the charges against Purvey at his one of theee. The ].Atin and two English
trial in 1401 (cf. the articles of accusation versions were edited by C. Ilorstmann for the
giyen in Wiixnrs, Concilia, iii. 260-2), and Early English Text Society in 1886. Among
we know that Purvey taught very similar the other treatises given oy De ViUtere are
doctrine at Bristol in the reign of Richard II ' Abbreviationes liechc
(it has been suggested
'

(KsisHTOiT, cols. 20G0-1, apud Twtsden, that this is the abbreviation printd by
^Scriptores Decern). Furvev wiia a prominent \\'heloc in his edition of Bede), 'Compen-
Widifite before Wiclif's Jeatb in 1384, mid dium Gualteri Reclusi* (perhaps Hilton),
hit preaching at Bristol and controversy with 'De Eundatione sui Ordinis.' a treatise called
LiTeiilwm may quite potaiUj hsvs been Ul- ' Clypeus Paupertatis ' (this looks aa if Laven-

terior to 1383. ham had taken part in the controversy con-

Lavenham enjored a great reputation as a
dwologian and eenoolman. Bale gives a list
of sixty-one treatises ascribed to him {Cata-
IcffUM, vii. 1), Be Villiers names sixtv-two,
and Davy aixty-throe. In Sloane M^. 3899
ceniinjg; evangelical poverty), a commentary
on Anatotle's 'Ethics,' tracts on physics and
astronomy ('De Cujlo et Mundo,' 'De Pro-
prietatibus Elementorum *), together with
* Qiuaetionee,' aennoiM, ana riniUar woika.

(fourteenth century") in the British Museum [Bale's Heliiidts in Hurl. MS. 3838. AT. G8 9 ;

there are twenty-four short treatises by
Lavenham on logical subjects (* De Proposi-
tirrnibus,' ' De Termini?,' &c.); the majority
of these are included in the lista given by
Bale and De Villiers. One of these tracts,
He Causis Natural ibus,' is also contained in
MS. Hh. iv. 13, tf. 56-8, in the Cambritlge
Uammity Library. Other extant worK-s
ascribed to Lavemiam are t 1. * In Revela-
tiones 8. Brigittas Lib. vii.' in MS. Rep. 7,
0. iz, in the Britiib Museum, a folio volume
of the fifteenth centnrv ; the fourth book is
also in Bodl. MS. 169 (No. 2030 in Bbrxabd,
Qit. MSS. Anylia) in the Bodleian Libraiy.
Be Villiers describes this work as ' Determi-
nationes notabiles Oxonii et Londini lectre.'
SL 'Contra Johannum Purveium,' heresies
extracted from Purvev's Eoclesue Rejfimen,'
'
printed in 'Fasciculi Zizaniorum,' pp. 383-99.
8. Super Prsdicamentis,' in Digby IfSi 77,
'
f. 191 h, mutilated at the end, inc. * fractaturus
^ Deoeq Qeoeribua.' 4* ' S^ulam Natufi^
LeIaiid'M Comment. deScriptt. Bril. pp. 37 -8, Tan-
ner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. pp. 470-1 ; C. de Villiers's
Cartnel. ii. 678-82; Piivy's Atbeme Suf-
tolcieuses in Addit. MS. 19166; Gattilognes of
Msa in Brit Mna. and BodMaa.] a L. K.
LAVINGTON. Bawmi (1788P-ia07).
[See P.WNE, 8rB Ralph.]
LAVINGTON, GEOnOE (1084-1762),
bi.shop of Exeter, was son
ot the Rev. Joseph
Lavington, who married at Mildenhall in
that county, on 27 -\pril 1676, Eliraheth,
daughter of the liev. Stephen Constable,
rector of the parish and preoendary of Slape
in Salisbury Cathedral. Ho was bom at
Mildenhall rectory and baptised on the
same day, 18 Jan. 1683-4. According to
j
the accepted biographieSjbis father exchanged
Ihis benefice of Broad Hinton in Wiltshire for
[that of Newnton Longville in Buckingham-
shire, which was in the gift of New College,
.Oxford, and through this connection w^th

Digitized by Google
 I-^vingtoij 654
the members of that college the hoy was sent
to Winchester College; l^ut no incumbent of
the name of Lavington ever held the living
of Broad ninton, and the rector of Newnton
|jongville was John Lavington. Greorge woa
eli'oied scholar of Winchester College in 1G98,
^nd among the school exercises preserved
there yfoa a Greek translation him, in
imitation of Theocritus, of the eclogues of
Virgil. On 1 March 170.>-6 he waa admitted
scholar of New College, Oxford, and two years
later he became a fellow. He graduated
B.C.L. in 1718, and D.CX. in 1732. The
university was mainly Jacobite, but he was
conspicuous for his devotion to the house of
HaixoTer. Ayliffe depicts him ' as (even among
^ enemies) esteem d a person of admirable
fiatural parts, good manners, sound judg-
nepli, and of a very mnarkable sweetness of
tamper in all conversation.' The col We pre-
sented him in 1717 to the rectory of Ileyford
Warren, Oxfordshire, which he resigned in
1730, and Bishop Potter gave him the rectory
of Hook Norton in that county. His political
Eiciplcs endeared him to Lord Coningsby
r.], who selected him as his domestic chap-
and proctu%d for him the position of
chaplain to George I. On the nomination of
the crown he was instituted, on ^3 Nov. 1719,
to the fourth stall in Woree^ter Cathedral,
inhere Francis Hare [q. y.] was dean, and re-
gained it until 1731, wlicn, on Hare's promo-
tion to the deanery of St. Paul's, Lavington
procured the prebendal stall of Wildland in
that cathedral (2 Nov. 17dn. He ahto held
the rectories of St. Michael Bassishaw (1730-
1742) and St. Marj' Aldermary (1742-7) in
the city of London. Without his solicitation
or knowledge the whig peers, Newcastle and
Hardwicke, recommended him for the see of
xeter, and on 8 Feb. 1740-7 he was cons.'-
erated at Lambeth as its bishop, holding in
oommetidam during his tenure of thebisliopric
the archdeaconry of Exeter, a prebendal stall
in the cathedral, and the rectory of Shobrooke
in Devonshire. John ^^'o^^'V rt-i^ords in his
'Journal (ed. 1827, iii. 107) that he was
' another pamphlet in refutation of the bishop.
'wall pleased to partake is the cathedral of
the Lord's supper with my old opponent
Bishop Lavington on Sunday, 29 Aug.
*
170"J.
A fortnight later (13 Sept.) the bishop died
at Exeter, and was buried on 19 Sept. in a
vault in the south aisle of the choir of the
cathedraL Aplain white marble tablet was
placed to his memory behind the throne, the
inscription on whicE, written bv Sub-dean
Barton, is printed in PolwheIe*8*l5eTon8hire,'
ii,14. His wife was Frances Maria Lave of
>rfe Mullen, Donetshire, daughter of a
uguenot refugee. Tbav were married about
|78W| wd aha <Hlt)im Mahop^ heUoff
I^vington
burled by his side 29 Nov. 1763. Two of their
children were buried in Worcester Cathe-
dralGeorge on 20 April 1728,and Mai^garet
I'rances on 80 April 1726 (Gbbbv, Worcester^
li. App. p. xxix). Their only surviving
daughter, Ann, married in Exeter Cathedral,
on 22 Aug. 1753, the Rev. George Nut combe
Quicke, tljen rector of Morchard Bishop, nt ar
E.xet r, who afterwards to<3k the surname
of Nutcombeand became chancellor of Exeter
CathedraL She died 16 Jan. 1811. A
half-
length portrait of the bishop at the episcopal
palace represents his features as gros^
Lavington, as a strenuous opj^nent of
mcthodism, acted with great severity to the
Rev. George Thompson, one of its chief supr
porters in Cornwall, and refused to accept
the testimonials of Thomas Haweis [q. v.j
because l^e dLiliked the views of the signatory
clergymen. In 1748 there was printed a fi>
titious extract from a charge just delivered
by him in his diocese which exposed him to
the charge of favouring methodism, where-
upon he publicly accused its leaders of
having promoted the fraud. Through the aid
of the Countess of Huntingdon their inno-
cence was proved, and Lavington was in-
duced to retract hij^ accusation. Out of this
incident grew ' ALetter to the Bishop of
Exeter, by a Clergyman of the Church of
England, in Defence of the Methodists,' and
it provoked the bishop into is^uinff, but with-
out his name, his famous wOTkj'Tlie Enthu-
siasm of Motbotlists and Papists compared
[pt. j.], 1749,' in which he paraded the natural
excesses committed by the original followers
of John Wesley. To this part there speedily
appeared answers by Wesley, Whitefield, and
"\
incent Perronet,and when the bishop wrote
a eocond part in the same year (1749) he pre-
fixed to it a long letter to Whitefield in reply
to his pamphlet. Lavington issued a third
part in 1751, with a lengthy preface to Wes-
ley in answer to his letter, with the resiJt
that Wesley published a se<x>nd letter (Janu-
ary 1752), and Vincent Perronet composed
In April 1762 there came out '"The Bishop of
Exeter a Answer to Mr. W^eslev's lat* Let-
ter to his Lordship,' pp. 16, to which Wesley
replied from Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 8 Mar
1752. Tlie three parts of Lavington's wora
were published together in 17f>4, and they
were reprinted, 'with notps,introduetion,auj
appendi.T,' by the Rev. Richard Polwhele so
late as 1820. "\Varburton, in his
* Letters
to
Hurd* (2nd ed. 1809), acknowledge^ that
Lavington's book was ' on he whole compoasd
t
well enough though it be a bad copy alt
Stillingflcet's famous book of "The Fauat^
oiam oC ^ Cburoli of lUMue*to do vi
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 T.avington 6ss Law
MentiOB he eneen at bis
iutciuLJ,' but of Devon and Cornwall), viz. : ' that there i^
atfempt to make th' methodista reecmble but one living and true God and that Kathor,
;

evsrjtliing that is bad,' wbile Soulhcy con- Son, and IJoly Ghost are tho one God.' For
ti^ed bimself witb voiu-bing 'for tbe accu- thirty-five years an adhesion to this formu-
racT of LaviD^ton's CathoUciefegBace>*(Xi/g lary, or its equivalent, was tho conditi on of
and Corre.yi. iL 345). license or ordination bv tho Exeter assem>
A cojpiutc work by LftTtngton was en- bly. M
icaijah Towgoo(5 [q. v.], who became
titled
I'beMoravians comp m-J and de- uno of the pastors of Jamos' Meeting in
UiCtdf' 17r>5, in \?bich tbey were likeued to 1750, moved that it be set a'^ide. j^cting
*tlia ffb^aden and disciples of the moat in- in concert witb congregational intay Laving-
fimoas Antient ilcretica,' but it at t meted ton, in 1752, instituted a 'Western aca-
Uule iitttntiun. He published many ser- demy ' at Ottery St. Mary, revonsblre, for
num$fOa\o of which, calted 'The Intluence of tho training of an orthodcx ministry; thf
Church Music,' was pn-achcd in Worcester principal tutor was h\'i ?nn Jo];n. Tin namt'S
CathmlxHl at the meetiu^ of tbe three cboira of six students are prest-rved, ho beat knownt

on 8 Sept. 1725, and passed into a third edi- being John Punfield, a predece.sapr of John
tion in 17.'>.'}. Two of his U'tterp, ihp property Angell James [q. v.J at Rirmingbam. In
of 1-ewis Majciulie, are described in tbe 1763 the assembly repealed tho resolution of
Uiat. USS. Comm. fith Bep. A pp. pp. 322- 1718, thus maldng belief in the doctrine of
323, and in the Ptscourses ana Iv.-avs' of tho Trinity an open questivni.
*
By this time
J^r. Edward Cobden [q. v.], a contemporary tho ministers ot Cornwall bad lefir< the as-
at Winchester College, is a Latin atrena in sembly; the TOte for repeal was 14 to 9,
praise of Lavington when made a bishop. with three neutrals; among tbe majority
[Kir^'a Winchester Scbolan, p. 315; La was William Harris (1720-1770) [q. v.] tho
NOTc'a Faati. i. 382. S96. 429, ii. 460. iii. 83 biographer. Lavington died in 1/59. Ho
QmU UafC. 1762, p. 448 Tjornian's John We- E ublislird notliinij;- with his natsj.-', hut had a
;

kgr, n. M^. 91-^ 134, 149-^3; Tjerman's and in several of the anouymous pam-
Wliititfald, ii. 801. 219-22. 230-2; Life and phlets ifBxxed during the Exeter oontxoreraj,
Tima of Counters of Iluntingilon, ad. 1840, i. 1710-20.
95-6, ii. 55; Nutes and Queries, 2ntl aer. v. 3G5, His son, JoHK Lavinotojt (d. 1764). or
1S58; llalkett and Laing'a Anon. Lit. pp. 774, dained 29 Aug. 1739. died SO Dec 1764.
IWi Gnan's WoretriLApp. B.'zza; Pol- He publii^liL-d several sermons, 1743-69;
whrU\ iVroiMbbt. t. S1S-t4, W. 14-16, 3C others were published in 1790.
Olirtr's Ti'-lirp. of Kxtu^r, pp. inr?. 273 Trans.
;

[Hnreh*e Hist Fresh, and Baptist

DeTon. A'^soc. xvi, 130; informiition from Dr.
Churcfics in West of England, 1835. pp. 386 sq.
8(^Ml. New Collep*". Oxford, th*" Rer. C. SonuiPB
Christian Mod ernt or, September 1826, pp. I.'i3
f>f MildenhaU, and Mr. Arthur Burch of tho
sq.; Christian Lifu, 16 and 33 Jane 1898 ;
Iioce*an Re^stry, Exeter.] W. P. C.
manoBcript liet of ordinations prcflfrred with
LlAVJJNOTON, JOHN (1C9P P-1759), mtnates of Exeter ABsembly ; Walter Wilsoo'p
pi>bytflnn divine, bom ahout IGOO or a mannscHpt nr rount of Diraentlag Aoadsoiies.
"

waR probably educated for the Dr. Williams'a Lihrary.] A. O.

lit tin later,

niniatry iu London. In 1715 he was cho^Hn LAW, CITAULES EWAN (1792-1850),

eoUeagueto Joliii Withers in the pastorate of
Pow Mt^tin;?. Kxi'tor, and waa ordained on
1 Oct. along with Joseph Hallett (1691 P-
1744) [q- The two pastors of Bow Met-
ing preached also at the Little Meeting, in
rot^tjlffll witb tbe two paators of Jamea' Meet-
iag. 0>f all four, Lavin<,non was tbe only one
unaffertcd in his theoloj/y by the movement
toward} Ariuuihm, iuiiiated by the publica-
tioB of th 'Scripture EkKJtrinfl of tbe Trinity
(1712), by Srirriu. l CUrke (1075-172: >) [q. v.]
Jienoe, in tbe controveraies which belong to
tht li|f James Peirce [q.T.] he took, though
aTt^un^ man, a leading part on the orthodox
tiiiie. XaTADffton drew up the formula of
IMlkjllilify aoiDpted (by a majority of more
than two to one) in September 1^18 by the
xter a/^embly of divines (including the
^ret|y teri|A fi4 MnypqgtVwuiliiit inimsters ft judge of tk fheriTe
recorder of London, second son of Edward
Law, first baron Ellenborough [q.v.], by his
wife, Anne, daughter of Ueorge Phtllijja
Towry of the Tictualling office, was bom on
11 June 1792. He was educatea at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where begraduated M-A.
1812 and LL.D. 1847. Having been admitted
a mftuber of the Inner Temple in 1813, Law
wa^ called to tbe bar on 7 Feb. 1817, and
subsequently became a member of the hoBB#
circuit. Pr-'viously to bis call he wn^ ap-
pointed by bis father clerk of the nisi priu^
m London and Middlesex in tbe court ct
king's bench, and shortly afterwards lx.>came
ft commissioner of bankruptcy. On 30 Jan.
1828 he was elected by the eowt of common
council one of the four common pleaders of
the city of Xxmdon, and in 1828 was appointed
amU III 1839 ^.

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 Law 656 Law
becnine a l<in(r's counsel, nnd in the same year settledon his wife's property at Buck Crag,
W as t-l. tf^il to the bencli ot ihe lanerTemple,
i about four miles from Staveiev {Cumb. and
of which eocu'ty he was tretisurer in 1839. Westm.Antiq.8oc. Tranf. vii r new per.] 08-9).
1

lit November 1830 he "nas appointed to the
olfioe of oommon seijeant in meonrion to
Denman, who had become attorney-jfeneral.
Upon the resignution of Newman Knowlys
in 1833 Law was elected to the post of re-
corder, which he continued to !ul(l until his
death. At & by-election in .March 1835,
ooeasioncd b^ the elevation of Charles Man-
Iiei-Sutt<in q. v.] to the House of Lords aa
Viscount Cunterbury, Law was returned un-
<ip|iOMd to the Hou8e of Commons for the
university of Cambridge as the colleague
of Henry Goulburn [q. v.j, with whom he
continued to represent tliA ooiutituenc^' until
his death. Tlie only occasion on which his
seat watj contested was at the general elec-
tion of 1847, when he was returned at the
head of the poll as a protectionist, while
Goulburn only narrowly escaped being de-
There his onlv son, Edmund, was born. The
boy, educated first at Outmal aehool, and
afterwards at the free grammar sobool at
Kendal, went to St. John's ColIege.Cambridge
(B.A. 1728). Soon elected fellow of Chn^n
College, he proceeded M. A. in 17t,7. He wa^
alwavs an earnest student. At Cambridge
his chief friends were Dr. Waterland, mstff
of Magdalene College, Dr. Jortin, and Br. John
Taylor, the editor of Demosthenes. His first
literary work was his * Essay on the Origin
of Evil,' a translation of Archbishop King's
'De Origine Mali,' which Law illustrated
with copious notes in 1731. In 1734, iHule
still at Christ's College, he prepared, in con*
junction with John Taylor. T. Johnson, and
Sandys Hutchinson, an edition of R. Ste>
phens's ' Thesaurus Linguie Latinsc,' and in
the same year appeared his Enquiry into the
'

feated by Viscount Feildin^. Law

a ms Ideas of Space and Time,' an attack upon
staunch torv, but did not take any prominent ^ prion proofs of the existence of Ood. in
part in the ciebates of the House of Commons. answer to a work by John Jackson (lt)86-
He was a man of moderate abilities {Law 1763) [a. v.] entitled < The Existnce and
Mnf/nztne, xliv. 291). He died at No. 72 Raton Unity of God proved from his Nature and
riacc, Relgrave Souare, London, on 13 Au^f. Attributes.' In 1787 he was presented with
I80O, aged 58, ana was buried at St. Joliii*B the living of Greys tdko in Cumberland, the
Church, I'adtlington, wh'nce his remains gift of which at this time devoh ed on the
were removed to Wargrave, Berkshire. university, and soon afterwards he married
Law married, first at Gretna Green on Mary, the daughter of John Christiaii ctf Ua^
8 March, arid again on 22 May 1811, Eliza- rigg in Cumberland. In 1743 he was made
beth Sophia, third daughter of Sir Edward archdeacon of the diocese of Carlisle, aiid in
Nightingale, hart., of Kneesworth^ Cam- 1746 heleftGreystoke for Great Salkeld, the
bridgeshire, by whom he had and
tlire*' on< rectory of whick was annexed to the mcIh
seven daughters. His widow di. d at Twv- deaconry.
M, Bnrkahire, on 25 Jan. 1864, aged 74. The work by which he U perhaps best
Hissecond son, Charles Edmund Tnwry Law, known, Considerations on the State of the
'

succeeded his uncle, E<lward, end uf Ijlluii- World with regard to the Theory of Religion,*
borough, as tlitid binon, Dec. 1871. was published by him at (Cambridge in l74fib
Qit. Mag. neir Her. 1850 xxxiv. 433- 1, new The main idea of the book is that the humaa
Mr. 1864 xvi. 402; Annual Regi<ter 18A0, p. 1 22, race has been, and is, through a process of
App. toChron., pp. 2/^12-3 TiiiwTlmea, 17 Aug. divine education, gradually andoootUiuouslT
;

1860; lUiutr. Londoo News, 17 Aug. 186U;
BoflcaraFBeniga, 1880. p. 498; Fostci'a Fenage,
1883, p 264.] Q. F. R. B.
LAW, EDMUND (1703-1787), bisliopof
Carlisle, waa bom in the parish of Cartujel
in Lancashire on June 1703. His father,
Edmund Law, descended from a family of
yeomen or ' statesmen,' long settled at Ask-
nam in Westmnreland, was on of Edmund
Law, of CarhuUan and Measand (will dated
1689 ), by his wife Elizabeth Wright of Mea-
sand. lit' wnsciimtc nf Staveley-in-Curtmel,
and ma.ster of a small school there from 1698
to 1742. He married at Kendal 29 Nov. 1701
Patience Langbaine, of the parish of Kirkbv-
Kendaljwho lies buried in Cartmel Church-
He Mane cm his qunjege to have
progressing in religion, natural or revealed,
at the same rate as it progresses in all other
knowledge. In his philosophical opinioM
he was an ardent disciple of Locke, m
poli-
tics he was a whig, ana as a churchman he
represented the most latitudinarian poetesOB
of the day, but his Christian belief wa^
grounded firmly on the evidence of miracles
(cf. Theory, ed. 1820, p. 65 n.) The 'Theory
of Religion' went through many editions,
being subsequently enlai^^ed with Retlec-
tions on the Life and Character of dirist,'
and an ' Appendix concerning the use of the
words Soul and Spirit in the Holv Scripture.'
The latest edition, with Paley'a life of the
author prefixed, was published by bis son,
Gt^rge Henr^ Law T.^ then bi^ho^

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 Law fi57 Law
Qiwter, in 1820. A Oermaa translation, tion on his mimunient commemorates his seal
db from the' fifth enUvged edition, was alikefbr Christian truth and Christian liberty,
printed at Leipzig in 1771. adding religionem <<implict'm et incorrupt am
'

In 1764 Law advocated in his public nisi sal va libertate stare non posse arbitratus.'
aatSm tar the degree of D.D. his IkToorite His bio^apber, who knew him well, de
doctrine that the soul, which in his v'low waa scribes the bishop as a man of great softness
*

not natundlj immortal^ pasaed into a state of manners, and of the mildest and most
between death and the iwnneetion.
sleep tranquil disposition. His voice was never
This theory met with much oppoKltion it ; raised above its ordinary pit<;h. Ilis counte*
miyhoweVer, defended by Archdeacon Blaok- nance seemed never to have been ruiUed.'
ham. In 17fi9LawbeoimenasterofPWf^ Law's wife predeceased him in 1773, leaT*
boiue, fill ! at the same timo resigned his insr eight mns and four daughters. His
tnbdeaconry. In 1760 he was appointed clue^t Bon, Edmund, died a younff man ; four
litairian, or nther proto-MHotkemniiu, of younger sons, John, bishop of Elpnin, Edward
the univerHit V of Cftmbridg^e, an offict^ created afterwards Lord Ellenborough), George
i
IB 1721, and first filled br Dr. Confers lenry, bishop of Bath and Wdls, and Tb>
lOddleton fq. v.], and In 1764 he was inade mas, are noticed separately.
Kflightbridjfe professor of moral philosiopby The bishop's portrait was three times
(LoAKD^ Vat. Grad. Cant. p. 6^). In 1703
Mvss presented to die afehdeaoonry of Staf-
Cted by Komney : in 1777 for Sir Thomas

ibolt; in1783 for Dr. John Law, then

fordshire and a prebend In the church of bishop of Clonfert and a half-length, with-
;

Lichfield hy his former ^upil, Dr. ComwalUs
lieeiTe<{ a prebend in the ehnrcdt of Lin-
f^ln in 1764, and in 1767 a prebendul stall
in the church of Durham throiuch the influ-
csesofthe Duke of Newcastle, 1708 Lawu
out his robes, in 1787 for Edward Law, after-
wards lord BUenboKOUgh {Memmn nf O,
Eomru^f bj jEtev. J. Bommgr, 1880^ ppu 18B^
189).
by Dr. Wilh.im Paley Leslie Stcplien's
[Life ;

^K<^ ri-commended by the Duke of Grafton,
then chancellor of the univenity, to the
MAepric of Oarlisle. His friend and hio-
ph?r, Paley, declares that Law roparded
elevation as a satisfactory proof that
Engliflh Thoucht ia the Eighteenth Ontury,
i. 406 sq.; Hunt's Bel^ous Thought io the
Eighteenth Gantttry, iii. SIS, S16, 355; art.
Laws of Buck Crag' inTrariM. of Cumberland
and Westmoreland Antiq. Sue. vol, ii. 1876 cf. ;

Assent freedom of inquiry was not di- Aspland'a Guide to Gmnge-over-Sands, p. 6S;
COaraged. Le Nevy's Fasti; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. Q. L.
In 1774 the bishop published anonymously LAW, EDWARD, first Bakok Ellev-
mentspolren deelamtion in ftivoorof religions 9OB0V9R n76(^1818), lord chief justice of
toleration in a pamphlet entitled 'Conside- England, fourth son of Edmund Law [q. v.],
ntioiis on the Propriety of requiring Sub- bishoD of Carlisle, by his wife Mary, daugh-
Kfiptton to Articles of Faith.* It was sug- ter or John Christian of Unerigfr or Ewan-
feted by a petition presented to parliament rigg, in the pariah of Deiirham, Cumberland,
in 1773 by Archdeacon Blackbume and was bom at Great Salkeld, Cumberland,where
sthifs Ibr the abolition of snbeeription, and his father was then rector, on 16 Nor. 1760.
Law argued that it was unreasonable to im- At the age of eight he went to live with his
poie upon a clergyman in an;^ church more maternal uncle, the Bev. Humphrey Chris-
dian a |romise to comply with its liturgy, tian. After a short time at senool at Boty
rit->, and offices, without exacting any pro- St. Edmunds, Law was removed to the Cha^
tenion of such minister's present belief, still terhoose, where he was admitted a scholar
hm any promise of eonstant be^f, in pai^ on 99 Jan. 1761 npon the nomination of Dr.
ticular doctrines. The publication was at- Sherlock, bishop of London. Here he re-
tacked by I>r. Randolph of Oxford, and de- mained six years, ' a bluif burly boy, at once
Andsd by * A Friend ofKeligiwisLilwrty ' tn moody and good-natured, ever rsa!^ to in-
a tractattributed by some to Paley, and said fllrt a blow or perform an exerrise for bis
to have been his first literary production. schoolfellows ' (Capel LoH^ quoted in Lord
In 1777 the bishop pnUidied an edition of OAVFracL, XiW qf th Sd^ /ttffMW, iiL
The Works of Locke, in 4 vols. 4to, with a
'
'
Oin. He became cantain of the school, and
preface and a life of the author. Law also being elected an exhibitioner on 3 May i767
poUished seivvtal seroums. His interlea-ved matrienlated on 11 July in the same year at
Bible, with many manuscript notes, is pre- Peterbouae, Cambridge, of which his father
erred in the British Museum. He died at was then the master. While at the univer-
Rose Osstle on 14 Aug. 1787, In the eigbty- sity he became acquainted with "^eary GKbbt
fifth year of Lis age. Ho was buried in [q. v.], Simon de Blanc, and Soiihlen Law-
the cathedral of Carlisleiy where the inscrip- rt-nce, all of whom afterwards sat with him
TOL. XC vv

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 658

on the judimi bench, and with Willitm Coxe nientfif Ids spesoh he svpesm tohawetsai
r^. v.j, who drew a flattering deficription of exceedingly nervous, ana unable to do kim-
)ud friend as Philotcs {Qnartfirhi Revt'no, pelf justice but on the second day Mr. Lsw
' '
; '

1. 102-3). Law wajj third wraugltr aud was far more animated and less frightened,
senior chancellor's medallist in 1771, and and Mqvittad himself so as to emit as mush
pbtained the member's prize for the second 6loge as, in my opinion, he had merited cen-
liest Ii&tiD eseav in 1772 and 1773. He gra- sure at the opening {JXojy und LeiUrt <^
'

duated BA. 1771 and ALA. 1774. Thoufh Madame cCArblny, 184S S82-9). Ot
hia father wished to have all his Bons in the lo and 19 Feb. 1 793 Law opened the oefaice
chni^h, LfLvr determined to tiy his fortune at on the second charge, relatiug to the timK*
the bar, and wat admitted a shideat at Lin- nsnl of the begums of Oudo (ift. iii. ITS*
coln's Inn on 10 June 1760. ILivinp- been 291), and two years later, on 23 April 179a|
elected a fellow of his college on June his client was aGquitte4 bjr a large nuyod^
1771, Law was enabled to go up to Londoq, Long bdbas the eooditrioa of Ae tml
wbare ho became the pupil oi George Wood, Iaw had acquired a lucrative London prac-
thecelt'bmt od special pleader, who alYf rwards tice and hid established his reputation asa
became a baron of the exchet^uer. in 177u leading authority on mercantile questions.
i oomitumnA pnctiaiiig as aqpecial pleader Alarmed at the excesses of the fVencb wmr
on his own account, ana soon mnde a hand- lution, Law deserted the whi? party, asd
pome incon^e. Ailer ^^f^ yearu' drudg>;ry in on 14 Ziov. 1790 was appointed^' the toiy
clutmben he was called to the bar on 12 J une government Attorney-general
1780 (the same day as William Pitt, Iiis fel- of the county palatine of Lanca-*ter. A?
low-etudeat of Lincoln's Imi), and joined the one of the counsel for the crown he sa-
ortbem circuit, where hi^ faintly eoimeetioD pistsd St tiie triftb of Loid Oeoige Gordon
and the reputation which he had acquired as in 1787 (TlowELL, State TriaU, xxiL 21^-
& special pleader Qtood hixn in good stead. of Thomas Hardj in 1794 (a. xxiv.
Jfh lapidly ocquMI large practice, and in 109-1408), of John Hone Tboke in 1794 (ik
Iqpit* of Thunow'ii objections to his whig XXV. 1-748), of William Stone in 179t>(iJ.
principles was made a kinj^'s counsel on pp. 1105-14:J8), of John Reeves in 1796
Si7 June 1787, and on 16 Nov. 1787 was xxvL 529-9C), and by his brilliant crost^x-
leetad a bencher of the Lrner Temple, emination of Sheridan procured a verdict f<>r
to "^Hiieh society he had been admitted in the ccoiyu in 1799 at h'* trial ot Lonl Thanrt
t

I^ovember 1782 on leaving Lincoln's Inn. and others for assisting iu the attempt to
Hitherto Law's fame at the bar had been rescue Arthur 0'Conor(d.riwti. 821-936).
confined to the northern circuit but on the 11 e m1 HO conducted the prosecutions of I'horo&s
;

iag;C[e8tio& of ^ir Thomaa Kumbold, who had Walker at Lancaster in April 1794 (i^. xxui.
ttaniftd bit youngest sister, Josana, he was l(m-im)f of Uenry Kedhesd, Othcms
retained as the leading counsi'l for Warren Yorke, at lork in July 1796 (*6. xxv. lOCK^
^iastingSi hie juniors being Thomas Plumer 1154), and, as attomev'genienl, of Joseph
nd Bobeft j)s31m [q. t7}, both sf -whom WtU eft the Old Beils/in Jeanarr 18Q9 (k
WWM subsequently raised to the bench. The jucviii. 51-178).
abiUty with which he conducted the defence On the accession of Addington to powtf
waa quickly recognised, and in the many Law was appointed attorney-general (14 Fsk
wnaC^ mth the mana^fnrs on the nume- 1801 ) in the place of Sir John Mitford, whs
rous and important questions of evidence he had been elected speaker on Addinpfton's re-
ehowed that he was quite capable of holding signation of the chair. He was knighted oa
his own. Tb* tvial ooounenced on 13 Fel^ the L'oth of the same month by Gorge 111,
1788, but it was not until 14 Feb. 1792 who usked him if he had ever been in parlis-
that Law's turn, came to open the defence. ment, and being answered in the negative
JEDs spesdi, which lasted tluree days (Bokb, added) *Thet is right; my sttorney-general
Speeches of the Managers and Coiimel in ihe ought not to havu In^en in parliament, for
Tri/d ^ Warren M<^iit^9t IbtSO, ix. im-mQ), (hw, you Icnpw, he is not obliged to %$i h$
trtM most fsmsrinbls for the teddi^ of the ^owsi tvUrds ' ^H. BSMv JPtteonwottti XttHwy
Btatements and the manly vigour of the ar- Memorials, 1 829. p 1 07 )
. . A
fo w days afWr-
guments, though * the finer passages have wards Law was returned to the House of
rarely been surpassed bv any enort of forensic Commons for the borough of Newtown in
pOKrsr ftod would have ranked with the the Isle of Wight, and on 18 March, in a
Wost successful exhibitions of the oratorical fiery maiden speech, supported the bill f r
srt had they been delivered in the early stage continuing martial law in Ireland, to ux^
of the trial ' (L(mp Brougham, MUtmrimt (ip'tatioa of which measure 'be conceiiti
ffuttehtt, Srd ser* S06^ Attbecamnence^ the bouse owed UmmT dabs ting st this

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 Law 6S9 Law
the preservation of t}ii'& rifflits,
11(3 stoutly malntiinrd the 'radical, epentml,
their ph\-ilefes, aiid. their property {Pari. anquestionable, and hitherto neTer-ouea-
'

Milt, XXXV. 1044). Ib tlft MtawiOg tnontli, tioned prerogatitB' of 'Oe erewn tb oall out
dorinf thw debate upon the introduction of all subjects capable of bearinEf arms for the
the UabeM Corpus StMpenaicMi Billf ha de- defence of the realmi and declared his readi
dircd 'Mlinalf thattbeooDfltknliim tin Bete if theaeeeiaity Aoilld eriae to oast hia
oountry would not be safe if the bill . gown oir his back, and grapple with the
. .
|

vera not pMied (jb. pp. ' and on enemy (Par/. Debatet, lat ser. L 1027-9).
87 Ifaj faronglitlB Hm
HabcM OoK^uft Sot- On 8 April 1606, ia etaaeq^oe of the ton!
pansion Indemnity Bill (ib. pp. 1507-8, 1523- chancellor's indi.!pr)sition, Ellenborough sat
im, 1633-4), which was qmcJuT paeeea as speaker of the House of Lords by virtue
thlM8llthtlMMlM(41OM.in,0.&Vl.) Ill laf a eonunission. nnder the great seal, dated
March 1S02 he opposed Manncts-Sutton's 23 April 1804 {Joumah of the Hoiwe r>f
motion for a aeiect committee of iuquixy into Lordttf xIt. 136). During the debate on Lord
thanvwim of tlw daolvf of Oontwall) and GrentiUe^ motion for a committee on the
asserted that ' the elegaht accomplishments catholic petition in May 1805, EUenborou^h
ftod splendid endowmenta of the prince expressed his stronff opposition to the admis~
Anred that he had ecpeHeneed the mgherii eion of Roman calmoBes to politick fighti^
degree of parental care, liberality, and atten- ftiid Rolcmnly stated his opinion that the '

tioa' (&. xxztL 433-6). Law' was in the palladium of our protestant, and, indeed, of
Hmm of Oommont but litlio man
than a our political abeunty, oonsittB prmci pally ia
ypar. tV r on tho doath of Lord Kenyon, With tho oath of supremacy' (Par!. Debate*, 1st
wkom his relations had always been strained, ser. ir. 304-lt)). la the following July he
hs WH nprniiled Ind cbiw iuatiee of Eng- e tirwroOnely opposed ihe hill fbr msmsi^
ImmL Bavin^ been previon^Ty called to the further compensation to tho Athol family ia
djgie of eeqeant^law he \vas sworn in respect to the Isle of Man, and fearlessly
lAelorddmioeUoroit 19 April 180^ deeorihed it aa* a pTOfs job ' (ti. v. 776-9). Ia
and took his sent on the kin^^^'s bench nn the convtqnpnce nf Pitt's death, wluloholding the
fim 4^ of Eaatet teem (Easi^ MevorU, IL otlico of cluinceiior of the exchequer, the ex*
SKM). Bf ktten ptitoBt dated 10 April chequer leiKl was. aeetrdinfr to the eetabliihed
160S^ La'n* was also cruated Baron KUcu- pnicfirn, coramitti^l to tnc custody of the
Iwegh of Ji^knhotottgh in the county of chief justice on 26 Jan. 1806 (London Go-*
fkusrlaiid, ttad karing been twom a uenk* tette$t 1806, p. 106) nntil a fteeh appcfintment
ber of the privy council on 21 April, took his should he made. Adding^ton inslsff '1 upon
Mst in the House of Lords on the 26th of brinnng one friend with him into the cabinet
the |sae month (firtmafrf
Lorit, xliii. 5/>4).
^
fke Mome of of < All the Talenta* (Fbbniaiy 1806), and
In his niiuden speech on cho^f! Ellen boroutrh, who refused the offer
U May lie opposed Lord Qrenviile's of the great aeal| bat unwisely consented to
vslioii tot aa addiess^ and epoke wahnly in accept a seat in the cabinet without office j
ItrouT of the definitive treaty of ]s>-uch with the only precedent of such a comhination of
i'tsaoe {Fari. Jiitt. xxxvi. 718-2-'). Wood- Sliticai and jadicial olUces being that of Lord
ftUi ia aeeoribinr Eaienbbrough's ttpeedi in attsfield* The appointment gave iiee t9
SMtlirto Lord Aucldfinfl on tho followinf^ much criticistn, and thou ch the votr of ronpuro
%i Mid that 'he aeixed upon Lord Gren- waa negattred in the lords without a division,
wlsUlDe a boBdofT et the antaial'efcwtan^ and defeated ia the oomtnons hy a maiority
for the amazement of beings not less brutish of 158 (Pari Dehatfn, 1st Prr. vi. 258-?i,
tUn the poor animal himself . . . but lawyers 280-^42), the government undoubtedly lost
M rapidly rndtod to Ugh atation eamiot OQ mtmd vf it. While enpeorting the Slave
the suddf'n forpet thf^ir nisi manners'
priMs Tmportntion I^r^^tnctlon Bill in May T^06
(Aanwi and Corretp. of WiUiam. Lord EUenborough entered into a violent nlterca-
AwMmd, im^
it. 156). In JSrae 1803, tioa with Lord Sttdon, iHith was only pub
"Kile defcnding the conduct of the ministers, an end to by the clerk of the tfibh-" rnnclingtlie
U dioved his coatettipt for his opponents by Standing order against taxing speeches.
Marior lihat 'b* eonld aot ait itill wtien H lenhoroBgh regularly attended Lord
lie the capacity of ministprs arraigned
h^iird Meh-iHo'Himponchment inV'r^t minster Hall,
1>7 who were themselves most inca-
those and on 12 June 1S06 eave a verdict of guilty
psbls, snd when he eaw ignoranoeifceelf pre- against him a the Ind, 8rd, 6th, 6th, 7th,
Uading to decide on tho knowlt-dge possessed and 8tb articles. Not withstandinp his views
hf othos {Fori. Hist, xxxvi. 1672). In sup-
' oo Iloman catholic emancipation, he agreed
porting tbe eemnd Hadiu of '
ttie VohBi* to file sntrednetioB of tiie Roman C^Hiolie^
tM OonsfilidatiM BiUM^ Masdi IBM he Amy tad Navy 8ervieBUL When, how-
u u2

