MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1400 30 300

Specific strength [0.2% yield strength/density] (kgf/mm2 /g/cm3)

Tensile strength Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
0.2%yield strength (STA) Base material
1200 Welded portion(400˚C x 300min annealing)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo 2000
(STA) Heat-affected zone(400˚C x 300min annealing)
Tensile strength, 0.2%yield strength (MPa)

Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al 20
1000 1800
(STA) Titanium alloy Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (ST)
Ti-6Al-4V (Ann)
KS120 Ti-9 (Ann) 250
1600
800

Stress (MPa)
KS100 Ti-6Al-4V ELI (ST)
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al 10 1400
(STA)

Tensile strength(MPa)
KS85 Steel-nickel alloy
600 Aluminum alloy 1200
KS70
Ti-3Al-2.5V Commercially Magnesium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI
KS50 1000 200
400 pure titanium
0
KS40 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (˚C) 800

200 Fig.2:Specific strength of various materials

600
Commercially pure titanium Titanium alloy
Commercially pure titanium (KS50)
0 400 150
1400 6 7
Fig.1:Tensile strength of commercially pure titaniums and various titanium Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (STA) 10
5
10 10
1200 200 Repetition frequency
alloys, and 0.2% yield strength(Specified minimum values) Tensile strength(MPa)
1000 Fig.5:Fatigue characteristics of commercially pure titanium (KS50) base
Ti-6Al-4V (Ann) 0
800 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
material and welded portion
600 Temperature (˚C)
SUS304
400 KS70
Ti-1.5Al
Table 1:Representative characteristics of commercially pure titanium, titanium 200 KS50
alloys, and steel base materials (Plate materials) 70
0
Representative values 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (˚C) Portions Stress ratio Notch coefficient
Base material 0 1.0
0.2% 1200 60
Material Tensile Tensile Vickers Erichsen Base material -1 1.0
yield 1400
direction
strength strength Elongation
(%)
hardness value 1000 Commercially pure titanium (KS50) Welded portion 0 1.0
(MPa) (Hv) (mm)
0.2%yield strength(MPa)

(MPa) Welded portion -1 1.0

800 50 Base material 0 3.0
1200
Commercially pure titanium

T 238 332 45.9 Base material -1 3.0

KS40 117 11.2 600
L 181 337 48.2

Elongation(%)
400 40 1000
T 272 387 41.6
KS50 144 10.3 200
L 222 391 38.7
0 30 800
T 429 551 26.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
KS70

Stress (MPa)
202 6.9 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (ST)
L 411 545 25.9 Temperature (˚C)
T 888 957 10.1 80 20 600
Ti-6Al-4V 320 - Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI
L 905 959 10.3
Titanium alloy

60
T 615 661 23.0 400
10
Elongation(%)

Ti-3Al-2.5V 240 -
L 501 654 20.0 40
Ti-15V-3Cr T 789 828 19.8 Ti-6Al-4V ELI(ST) 200
260 7.9 0
-3Sn-3Al L 772 823 19.1 20 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
T 169 303 45.0 Temperature (˚C) 0
Mild steel 88 10.1
L 167 301 46.5 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07
T 263 648 58.0 Temperature (˚C) Repetition frequency [-]
Stainless steel
(SUS 304) 168 13.0
L 264 662 55.7 Fig.3:Tensile characteristics of various commercially pure titaniums, various titanium Fig.4:Low temperature tensile properties of commercially pure titanium and Fig.6:Fatigue characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V base material and welded portion
alloys and SUS304 under room temperature and high temperatures various titanium alloys