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 Law 660
trrer, the rupture occurred between the king
and Orenville, Ellenborough Bided with the
king, and asserted that there was nothing un-
constitutional in requiring the minbtera to
pledge themselves never to propose any fur-
ther conoeMiooa to the Roman catholics.
After the resignation of the cabinet Ellen-
borough became entirely estranged from the
whigs, and acted in close alliance with Lord
Sidmouth. In February 1808 he supported
Lord Sidmouth's motion relative to the resti-
tution of the Danish fleet, and condemned
the expedition to Copenhagen in the strongest
terms {ib. x, 648-50). During the debate
on the third reading of the Indictment Bill
Kllenborough insistd that the principle of
the bill was misunderstood, and that the op-
pocition to itwaa'no better than a tub thrown
out for the purpose of catching popular ap-
plause,' concludii^ his speech with a sharp
attack upon Lord Stanhope (ib. xi. 710). In
February 1 811 he was appointed (51 Geo. Ill,
c i. sec. 15) a councillor to the queen as cue-
toe personsQ during the regency, and in the
following month opposed, in an exceedinglj
violent speech, Lord Holland's motion for
a return of the criminal informations for
libel (ib. Ist ser. xix. 148-52). In July 1812,
while speaking against the Marquis of Welles-
ley's motion for the relief of the Roman
catholics, he referred to ' the measure pro-
posed by the conndl of which he was part,
tb()ii^;5i he did not approve of their opinions
on the subject of the catholics' (t%. xxiii.
846-7^, and in the same month succemfully
movea the rejection of Lord Holland's ex-
othcio Information Bill (tft.pp. 1082-9^. On
22 March 1818 he warmly defended his con-
duct in 'the delicate investigation' in which
he had been concerned as one of the oommis-
aionerB appointed to inquire into the charges
apuinst the Princess of Waleson 29 May 1806
(ib.xxy. 207-13). He roundly declared tliat
the accusation which had been made against
himself and his brother commissioners was 'as
false as hell in every part^' and in the course
of his speech ' hardly omitted one epithet of
rofiri^o invective that the English language
could supply Imn with ' (Juemoirt qf Sir
SatHMl Jtomilfy, iii. 94). From an account
of the discussion at the meeting; of a com-
mittee of the privy council held in February
1813, it appears that EUenborou^h refused to
Ooncur in any declnmtion importing the prin-
eees's innocence, 'although tne proof was not
legally complete, his moral conviction being
that the cbargt^s were true (Diary of Lord
' Burdett) having no votes to record ; and on
CWcAsster.ii. 426). In July 1816 he opposed
Michael Anmlo Taylor's Pillory Abolition
Bill, contending that there were several of-
fences U> whidi that pimisluneufc ' waa mora
Law
applicable than any other that could be found*
(Farl. Debates, Ist ser. xxxi. 1123-6), and in
June 1816 zealously supported the Ali>n Bill,
which he described as 'comparatively a lenient
measure, imperiously called for by the exist-
ing circumstances of the world (ib. xxxiv.
'
1069). He spoke for the last time in the
House of Lords on 12 May 1817, when he op>
posed Lord Grey's motion censuring Lord
Sidmouth's circular letter to th msgistxatai
(ib. xxxyi. 496-9).
As chief justice he presided at the trials
of Colonel Edward Marcus Despard for hiA
treason (HowBLL, Stxxte Trials, xxviii S4o-
528), of Jean Peltier for a liUd on Napoleon
Bonaparte (ib. pp. 529-^20), of Mr. Justice
Johnson for libelling the lord-lieutenant and
lord chancellor of Ireland (ib. x \ x 4 J J 502 \,
i .
of James Perry,thepropriet4>rof the Morning '
Chronicle,' for a libel on the king (ib. xxxi.
836-68), of the two Hunts, joint proprietora
of the 'Examiner,' for pubbshing an article
reflecting on the excessive flogging in tht
army (ib. pp. 367-414), and of the same two
defendants for libelling the l*rince of Wsles
fsee Hunt, Jambs Hskbt Lbioh]. On tb
Inst occasion, 9 Dec. 1812, Ellenborough
made a violent attack upon Hunt's counsel.
Brougham, whom he much disliked. In June
1814 he presided at the trial of Thomas, lord
Cochrane, afterwards tenth earl of Dundonald
[q. v.], and others for a oonapiracy to defraud
the Stock Exchange, when all the deft ndssts
were found guilty ( The Trial tf CharUt Jtan-
dom de Berenper, &c., taken in shorthand by
W.B.Qurney, 1814). An application by Lord
Cochrane for a new trial was refused by Lord
Ellenborough, and he was subsequently sen-
tenced by the court to a year's imprisonmenty
an hour's detention in the pillory, and a fine
of 1 ,000/. For this excessive sentence Ellen-
borough was greatly blamed, and though ba
indignantly denied the imputation of having
had any political bias in the case, his hooM
was attacked and his person insulted. i>a
6 March 1816 Cochrane presented in the
House of Commons thirteen charges against
Ellenborough for his 'partiality, misrepre-
sentation, injustice, and oppression ' at the
trial (FlarL Debate*, xxxii. 1146-1206), and
on 1 April an additional charge (ib. xxxiiL
760-3V His motion, however, on 30 April,
that th charges should he considered a m
committee of the whole house, which was
seconded by Burdett, was defeated by 89 to
none, the tellers for the ayes (Cochrane and
the motion of Ponsonby every notice of the
charges against EUenhorotigh was expunged
from the votes of the house (ib. xxxiv. 103-
132). InthesauieaessionanactwasifaaMd
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 Law 661 Law
tkoluhing the puniahmant of l^he piUoiy, ex- 'to venr other oode of laws under the sun'
ospt for perjur}- and suboraatton (66 Q90. Ill, (Pari Zto^iees, zxr. 636). He therefore con>
fcCixxviii.) Early iu 1816 Ellenborough's sistently opposed all the humane eirorts of
kaUth bftd b^uu to show aigfu of giving Sir Samuel fiomiUy for the amelioration of
aT,uid dttiingtliAtrialofJames Watson for the criminal oode, and for a considerable time
liigh treason (Howell, State TriaU, xxxii. even resisted any measuro of relief for in-
a0-73), in June 1817, he was obliged, while solvent debtors. He was treated with obse-
auBing up, to ask Ifr. Jiiatioe Bayley to quious delbraneehyhis brother seneants and
nti part ol ihe evidence. In the following the bar, and, though he indulged freely in
Mitttmn he went on the oontment in the hope sarcasm, is said to bave been an extremely
of fMOWFittg^ his stnnffChi He presided at agreeable eompanitm. In the oourra of his
n 'nf'.s s^.-cond and third trial at the Ouildhall career he amassed a large fortune, and lived
ia Uectimber 1817, but though he summed up in magnificent stjrle both in town and at Koe-
Unngly against tlko defl^aant, the jury, to hamptOB. flome seven years after his e1eT-
his gr>-at mortification, on each occfi^ioii re- tion to the bench he left Bloonisbury S<juare
tancd a verdict of not guilty (TAe Three for St. James's Square, being the first common
Diditff WUUam Hone for pMuivu^ Tkrte law iuc^e who moved to the west end of
ParodUt, kc, 1818). So annovcd was he at London (Campbell, Ziwfi of the Chief Jwt~
'the diwraceful events which kave occurred ^'c6tf,iii.24i0 n.) In his person be was clumsy
St CHuklnall within thelasttluee or fourdays,' and awkward, with dark ejres, shaggy eye-
tht he wrote to Lord Sidmoutb on 21 Dec. brows, and a commanding forehead. His
1817 snnooncing bis intention to resign ungainly walk and peculiarities of manner,
'h seen as the oonvenienoe of govenunent coupled with Us Cmnhrian aooent and hit
ill n.gard to the due sek'ction and uppoint- love of long words and sonorous phrases,
ment of his suooessor would allow (Psllbw,
' made him a iavourite subject of mimicrr.
L> of Lord SUnwuik, Hi. S86-7). His Oharlee Mathews the dder gave an inimitable
health now Vcume comph'tely broken, and imitation of him in the jud^'i 's char^^'e to the
hit absence from court more frequent. At jury on the first night of isi^.enney's force of
lni?th,on 21 Sept. 1618, hewrotetothe lord *Love, Law, and Pnyaie' at Oorent Garden
eh.tnr.-llor pivinj: notice of his intention to on 20 Nov. 1812. Tliough Lmmediat. ly with-
n'ii^ on the lirst day of next term ' (Twiss,
'
drawn on the interposition of the lord cham-
Life ofLard eimcJfor.E%fe, 1814, ii. 890-1 ), berlain, whose aid it ia sud was invoked l^tho
ind on6 Nov. following ext cuted his deed of infuriated chief Justice, the oflending speech
rairaation. A few weeks later, on 13 Deo. was subsequent^ given, by special xeqnestf
1018^ he died at his house in St James's at Osrlton House for the deleetatton the m
SfSSm, London, aged 68, and was huried on Prince Regi'nt {T.ife and CiTresponJcurr if
tks fflnd of tlie same montb in the chapel of Charles Mathews the Elder, abridged by Ed-
the Ohartariiotiae, where a mommient by mund Yates, 1 800, pp. 1 4-70).
O^trey was erected to his memory. Hi.H portrait in junicinl robes, by Sir Tho-
EUsnborough was a man of vi^rousintel- mas Lawrence, was exhibited at the lloyal
htk sad great legal Iraowlodge, intolerant of Aeadeuiy in 1806, and belonged to the Earl of
contradiction and overlxarin^ in his opinions. Klb'iiborough (cT, Catalogue, National Por-
He was essentiallv a strong judge, though, traits at South Kensington iu \t^, No. 4U).
tafertunalalT for his jndieial reputation, his It has been engraved by C. Tomer, R. W.
tmper was nnsly mid his prejudice.? violent. and ofli. r>. A half-length portrait
Sievier,
Of his integrity, and of his determination to by Romncy is iu private hands. There are
do justice, there can bo no doubt; but his also portraits in the benchers' room at the
judgments were frequently bia.'^.'sed by liis Inner Temple and (by Samuel Drummmid)
loiuieal and religious feelings, and his habit iu the National Portrait Gallery, London.^
tflrsvrbeating the juries was notoriooa. Ha Ellenborough's judgments are recorded in
a forciKle, but not an eloquent, speaker, ITowell'fl 'State Trial-*,* and the r( ]iort-- nf
la the House of l^rds he often over.>tenped Espiuasse (vols. iv-vi.J, C'am|)buii| btarkiu
As boonds of pariiamentary license, and his (vols. i. and ii.), East (vols. u-zvL), J. P.
l*njnuige, though douhtles.^ piiicere, was fro- Smith, Maule and Sel\v\Ti, nnd Parnowall
aaentlj intemperate. As a legislator his fame and Aldenton (vol. i.^ A
number of sarcaslio
for the moat part depends upon the aet known pleasantriea and juoicial wittidsms, which
\v his Tiirr..^ f4.'* Hi o. ITT, c. Iviii.), by which have been a-^crihcd by tradition to Ellen-
ten oew ca|>ital felonies were created, and borough, will be found in Moore's ' Memoirs
I

wbidi has smoe been repealed. He thought and uvea of the Judges,' by Townsend,
{

that the criminal laws could notbr' too . \ Campbell, find Foss respectively. His *0j)( n-
sod enstt declared that ouia wero superior ing of the Cose in support of the X'etitipns
j

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 Law
of the Merchanto oi London and Liverpool
atraiiwt thd BiU ''tePirohtWt tiieTmding for
Hlaves OB tilA Coast of Afrira -within certain
limits " * . at tha Bar of the House of Lords/
fte.,wu published la 1790 [London], 4to.
IIo married, nn 17 Oct. 1789, Anne,
daughter of Captain Geoi^ Phillins Tovrry,
ft.N., A eomminioiier superiiitnaing store
accounts in the vichialHng o&ce. Lady
l^lknboroujjrh, whoiie beauty was such that
passengers through Bloomsbury SquaM lUed
io linger on the pavement in order to gare at
her as she watered the flowars on the balcony
(Towmmro, i. 807), anrri-red her husband
many years, and died in Stratford PItco, Ox-
ford Street, London, on 16 Aug. 1843, ag:od
74. Her portrait, painted by Sir J oshua lley-
nolds in ^^,1rrll 1789, was lost at sea while
being conveyed to Russia. A later portrait
by ^r Thomas Lawroiioe waa asdiibited at
the Roval Academy in 1813 (Catalogue No.
168). l^enborough had thirteen children,
even aons and Am. daughtera. iSro sons and
a daughter died in infiincv. His eldest and
aaoond sons, Edward and Charles Ewan, are
aeparately nodeed.
w Law
daughtera (1) Mary Frederica, bom on
37 June 1798, became the wife of Majo*
general Thomas Dvnely, R.A., C.B., oa
10 July 1827, and died on 16 Sept. ISftl;
(2) Elizabeth Susan, bom on 6 Sept. 179t,
married on 3 Feb. 1 H-^T) Charles, second laron
Colchester, and died on 31 March 1883;
(8) Anne, bom on 6 Dec. 1800, became the
second wife nf John, tenth baron Colville,
on 16 Oct. 1841, and died on 30 May lbo2;
(4) ^federica SeUna, bom on 6 April 1806}
married on 8 Aug. 1829 Henr%' James Rams-
den of Oxton Hall, Yorhbhire, and died on
16 April 1879; and (5) Frances Henrietta,
horn on 1 1 Feb. 1813, married first, on 8 March
1832, Charles Des Vgbux, and secondly, on
29 Sept. 1841, Sir BobertCharlea DaIln%lMil
[Lord Camplx-ll's Lives of the Chiof Justicif
of oglandjl867, iii. 94-247 ; Towoseod'a Livaa
of Twetre Eminent Jndses, 1846, !. 990-397;
Foss'h Jadges of England!. 1864, viii. r?17-2t.
Lord Bruugham'B Historical Sket<:hes of i?tat*-
roeo in thoTimeof Qeorge III, 8rd edit. 1843.
j
pp. 198 112] Memoirs of 8ir ivmnifl RomillT,
I
1840; JJiary au<l CoiTt^sponderwe of Lonl Col-
cha6tr, 1861; Pellew's Life of Lord Sidmoath,

The yoimgest son, WitLiAM Towkt Law ! 1847 Lifti and Times of Lord Brougham. 1871;
;

h'^'incor Walpqlsi'aHistoryof England, 1878,tqL

(1809-1886), bom on 16 June 18U9, entered
the army ; ne aubseqnently took oraers and
becnmc chancellor of the diocese of Bath and
j, ; W. Jl. Benuet's Sclcot Hiog. Sk< tcbfa from
the Note-books of a Law lieporter, 1867, pp.
7-17, with photograph Law Review, iii. 8-16;
;

Wells i he joined the ohnroh of Home in 1861,
and on SI Oct. 1866. He married, flrat,
the Hon. Aup-iista-Champagne Graves (d.
1844), fifth daughter of Thomas North, second
lordOraivea; aeeoodly, Matilda, second dau^h-
ier of Sir Henrv 0. Montgomery, hnrf., and
Jerdan'a NHtion&l Portrait Gallery, 1831, vol. ii.
with portrAJt; European Majj. Ixx. 99-1 OJ,
viih jNirtndt, Ixxiv. 541-2, .546; (jcnt. Mag.
1818 vol. Ixxxviii. pu ii. pp. 565-6, 1819 Tfd.
Ixxxix. pt. i. pp. 8S-4; Anneal Bflgistfr, 1818^
Chron. p. 204 Ar.nnnl Rinfrraphy and Obitnary
;

left issue by both wives. The eldest son, for 1819, iii. 444 [ 442], Ueorgian Era, 1883, ii.
AveuaxvB mam LiW (183S-1880), bom 81G-17; Law and Lawvert, 1840, i. 15, 32,
193-8, 344-61, ii. 18-19; Lodge's Peerage. 1857.
on 21 Oct. 1883, after some serv ice in the
royal nav^, foUovired the example of his father pp. 219-20; Doyla's Official Baronag*, 1886, i.
673-4; Miuitera of the Boiuli of tlie Inusr
in beoommff a Boman eatfaolie, and subse-
Temple, 1883, p. 85; Liqoolu's Ion and Innsf
quently, in Jnniinry 1S54, entered th>^ f^nciety
Temple Regittutrs ; Orad. Osntabr. 1856, p. 280
of Jesus. After some years spent in teaching Carabritlfre Tniv. Crtloudar. 1880, pp. 113, 409.
at Gla^^, where his genial numoor, hia sea 431; Offioiai Ketura of Lists of Mimbers of
stories, nnd his love for the navy made him
Purl. pt. ii. p. 206; LoodoB Gazettes ; Xotsf
a general favourite, Law was ordained, and and Quurio*. 6th scr. v. ] O. F. R B.
waa in the antnmn of 1886 sent to the mis-
sion in Demerarn. British Giii.iTia. T?f tnrn- LAW, EDWARD, Earl op Eiie!t-
iog in 1871, and professing the four vows in noRouoH (1790-1871), governor-general of
August 1672, he left England again, after an Edward, baron Ellen-
India, eldest son of
interval of a few years, for theCape of Oo .d borough and c!iief justice of England fq. v.],
Ho^je. In March 1879 he joined the first by his wife Anne, daughter of Captain Towiy,
Ittissionary staff* to the Zambesi, and died 4t R.N., waa bom 8 8i^ 1790. He waa edn-
King Umzila's kraal on 25 Nov. 1880, worn cated at Eton nnd at St. John's College,
out by starvation and fatigue incurred in the Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. ta
(Course of the expedition (Folbt, yn. 4S9; 1809. He was the antnor of the prire odb
Sonif Jtemmiscences of Father Law, Mes- on the houso of limtrunxa, published in tiw
senger of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, 1881, i. ' Musie Cantabrigiuniies,' but he seems to hare
fiSS Memoir qf the Life and Death qf A. H. ooneeived the lowest opinion of the tntoraef
;

Zflw, Lond. 1883, 8vo, 3 nts.) Cnm^ridfrepenerally. Hi.ntnfnrwns John Bird

Of Lord fUe&borongh's five aurviving Sumner v.j, afterwanis arvhhi^diop of Caa-

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 Law 663 Law
ffarbwy. wham in 1828 he niooMBfiilly racoof of the Duke of WeUlngton, who highly e^
niended to flit! Duko of Wollington Ibr tbt- tot uii d liim for his talents and wai? gene-
hubp^icof Chsfiier Cel- Laxe-Poolb, Life 'if rously tolerant of his failings. Accordingly
Lord Stra^rd b Mgdclife, I d6V After he was Utterly disappoiiit^ when, in May
leavinjjf college ho m&Je a tour in Sicily, and 1H28, Diidl'^y was bucceeded by Aberdeen,
was uabitious of a luilitarjf cvm^t but by his Ue drew up his re^gnation, but withheld it
fatbe/s deure be entered inrliament as m^- out of loyalty to the duke, then in great HSM*
b;r for St. ^n<.lm< IV, Curinvall, in the t(>ry culties. His sympathies were strongly with
iutemt ia 1813, aod gmiitied hi miUtary TurJcey in the dispute with Russia which cub*
pueion hj specially devoting himself to eray minsttd in the war of 1898 (et Oorrmpdm^
quebtioriH. Ab the best means of obtiiiniu)j^ enoe 0/ lutrl Grey and Madame dc Llevn,
politicid infltieoce amieered (o him to be i. lUl); he pressed for the despatch of the
oratory, he aaddnouBlj cnltiTtted hit strong English fleet to the Bosphorus, and in ofiea
naturul gift-o of rLtitoric. Whllo aupporting would probably have carried matters with a
the toirv sdininistrstioa he xaserved, however, high hsiid against Kussia. Uis general posi*
his independenoe on the oethoUo qoeetioii. tion ia the eahtnet had been dmt of aa mti^
In \ he luarritjJ Lady Octavia Stewart, Canningite, and he whs in particular a per-
and was thus brought into close relations sonal opponent of Huakisson. Although
with her hiother, lxrd OastleTeagh, vinited favouMNe to finae trade, so ftrns fe seemed
him at Vienna during tbu congresa, and bti- cunipatible \^ith p ditli il necessities, he was
cuxkB familiar with fossign a^kiss. Cestle- anxious to see the cabinet cleared of Hushis*
reagh oflered him a post on the commission son and hu fieiendsthe ' Oanaiog bavan/
for carrying into flVc t the transfer of Genoa
- as he called them. Yet, in spire of this an-
to Sardinia, but Law, whose sjympatUies were tipathy, he disappointed the expectations of
with Oenoese independence then and with the whigs by proving himself a traetaUa
Italian unity in 180(), dm liut.Ml th- offer, and member of the government, and a useful de-
ia debates both on the treatjy oi' Vienna and hater in the House of Lords \ and at length
cm the Six Acts he eritioised with some free- on 5 Sept. was transferred to the prssldenej^
dom the proposals of tli government. At of the lK);rd of control, where lie found an
the end of ltil8 he succeeded hi.s father in ampb tiuld for his energies, and b^an his
the peerage, and after Oanning'6a])^oiutment connection with Indira Mhira. His admhii''
us foreigii pecretary he spoke not imlret^uent 1 y 8triiti<Mi waa onergt^tic. and he was popubif
in o^)poeition,activeljattaoked tlienmusterisi with the permanent odiciala. The question
pobcy with refrsrd to the fVeneh intervention of the revision of the East India Company's
in Spain in lh23, and (Miii])liiiii' d of the slight charter was approacliiiig. ITe was strongly
to Spain, England's oldally, wkich he thought against any continuation of the monopoly of
was impUea in Omning'B recognition of the the Ohina tcado, and viewing India ndt as %
newSoath American republir^. On L'iApril commercial speculat ion, but .is an ndministra-
1823 be even propoeed an addre.Hs of cen^iure tive trust, he oomplained of the slowness of
upon the ministnr for its policy in regard to the company's mode of dtnnf hnsinese,n^ tho
the cfiiigregti of Verona and the negotiations ditliciiU y of fretting the directors to realise
at Paris and Madrid. WJien Xiord Liver- that they were in truth the rulers of a state.
pool resigned early in 1897, EllenboiFoagh Already he was Ibr tranaferrii^ tim govern*
openly avowed lii-i hostility to Canning's ad- mentoflndift directly to the crown. Appre-
minisuatiottfand, inclining to ajunction with hensive of the tendencv of Russian policy,
Qrey, endeavovred to induoehun to join the he was imprsased with the general ignoranee
Duke of Wellington. In the Wellington of the geo^Tapliy of Central A.'-Ia, a deficiency
administration of 1328 he accepted the office which might prove disastrous in tlie event of
of lord privy seal, which, as he was anxions a Hnatian march towards India. His policf
ibrwork and r>j?ponsibility, soon became Irk- was to meet such nn advance by a counter
Bome to him. He desired promotion to a advance. Ue was aUo already eager to open
hi^er post, but he had oppbesd the third up the Bidoa as a highway ofeommereOf to
reading of thf> King's Property Bill in 1S23, which it was then closed bv tlie ameers of
and hM oonseouently becnma peraonally ob- Scinde. Accordingly he desjgatched Alex-
noxious to the lung. The for^gn office w as ander Bumes [q. v. j on a missiott to LalMtre^
his especial ambition; he piqued himself on nominally to c jiivey a presimt of English
his ci^pacity for huaineai, diligeotly studied horses to KunjeetSingh, in fact to explore the
foreign affairs, and took a eonsiderable share Indus, and subsequently the passes of Uml
in the business of the foreign oflice, partly aa and the countries of Central /Vsia. Negotia-
a personal friend of the foreign secretary, tions were entered into with the ameers lor the
jUvd Dudh^f partly wiOttiiomial assistant opening of the Ipdns to taide, and although

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 Law 664
tiiepassage of troopB and munitions of war the government was committed to exfeensrve
was refused, the ameers were inducefl to con-
cede free pasaaj^ to the trade of Hindostan.
Baring 0V60 tma, his first, term of office his
unpunrded languago brourrlit on liim a fierce
attack. Writing privatdy in 1329 to Sir
John Malcolm, governor ofnombay, who was
engnge^l in dispute with (he Rupr^ me court
ii
there, Elienborough advised that two puisne
judges should he appointed to t with the
chief justice, Sir J. 1*. Grant, and keep him in
check, 'like a wild elephant between two
taneoBSB. Malcolm's secretary, by mistake,
treated this h tter h8 a puhlic despatch, and
about a year later it found its way into the
*Tines/ as was supposed through the agency
of Joseph Hume (see Kate, Life of Sir John
Malcolm, ii. 52d). To reform the disorderly
system of Indian finance Ellenhorough pro-
posed to send J. C. ITerries to India, and to
appoint him to a post specially created, as a
general chancellor of tne exchequer to the
govenior-general, but Herries declined the
offer (see Metnoirs qfj, C, HerrtM). Elieu-
horough remained at the Bidta office until
the AVellinpton admiiiistration fell in 1830.
After q^uitting oHice he vigoroualy opposed
liord Grey's measures, and especially the Re-
form Bill and tho Porporntion Rill. He re-
turned to the board of control during Peel's
'hnndred davs' (December 1834 to April
1835), but did not figure prominently in poli-
tics again until the formation of Peel's second
administration in September 1841, in which
be for the third time held the office of presi-
dent of the board of controL On 20 Oct.
1841 he was almost nnanimously appointed
by the court of directors to succeed Lord
Aiurkland as governor-general of India. He
et oat for Indna nsoWed upon a peace policy,
a policy which, at a fnreAvell dinner piven to
him by the directors ou 3 Nov. Itt41, he
ummariaed in the worda * tonstore peace to
Ana.* The wholaofhtatacmof oflieo in India
was, however, ooeapied in wars, one a war of
vengeance ai^ two wars of annexation and
iggression.
After a tedious voysge of five mouths on
Iwaid the frigate GamNian, he found him-
on
pelf, Feb. 1R4-2, nflr^lndrns. The first
news he had received since leaving England
was signalled to him from shors. It an-
iiounCLii the ina.s?nrro of C;ibul and the
sieges of Ghuzni and Jelialabad (see EUen-
horougb's speech intheHon8edrLords,lOAug.
I860), find ?oing ashore he found that the
sepoys of Madras were on the verge of open
mutiny. Soserioasa cnsis had not oocumd
in India for many penemtions. To increase
the ditficultv of the oosition, neither in the
Piuyab nor an Ma^ttl wia pmee aecurei and
Law
operations in China, which tended to draii
India of troops. EUlenborough at once set
himself, by his personal intervention, to ra-
fitore the discipline of the Madras sepoys. He
increased the force intended for China, and
refosed, on grounds of policy, to allow the
disasters in Afghanistan to curtail the pro-
gramme of operations already decided upon
forOhina. The (Mriginal design of the govern-
ment had been to operate by the Yanp-t -7^-
kiang, which was subsequently changed for a
movement 1^ the Briho. EUenhorough, con-
vinced by the information of Lord rnlch' ttf r
that the Chinese empire was most vulnerable
along the Hne of the former river, on his own
responsibility reverted to the oripinnl scheme
(see Slit H. Dubakd. HUtoni the FirH
Afffhtn Witf^f proasou forwara the reinfore^
inents from India, and by the summer of 1842
was able to report to the cabinet the suooesar
ftal conclusion of the Ghineee war.
Meantime he hnd j^et himself vipornuflvto
work upon the further conduct of the Afghan
war. Readiing CSalcntta on 98 Feb., he at
once induced the council to invest him with
all the authority it had power to confer upon
him, and hastened to Allahabad. Hia general
policy he set forth in a despatch to tlif com-
manaer-in*cliief, Sir Jasper ^iicholls, dated
16 Mareh 1849. The conduct of Shah 8oo>
jab, and his inability to perform his obligl*
tions under the tripartite treaty, had absolved
thus company also from its ebligatiocis, and
henceforth the British policy in Affjliari^tan
must be guided by mditary considerations
alone. Separated from the Kbybor by the
whole width of the Silih kinpdom, then in a
state of merely untrustworthy alliance with
Enpland, the company's govermnent could
not hopp permanently to maintain any Afghan
conquest. This Ellenhorough felt strooglf,
though ha did not as vet openly avow a
policy of withdrnwnl. ite aimed at re.*cain7
the garrisons, and rehabilitating our lost pre-
tigeVy dealittgthe Afghans some signal mow.
He has been charped with timidity and varil-
lation in his Afghan operations, and v^'ith io-
difivrenoe to the fetoM the English captiwa.
After hearinp of the defeat of General Ri-
chard England [q. v.j at llykulsye, and of
the ftll <n Ohusnee on S8 March, be dea-
patrhed to Cenerul Nott (19 April") orders
to fall back upon Quetta as soon as be had
withdravm the garrison from Khe1at-i-0htl-
itai, and ultimately to withdraw to thelndu*.
At the same time be directed Pollock to t*^
treat to Fsshawnr at the earliest opportunity.
"Want of transport, however,and the approarh
of the hot season necessarily postponed the
OMCtttioa of thM ofden. It ia said, bafc
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 Law
more than doubtful, that PoUook ou
this is
him QiwB vwponsibllitjr dinotod Nott to db-
okey the order for retreat. At any rnte
the retreat was not begun, and on -1 .July
Kllenboroilgll tent fn sh duti lions to Nott,
giving him permission, if he thought fit, to
retire firom Candahar by way of Uabul and
Peshawvr. 'Nothing has occurred/ h0 wrote,
*to cliaiifr** niy first opinion that the measure
commended by considerations of polit ical and
aUitary prudence is to bring back the armies
now in Afghanistan at th cfirliest period at
which their retirement can be eilected con-
MtCDtly with the health and elficiency of the
tiDOpa' a phrase which has bi^-n fnstned
pon as conclusive proof of an attempt to
re% erse his previous policy under the disguise
of adhering to its object and only varying its
details. This^ however, is unjust. Ue saw
tkut llw XoadMt nodeolncovering the cap-
tives wii.^i restore the English milifHry
to
superiority, and that this must be a work
of time. Idluch he was obliged to leave to
the discretion of the officer in command in the
field, bat his vigour inspired new energy in
ike disheartened armies, and it was ttpoathe
lines which helaiddowiitlMttliOvietMy was
eventually won.
Alter the successful termination of the war
he indulged in grandiose displays, which have
been universally ridiculed. He arranged to
Nceive the returning armies at Ferozepore
on 17 Dec., with more tliiui oriental pomp;
tbey were to march beneath a triumphal arch
andbetwee&doubleliiieeofgildedeiiaaalMino
ing elephants, hut the arch was a gaudy and
tottering structure, and the ill-tutored ele-
phaiita forgot to salaam and ran away. He
had order*>d the satidHl-wnod gates of the
temple of Somuauth,said to have been carried
4^ bj Mahmoud to Gluir.ni, to be brought
back b^the army to India, and issued a pro-
ciamation, 6 Oct. 1642, to the princes of
bdift, whom he addressed as ' my brothers
and friends,' and congraiulnterl on tli- rc-
storatiovi of the gates to India, and declared
that ' the insult of eight hundied yenr.s is at
avenged' (cf. his letter to the Duke of
Wellington, 17 May 1842, in The Indian Ad-
wdmuirmiim^ Lord Ellenborough). Ellen-
borough seems to have sincerely thought that
he would thus appeal to the oriental imagina-
tiaoaiid would oonoiliete the 1 1 ndoos, whom
i and have had military experience to inform
ha conceived to be our true friends in India,
the Mohammedans were, he believed, our
jmefiaeilable foes. But it was doubtful if
Ae gates had been carried away from India
Kt efi, and the temple of Somnauth, to which
thej were said to belong, had long been a de-
pf-rt. 'l niin; while their removal from a Mo-
hammedan mosque might well ofiuud the
665 Law
Indian Moslems, and would certainly he in-
different to the Brehmins, who, on the us-
suraption that they were genuine, hiad I'nr-
gotten their removal eight or nine cfniuries
before. Finally, the recovered gates were
found to be made of deal, and not of sandal-
wood, and to be much later in date than the
eleventh century. Thej were carried so
further than Agra, and remain there still in a
lumber-room in the fort. Another proclama-
tion, pul li-ht d on 1 Oct. 1842, referred to
Lord Auckland's administration, and boasted
that disasters unparalleled in their extent,
'
unless bjthewrors in whiehthej originated,*
had been avenged in one campaign terms
alike unwise in Lord Auckland's succes.sor
and ungenerous in his personal friend.
EUenhornuL'h, however, has not yet had
justice done htm with re^rd to the AiJ^han
campaign. Onhiaanriyaluilndiaa'polituwl*
agent was at taehed to each commander on the
frontier, and in charge of every frontier dis-
trict there was a separate officer, some-
times incapable, and generally anxiotiB for
decisive mea.sures at all hazards. By this
division of the responsibility, the militarf
chief became lax and the political agent irre-
sponsibly bold. Ellenborough to a large ex-
tent superseded the 'politicals.' The poli*
tical functions of Rawlinson and Marfyregor
were transferred to the m a r v c h efs, I'ol lock
i 1 1 1 i
and Nott. This he was all the more glad to
do because the 'politicaht' as a body brought
severe pressure to bear upon him to advance
precipitately iuto Afghanistan, and to annex
Irt'sh territory in the dirrction of Candahar,
contrary to his settled convictions. But such
a general supeweMHon, however honeet an es-
ercise of his powers of appointment, carried
with it some appearance of harshness, notably
in the oaieof Gailtain Flammersley, political
agent at Quetta, and Ellenborough's unques-
tionable ill opinion of civilians generally and
])reference for military men excited an hos-
tility fnnn wliich bis reputation as an Indian
administrator has never recovered (cf. Kate,
Hittory of the War in Afyhanutan, which is
writ'en frnm the civilian's Standpoint, nnrl is
vt ry hostile, and Kaye's charges answered in
the appendix to Dciund's L^t^Sir Jleiuy
Durand, vol. i.) Those, however, who have
had access to special papers of Ellenborough,
their criticisms, speak in the highest terms
of his knowledge of every detail of military
administration, and of the zeal and energy
with whioii from his position in thenorth-west
he supported the armies in Afghanistan. His
militarf dispositions one andall had the cor-
dial approval of Wellington, and Greville
records how the storm of censure which raged
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ftj^ainst bim iu England on the first news of prompted by no motive but that of territorial
hu A^han policy was, except a^ to the pro>
elamationt, complotol j allayed upon the pub-
lication of the despatch ea in the Afghan JBlue
Book. Still, he had aliouited atanotfe way
powerful interest in India except th' army.
His aupersession of the poLiticala oli'endcd
' '
both the civil service udTtho divMtors, who
Bfiw thoir field of patronage thus seriously
reduced. EUenborough for military reaaons
deeUmd to adopt Lorn Auekland'e pnotieo
of favouring the Indian preas with constant
ollicial communiqu68| and of allowing his
oomdl to fniAj mtike known to it omoial
maltera. By a circtilar dated '26 ^fay 1842
he enjoined all olficiala to preserve inviolable
seorecy, and lio even, from June 1848 till
the capture of Cabul, kopt nil his cnrrr'spon-
dence with Nott and Pollock from the know-
ledge of hit own eottmril, becauM be conid
not trust tlicm not to betray the secret. His
council was highly indignant, the Indian
prcnwu fiiTious,aad Ebglish opinion tntbe
preiis, in parliament, and among^ the dirrctors
of the comrauv was prepared to expect the
yfontt of Enenborough, and to niaonutrae
allhe might
His next measures were certainW qaea-
tion^ble. He ^nexed 8dnde, and be fnvvded
Gwalior. With a view to tlic Afghan war,
Lofd Auckland had concluded treaties with
tiw ameers of Beinde, by ivbieh free naviga-
tion of the Indus and lie right to occupy ci r-
t from Wellington, again proceedea up country
tain points at its mouth and on ita lower
waters was eeenred to the East India Com-
pany. With the conclusion of the Afghan
war these positions would be lost. Ellen-
Ixnouffhbad long coveted the complete open-
ing, if not the possesion, of the Indus. In
the uncertain temper of the subjects of the
ameers, it was doubtful if the troops could be
withdrawn from their cantonmenta and the
fact of evacuation be thus made pntent, with-
out provoking an outbreak and an at tuck.
It was feared that dM
tioops, if withdrawn
at all, wnsit cut ThtMT wny out. Kllonhnrough
seized on the fact that the ameers had not
in all points fulfilled the treaty Avith Lord
Auckland, and tendered to them fresh and
more stringent terms. They were accused of
treachery to the company, of which th guilt
was doubtful and the evidence shadowy.
Ell^borough found in Sir Charles Napier the
WWpon that he required. 9b CSbarlM, in
campaign of thp most brilliant temerity, con-
quered the whole country, and the governor-
general annexed Scinde at a stroke, 90 Avff,
184*2. This proceeding has been genemlly
treated as an act of sheer rapine. It is ^ro-
BimneBd to bam been a war of agvi;ressiGn.
itttinf uf&a tto giovnda of Jnaticoi wad
Law
greed. There is, however, nodottbtoftbtiralai
nf the Indus as a highway for sea-going'teaseW
into the heart of the Punjab, at a time whM
railway communications in India were aiill
undreamt of, and soon^^r or lat-i^r Soinde raost
have been occupied. The advocates of KUen-
borough, likoSbWUliam Napiof.jMtiiyill
Ejlicy on tht; pround that, however unjust
ord Auckland's treaties may have been, the
ameers had broken them, and that then^M
Ellenborongh had nothing to do but to en-
force submission at any cost. Others defend
him on the ground of the bad govemineBt of
the amprts.
In Gwalior the death of the maharaiah cm
9Fsb. 184S bad been followed, aeoomagto
Mahrntta custom, by thn adoption by his
widow of a suooessor^ in the person of child
of eight yearn <rf age. For-goae wwln the
new j)rinee and Mama Sahib, the regent who
carried on the govemment| were accepted
wltbont dispute ; hot in May Ae nuuN^t ia-
triguf'd L-ulmitiattMl in the iln^nifall of the
regent, and the state of Gwalior, well armed,
and ritvated fai tbeTery heart of India^wasoli
the verge of civil war. In November 184SE1-
lenborough, who,after almost* vear'a absence
ftcm tbe Mat of froTemment,- bad At length
taken up his rtisidence nt CaliMitta, not in
obedience to the complaints of the directon,
but probably in defbi^nee to a nriVate btal
to Agra, and joined the army under the c(Rd-
mand of the commander-in-chief. He kid
down the doctrine, since generally accepted
by all the successive governments of India,
that the English government, as the part-
mount power of the peninstlla, is concerned
in the intwnal order even of indepondf'ot
states, and may justifiably interfere in thti
intenat of tbe general peace, t o ropteaa mih
government and dis^onuT (see his minute,
1 Nov. 1843). War with the Punjab wa ina-
roinent, and at the distance of only forijf
mile, Agra, one of the most important a^
fienals and military stations in Inaia, wasted
near for aafety to the turbulent Mahratra
army, forty thousand strong. The Enpli-'h
forces entered the Gwalior territory aniici-
pating ojily a prompt submission. The M&h-
rattas boldlv took the field, and only yielded
after being ((efeated at Maharajpore on 28 Dec.
In tins battle Ellenborough was not vJtf
resent, but, by an accidt-nt, and not !
E
isenemies asserted, from mere hardihood*
was exnosed to the botteat file, and narrowl^
escaped. By the treaty of 18 Jan. IW*.
Gwalior, though not formally annexed, ws*
virtuaUy subjugated ; the Mahratta armVtm
diibmdedi and the Qwaliw ccwtbgMttf M
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 Law
tbouMnd men, rommn.n'lf d British officers
and controlled by the Ikitidh resideiit,thou^h
paid by the native goVemmeiiti beeame in
truth an English {ftrri?on.
Bj thia time the patience of the directora
wttt ^rffcaiiiifil- EUtoboroufifh'k defpafehea
t^tlMD bad been haughty and disrts^pectful.
Thflj had no control over hia policy. With
ihn etrfl Mrvanin, tnm whom thrir inibmitt-
1: n wfts (h rivf. d. hp in tho worst odour,
and he had undoubtedly violated the r-
nlatkm approved by Utauelf 1880, and
Sad 'xp'-ndt'd larg-e sums on barracks and
xnilitary objects without obtaining the
ianetkm of tho court of dncMtori. They
at length, in spite of ministerin! prntL-.ts,
reeolFed to ext^rciae their undoubted but
aoal extreme powers. flineeNovadiberlSIS
Ellenborousrh had been preparrd to rpceive
hia reoaU W
everv mail. In June 1844 it
etme. He left CSsleutta by tbe Tenaaserim
nn 1 Ati;^' havin<T ri'sf or'd the KnL,dish mili-
, before him no explanation of Canning's rea-
tary preatii^ in Afghanistan, enlaii^ed the
botmdaoftSe empire, improvw the condition
of the army, and ^ystematisedthe methods of
The varioua civil departmenta of atate. For
these aervieea be was, oti his ratani in Oefi-
ber, created Earl of EUenborough and Vis-
count Southam. He had previoualv received
the thanks of parliament. The whigs, who
had acceded to this honour, inconsistently
attacked his administration in two debates in
February and March 181B. His policy was
Rocccssfully vindicated in the two houses by
the Duke o f Wellington and Sir Robert Peel,
and the attack of the opposition failed (see
lbs pSfMR 9n. Aij|[hanistiUi, 184S, and sup-
plementary papers, Affhanisfan, 1848; Cbr-
retjKmdenoe relatin>/ to 'Scinde. 1843; Calattta
Ammd, i. 508, vi. 570; IIansaud, Pari.
Jy-h^feff Ixxiv. 275 ; Lord Ellenl>ornugh^s
Adnunisfration of India, 1874; W. Broai>-
iwr, Ijife nf Major George Broadfoot H, ; byftnaitowmaiorrty of nine, that in the com-
IhrRAJrD. L'ff of Sir H. Ihirand; C. R. Low,
L{fe of ^Sir George Polhck J. H. Stocqi^e-
'f
m, IJf(^ 0/ Sir W.Nvtt Kayh. Ilt.^foiy uf
] n oast. From this time Ellenborough, though
ihf; War in AfghanisUm\ SXB W. MaVlfiB,
Curupi&st of Scinde).
When Sir Robert Peel's cabinet was recon-
stituted in 1846, Ellenborough ent*;red it as
first lord of the admiraltv, and he resigned
with Peed 111 tiwMimmer 01 that year. Duri ng
the Crimean war he fiercely attacked the
sdminiatration of the army in the House of
Lotds on 12 Hay 1856, but he wi dfeated
by a majority of 120. He was anxious thnt
Lord Darby i^ould at tempt the formation of a
govwUBt in that year, and offered him his
ripp<irt. In 18.')8 he took ofticewith him as
preaidentof the boardof control, for thefourth
IfaMb Tbe oppoaitiMiiryeh tiw toritt btd
667
ofTerrd fo Lord Palmerston's Government of
India Bill obliged the new administration to
in t rod UC6 ft WibMMtffiS SOblMllt oftM^ MHli
This bill waa the work of Ellenborong^li in
its original form. His complicated plan tor
electing an Indtaa ewineil by the votes of
rariety of interests and rla-ios, comraerciaJ#
odiciai. and popular, excited so much oppo*
itioD' thai the bill was postponed. MWh-
time the proclamation which Lord Canning'
had isauea after the fall of Ludmow, declar*
ing %hm eonflscation of ths soil <if Oadb;
arrived at the India office, "\^^li!e it was in
course ofpost the change of ministry had oo*
cnrred. Lord Canning aoeompaniwr it br no
official statement of liis motives and poliey,
but in a private letter to Vernon i^tiu
Bllenborough's predseessor, he proouted hii
reasons by the next mall, when iie would be
more at leisure. This private letter Vernon
8mitb kept to himself. Bllenborough, having
sons, immediately addreased to him a cnuatic
despatch, in wbicb btroBgly oemmnd th4
proclamation, and at once iillowed the terms
of his despatch to be known. Both procla-
iBatfon and despatch were published in the
* Times ' of 8 May. He had not consulted
his colleagues, who heard of his act from the
newspapers he had not submitted a draft of
;
the de.^patch to the queen. The qneeaeon^
plained of the discourtesy; questions were
asked in the House of Commons about the des-
patch, and Disraeli, in laying a coptf OB tilt
table, di'savowid it on behalf of the govern-
ment. Card well gave notic ot a motion for a
voteof censure in the eommoiils,Lord Shaftes'
bury in the lords. The pae^nfre of tho vot
would have been fatal to the government.
Ellenboron^;^ wisely took the whole respon-
sibility upon himself, and on 10 May resifrned.
Tlie motion in thoHouseof Lonls was defeated
mons wn^ withdrawn after four nights' debate,
and the Indian Government Hill was entindv
almost the foremost orator in the ITouhe nf
Lords and a frequent speaker, remained out
of oHice. He spoke repeatedly on national
defences and on tlie l),ini--h question in 18(^4.
In 1868 he was m favour of concurrent en-
dowment of the Roman catholic church iii
Ireland, and in 1860, as the last survivor of
the cabinet which passed the Catholic Relief
Act, be was prepared to speak against thu Dis-
estaldishment Hill; but ho did not rise.as hia
argument wa forestalled by the Riahop o#
Peterborough. His health then failed, and
on 22 Dec. 1871 he died, and wfi* buried at
Oxenton Church, near Chelteniiam. lie held
till bit dMtb ft iaeeuM place givea bin bjr
Digitized by Google
 Law 668 Law
bis father, the oilice of joint chief clerk of the duated B.A. in 1781 as second wrangler
eiiB in tlw queen's benflii, whieh u add to and senior ehtooellor's medalliat, ikfiombiBa-
ve been worth 7,000/, a year. tion of honours which had >>'en previonfly
KUenborough's taleuU, bolh an a military gained by his two elder brothers, Jobu Law
ftnthority and as an orator, were conspicuous, [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Elphin^and Ed-
and time has justified many of his acts which ward Law fq. v.] (Lord-chief-justice Ellen-
were in their day most condemned (for criti- borough). IIls subsequent degrees were M~A..
ciams of his oratory see lie cue Britarmigtie, 1784, B.D. and D.D. 1804. He was eleoted
M
September 18'28. p. 35. and arch 1 H.S7). He fellow of Queens' in June 1781, bocatC'?
was vain (gee GreviUe MeinoirK, 2nd sor. iL * pnelector Gnecu8'5 Oct. of that year, and
189, 141), liitd often theatrical, and M too * pnelector mathematicus' the following
year.
niasterfu! find self-confident to b a ^^ood He vacated his fellowship 29 July 1784, on
tenant of oliice; but his fidliea and failures his marriage to Jane, the eldest daughter of
are now seen to have been relatively insig- General Adeane, M.P. for the county of
nificant, and the brilliancy of his abilities, Cambridge. He wa.s collat-^d by his fat^ r
which was never doubted, remains almost in 1785 to a prebendal stall in Carlisle I a-
undimmed. He was twice tuunedf fint, in thedral, and two years later was presented
1813, to Lady Octavia Stewart, younffest by him, a few days before his death, to the
daughter of liobert, first marquus of Lonuon< vicuruge of Turpenhow, Cumberland. In
derry (she died 6 March 1810); and secondly, 1791 he waa preeented by Bishop Yorke<^
16 Sept. 1824, to Jane Eliziib. th, (Itiutrliter of Ely to the rectory of Kelshall, Hertfonhhir-,
Rear-admiral Henry Digby, from whom he where he resided eleven years, and in IbUl
WM diTUMd by act of parliament in 18S0 for by the same patron to Willingham, Cam-
her adultery with Prince Schwartzenburg in bridpeshire. In 1812 he was nominated to
1828. She was a woman of greal beauty and the see of Chester, owing hb elevation partly
lingniiatie and artiatic talent*. After an ad- to the powerful inflnence of hia brother tu
venturous but dubious career in Europe she lord chief justice, but chiefly to the personal
married at Damascus the Sheikh Mijwal of favour of the prince x^ut. He was coa-
the tribe Meirah, a Imadi of the Aiiauli aeemted in Whitehall Chapel, 6 July 1813,
Bedouins. She subsequently resided for many by Archbishop Ilarcourt. At Chester he
years in camp in the desert near Damascus (see proved himself an active and practical biahop,
Mgmte Brttannique, March and Ajiril 1873, pp. personally visiting every parish in what was
2'>6 i\nd ]
,
quoting an account of her by her then a very extensive and laborious dioceso,
friend Isabel (Lady) Burton). His only child, and doing much for the augmentation of tbe
a son by hia aecood wife, died in 18SR), and, small It V n gs the i mprovement ofthe drardies
i ,