Commercially pure titanium has a tensile strength ranging from 275 to titanium alloys. Low temperature characteristics pure titanium and titanium alloys exhibit almost no decline in fatigue
590 MPa, and this strength is controlled primarily through oxygen content The specific strength of titanium alloy is superior to other metallic Neither commercially pure titanium nor titanium alloys become brittle strength.
and iron content. The higher the oxygen and iron content, the higher the materials in the temperature range up to 600ûC. (Fig. 2) even at extremely low temperatures. In particular, commercially pure
strength. We are currently producing various titanium alloys from Ti- titanium and Ti-5A1-2.5Sn EL1 can be used even at 4.2 K (-269ûC).
The fracture toughness of titanium alloys range from 28 to 108MPa.m1/2
Toughness
3A1-2.5V with a tensile strength of 620 MPa, to Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI with High temperature characteristics (Fig. 4)
a tensile strength of 1250 MPa. Commercially pure titanium is stable for use in the temperature range up and is in negative correlation with tensile yield strength. Fracture
(Tensile strengths listed above are KOBELCO's specified minimum values.) to approximately 300ûC due to its specific strength, creep resistance, and Fatigue characteristics toughness is dependent on microstructure, and thus fracture toughness is
Fig.1 shows the tensile strength and yield strength of commercially other properties. On the other hand, titanium alloys exhibit high strength The fatigue strength (10 cycles) is roughly equivalent to 50% of the tensile
7 higher in materials with acicular structures.
pure titanium and various titanium alloys and Table 1 shows the ten- in the temperature range up to approximately 500ûC. (Fig. 3) strength, and welding does not cause a significant decline in fatigue
sile characteristics of commercially pure titanium and representative strength. (Figs. 5 and 6) In addition, even in seawater, both commercially
 CORROSION RESISTANCE
Tantalum Boiling point Table 2:Comparison of corrosion resistance of various heat exchanger materials 23˚C
100 1.4 8m/s, sea water
Zirconium Commercially pure titanium Corrosion resistance rank 150h
Hastelloy B Purity of
Material General Pitting Crevice Stress corrosion Sand diameter < 50 m
Ti-015Pd alloy sea water corrosion corrosion corrosion cracking Erosion 1.2
T-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy
10 Clean 1 1 1 1 2
Ti-5Ta alloy Titanium
Contaminated 1 1 1 1 2 Naval brass

Corrosion rate (mm/year)

1.0
Chloride concentration

AKOT
Clean 2 2 2 1 3
Commercially pure titanium AKOT Al brass
Contaminated 2 4 4 4 3

Corrosion rate (mm/year)

Hastelloy C
Monel 1 Clean 1 2 2 1 3 0.8
70/30 Cu-Ni
Contaminated 2 4 4 4 3
Clean 1 1 2 1 2 Aluminum brass
Zirconium Hastelloy C Stainless steel 0.6
Contaminated 1 2 3 2 2
Ti-0.15Pd
0.1 Corrosion resistance rank: 1=Excellent 2=Good 3=Ordinary 4 =Inferior 90/10 cupronickel
Monel
0.4
Inconel
Table 3:Environment causing titanium stress corrosion cracking
316 Stainless steel 0.2 Aluminum bronze 70/30
304 Stainless steel 0.01 Environment Susceptible titanium materials Cupro-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Methanol containing halogen or acid Commercially pure titanium nickel
Non-oxidizing Oxidizing HCl (mass %) Non-aqueous solution 0
Fuming red nitric asid Ti-6Al-4V Commercially pure titanium
Fig.7:Corrosion resistance range of various metals Fig.8:Corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium and corrosion resistant
(Each metal shows excellent corrosion resistance in the arrow-marked range) titanium alloys in hydrochloric acid solution Brine High strength titanium alloy 0 5 10 15
Aqueous solution High temperature and high pressure Sand content in seawater (g/l)
Commercially pure titanium
bromide solution Fig.11:Sand erosion resistance of commercially pure titanium and copper
Ti-015Pd alloy High temperature chloride Molten halogen salt High strength titanium alloy alloys in running sea water

250 Liquid metal Hg, Cd High strength titanium alloy

Commercially pure titanium AKOT

1 104ûC
200 Susceptible to crevice corrosion Magnesium
Velocity: 2.4 ~ 3.9m/sec Zinc
0.5 Beryllium
PdO/TiO2 Temperature: 10 ~ 27˚C Aluminum alloy
Cadmium
Corrosion rate (mm/year)

coated titanium
Temperature (˚C)