as he left no issue, the earldom became ex- and parjonn^^ohouses, and the restoration o{
tinct on his death. He was succeeded in the the cathedral. He oonfarred what was at
barony by his nephew, Oharlaa Ednrand. the time a gnat benefit on an impoTflridhed
[In addition to the authoritiM citd abo^e. see dioce.'^e' by tru" estaldisliment in 1817 and par-
liocd OolcbssMr's Memoir prafixed toLurd lln- tial endowment of the college of St. Bees for
horot^'a Diary, 1829-SO ; Martini tA9$ of the the training of oaiMfidatflS fbr holy orders,
Prince Consort, vol. iv. Gri'villo ^f.-Tnoirs, 2n'i whose means did not permit of their going
;

ser. ; Times. 23 Dec. 1871; Huasard's Pari. to either university (Caruslb, kdimei
Debatoi; Lord Malmesbury's Memoirs; Lord Grammar Schools, i. 169). In 1884, on the
Colchester's Diary; Sir W.Fxaaer's Dismeli and death of Bishop Richard Beadon [q. v.], he
his Day. p. 230.] J. A. H.
was translated to the see of Bath and AVells,
LAW, GEORGE HENRY, D.U. (1761- which he held till his death. In h'm nww
1845), bishop 8ucce.<sively of Chester and of diocese he pursued thebeneticial policy whirb
Bath and Wells, the thirteenth child and he had adopted at Chester. In Is*^ a churc'i <

seventh son of Edmund Law [q. v.], bishop building society was established under hii
of Carlisle, by hia wife Mary, daughter of auspices, and he set on foot a system of cot-
John Christian, esq., was bom at Peterhouse tage allotments. He died 22 >\;pt. isr.
l/odge, Cambridge, 12 Sept. 1761. He re- aged 84, at his favourite retreat, iiunwell
ceived bis early education under the Rev. Cottage, after a guidiial deeaj of mind aad
John King at Ipswich, and 23 Jan. 1775 body, wbich had for some vearprpventfd htm
was placed on the foundation of Charter- from jH?rfomiiiip his dutie/^, and was biirifii
house under Dr. Berdmore. Matriculating at Wells. He left four sons and five dauj^h^
at Queens' College, Cnmhrid^je, 19 Dec. 1776, ters. Among tb*- sons thrt>e were in holy
he commenced to reside tlie foUowingOctoher orders James Tliomas [u. v.], chancellor of
:

Wider the tuition of Dr. I>.i!ic Milner [q. v.], Lichfield Henr>' [q. T.], dean of Gloucester;
.'

vas ttleotod acbolar 3S Jan. 1778^ and gra- ad liobert Vanbnigh, canon of Chastef and

Lviyiiizuo by LiOOgle
 Law
trmstirer of Wells. Though in politics n
whiff, and speaking of himself, in a letter to
Dr. nrr, as known wherever my name is
'
kno-w n a* afrifndof civil and reli^oua liberty*
(seven iettera to Parr, WorkSf vii. 46-61), in
OeBfleriwtiacal nuttten Lawwaa a gtaiiiieh
conservative, rad Strenuously oppo'^f^d the
rroeal of the Tett and Corporation Acts, and
all mBaanraa of dnueh nlbnn. He ia de-
scribed by Sir Egf'rton Brydg-fs as a milder
'
man and possessine better talents than his
|bralihflrIjO0rdEI]eBDafflMlgh' {Autobiography,
L 293). In 1814, on the departure of Bishop
IlioiDaa Fanshaw Middleton fq. v.] for the
agwl y feanded seeof Oaleatta, be wasieleeted
fj) deliver the valedict^iry address, which was
snbaequently printed. Law was very fond
of piblUiing his sennonSfVliarges, and ad-
dressee. He was a fellow of the lioyalSooiety
and of the Society of Antiquaries.
(Caann'a Lives of Uis Bishops of Bath and
Wdls; Bioe. IHet. of litiag Anihon; Gent.
Msg. 1845, li. 629.] K V.
LAW, HENRY (1797-1884), dean of
Gloucester, bom 28 S.'pt. 1797 at Kelshall
TwTory, Hertfordshire, of which pariith his
tather was then rector, was third son of
George Henry Law [(^. v.], bishop succes-
sivf Iv of Chester and at Bath and Wells, by
669 Law
the restoration of Wells r it!it dral. After
holding for a short time the vicarage of East
BrentjIjawbeoanM in 1634 rector of Weston-
super-Mare, then only a fi hin:: villtit,^.' ; and
in 1838 accepted fiom the Simeon trustees
the ractory of Batb. In this laborioos
and responsible po-;t his lieslfli ^r\nn broke
down ; he resigned it in 18^19, and for a time
trsvelled on the continent. On his return
in 1840 he was again appointed to Wefon-
Buper-Mare, and remained there twenty-two
years. Daring that time the little village
beeame an important watering-place, and
Law was foremost in promoting the reli-
gious, educational, and social interests of
the town. The parish church was thrine
enlarged; three other churches were built
and endowed, largely at Law's own expense
and excellent schools were built. A
dispute
having arisen among tlie townspeople about
the purchase of a town-hall, Law bought the
building at a cost of 4,000/. and presented it
to the town. In 1862, on the death of Dean
Rice, Law was nominated by Lord Palmers-
ton to the deanery of Qloucester. The state
of the cathedral at that time was far from
satisfactory, and immediate steps for its im-
provement were taken. The deanery was
restored at considerable cn?t the restora-
;

his wife Jane, eldest daugliter of Qeufral tion of the clioir and cliapels was success-
James Whorwood Adeane of Babraham,Cam- fully carried out under Sir G. G. Scott, the
bridgv'sliire, fonnprly M.P. for that county. dean beinp: the largest contributor the b'auti-
;

Archdeacon Paley, a great frituul of hia grand- ful reredos was erected; and th musical
ftthar and father, was his godfather. He character of the services, which had fallsB
wfTit first to a private scliool at Greenwich, very low, was raised to high exrt llt'nrr'. Law
kept bv Dr. Charles Buniey [(j. v.], and, in was a most liberal 8up|)orter ot" religious
1812, to Eton, then under Dr. Keate. On societies and public charities, and hia pnvato
10 Oct. 1816 Law entered St. John's Col- beneficence, lor the most part secret, was
lege, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1820 as muniticent. He died 26 Nov. 1884, aged 87,
fourth wrangur. In 1821 he was elected and was buried in the Oloueaater oemeteiy.
classical fellow of his pollp<je, and was soon He was unmarried.
after appointed assistant classical tutor, be- Law was throughout his life one of the
m^^^iwuf tutor in due course; in 1823 he pro- leaders of the evangelical party in the churcJi,
ceedea M.A. He took great interpst in the and one of the last of the old school. Whil
establishment of the chussical tripos, and was at Weston he held from time to time largH
one of the fint examiners (1S21-5). In meetings of the chief members of his school
1821 I^aw was ordained deacon and priest of thought, at which were originated rannV
by his father, then bishop of Chester, who institutions which have since become im-
appointed him in 1822 to the vicarage of portant. Among his intimate friends were
ot. Anne, Manchpster, which he re.oi^rned the first Earl Cairns q. v.] and the seventh
tlie next year on becoming vicar of Child- Earl of Shaftesbury see CooPKR, Anthont
ynSi^ near Liverpool. In 1824 he was ap- Ashlbt]. Through the latter he was fre-
pointed arrhdencon of Richmond in 1825 quently C0nsnlt'd hv T.nrd Piilni'^rston as to
;

vicar of West Camel, Somerset; in 1826 episcopal appointments, his recommendations

ardideaeoo of Wells and prebendary of Huish being almost invariably accepted; he himself
and Brent in "Wells Cathedral, when be took refused a bishopric more than once.
up his residence at Wells; and in 182d resi- Besides his mathematical attainments,
denftiary canon of WeUa. The last office he Law was aa admirable classical scholar^
hehl, with the archdeaconry, till hi= n^moval with a wide knowledge of English litera-
to Qloucester. As canon of Wei Is he took aa ture. His conversational gifts and powers
active part in, and ma
ft laige contributor to^ of nmmorj and quotation wan remarkahlfl^

Digitized by Google
 Law 670 Law
and were retainsd to thf end of his lung lilo. ciliatorr. It was be who, almost without
Besides a Iirge number of tracts, leaflet .s, di.scu8llon,accepted the Ilealy clause (T. P.
' '

&c., Law wrote 1. 'Christ ia All:'vtl8. i-

: O'CoincOR, OhrhtoneM House of Comttvmi
iv.'The Qospel in the i'entateuch,' Lou- p. 212 ; and i'amell Movement). Hs uc
<kn,1864-& OfthtomkitooTOtlutii 190,000 eeeded Lord O^agan ae lofd ttitmmlkrfar
copies wrre sold: vol. v. 'Gleanings from Ireland in 1881, and resighed his seat ^1
i

the Book of Life.' London. 1877. ii. Beu-
OOBS of the Bible/ London, 1868. 8. ^Family
Pn^ers,' London, 18G8. 4. * The Forgiveneaa
of Sina,' London, 1876. 5. Family Devo-
' of the lungs on 10 Sept. IHH:?. at KathTnul!i
tion: the Book of Psalms arranged for \V or-
liip.' 2 vols. London, 1878. 6.
of Solomon, arranged for Family Kendinjf,'
London and Qlonceater, 187i^. 7. ' Medita-
tions on Hm Epistle to the Efhetkai/Landoa
nnd Gloucester, 1884.
' parliammit. Ae chancellor he and his ds-
ctsSoBBiAMsiniftBided tuitvereil leefieot. After
a Tery brief illness he died of inHammatim
House, CO. Donepal. He marrud m iMi'!
'The Song Ellen Maria, youngest (biugbt-^r ol" William
White of 8brubs,oo.iitthiin, who ptedeMsiri
him in 1875.
[Law Times. lA Sept. 1883; Law Jonnul.
15 Sept 188S; Irish Lhw TimM. xvii 489 M)- ;

28 Nor. and 6 Dec. 1884 ; Glouces-

(.ecozd, citor' Jovxnal, 16 ^ept. 1833 i Tunea. i iMft
ttmire Otuenide, S9 Nor. 1884 : antobiogra- 188a.] * i.AE.
phical not 08 in the Bams in 1886; priviUtf in- LAW, JAMES (1560 P-1G32), archbishop
fenoHtion persoaal knowledge.]
; J. R. W. of G1h<tow, son of James Law of Spittai.
LAW, HUGn,LL.D. (1818-1883), lord portioner of Latbrisk in the countv ol Flfr,
chuucellor of Irelhnd|Only son of John Law of and Agnes Sttnng of the house ot Balosdoi,
Woodlawn, co. Down, by hib wife Margaret, graduated at the university of St. .An lrcws
youngest daughter of Christopher Crawley in 1681, and was ordained and admitted
of Cullaville, co. Armagh, was bom in 1818. lUiAisteir of KirUiitott in LmliKhgvwehbe b
He was educated at tlie Royal Schnn! at 1585. PnrinQrhi<? incumbency thpr ;, he an'i

IKingannon and at Trinity College, Dublin,
wlieve lie wae eleefeed to eehelersMp in
1837, and in IF'^O praduated B. A., having
obtained the first senior moderatorship in
dMnu. In 1840 he was called to the bar
idjefaie<: til' north-eastern circuit, but he
practised principally in the courts of eqiuty
in iiublin uud in Irish appeals in the House
of Lords. In 1860 he becnrnt; a queen's
counsel. Until the disestiibli<liinent of the
Irish church was proposed, be took little part
in poUtiei^ though generally he we helwved
tote a consnrvfttivf", but ho then sided with
jAo liberal party, drafted the Irish Church
Aet, ft monument of hie knowledge end ekill
he w^ie also the draftsman of the Irish Land
Act of 1870. He had been appointed legal
ftdTiser to the lord-lieutenant at Ihiblin in
Spottiewood, then minister of Calder, nittt-
wetde enjfahiihop, wore oSBeoied by the^wd
of Lothian for playing at football on Siind&v
In HMM) he wa put on the standing comnii-
siou of the church, in 1601 appointed oneo.
the royal chaplains, in 1605 titular fasshc^iC
Orkney, and m1606 moderator of the ew^
ral assembly. He preached before the (sh.*-
gow iBeembly of I0IO in defence of epneo-
pacy, and was con.';eor,^^"d bishop of St. An-
drews in 1611 by the archbishop of Giawov
ahd the hiehope of Oallowft^ ind Biemn.
He sa^^rted the cause of the people of Ork-
ney against the oppression of Earl Patrick
Stewart, and succeeded in getting the laad
and jurisdiction of the bishopric separslsd
from thofie of the earldom. Through th m*
tluence of Archbishop Spottiswood, his <M '

1888; in 1870 he became a b^cher of the companion at footbeU and dmdiscipuln^'hp

King's Inns, Dublin, and solicitor-ir^'neral for was promoted to the arehbisbopric of Glas-
Xnlend in 1872 in succession to Palles, who m
gow 1615, where he completed the lesdM
heeameetKMmey-general. InBeoemberlSZS roof of the catiliedinl. In IB16 ho wne e^
liewas sworn of tlie Irish privy Council, and pointed by the general assembly one of a
ires ^pointed attomeT-ffeueral| which office commission to pnpare a book of canon for
he hera nt9 the Ml or tiie Qkdstone iiuni- the church. He died in 1682, and was
try a few weeks lattT. He entered parlia- buried in the chancel of ObegOW Oftthedral,
nent for Londonderry in 1874, was re-elected where there is a maosive monnmanl to his
in 1860, and became Irish attorney-general memory erected by his widow.
in Mr. Gladstone's second administration in Law wee ft ftTOuriteof Kin^ Jamee, and s
April 1880. He conducted the prosecution itealonspromoter of his ecclesiastical policv.
ill December 1880 of Mr. Pamell and the He was a man of some learning, left ia
other traversers for conspiracy in establishi nit manuscript a eottmentary en pert ^aei^
theLaiitl ]j'H<^\\t\ In eommitteeon thr Land tare, and was commemorated by Dr. Arthvf
Bill of 1881 he was the premiers chief assis- .Tobnton [q. v.l in 5ome Latin Tere> He
(nnt, end pfoted hhttMU v7 cee^ end married (1) a daughter of Dundas ot X
:

Digitized by Google
 Law 671 La\^
fttOB^Liiilithgowahird; (2) OriMelBot<vrell; I College, Birmingham; with a Supflemeiit
(3) Marion, (Uughter of Boyle of Kelbuni, j
and Appendices, arranged by Mr. CUiancellor
ATwhire; and nad three pons: Jampp, to Law.' 4to, Lichfield, 1869. He also pub-
vkom he left the estate of Branton m Tile, lished '
I'orma of Ecclesiastical Law,' 8vo,
TbomM, minister of Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, London, 1831 (another edit.1844); a trans-
(rtorge, Aad a daufrhtpr Isnht>Ha. Andrew lation of the first part of T. Oughton's ' Ordo
Lftw, minister of Neiiston, iienfrewsliire, and Judiciorum,' with large additions from
ueMtor of the financier, is supposed to hBve ClazlDB'a <Fraxit;' togeAer vitb yvaom
been a brother of the archbishop. charges and pamphlets.
[HmtSmM^ Vudi Andmon's SooUish Na- [Ouardiaa. 1 March 1876, p. 280; Aianal
lin; Ira's Jfsniorisls ; LhrfojiistoBerfl Charac Pe^ister, cKTiiL i8i; Oredtfbid^ Oarieal
uri^tics ;Keith's Cat. Row and Culdnrwood's rectory for 1876, p. 651.]
; G. G.
iiut.; fiany's fiiafc. of the Orinoy iaUods; JOHN (1671-1729), of Lauriaton,
LAW,
TooA Eist. of Cteond.] G. W. 8. controller-general of French finance, was bom
LAW, JAMES THOMAS (1790-1876), Edinbniyk in April 1671 . His father, Wil-
at
fkncellor of Lichfield, bom in 1790, was liam Law, great-grand-nephew of .Tames Law
eidatt ion of Gcojtge lienry Law [q. v.], bi- .T.larch bish< of Glai^ w, was a prosoezous
A(f if BsUi tai wells, by Jene, diailffhter 6f SSdinbnrgh goloamitib,*a busineas wbicoi then
'

"Tftwral Jamea Whorwood Adeane, M.P., of included moner-Ionding and bankin;^. He

Btbraham, Cambridgeshire (Oent. Mag. 1&16 acquired the estate of Laiui ston, a few milos
1631). He eSwaited at Olirist's Ooil- fircna Bdinbunrii, in llie pariah of Cnnnond,
kfe, Cambridge, grsdiu^ BJL in 1812 and died in 16^1. Jolm was educated at Edhi-
wt wcoTid senior opt imp, was chosen fellow, burgh, and was early reroarkftbie for his pro-
tookonlt-rA in 1814, and proceeded M.A, in ficiency in arithmetic and algebra. He grew
1815. On 9 April 1818 he was made pre- up a handsome, acx^omnlished, and foppiah
bendary of Cbeater (Le Xeve, Fasti, fA. young inan of dissipated habits, and a great
Htfd7,iii.27d).and ou 18 July following pre- {Tumbler. Migrating to London, he was soon
M^fofLleUUId(.i68B). InlMihe deenly involi^ tn dc^ and tX twen1?^-one
vMinoiBteA ehsncellor of the diocese of sold the fee of Lauri<'ton to his mother, who
ImMmJ, in ]j^4 oonunissary of the arch- kept the estate in the family. In April 109A
dMOUTof Richmond, asad in 1840 soecial he kitled Edward Wilson, taown is * Bean
e^mi'cjirv of he (li(x;e!?e of Bath and Wells. Wilson [q v.], in a duel in London, and being
t

litook much interest in the Binningham convicted of murder, was sentenced to death.
8Aiol of Medicine and Surgery, Queen's Col- The capital sentence was commuted to one of
iflg^ BinuMgham, of which he was elected imprimunont '<mthe ground that the offence
bonorarv -warden in 184\ nnd in the Theo- was one of manslaughter only ; but against
logical College, Lichfield. J le w^as master of this decision on appeal of murder ^ was
'

>t. John's Hospital, Lichfield. Law died at brought by a reUitiTe of his vietim. While
Lifhfipld on 22 Feb. 1876. On 10 Dec. 1>^'J0 the appeai was pending Law escaped froln
^ married Lady Henrietta Charlotte Grey prison and took refuge on the continent.
[i. 1805), ddOK daiitfhtair 9f Oeotge Harry, fbr a time Law la said to kato aeted aa
ixth earl of Stemfbiu iaaA Winu^n, and secretary to tho British resident in Hol-
ieft issue. land^ and to have devoted much attention
Law published: 1. 'AOiteehetical Exposi- to finance, especially to the working of the
tion of the Apostles' Creed,' 8vo, London, bank of Amsterdam.
lPi*'. 9. 'The Poor >rnn'3 Garden, or a few At the close of 1700 he was in Scotland,
l>ri-i Rules for Regulating Allotment* of then in a stiite of collapse, due to the failui^
Und to the Poor for Potatoe Gardens,' &c., of thaDarien scheme. Early in 1701 he iesn^
To. Undon, 1830 ; 4th edit. 1831. .3. 'The anonyraoitslyat Kdiiiluirgh his 'Proposal sand
Act4 for Building and Promoting the Build- Reasons lor Constituting a Council of Trade
ing of Additional CfafifdiM in Populous in Scotland,' wUA
wak to aboliBh tiM ftem-
Pirifhesarran'^rf f1 and harmonised,' '^vo, Lon- ing of tho revenue and to simplify taxation.
<ipB, im. ; 8id edit. 1853. 4. < The ccle- The revenue raised and admmistered by it
imM Biftttttit ttl large, extnteted froita was to fbrniih a Amd ftmu irUdk *dvntteeb
the great body of the Statute Law and ar- ehonld be made for tho encouragement of
rangwi nnder separate h^nfls/ f) vols. 8vo, national industries, or the council might
London, 1847. h. Lectures on the Kecle- undertake certain needful branches of pro-
aia^ical Law of Eiiglbnd,'pt. i.8T0, London, duction neglected by prirate nterprise,
1861. 6. ' Lectures on the Oftlce and Duties aboli^'h trade monopolies, free raw materials
<rf Churchwardens,' &c., 8vo, London, 1861. from import duties, and set the unemployed
*Mslermlafb9r aBriefUisf of^- of...Qaeen'8 to work. In 1708 waa pnbliakeai allb

Digitized by-Google
 Law
snonTmously, at EdiabxirKh, Iaw*s seooad
puiiipliU't,
Money and Trudf considored,
with a jfropoaal for Supplyiug the Nation
with Money.' Law 8tait bere with the >
gertion that the tnulo of a country depends
on its poseession of a supply of monejr equal
in quantity to the demand Ibr it in a)l d>
partments of industry. Law nuiiiitaitied
679 Law
death of Lonia Zt V ho ooauuudeatod to
the govern ra en t projects for the restoration
of the shattered French financea. Ther were
not accepted, but Law made a very nTonr*
able impre.ssion on the T>ukc of Orleani*, 8ft'r-
wards regent. In Februanr 1715 Lord Stair,
in a letter tnm Paris (A. i S05% told
Stanhope that tlin King of Sicily,' Victor
'

that paper>moaey, as yet unknown in Scot- Amadeus, afterwards king: of Saidinia, was
land, was not only in itself a much more urging Law to ondertake uwrnanagemaitof
convenient currency than specie, with which his finances. Stair suggested that Iaw mi^'ht
the country was scantily supplied, but could be useful in devising some scheme for pejiog
be easily and safely issued in quantities off thenationaldebt of England, anddesenhto
adequate to the demand if it represented not him as ' a man of very good sense and who
gold and silver, but non-metallic objects has a head for calculations of all Idnda to an
possessing real value, especially land. By extent bevond anybody.'
such an issue the rate of interest would fall, After the death of Louis XIV (September
and production of all kinds would flourish. 1715), Law plied the Duke of Orleans, oa
In the year of the publication of this pam- becoming regent, with proposals for the es-
phlet he appean to have aobmitted to the tablishment of a state bank. The regent
Scott ifli parliament a scheme for the esta- was favourable to them, but the opposition
blishment of a stule bank, which was to issue of his advisers and of experts procured their
|)apl^noney on the security of land. There rejeetum. He, however, allowed Law aad
IS no mention of Law's name in tho parlia- some associates to found a bank of their owti,
mentary records, though they contain several the first of any kind, apparently, founded
idSarences to Hugh Ghiiinberlen the elder ki France. Letters patent for the wNhlish'
[q. v.], who was thpn renewing his proposals ment of a Banque GfnArale, one of i?.anf>
for the establishment of a Scott ish land bank, and deposit, were granted them 20 May 1710,
and w ho charged Law with plagiarism ( Money It was speedily successfuL Law waa aUe
and Trade conindered, p. 66). Probably it- to try his pot scheme of a pHi>ep-o\jnvnrT
was Law's scheme which the Scottish par- under circumstances peculiarly ikvuurable.
liament had been considering when it re- The metallic currency of Framoa waa thea
solved, t?7 July 1705 {Acta of Parlinmnit of subji'ct, at the caprice of the government, to
Scotland, xi. 218), that 'the forcing of any frequent alterations of value. Law made
paper-credit by an act of parliament is unfit his notes payable on demand in coin of the
for this natiiui,' According to Ixxikhart of same standard and weight as at the date of
Carnwath (Memoirs^ i. 11/), Law was at iiisue. Having thus a ^ed value they were
the time very intimate with the Duke of preferred to the fluotuatinK .>nch coinage^
Argyll and otlipr prent Srottish nobles, and and rose to a premium. Their repnitation
his schema was rejected by the parliament, and that of the bank was increasHl when,
not on economic grounds, bat because it was 10 April 1717, a daorae ordered thaia to he
'so rojitrived that in process of time it' acc'>pfed in payment of taxes. ITir paper-
w^uuld have ' brought all the eBtates of the money being thus preferred to specie, Law
Iringdom to depend on the government.' At freely advanced money on loan at a lowmto
the 8ann> time Law communicated some of of interest, and the immediate result was aa
his projects to Godolphin, then prime minis- expansion of French industry of all kinds.
ter in England^ and thus ac<^uired in Lon- * If,' says Thiers, ' Law had oonflned himsdf
don ar(>putntionfarfiaaacialabiUtj(Minau.T to his establishment, ho would be oousiderfd
t

GBiJiAil, i. 2t>4). one of the benefactors of the country and Uio

From 1706 to 1716 Law i^ipesm to have creator of a superb system of credit (see Ni*
been roaming over the continent, dividing CHOL8OK, Money and Monetary Problem-f, pp.
his time between the gaming-table and un- 146 sq.) But Law now had in view a schema
tueeeesfbl attempts at pemiading Boropean ofoolonisatioB by means of a eompanj, which
|K>tentates to try ponio of Jiis financial pro- he hoped would rival or surpass the East India
jects. He was both a skilful and a lucky Company of ngland, and he penuaded the
gambler, and is ro presented m htTing been regent to mahe orer to him anohis aaaoeirtss
on tin's account oxpelled by the authorities Louisiana, which at that time inclule<l the
from more than one continentalcity. Through vast territory drained by the Mississippi, the
his ([ains at the gaming-table and otherwise Ohio,and the Missoori. From thefirttHsamcd
he 13 said to have ))Ofn in 171 5 worth river Low's enterprise became l<nowTi ss 'T^
114,U0O During visits to I'aris before the Mississippi Scheme/ but it waaalso called Xhs '

Digitized by Google
 Law 673 Law
'^T?t<'m.' incorporating the Com-
The decree holders of his ^eat company, and the public
pagnie dH!)oetd6iit,^tIi sovereign nghta over exfiected that its enormous enterpriaes would
Louisiana, -was issued in August 1717. The ultimately yield fabulou? profits. Its issues
pArliamoDt of Pftris wa^ p\&nt At the con-
i i i of new shares were accompanied by fredi
asMioiui of banking privileges and territory iasnea of paper-money from the benh, fat
to a foreigner and a protestnnt. Its opposi- which the stock of the company offered a
litm iMcbed a crisis when in August 1718 means of investment. 'The System 'reached
it vrtB nunonnd in Pinis that the pariiament its aeme in the winter of 1719-SO. Mnltl-
intendf fl to arrest Law, try him iu tliroo tudos of provincials and foreigners flocked to
hours, and have him hanged forthwith ^jjurx- Paris eager to become ' Mississippians.' The
Stvoir, Mimmrtt, ed. Chlvuel, sr. 2^4-$). scene of operations was a narrow street called
Tlie regent met the parliamentary resistance Quincampoix, wlii re houses that previously
in Deosmber 1718^ converting the Banque yielded 40/. a year now brought in over 800/.
Gte^le into the Hmqoe Royale, the notes per month. Enormona fbrtunee were made
of which wore guaranteed by the king. Law in a few hours by speculators belonging to all
was nominatea its director-general, but he classes through successful operations xor the
was unable to prevent ^e regent from freelj rise. The highest in the land courted Law in
increasing the issue of papcr-monev in order the hope of a promise to be allowed to partici-
to fiatiafy his extravagant pewonaf expendi- pate in each new issue of shares. The market
ture. price of shares originally issued at five hundred
Lew meanwhile waa enlarging the livres reached ten thousand livres, and when
West<rn Company. In
pnTisibilities of his on 1 Jan. 1720 a dividend of 40 per cent, was
August 1718 it acquired the monopoly of declared, the price rose to eighteen thousand
tobaeccs and in December the trading rights, livres. On 6 Jan. 1720, havm^ as a needAll
ships, and merchandise of the Company of prellniiTmrv' abjured prnte,t autism and been
Senesnd. In Murch 1719 it absorbed tiie udimtted into the Koman catholic church.
Eait India and China companies, and thence- Law was appointed controUor-general of the
forward assumed the desip-nation of the Com- finances. Accordincr to Ijord Stair, then
pa^ie des Indes. In the loilowing June the British ambassador in i'uris, I>aw boasted that
Au-ican Company came under its authority, he would raise France to a greater height than
and thus the whole of the non-Europenn ever before on the ruins of Kngland and Hol-
liade of France was in its liaiuls. In July land, that he could det^troy lilnglish trade and
of the same year the mint was handed over credit, and break the Bank 01 England and
to La^ = cnrapjiny, and ho could manipulate the English East India Company whenever
the coinage as he pleased. In August the he pleased. Stair resented his laziguag^ and
amapany undertook to pay oif the bulk of from a friend became an enemy ofjLaw* To
the national debt of the kingdom, and became appease Law, early in 1720 Stav was secalled
radically the sole creditor of the state. by his government.
The functions of the receivers-general were On 28 Feb. 1790 the Company of the
already assigned to it, and the farm of the Indies was united to the Royal Bank, and
lerenue was abolished in its favour. The ' The Svstem ' was completed. But a re-
eolleetira and disposal of the whole of the action nad already set in. The successful
revenue of the state which was derived from speculators in the shares of the company had
taxation was thus placed under Law's con- begun to realise their gains, and to drain
tfoL kM a fiscal administiatoir Law aiipt ars the hank of coin in exchange fbr their paper-
in a very favourable light. He repented or money. Tlie specie thus obtained was partly
reduced taxes which pressed directly, and he hoarded, partly exported. To check this
abolialied oiBees theemolnments studied to movmnent Law had reoonise, during the
which prp?fd iiulircof ly, on commodities in earlier months of 17-0, to violent mea-sures,
genecal use, and the price of the necessaries enforced by royal decrees. The value of the
of life was reduced by forty per cent. Knral metallie eorrency was made to flnetuate.
taxation was so adjusted that the peasant Tayments in specie for any hut limit^ed
could imnrove the cultivation of tne soil amounts were forbidden. The possession of
wHlKmt fear of losing the honestly earned more than fiw hundred Uvres in specie was
increment. Free trade in c^ rcal^ and other punished by confiscation tind a heavy fine, and
articles of food between the provinces of domiciliary visits were paid to insure the en-
France was established. The abuses and forced transmisnoo of specie to the mint. In-
grievances which Law removed revived after formers of infractions of this order were hand-
Eia fisll, but Tuxgot's chief fiscal reforms were somely rewarded. Holders of paper-money
either executed or planned by Law. began to realise by purchasing plate anil
Law promised high divideods to the thare- jewelleiy, bnt thia tnffic waa prohibited.
TOL. zi.
 Law 74 I^w
Investments in the purchase of commodities epilogue introducing Law's name had been
was the last expedient tried, and it increased specially written (see Gfnt. Mag. 1825, i.
the already enormous prices due to a anper- 101). He spent several years in England, and
abundnnt paper currency, which were para- corre*(ponded with the Duke of Orleans, by
lysing trade and industry and exciting popular whom he expected to be recalled to France,
discontent. It has been much disputed but his hopes -were not realised. He desired
whether the final tlecree which precipitated to leave England, but feared pfr.ecution by
the downfall of The System ' wus planned his creditors on the continent, especially \n
'

by Law or by Law's enemies in the councils the new French East India Oompanyf wnida
of tli>- rcc-' iit (cf. Wood, Life, p. 117 Levas- liad risen on the ruins of his own company.
;

81.1 K, pp. 1 IG, 120 Louis Blanc, i. 320-4). In the autumn of 1725 Walpole asked Lord
;

Dubois, then secretary of state for foreign Townshend to obtain for Law some sort of
affairs, exerted much influence there he was commission from the kin^ to nnr prince or
:

devoted to the allinnce with England, and state, not for use but for protection.' He
'

the English government had now adopted ap])earsto have proceeded in tiiat yeartoltalj.
Stair's policy of opposition to Law (LoKn It IS said that while in some Italian town he
StAXHOPE, UiMory of England, ed. 1853, staked his last thousand pounds against a
Appendix, p. xiv). On 21 May 1720 a decree shilling in a wager that dovUe sixes would
was issued directing the graclunl reduction not be thrown six times successivf 1v He
of the value of the bank-note until it reached won, and repeated the experiment beiore the
one-half. This flagrant repudiation of the local authontieemtorftfed (Wooi>,p. 187 n.)
state's ohlipation.s caused n panic, which was He died in comparative poverty, 21 March
not checked by the withdrawal of the decree 1729, at Venice, where he had spent his last
on t1ie27th, stnoe at the Mme time the bank yean, and he was buried there. The foUow-
suspended cash payments. On the 27th Law ing epitaph appeand in the 'Mercnvs' in
was relieved of the controUer-generalBhipi Aprill729:
y^t i#as soon appointed by the re^nt m- pi-gft est ^oossafi eA&hrs,
tendant-j::i'npral of cnmmerce and dimrtorof f'p calrulafeur -r- r'q-al,
f--

the ruined bank. But ' The System had '

Qui par ies regies de I'alg^bre
fUlen with a oraab. In the popular com- A nis lanaaee A lliftpital.
motion which followed, Law's house in Paris Before leaving Scotland in 170*^ Law had
was attacked and himself insulted. His married Katherine Knollys. third daufffater
enemiea in the regent'e oonneils gained the of Ohailes Knollys^ titular third earl ofuui-
upper hand, and he had to leave the country. bury, and widow of a Mr. Seignior. His
He had invested the bulk of his fortune in widow died in London in 1747. Hie only
the pnrdiase of eetatea in Fraaoe. They daughter, Mair Katharine, was married in
and w hatever other property h> left bellilld 1734 to her first cousin, calltd Viscount
him were confiscateo. Wallin^ord. His only son. William Law '

On amring at Bnu8el8inDecemherl720, of Launston/ aeeompanied his &ther in his

Law wa.s overtaken by an envoy of the Crar flight from France, settl- d %\ ith his mother
Peter, who had been sent to Paria to invite at Utrecht and Brussels, and died, a colonel
him to flt.yeterihin'^ in order to adntnister of an Austrian regiment, at Maestricht in
the firunirr-i of l\n--ia, but he declined the February 1734.
offer (Lemonxet, i. 342). After months of Law's brother, William (107r>-1762), who
wandering in Italy and Germany, he took had assisted Iiim actively during hi.<4 financial
xAw-'- in Copenhagen from his creditors. career in Paris, had two sons, who rose verv
There he received an invitation from the Eng- high in the service of the French East India
lish government to come to England, and he Company. A
son of the elder of these, James
went thither in October 1721, on board the A. B. Iaw (1768-1828). r ated Coint* de(

English admiral's ship. He was pnwnted Lauriston, was a distinguished general in the
to George I on 22 Oct., but was denounced French army, a favourite aide-de-cam p of the
ill tiie House of Lords for having beoome a flnt Napoleon and was made hy Lonii jCVIII
,

Roman catliolic, as well as for having coun- a marshal of PVance.

tenannd the adherents of the Pretender. Law was a huufJ^ume man of polished and
He w not further molested, and formally agreeable mnnner.<t, and of ttnch conTen^
pleatled in the court of kinp's h'>rich the tional talent. Saint-Simon, who knew Kitg
pardon which had been sent liim m 1719 for intimately, pronounced him innocent of '

the murder of Wilson. He took lodgings greed and knavery,' and described him ai
near Hanover Square, and on 26 Ck-t. 1721 a mild, ^'ood, rep<ctful man whom ffirtun*
'

he witnessed at Drurv Lane a representation had not spoilt.' Some of the chief Francfc
of Ben Jooflon'a * Alchemisty' which an of hie ttmas qpeak of him aa>

:cl by Googl
 Law
proviDjfly M
a precursor of nio(ltrn sfiiff*-
Mcialism, and moat of them agree that 'The
Syt/bm^* howofTsr rainoiu to indi-vidttBls,
rLiv<- a preat impetus to the indn)<try and
enterprise of Frauce, exhausted asit hod been
lAois XIVb wan. Aocordinf^ to Vol-
taire (Sie le de Louix Quirtzc), who was an
eyi-witne&$ of ita collapae, a system alto-
'
gether chimerical produced a commerce that
was genuine and revivified the East India
Company, founded by the great Colbert, and
rained oy war. In short, if many private
iortunes were destroyed, die nation became
more opulent and more commercial.'
A volume entitled * (Euvres de J. Law
was published at Paris in 1790. It compri8* s
ftFrench translation of his Money and Trade
'
coQiiidercd,' memorials and letters on banks
and banking addressed by Law to the regent
Orleans, and a vindication of himself, written
in London in i7'2i, addressed to the Due de
Bourbon, prime minist^-r of France aft or tliM
regent's death. All nf tht's> art* in French,
and were reprint?d, with some addi tions, in
Daire'g '
^conamutos-Fiaaiieien du XVm*
afecv; 1848.
There were several portraits taken of Law,
Boat of which wore engraved. That in the
National Portrait (Tullery,by the well-known
French portrait-painter Alexis S. Belle, re-
presents Law with a closely shaven fSace,
'm^\\ dark-pT^y eyes, palf yt llow eyebrows,
and a fair complexion (Schauj^, Catalogue <^
lis AefHfWt, ^Oa NktHomU MntU
GatUnj. 1888; d LonOm GmOit, 8 and
7 Jan. 16iM-6).
[The duaf authority for Law'a jwnaial bio-
mphr ia tha lift (1824) by John FhnipWood,
Sie eiutor of I)iufi;las'h Pu<. rai;o of Sc jtland.
}fanr traits and aneciiuteii of him are given by
tba French memoir-writeis of bia tima^ especially
Saint-Simon. There are full ;i cnunt.s of
System 'by older wrilorsP'oui LKJUUHis in hisVue
X^irale do syst^me de M. Law at the end of Us
Bedierches ot Consid^tations sur las Fhraaeaa en
fttac n 758), and Ddurateliampa In his Histoire
in Syteme dcs P'inancos pendant lo,^ um-'i M 1 71 ')
lCi720(l 739 ). Alacid,livelT,anderitical history
ff 'The ^atam' is aontainad m
tha aitide ' Law
c o trill n ted by Thiers to the Rvue ProRresBive
11026), and reprinted in the Dictiouuiure de la
OodTersation. Both ample and accurate is tha
Bistorieal Stadv of Law's System, by Andrew
McFariand Davis (Boston, IT.S., 1887), roprintd
from an Americiin porioiliiMl. the Quarterly Jour-
nal of Economics. Ail iofonnation, however,
that aithsr tha atwIeDt or the general nadercan
rjnire on Law ami his carofT is to \-c fonml in
Levaaaeor's Recherchos sur Law (lS/)4), a work
dabonta^ anocinct. and impartial. The anecdotal
element ia supplied in Oochut's volume, Law, son
S/atinaa at aon Epuque (1 863), and there is an en-
67s Law
I
f t<>rtjiininfr chapter on Law in vol. i.of Dr. Charles
I
Muckay's Kxtruordinary Popular DcluiaionB. A
Jfdin Law of Lanriston
'
valuable essay on '
is inolu'li d in Mr. J. Shield NiehoLson's Trea-
Uhv- on Money and Essays on Presout Munetaty
Problems (1888). Among French biatoriea La-
montey'a Histoire dela R^gence contains remarka
on Law, in writing which the author had before
him ni iterials since lost. Hrnri Martin is solid
and trustworthy on Law, and Micbelet vivid and
a tittle rhapaomeal. Lonis Blaae, fai httTwy la-
teresting account of Law, in vol. i. of his Histoire
do la li^volution Fmn^aise, lays gruat stress on
Law's popular sympathies, and represents him
admiringly as aiming at the establishment of a
new social system for which the France of his
time was not ripe. Some unly ul thti letters of
Lord Stair from Paria to ministers in Loadoo,
which eontain faftvaocaa to Law, are printed in
JohnMuimy Graham's Annals and Corrospood-
ence of the Viscount and tiio tirst and becond
Earls of Stair (1875) the rest are in the Uaid*
;
wicke Stato Papers. By Voltaire, St.-Simon,
the Dui- de NoaiUes, and other French contempo-
raries Law was commonly called Lass the
French equivalent of lAwa, a oonunon eoUmuial
fbrrn of the name ; aas AthDKam,D8eemher 1M9
cf. Addit. MS. 6146, f. 95; Hist MSS. Comm. 6th
Rep. i. App. p. S84; *La proooneiattou du nom de
Jean Law le Financier, Pans, 1891, forms the
RuViject of an infssaitMm SMj
hgr M. Alexandra
Eiljame.] F. E.
LAW, JOHN (1746-1810), bishop of
Elphin, bom in 1746, wn.s eldest son of Ed-
mund Law [a. v.], bishop of Carlisle, and
brother of Edwa^ Law, first lord Ellen-
borough fq. v.], and of (Ir nnre Henry Law
bishop of Bath and Weils. John was
[o. y.],
educated at Qhaiteriioiue, sad pvoeeedtiw to
Christ's College, Cambridge, graduated B.A,
1766, M.A. 176e, and DA). 1762. He sub-
sequently beoame % liBllow<tf bis odUefo and
took holy orders. He was appoint^ pro-
'
The bendaiy of Oarliale in 17 7S. ana archdeacon
there in 1777. FIto yews later, in April, he
went to Ireland as chaplain to William Henry
Cavendish Bentinck, third duho of Port-
Wi1ldBftwillODtbB
land, lord-lienteneot.
(August) ho was appointed to the see of
Clonfert, was translated to that of Killala in
1787, and to that of filphin in 17S6. I>r.
William Palty, his successor in the arch-
deaconry, accompanied him to Ireland and
preeebed bis consecration sermon, which has
bwn printed (Cotton, fnfti, v. 2d4). Law
died in Dublin IS March 1810, and vras in-
terred in the vaults of Trinity CoU^e ChaueL
He married Anne, widow of John Thomiiift>
son of Carlisle, and of Blencogo Hall, Cum-
berland, but had no issue. Law published
two sermons: 1. Preached in Christ Church,
Dublin, before the Incorporated ^^oci et y 1 7fH i.
,
3. Preached in Su Paul s Calhednd, Loudon,
xxS
Digitized by Google
 Law
at the meeting of the clmriljr school children,
1797. He founded prina fat die ttudy of
mathematics in Dubbn Univwdtf*
[Graduati Canlntir. Burke's Peerage, ' Ellen-
; [Law's Memorialls ; Scott's Fasti Rcclesic Sco-
borough;' Cotton's FuU li>:cles. Hib. ; Dublin
UaiT. Od.] W. B-k
LAW, ROBERT (A 1690P), covenanting
preaclier,was the tom of Thomas Law, minis-
ter of Inchinnan in Renfrewshire, by Jean,
dttughter of Sir Robert Ilamiltou of Silver-
tonmll,and the grandson of James Law [q. v.],
archbir^hop of Glasgow from 1015 to 103i}.
He studied at the university of (Jiusguw,
graduating M.A. there in 164^. The parish
of New or Easter Kilpatrick, Dumbarton-
shire, called bim to be their minister in 1662
bat 18 his trials were unsatisfactory the pres-
Irateiy ri'fux'il to induct him. On appeal to
the synod, a committee of that court was ap-
pointed to try him anew, and he was ad-
mitted by them without the consent of the
presbytery (Baillie, Letters, iii. 186, 294).
Law inherited the lands of Balernok and
others from his father in 1667, together with
his library, valued at 36QL 13*. 4d, Scots.
He took the eide of the poteetere, and, de-
clining to conform to episcopacy at the Re-
storation, was deprived of his benehce by the
act of pttliement of 11 Jane 160S. On the
charpe of preachincr at conventicles he was
arrested in his bed on 9 July 1674, and after
it^fering impriaonment in C(lasgow for eight
days was removed to the Tolbooth at Edin-
boxgh. He admitted having preached in the
aeant ohoxeh of KOejth <m the inTitotion
of the people, and was placed under caution
of hve thousand marks to appear before the
ooundl when required (Wodbow, History,
ed. Bums, ii. 270). I>aw accepted the in-
dulgence of 1679, and on the petition of some
heritors was permitted to letum to his pariah,
though it would appear that another mmister
retained possession of the benefice {New Sta-
tistical Account of Dumbartotuhire, ' Parish
of N<'w Kil])a trick'). He was married, and
liiul at h ast one SOU, John, who became a
rtyeui in the xmiversity of Glasgow. He
must have died befoce 1690^ as on Feb.
of that vtvir his con was served his heir in
Balernok. He wus buried in Glasgow High
churchvnrd (Montkitu, OMmUm 4^
taphs, fecothimh p. -'<'!).
Ijaw was author ot Memorialls, or the
'
Memorable Things that fell out within this
Island of Brittain from 16;J8 to 1684,' a work
which was edited in 1818 by Charles Kirk-
patridr Bharpe, who, in his extensive annota-
tions, shows an entire want of sympathy with
his author. Bums, the editor 01 Wodrow,
etMea thafttiia irark waapubUebed by Sharpe
676 Law
to discredit Wodrow and the presbyterians,
and the atalemaat ia fully borne oat by the
recently pnUisbed eonespondenoe of Siaipe.
ticanae,iii. 219, 363, 364; Abbreviatio Isqoisi-
tionum, Lanark, Nob. 266, 868, S86; Ki^Wtriek
Sbarpe's Coraeqwndeiioe.] n P.
LAW, THOMAS (1759-1884), of WaA-
ington, bom 23 Oct. 17o9, was the seventh son
of Edmund Law [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, by
Mary, daughter of John Christian of Uncrifg^
Cumberlaiul, and brother of Edward I^w,
first baron Elienborough v.J Having ob-
tained an appointment in the service of tht:
East India Company, he proceeded in 1773
to India. In January 1768, when coUector
of Bahar, he submitted to the boaid of
revenue at Fort "William his plan for amocor-
rery or hxed settlement of the landed revenues
of Bengal. By a fixation of land tax and
an abolition of all internal impositions, he
hoped to insuro security ol property in Bengal,
Banar, and Benares. The system was em-
bodied in the Comwallia settlement in 17B9,
Law was appointed a member of the board
of revenue at Font ^Tilliani. Ol-healtb
obliged him to n>sipTi and to return to Eng-
land in 1791. Durmg a brief stay in London
he became a member of the Aasodntion tat
Preserving Liberty and Property, and was
placed on the oommitteo. He came, however,
to disapprove of thdr procedure, and gave
his ri asons in a long- letter addre.-^.sed to Mr.
KeeveSi the chairman, which was printed in
the ' Moming Ohronide ' of S4 Jan. 1708, and
separately. Shortly afterwards ho went to
the United State^ out of admiration for
American institutions and reverence fer
Washinfrt on, with whom Le soon became ac-
quainted. He married as a second wife Anne
Custis, granddaughter of the Mia. Martha
Custis who married Washington as her second
husband in 1769. Law and his wife were
among the chief mourners at Washington's
funer^ at Mount Vernon on 18 Dec. 1799.
He invested most of his savings in lots and
houses in Washington city, and made only
two or three short visits afterwards to Eng-
land. In AraericA he distinp:ui>]ieJ himself
by his ellorts to establish a national ciurencjr,
and in 1824 he was one of a committee ino
presented a memorial on the subject to con-
sreti-B. In 1826 two addresses delivered by
him to the Odambian Institute on the same
subject w're ordered to be print* d, Tn
he published in pamphlet form a third ad-
dress to the Columbian InstitutecaMnreoeyt
and had it widely circulated.
Owing to the failure of his investments
Law bewne hi hia kttv yean oompantivdlf
Google
 Law 677 Law
poor. He died at Waahing^on in OctolM r the clasAics, and acquired some uathumaticol
i8S4,8ged 7>^. By his second wife he had a and philosophical knowledge at Cambridge
(Uaghu;r,iizabeth Parke Law, who received (Btrom , vol. i. pt. i. p. 23). He kept his act
a legacy under Washington't will, and aabae- uponMdelwanene's doctrine, ' Omnia videmos
quontly married a Mr, Rogprs of Maryland in Deo.' On 1 7 April 1 7 1 he was suspended .'1

(Jaked SPABXSy iVritinffs of Wtuhing'tony i. from his d^[Tees for a tripos speech' in which
*

579). He had by a former marriage three
son?, who were horn in India but all died
before him. For some time he was a mem-
ber of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Law wrote, besides the works mentioned:
1. * Letters to the Board [of Revenue, Fort
WUham], aubmittiug by their requisition a
Refeaue Plan for Perpetuity,' 4to, Calcutta,
Yi^, to which was appended 'Public Corre-
^adence elucidating' the Plany in answer to
SMtionfl thereon.' 9. 'A Sketdi of 8009
fe Arran^emt nf nnd a View of the rising
Kources in Bengal,' 8vo, London, 1792, an
eakrged edition of his ' Letters,' pubUshed to
RoiBOte the exportation of sugais firomi India.
It was sererely criticised by a former colleague
BUDddNield, in 'Summary llemarka on tlie
RcMmeee of the East Lidies ... By a Civil
Serrant,'8vo,London[1798orl799j. 3. 'An
Aaswer to Mr. Princeps'sr^w] Observations
theMocnRerySy8tm,'9vo,London,1794.
John Prill sop had attacked the system in a
he gave offence by asking certain questions,
e.g. ' whether the sun shines when it is in
eclipse,' where the sun clearly meant the
tender {ib. voL i. pt. ii. pp. 20, 21; WoRDfl-
woKTH, University Life, p. 231; Hbarnb,
Diary). On 7 July 1718 he preached a
sermon at Uaslingtield, near Cambridge, iu
support of the peace of Utreolit,witliinojal
and nltra-tory apostrophe to Queen Aane.
Another sermon, dated 1718, is mentioned
by Walton, but does not appear to be exlant.
Upon the accession of Qeorge I he declined
to take the oaths of allegiance and abjuration,
and retained through life his sympathy for
the exiled djmasty. His father'died lOOct.
1714; his mother dierl in 1718, leaving six
surviving children, each of whom appears to
have received 1161. from the estate ( altoh,
p. 354). Law seems also to have inherited
some house property from his father (BxBou,
Tol. pt. ii. p. 612).
i. It is said that Law was
for a time curate at Fotheringav he cert.ainly ;

aenea of letters contributed in 1792 to the had a pupU. at Cambridge, lie mentioned
'Moniing Chronicle,' under the signature of that he had been a curate in London (Okklt,
'Gurreeb Doss,' which were rejiublished sepa- Memoirg of Behmen), and it is said tliat he
ratHv in 1794. 4. ' An Address to the Co- refused ofl'ers of preferment from his friend.
Itimliian Institute on the question "What Dean Thomas Sherlock (^afterwards bishop
oaght to be the Circulating Mediom of a of London ). If ao^ Shecloek must have been
Nation?' '
8vo Waehington. 1830. under the erroneous impre^^inn that Law
[Geot. Mag. new ser. ii. 437, 661 Law'a ;
was capable of abandoning his uonjuring
Works; G-. W. Parke Cuatis's Kecollrct ions principles. In 1717 Lawpibiiahed hie TTiree
Com*{ n^lcQco of Charlts, first Uarqais Corn- I.i tt" rs to the Bislmj) of Bangor' (Iloadly),

C. Rooa, i. 460, 466.]

vaiUs, d. G. O. which are probably the most forcible piece of
writing in the Bangorian controversy. They
LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761), author express the essence of the high church position.
ofth." 'Serious Call,' son of Thomas Law, In 1723 he attacked Mandeville's Fable of '

.grocer, by his wife Margaret (I'^nrmery), was the Bees,' arguing with remarkable power
imn at Kings Cliii'o, near Stamford, North- against the cynical theoiy of hif opponent
mptonshire, in ItJ'^H. He wn** the fourth of which reduced virtue to a mere fafihiou
the eight .soua in a family of eleven children. * begot by flatterv on pride.' This excellent
He probably had a xeligiom edneatim fiom tract was repubiishea (with a preface) by
hia parents, who have been idenfifi> (l with F. T). Maunce, at the suggestion of John
the'Patemua' and Eusebia' of his' Serious Sterling, in 1840. In 1726 appeared his un-
'

OiH.' He mnat have shown unosnal promise sparing attack tipcm the stage, which he con-
'n encourage them to send him to tne nni- demns more imequivocally than Collier, and
versity. Some rules drawn up by him. ap- with lesaknowledgeof the facts. John Denni*
{arently upon entering college, begin by [q. v.] replied with some advantage derived
Mjiag thtti the ' one business upon his hands from the unreaaouble antterity of his oppo-
w 'to seek for t*'mal happiness liy doing tlie nt nt. In the same year npjH'ared the first

will of God,' and embody resolutions for fre- of his practical treatiseson 'Christian Perfec-
4}iMSt prayer and self-examination. He en- tion,' which impressed Bishop Wilson as well
I'^red Kramanuel College, Cambrirlge, as a Wesley and the early metliodists. It is
as
uv, 7 June 1705. He (graduated B. A. 1708, an anonymous stranger presented
said that
M^. 171S. and in 1711 wae ordained, and bim with
1,0001. aftor leading it. In 1737
Ifleted ftllow of his college. He studied Law firanded a adrnd fbr Iburteen girle aft

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 Law ^78 Law
Kings Clifl'c. which is supposed to have boen but he frequently apeain of J^wwithUgk
an application of this gift. It is ditRcult to admiration in his sermons (see Overtok, p.
see how he could have obtained the money 87). John and Charles, who took the same
othumiflu. view as his brother, ceaaed from this tioisto
The niilv notiri'" of I^aw diirinfr tlwsp y(>a.r3 be disciples. Dr. George Cheyne [q. v.] 4:50
is a statement that his reply to lioadiy was corresponded with Law, and rr commmded
published by snbscription promoted by or- to him some mystical writings, wMdi inci-
thodox divines {Account 0/ Pamphlets in the dentally led to Lawli aoquaiutaiiee
Bangorian Controversy, hy Pkilemagnoftet I^hmen.
Criiicujf, 1719). By IT-'iT he entered the Aft'r the death of the elder Gibbon ui
famUy of Edward Gibbon (1666-1736) as 1737, Law remained for a time at Putney,
tutor to tho son Edward, afterwards fit her till the household was broken np. He wm
of the historian [see under Gibbon, Edw a kdj. afterwards at Somerset Gardens, at the buck
As his vapil, Edward, was bcmi in 1707, it of the Strand, where Byrom frequently esUsi
is tolerably certain that the connection had upon him, niul fouiul hiui occaaionuly ifts
begun earlier. The elder Gibboa was a strong rather irritable frame of mind.
to^, and for that reason likely to be IkTOiuv It was apparently towards the end of Ui
able to Law. He lived in a conifirtahlo .stay at Putney (Overton, p. 179") th&t IaM
house at Putney, with pleasant grounds. The first began to .study the works of Jacob Belt-
on went to Cambridge, accompanied by his men. He became an ardent disciple, kaxnt
tator, at whose college (Emmanuel) he was ' high Dutch to study ^0 original inadiof
'

entered 10 July 1727. After leaving colle^^e,
Gibbon travelled abroad, while I^aw remained
at Putney, and became ' the much honoured
friend nnd npirituai dirrrtnr of the whole
family ^Gibbon, Autobiography). This in-
'
tho ' blessed Jacob,' proposed a new editioB
and translation, and stuaied all the literataic
of the subject whieh he could procure. The
first of his hioks to reveal Behmeu's influence
is his answer (1737) to Hoadly's Plain As- '

elnded two duughters(^ithanne, said by coont ' of the Lord*s Supper. The later wril
Gibbon to be the Flavia,' and Hester, .said
'
inp-s are expositions or application^! of the

to be the ' Miranda' oi the ' Serious Gall; mysticism thus imbibed. Towards th end
whQe Law's fnroil has been identified witii of 1740 Law retired to Kin^ Cliffe, when
the ' Flatus/ lliese identificatioM^however, his eldest brother, George, baiUff to the Eari
(^m to bp merelv grip'se" not confirmed by of Westmorland, still lived, and when' b*
dates. The '
was
Serious Call published
' at owned a house. Durinf^ tho next years be
the end of 1798, when Law would hardly paid occasionul visits to London. Archiksld
have niide an intentional portrait of hi> llutcheson, M.P. for llastin^-s, had knowc
youngpupils. The publication of the ' Seriou.s Law at Putney. He died in 1740, leaving a
GUl'^bKOiu^t him a visit (4 Ifareh 1799^ widow, and on hisdeathbed expressedawnk
from John Byrom [q. vJ, who has preserved that she should lead a retired and r^li^ouf
mauy aooounts of this and later conversations. life under Law's guidance. Miss Hester Gil>-
Law epolte to him about the myrtioal writers, bon proposed to join her. Lawtook a hooM
praising Tauler, Rusbroek, and h Kempis, for tnem at Thrapston, ten miles from Kin^t
but apparently held Mme. Bourignon an'l Cliffe, where thev settled in 17 1.3. Mrs. llat-
Mme. Guion to be dangerous guides. .John cheson had an income of 2,0OOL, and Mi^s
and Charles Wesley also became disciples. G bbon some 600/. or 600/. a year. They pr>
i

.John first visited him at Putney in 1732, was po^ed to carry out litem! ly the pifvepts of
led to some study of the mystics, and was in- the Serious Call,' and to spend
'
charitT m
flnenoed by Law s advice in going to Georgia all that was not strictly necessary. Thnps*
in 1735. When, aft* r h\> return in 1738, he ton licing at an awkward distance, thej re-
had come under the intiuence of the Mora- moved in 1744|and settled in Law's house t
vian, Boenler, Wesley reproached Law in a Kings Olifb. This house, whieh itill re-
curious letter for not having taught the true mains, was anciently a royal manor-house in
doctrine of faith in Christ, which he had the fore-st of Rockingham, and was called
now learnt from Boehler. Law replied to this King John's Palace.' The plan of life was
'

and a subsequent letter, pointing out that he strictly carried out. To the girls' school
had commended Thomas n lvtnnpis,th' most already founded by I>aw, Mrs. Huteheson in
forcible teacher of th( doftriue, to Wesley 17 1'"> added a school fur eighteen boys (ia-
(who published a translation of the'De Imi- crea.sed in 1746 to twenty), besides almi-
tation*; about 17-*">). and had constantly in- hou:e<.
'
Law added other alm^hi 'U.^es and s
sisted upon the same truth. Wesley's emi- school building. Tho rector of Kings Clilfe
nently praetieal mind waa already out of waa always to be one trustee and ue otiben
harmony with Law's mystioal tamdnMnee; wen to DediOMn from the gentiy and deiigy

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 Law 679 Law
-wttluB four miles. Vuiont vegaUtioiu (see King s CUfle. In the
first year of his leat*
Otkbtox, pp. 228-32) bhow Law'8 (k-sire drnce he attacked Dr. Trapp, whose argu-
Uwt the caildren ehould be brought up in ment against being righteoua ovennuch
'

church principles, and pay due Twpeot to was aiined at the methodists and other ' enp
their luperiors. thusiastj (in the then accepted sense), and
'

Lawrose at five for devotion and etody
the bouAebold afisembled for prayen at nine
dhoMT was at twelve in Bummer and at one
in winter, and was followed by devotion. At
tea-time Law joined the family, eating only a
few raiains, and talking cheerfully, without
^ittinp flown. After tea the servants read a
diapter ut the Bible, which Law explained.
Be then took a brisk walk in the fieldi^ tad a letter to Law condemning bis inystieism.
after another meal, again followed by prayers,
naturally roused I^aw, who saw more danger
in the opposite direction. In 1757 he at-
tacked Warburton, whose whole point of view
was totally uncongenial, and who could
safely speak of his my.stical antagonist with
coarse contempt (see Doctrine of Grace).
Warburton is again attacked in his ' .\ppeal
to the Clergy.' in 1756 Wesley had published
Law made no reply, but in a iJuilo^nie be-
'

be retired to hi:^ room, took one pipe and a tween a Methodist and Churchman,' written
Am of water, and went to bed at nine. hastily and in old ag^e. defended the church
They attended thecliurch ser^ric**^ on Wednes- principles against Wcslt y's disciple, John
days, Pridars, and Sundays ; hhw a few Berridge q. v.] Law bad friends amon^; the
|

friends, and ex r tytionally took an airing, Mrs. neighlMuring ^fentiy, and could be sociable
Htttcheson in her 'coach-' Law and Miss andagreeuble in company. He received nu-
Qibbon riding on liorbubacK. Law, in order merous letters from person)) interested in his
to begin the day by an ttt Hit ehuitjf, dOa^ teaching or moved hi conscience by hi^ books,
tributed the milk of four cows to his poor and replied in letters of spiritual advire His
aaiffhboura. lie tasted the soup which was correspondence, his writing, and his chahtiee
d^y prvpared for the poor, and nie oaAy dis- and schools, donbtlees kqpt him fully em-
plavs of irritability wert on occa>ions of its ployed. His later friends were not men of
iwtng not wellenougU made. He loved music, mark, and hi life was secluded. lie retained
anJwihitT'*'t^ his 'piercing eye' and intelleetoal and bodily
to sing well enough for devotional purposen. vigour to the last. He caught a chill at the
fie was fond of dumb animals, and liked to annual audit of the school account, when the
freebifdafiramllMiveagei. Hewaealover trasteea were always entertained at Us house.
f children, and has devoted much space in He died, after a fortnight's illness, on 9 April
hia writings to advice upon their education. 1761. Ue wrote a letter the da^ before his
He had a email room Tor study, which death making no allusion to his dlnees, and
Oanon Ovprton deBcrilx's (p. ) aa part of died almo.^f in tbe uet of sinpiu^' tlie A iipels'
'

'ajBoat oommodious bedroom,' and altogether Hymn.' He was buried at Kixu^s Clitl'e. An
a'MMteooTeoMttt Utile enuggery.' He had epitaph was oompoeed fay two mends, and a
a large librury, chiefly of theological books, tomb erected by Miss Oibbon. In a will exi*-
and was au untiring atudent in aeveral lan- cuted just before his death be left five shil-
guages. The heuuMtone of his room was lings to his nephew, and all tiie rest of his
worn away in two fhuses bj the rabbing of property To Miss Gibbon. A codicil directed
bis chilly teet. that she should distribute the whole among
Law's study overlooked a courtyard, and the descendants of his late brother George.
the appearance of a be^'-^Mr caused him imme- Law never allowed his portrait to bo taken.
diately to descend. The excessive charitv of Ue is described by Tighe, who visited Kings
the family nattually attracted beggars of all Clifi*e for information, as rather over the
lOBds. The rector, a Mr. Piemont, denounced middle height, stoutly made but not iht,
thiA indiscriminate charity from the pulpit, with a round face, grey eyes, ruddy com-
and a paper was presented by ' manv con- plexion, and a pleasant expression. His
darahto mhsbitaats of the town' to the jua- mannets were unaflaeted, though with a
tiee? of the peace, complaining that Law and certain gravity of appearance, induced by
his fkiuily were one '
occasion of the miiiur- a * clerical hat with liiops let down, a black
sfcle {lOTerty of the parish.' In an indignant coat, and grey wig.' Mrs. Hutcheson died in
letter dated 21 Feb. 1753, and signed by tht' .lanuarv 1 7h1 aged 91 ; and Mias Qibbon in
,

three od'euders, they declare that they will June lt90, aged 80.
eontinne their practice, and thieaten an im- Law's remarkable (brae of mind placed
mediate n^moval. As tbfv remnint'd, tbt- bim in opposition to theprevfiiliiipr tendeneie^
bq^gara were presumtibly too atrong for the of his time, and his writings bare therefore
*eOBsidarable mlmbitants.' fiulsd to receive due rcco^niition, with the
Lmt oontinmid hie liunugr Mtaviljr at | MoeirtiiiMi
I
sBoeirtUMi of the 'Serious UaU.' He had a

^ i;j i^ . -. Lj Google
 Law
Bualrad ittflteoM upon the Wesh^ and
Whitefi^l 1, rin l upon the early evangelicals,
such as iienry Vena and Thomas Soottj in-
dading aome who attacked Ue mystidsm,
Bueh as Jamea Hervej and John "Newton.
Johnson's religious convirtinns were due, he
Law
Hie woiha were coUeeted in ninevotaiBsi,
with a title-])age dated 1762. Each tract wu
also published separately, and with vsrioiLs
dates. The edition comprises ail the ^b-
lished works, except two semou wM>nMWi)j
above and a tract called Ansrrer to a Ques- *

says, to a perusal of the iSenous (Jail at Ox-

*
' tion, Where shall I go ... to be ia the
lbfd,andevenGibbon8pcaksof it with high re- ;
Truth P 1780 (P). list Ik In the following
spect (see Overton, pp. 109-10, nntl 392-9 for edition mentioned is that which appears on
an accoaatof Law's aamirers and opponents). the title-pages in the collected editkin:
His power it dae not merely to the uncom- 1.Three Mlata to the Hahop of Baiifor.
promising simplicity with which he adopts 1717-19; 9th, 6th, and 2nd edit.respectiTelv.
the Christian ideal and gives new life to Tol. i. 2, 'Remarks upon . . . Uie Fd^
wmmoDplaoce) hot to eKtveovffinefy nieiiti of the Beea' (with postscript on Bsvk)),
of style. Ilis writing is transparently clear, 1784; 3rd edit. vol. ii. (1). 3. *Ths Ah.
vivid, and pungent, and his portraits of cha- lute Unliiwfulnoss of the Stnpre Entertain-
racter remind us that he waa a contemporary ment fully demonstrateri,' 1726; 6th edit,
of Addison, and a keener satirist, if a less vol. iii. (a), 4. * Practical Treatise upon A
delicate humorist. A
(Krtain austerity ap- Christian Perfection,' 17-!'!; nth edit. vo].in.
pears in his writings, as in his life^and he oc- 6. '
A
Serious Call to a Devout and Holy
Mflumallyreealls the puritan doetnne, though Life, adapted to the State and Oonditioa of
]ue asceticism is of a different tvpe. His all Orders of Christians,' 1728 KHh edit :

attack upon the stage followed tat of the j

vol. iv. 6. ' The Case of Reason, or Natoni
high churchman, Jeremy Collier, and the lees I
Religion and ftally Stated in Answ
known work <f Arthur Bedford [q. v.J ( tx)[Tindal's] Christianity as Old as theCre^
The logical power shown in Laws con- tion,'1781 ; 3rd edit. vol. ii. 9). 7. A De- <

troversial writings surpasses that of any monstration of the Gross and Fuudment.i
oontemporary author, unless Bentley lie an Errors of ...'(' Plain Account ... of the
I

exception. His assaults upon Hoadly, Man- ! Lord's Supper'), 1737 4th edit. vol. v. (I). :

deville, and Tmdal could only have failed I 8. The (irounds and Reasons of the Chris*
'

to place him in the frmt rank because they tian Regeneration,' Srd edit. 1780; 7tfaedii
I

diverged too far from the popular theories. vol. V. (2). 9. 'An Earnpst and Serion.*
He was the most thoroughgoing opponent Answer to Dr. Trapp's discourse of the FoUy,
and Danger of heii^ Righteoot Om^
I

of the dominant rstionalirai of whtehXoeke I Sin,

wa.s the great oxponent, and which, in his much.' 1740 4th .'dit. vol. vi. (1). 10. 'An
:

view, could lead only to infidt lity. lie takes I Appeal to all that doubt or disbelieve tii
the ground (see especially his autswer toTin- j
Tniths of the Gospel. To which are added . . .

dal) of the knpotence of human reason, and i some Animadversions upon Dr. Trapp's Ke-
in some points anticipates Butler's 'Analogy.' I pli.'s; 1740: 3rd 11. 'Th edit. vol. vi. (2).
The sceptical inference from this argument bpirit ot Praver, or the Soul rising out of
may be answered by an appeal to auwotity
I

but Law, though a high churchman to the
end of his Ufe, found an answer more satis-
fiM^ry to himadf in the doctrine of the
'innrr liu'^it,' which, on some point?, h'li^-.
Uim towards quakerism. His early love of
I
the Vanity of Time into the Riches of Eut'
1 nity,' in two parts, the st^cond in dielogiu'
form, 1749; 7th and 5th edit. voL vii (ij
and (2). 19. <The Way to Divine Knom-
ledge '(a coiitirumf ion of thr dialogues form-
ing the second part of the Spirit of Prayer') '

the mystical writers made him acceesible to

tlie Influence of Behmei\, which seems to
.
. preparatory to a new edition of
"Worksof Jacob B-hmen ,'" 1752; 3rd . .
^
'

have affiBCted him as, in later days, Coleridge edit. vol. vii. (3). 13. The Spirit of Lovt

and his followers were affected by the Ger- (an appendix to the 'Spirit of Prayer,' in
man philosophy, to which Bebmen's writings two parts), 1752 Srd edit. vol. viii. (1) and ;

have some affinity. Englishmen, who hav(* (2). 14. A

Short but Sufficient Confuta-
generally (whether rightly or wrongly) re- tion of the Rev. Dr. Warburton's projected
gaided myatieiimy ontology, and nonsense defimoe (aa he ealla it) of COnistianity ' (m
as conv -fi'ile terms, and e'pecially the the * Divine I/egat ion*) *. . . in a 1-fter to
thoroughly English Wesley, were alienated the Bishop of London,' 1767 ; 2nd edit. voL
by this tendency and though many of Law's
; viii. (S). 16. < Of Justification by Fkhhand
writillgB want through several editions, he Works Dialogue between a Methodist and
: a
occupies sn isolated position in the history a Churchman,' 1760: ."^nl edit. vol. ix. (W
of ffnglish thought, and even his singular i 16. ' A
Collection of l^etters on the most
Utamj narit haa been too little vaeogniaad. |
intarsating and important Snlgeeti^ aad on

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 Law
6eTmd dMSons.' 17iiO ; 8rd
17. 'An Humble, Earnest, and Affectionate
Addrps to the Clergy,' 1761 (posthumous)
3rd edit. vol. ix. (2). Letters to a Lady in-
clined to join the caurch of (probably
yi'isi Dodwell, daughter of Henry Dodwell,
the nonjuror), written 1731-2, were sepa-
rately published in 1779. Some manuscript
letters to dissuade another lady from qua-
kerism (17W) were in poAseaaion of Jir.
Walton (^Memoriaif p. 8t>4j.
rahort Aeeoant of the Life and Writings of
Witliam Liw, liy Richnrd Tighe, 1813; Notes
and Memorials for au aiL^uiite Biography
of William lAvr (by Christopher Walton), 1864
(priratcly printed) William Law, Nonjuror
; Certificate in Bankruptcy,' l^^t3. 3. Some
aod Mystic, by Canon Overton, 1881 (giving all
inforimition obtainable, and a very interesting
aeeowt of Law's dortrines) ; Qsou Msg. 1800.
ypu 7S0. loss ; VUMbfk lit ADeed. iz. ffl6>19
|qf DO importance); Gibbon's Miscellaneous
Wozks, 1814. i. 20-2 Okel^'it Memuini of
;
Bahmeo. p. 106 . ; Thomas Hiirt ley's Paradise
Restor'-d, 1764, p. 468; Byxoa's Joonml (Cluit-
ham ScK-.) pabsini ] L. S.
LAW, WILLIAM JOn\ (1786-1869),
eoHimissioner of insolvent court, washomon
B TVc. 786. His father, Ewnn Law, second
1
son of Edmund Law [q. r.], bishop of Car-
lialfli, WIS member of parliament iot West-
burv, Wiltshire, 1700-5, for Newtown, Isle
of Wight. 5 May to L'9 June 1802, and died
18 Horsteci, Sus yx, 2t) .\pril 1829, having
married, 28 .June 1784. llenriettu S u-ih,
eldest daughter of Dr. William Murkliam,
ardibiahop of York she died on 16 Aag.
was lleiiedictine monk of Worcester and a
;
1R4J.aped m. The eldest son, William
student at Gloucester Hall (now Worcester
John,was educated at Westminster School, C(>I!'ire), Oxford, where he graduated D.D.
ndmatricuUted. 16 May 1804, from Christ A volume which belonged to Lawern has
'-linrch, Oxford, where he held a studentship
until 1814. He took a oniversity priee for
Utm fne in 1807, a flnt elaas in the fol-
I "^x B.A. 1808, and pro-
incr y*i^T, BTaduat*?d
ceeded SLA. 1810. Un 11 Feb. 1813 he was
called to the bar at Lineoln's Inn, and on the
pa8.oii)g of TiOrd Mldoii's Act in 1825 hccame
one of the commission urH of bankruptcy.
Sttbeeqoently ha was appointed a oommis-
-inn.-r of tin- couTt for the relie f of insolvent
debtora, and on 1 Aug. 1853 promoted to be
the chief eonunieaioner. Tlus court was abo-
ILihtid in 18(51 . \ L- was a hard-working and
intelligent lawvL poeieaeed of a thorough
r,
|netid mastery of the hrandi of justice
whii-li lie administered IV r iniiny years.
Though be was not a betting man, he knew
the * Badog Oalendar' by heart, and never
missed seeing the Derby. His fondness for
theelaancB never declined. Between 1851
wui 1860 he was engaged in controversy with
Ua(18^f-l886),
6i Lawes
edit. voL ix. (3). specUng Uannibol's route over the Alps he
aoarplTattadradiii three pamphlets (I800-6).
;
In 1866 he published a voluminous treatise,
in 2 vols., On the Passage of Hannibal over
'
Rome the Al^s,' which had formed his employment
in his intervals from business during many
years. He died at 5 Sussex Sauare, Brighton,
5 Oct. 1869, having married, 1 Jan. 1817,
Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Robert
Simpson of Middlethnrpe Hall, Yorksh ire.
Law was aUo writ+^r of: 1. Reports of
'
Cases in the Court for Relief of Insolvent
Debtors,' by H. R. Reynolds and W.J. Law,
. . .
1830. 2. * Comments on the Now Scheme
of Insolvency, with Rmnarks on t ho Law of
'
Remarks on the Alpine Parses of Strabo,'
1846. 4. < History of a Court-Martial hld
1848 on Lieutenant E. Plowden. SentenM
Reversed in 1854,' 1854. 6. Remarks on the
'
right of Psnonal Protection acquired through
Bankruptcy and the Contempt of it by cer-
tain County Courts,' 1856. 6. A Letter to
E. Cooke, Esq., on Illegal Commitments made
by some Judges of County Courts,' 1856.
7. 'Comments on the lionkruptcy and Liqui-
dation Aot, 1858,' 1860. a 'Remarks on the
Bankruptcy Act, 1861,' lSHi>
[Times, 13 Oct. 1869, p. 8i Begister and
Magazine ef Biography, Hvwmabit ISM, p.S66;
Foster's Peerage, 1883, pi. 384; Law Jooroal,
15 Oct. 1869, p. 560.] Q. 0, B,
LAWDER. [See Laudbh.]
LAWERN, JOHN (Ji. 1448), theologian,
ii
been preserved, in whicn are two sermons
preached by him, certain lecturee of his on
the master of the Sentences, ' Lectiones
publice lectsB in Scholis theologim, Oxon.
A.D. 1448, 1449,' and a number of letters to
or from Lawern, or concerning subjects in
which he was interested. FfUMn article 38
in this volume it would appfr\r that he w!vs
afterwards sacrist at Worceciier. The volume
is now Bodley MS. 603.
[Tanner's BibL Brit.-Hib. p. 478; Woods
City of Oxford, ii. 260 (Oxford Hist. Soc.);
MSS. Augliw, 1. 130.]
lieroard's Olatalogns
aL. K.
LAWES, HENRY (159G-1862), musi-
cian, was born at Dinton, Wiltshire, and bap-
tised there 1 Jan. 1695-0. The statement
that he was born in 1600 at Salisbury seems
to be due to Warton's misquotation in his
life of Milton of the inscription on Lawes's
'
ponnitfttSftlisboiy. Thocmnpoter'tfiitlMrf
Digitizeu Lj ^jQOgle
 Lawes 68s Lawes
Thomas Lawes, was in all probability the was issued Oeom Sandys's * Par^hrase Tpon
person who was a vicar-choral at Salisbury the Psalmes of David. By G. S. Set to new
^d. 1640). Lawes received his early education Tunes for private Devotion. And a tborow
in music from Giovanni Coperario (C!oopr) Base, for Voice or Instrument. By Henry
[q. v.] I le was sworn in as pi^t elkir or epistler Lawee.' The book contains twenty-four t une*
of the Chapel Royal, 1 Jan. 1626-6, and on by Lawes these are diti'erent from the settings
;