Activated condition Mild steel/Cast iron

Low alloy steel
82ûC 150 Austenitic nickel cast iron
Aluminum bronze
Immune to crevice corrosion Naval brass, bronze, red brass
Tin
Copper
Solder(50/50)
0.1 54ûC 100
Admiralty brass, aluminum brass
Manganese bronze
Silicon bronze
Tin bronze(G&M)
0.05 Stainless steel(410,416)
32ûC 316 Stainless steel German silver
90~10 Cupronickel
80~20 Cupronickel
50 Stainless steel(430)
Lead
70~30 Cupronickel
Nickel, aluminum bronze
Nickel -chrome alloy 600 (inconel 600)
304 Stainless steel Silver solders
Nickel 200
0.01 0 Silver
Stainless steel(302,304,312,347)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Nickel-copper alloy 400,K-500
NaOH (mass %) CI- concentration (mass %) 20 alloy (Carpenter 20)
Stainless steel(316,317)
Nickel-iron-chrome alloy 825 (Inconel 825)
Source:LaQue, F. L.,"The behavior of nickel-copper alloys in seawater",
Fig.9:Corrosion rate of commercially pure titanium deaerated NaOH solution Fig.10:Boundary of crevice corrosion of various titanium materials and Titanium
Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu-Si alloy B (Hastelloy B) Journal of the American society of naval engineers,
vol. 53, February 1941, #1, pp.22-64
stainless steel in chloride solution Platinum
Ni-Cr-Mo alloy C (Hastelloy C)
Tokushuko, Vol.41, No.5, P38
Graphite
+0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6
(1) General properties Potential (V vs SCE)
Titanium is normally an active metal, but exhibits extremely high Please note that titanium is corroded by alkali of high temperature and
Fig.12:Natural potential of various metals in running seawater
corrosion resistance because a passive film of titanium oxide is high concentration. (Fig. 9)
generated and is maintained in many environments.
(3) Corrosion resistance against chloride solutions
Titanium is optimal in oxidizing environments in which this passive film Unlike stainless steel and copper alloys, titanium is not subject to pitting (5) Erosion resistance (7) Reactivity to gas
is formed. (Fig. 7) corrosion or stress corrosion cracking, nor to general corrosion. (Table 2) The erosion resistance of commercially pure titanium is far superior to Since titanium has a strong affinity for oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
that of copper alloys. (Fig. 11) gases, care must be taken with regard to usage conditions such as
The passive film of titanium provides extremely high resistance to However, titanium is subject to crevice corrosion under high-temperature temperature and pressure.
seawater because, unlike stainless steel, it is not easily broken down even conditions in highly concentrated solutions. In such cases, it is (6) Galvanic corrosion
by chlorine ions. recommended to use corrosion resistant titanium alloys such as Ti-0.15Pd In comparison with other practical metals, the electric potential of Titanium exhibits corrosion resistance against moisture-containing

(2) Corrosion resistance against acid and alkali
Please note that high-concentration non-oxidizing acids such as hydro-
chloric acid and sulfuric acids at high temperatures can corrode titanium.
In such conditions, it is recommended to use corrosion resistant titanium
alloys such as Ti-0.15Pd alloy, Ti-Ni-Pd-Ru-Cr alloy (AKOT), etc. (Fig. 8)
Titanium exhibit excellent corrosion resistance against oxidizing acids
such as nitric acid, chromic acid, etc.
alloy, AKOT, etc. (Fig. 10) titanium is high. (Fig. 12) Therefore, if titanium comes in contact with chlorine gas, but please note that titanium reacts significantly with dry
other metals of lower potential such as copper alloys and aluminum in chlorine gas.
(4) Stress corrosion cracking an electrically conductive solution, corrosion of such other metals may
Titanium is subject to stress corrosion cracking only in certain special be accelerated. (Galvanic corrosion) (8) Other
environments. (Table 3) Generally, the corrosion resistance of titanium is not affected by material
When austenitic stainless steels such as SUS304 and SUS316 come in history including welding, finishing, and heat treatment.
contact with titanium under room temperatures, there is generally no
problem of galvanic corrosion due to the smaller potential differences
between these stainless steels and titanium.
 CORROSION RESISTANCE MACHINING
Table 4:Corrosion resistance of titanium and other metals in various corrosive environments Table 5:Difficulties in cutting and shearing titanium and countermeasures