3 Nov. of the same year as gentleman he contributed by him to the Choice Psalmes
;
*

afterwards became clerk of the cheque and ft put into Musick for Three Voices,' pnblidwd
member of the kind's bnml. It is not known in 1618. The latter work was issued in four
when his comifftion \vilh lliv household of part-books it contains a portrai t of C haxles I,
;

the Earl of l^rnl^' water begun, but it was supposed to be tlie laat iaaaad in his lifetime,
probably b.'fore Rl.'i-'i, when the earl's sons, commendatory poems, among which is Mil-
Lord 13rackley,an(l his brother Thomas Eger- ton'8 well-known sonnet, thirty psalm tunes
ton, took part in the masque Coelum &ri- by li. Lawes, as well as elegies and dialognes
'

tannicum, written by Tlinmas Carew, and by Dr. J. Wilson nnd others, and finally manj
performed al W hitehall 18 Feb. with compositions by \\'illiam Lawes. The dedi-
nuitic,which is of slight importance, by Henry cation to the long by Heniy Iawm
Lawes. There is no decisive proof that he had the most important oontemponurv account
any share in the composition of the music of his decettiied brother's works. The title of
for Shirley's Triumph of Peaoe* [see Lawes,
' Milton's sonnet 'To Mr. H. Lawes on his
WiLLIAJl], produced in the siime year. Peck'.s Aires,' together with its date, 9 Feb. 1645-6
statement as to the origin of Comus {New
*
' (see discussion as to original title in Note$
Memoirs, &c., p. 19), that Lawee, < being de- and Querie$, 9nd ear. tL 896, 492), seems
sired to provide an ent<rt ai nmen t ( for t he I'larl
*
to point to an earlier publication, b- f^re
of Bridjgewater), 'and being well acouainted 1648. Ltiwes ment ions an unauthorised issue
vitih lb. Hilton's alnlities,lie pitchea on him of twenty songs in his preface to his fiiit book
to compose the masque,' is possibly true for ; of Ayres ana Dialogues for One, Two. and
*

Lawes was throughout his life familiar with Three Voyces,' published in 1653 ; but this un-
literary men, and himself had a strong lit^ authorised publication ia almoat OBrtainW
rary in.-*tinct and the fact tluit the first edi-
; Playford's Select Musical Ayre-s ' of 1652,
*

tion of the masque was published without and cannot solve any diihculties connected
Miifcoa'sname, om^ that m
LawesaTOmrinjf with Hilton's aoonet. 'Ayrss and Dialogues,
in the dedication, is more easily explain>-c1 if containsafineportroitof Lawes by Faithome;
the initiative in providing the entertainment a dedication to his two former pupila,now the
belonged to the musician. The performance Countess of Oarbnry, and Ladr HeritsK td
took place on Michftehna.s night 1634, and Chcrbury; ]ireface 'To all L uderstanden
ti

Lawes and his three youu pupils, the bro- or Lovers of Muaick,' in which are aooie ii^
thersjust ment&med and Lady Alice Egerton, terestmg feinarin on the Engtidi and fbrngn
played prominent parts. In the lines allotted music of the time, and an amusing aci uunt of
to the Atteodant Spirit, aftenvards Thyrsis, the deception practised upon some ignnwmt
the part taken by the composer, are numeroits admirarsof Italian mnflie,b7hi8 aettingof
allusion!) to his musical jmu* rs (I'm. - si 8, ;in itiili v of old Italian songs ; a number of
499-eOl, 631-df &c.) Apparently ouiy five oommeudatory verses ; and nily-foar compo-
songs were provided with music. In the oeet- sitiona by Lawes, among tbem the ' Tiavt^a,*

known of tnese, Sweet Echo,' the composer

' ii rrLd to in the nreface.
has not scrupled to give the last line a more
tcchtiical character than the poet hod done,
by altering tlie words 'give re.soundinfj grace'
to hold a counterpoint (the music is m Brit.
' '
Mus. Add. M.S. 11518). Bumey 's statement
that tlie niu.'<ic of D'Avenunt's masque, The
I'- Playford's 'Select
Musical A^ies ana Dialogues' of the previous
yearoontained compositions fay Henry Lawes,
Dr. Wilson, Laniere, SmegergiU (Caasar), and
others. The fact that Lawes s settings of the
'
Psalmes' of 1637 and 1648 are without bars,
' while his Ayres 'of 1652 and 1668 have
<

Trinm]*)! of the Princed'Amour,*pro(liioi d in them, makes it probable that Lawes waa OM

IG^id, was written by both brothers, requires of the first to adopt the invention.
oonflmation [see La. we8,Willia m ]. I n 1 636 On the breaking out of the civil wars I>awes
Henry set to music b>' songH in (^artwright's
f lost his appoint ment.s; he betn >k hitn.^ lf
'

'Royal Slaves,' which was pert'ornied before
the king at Oxford. In 163B Lawes wrote
to tell Sliltnn tbiit he hiiil received permis-
sion to go ai)ri)ad ///*/. AfSH. (Jomf/i. (Hh
(
Rep. V. 320). In 16^7, tlie year in which
Ltwers edition off 'Coaius' appeandy there
to the teaching of ladies to sing, and by hm
irroproaehuble life and gentlemanly deport-
ment coiitrilMited more than all the ninsi-
eiims oi his time to raise the credit of hij
profession' (Hawwns, p. 581, ed. 1853). In
(he huuaehoid book of Sir Edmcd Danf

Digitized by Google
 Lawes 68s Lawes
iutnlry is found showing that in June 1649 Besides the collections mentioned above,
hunt received the sum of 1^ 10$. for a songs by Lawee are contained in manuscript
Booth'B teach iiijr of I -tidy Derinj?, to whom collt'ctions
Brit. Mus. Add. MS3., Nos.
be dedicated, in lOoo, hiB second book of 14399, 29386, 29396, 81441, 31462 Eg. 2018. ;

'Ajm' {Ntm and Queries, Ist aer. L 162). and others. Add. 83848 contains a politicaJ
Iji the preface to this book he refers to his Rong, Farewell to y* parlyamint,' in the com-
'

hniag 'loat his fbrtunee with his master poser's writing, as well as the words and dis-
(of em bleMed memory).' In 1666 he con- position of parts for an anthem, ' Hearken
tributed, with Oiptain H. Cooke, Dr. Col- unto my voice.' Another set of anthem
mAn, and G. Hudson, the music for D'Ave- words, b sing unto the Ix)rd,' is in Eg. 2603.
'

Dint's '
Fir&t Day's Entertainment at Rut- The music of neither of these anthems ia
;
Itnd House and in 1658 his third book of extant. Clifford's ' Diyine Anthems,' 1064,
'

'
Ayres appeared, with a dedication to Lord include the words of an anthem by Lawes,
'

Coleraine, tne aptness of whose son, Henry '

My song shall be,' tlie music of which is in
Huv, a pupil of the composer, is alluded to the'UbraryofOhrist Church, Oxford. Otifibrd
in the pffface. At the liestoratinn Lnwes also gives the wonl5 of ten otlier anthems
vu reajoointed to his offices in the Chapel by Lawes, mostly taken from Sandys, and
Bsfil KM the kinfK'e bead ; hit nune appears 'OhoieePfeahttB.' finllah's' Put Untie 'eon-
Mclerk of tlie cheque in the list of the ehiipel tains an anthem, 'O Lord. T will sing.'
It Ui time of the coronation, for which he The portrait referred to in Warton's Mil- *

wrote an anthem, Zadok the Priest.'

'
Two ton is in the bishop's palace at Salisbury
'

j&r& afterwards, on 21 Oct. 16U2, he died, it was left as an heirloom by Bishop Barring-
and vai buried on tlie 26th ia (hie cloisters ton in 1791 it is painted on panel, and hcnrs
;

of Wectminater Abbey. the inscription, H. Lawes. /l^tat. suie 26,

'

In tlie various books of airs puUiahed hf l63SiL' Another portrait i8atSal^sbur^', in the
PlayfonJ, Lawes's compositions are of fre- possession of A. R. Maiden, esq. It f^ormerly
quiatoocttzreace, and the composer appeared oelonged to William Lisle Bowles [q. vJ ; the
oiSMOocamon at least as a |ioet, in a sat of irae of ^e painter is apparently Charles
connjHndfti >rv vors* s prefixea to Dr. J. Wil- Hambro. Besides these pictures, Mid the en-
I

M&'s'Psalterium C)arolinum/1657. He pays graying by Faithome in the 'Ayres' of 1668^

Wihon the same oompliment that he himself two p<ntraits were exhibited at Soollt Kena-
bd been paid by Milton twelve years be- inirton in 1866, one from the Music Ekdiool at
iore. 'Tliou Uught st,' he tells Wilon, Oxford, and tlie other the property of th^
our language, tirst, to speak in Tone, Kev. Richard Okes, D.D., provost ol" Kind's
QtVit toe r^t
accent and mafottioBL* College, Cambridge. Tlie latter is now the
But Lawes himself will always ne remem- prnpeity of Sir Cliarles Villiern Stanford,
Oend as the lirst Englishman who studied Mua.D., but it does not resemble the other
adpaetised with saooees the proper aooen- likeneaies of Henry Lawee, and probably re-
tattum of wnrdi, and wlio made the sense presents his brother.
of Um oem of paramount in^rtauce. This Iiiforniat irm kindly Mipplied by the Bishop of
1

a? have been either the caose or the result Salislmry; Grovu Diet, of Music and MusicianH,
t>

)f his intimacy with ao many of the best ii. 106-7; parish registers of Dintoii, Wiltshire;
poeta of his day. In the first editions of the Hawkins's History of Music, ed. lSd3, p. 580;
potfflsof iierrick, Waller, W. Cartwright, T. Burney'H Hist. iii. 380, 391 ff. Iawss's Works
;

Caiew, Lovilaoe, and others, it is mentioned and Playford's Musical Collections Wood's
;

that Lawe9 set some of their words to music, Atheme Oxon. iii. 70, 152, 462, 1206; Old
and their admiration of his music is not gain- Cheque Bookof theOhapx I K<>yn\ (Camden Soe.).
inlby the ulttre of later writers like Bumey pp. 208, &c. I'enton's Obsorviitioiis on some of
;

'Oappreciate h\< romjxjsitions. His style was Mr.

Waller's Poems, p. Ivi ; Stockdale's Life of
a radection of the revolution in music which
WaUer, p. xlix ; 9ithan Soe. Pablieationa,
Ixxi. 249, ci. 207; W. Cartwright's Comedies,
took piaoe in Italy at tiie beginning of the
Tragedies, &c., 1661 ; Warton's edit, of Milton,
^'
Tenteenth century it ia quite true, as Haw-
;
pp. 1S8 ft. 200 : Dyoa's Shirley, vi. 284 ; Musical
boa gajs, that hie airs diil'ered very widely Times, 1868,
p. 519; Chester's Wotminstcr Ab-
from the flowing melodies of Cariasimi and bey Registers; Huthoritii'squotoil above, manyof
Oisti, but this does not prove the oomnoser whidi are referred to in a p.tmphlet. In Memo*
to have betin free from the influences oi the nam Henry Lawes, by John Bannistor (Man-
:

mUer liali&u writers, such as Monteveixie. chester, ITeywood).] J. A. F. M.

To modeni eais hiseompontionB seem a good
leal Ws aiitiij anted and conveutional than LAWES, WILLIAM
{'I. 1645), musical

mny later works, the melodies of which aie composer, was the son of Thomas I.uiwe8, a
eMBtially symawtnCiL vioarH^osalclSalisburj, and elder biotheK of

Digitized by Google
 Lawes 684 Lawes
Hdur7LftWWrQ.T0 both brothers were pupils was
; there any Instrument then in use, but
of Goperaricsthe Earl of Hertford paying the he compos'd to it ao aptly, aa if he had only
cost of William's musical education. He was studied that.' Elofri!!'' poems on hi? death

ft member of thci choir of Chichester Cathe- appear in Uerrick's Uespendes,' Tatham's

'

dral onUl 1003, wlien he was awura e gen- 'Oatella* (1660), and R. Heath^a 'Ojan-
tleman of the (Jhupel Royal, 1 Jan. 1602 Stella' (Ifi'O), and a musical eleg>-,by Simon
He reaigned his place on 6 May 1611, and Ives, is in Stafford Smith'a 'Mnsica An-
was lei^mitted on 1 Oefc. of the aame year. tiqua.'
He join-'d Simon Ives in the composition of The most important of his works are in
the music to Shirley's roaaqoe, * The Triumph the form of short piecea for viols, lutes^ &c.
of Peace/repreaented at Whitehall onOandfe- A collection of theee, to the number of nxty^
mas night 1038-4, and Jifterwards given in six, forms his Koyall Consort of which one
' ,'

the Merchant Taylors' XialL The composers omnplete menuacript copy ia in the Christ
each received VSw. for tlieir work. Lawes Ohnxtli Ubrary (K. 964). The two treble
also wrote the music to Sir W. D'Ave- parts are in Brit. Miis. Add. MS. .SI 1.31.2,
nant's masque, ' The Triumph of the Prince and parts are in the Mus. Sch. MSS. D. 2-1'^
d' Amour,' ])erformed in 1036 in the Middle 286. The Christ Church Library (I. 6, 1-6)
Temple. The music of this piece, together contains also his (Slrent ("'onsorte,'coii?i<tina[
*

with that of two other maaaues, The Kinf^'s of six suites for two treble viols, two theorbos,
'

Masque ' and ' The Inns 01 Court Maque,' and two bass viols, the same combination of
is preserved in manuscript in the Bodleian inst ruments as the ' Royall Consort.' In Add.
(Mus. Srh. MSS. B. 2, 3, and D. 229). On MSS. 29410-1 4 are sixteen nieces in five part*,
the outbreak of the civil war Lawes took and eighteen in six for viols and organ ; the
up arms for the king. And though/ writes baaana part of the same set, but villi the
'

duller, * he was by General Gerrard made it pieces armriLred in a different order, is in the
Commissary on designe to secure him (such coniposera autograph (Add. MS. 17798).
Offloeis being commonly shot-free by their The organ part only of eight aidtea, in three
place, as not PTposed to danger), yet suoh parts, each consisting of a fancy, an alraain,
the activity of his spirit, he di.claimed the and an air, and eight suites in fonrparts is
covert of lus office, and betrayed thereunto in Add. MS. 29290, and in Add. MSS. 1044o,
by his own advent umufness, was casually 18040-4. More of his instnimentnl works
shot at the Siege of Chester, the same time and some single imperfect parts of many com-
when the Lord Bernard Stuart lost his life positions will be found in (Christ Church MSS.
[September 1045"^. Nor was the King's soul L 4, 91-S, I. 4. 79-82, K. 8. 82, well as
so ingross*'d with grief for tin; death of so in the Music School MSS. in tha Bodleian,
near a kinsman, and noble a Lord, but that, D. 233-6, 238-40^ B. 481-6, F. 57r>, &c. A
hearing of the de.it h of his dear servant few of thesinglepnrtsnre printed in Pla\ fords
William Lawes, he had a particular Mourn- 'Musics Harmonia,' in 'Court Airs,' Itio^i,
ing for him when dead, whom he loved when and * Courtly Masquing A vrea,' 166S The
living, andcomnumly Galled " the Father of second part nf the 'Musical Banquet,' IR-'il,
Musick.'" contains many of his pieces for two treble
In spite of the distinguished position which and bass yiol. Hia anthem *The Loid
William Ijawes held among musicians of is mv light,' the words of which are in
the day, none of his works were published Clifford's 'Anthems/ 1664, p. 824, is in the
Id hie lifetime; the first music of his that Tudway Oolleetion, Harl. JHS. 7887. and
was printed was his p'rrion nf 'Choice in Boyce's Cathedral Music;* a slightly dif-
'

Psalmes,' edited by his brother in 1648 [see ferent version ia in Christ Church Ubraiy,
Lawbs, Hbitbt]. In his intereetinff premce H. i. 19, wherethere ia also fbnnd an antheiB
Honrv Ijinv- 3 d> r ires his object in orin gin
l for bass solo, 'Let God arise,' H. i. 18. .\

<mt tUe book to be that so much of his

'
curious set of compositions is in the aame
(William'a) ' Woikes as are here published, libraxj, K. 8. 78-6, called ' Ftoalmee ibr one,
maybe receivf d.as tin' La-? part of what ho two, and three parts, to the common tune-.*
hath compos'd, and but a small Testimony of These may be described as intt rludea for solo
hia greater ConiiMaition8(tooTolaminousfor TOtcea, the ehoir being only em ployed to nag
the Presse) which T thf rather now mention, the well-known psalm-f 'iiif?. Another sn-
lest being, as they are, disperst into private them, ' Sing to the King of Kings,' is given
hands, they may chance be hereafter lost; in HullaVa * Vocal Scorea.* The interestinir
for '
-id.'^ his Fancies of Thr> ", Foure, Five,
'
autograph, Add. MS. 31432, co.itains a sara-
and Six Parts to the Viols and Organ, he band and corant in lute tablature, a beautiful
hath made above Thirty aevetatt aorta of canon, *Tis jo^ to hear,' and some 6fly-fiv9
liuaick Ibr Voicea nnd Inatrumenta ; neither Toeal compoaitioiia,beaidea ui Elegiaek mthe

Digitized by Google
 Lawless
form of a dialogue, wnttea on the leuv left
Unk hf the aowposer near tiie beguminff
of the volume, * on thp Insso of his much
eteemed Mend Mr. William La wee, bj Mr.
Jenkina.' TbxM eaaont are in Add. MS.
2J>*291, and manuscript songs are in Eg. 2013,
Add. MS6. 29396-7, 90273, 31423, 81431,
31483, 31462. The 'vuioos books issued Irjr
Flajford contain a lnr^ numl r of Wil-
liam Lawes's songs and vocal compositions,
among which the best known is perhaps
6S5 Lawless
1 meetings at Eella and Dundalk; but an at-
tempt to hold a mooiter demonstntion at
Bally bfty was defeated by the ! t< irained
oppoeition of the Orangemen, and Lawleafl^
perceiving that any attempt to hold a meet-
ing would certainly b>' attended with blood-
shed, wisely, and at some personal risk to
faimeelf, witndrewwlth his loUowers (Wtsb,
Catholic Auociaiion, i. 401-8). His conduct
on this occasion was adverted to by the Duke
of Wellington in justification of conceding
|

the pevtg, 'Gather je loeebads irime catholic emancipation in the following yer!<
ye may.' Latterly liawluss became particularly obnoxi-
A portrait of the composer b in the Mu.sic ous to O'Connell, who spoke of him as Mad '

8ehoei Qsfttd, and it ie pfobable that a por- Lawless,' and even opposed his candidature
trait now m the possession of Professor Stan- for Meath. During the operation of the Al- '

ford at Cambridge represents, not Henry gerine Act' in 1831 he was for a short time
!

La^ ee, tt ii oeiiiUy atated, hut hie elder under arrest, lie died on 8 Aug. 1887, at
brother. 19 Cecil Strt et, Strand, Lon'lon, and was
f6ioWsDiet.of Moric and MuaidaDS, ii 107, buried on 17 Au^. in the vault attached to
vbsfe the name of the Iktbar of the two eom- liie Roman cathdic chapel in Moorflelds; the
po*?r i -wrongly given as William. The entry f>roximate cause of his death being stran<ru-
of Heory'a baptism in the parish register of Din- ated hernia, aggravated by over-exciietnent
iMt Wiltshire, coofiims Fuller's hUvtemeDt that due to frequent speakingatpoiitioal meetings
Thomas Lnwtw, the vicar-choral of Salisbury, during the general election. He made his
was the father of William and Henrj*. Fuller's last speech at the Crown and Anchor Tavern
Worthies, ed. 1811, it. 461; Bnrney. iii. 391; eigfat days before his death, in support of the
Hawkins's BisLp. 678 (ed. 1863); authorities unsuccessful candidatiirt- of Joseph Hume
quoted above ana under XawM^ HeMBT.I [q. v.l for the coimty of Middlesex. He left
^ J. A. F. M.
a widow and four children. According to
LAWLESS, JOHN (177:^-1837), Irish W. Fagan, who knew him infimntely, *he
sffttator, commonly known as Honest Jack seemed to be an honest, enthusiastic, warm-
*

Lew1ess.'boniin
, _ 1778, was the eldest son of hearted man, without much grasp of mind or
Philip Lawless, a respectable brewer at War- political foresight ; but just the kind of being
|

munount, Dublin;, and a distant cousin of that would tell his thoughts without reserve,
1

'VeleBtine Browne Lawless, lord Cloncurry aadfsarlesslyniaintam his opinions' (Faoas,

j

[q. v.] He
was educated for the bar, but being Life of CfC&nneU, i. 392). As a speaker he
j^oMd admission by I^ocd Clare owing to his was eloouent, foiciblei and sincere,
iatimeej with the leedeie of the UnitM Irish In addition to lua oootribntions to the
movement, he was for .some time a.H.'^ociated public press Lawless published: 1. A Com- '

with his &ther in the brewery. Jb'inding pendium of the History of Ireland from the
j

tiie bonneas lese eongenial to his taeteathan \ earliest period to the Beign of George I,'
literature, he was induced to take a share in Dublin, 1814, which reached its third edition
1

the ' Ulster Record,' published at Newnr, in 1824, and, though dispUjing no original
i

and afterwaidi went to BeUhst, where he Teeeareh and at times very violent, is on the
became editor of thr Ulster Regifiter,' a poli- whole a well-written bi>ok, ins|i!iTd Viy an
'
I

tir al and literary magaaine, and eubsequently 1 evidentdesire to be fair and trut hful. 2. The '

ot the 'Belfast Magasine.' He was soon Belfast FbUties enlarged: being a Com pen*
[

^
llfM i i
i as an ardent polit'u^lan, and wad one dium of the History of Ireland for the last
of the most energetic members of the com- forty years,' Belfast, 1818. This Is a reprint
mitt4ie of the Catbolic Assooiatkm. In 1825 with very considerable additions of a work
heaaeoeesfully opposed O'Connell on the sub- entitled ' Belfast Politics,' which was partly
ject of '
the Wings,' as the propMal to ac- original and partly composed of extracts from
cotn|iauy catholic emancipation with a state ' Baratariana ' and from the patriotic writings
endowment of the catholic cler^ and the of Dr. Drennan (Orellana) and Joseph Bm>
difranebi.ement of the forty-shilling free- lock (Owen Roe O'Nial) ; the original volume
holders was called; but his attack on O'Con-
\
was piibliHhed at Belfast in 1794, and gave so
D'irs character was wholly unjustifiable. In much offence to government that it wee or*
|

\62)6 he conducted an active agitation in the dered to be bnrnt, and ia now a very scarce
eoonty Clare, and being deputed by the as- book. i. A.a Address to the Catholics of
^
*

^
1

.^J.^ ^ Bddwwed Iielead . . .oa Sir F.Buidett'aBillof Euan*

Digitizeu w-j ^jQOgle

 Lawless 686 Lawless
cipatioD,' &c., London, 1825. 4. ' The Speech Switzerland. Retumingto Lreland in 1796,
deUTered hy J. Lawlen ... at a great Fkiblie at the moment of Lord fltswilliante reeaD.
Meeting hfld in the Cliapel of Athbny' (on he threw himself with enthu^ia^m into Tri-';
the subject of the withdrawal of the Koman politics, and in the summer of that year was
I

catholic children from the Glore school). sworn a united Irishman, jnst at the time
[Ooiit. Miig. 1837, ii. 317-18; Fltzp itrick's
.
when the ftni'irtv Ivin^r r>"-'iii-:TurTnl

Lifo Hn<l Tillies of Lonl Cloncurry and Corre-

'
on a new basis with distinctly republican
spoiuieuce ol Daniel O Connt U; Wyse'e HiBtori- I
aims, though, according to his own aceotmt
eal Sketch of th- lat e Catholic Association {Pcrsouiil Ihi'iil'i' li') p. ;?3), till' '^th h-
Sllgao's Life of Daniel O'Cunnell; MorniDg took was the original one, unaccomi
Gbionide, August 1837; Wcbh% OmnMndiaiB \sy any obligntioo to secrecy. At the i

of IriahBioiBRphj.] & D. time he became an officer in the yeomanry, a

LAWLBSS,MATTHBW JAMES (1837-
18C4), artist, a son of Rarry Lawless, soli-
citor,of Dublin, was bora near that city in
1887. He was sent to school at Prior Park
Collie, near Bath ; but his education was
intermpted by deafness and ill-health. On
hie fumta coming to live near London he
attended drawing schools, and wa? for
st'vj^ral
a time a pupil of Henry O'Netl, B.A. Uis
flxet pubbahed drawing appealed in 'Once a
Wi't'k' (i. ^05), and ho continued for some
years to draw illustrations for that neriodical,
and afUnraida ftrliie'OenibiU tfapzin* /
'
Punoh/ 'London Society,' and for Dr.
Formby'a 'Life of St. Francis.' He exhi-
bited one or two oil-paintings at the ^Koyal
Academy whi'n only twenty years old. The
last and best known of hispict urun was 'The
Sick Call' (180S); this was reproduced in
body commanded almMt entirely by what
was called the independent interest, and an
active promoter of a voluntary police or-
ganisation known as the Rathdown Associa-
tion. Being destined for the bar, he in 1795
entered the Middle Temple, and during the
1
next two years spent a considerahU- pnrt of
hi time in London. On one occaiOQ, pro-
bably in the spring of 1797, he happened to
dine in company with Pitt, and from him
first l^rn(?d the intention of ^'ovemment in
regard to a union between the two countries.
Acting on this information he imn]?diately
wrote and published his 'Thoughts on the
Projected Union botweon (treat Brit4un and
Ireland,' Dublin, 1797, the first of a lonj^
succession of pamphlets nn the subject. He
was also a regular contributor to the ' Press'
new?])nper, at that time the accredited organ
of Iritih independence and on the diasoltttioa
;

the Iilii>trat^d London News aaone of the

' '

of parliament in 1 797 he wrote the addresses

Bims of the Academy exhibition in that year, of Lord Edward Fitrgerald and Mr. T T- n ry of
e died of consumption ait hia fiithen Tfr- Straffan, who declined to offer themselveess
sidence in Pembridge Cn-sccnt, Bayswater, candidates Ibr the representation of KUdam
London, 6 Au^. 1804, and was buried in the He took a ]irnminent part in framing the
Boman catholic cemetery at Kensal Green. Kildare petition, and in July 1797 proiiJsJ
[Personal knowledge.] ii. W. at the aggregate meeting held is the Roysl
Exchange to protppt nprnn^t the union. In
LAWLESS, VALENTINE BKOWNE, October he attended for the first and only
second B&bov Oeohoubbt (177S-185S), only tine a meeting of the esMMitrpe direcloi y of
surviving son of Nicholas, first lord Clon- the United Irish Society. Ik Is difficult alto-
curnr, and Margaret, only child and heiress gether to credit Ids own statement that it
of valentine Browne of Ifoont Browne, oa was wftfaout bis wish, and eren fcnowleJge,
Limerick, a wealthy Roman catholic brewer that he wa* elected a meml>er of the direo-
of Dublin, was bom in Merriou Square, Dub- tory. Of this fact goyemment eoom became
lin, on 19 Aug. 1778. He was educated cognisant, and a friendly wamhig baTing
fuccessivoly at a boarding-scliool ut Porf- reH( hod hif* father, Lawless wa?* oWiged to
arlington in Queen's County^ where he con- return to his studies at the Middle Temple.
traeted a serofhloos complaint wbich left a On 7 Not. 1797 Felham wrote to the bosM
j

permanent murk upon his face at Prospect oHlc>- "Nfr. Lawle8.<, Lord Cloncurry'seldesa
'

'
; :

School, in the neighbourhood of Maretimo, son, is going to England this night charged
his iatner's reeidence, where be remained for witn an answer to a message lately receiyed
two years J and at the King's school atOhestfir, firom France' (Fitzpatbick, Secret Sertimf
where he resided in the family of William p. S/S). It is doubtful whether there was any
deayer [q.v.l bishop of Oheater and masterof truth in the latter part of this statement, but
Brasenose College, Oxford. He subsequently it is certain that until the time of his amest
entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he Lawl^ was under ?^Xr\^ government surveil-
graduated BA. in 1792. The two following lance. His conduct in London, the society he
yoaia were ^snt ott tlw coutiaMity cfaicAy ua i kaft^hiaaeqtnintanwnrititArth<rOt>Be>

y Google
 Lawless 687 Lawless
nnd O'Coigly, and the fact thnt he fiirniplird lie rr-iul.'d tlmn two years in the
for Tii<^>re

lunds for the defence of the latter, increasedPalazzo AcciaKtli, close to the Quirinal, he
^spicion. and on .'il Mny 1798 he waa ar- went muchinto society, and occupied him-
rested 8t his lodgings, 81 St. Albans Sln'ot, fiflf in forming a collection of antiquities, the
i'ail Mull, on a charge of Huspicion of high more valuable pa it of which wan unfortu-
treason (Qutlertagk Correspcndmce, i. 21<i). nately lo.st in traii'^portalionin Killiney Bay.
Hiji detention on this occasion laRted about He left Ronif m ihe Hunimcr nf 1805, and,
OX weeks, during which time ho wa more ])rfK'eeding through Austria and Germany,
AMcncee.xamined before the privy council. returned to Ireland at the close of the year,
He was discharged on bail {ib. i. 254), and to find tliat during his absence his house at
being forbidden by his father to return to Lyons, CO. Kildare, had been maliciously ran-
Irdand, he spent the summer in making a sacked by one of his tenants, who was also a
tour through England on horseback. At magisfrnto, during the disturbances that at-
Scu'borongh he made the acquaintance of tended t he Huppression of Emmet's rebellion,
Mary, daughter of Phineas Ryal, esq., of and that some familv plute and papers, in-
rinnmel, whom he received his father's con- cluding letters frnm l\ieliard Kirwan [q. .]
cent to nuutry oa oondition that he was tint the geologist, had been removed or destroyed.
silMtotiwbar. Bnmiff uie rest of Us life Lord Okmeany
Lawle<is returned to London in December. rosidca almost, constantly either at Lyons or
Ob 14 April 1799 he was again arrested on Maretimo. In February 1807 he was divorced
fMirion of traMOBBble pmotiees, tad on by act of partiameBt mnn Us wife, owing to
8 May wa? committed to the Tower. It is her nii.sconduct with Sir .lohn Piers, from
dithcult to detennine how fir he was really whom he recovered 'J0,i)OOL damages. Por
guilty of tlie ofencst with whiflh ho was aerml years subsequently Olonuurry took no
liartred. According to his own nccnunt active piu-t in politics, but devoted liiraself to
LtenomU MecolUetioru, p. 78) he hod since the duties of his position as a magistrate and
lis first amst taken
no part hi politics, but landed proprietor. In the ibrmer capacity
ht fhf game time it is clear Ca.it lercm/h Cor-
{ he inaugurated the .sy.'-trra of petty seRsions,
respondmee. iL 361^ that ^Temment had which was afterwards extenaed by parli>
good gnmndtfiir bdiering htm to bean aethre ment with good dftet mkrougfaoiit uie Ung^
agent in the United Irish conspiracy, though dom, though another project of his for causing
from want of direct evidence as to his com- all agreements between landlord and tenant
pUeity it was deemed unadvisable to run the to be made at these weekly meetings was not,
risk 01 a trial by excepting him by name from tui fortunately, carried out. As a landlord
the Bill of Indemnity (ib. t. 264-'t>0). During he took an active jrart in 1H14 in founding
hii imprisonment in the Tower he was 8uh- the 'County Kildare Farming Society,' for
jifllBd to oaaay needless indignities, and his the promotion of a better system of agricul-
confinement certainly embittered, if it did ture. He strongly urged the utility of re-
not actually shorten, the lives of his father, claiming bogs and waste lands, was a director
who died on 38 Aug. 1798, his gBind&ther, of the Grand Canal between Dublin and
snfl the lady to whom he was enpuged to be Ballinaaloe, a friend of Robert Owen and
nuirried. Many effort* were made to obtain Father Mathew, and projector oi hail a dozen
ha release, but without iBoesis^ and his abortive schemea, such as a ship canal be-
father, fearing Icflt the conpeqnencpfi of his tween Dublin and Galwny, ana the epta-
prosecution might extend to a confiscation blishment of a transatlantic packet station at
of hisproper^, altered his will and left away Qalway. He was a warm advocate of the
from nim a sum of between 60,000/. and catholic clnims, but he was convinced of the
70,()OO/.TTe was released on the expiration futility of agitating the question in the im-
of the Halx as Corpus Suspension Act in perial parliament; and regarding catholic
March 1801 but ]MUwed the n inninder of the
, emancipating a party measure aod repeal
vear in England in onler to recniit his health. as a national concern, he in 1834 urged
)le returned to Ireland on 31 Jan. l80S,the O'Connell, in a celebrated letter to the Oar-
day of Lord Clar^'B fun*"-nl, and having spent thnlic A8.ociation, to make the repeal of the
eTeral months in putt ing his estate in order, union the main plank in his prc^ramme.
he ptoesodad in the autumn to the continent During the first viceroyalty of Henry Wil-
in company widi his siston Charlotte and liam Paget, marqnis of Anglesey fq. v.], in
Valentina. 1828, Cloncurry grew intimate with the go-
At Nice he made the aoqtiahitaBee of Temment of Daolin Oastle. He kneir, luC-
Elisabeth Gporjriana, yonngeat daughter of withstanding the inau^pirioufl commence-
Major-general M<gan, nhmu he married at ment of his government, that Lord Anglesey's
MMAprilim AABoaii^trhsra -wwe IhvovwUe to belindy mad

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 Lawless 688 Lawless
unwilling to hamper his administration dur- themselves to have been aggrieved. The book
ing his second viceroy alty (1880-4), he is on the whole well aad forcibly written,
declined to join O'Connell in his repeal cam- though the interest flags towards the end ;

paign. His attitude tixpused him to the
aUMOastruction of hi^ friends and the blUer
reproaches of O'Oonntll. The three years,'
'
he wrote {Penonal Recollections, p, 416^, ' that
followed liord Anglesey's return to Inleiid,
though full of excitement and nt tiun, was to
me the most unhappy I had passed since my re-
leeee from ^ Tower.' Nevertheleaa he took
an active part in the anti-tithe agitation, and
having been created an English peer and an
Krish privy cooneiUor ia Si^temoer 1881, he
spoke for the first time in the House of Lords
on 7 Dec. on that subject. In 1886 a tem-
porary reooDdliation wet elfeeted between
nim and O'CotiUfll, hut in 18 tO a further
eetraneement took place owing to an attack
nede 1^ O'Connell on Cloocurry's nephew,
Lord Dunsany, a noted Oiiuij^'^eraan. After
the death of his second wife in 1841 Cion-
curry ceased padually to take waj eetive
interest in politics. The two following years
he passed on the continent, but in 1843 he
exerted hia influence as a privy ootmdQorto
avert what he afterwards described as a
projected massacre by the government of
' 1806, and died unmarried in 1825; and a
Lord de Grey on the occasion of OX^onnell'e
intended repeal demonstration at Clont&rt
At the first appearance of the great famine
in 1846 he urged upon government the ne-
OBMity of taking extraordinary preventive
measurej*, but finding his advice rejected he
indignantly declined to attend any further
meekingi of the counciL NevertheleBS, as a
Benber of the famine rnmroittee and a
traHee of the 'Central i belief Committee,'
he ipared neither time nor money in en-
dcHvouring to relieve th'" ^'"ncral distress.
He disapproved of the Yuung Ireland move-
ment, bel ieving that it would only retard
the repeal of the union, but he testified his
personal sympiuiiy with John Mitchel, the
editor of the United Inshman,' by sub-
'
scribing 100/. for the support of Ins wif">.
Inl849 he published his 'Personal iieminis-
oences,' which, according to Mr. Fitxpatrick
{Secret Serrirf. p. 39), was revised and pre-
but a careful perusal of it goes to confirm
Mr. Fitzpatrirk's statement that it was not
writtpn } V Cloncurry himself. In 18.51 Clon-
currv bhowed signs of failing health, but he
Uvea to see the great Irish ^dustrial Exhi-
bition of 1 8/)3. ( )n 24 Oct. he caught a cold,
on Friday 28th he died, and on 1 ^'or. hia
remains were removed from Maietimo to tbe
family vault at Lyons. Despite his faults of
judgment and a somewhat morbid craving lax
popolarity, doneuarr^ wee iinDere pa^iot.
Ills liDiiso at Lynufi was noted for its hospi-
tality ; he was a generous landlord, a lover
w
of the fine arts, and wlie fea be weognieed
talent in his countrymen he did hia bept to
cultiTateand reward it. He waa, to quote
(yOoaoeU, 'tlie poor man's justiee er the
peace, the friend of reform, m private so-
ciety ^in the bosom of hia family the model
of Tirtne, in public liftiravllij of the admiea-
tion and aiVeelion of the people.'
Bjr his iicst wife Cloncurry had a son,
Valentine Anne (his godmother waa Anne,
'
duchess of Cumberland^, who was bom in
daughter, Mary Margaret, married, first, in
1820, to John Michael Henry, baron de
Kobeck, firom whom she was divorced, and
secondly, in 1828, to Lord &u.sm;x Lennox.
Cloiii iirry married secondly, in 1811, Enilyi
third duiiphter of Arcfiihnhl Dl>LLplr!^^. ^"40.,
of Domock (couBin to Liiuries, third duiie
of Qoesnsberry), relict of the Hon. Joseph
I^son, and mother of the fotirth E)arl of
Milltown. IJy her, who died lo June lts41,
he had Edwani, third baron Cloncurry, bom
13 Sept. 1816. who mnrried Elizabeth, only
daughter of John Kirwan, esq., of Castle-
hacket, CO. Galway ; Cecil-.Iohn, M.P., bom
1 Aug. 1820, who caught a cold at his father's
funeral| and died 5 JNov. 1S53; and V^alaotina
Maria, who died young;
[Barke's Peerage ; Cloncurry ' Personal Ee-
colW'tioDs; W. J. Fitcpatriok'a Life, l^nflB,aiid
CoDtemporarisB of Lora dOBeorfj; Ooereni. of
Daaitl OTnnnfll, t-d. W. J. Fifzitrick W.J. ;

pared for publication ' by a practised writer Fiupatrick's Secret Serviee ander Pitt; Lord
connected with the tory press of IHiUiB, who OasUersagh'b Ooraesp.] IL Di
believed that Cloncurry had boon wrongly
Ciged in 1798.' This circumstance will pro- LAWLESS, WILLIAM (1772-1834},
bly account for the slight inaccuracies as to French general, was bom at Diiluia,SM> Apnl
fact? .uul dates which occur in it. In Ireland 1772, jomed the United Irishmen, was out-
the work was well received, but in England lawed in the Fugitive Bill,and, having taken
It wee severely criticised, especially by J. W. refuge in France, entered the armj. He wee
Croker in the 'Quarterly Keview' (Ixxxv!. plnCr'd on hnlf-pny in 1800, but in v.aj
126). The publication of Lord Anglesey's appomted cuptuia of the Irish legion, and to
oorrespondence gwre that noUemaD miieh Julv 1806 was ordered to Flnahing, then
heneged by the Engliefa, to command tlM

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 Lawrance 689 Lawrence
Iiitb battalion. To reach his post be had to brought with him a new body uf missionaries.
1NM in ft aBfll] open boat through the Eng^ 'When Auffostine felt that his end was near,
lish fleet. TT*^ wn-^ rlanfrcronsly wonnrlfd in he ordained Laurentius ns bis successor, pro-
a sortie^ and when General Monet capitu- bably in the spring of 604, and Laurentius
lated witiiottt stipulating for the treatment sneeeeded totheseeof Oanterburyon AQfa>
of the Irish OS prisoners of war, Lawlo?^ tine's doafb on 20 May. He laboured vIjTor"
canned from the town with the eagle of his ouslv to strengthen the new church, and
Tegmient, ooneeded Mmaelf fbr two Btouths tried to hringue Britons and the Soots of
in a doctor's house, and at length found an In land into conformity with it. He wrote,
offortani^ of getting bv night in a fishing with Bishops Mellitus [q. v.J and Justus
Mat to Antwerp. Betuaaotto wctloonifld Idn, [q. T.l to the 8ootUrii Uwops and abbots,
extolled him in general orders, and reported complaininir of the unfriendly conduct of a
Napoleon, who aummoned him
his ffi^loita to ilksottish bishop named Dagan. and sent an-
toAaB, deeonitad hJm with the Legion of other latter to the British pnests exhorting
SpBonr, and promoted him to be licutunnnt- them to unity. These letters were inefftct ual,
eslond. In 1812 he gained a colonelcy, and but he is said to have won over a certain
inAngnst 1818 he was wounded at Lowen- Irish archbishop named Tereran, supposed to
berg and his leg was amputated. On the be a bishop of Armagh, who was attracted
restoration of the Bourbons the Irish regiment to England by his fame (Eccl. Doct. iii. 61,
was naturally looked on with little favour 62). In 610 he sent Mellitus to Rome on
by a dynasty so d'e])ly indebted to England, a mission concerning some needs of the Eng-
snd in October 1814 IjiwIpsa was placed on lish church. The church of St. Peter and

^
hal/-pav with the rank of brigadier-g&uer&l.
He at Fkria, 26 Dot. 1824.
[Ficflf?V Hist, (ifs Trmipos EtrirsgJrfts, Pnris.
St. Paul begun by Augustine at Canterbury
is said to hsTe been finished and omseorated
by him in 613. Whin, after tlio accession
18M; Madden's United Irishmen, 2nd ser. ii. of Eadbert [q. v.] to the kingsliii) of Kent,
M, Londoii, 184S ; Mem. of Hitea Byrne, Paris, Mellitus and Justus left England in 617 or
IMS.] J. G. A 618, Laurentius was minded to follow their
example. One day, however, he came before
LAWRANCE, MARY, afterwards Mbs.
the kmg and showed him his back covered
KAaB(J?. 1794-1830), liower-paiuter, first
with the marks of stripes, telling him that
tfgem ae aa eithihitor at the Royal Academy the night before as be was sleeping in the
in 1706 with a flowor-pifce. Sbe married
church of St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Peter
Xr^Suoarse in 1813, but up to 1820 she con-
appeared to bim, and chastised and rebuked
tiniKd to odiibit studies of flowtra, wliieh
him for his intention. Eadbert was converted,
were finely executed. During the years 1706
and Metfitns and Justus were recalled. Lau-
to 1799 she published a series of ptates illus-
rentius died on 2 Feb. 619, and was buried
tntin^ *The Yarioaa Kinds of Kosea culti-
by hia predecessor in the north porch of the
vated in "Piirrland,' drawn from nature, which
chnnsh of St. FMer and St. Paul. All that
sra more remarkable for the beau^ of their
is certainly known about him is told bv Bteda.
oeentioii than for thnr hotaueal acea-
Elmham adds that he blessed two abbots of
the monastery of St. Fsterand St. Pltul, and
'Tl .l grave's Diet, of Artists; Gr.ives's Diet, a mnTiui=tcript life by Goscelin states that he
oi Artists, 1760-1880 ; Lowndes's BibL Man.] went to Fordon (PFord in Kent) and built
L. a a dtttvh thers*
ULWBJSSQBL (Bee also LatrBvei.] [Be.le'e Ilist. Eccl. i. cc. 27, ^3, ii. cc. 4, 6, 7
(Engl. HiBt.Soc); Elmham's TTivt. Monast. S.
LAWRXNOB or ItAURENTIUB (d.
Ang. pp. 114. 119, 127. 133. 144 (^KoUs Ser.);
ri9), 6f'C(ind archbishop of Canterbury, ac- Kemble's Codex Dipl. Nob. 1,4-6, 98.1 Kiigl. f

oompaoied Augustine [q. t.1 when he hrst Hist. SCO.); Mabillon's Aeto 8S. O.8.B. ii. 66-
set oat from Roma for nguad in 606, re- 69 ; Acta 88.. BoUatid, Feb. i. 989^4 ; Haidy's
mained at Aix when Aug^tine returned to Cat. i. 217, 21 S (Rolls Ser.), where am notices
fioDi, and finally landed with him in Thanet of other manuiicnpt lives, one the iVmndution of
in 607. He is described as a priest (pres- the aoeoont given in Capgrave's Nova Legenda,
byter), apparently in contrast v;\th a certain f, 207 h ; Haddan and St ubba's Eccl. Docs. iii.
Christ. Biog.
Peter, described aa a monk (Jiutoria Eocleti- 61-70; art. Ljiuif utius in Diet.
'
'

mtim, L Bnt the inftranoe that he was iii. 631, by Bisbup Stubbs; Hoolt's Archbishops
83^
of Canterbury, 79 sqq.] W. H.
not a monk has been disputed (Mabii.lox, i.