Classifi- Conc. Temperature Corrosion resistance Difficulties Causes Countermeasures

cation Corrosion medium (mass%) (˚C) Commercially pure Unalloyed 304
titanium Ti-0.15Pd zirconium stainless steel Hastelloy C • Slower cutting speed (ex. to 1/3 or less of steel cutting speed ) and re-set the cutting feed
25 to a fairly coarse pitch, for exothermal control.
1 • Use a coolant as much as possible for cooling down the titanium and cutting tool
Boiling • Heat build-up accumulates easily due to
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Generally a non-soluble oil coolant is used for low-speed heavy-duty cutting and
25 Seizure occurs, then less heat capacity in addition to less shearing and a soluble cutting coolant is used for high speed cutting/shearing.
10
Boiling causing a cutting tool to thermal conductivity. • Replace a cutting tool earlier than usual. If ceramic-, TiC- and TiN-coated tools are used
25 wear earlier. • Titanium itself reacts easily to cutting tools for cutting/shearing titanium, their lives get shorter.
1 because of it's active material. In general, hard steel tools are used (for cutting/shearing large quanties of titanium by
Inorganic Boiling
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) machines with sufficient rigidity and high power capacity) and high-speed carbide tool
acids 25
10 are used (for cutting/shearing small quanties of titanium by machine with low power
Boiling capacity.
25
10
Boiling Chattering • The cutting power fluctuates due to chips of • Fully cool down the tool and titanium, in addition to exothermic control by the above
Nitric acid (HNO3)
25 (Vibration arising from titanium saw-tooth form. (This is caused by cutting recommended conditions.
65 cutting/shearing is about 10
• Use a cutting/shearing machine with enough rigidity, power and an adjustable broad
Boiling times as much as that from heat concentrating to the cutting section
Boiling steel cutting/shearing.) and local deformation of titanium.) cutting speed range.
10
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
60 Boiling
25 Titanium reacts rapidly to oxygen, because of
10
Formic acid (HCOOH) its active metal. (Formed titanium work never Clean the cutting and shearing machines periodically to prevent chips from being
Organic 30 Boiling Chips burning burns, but cutting chips and polishing deposited. Use dry sand, common dry salt, graphite powder and metal extinguisher as fire
acids 10 25 compound could ignite from welding and extinguishing agents /extinguishers.
Oxalic acid ((COOH) 2)
25 60 No data available grinding sparks or strong impact.)
10 Boiling
Lactic acid (CH3CH (OH) COOH)
85 Boiling
10 100
Caustic soda (NaOH)
40 Boiling
Alkalis
5 Boiling
Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
20 Boiling
25
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 25
Boiling
Table 6:Tool materials recommended for titanium machining
25
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 40
Boiling Tool material JIS tool material codes
Inorganic 20 Boiling
chlorides Zinc chloride (ZnCI2) Class-K K01, K05, K10 , K20 , K30, K40
50 Boiling
Tungsten carbide
25 Class-M M10, M20, M30 , M40
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 42
Boiling
25 V-based SKH10 , SKH57, SKH54
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) 30
Boiling Mo-based SKH7, SKH9, SKH52, SKH53, SKH55, SKH56
High-speed steel
Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) 25
20 Powdered high-speed steel KHA
Boiling
25 Diamond Man-made diamond, natural diamond
Sodium sulfide (Na2S) 10
Inorganic Boiling
salts 5 25 Material types used frequently
Sodium chlorite (NaOCl)
15 25
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 25
30
Boiling
Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) 95 25
Organic Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 100 Boiling
compounds Phenol (C6H5OH) Saturat 25
Formaldehyde (HCHO) 37 Boiling
Dry 25 (1) Cutting (2) Shearing
Chlorine (Cl2) The properties of machinability of titanium are similar to those of Burr often occur when shearing titanium, and therefore a key point
stainless steel, though slightly inferior. However, the application of is to slightly reduce the upper blade - lower blade clearance. 5% of