Arta S8. O.SJB. iL 57; EuLHAJi, n. 127). LAWRENCE {d. 1154), prior of Durham
Augustine sent him to Boma in 001 with a and lAtin poet, was,aabehunse1ftellBiis,boni
latter to Pope Qngoxff and on his zotum ba St Walthatn, KssOTiandedncatedin the housa
VOL. XL X X

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 Lawrence
of the secular ranons at tliat place.
still yonng he went to Durham, and there
l)>( monk. lie rose to be
;uiip n ileiiedictine
cliun lr and precentor, and winn ng^ the favour
i clear, terse, and vigorous.
of Qeoffrey Kufus the bishop, was made otic
of his chaplains and receiver of his exchequer.
On Qeotlre^'a death in 1140 Lawrence re-
turned to hunuMUurtiie life; hotodc a promi-
nent pnrt in resisting' "\Villiam Cumin, David
of ^k^otlaud's chancellor, who endeavoured
to eeenre the hishoprie Iw hinuelf hy feree.
It lias been suggested that Lawrence was
indeed the clerk of that name whom Bernard
of Olainrftiix raoommended to the monln of
Durham for bi-hop in 11 43 (Caf. Vet. Scn'ptt.
Duneim, d. 160, Surteee Soc.) Lawrence
wee probebly one of the monks whom Onmin
expt lifd in tiie autumn of 11 1.'?, iin J tippar-
eutiy he then revisited Waltham. JNext
year the monks wen TscaUed by Otnmnt
whose schemes had failed. Luwr(>ncr busied
himself with the composition of his ' Diar
logues till in 1147 he was choeen prior of
' and 448 ; there are also copies in Idie esAe-
his monasterv. In February 1 153 Lawrence
and his monks chose Hugh de Puiset [q. v.]
to fill the again vacant see ; but the cnoice
did not commend itself to Henrv Murdac
q. v.], archbishop of York, and Hugh and
Liawrencc had to make a journey to Rome.
Them Hugh was consecrated on 20 Dec. by
Popo AnastHsiiif TV. Lawrence told the
popo of the lumu of St. Cuthbert, and ob-
tained from him an indul^nceof forty days
for all pil^^Tims to tlw saint'f* slirine (IfiMf,
Dun. iivriplt. Tres, p. xxxiv). iiefore Law-
rence's departure nrom Durham St. God-
ric [q. v.] the hermit had foretold that lie
would never return (^Vita S. G'odridf pp.
232-3, Surtees Soc.) ; as the party were on
their way back through France, Lawrence
fell ill, and died 17 March 1164(Si']lbon of
DubSam, i. xlix, BoUe Ser.) He was buried
where ho died, but some years later his 10-
mains were brought home to Durham.
Geoffrey ofColdingham describes La\\ rcnce
as 'juris peritus, eloquentia prasditus, divinis
instttutis sufficienter instructiu,' and save he
had no need to beg advice fromotlieit (jBiiivf.
Dun. Scn'ptt. Tres, p. 4). Lawrence's poems
bear evidence of familiarity with Latin cliu;si-
eel literature, and ftom his own aooonnt his
range of reading nmet for his time have been
singularly wide. His knowled^ of Virgil
is coostentily meniftet in the ' Dialogi ' {cf i.
189-m, ;J41, 643^4, ii. 3.*?, 457-8), and he
also claims acquaintance with Cicero, Plato,
Seneea, Loeen, Statins, Flinttts, end (Hid,
if not with otli- r writers (Dialor/i, iv, 477-86;
Jit/poffnostioon, bk. ix., ap. Rii2rB,pp. 69,07).
Among his books arowrfod at Dnifaain
ooj^ of CKmio 'D^ Anno ^
'dwodMr
690 Lawrence
When volumes are with one exception theological.
Hie poetry, despite occasional violations of
inetrp, is imisiral niul polished; bis S^le
Lawrence wrote: 1. ' Hypo^osticon site
Mt raoriale Veteris et Novi Testamenti.'
This a poem in eight books, with a ninth,
is
'De divenis Ohnwnftdbns,' containing a
number of miscellaneous religious pieces.
There is an epistolary preace to a fcisnd
eslled Gervsse. It wes written duniur hn
residence in Di.shop Geoffrey's court. Law-
rence says that after he had compoeed the
poem at great leiurth it wee destroyed ty a
careless f^ervant, out he roonnerted 3076
lines within a month. The work enjp^
great popularity, and nnmerons ntannsenpti
are extant, e.p.' TIarl. 320*2, Weg. 4, A. vL.
and Cotton. Vow. D. xi. in the Bntish Mu-
seum, all of whidi date from the twdfth
centur)-, Laud. Misc. 398 (sec xii.) an J o'JO
in the Bodleian Library, and Lambed 'iSH
dral libraries at York (ut infra) and Durham
(V. iii. 1, Cat. Vet. Lib. p. 168). Mr. Wri^
gives a sketch of the poem with illustrative
extracts in his ' Biographia Britannica,' pp.
161-4, and Mr. Kame prints some extracts
in his edition of the ' Dialogues,' ^p. 62-71.
OudineoUaeted material for an edition which
he never completed. 2. 'Dialogonim libri
;
quuttuor this poem is occupied chiefly with
'
Cumin's attempted intrusion at Durham, it
sup])li('s U8 with most of our information
8pecting Lawrence himself, and includes SB
account of the castle, city, and oountf of
Durham, whence it is sometimes rofTred to
as De Civitate et Episcopatu Duueimensi.'
'
It has been edited by Mr. James Raine for
the Surtees Soc., vol'. Ixx. 1880. Tfap onlr
manuscript is preserved at York (No. 4i,
Bbrkabd, Cat. MSS. Angli<f ii. 4). 3. Coii , '
solatio de Morte Amici (or *Pa^ni'); '
work partly in prose and partly in verse, after
the maniirr (^r Boethius. It is contained in
Lambeth MS. 23.^,Cotton. Vespasian D xi.,
and the York and Durliara MSS. 4. Rith- '
mus de Ohristo et Diecipulis.' & ' Flulmns
de Resurrectione.' Both these are conta^ne^^
in the Durham MS. 6. 'Qratio pro Lauxeo-
tio nve Apologia sua Vitn in nla weHn^
7. ' Oratio jiro NaTifragiB. vel contra diripi-
entee naufrogorum bona. 8. 'Ortio
juvenibos eomjieditis, veniam petooe jonn-
^
im.s, qui naufragos diripuerunt/ 9. ' Oratio
pro Milone Amatoie,' 10. ' Invectio in Mai-
gerium.* The last live, wUdh era all in pross,
nro cnnlain. 1 in Lambeth MS. 2.38, ff. 4(V I,
and the Durham MSw, and the throe fomer
wm lsoiBOottoB.yespbB.zi.ff. 100-ft. Lstw*
iiilaoiiid tohafs writtSB: 11'H^
L-iyui^LKj by Google
 Lawrence
mdlw/ 12.
VitaSanctselirigidoB.' In prose;
' rowed
h it printed in the Bollandists' ' ActA Sano-
tonuD,' Feb. i. 1 72*86, from a flunuf^cript at
Salamanca. This version is imperfect, the
full text is given iu Laud. MS. Misc. 668,
and Balliol College 220. The poems ' De
CuthVn^rto Episcopn/ 'De Confessoribus,' * ]>e
V'irgiuibus,' De Sacramentis,' are contained
' of Lincoln and the convent of St. Albans,
in the ninth book of the ' lIvpogiUMticon
iHarl. MS. ?,-2(y2, li". 108-12; RAlNB.pp. 66-
71). Bale udds a work which be calls Ad
H^liewisiam,'bDtof this nothing ^eems to be
known. The sermnng De Chri-^tl Adventu,' ' 139 sq., 150).
* De Christi Natali,' De Ae^uniptioneMarifB,'
' and Abbot Gorham is said to have followed
which are sometimes ascribed to Lawrence
of Durham, really belnnrr
Westminster [q. v.], who was
llMiam under ottf writer,
Uajpart of the way on his journey to Kome
k lIoS. Leland and others have oonfoBed
Aa two IjawraiMSM*
[Hist. Dunelm.?eri|itt. Trrs; Catnlngi Vetoros
Librarom Donelm.; Dialngi Laurentii Duofllmen-
os (all theM are printed by the Snrteea 8oe.);
Bile, ii. 88; Lelnnrl's Cornnifnt. de Scriplt. p.
2M; Tanner's Bibl. Drit.-llib. p. 472; Oudin's
Script. ReeL ii. 1082 Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit.
; the Oonfeseor from the pope.
Aapo-Norman, pp. 16U-6 Hnrd>'s CaU Brit ; 13 Oct. 1163 the new saint's body was tran.s-
HiM. i. 109.10. ii. 266_6 (K0II5 Ser.)]
LAWRENCE (d. U7^). nhVint of Wo..t-
minster, who has been confused with Law-
iDO0(^1164) r^. v.], prior of 1>iirham,wenM
to have been of orman birth (Tanner). Ac-
T<
cording to Matthew Paris he was educated,
ad tat manv yean reeident, at St. Albans
( Fit. S. AW. Ahh. r d. Ifl to,
He may be identical with tiie Lawrence who
wtB ardideaeon of Durliani in 1168, and who
icco'ipaiiied his luiinesake, the prior of Dur-
ham, to I'rance in that year. Tanner sug-
gstks that at a later date he became a monk
of St. Albans. Hemy II noticed him favour-
ablv, and on the deprivation of C^rvase, abbot
of tV'estminster (about 1169), recommended
him for election to the vacant office (of.
JoHANSEs AuuNDBHHAM, AnnaUfi, ed. Kiley,
E(^ Ser. ii. 301). He was elected by the
aai w
aal suffrage of the monks^and fulfilled
the erpectationB formed of him. Under
Gervase's rule the monastery had become
wretchedly impoverished, and he had even
sold the vestments and stri])ped the abbot's
house bare. Lawrence obtuincd money fmm
the long for the repair of the mona^itic build-
ing*, ana for the rebuildinp- of the chief offices
lately burnt down. Henry II also restored
the abbsjestates in Gloucestershire and
Worresterbirc, which had been seized by
his predecessor. The abbot's funds still being
inaideqiiat* to meet the re^uirenwntBi ha bor-
691 Lawrence
horses, iiuuiture, vestments, &c., to
the value of two hundred marks from 6or>
ham, abbot of St. Albans (WALsiKOHAXy
Gesta Abb. Mm. Sancii Albani, Rolls Ser. i.
133) .In 1162, when a synod of bishops
t met in St. Katheriiie's ( 'Impel, "Westminster
!
Abbey, to sptth' a dij^pute between th*- P.i'-hop
Lawrence presided, and opened the pro-
ceedings by a speech defending the privi-
'
leges of the monks. The case was ducided
in the monks' favour in March 1163 (tft. i.
A quarrel between Lawrence
owing to Lawrence's retention of a manor
tf) Lfiwrmre of at Aulenham belonging to St. Albans (ib. i.
a monk at 134) and to the readiness with whicii he
,
and aooomwuued entered on litigation with that convent (ef.
ib. i. 112, 134). At one time ho seems to
have protected Alquinus, prior of St. Albans,
in a quarrel with his abbot, and he subse-
quently made Alquinus prior of Westmin-
ster (t6. i. 108). But he was summoned to
five Oorham extreme unetioa on his death-
ed (23 Oct. 1166). Lawrrnce was sncrfss-
ful in obtaining the canonisation of Edward
When on
ferred to the shrine prepared for it by Henry 11,
the abbot drew the ramotts ring, reported to
have been given to Edward in a vision by
bt. John the Evangelist^ off the saint's finger,
and solemnly presented tt to the church ; from
the robes in which th-- boily was wrapped he
had three copes made. On tlie same daj
Lawreneepreeented a new ' Life ' of the eon-
np. 66, 79, 82, 90). fe?? r to Henry II. Vi\xh .^nys tliat the abbot
had undertaken to write it bv the king's re-
?aeBt, but there is no trace of any such work
y him, and the Life referred to is no doubt
*
'
that one written by Lawrence's friend Ailred
or Ethelred [q. v'], abbot of Ktevaulx (cf.
Gestn Abb. Mm. St. Albani, ed. Riley, i. 169
HioDBK, Pohjrhrm. ed. Lnmby, vii. 226).
Lawrence stood high in the favour of the
pope, Alexander III, whose election he sup-
rwrted (Robertson, Material* for Hit. qf
ihortuu d Becket, KoWb Ser. v. 19), and pro-
cuxed from him the right for himself and his
successors of wearing' tho rnitre, ring, and
gloves; but the bull grantiug these dignities
arrived after his deaUi, and it therefore fell
to the lot of his successor to be the first
mitred abbot. A letter which he wrote on
behalf of Foliot, bishop of London, to the
pope is extant in the * Epistohr Thomie &
feecket (Bonn, 1682, p. 648 cf. KoiiKRTSON.
' ;
Material'', vi. 221 ). Lawrence died 11 April
1176, and was buried iu the south cloi-ster of
Westminster Abbey. His tomb was mis-
placed in the lehuilcUiig oftha fdoiften,
xt2
^
^ i;j i^ . -. Lj Google
 Lawrence 69a Lawrence
Uie name of Vitalis has beeu inconectly under Philippe Le Bas, who employed him to
placed on his grave. AVidmnre, in his 'His- etch platee tm the scanty remnnentioa of
tory of We> niinst er Abbejr/giveehisepitapb,
t thirty sous, or fifteenp-nco, a dav. H:-
which says that etchiugs are executed with sreat taste, and
Fro mcritis ritae dcdit iili Laurea nomcn among them are the ' Halte a'C)flSeiets,**Lii

Dotnr i litm Lavna pn nwitia. Sangliers forces,* and * Halte de Cavalerie'

after Wouwerman, Le Soir after Herchem, '

Sporley {MS& Cbtt Chud. A. viii. f. 4 1) mya and 'Le Courrier de Flandres' uiierlioih.
an imngti in marble was placed on his tomb. which were finished, but not alwsTs iiu-
A statue of him is on the new north front of proved, by Le Baa. He aftrwards work '^i

the abbejr. for Arthur Pond, the portrait-p:iinterandeii>

A pension of six murlcs was S'^t afiidu for graver, and etched plates which were eon-
his anniversary. All writere unite in praise pleted by Jean Auaran. One of tht^e wk-
of his learning and ahilidfla. That he waa * La Moisaon after Wouwerman. He at-
'

choBen ajndi^^e in various ewmotf and was a eated thirty-five works in all, of which <8nl
favourite wit'i king, po]o, and archbishop, ia CO n 8 u 1 n t he
1 p i W
i tc h of E ndor,' after Sal vat or

a sullicieiit testiiuuuy to Lis worth. Pits, Kosa, was wholly en^ved by him. Ht* hk*-
Bale, and Flcte (in the manuscript history of wise etched ' Les Adieux aftvr
WouwerotkB,
'

the abbey) give long lists of his writings, but ' La Conversation,* ' L'Hiver,' and * Le Jotuar
many of those are the work of his namesake dt' QuilUs' after Teniers, and also after Wni-
of Durham. Some homilies intended fbr dif- werman 'The Death of the Stag,' which wa.-
ferent scn.-oii* <if r1 year and for the various
finished by Thomas Major, w!u> left in mst i-
festivals of the church, about a hundred in script ft ni(*moir of Lawrence, written
in ITS'i.
all, extant in the lihrary of Balliol College,
Lawrence died in Paris on 8 July 17^, lad
Oxford, ore undoubtedly by the abbot (Coxb, was buried In
tamber>Taid outside tfe
Cata/< </. Codtcum MS& k 70, lialliol 223, Pnrlf St -Aiitoino, then the usual pUe( of
fl*. 266, sec. xii.)
interment for heretics. Nagler (Kuiutifr-
[Besides authorities given above see Hsidy's Lexicon^ viL d84) and Le Blanc (Manuflit
Descriiitive Ciitalogue^ Rolls Sr. ii. 409-10; f Amateur ePEstampetf
ii 605) are wr ^n? is
]5iile, i. 196; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 787;
ascribing to thi^ enj^raver La I>ein' '
it^' !

Dupdalo's MonaHticoo, i. 2Gy, ii. 18G; Vita S.

after Greuze, and some other plates, whick
Godrici (Surtors Soc.), pp. 232-8 Twystlon's
Scrijit. col. 6S8; D;irt Hist,
;

of Westminster
are the work of Fiem LaoieBt.
Ablx'y, ed. 1723, vol. li. p. xv; Neale and Bray- [Athenanmi, 1869, iu 505 Bryan's Diot. ef
;

ley's Hist. 1818, i. 34; Snrtecss Durham, i. Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves. 18S6-9;
24 Stanley's Menioriuls of Wentminster Abbey, Kc Igrave's Diet of Artists of the English Scb^l
;

(p.Mtf,&&] B.T.& 1878 Basans Dictionmiire des Oraveora, 17^^

;

L 'SlSi MaglsK^s MoDogrsnmistan, 185S-79.i.

LAWBBNOB, ANDBBW (1708-1747), 864.} H. R 0.
engraver, known in France as Andk^ Lau-
BHX, was bom in Coll^ Court, Westmin- LAWRENCE, CHAULES (J. 176C'>
ster, bk 1706. He was a natiiral son of
Andrew Lawrence, apothecary to Queen
Anne. While yeta oliila he 8how. (1 a murked
aptitude for art, and was placed under the and iu 1741 way piumoted to captaui-iiti-
tuition of Mons. Kegnier, a drawing-master tcnant iu llough ton's foot (then raising as tbf
and printstUer in Newjwrt Street, Soho. 54th, since the 45th foot, and now let IX rf y i
lie app>ears to have been a youth of ability, He became captain in the regiment in 174i,
for msidcs painting in oil and drawing m and major in 1 < 47. In some Irish lists of tb j

cravnn^^, hi- soon acquired a good knowledge period the wAvao of Stringer Lawrence ^q. v'
of Latin, French, Italian, and German, and 18 wrongly inserted in his stead. He aivoa-
became proficient in music, especially on the patiiedtiie46tfato Nova Scotia; was appointed
Tiolin and flute, and in every branch of a member of council on 19 Oct. 1749, and tl.t
science wliicli could be of advantage to an year after commanded a small expeditioato
artist. Tiio ath of his father pluojd him Chinecto, which built Fort Lawrence at tbf
in possession of un ample fortune, but un- head of the bay of Fundy Lawrence's jour ^1 .

fcrtunntt ly ho fell under the iulluencf of one of the expedition is in liritish Museum Add.:.
Kiario,who induct.'d him to expcriiut-ut on the MS. 32821, f. 345. Parkman iJd^ntwM
transmutation of the baser metals into gold. and Wo^fdy vol. i.) relates Lawrence's tatee
II. ?oon lost hi? fortune, and left England a qui>nt Ironblt'S with tho unhajipv .Vcnlinn'
ruined man. Xle went first to Bologna, and iu much detail. He succeeded General Hoi-
thenoe to Vvob, where he studied engraving son in the govenuiMPt of the colonj in KSi,

Digitized by Google
 Lawrence 693 Lawrence
vra? nppointofl licrt' nnnt-jTOvrTror in 1754, 453 ; on the 'Manage-
for Cattle Food,' xx.
and goveruor in 17o(>. lie coiQinancied the ment of Clover Layers, the nroj^er distance
iwei f e in Lord Loudon'e operations in 1767, t&t Drilling Wheat, and the Kavages of In-
N c.ime a bripiadier-geneml I >(>c. 1757, nnd sects in Pines,' xxii. 117 on the Cultivation
.
'

commnncled a brigMe At the siege of Liouis- of Carrots and Cabbage^s for the Feeding of
harg, Cape Breton. Lawrence died at Hali- Stock,' xxiv. 216 ; on 'swedes, Mangold, and
fax, Nova Scotia, on 17 Oct. 1760, from a the Steam Plnnrrh,' xxv. 2A^ On the:
'

chill taken when heuted with daucins at a Kojal Agricultural Collie oi Cirencester,'
ban. There is a public monument to nim in 2nd ear. 1 1 ; and on ' Kohl Rabi,' 2nd ser.
St Pa id's Church, Ilalifax. i. 219. Besides the=o r^fi.ivs hp puMi-^hi'd :

(Bome O&ee Militaiy Eoinr Books in Public 1. ' Practical Directions lor the Cultivation
BMord Office, London; Pirkmiin''8 Montcalm of Cottage Gardens,' 1681. S. <ALet^on
in-l Wolfe, London, 18S'4, m Is. j. ii. and refer- Agricultural Education addroffrd to a Youth
saCM thrre giren ; B. Murdoch's UisU of NoTa who has resolved on Farming as his Future
SeoCM, Hal&K. 1867. ii. 148. 288, 485; Appla- Occupation,' 1861. 8. In 1860 he issned a
trmV Encycl. Amer. J^'iog. vol. iii. Ln-nrence's tract to his labovirers full of pr.nnd practical
;

PiipiTfs, 17o3-4. from Brit. Mus. AMit. M.S. advice, * On the cou(nj of Food.' 4. Law-
19072; and ab^tnict^ of hiskCton, 1754, Addit. rence's beet work is his 'Handy Book for
MB. 33029, if. 221, 232 ] H. M. G. Younn: Farmers,' 1859. in the form of a
LAWRENCE, CHARLES (1794-1881), monthly calendar, with notes and obsenra-
apienltQrist,bom on SI March 1794, was tions. It abounds in senmble hints and eeiH
tneson of William Lawrence (1 75.3-1 8M7), nomicnl FUgpvstion.'^, showiTio- a ttaud well
an old-established surgeon of Cirencester, stored with orderly and practical infimnation
Gloucestershire. His mother was Judith, on the subjects of which it treats.
second daughter of William Wood of Tet- [Lawrence's Works ; Baiks's Baronetage
bnry, Gloucestershire. Sir William Law- Tlmss,10 July 1867, 19 Jnfy 1881.] M. O. W.
rence [q. v.] the surgeon was his eldest
brother. Li 1812 he attended lectures of LAWRENCE or LAITRENCE, ED-
Dr. lTvi?h on chemi.try, and was from an WARD
(1623-1095), nonconformist minis-
eflrly age iiil<;re8ted in the applications of ter, son of William T^aurence, was bom in
the science in sgrieultnre. ot more than 16SS at Moston in Shropshire. He was edu-
half a century ho was a pminincnt figure cated first in the school at Whitchurch in the
among ficientilic Mv'ricultunsts. He owned same county, and thence was atlmitted as a
for many years a fiirui adjoining that of the sizar of M apdalenc CoHepre, Cambridge, 8 Juno
;

RoTnl Agricnlt ur.il Colli'r'^ at Cironcp'iti'r 1644, matriculated in ]t>45, proc<''(it'd T5.A.
(which he had tukeu a h;adiug part in fouud- in 1617-8, oudM.A. in 1654. in his college
iag and omnising between 1M2 and 1846), days he ' was studiom, a promoter of seriooa
|

and here he conducted many valuable ex- I godliness among the young scholars ; and was
periments, which led to the introduction nf so noted also for his parts and learning, that
Bomerous improvements in agricultural ma- |
we would have mane Um a fellow' (Ist
chin^ry. Many visitors, among others liiebig, letter appended to Vincext, Verfect Man^
oune at various times to inspect the farm. p. 22). After preaching for some little time,
Bis endeavour was always to discovcor how *and witil nrach acceptance' {ib. p. 22), in
the greatest fertility in Innd could he ppcurfd 1618 he was made vicar of P. ^church in
together with the greatest economy in work- Shropshire, near his native place. Though
in;: expense?. His fiom was alwa^ open for he had oners of preferment (L^WBBiroB^
;h^ insipectif^n of students of the Agriculf urn! ^^w^M'oHrr, dedication), he remained there
College. He was much beloved on account till ltk}2. when he was ejected by the Act of
of his benevolence at Cirencester, where he Uniftrmity. At that time Iw had a wife and
r, Jn!v 18P1. eevi ml children, and when asked how he in-
Lawrence married, 20 May 1818, Lydia, tended to support them, his usual reply was
Toungest daughter of Devereux Bowfy of that l^oy must all live on Mattli(9w tL
Chesterton House, Cirencester, by w]i<n he After his ejection he resided with a pentlo-
bad a son and three daughters. man in the parish of Baschurch till March
In the 'Transactions of the 'Rojral Agri- 1666, when the Pive MiIm Act neeessttated
cultural Society are several papurs by Ln-vv- his removal, iitul Ic
' ttlf at Tilstock, a
l

renco. Some of the titles are : 'On Di- village in Whitchurch parish in the .auie
minxshmg the Quantity of Roots used in ooimty (2nd letter, Vtkobnt, P.-i ff^t Man,
Fattenint: Cattle,' xv. ; on Thn Ttfln- n. 23). In Pebruary 1(M17-^ In- aid
'

tive Value of Cattle-box Manure and Farm- iriend Philip Heniy [q. v.] were invited to
yard Manure/ Ttm. 888 ; on * Pulping Roots Betley inStaffordshirs^ where thoy ventund

Digitized by Google
 Lawrence 694 Lawrence
to praaeb in the elinrcli with the conaent of funeral aermona on the ' Uaa and Happineas
all concerned. The incident, with much ex- of Human Bodiea*' London, 1^.
aggeration, was reported in the Houae of [Admiasion Registers of Magd. Coll. Cambr.,
(xiinmons, and with some Others of e rimilar I
communicated by tbo Hun. and Itev, Latimar
nature waa made the occasion of a pctitiou Neville; Canibr. Univ. Ileg. by the Rev. H. B.
to the king from the commons, for a procla- Luard, D.D. Palmer's NonconCnrmiiit's Memo-
;

mation against papists and nonconformists rial, iii. 139; Conformist's I'lea for the Nou-

(18 Fi b. 1667-8), which waa issued accord- conformiFta, p. 1 1 ; Piirl. Hist. iv. 413 ; Matthew
ingly. In May 1670, when living at Whit- Heo^'s life of Philip Henry, p. 1 3,3 Un 's ;

church, and preaching one Sunday aftomoon
at the house of a neighbouv to his family
and four friends, he wtia nrro^ifd by Dr.
Dianes end Letters of Philip Henry, pp. 227-3 1
SylvoBter'a Reliquirp T' literianie, pt. iii. p. 94,
Tong's Matthew if enry. p. 91 Hunter* sUrilanaia
;

Puriliinica. Addit. MS. 24484, p. 32o ; Moirice

Fowler, the minister of W kitchurcb, under
MS. J.in Dr. Williiims's Library ; Palatine Note*
the OouTenticle Act. Liiwreiioe and four
book, ii. 96 Baschurch narish register, eoeiH
others were fined, and distn**^ wng levied
;

mnaicated \fj the Bar. T. i. Ridw.] P.

Upon their goods (setj 2nd letter, ib. pp. 23-
S4). This affair caused the removal of Law- LAWRENCE, FREDERICK (1821-
rence with hia family to London in May 18(57), barristerand journalist, eldt.st son oi
1671, where he remained till his death in John Lawrence, a considerable iarmer t
Kowmher 1605, preaching in hie meeting- Bialiam, Berkshire, who married Mary^daugh-
house near the Koyjil Exohanpe and else- tor nf John .Jennings of Windsor, was born
where, and walking the streets with freedom
'
III Jjisham in 1621. After beine educated
(Williams, Matthew Herny, p. 28). in a private school at Stt John's Wood, Lon-
The Baschurch parish register records the don, bo found employment with Heears.
baptisms of eight children of Edward and .Simpkin &; Marshall, the publishera. In
iMbonh Lawrence, between 1649 and 1661, December 1846 he entered the printed book
and the burial of Lawrence's mother in department of the British Museum, follow-
1663. His son Nathaniel, born 28 April ing the example of his friend, afterwarda the
1670, heeame noneonfiirmiat minister at Ban- well-known Serjeant Parr^, and ramained
bury. The condurt of two of his children tlwre in the ta.4v of compiling the gi^neral
caused him great pain, and made him. as he cafulogue until May 184i>, when, like Panj,
hinudf ezpraased it, to be the Father of ' he resigned, in order to qualify for the bar.
fools' (LAWRErfCE, ParonU' Groans, dedica-He was called at the Middle mr.lf^ on
tion). His nephew was Samuel Lawrence 23 Nov. 1849, ioined the Oxford circuit, and
^Nantwich [q. v.] attended the Berlnhiie aeaaione, bnt anb-
He was mucli loved and respei ted. He seijuently practi. -d witli some success at the
ia often mentioned in Philip Henry's diarjr. Middlesex bessions and the Old Bailey. Law-
Nathaniel Vinoent, who prcached nia fune- lenoa frequently contributed to thepoiodieal
ral 8ermon, gives a beautiful character of press, especially to thr 'Weekly Dispatch*
him, to which Pliilip Uenry bears testimoi^ and ' Sharpe's London Journal,' to the last
(M. HnrRY, Life of P. Henry, edit. 1768, of which he contributed % aeriea of aitidaa
p. 297). He was troii)>]fd at the d'nj^iion.^ on 'literary impostuna' and on imiiii^t
of the church, being ' stittlj for no party, very Enfflish authors,
moderate towards all' (VnroBMT, Ber/ect &cial and political questiona always in-
Man, p. 19). terested him. and he acted as chairman'of the
He published 1. ' Christ's Power over
: QaribaLdian Committee. While at Boulog^ne
Bodily Diseases,' preached in several sermons in the autumn of 1867 he was attacked by
on Matt. viii. 6-13, London, 1662 ; 2nd edit. dropsy, which compelled him to return to
1072. Richard Baxter wrote a preface in London, and on 25 Oct. 1867 he died
1061 (lieiig. Box. i. 122). 2. 'There is no suddenly at his chambers, 1 >sex Court,
TVanaobatantiation in the Lord's Supper,' Temple. Ha waa buried at B[enanl Qtaes
delivered as a morning lecture ut Southwark, cemetery.
and published as Sermon xxi. in '
Tlie Morn- Lawrence is said to have edited at Guild*
ing Exercise npainst Popery ' (cf edition by ford in 1841 three numbers, aeventr-two
James Nicliol.s, 1845, vol. vi.), first issued by pagKS in all, of The Iris, a Journal of Lite-

Nathaniel Vincent, London, l'>75. An ab- rature and He was author of;
Science.'
atract of the sermon, with a iiotit * of Law- I. The Common Law Procedure Act.

1

rence, is in Dunn's Seventy-five Ennnent

' with an Introduction,' 1862. 2. 'The Life of
Divines,' pp. 222-3. 3. Parents' Ground
' Henry Fielding, with Notices of hia Writ-
OVerthoir Wicked Children,' several sermons ings, his Times, and hia Contempotwiai^'
on Fkov. zvu. 26^ London, 1681. 4. Two 1855, a work of great reaoareh and taato, the

^ i;j i^ud by Google

 Lawrence 69$ Lawrence
ice of which originally appeared in (anon,) pamphlet he was afismted
In this
ToL It. new series, of '
Sharpes I<oiidoil by '
brother,' Christopher Love
his dear
;
Maptirin*; 'second edition he collected
for a [q. v.] Laureutius I^utherizans, or tllA
2, *

many notea. 3. Culverwell v. Sidebottom.

' Protestation of George Lawrence against . . .

A Letter to the A.ttoraey-General. By a certain Calumniations asperged on lum by

B&rrister,' 1857; 2nd edit., witli further the Corrupt Olei^ie and their Lay -Proselytei
matter, 1859. This related to a gambling ca.se . .,' Lonaon. 1^2.
. At the time of the pub-
at the Borketley Hotel in Albemarle StrcM:>t ,
lication of the pamphlet he was preparing
London. Tlie volumes from 1864 to 180"^ nf for the press the sermons on the English '

tbe 'Lawvefa Companion' were edited by Protestation' which hadcaosed the 'calumni-
ham far lltiiri. StewM ft Sonsi and he ations.' Wood eooriden them to have been
made largtt odlectiona for *yuwmt* of printed. 3. * Peplum Olivarii, or a Good
Smollett. Prince bewailed by a Good People . . . Upon
the Death of OfiVer, Inte Loid Proteoter,'
Piaw Times, xliv. 46, 1867 Clowtan's British
;

Mmmob, pp. 363-4 ; Olphar Hamsf Anoo. London, IfS'S, Lawrence dedicated hi? ser-
Litratare, p. 205 ; Halkett and iMoafa Diet* of mon to Kichord Oromwell, and expresses his
Anon. Lit i. 648. ii. 1 261.] W. P. 0. gratitade far his 'peraonal nndoecrvod re-
spt'cta,' Wood erroneously ascribes to him a
LAWRNOE| QEOBGE (iai&-169dF), sermon on transubstautiation, really written
poritan divine, son of Geoige Lawioice of by Edwnni Lwmnee [q. v.]
gtepnev, w&s Vioru in the county of Middlesex [Qardiner's Reg. of St. Paul's School, pp. 86,
about 1015. lie waa a acholar of St. Paul's 400 PalflMc'aMooeonfcnDist's Mnoiiai,iii. 616.
;

School under Alaattnder GKU, was Tkmline 617 Wood's AthiBB (Bliss), tv. odk 788-4;
;

eihibitioner at New Inn Hall, Oxford, from W(xk1'h Faati (Bliss), i. coh. 489. 608; Hum-
1632 to 1640, proceeded B.A.2 July 163a, and bert's MemorialB of St. Cross, p. 44 Brit Mas. ;

jlA. 2 May 1^.

Wood (Athma, iv. 783) is Cat.; Cat. of AdvooatssT Ubrarv; Ualkstt and

MiUe to state wlxether he took holy ordertt L iiiigH Diet, of Anenyoions ana Pssudonvmous
Literature.] B. P.
from a bishop or not. He was a moat violent '

puritan, and a great admirer of the Scotch LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED

eofCBant.' In 1640 he was lecturer at the
church of St. George, Botolph Lane, but ceased
to act by the end of the following year. In
the churchwurden's accounts (lo'-^O-lor.'),
No. 2), under date 19 Nov, 1641, there is a
note saying that ho to be desired to preach
DO more, but propottiug to pay his dues till
Livingstone/
(1827-1876), author of * Guy
was bom at Braxted rectory, Essex, 26 March
1827. His father, Alfred Cnamley La^vrence,
was of Chrwt Oollepe, Cambridge. B.A. 1813,
U..\. 1818. rector of Sandhurst, Kent, 1831-
18^37, and did about 1867. ilis mother was
Emily Mary, tliird daughter of George Finch
'

Christmas if he will hduive nimself quietly, Hatton (1797-] 8G8) of Eastwell Park, Kent.
Xhe Umt payment to him, howtjver, aeeuis to George .(Vllred, the eldest son, was entered at
'

ksrobeen on 20 Dec. 1640, and the last allow* Rugby in August 1841 ; he matriculated from
taeftof cotih on 'jO June 1641, He afterwards Balliol College, Oxford, 2i) Nov, 1845, but
todk the covenant, and became lecturer in graduated B.A. 5 Dec, 1800 from New Inn
aaotlMflr ehwch in London, and before 1650 Hall. !> \vu.< called to the bar at the Inner
1

was minister of the hospital of St Cross, near Tem])lH 17 Nov. 1852, but soon leaving his
.

Winchester, where he constantly preached profession gave himself up to literature. la

agiiiMt the king and the royalists. In the 1857 he astooished novel-readers by his Guy '

Muth choir chapel ot" thf ho.'^pital are two Livingstone, orThorough,' with its deification
labe to the memory of a daughter and son of of strength smd very questionable morality.
Us who died respectively in 1660 and 165L The hostile critics depicted the hero as a mix*
At the Reritorfitinn Lawrence wa silenced t ure of the prize- tl prh r nnd the libcrtine,while 1 1

and ejected, lie remained some time in the the admirers of the book praised the disregard
aeigmoinliood of Winchester, and * carried of conventionalities and persmial daruifr<Mf
on the trade of onventicling, at* hi- did after- both the hero and tlit^ author,and a report that
r

wards at London to the time of kis death in the work the author had deacribea his own
(WottD, Atkenm, ir. 783). boyhood and ooUege life lent an additional
He publifhcd: 1. 'The Debauched Caval- piquancy to the booh. It had a largo sale, and
leer, or the English Midianite. Wherein are firom this time forward Lawrence produced
eompaied, liy ymy of Parallel, the Carriage, a work of flotioo aserly every alternate year.
or rather Mi.'^rarriage, of t!ie Ciivnlleeres, in One of the best of these was Sword and '

Ae nraaent Reigne of our iving Gharlee, with Gown,' 1869, which has a coherence and an
tba ICidittutaa of old . . . Penned bj Q. L. air of j^robabili^^ hardly to be found elM*
Mkd Ol L. for pabliqiw good/ London, 1649 where in his writings. In XWi a|fpesied

Digitizeu Lj ^jQOgle
 Lawrence 696
'Border and Bastile,' a record of a journey Afghanistan, in his
ta tile United States with the intention of the Bamian pass.
joining the confcdorntf^ nrmy as a volunteer.
But before he got near thp confederate lines
he WAS taken a prisoiu-r and ehttt up in a
giinrd-liouse, wljence. after correspondence
with Lord Lyons, the English ambassador at
Washington, he was liberated on the con-
dition of his immediate return to England.
In his numerous books Lawrence's style is
always vigorous, and he is never dull. He
Lawrence
flight in Auffust through
On returning to Cabul
Lawreiir" hi'oame political assistant to Sir
William iiay Macnaghten, the envoy of
Afghanistan, and subsequently his mililsiy
secretary, a post which he kept from SepteBH
ber 18.^9 to the death of his chief. On the
surrender of Dost Mahomed Khan, 3 Xor.
1840, he was pluced in the charpe of Law-
rence until he was sent to Calcutta. In the
revolution at Oahol, in November 164 1 Law- ,

died, at 134 (Ham Stxeeti dinbanph.on reiKo liad many narrow escapes of his life,
23 Sept. 1876. and on the surrender of the troo|:s he wai
^le following is a lift of iMwnnttft writ- one of the four oflicers delivered up on 1 1 Dee.
ings: 1. *
Guy Livinpr-'tonp, or Thorough,' as hostages for the performance of the slipu-
l8o7 6th; edit. 1867 ; this work hasalso been lations. On 23 Dec, when Macnaghten and
translated into French. S. 'Sword and Gown,' ot hers wave treacherously murdered by Akbar
1869 6th edit. 1888. 8. 'Barren Honour,'
; Khan, he wn-; saved hv the intoT^osition of
1 862, 2 vols., other editions. 4. ' Border and Mahomod Shah Khan. In the retreat from
Bastile,' 188S ; 9tA edit. 186*. 6. < Bundle A Oabnl, 8 Jan. 1842, Lawrsnce had duufs of
of Ballads,' 1864. 6. 'Maurice Bering, or the ladies and children, with whom he re-
the (Quadrilateral,' 1864 ; 2nd edit. 1869. mained until 8 Jan., when he was again given
7. 'Sane Mensi, or Keetrele and Falcons,' up to Akhar Khan as a hostage. Wim the
IBOfi. .3 vnls. Srd edit. 18f^0; th^-re is also
; ladies nnd rhildren he was imprisoned, and
a French edition. 8. 'Brakespeare Fortunes : remained with them until their release on
of a PVee Lance * 1868, 8 vols. ; 9nd edit 17 Sept. He owed his safetr dvrinf this
1869. 9. 'Breaking a Butterfly: Blanche period to the high opin- i; -a-bicli Akbar Khan

Elleralie's Ending/ 1869, 8 vols.; 2nd edit. nad of bis character, and to his strict adbe-
1870. 10. * Antaros,' 1871, 8 toIb. ; Srd edit. to all the pvtmiina which he made to
1888. 11. 'Silverland,' 1873. 12. 'Higa- his Ciiptor. Tll-licalth oblig^'d Lawrence to
rene/ 1874, 8 vola. ; new edit. 1876. The return to England in Auynist 1843, and
flhrat of these worin is att<mymoa8, all the shoiHy alitor that date the Sast India Cobk-
r^t are f-tnti (l on their title-pages tohohy pany awarded him 600/. in testimony of their
' the author of Guy Livingstone.' sense of his services in A%hanist an. On hit
[Times, 2 Oct. 1876, p. 10; LawTimee, 7 Oct. goin^ back to India in October 1846 he wss
1 876,p. t88 ; Spectator, S8 Get. 1876, pp. 1 34 5-
appomted an assistant political agent in the
UiT.J G. 0. B; Punjaub, having charge over the important
Peshawur district. In the autumn of 1847
LAWRENCE, Sir GEORGE ST. PA- Lawrence, with only two thousand tncfi,
TKICK (1804-1884), general, third son engaged and defeated on two orcnfjions large
of Lieut<nant-colonel Alexander Lawrence numbers of the hill men of the tribes on tiie
(17(M-1836), was elder brother of Sir Henry Swat border. On the breaking out of the
Montgomery Jjawrence [q. v.], K.O.B., and second Sikh war in 1848, I..awrence'8 great
of John Laird Mair Lawrence, lord Law- Eersonal influence at Peshawur for some time
rence f q. v.] His father, an Indian officer, led, ept his regiments &ithftll, hut at last they
with three other lieutenants, the forlorn hope went over to the enemy, and on 26 Oct.
at the etorming of Seringapat^m on 4 May 1848 he was a prisoner in the hands of
1789, and letomed to England in 1800, nfu^r Chutter Singh but smsh waa hia character
;

fifteen yoars' severe ervic'. George was bom for probity, and the personal power that be
nt Trincomnleo, (Jeylon, 17 March 1804, and had acquired over the .Sikhs, that he was
fducntod at Foyle College, Londonderry. In three times permitted to leave his captivity
1819 he entered Addi-sicombe College, on or pnrole. n'ith hi.s wife and rliihln-n he
5 May 1 821 was appointed a cavalry cadet, on wH.s released after the peace conquered at
16 .Tan. 1822 joined the second regiment of Guzerat, 22 Feb. 1849, and reemd tbs
li:^!it rnvalrv in Bengal, and on 6 Sept. 1825 thanks of both hous' s of pnrlinment and
was promoted to be adjutant of his regiment, a of the ^ovemor-seneral for remaining at tus
matwhich he held till Septemher 1884. With poet ^mth radi devotion. Ob 7 Jane 1819
tuii mtriment he took part in the Afghan war lie was promoted to he brevet lieutenant-
of 1838, and was present at the storming of colonel, and appointed deputy commisaiooer
Ghumee, 23 July 1889, and the attempt m of Peshawur. In tito oapaoity of poUtkil
to eaptuna Dost Mahomed, tiie ameer of offioev he^ in the followiaglforember, i

Google
 Lawrence 697
psnied the forces sent imder Goneral Brad-
shaw into the Eusofzyo country, and was
present at the capture of Pullceon the Swat
Lawrence
[Knre's Hist, of the War in Afghanistan, ii.
181; Kuye and Mislleion'i Indian Mntinj, iii.
U3-74 EdwarJes and ^r- rivalu's T.ifV of Sir
;

bord-r. A pain in February IBoO, in com-
mand of militia, he went with Sir CharU-g
Napier to the forcing of the Eohat pass, and
gnided bim throtitrh thnt defile. Iti .Inly
Henry Lawreiioe, ToL i. especially Oftp. vi.;
Broad loot's Q&raer of Major firaawMti pp. 60^
102; Tbukwell's Second Sikh War, p. 249;
Bo.sworth .Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence;
Gol n Hours, 1869, pp. 3U-29, with poi^
l

1850 he btiMme political atrent in M6\var, trait, 397-409, 467-69, by C. R. Low Times,
one of the Rajputana statt where he re-
-i,
18 Not. 1884, p. 6 ; lUustratod Loodon News,
;

mained till 18 Marrl) IBo?, when he suc- 29 Nov. 1884, pp. 683, 642, with portrait.]
ceeded his brother Henrv Lawn-nce as resi- G C. B.
dent or chief agent for governor-general
tfce
in the Rajputana etntf*", and
in April took LAWBEJJiCJj;, GILES1639-1684),
{.Ji.

up hia resideuce in Abu. On the breaking professor of G^redc at Oxfbid, a native of

out of the great mutiny of 1857 he was named
brigjidier-goiieral of all the forces in Rajpu-
tana, and on the death of Colonel Dixon,
19 June, had to take the chief military cini-
mand. By his vifjororis and di-cided action
the arsenal of AjmSr was retained; a pro-
damation addressed on 23 May confirmed
th native prince-! in tbeir Inynlty, and the
Rajputana states were prevented itrom join-
bg the revolt. Sodi ootlveakB as did take
Gloucestershire, was a member of Corpus
Ghzisti Coll^, Oxford, in 16aa He was a
friend of Jevrel, and Dscame ftiUoivr of All
Souls about 1542. He proceeded B.C.L.,
and afterwards (13 March 1656-6) O.C.L.
In October 1660 he seems to have succeeded
George Etherege [cj. v.] aa regius professor
of Greek, but therege wa.s professor again
from November 1564 to 21 April 1569, when
Lawrence was once more el ec 1 d [ n1 u . . 1 1

place were successfnlly quelled, fir.t by Mary's

time he was tutor to tbu children of
umael^ and afterwards bj Major-general Sir Arthur Darc^,aud lived near the Tower
IRobertSi
of London. Whilehere he assisted Jewel to
j

T'p to this date Lawrence h;\i\ received no escape to the continent. On 1 8 Sept 1 564 .

decontion bevond the medals for the Pun- he hecame archdeacon of WTltshire, and re-
wah mA Tndiaa campaign;!, Imt on 18 May signed before 10 Feb. 1 577-8. In 1571 ha
Jt WHl's funeral sermon. On 30 Jan.
i^f/) h'l- wa-s created a civil companion of tlie rreached
Bath. On 25 May 1861 he was gazetted 680-1 he wiis appointed archdeacon of St.
major-general, and in Decemlwr ftW re- Albans and ricar of Rickmans worth, and re-
signed his poat in Rajputana, and on 1 M-i si(:nHl both pr>ffrinents on 5 July 1581. The
1

dale oi his death is uncertain, but he was

Indian career after a service of forty-three
Both Sir Olmr1t Napier and Lord living in 1664. John Harmar (1666 P-16ia)
balhonsie had expressed th.-ir high regard [q. \7] became the next regius professor of
for his character and achievements. ' He is
Greek iu 1595. Lawrence has verses pre-
fixed to Sir ThomH.s Wilson's translation of
a right good soldier,' said the former, * and
aright good fellow, and my opinion of him the Orations of Demo:3thene8 (1570), and
* '

ii high. On 11 Jan. 1866 he received a a tract by him, De siguificatione verbi

'

good-service pension of 100/. a year; and irpoo^po) et irfHxrifttfMftat, is in maaosoript

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
OD 24 May 1866 was created a knight com- at
mander of the star of India. He also held [Wood's Fasti Oxon. ad. Bliss, i. 209; Ileg.
the third class of the order of the ' Dooranee Umv. Oaf. (Oaf. Hist. 8o&), i. 281; LeNsfA
Btafpin*.' He n*tired from the army on full Fasti, ii. 34o. 631, iii. .016; Nasmith's Cat. of
the Parker MbiJ. p. 136 ; Jowoi Works (Parker
pav on 29 Oct. IBiW!, and was advuiced to
Soe.), si. nv. ; Onmsns's Hsctfordfihiro, iii. 1 61 .1
be honorary li'iitenaut-general ou 11 Jan.
W. A. J. A.
1867. lb- look a warm interest in thB 'Offi-
cers' ' and Soldiers' Daughters' ' home?", and
' LAWRENCE, HKNRY (1600-1664),
was a member of the managing committees puritan statesman, born in 1600, was the
of both these charities. Lawrence died at eldest son of Sir Jnlm I.awrence, knt. (d.
20 "Kensington Park Gardens, London, 1601), of St. Tv<'s, IIuntingdoTTihire, by his
16 Tfov. 1884. Ho wrote ' Forty-tljree marriage, on 7 March 1599, with Elizabeth,
Yrar- in India,' a Avork which was edited only daughter and heiress of Ral^ Waller
by W. F.dwards, and pnl llMhed in 1^74. of Clerkf^nwell, Middlese.v, fourth son of
On April 18.H0 Lawrence married Char- Iv Iht! VV'aller of Beaconsfitdd, Bucking-
.'3

lotte Isabella, daughter of Benjamin Browne, hamshire (T^fff. of St. James'g, ClerktmoeUf
M.D., of the Bengal medii al l>nard. She died Harl. Soc, iii. 23). Father and son wfiro
on 12 May 1878, having Imd issue three sons perhaps admitted of Gray's Inn in 1597 and
ad aix dttaghtenk 1 1617 Kspectivdj (ifor/. M8, 1918, 1. 47).

Digitizeu w-j ^jQOgle

 Lawrence
entered Emmanuel Collei^e, Cam-
bridge, as a fellow-commoner in 1022, aad
praduatd B.A. in 1023, M.A. in 1627. There
IS no authority for Wo<xi'8 a-wtertion that he
received part of his education at OxonL At
698 Lawrence
ence with Elizabeth, queen of BdheiUB,aB
the subject (Thlrloe, ii. 139).
In Cromwell's parliament of 16o4 Law-
rence was again returned for Hertfordshire
{Return of Members of Parliament, pt. p. i.

college he belonpfd to t}i.> puritan pnrty. He r>(K)), and in that of 1()5H he was chosen for

was not only lineal!^' allied to Cromwell, but both Colchester and Caruarvonshire {ib. pt>
was at ona time his landlord, as he let to i. ^.506). He elected to sewaforOanurvos-
him his house and farm at St. Tvea from 1631 shire, and continued to represent it until his
to 1636 (Masson, Ufe of Milt.m, iv. .515). elevnl ion to Cromwell's House of IxircU in
About 1638 ba latirud to Holland, probably Dtutnuber 16.57 (PbesTWIOH, Respuhliai,^^.
to avoid the severity of the ecclesiastical 10, 1.')). On the death of Cromwell in Sep-
courts. He returned la 1641, but waa abroad temlxjr 1G58 he declared Richard his successor
again at the outbfeak of tbe war (see dedi- and ordered his proclamation (cf his letter
cation of his Commtmion mid Wnrre mth in Hi^t. MSS. Comm, 3rd Rep. p. 254 He ,

Angels). In December 164o he wa.s at Am- ceased to act as president in July Iboi).
liam in Guelderland, and at Altona in Ja- After the Restoration LawreaeewitfadMW
nuary 1646 {Harl. MS. 374). On his final to Thele, otherwise Qoldingtons, a manor b
return to England he replaced one of the the parish of Stanstead St. Margaret, Hert-
'disabled' members for Westmoreland on fordshire, which he inhwited on the death of
1 Jan. 1646-6 ( Official Return of Lists of his son Edward in 1657. There died on
Members ParUamentf pt. L p. 495). In 8 Aug. 1664, and was buried in the chuch
Ittl7l646 he was nominatad <me of the com* (monum. inscript. inOvBSAHa, Str^fonUm,
missioners for the preservation of peare 'Hundred of Hertford,' p. 138). Byhigma^
between England and Scotland (Tkurloe riage, on 2 1 Oct. 102d,to Amy, daughter of Sir
StaU Papers, L 79), and on 17 March 1647-8 Edward Peyton, hnt. taA Mat., UAm,
he became a commissioner of plantations Cambridgeshire, he had seven sons and tix
(Mist. MSS. Comm. 7tb Rep. pt. i. p. 15 6). daughters (Watsbs, Chesters of Ckkkeigi,
Oi^atly to Oromwell's annoyance, Lawrence 1. 9&
; NiOKOU, ObOMtanm, m. 811).

expf'^-sed stnmg- disapproval of the proceed- wife*!? extraordinary piety proved a f'Ttn-
ings against Charles I. In 1652, berng then source of cavalier satire. To thsir elde*t
stylad" colonel,' he visited frsland as a com- son (Edward or Heniy} Milton addiesiei is
missioner for that kiuffdom ( Cal. State Papers, the winter of 1655-6 liis twentieth sonnet
Dom. 1651-2 pp. 487, 537, 1652-S p. 66). (^Massoh, v. 236). A
drawii^ of Lawnaoe
Ob 14 July I608 he was appointed one ofthe is inserted in the copy of Olareodon^ 'Hb*
council of stato (tJ. 1653-4, p. 14) and pliiced tory of the Rebellion in the library at BucV-
'

on several committees. In thejparliament of inyham Palace; it lias been engraved bj

1663 Lawrence sat fer Hettratddure, and Riehatd Oooper (Obavobr, Biog. Hist, of
after its dissolution was placed on Cromwell'a Enalandy 5th edit. iii. 353).
new council of stat^ his salary being 1,000^ Lawrence was author of: 1. 'Of Bip>
a year. In November 1668 the oonneil of tisme' [anon.], 8vo [Rotterdam], 1646; sa*
state appointed him keeper of the library at other edition, entitlMi A Pious and Lewnsd
'

St. James's House. At the second meeting Treatise of Baptism,' 4to, London, 1649.
of the council he was made chairman for a 2. Of our Communion and Warre with
'

month, but by a subsequent order of Crom- Angels being certain Medit^ations on that
:

wt ll, dtited 16 Jan. 1664, he became perma- subject, bottom 'd particularly onpbes.vLl:i
nent chairman, with the title of lord presi- ... to the 19,' 4to rAmstrdam], 1646; an-
'

dent of the council (Thurloe, i. 642 Cnl. other edtfeioo, faeanng a different imprist,
' ;

State Papem, Dom. 1GF>3 4, 298, 360). In the was issued durincr the same year. The trea-
eetirical Narrative of the Late Parliament/ tise is commended by Isaac Ambro.se ia the
'

1658, Lawrence is said to have bean made sixth section of the prolegomena to his Mi' *

pr'ident to win over, or at least keep quiet, nistration of, and Communion with, Angela
the baptized people, himself being under hr&tpublishedabout l660,andalsobyiUchar(i
that ordinance (reprint in Phmix Btitan- Baxter, in his SainU' Beet,' 18th edit. p. 2S&
'

nicu^, 1731,p. 125). Milton, however, in his l\. *S'>iii(> Considerations tending to the .A.-
second Defensio Populi Anglicaui,' 16^3- serting and Vindicating of the Uae of tha
'

1664, hears eloquent testimony to Lawrence's Holy Scriptures and Christian Ordiosacsi;
ability and leamine. Tn 16.V1 Lawrt iK e . .Wlu rein
. . the Ordinance of Bapti^aie
. .

strove to assist Lord Craven in recovering , is inanilested to beof Gospell-Institutun,

. .

his English estates, which had bean eonfis- and by Divine appointment to continue jtill
satedin 1660-1, and he had some correspond- oC Use in the Church,' 4te^ Loodooi 1649j

Digitized by Google
 Lawrence
mother edition, with different title-page, 'A
rinibrthe Uw
of Ootpel Ordinances/ 1669.
Thif work| to^petber with the 'Communion
tnd Warre,* is dedicated to the author's
mother, who would seem to have suggested
prf>paration. It is priocipsUj & Mpb^ tO
Wilham Dell's 'Doctrine of Baptismes.'
[Genu Mag. 1816. pt. ii. pp. 14-17 ; Wood's
Athens Oxon. ed. Blus, itr. 63-<; Notaa nd
Qoeries, 2nd ecr. xii. 177, 3rd ser. ril. 877, viii.
S. 116, 174.
Dom. ino2-9
m
W. 288, 6th ser. xi. 601-9, xii, 212, 6th ser.
xi. 208; OaL Stato Pspen,
Wjit. rs's Chesters of Chicheley,
.
It; Cossaos's fiertfocdahiie, 'Hundred of Uert-
IM,' Pi. 186 ; Clnttarbnel^s Hortfordahire, ii.
211, 213; Bishop John Wilkins's Ecdeaiastes,
itli cd. p. 81
i
Masaon's Life of Milton, iii. 402
I/4^'s Paenge of Irclaod, ed. Aiebdall. under
'Bwrymore.'] G. G.
LAWRENCE, Sir HENRY MONT-
GOMERY (180^-1867), hrigadier-general,
dUef eommiasioner in Oudh, was the fonith
MMMifColonel Alexander Lawrence, nn officer
wkohid Men ft large amount of active service
iaJbdia in tlw 77th regiment. Hjs moClier
WM Catherine, daughter of the Rev.
Lt^titia
Georg Knox of county Donegal He was bom
. married, was adjutant of a cavalry regiment.
on 28 June 1806 at Matura in Ceylon, where
bii father was then serving in the 19th foot.
The family returned to England in 1S()8, and
inlSlS he was sent with his brothers, Alex-
iader and GFeorge [see Lawrbnci:, 8ik
George St. Patrick], to school at FoyloCol-
iege, Derxy^here his maternal unclej the
wv. James AJioz, was bead-murter. In 1819
He went to Mr. Gough's school, College Green,
Bristol^ with his younger brother, John Laird
Xu7, afterwards lord Lawrence [q. v.], the
iuuly being then resident at Clifton and ; at Cawnpore. He lived a very retired life,
in August 1820 he joined his brother George
tX Aodiscombe. He did not particularly
distin^i^ hiauelf as a cadet, out by ap-
plication succeeded, on 10 Mav 1822, in
obtaining a commisaion as second lieutenant
b tha Bennl axtillefy.
He saileu for Tnrlia in the following Sep-
Uimber, arrived at CalcatU on 21 Feb. 1823,
nd ioinad tlis iMfldqawten of die Bengal
KtSuerj at Bom-Dum. Here he met uie
r.PT. (aft^jrwards Sir) George Craiifurd, the
Lhiplain, and the little band uf religious
:licen who lived with htm eft Fairy Hall.
At home as a ynutli Lawrence had come
o&dar strong religious influences, and he
joined tbe party at Fairy Hall, although he
mincl'-d r> before with his old associates.
His disposition was naturally reserved, and
hk nUgion tlirooghont Hfe showed itawf in
outward demonstration.
little
On 17 March 1824 Lord Amherst declared
war with Burmah| and early in June I^w-
699 Lawrence
rence mailed with his battery to Chittagong.
He was promoted first lientenant on oOtiL
1825. He took part in tlu- ca])turf' of Arn-
can, and on 182^'ov. was appointed adjut^int
to the artillery, S.E. division. On 25 April
1826 he was appointed deputy-commi^^sary
of ordnance at Akyab, but was seized with
the fever and dvseutery which had been so
active among the troopSy and was sent to
Ciilcutta. Tiere he was nursed bv Gror^'H
Crauturd until he sailed for Euglaud uu
2 Aug. by the China route, eniving in Eng^
land in May 1827. He remained at homo
for two jreais and a half, and during this
leisure tune he joined rae trigonometrical
survey in the north of Ireland, and acquired
information which was of great valur to him
afterwards when employed on the revenue
survey of India.
In September 1829 Lawrence sailed for
India, accompanied by a sister and by his
brother John, who had just entered the eivil
service of the East India Company. Tliey
arrived at Calcutta on 9 Feb. 18dO, and Law-
lenee wis posted to the fbot emUery at
Kumaul, where his brother George, recently
For eighteen months Heuxy lived in his
brothers house, and deyoted his spare time
to the study of native Innguages. In the
autumn of 1830 ho took a trip to Simla and
on his return paid a visit to his friend and
brother-officer, Captain (afterwards Sir)
Proby Thomas Cautley [a. t.1 to the large
irrigadoB works on wluefa ne was engagM.
On 27 Sept. 1831 Lawrencewas transferred to
the horse artillery at Meerut, and on 29 Nov.
was posted to the first brigade horse artillery
studying to fit himself for stafl" employment,
and endeavouring by strict economy to put
by some savings for the ' Lawrence rand,' as
the brothers called a provision they were
ffradualiy making for their mother's support
m the event of the death of tb^ fktber, who
was now old and infirm. On 12 Srjit. 1832 he
was pronounced qualitied in native lauguageS|
and was recommended for the duties of inter*
preter. In the cold weether his troop went
tn Dum-Dum, and he seized this opportunity
to pass the language examination at the col-
lege, Fort WimuB. On 18 Jen. 1888 he was
appointed interpreter and quartermaster to
the 7th battery of artillery. This appoint-
ment be, however, resigned <m the 88tb of
the same month, and was reappointed tO the
horse artillery at Cawnpore.
Owing to the oood offices of bis brother
Qeorge, on 22 Feb. 1833 he was appointed
an assistant revenue surveyor in the north-
I west provinces, and a.ssnmed charge of his
Digitized by Google
 Lawrence 700
duties at Mnradabad. The re venue survey was
devised by Robert Mofttins Bird [q.T.], to ob-
tain the information necessary to enable tho
govenunent to aasess the land-tax fairly. The
aasessmenthadpraviouslybeenninchtoohigh;
cultivators sank beneath fh'' burden, and land
went out of cultivation. Although Bird had
obtained the approval of the goTeniment to a
revised period ioil assefs'stn' nt, correct surveys
of the land were indi.<peu.Hable; unfortunately
Lawrence
put your.<elf in the saddle.' Pecuniarily the
appointment wa le valiUkUe than that he
bad hnld in thf r*'%'pniio survey, bnt apolitical
appnintment on ihe frontier and durinff s
i
campaign opened better protpeets.
During the time that I^wrence udminis-
tered the little district of Ferozepore he re-
{
built the town, with a wall and a fort; be
settled boundaries, nnd bo %vrote for the 'Dellii
CJaxett* 'The Adventun-r in tbePunjaob'
'

after some years of trial their cost seemed i and Anticipatory ( 'bapters of Indian
'

prohibitive. Bird took counsel with Law- |

tory.' On 31 March 1840 Lnwr Mice wns:
rence. and by reduction of establishment, care- appointed assistant to the goveruor-geueral'd
fill eeleetion of staff, and infbsion of penonal agent for tbe affairs of the Punjaub and tbe
cnprtrv rni 1 ontbusiasm into tbe work, snc- north- wet frontier. In Novenibi-r of this
cceded in reducing the cost to a practicable |
year came the Cabul disaster, and Lawrence
linut. Lamenoe was promoted to the niik {
found his hands fiill in preparing sueooarfor
of fidl surveyor on 2 June and became Jalalabad and mann^nng tbe Sikbs at Pf^iha-
a eaptain on 10 May 18.37. j
wur, whither he had been sent in December
Lawrenm now enjoyed a well-paid ap- I to join Major Maekeson, tbe senior assistattt
pointm'iit. T!;-' L.iwrHtirf fund,' which
'
poiitical nilif.T. His part %v i> <> r)btaln aid
l

nieir father's death in May 1835 made verv i rom tbe Sikhs in support of an advance to
iMflfbltotbeii'motber.wasnmily estabHrina, |
Jalalabad, and to or^nise tbe amngemeiits.
and, after a lony onrra^'-'raent, he marrierl, ntBut it Wf\^ n'<t iiiit 11 April 1 12 that Pollock
Calcutta on21 Aug. 1837,hi8couBin,Uouoria, was able to advance, and, much to Lawrence's
i

daufrbter of tbe Her. George Marshall. He disappointment, Ifiusliesoo went with the
I

was now employed on tbe .survey of tlie dis- forn^ to see it tbroutrh tb.* IvJiyber, and
tnct of AUahabiad, and hia wife, to whom he Lawrence was left at Peshawur. He was,
owed much of bis snocess in after-IHb, ac- howsTer, allowed to accompany the expedi-
!

coinpanied him in all his field journeys. tion to the further side of theShitdeeBagiaTee,
In the summer of 1838 Lawrence was on where, always a zealous gunner, he assi5t*>d
tbe point of fighting a duel with the author of in getting two guns into position, and then
a memoir of Sir John Adams, which I>aw- retoniedtoJnnirood and Peshawur to send on
rence had reviewed adversely. Fortunately supplies, and arrange with Avitabile, the SiUi
his brother-officers of the artillery thought it general, to hold the mouth of the pass,
ttnneoessaij to proceed to a meeting, but the When it wns de cided that the British
j

incidont i memorable for the n'tble letter should go on to Cubul, T,awrpnr' changed
dissuftiiitif^ bun fromac'tiou which waawritten places with Maekeson, and was given the
to him by his wife. cominnrul of the Sikh contingent in addition
Preparations were made in tb^ summer of to his duties as pnliticMl officer with Pollock's
18SH for the Cabul campaign, and at Law- force. On his joiuiag tbe exp"dition at
rence's request bis services were placed at Jalalabad he saw .something of Havelock,
the disposal nf the commnndf>r-in-rhief on and attended some of tbf r. li^-inu?! mee'intTS
29 Sept. On bis wav to the Indus he ac- which Havelock held for his men. Here also
1

cepted the oH'er of a Calcutta paper to write he received the welcome news of the nfytf
i

occasional notices of military events for one of his brother George, who was among the
'

hundred rupees a month, but characteris- prisoners detained as hostages by Mohamod

|

tically stipuiatodthat tbe honorarium should Akbar Kban, and had been sent on parole to
i

be paid anonymously to certain rhnrities, make terms for their purreiider.

j
Pollock
which he named. Owing to the abandon- moved forward on Cabul on 20 Aug. Law-
raent of the siege of Ilerat by tbe Persians, rence, in command of tbe Sikhs, took part in
j

the army of t1;f> Indus was re'lncr i], nnd the battle? of Texeen and Haft Khnta!, and
Lawrence's services with it were not re- entered Cabul with Pollock on 16 Sept. 1813,
j

fnired. Through the influence, however, of two days befoM Nott's foree arrived fron
Vederick (aft'Tward* Sir Fri'derick) Carrie, Ghnzni. A few days later hifs brother Georp
1

be was appointed, on 14 Jan. 183^', officiating and the other cantives came in. On 12 Oct.
i

assistant to Oeor^ Clerk, tbe politieal agent Tjawrenoe started with tbe ibroee of Follodt,
|

n1 1. 'idiiinii.totnlv-ocivilcbargeofFeror.epore. Nott, and Sale on his return to India. At

liis friend Currie in annooncinff the appoint- Ferozepore they were met| amid general re-
|

ment to htm wrote ; I bave hel|ied to put joicing, by tbe oommander-in-duef and tbs
*

your foot in tbe stirrop. ItiMts witbyon to govemor^^eaflinl of India.

|

^ i^ - -. uy Google
 Lawrence 70T Lawrence
On 38 Dec ww
1842 Lawrence promoted I
Asylum, which was endowed and largely
Livvet-major fo- 1 i-^sorvicf.-?. On tlio 31 st supported through life by Lawrence at con-
if tlio same muutli ho was oruiieuted with1 a biderable self-itacriiice, and was commended in
word by the maharajiih 01 Lahore, and on his will to the eare
I
government. The
tin.' -aiin" diiy received the appoiutmeut of government of India accepted the charge,
duptiriatendent of the Dehra Doon and Mu- and has largely devolopud Lawrence's scheme
soovee firom the goTemor-general. He w^nt in other puts of India.
toMua^ooree in January 1843, but lind l.ar lly At the end of 1815 Mrs. Lawn nce was
tiavex6ed the district when it was found that compelled, for the sake of her children and
the r^alationa only permitted Buch an ap- for her own health, to return to England,
poiutnu-nL to be bcld Iiy a covenanted civil and her husband accompanied her on the
servauU and on 17 Feb. he was transferred way to Calcutta. On 6 Jan. 184C, while on the
to UmoaUa as asnstant to the envoy at journey, at Gormckpore he was unexpectedly
Lahore. After two months, the dcatn of summoned to join thearmyof thoSutltj. The
the rajah of Kythul without issue caused fir^t Sikh war had broken out, the battles of
the hip^e of his territory to the British go- Moodhee and Feroseshah had been fought,
vemmeut, and Lord Ellenborough himself Major Broadfoot. the political ofBcer, had
intimated to the envoy of Lahore that of all been killed, and Lawrence was required to
hk assistants Lawrence was best qualified for replace him. He received his orders at 7 p.k.,
the charg He was accordingly appointed, and left to e.xecute them on the next after-
and loht 110 time in completing the aatUement noon. He found that Sir Henry Hardinge
of the Kythul territory. had appointed him on 3 Jan. governor^
lAwrence was disappointed at not receiv- general's agent for foreign relations and for
ing a C.B. for hifl services in the Cabul cam- the affairs of the Punjaub, On 1 April was
paign, but the governor-general showed his added the appointment of governor-general's
appreciation of his services by promoting him agent forthe affairs of the north-west frontier.
on 1 Dt'c. 1843 to the residency of Xepaul. Lawrence wa? present at Sobraon and the oc-
At Kuruaul, on his way to Nepaul, hu met cupation of Lahore. He was in complete
hiB brother John, who hud married in 18-11, accord with tiw gonraxBor-ganeral in his ob>
and had just rrtnriu'd from England; and jection to annexation. Lawrence's general
during the few quiet days the brothers and views, indeed, were tliat we should uLstAin
tbeir wives passed together at this station from any enlargementof our territorv that was
IlenryLawrence wrote a defence of Sir Wil- not provoked by the absolute need of securitv
liam Hay Macnaghten [q. v.l It does not that we should enforce, by example, on the
appear to have been published, but itspnrport natives of India the duties of justice and for>
was to ^^how that tne Culnil disaster was a bcarance, and apply ourselves to the task of
Dulit-ary one. and that Mucuoghten was not raising the moral character of the go\i ruing
1

responsible for it. I

and aristocratic classes, or ich relics of them
)

Although no white-faced woman had as were left, and so enable new Indian
hitherto been seen in Nepaul, Lawrence's 80vereigntieii to grow up under Briti?*h pro-
wife toon joined him there, and they settled tection. It was, however, nece-ssary to punish
j

flown at Katmandoo for two yi'uri*. of a quiet, the Sikh.i, and immediately after hey invaded
t

busy, and happy life. Lawrence's duties as British territory, a proclamation had been
i

resiifeiit were to inteifero as little as possible issued otmfiscatu^ the Cis-Sutlej possessions
I

with the native government, but to watch of the Lahore crown. The Jul! under Doab was
any movement injurious to British interests, now annexed in addition, in order to obtain
i

ind to offer counsel in all state matters security for our hili stations and a position
affecting the British govemmnnt whenever which would give us control of the Sikh
It was sought or likely to be acceptable. He capital. The existing Sikh authority at La-
had diereioro more Imsuis than he had pre- hore was to be mamtained for a limited
j

Tionaly enjoyed, and occupied liimself in period by moans of a suhsidinry British force,
litefary pursuits. Qe became a constant and Cashmere was to be handed over to
i

contriDutor to the 'Galoutta Reriew' from Qoolab Sinfir. In Jane 1848 Lawrenoe
I
ma
its OOrnini'ni 'Tii. nt. and to otlier periodicals. promoted hn vet'IieutenantFColonel for hit
BBs pen waa lertile, and hi.s contributions services at Sobraon.
I

both weighty and sagacious, but thoy mainly ; Intrigues against the British were rife in
owed tht ir lit- nirj- style to his wife. At the Khalsa at Lali-ire, and the governor of
'

the same time he projected the formation of Cashmere, Sheik Xmammoodeeii, supported
an eetabltshment in tne north-west hills for by Lai Sing and the SSXh dnrbar, first delayed
the childr'^n of Europ<!un soldiers. Tlie re- and lu'-n refused to hand over 'u^hniere to
(

sult was the foundation of the Ijawrence Qoolab. Lawrence's firmness and energy were
.

^ i;j i^ . -. Lj Google
 Lawrence 703 Lawrence
now oonspictKnisly di plny< d. Heimifltedonsogoum in India told on Lawrence*! health.
^

tlic Sikhs sonrliiig11 {nrc- to and in OctoVior 1817 he procet-ded on sick

compel Iranm-
moodeen to hikndoTer the province to Goolab, leave to England. On his homeward journey
1

and put hinuelf at the nead of it, Brign- he was the companion of Lord Hardinge, ana
dier-gcneral Wheler co-<){)orating with a Bri- after their arrival in Enpland in March 1S4*
tish force. He ^ut down without difficulty Lawrence was made K.C.B., at Uardinge's
all efibrts at resistance, and Imanunoodeen reoommendation, on 28 April
surrendered himself personally to Lawrence. Lawrence spent his holiday between Eng-
The feat was remarKable, when it is con- land and Ireland, in the society of relative*
sidered that within eighteen months of the and friends. Tidings bOon came of the muidsr
battle of Sobriion ten tbousaiul Sikh 6oldierB| of Vans Agnew and Anderson, and of th
at the bidding of a British officer, made over outbreak in the Punjaub, which ended in th*
in the most marked and humiliating manner second Sikh war. Lawrence was ut oact-
tiie richest province in the Punjaub to the occupied in o^iduous consultation with the
man most detested by the Khilsa. Indian authorities at home, but he was eager
No sooner had Goolab Sing been placed in to return, and left England with his wife in
possesion of Cashmere than Lawrence re- November 1848. Ho landed in Bombay i\
turned to Lahore to brin*? Lai Sing to justit followintr month, and at once pmo- 'fiifl to
Inammoodeen turned kind's evidence. Lai the i'unjaub, joining the army then in the
Suig was tried, deposed mm the visarat field against the rebels. He was present
and removed without any excitement to during the last days of the siege of Moultsn,
Ferozepore. At the same meeting of the and left that place on 8 Jan. 1840, in time
ixdan whioh condemned the voxeer, a dis- to witn^ the doubtful contest of Cliillian>
cussion was raised respecting the withdrawal wallah. After the battle he prevailed <m
of the British troops in accordance with the Hujgh Lord Gou^h [q. v.] to hold his frouuii
greement. Such a mMsuMiKnild only lead anadeiBOiittrate thereby that the batUe wv
to annrchy, and, as the governor-general was at worst a drawn one. Lawrence resumed
unwilling to annex the Punjaub, the outcome his duties as resident at Lahore on I Feb.
of the discussion was the so-called treaty of Lawrence found in Lord Dalhousie, th
Byrowal, which prolonged the independence newgovemor-genernl, a self-willed man, with
01 the country, subject to the continued oc- strong views which did not always accord
cupation of the capital by British troop, with fiis own. Difficulties soon arose between
while a Tr!^irl(>nt waj' to b(> appointed with them. Tlie qiK'Stiou of annexation I'-d to
supreme power in the state. On 8 Jan. diilerences which were strongly expressed 00
1847 Lawrence was appointed resident at both odes, and Lawrence sent his IratlMr
Lahore, and thus, with the assent of the Joliii, a veteran rcvcnut" admini-'rator, tn
asembled sirdarsi became in all but name, discuss the question personally with Dsi-
ud nnoontiolled aaTehiy the raceme goveru* houaie at FeiOBepara. In the result the
ment at Calcutta, master of the Punjaub. Punjaub was anne.xed and Lawrence re>i;.Ti' '.I

The system of a native ruler and minister
relying on foreign bayonets and directed by
a British resident was, as Ijawrence hiinRelf
bad written, a vicious one. The moat that
can he said was tiwt in this instance the
n^sident was a capablr man and had under
him assistants such as George Lawrence,
MieOr^r, James Abbott, Edwaxdes, Lunw-
den, Nicnolson, Taylor, C^x-ks, ITodson, Pol-
lock, Bowring, Uenxy Coxe, and Melville,
'men,' as Lawrence wtote to 8ir John Kaye,
'such as you will seldom see anywhere, but
when collected under one administration
were worth double and treble the number
taken at haphazard.' His chief help, how-
ever, was in his brother John (afterwards
Lord) Lawrence. The intrigues of the ma-
haranee continued to ^'ive much trouble,
|
and Lawrence deemed it expedient to separate
the young Maharajah Dhuleep Sing from ht-r
and removo h* r from Lahore. The durbar
conseBtedy but his aozioua worh and long
But Dalhousie prudently succeeded in per-
suading him to withdraw his wsigwatwsi.
aiul on 11 .April 1840 he wa* appointed
president of the new board of admimstrauon
for the aflaim of the Punj a ub, with his hrotlnr
John and Charles Greville Manuel [q v ] I0
colleagues, while he was also made sgentto
the governor-general.
The system Mas one of divided labour
and responaibilitv. On UenryLawreuoe de-
volved the poUtWl work. The dMnmo?
of the country, neg< itl Lit ions with the chief!,
organisation of new regiments, education of
the young roahara|ah, were amonr the im-
mediate duties which he persoually uui'-:-
took, while John Lawrence took tbe dni
administration and the settlement of the
land reTenue, and Mansel the iudiciiil
mana(,'enK'nt of the province. Each com-
missioner had a voice lu the general council,
and was responsibh' for the tets of the other
twoj although lieniy Lawrence was suiraae

Digitized by Google
 Lawrence 703 Lawrence
in name. Such an arrsnffement was not cal- liobert Napier, afterwards Lord Napier of
colttted to nieoeed, and it is solely due to Maffdala[q. v.], John Nicholson [(i.v.],tho hero
tte character of thp mpn who pnmiina,-Kl tli*> of Delhi, and others, show the devotion and
board that it continued for nearly four yeara affection with which he had inspired them.
and aooomplidied nraeb naefbl miA. The Early in 1868 Sir Heniy left Lahore to
ar lK-mr was nssistcfl in anmr men.'^iire by the take lip his now post at Ajmeer. Eifrliteen
arrival of Sir Charles Napier in India, as states were under his supervision, and he lost
iwmBiandep-ia-diief, in May 1849. Napier's no time in making himself sequainted with
antipathy to both Dalhousie and Henry Law- them. Tn Tnly he declined Dalhouaie's offer
rence was notorious, and had the effect of of the residency of Hyderabad. His wife,
unitiu|^ timn s^aiDst a oonmon enemy. who had for some time been in bad health,
It was Lnwr. nce's hnbit to make numerous died on in Jim. 1854. On 19 June 1864
Mogreesea over every part of his dominion. Sir Heniy was made AJ).0. to the queen
H Mncrred the journeys, and by this means and ooloBol in the army.
he and the people became well known to each Oil 29 Feb. 1856 T^ord Dalhousie re^^igiied,
odier. His neauent absence necessarily and was succeeded by Lord Canning. Law-
threw vpon his colhAgnee increased responsi- rence at once wrote to hnn in order to set him*
bility ; they were broupht into direct rela- self right on points in which he believed that
tions with the ffOTemor-general, and were he had been misjudged by Lord Dalhousie.
aUe to obtain decisions m favour of their On ISMayhe became aregimental lieutenant-
-views when these differed from those of colonel, and when he wa on the point of
their absent president. Much friction fol- starting for England with his little girl and
lowed, and differences concerning the land to recruit his own health, in January 1867,
settlement brou|;ht on a crisis. It was need- Lord Canning offered him the post of chief
ful to amend the temporary and imperfect commissioner and agent to the govemor-
settlement effected by the board in 1850, Keneral in Oudh. Lawrence at once gave up
sad Heniy Lawrence embraced with all the his leave, sent his child home, ud SMSpted
energy of hig character the riewmoi*t favour- the offer, which he regarded as in Pome port
able to the native aristocracy, while his a compensation for the loss of the Puuiaub
brother John leaned to the side of tibe cul- govemmsat and a pibUe leoognttioii of his
tivator Henry considered financial con- .len'ices.
siderations of secondary importance, John Toward."* the close of March 1 857 Lawrence
tlt they were paramonnt. The dikrence entered on his new duties at Lueknow. He
unfortunately became a personal one, and for succeeded Coverley Jackson, and found the
the time the breach between the brothers Srovince in a grievous state of discontent,
was irreparable. Both brothers felt that ue to departoxe from the instructions laid
their continuance in office together could down by government at the annexation.
only embarrass the government, and Henry Promised pensions had been withheld, country
sent hi his resiniatton. Althonsh it was chiefs deprived of their estates, iriiile old
understood that John was preparea to accept officials and three-fourths of the army were
a high, appointment elsewhere, Balhousie, left without occupation. Lawrence at once
whoSs Tiews mm more in harmony with grappled ^th these difficulties, and by hold-
thoae of the ynnn2'''r brothr-r, decided to ing frequent durbars, at which his poli(r^
aooevt Henry's reei|fnation, to abolish the was proclaimed, and by energetic redress ot
hoara, and to retain John as solemler in the grievances, he md mnen toe^bUsh abetter
Puni:uib. The governor-general's agency in feeling. The prenter pne with which the
Bajpootana was offered to Sir Henry with the revenue was collected soon showed that bis
ame salary as he had received in tkePimj aub, policy was soooesifiiL^ Dmag the month
and DalhouRie assured him that the cfiflTpr- of April he WIS Ino^ iu oiganidng the go-
encas between the brothers, however painful, vernment.
had not been disadTantagCHcms to the state. But in May 1867 the mutiny brohe out in
Sir Ilenry was deeply mortified that he was Bengal and at Delhi. Lawrence at nnre de-
not selected to govern the Punjaub alone. votM himself to the organisation of defence.
During his feur years' administration he had On 19May he was promoted brigadier-general
reconst^\lc^ed oiid pacified a hostile state, and with militarv command over all troops in
had made the Punjaub as safe to an finglish- Oudh. Lueknow was not yet infected with
man as Oslentta, and all this with the se- mutiny, and he had to carry out his nulitary
quiesct'nce of the people. Great was the arrangements as quii tlv as possible, while
dimay on his depaztore of his many friends exhibiting to the outer world a confidence he
m niMidinate positions in the coontiy. did not feel, and dealing with all the ordinarj
Lstten sent him at the Une hy Cblonfll inssB of the vrorinoe in the usual war.
 Lawrence
Ht* got iu all the treasure from the city
and stations, bought up and stored grain and
supplies of every Kind, brought the guns and
ammunitUm to the reridenoj, arranged for
water supply, strenjrthened the residency,
formed outworks, cleared away obstructionSf
and made eTery prcparatira for the worst.
With a force of about seven hundred Euro-
peans (3:?nd r<^(riinont) and seven hundred
natives of d mbtlul lideiity, Luwreuce uuder-
took, w litii till til w 9 of the outbreak at Meerut
reached liim on 13 May, to hold both the
residency and the Muchee Bawn, four miles
apart. Open to criticism from a military
point of view, thi'^ division nf Ibrces never-
theless showed that outward cuulideoce which
Lawrenoe deemed it most important to main-
tain.
Towards the end of May an imeute, in
which several officers lost theur lives, occurred
itIiUcknow. Lawrence followed the muti-
neers out of Lucknow for some distance, and
prisoners were taken. On 30 May Lawrence
wfOte : * We are pretty iolly. . . . We
are in
ftionny pc.sitiou. ^^"lli^e we are entn-ncli-
ingtwo pobts in the city, we are yirtually be-
sieging four regimentsin a quiet way-with
1500 European-. Not a verj' pleasant diver-
sion to my civil duties. I am daily in the
town, four miles off, for some hours, but
naide in oantonmeuts guarded by the
gentlemf'n wo are besieging^.' The same
night the long-expected outbreak occurred;
the matineers were defeated and driven out
of the town, which remained cnmpnrativrly
quiet. ButOudh was full of disullecled native
Boldieiy, and the Bon^eans at ovt^etations
woro fugitives. The wise policy of Lawrence
in at once redressing grievances on assuming
the government becsme now of great impor-
tance. WitilODe except ion none of the chiefs
or of the peasantry attempted to do Imnn
to the fugitives, while most were helpt'ul.
The mass of tlie j)e(^le in Lucknow itself
and the entire Hindoo population lit ld wholly
aloof from tho outbreak, and, with one single
eaneption, ev y talookdar, to whom uie
1 that his position was tea times worse
chance offered itself, aided more or less
actively in the protection of Europeans.
Tidings of ymaoM disaateze, however,
caused Lawrenoe much anxiety. A
large
portion of native troops had not yet deperte'l,
and he believed that unless he could reCuiu
some, hie position would be hopeless. He
therefore carefully wecdeil them until he
had reduced the number to about the strungt h
of the Evro|ean8. The Gfikhiwero segregated
and formed into companies at an early period
of the crisis. Roads were kept opeu, can-
tonments held, the city k^t quiet, the
Hnehee Bawa gaixisoned ana hew aa a fort
704 Lawrence
and entrepdt, remnants oS the old laoffi
soldiers were enlistfxl into new bnliea of
vulice and lodged under the guns of the
Muchee Bawn, while the reaidencj tad it
surrounding buildings were gradually ooih
nected by a chain of parapets, sad, with
snndryhatteriee, formed mto deobnuve poti-
tioii. Lawrence telegraphed to the govenuw-
general recommending that in case anything
appi nud to him Major Banki> should succeea
him as chief commiaaioner, and Colonelloglii
of the 32nd should command the troops, ob-
serving that it was no time for punctilio u
regards seniority. A draft telegram, io hii
handwriting, was found among his p*p8
which eadMd with the words : 'Then ahoold
be no snrrendar. I commend my duUm
and the Lawrence asylums to government."
The urgent appeals sent him by Geneni
heeler to send aid to Caw npore he was forced
to finnly refuse. To attempt to aid CawB-
Eore would, he foro.mw, involve the loss d
oth Lucknow and that place. No sooucr
had Cawnpore fallen (So June) than the
mutint ors who had been gathering in iKc
neighbourhood of Lucknow moved on tht!
city. On 29 June an advanced niid v>
rived at Chinhut. within ight mil s of "a
t
residency, and exchaii^n'd ^Uots with L"-
rence's Sikh cavalry (JutpojiL. Lawrence dfr
termined to give the udvanced guard acheci
at Chinhut, and accord ingly at sun ?t evucu-
ated cantonments, and garrisoning oul> tke
Muchee Bawn and the residency, he directed
a force, con.si.sliug of 300 white aud -2^
native bayonets, 1^ European and 80 MiJi
eahnaand 11 guns, to nareh at daybreak 00
the 30th. Lawrence led them in person, but
the mutineers were in greater force than had
been anticipated, the natiiw artillery behsTcd
badly, many deserted, and a repulse followe-i
Lawrence retrt^atedto I>ncknow, clo-ely juir-
sued. lie covered the rufcreat with uulalterii'g
courage, and was seen everywhore, obUvioi '
of danger, inspiriting the men ; but 1 >t
lib Europea^ officers and men, and he kiie
tksa
when he sallied out.
The fUftflflt^T at Chinhut precipitatsd tht
occupation <A the city by the r^eb, tsA
during the night of 30 June the inar-
gents closed in on the .Muchee Bawn aiui
ou the residency, and opened fire early on
1 Julv. The Muchee Bawn was immediately
abandoned and blown up, and the deft-ace
concentrated at the residency. Here Lau-
rence, with 9l'7 Europeans and 768 nstite
troop.', be>ide8 women JuiJ cliililn^n, ^
hemmed in by 7,000 mutineers, lie took
his ^uartefsin aroom of the rendency, much
exposed, hut oonTsniant for obMmtiaa>
Digitized by Google
 Lawrence
Om flnt dsy an S>iiich shell biirst in
tlie
the room without injuring any one. Law-
rence was entreated to move to a lem ex-
posed poeitioii| and promised to do so next
aaj. All early morning of the 2nd he
tlie
ma muchoccupied, ami r't umod at 8 a m.
exhausted with the ht>at and lay down on
kit bed. A
diell entcted and bunt, ftag>-
ment wounding him severely in the upper
part of the left thigh. He was at once re-
mored to Dr. Fayrer's house, Init liad hardly
been placed in bed when fire waa opened on
the spot. Great difficulty was experienced
ia protecting the party, and the following
day he had again to be moved to a less ex-
poaed place. The case was hopeless, and the
doelon sought only to alleviate hissuflerings.
He remained jH-rft-ctly s<'nsible during2 July
and for the greutt r pirt of the following day.
He formally^ handed over the chief com-
uissionership to Major Banks, and the com-
mand of the troops to Colonel Inglis, at the
MBe time telliiif them never to nimnder.
lie was also able to ffive detailed instruc-
tions as to the conduct of the defencei and
ipd Tery humbly of hie own publie aer-
^ices. He no epitapn nhouldbe
desired that
placed on hiatomb but thie: 'Here liesHeiury
ttcmnaee, who tried to do hie duty.' He
received the sacrament with his nnphf and
some of the ladies who nursed hi|n,and died
from exhavetion about 8 AM. oa 4 July
l"-". Tie was buried in the churchyard
with a hurried jprayer from the chaplain,
who alone eoold be preaent, aa the place waa
ondfT fire and all had to b*^ at their posts.
Three weeks after his death, but before it
ae known in England, Lawrence waa ap-
pointed proviRionally t< siicc('t*d to the office
of governor-general of India, in oaae of
eeodent happeninr to Lofd Cknning and
pendingthe arrival of a succt'^.xjr from Eng-
isod.The sad newa of hia death waa re-
nhadin England with public demonatrationa
of regret. His eldest son, Alexander Uut-
chinaoOt waa created a baronet in recognition
ef hia father's services. statue AJ. O.
Lough was placed in the east aisle of the
south transept in St. Paul's Cathedral.
plain tombatone waa erected bv his friends
to hie memory in the Engliflii church at
Lncknow, and his name is also inscribed on
the.monument in the gardens of Lucknow to
the memory of those who fid! in the aiege.
A portrait by J. H. Millington and a bust
belong to Lawrence's grandson, Sir Henry
Hayee Lawrence.
Colonnl Sir John succeeded
Tn^lis, who
him in the military command, wrote offici-
ally: 'Few men hare ever posseaeed to the
extent the power which hee^jcsfedof
TOL. XI.
Lawrence
winning the heerta of all thoee with whom
he came in contact, and thus insuring tho
warmest and most zealous devotion for him-
self and for the government which he served.
The anccessful defenea ti the position haa
been, under Providence, solely attributable
to the foresight which he evinced in tha
timely commencement of the nnnonoeij OfO
rations, and the great skill and untiring per-
sonal activity which he exhibited in carrying
them into eifect. All ranks poesrased soea
confidence in his judj^ent and his fertility
of resource, that the news of his fall was re-
ceived throughout the garrison with feelinga
of consternation only second to the grief
which was inspired in the hearts of all by
the loss of a pablie bene&etor and a wvm
personal friend.'
But his servicjjM reached much further in
reapeet to the mutiny than the defence of
Lucknow. His work in the Punjaub bore
fhiit in the fifty thousand Puujaubees who
were raised by hia brother John for service
during the mutiny, while thirty thousand
soldiers drawn from that province, who be-
longed either to the native oontinnnto or
Hindustani regiments, remained faiuflll to
Knffland during that critical time.
mr Haoiy waa natarallv a man of hot and
w impetuous temper, which he kept under con-
trol by conatant watchfulness and self-^ia-
cipline. He had great energy, waa tndefiittg<-
able in his work, wliili' liis sympathetic and
kind-hearted disposition attracted all who
eame in contact with him. HewaeeMentiallT
atraicrht forward, generous, and di-^intfrt'steu.
Uia diar^ard for money or personal luxury
the aeerat of hia influence, partienhuly
with the natives. In manner bniHque, and
in appearance gaunt, his shrewd sharp look
at once attracted attention, ffia moat ovi-
dent failing were nn r OOnaitiTBIIOifl and im-
patience ot oontradietiont
Three children aurvived Um The eldeet,
Alexander Ilutchin.'ion, died in 1864 from an
accident in Upper India, leaving an infant
son, Henry Hayes, aeoond buoiiet (1864-.
1898); Henry \\ aldemar( 184^1908), third
A baronet; and Honoria Letitia, who in 1873
married Henry George Hart, head master of
Sedber^h School, 1880 1900.
The loUowing are some of hia writings
l.'Some Panagee in the Life of an Ad-
venturer in the I'unjaub,' 8vo, 1842. 2. Ad-'
ventures of an Officer in the Service of Kun-
jeet Singh,' 2 vols. 12mo, London, IMS. 8
'
Essays Military and Political,' 8vo, London.
1859. 4. ' Essays on the Indian Ani^ and
Oude,' Bvo, Serampore, 1869.
The following articles, among others, were
oontiibuted to the * Calcutta lUnew ' by Sir
aa
Digitizeu Lj ^jQOgle
 I

Lawrence 706 Lawrence

Heuy and Lady Lawrence: I. 'Military poem cm 'Love 'appeared In n Crnisn^
Indian Empire,' No. 3. 2, 'The
I)Gf(>nro of our in a (Ifrman magazine* entitled 'Irene/ and
6eiiuandtheirCo<intx7/Mo.8. S.* Kashmir the original w as publiahed at London in the
muA tin OcNmlfiefe wtmnA tbe Bidus^* Na 4. liBlfowing year, to 1808Lawieace,]isppin
4. 'The Kingdom of Oude/Ko. 6. 6. Eng- * ing to be in France with his father, was ar*
lishwomen in Uindostan,' No. 7. 6. ' Mah- zested, along with the other Fjiglifth nceidents
ratta Hiatoty and Empire,' No. 8. 7. *Ooun- and touriati, and detained tor eeveni yean
tries beyond the Sutlg and Jumna,' No. 1(X at Veidun. Having eventually effected hie
'Indian Army,' N.. 11. 9. 'Army Re- escape by passing himself oH' for a Geman,
^rm,' No. 13. 10. 'Lord Hnrdinge's Ad- he published in Loudon * A Pictunj of Ver-
aunistration,' No. IB. 11. 'Major iSmyth's dun, or the Enfflish detained in Frauct-,'
Reipninrr T'^miil v nf Ijvhnn>,'No. 18. 12.'' Sir 2 vols., 1810, a Dook of real value for tlit
Oharlee Napier i'ostbumous Work,' No. 43. picture it gives of the deportment of aa
fiiglish colony, mostly conaieting of idle and
SLHb of 8b M9atf Lawrence, by Bdwatdei
MnivAle, 2 toIs. 8vo; Thruo lodiftD Heroes fashionable people, in peculiar and almost
bf J. H. Sacks Kayo's Livsa ot Indian Offioers unprecedented circumetanoee. It is foil of
;

Mid Ma History of tha BMfc India Adolaisli^ oomplmnte of official miedemeanorB, bat (be
tion and S<^poy AVar ;Arnold's AdmiaistratioD tone adopted towards the French nation ii
Lord Dalboasie ; iSir Charles Napier's Lefects, just and liberal, and it even bears reluctant
Civil and Military, of the InSian OoTemment testimony to the capricious magnanimity of
Times of India Iks pat dies.]
; R. II. V. Napoleon. Subsequently Lawrence led a
LAWRENCE, JAMES IIENIIV (177^- roving life.cluefly on tbe continent, and wa>
1840), mificellaneous writer, bom in 1773, apparently always in tbe enjoyment of easy
Was the eon of Richard JaoMi Lawmioe, esq., circumetanoes. llaving been madSy as he a-
of Fairfield, Jamaica, whose finrcstor, John, pert(Ml,H knit^dit of Malta, he assumed the title
ounder BOO of Uenry Lawrence (ItiOO-itkM) of iSir James Lawrence, and was ^equent^
f
q. V.J, bad sMtled in that viand in 1676. Ha known as tbe Ohevalier Lawrence, to Ifiw
\va.s educated ut Eton, Avhere he was Montem be brought togetliermost of early writ ingi^
poet in 1790, and afterwards iu Germany. A
with others of a similar description, in a col-
praooeiona author, he produced in 17iH a lection entitled * Tbe Etonian out of BotuMls,'
yoam entitled ' The Boeom Friend/ ' which,' and in 1824 he published a book of oom
nays the ' Monthly Review,' * instead nf bcinj^ value On the Nobility of tbe llrit ifih Gentry
'

ananegTric on friendship, is written in prui^u (4th ed. 1840), intended to estatli^^h the pro-
tfanodavn article ofa lady's dress.' In 1793 position that an English gentleman, ia tbe
his essay on the ^joculiar customs of the Nair sense in which the author employed the tena,
flaate in Malabar, with respect to marriaffe is the equal of a foreign noblemao^ and pro-
aad iiilMcilaiioa, wat iiiMrtad by Wialaad in testing against ila employment in majfAtr.
his 'Merkur,' and in 1800 Ijiwreiice. \t\\o He di<xl unmarried 2() Sept. 1 ^^40, and wt^ in-
aaema to have in the interim lived entirely terred with hia atber in the burying-ffrottni
noon tiM aoatiaaat, completed a nuance on of St, Jbb'a Wood GhapeL
the subject, also in German, which was pub- [Gent. Vag. B.
lished in the '.loii mat der Koninnt* for the niMe'sevn wihiiige, peaiim.]
W6 1841 L ; 8M 1^
'
IL 0^
followinff year, under iho title oi 'l>aa I'ara-
diea der laohti,' and reprinted aa * Daa Reich LAWRENCE, SOON (1763-18\,
der Nairen.' Tlin book was subsequently writer on horses, born at or near Colche^itei
tcanalated into IVunch and English by the ii'J Jan., and baptised at St. Martin'a, CtA-
m
mMim himself, and pabiished both lan- cbeoter, SI M.
1763, was tba aon of Joksi
ffuages tlic l-lnjrlisb version, entitled ' The (1707-1763) and Anne Lawrence (1734-
;

Empire of the Nairs.' which did not appear 1810). His father and grandfathw wen
wmm 1611, is coneideraMT altored from tbe browen. About tbe ago or fifteen Lawrenct
original, und is jirecfdt'd ny an introduction wrote an essay 'in favour of Idndneee t*:
eriouaiy advocating the introduction of tbe animals,' probalbly when at a grammar 8K*bix>'
eaiton of the Nairs into Europe. The novel, Soon afterwards he i8 said to have iu\ e^ux
Biivertheless, is not licentious, bnt is un- in a stock farm the money left to him on tbi<
qupstionably dull, and owes its prpst*>n-ation death of his father, and Le paid a first ri*:*
irom oblivion chieflv to the notice taken of to Smithfiehl in 1777. In 1787, wlule Iiyum
it by Schiller and Shellej. A feouine letter at Itury St. Edmonds, appeientlj near In
Irom Shelley to Lawrence, dnt d I.ymuoutli, farm, he began to write for the press. 11 is fir-'
August 181^, appears in the collection of spu- publications were anonymous and politkal
TioM Lettaia cf Shelley/ with a prabce by *ThA Tbo jPluriot'a fklMiU*' 1794-6-0,
VmtsntA*A CUsMdar/ ITtkLJLM
Bolmt%owidiig(186l). InlSOlLawicnce^ tains tbo infonaation luaully to bo fwuid iii

Digitizec .oogle
J
 Lawrence 7or Lawreticd
KcgPih aimnacg, together with a tmnaUtion About the ace of thirty he married Ann
ctf tfadnew Rodi n^niUioia eoMtitution BaxtoM, bjr wMn
he had one Iwn end ftvt*
and otherfkcta interesMng to odmirers of the daughters, Only the yoongeit 4f whom hift
French revelation. ' Kiffhte and Remedies children.
< 1795), dedicated to Earl Stanbope bj one
*
Although fhfoe editiom of Lawranee^e
of th' nim- met of tli? moralists, is a more 'Treatise on Hotsps' wpra puhli,>hed, his
ambitious dofence of Fraaoe and the ri^ta name wai almost entirely forgotten until the
ef aaia. LnwvMaoe'a hairi oan lie tcaeed in repuhlioBlite f s^me ehapten hy Mr. S.
Xhtt remarks on live stock (pt. ii.p. 179, &c.) Nicholson in 'The Rights of an Animal,'
In 1796, ou the titk-oafe of a little book 1879. Thiouflhout a Uwg lile and in nearly
m tttrieryf Lawwbciii Mii1ied Mnatlf as every one of ma nnneiotM pabliostioBa Lnw*
late of LHniU th >rarsh, Surrey. The preface runcetiing'ht thoduty of humanity to animals,
\

ia addruMed irom IMitv 6t. Edinunda. In the at times expostulating with crmI droveca
MB ymr a^fpeand ma itnfb 'vottime of the and marhofc-moii, and aMreya flKertittfhbnMlf
tvt edition of his PhiloBophiol and Prac-
'
to raise the tone of public opinion
on the 6ub-
tiBli Treatiae oa In 1799 he began
Botttt^^ '
ject.^ lie waa a thorough ^rtsnian, and
f eoBtribpte tothe^Sixtrtmg Magariae.* Id considered we1l-rL>giilut^ boxin^-iuatehee
1800 he publiahed anonvmouBly The New worthy the attention of a martial people,'
Fanner'a Oalendar,' of which an entire edition and a cock-hght a legitimate olnect of
'

flxhanated In a few months; It traa tbX* cniiosity,' although ho regasded hllIl-lMMn|p

lowed bj a treatise on land atewardship as * a detestable business,' and bear-barting
( 1801 ). In both of those works he advocated an iniamoua and degrading practioe.' Hie
the pabdeas killing of beasts for food. Ho ihow knowledge and shiewdneM^ but
hotdia
mas now advt^rtieiiig for a position a lund- he had no idea of literary arrangement, and
Idfd'e agent. In 'A Treatise on Cattle' (1805), he was imable to restrain a too facile pen. In
in which he strongly recommendi'd ox labour, politics he waa a strong liberal, ana he do-
nay be found, aay^ Donaldson, 'a mass of parted somewhat from strict oMhodoxy in
varied information of the most useful kind' religion. PerHonally he was a man of im*
{Agricultural Biograpky^\iieA,T^.ii\). About posing presence and fond of music and con-
1810 he appears to have been living near Lon- viviality, lie *was certainly an eccentric,
don; at one time he was a resident of Somers but if the shell was husky, the kernel
Town. Inl813he wrote, underthe pseudonym was sound' (Sportinr/ Magatintf May 1880|
ofBonington ]liIoabr^,atrBatist- on hrt edinL^ p. <;;3).
poultry, mhhit'?, cowg, imine, bees, &c., long * His works are: 1. 'The Patriot'^ Tnlen-
Mteemed the bt>t)t,' Hivs Ilonaldson {op. dt. dar' for 1794, 179o,179U, London,! 7 y3^-4rO,
fb 100% who did not Wow the real author. 16bm (anotiymoue)* 2. ' Rights and Reni
Britijtb Fi-ld Siwirts (1818), which ho pub- dies, or the Tlieory and Practice of true
'

lidhttd under the name of \V'. 11. Scott, con- Pulitics, with a View of the Evilii of the
tains* a system of sportingothieBi' with a view Present War and a Proposal of immediafce
to root out ' that horrible propensity in the Peace,' London, 1795, 2 parts, 8vo (anony-
human breast, a nense of sport and delight in mous). 8. The Sportsman, Farrier, and
'

witOMni^ the torturea of bnto animals,' Shoeing Smith's New Gaide, being the sub-
Two years later, in 'The >>port8man*8 Re- stance of the Works of the late Charles Vial
pository,' ho aj^sin deals with soo-etliiology, de St. Jiell,' London R7Ut)l, am. Hvo.
'
4. '
A
thk part of ethics or morality wluoh de- Philosophical and Practical Treatise on
fines and teaches the moral treatment of Horses and on the Moral Duties of Man
buasta.' About 1821 Richard Martin fq. t.I towards tho Brule Creation,' London, 179ti-
of Qdwn^oanaulted him before he introduced 1798, 2 vols. 8vo ; 2nd edit., with additions,
into pHrhament the biU agaiut ttmAty to London, 1^502, 2 vols. 8vo MrJ edit., with ;

tflbiais (i22>. London [IblOj, 2 vols. bvo.

large addtuons,
Lttwmea alio workod tut the boohnllare, 5. The New Farmer's Calendar, a Monthly

Mid at one tiraewa.s editor and proprietor of Remembrancer for all kinds of Country
n BaAazine. lie was a contributor to the Business, comprehending all the MateriaL*
'jQoimeman's Magazine and other periodicals,
' Improvementa m
the New Husbandry' with'
nd made collections for a hi.tory nf own the Management f>f I.ir^ Stock, by a Parmer
tine. At the end of his hfo Lawrence took and Breeder,' ijum Ion 8<X), 8vo (anonymous);
. 1

BMMiIlbonfleatPeekfaam.near London. After 2nd edit., with cfuisiderable additions, 1801.

s ehort illness he died 17 Jtin. 18.39, in lii:^ Tho Farmer's Poi ket Calendar is an abridg-
'
'

aightv-aixth jear. He was buried at Kor- ment of this work. 6. ' The Modem Land
we Tfaov is en eufraviag of Lftwrence Steward, in whioh the Dntiee and F^metioM
m MS advaneed ifa 1^ HoU after Wivea of StOfWMddup aw ooaiideMd end explained^
az 2

Digitizeu w-j ^jQOgle

 Lawrence 708 Lawrence
witb tlieir umnA nlfttioiui to tbe intarestt ander Lawrence, and younger brotlMr of St
of the Landlord, Tenaat, and the Public,' Henry Montgomery Lawrence [q. v.l and
London, 1801, 8vo (anonvnious). 7. 'A Sir Qeorpe St. Patrick Lawrence [q. v.*, wa^i
General Treatise on Cattle, the Ox, the bom at liichmoud iu Yorkshire, wLnre h\.b
Sheep, and tha Swine, oompraheocliiig their fiUher's regiment (the 19th foot) wait then
Hrt-Klinp, Management, Improvement, and quartered, on 4 March 1811. Moving with
Uuieaaes,' London, 1&06, 8v(k a 'The his parents to G uemsey, to Ostend, and finally,
flif tory tad DeliiiMlaum of the Hono In ell on the concluaum of the war, to GUfton, ha
Ids Varieties, with an Investigation of the first jirhnol wa.s Mr. Goiigh's at Bristol, which
Oheimcter of the Racehorse and the Busing he began to attend a a day-boy in 1619. Of
of the Tmtf bm engravings from original this lebool he aidd grimly in aftra^lilSft : *Iaa
paintings, with instructioua for the General Hogffed once every day of my life at aehool
Manag-ement of the Horse,' Ix)ndon, 1809, except one, and then 1 was dogged twice.'
4to (plates). 9. Practical (Jbservations on In 1823 he wae removed to his uncle James
*

the British Grasses, bv William Curtis, 5th Knox's sohO(^ tho free grammar school of
edit, with additions, London, 1812, 8vo, Londonderry, since called Foyle Co'lf^
plates; 7th edit., 'with considerable additions, The education was rough and unsysiemauc,
including hints for the general management and he gained little there but n taoto fa
of all descriptions of istw^r land,' lH34, Hvo, reading nistory. In 1825 he was *ent to
platee. 10. 'Practical Treatise on Breeding, Wrax^l Hall school, near Bath. Three 0/
Beefing, and Fbtteninir ell kinds of Domeetto
Poultry, Pheasants, Pigeons, and Rabbits, appointments through the influence of &
Swine, Bees, Cows, Slc.,' bv Bonington Mou- umily fciendtJohn HudUstone, a director of
bray (i.e. J. Lawrence), Londoa/1818, sm. the Baat Inmn Oompauy, and in 18S7 aa
8vo; 2nded. 1816; nianyBuhMj]yBt editions, offer of an appointment waa made to John.
the 8th in 184'i; a new edition by L. A, To his great chagrin it waa a rivil and not a
Meall, 1854, contains little trace of the military post which fell to hun, aud it was
original. 11. 'British Field Sports, em- only unoer the influence of hia fcuwuiln
bracing Practical Instructions in Shooting, sister, Letitia, that he reluctantly accepted
Hunting, Coursing, Racing, Cocking, Fish- it. He proceeded to Haileybuiy in Jalv,
ing, ftc., with ObMrratUMia on the Breaking paased two years there ereditritly bot witn-
and Training of Dogs and Horses and the out gaining distinction, except a prize f r
Menagement of Fowling-piecee, by W. H. Benmli, and eventually passed out ikuid.
8oott^(iA J. lAwwBce), London. 1818, 8vo for the pfeaideney of Bengal in liny 18S9L
(plates). 12. ' The Sjportsman's Repository, Till he reached middle life he did not impreM
comprising a periea of cngravingB represent- his friends aa being a man of mark or des-
ing the Ilorse and the l)o^ by John Scott, tined to future greatness. He sailed with
With a description of the different qpeeiea of llis brother Henry for Indin in S^'ptember.
each,' London, 1820, 4to (plates, anonvmous). and, after a five months' voyage and long and
13. 'A Memoir of the late Sir T. 0. Bilnbury,' intense suffering from sea-sickness, reached
Ipswich, 1821, 8vo. 14. 'The National Sporta Calcutta on 9 Feb. 18da Tlwre he entand
01 Great Britain, by Henry Aiken, with de- the college of Fort William. Rough, un-
aeriptions in English and French,' London, couth, and somewhat boisterouB, he found
189l, Ibl. (eolonred lithographs by Aiken, tho oociety of Calcutta yntj iuiconffniaL
text by Lawrence, anonymous). 15. 'The Lacking any natural bent for an TnHUa
Horse in all his Varieties and Usee ; his Breed- career, and suiliaring also in health, he Terf
ing, Rearing, and Management,' London, nearlv reaolved to return to England. At
]8a9,nn.8TO. length, having mastered Urdu and Persian,
[Obituary notice in Pportinp Marine, May he was at his own reouest ratetted to Delhi,
1839; K B. Nicholson's Rights of an Animal, whefti Sir Charles Metcalfe was then resi-
1879, p. 72. &e. The noUose in Biog. Diet, of dent. In this city and diatriet ha remained
Living Authors, 1816, and J. Donaldson's Agri- for thirteen years. He at once took kindly
eultoral Biography, 1854, are full of errors. The to the place and the work, aud waa at fiitt
writr has to thank Mr. h' oh ulson for placing assistant magistrate and ooUaelor of the city.
i

at his (li';j)"Hiri<in tlio unpulilibhed materials for Almost without intermission he occupi^ this
an eaiargtid skotcU of th lite oi Lawreoce.] poet for four years, till he was placed in
H.S.T. duurge of the northern or Faniput divisioa
LAWRENCE. JOHN LAIRD MAIR, of the Delhi territory in 1834. Energetic,
fixat Babov Lawbemcb (1811-1879), sover- laborious, and sternly just, he had also, in
Bomniftl of India, aixth aon and eighth of spite of hot temper ana rough manuers, the
twwn cfaildnii of Lientomuit'^oloiier Alex- ftenlty of cultivating aatiaac^ with tte

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 Lawrence 709 Lawrence
Io his district and of acquiring infor- of transport, loaded them from the maga-
t first hand, without relying upon zines of Delhi, which were kept working
abordinatee and informen. He thus suc- night and day, and forced hit OODvoy to the
eeaded in reducing to order a somewhat tur- front, undiminished and unimpaired, in time
bulent population and a chaotic mass of ad- for the battb of Sobraon. This ended the
ministratiTe work; but he was without any war, and on 1 March 1846 Lawrence was
European society, and almost forpot for the appointed administrfttornfthpannexedTranS-
time being bow to aptiak inteliigiblo Kngiish. Butlej province, the J uUundur Doab. He at
]BJaljl837he was recalled to Delhi, and onoe repaired to his post and soon aibetod n
wm appointed to the soutlwiB or Chiq|aon provisional revenue settlement, based upon
dfivinon of the territory. "a payment of the land-tax in money and not
Ib NoTembt r 1888 he became settlement in kind. Ha oontinued to discharge the
officer at Etawah, a district then suffering laborious duties of the chief adrainistratorof
from a severe famine ; but at the end of the a newly constituted district until August,
fDllowing year an attack of fever, which when he was appointed, in addition to the
almost provfH fatal, compelled him to return JuUundur commi.ssionership, to the post of
home invalided on three years' furlough, lie acting-resident at Jjahore during tne en-
Indad in England in June 1840, and at once forced abtience of his brother Henry, the resi-
devoted himselfwith his chnracteristiceneranr dent. This post he occupied till theendof the
to negainiuc bin health and to finding a wiie year. On the conclusion of the treaty of Byro-
to his mind. He trayallBd in the highlands, wal, hy which, as he had pre viooafy advised,
IB Ulst'r, arifl in Germany, and at length, on the company'." resident at Lahore assumed the
S6 Aug. 1641. married flarriette Catherine, entire supervision of the government of the
iaaghter of tao Ber. Richard Hamilton, a Punjaub, be returned, after seven months' ab-
clergrman in county Donegal. Thinking his sence, to JuUundur, leaving his brother again
hcAltli re-established, he travelled for six established in Lahore. He was obliged at
montha in Piranee, Switzerland, and Italy; onoe to deal wHh the mtrieate question of
bat he contracted a fever in Rome, which the treatment of the fetidatories or jagheer-
ofati^ed hie doctors to forbid his return to dars of the dispossessed 81k h government in
bteatid). ' If I can't live in India I must the Trans-Sutlej provinces, and settled ^ to
go and die th>re,' he said, and sailed from the satisfaction both of flu>:t>rain and feuda-
ooathamptan on I Oct. 1^42. Hereached tory, by commuting the obsolete feudal aer-
JDlBu IB the spring of 1848, aodtaHtar acting iees lor a money payment and by reducing
for a time as civil and sessions jud^<\ was the fiefs of the jagneerdars in proportion.
qi^(atedtoKaniauL This appointment ter- In Atigust 1847 he was again obliged to r>
otbNwI hi November, and he did not find Hove us brother Henry at Lahore, and r*
anothfT post till the end of 1844, whn hf malned there till April 1848, during the
became magistrate and collector of the two interval which elapara between the depai^
dhtrieta of Ffeaipat and of DalhLtha tak tore of Henry Lawrence and the amval of
^hich ho had hdd helbra ha waa kfalided his successor, Sir Frederick Currie. A month
home. later, upon the murder of Vans Agnew and
Hithflvto his rise had simply heeo tiiat of AndenoninMonltaBfhenffedoiithe govern*
an avfi-Hge civilian. TIi utrh highlyeatet'nioil ment an ! rhr ii*'W resident at Lahore the
by many Indian authorities for bis energy and need of immediate action if disafiection waa
grasp or his work, he had not attraeted the to he prevented frum spnadniff and a geu^
attention of any governor-general. But in ral war wa.H to h<i averted. Unfortunately
1846 an accident brought him into penKMial decisive and sufficient action was delayed
iiiBliI wilh Lmd Harainge, who was newly too long, and the seooad Sihh war was the
aili vod in India. Scinde had been recently r_'8ult. His own province wan attacked in
annexed, the Sikhs were preparing for hosti- May hy an irr^rular force under a Guru,
lities, and men of rigour with a knowledge of Manaraj Singh, and in Septemher hy a larger
the country were needed on the north-west body under llam Singh, but duruig tlie
frontier. It was at Delhi on 11 Nov. 1846 dangerous and uncertain period preceding
that he first met Lord Hardinge and deeply the war Lawrsnoe was able, by his vigour,
~
'Jm by his talents, character, and firmness, and influence over the people of his
information. After the battle of Ferozepore province, to prevent any serious dai^er in
the governor-general, lacking provisions or the Jullundur Doab and a short and blood*
;

ammunition with whidi to loUow Vp the lesfl campaign in November and December
rictxjrr. "wrrtte to Lswrence for aitance. 1848 with the scanty forces at his command
in a few days he collected four thousand sulliced in his hands to suppress the disorders
fiRMia ngioM alsaadyaloKMitdfliiiltd BthohiUcouitv.Hto

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 Lawrence 710 Lawrence
titude haxi avprtod a eerious riibellion. Tho bearable to themselves and damaging to tli^^
siiaezi^ioii oi tSxFamaub was the conse- public service. Lord Dalhouaie aetsed ths
qqeaoe oC tiM tittoeiaul oonclusion of the opportunity of putting an and to tba bsiil,
war. I^argely on LawrencpV advioo tho Ml- which had never been designed to be man
aexatkm took pUoe immediatolj. than a temporarr expedient for dfaling wist
The adnunMntkm of the new lerritwy a newly annoKaa ooontfy. Honvy liawmcs
was placed under a board of three memben?, was appointed to the Rajputana agency, and
to the presidency of which Henry Lawrence John became chief comnuseioner for the Puih
wa appointed. John Lawrence tiud Cbarlea jaub in February 185di. Thenewarran^meitt
Qreviile Mansel [q. v.*), soon eucceedA by of the iroric between dio ohief eommisMmr
Kobert (afterward^ Sir Robert) Mnntpompry and two principal commis"sionerB under biin
[q. .], were the other members. Wuh (one for tinance and one tor judiciarr) wu
iaguliur suoceas and in the most thovoaich Jobn Lawmnce's own. For the next (bur
detail this board during the next four years, vMars he remained occupied with the actir?
tbrooghout a newly conquered and warlike and continuous discharge of the duties of thu
eovBtrj M Urge m Franoe and doatitnte f office, (jofiuspondinff on tlio grcateat wnftr
the machinery of civil government, created of affairs both with the govemor-genml
and established a sjstem of administration under whose control the Punjaub remaiaed,

complete in all its wanohes ^military, civil; and with hit own snbordinatea, risitiBg tis
ad tinancial*iwovided road?, canals, and whole of his province and the native statct
gaols, put an end to darnity and thuggee, under his chnTre. and jinpiPrintertdinjr
oodihed the law, reformed the coinage, and whole admmistratiou ol" the Fimjnub. During
promoted agriculture. Large part of the the Crimean war he eameatly oppoeed am
credit of thin work, as the largest part of its forward movement int-o Afghanistan. p;t>i*r
entile labour and the speciiil charge of its political or military, and then, as always
AuHMsiil portionSf beloi^ged to John Law- afterwarda, urged tlie Miffieieneyof liha ant-
rence, whose experience in all details of civil ing frontier for all the purpose.*; of the itafety
administration surpassed thst of the other of India. 'Let ua <ndy lie strong on thu
jiambm of tin boan). In the oowm of tliia aide the nasses,' he wfofeo, 'and w aa?
work tho board was exj)o.se<^l to the unsparing latigh at all that goes on in CaboL I woofi
and hostile criticisms of Sir Charles JS'apier waste neither men nor money beyond.' Ev
(,the commander-in-chief) and others, which Peehawur he considered a source not of
its ivcce^s for the most part anfficientlv an- strength but of weakness. A tHMty wu,
jlWflMd. Repeated and severe attaoKs of however, concluded with the ameer, and at
Jlwnf which luily the extraordinary Htrongth the ameer s own reque.st Lawrenea was wit
of Ilia conBtitution enabled him to shake oflT, in March 1655 to negotiate H. For tUiwI
almofit ob]i|^"d him to po home in 1861, but for his other services lie was, nn the rwnm-
the prospect of comj^leting his service in mendation of his hrm friend Lord DalhouM,
1866 and of thM retirinff n a peiuion in- made a K.O.B. early in 1869. Loid DfeK
duced him to remain at nis poj;t. lie was housie aUo strongly rocommended that tbs
further haravsed by the friction produced Punjaub, now fit to walk alone,' should, irxtk
'

botween himself and biBbrotherHenTj,owing or without Scinde, be constituted a sepants

lo the divergence of their views on many lieutenant-governorship, and that LawiiMi
points of administration, hut principally tipon should bo its fir{t lieutenant-govemor; hot
all questions relating to the treatment ol the the Punjaub did not become a lioutpnaot-
jagheerdam and qpan tha ajntm of collect ing govemorahip till after the mutiny. He wv
the land revenue and the mannpfementof the subsequently despatched to the frontier tn
finances. Both were men of strong wiUa, meet Dost Mohammed, the A&han amee^
trongQpinionfl,aBdliot,^fli7ten|n. Tbey who bad enireeteil a daiira fn in intarvier
din'e.rtd so much in habits and m training with =ome high British official. The roeet>iir
that in the face of oeiiou* diiieronoea of took place at Jamiood on 1^ Jan. 1857, and,
cpinton Mnflid tad Merinlnati^ beeftae after aeveral eonfevwioea, anbaidj and a
itttritable. Their personal affection and a^ supply of munitions of war tmm the Brinrfc
%eem, however, remained unimpaired. to tno ameer, for defensive purposes againsl
As fur back as 1849 John had applied to Persia, were agreed to. Lawrence forbore to
Loid Dalbousie for a removal to a more in- press for the presence of British officers ii
dependent TOSt. In 1862, the Hyderabad Cabul, being well aware that their livei* wnuM
rasidenoT failing vacant, both brothers inde- be in danger from a fanatical y>pulation, sad
pradentlv applied for it, both alleginf aa thair that anoUiar Afghan wnv miglit in eooM-
cround that tlio tension between them aacol- quence become neref^aary and n romnrj* n
; i

Jpagues upon lUi Pu||}at^ii board was un- was merely deq>atched to Caadahar to check

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 Lawrence 71 1 Lawrence
tfc applieation of tho Britinli suhsIdT. The tercept China PTpeditionary force. Civi-*
th*^
irticlesof agreement were feigned on 26 Jan. lian though he was by traiuiug, ho was a
]'<)7. He
returned to Lahore at the end of bom soldier; his advice was of the heal
March, and, apprehending the onthronk of the and Anson and Cnnning foiyave this unoon*
notinv AS little aA other Indian olhcials, had ventional detianco of all otlicial etiquette.
MtatllT applied fofp leten of ataMnee to tmrel To consolidate the seattond European foreeaf
in Ka-hmir for the restoration nf his mnrh- and tostrike with them immediately, was the
topaired health, when I/ord Canning warned subetaoce of his policy. "When 6ir Henry
ton that be might soon Iw m^ntly needed Bamardli forc