Humid 25
Gases Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Dry 25
easy-to-machine conditions enables trouble-free lathe turning, plate thickness is a guideline (with stainless steel it is 10%). The
Humid 25
milling, drilling, threading, etc. Of course, the machinability of shear resistance of titanium is approximately 80% of its tensile
40 titanium differs according to the material quality. For example, strength. It is possible to shear titanium with a shearing machine,
Ammonium (NH3) 100
100 commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys offer excellent provided that the machine is capable of shearing materials with
25 machinability, while titanium alloy is the most inferior in tensile strength equal to that of titanium. Of course, titanium cutting
Seawater -
100 machinability. - alloy is an intermediate material between the is possible by means other than a shear machine. Please contact us
Others former two alloys. for details.
The main difficulties experienced with titanium cutting are shown in
80
Naphtha -
180
Table 5. The tool materials recommended for titanium cutting are
Degree of corrosion resistance 0.125mm year or less 0.125 0.5mm year 0.5 1.25mm year 1.25mm year or more shown in Table 6.
Local corrosion such as pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
 FORMING
Due to its potential for cold bending and press-forming, titanium is Table 7:Bending properties of commercially pure titanium sheets - 1 Table 8:Bending properties of commercially pure titanium sheets - 2
Forming temperature (˚C)
generally used as a material for press-formed products. Titanium alloys (4t, U-shaped bending) (0.5t, knife edge and tight-contact bending)
Material
are mainly classified into , - and alloys, and the formability
differs according to the type of titanium alloy. Warm and hot formings
0 200 400 600 800
Bending radius (R/t) Bending 90degree 135degree
are used with and - alloys because of their insufficient cold Commercially Bending
pure Material Material Tight contact
formability and large spring-back. (Fig. 13) KS50, KS70 direction direction knife edge knife edge
titanium 2.5 2.0 1.0 Tight contact
The forming methods applied are mainly press-forming methods such as
bending, deep drawing, stretch forming, and spinning, the same as those alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn KS40 OK OK OK NG T OK OK OK
used with stainless steel. In the solution-treated condition, titanium
KS40
alloy can be cold formed. Aging treatment can be applied to post- KS50 OK OK OK NG L OK OK OK
alloy Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V
formed titanium alloy, thereby achieving strength ranging from 1300 T-bending
to 1500 MPa. KS60 OK OK NG NG T OK OK NG
- alloy Ti-6Al-4V KS50
The key points in bending and press-forming are described below.
KS70 OK NG NG NG L OK OK NG
alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al

: Medium forming : Severe forming

Fig.13:Forming temperature ranges for commercially pure titanium and
titanium alloys

Table 9:In-plane anisotropy in bending of commercially pure titanium sheets Table 10:Bending properties of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI alloy sheets

Bending properties Thickness Bending 105degree 90degree 135degree Tight

Material Thickness Bending method
(mm) (mm) direction R=2t knife edge knife edge contact
T-bending L-bending
KS40 4 OK NG 135degree knife edge closely contact T OK OK OK NG
0.5
kS50 4 OK NG 135degree knife edge L OK OK OK NG
KS60 3 OK NG 90degree knife edge T OK OK NG NG
(1) Bending 1.0
The spring-back of both commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys KS70 4 OK NG R=2t, U-shaped bending L OK OK OK NG
tends to be greater than that of other metals. Of the commercially pure
titanium materials, the soft materials KS40S and KS40 exhibit the same
* The datum of Tables 7 ~10 were all taken from pages 77, 78 and 81 of "Titanium Machining Technology " edited by Japan Titanium Association and issued by NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN.LTD.
level of spring-back as SUS304, but the higher the strength of the
material, the greater the spring-back. An effective method of reducing
spring-back is to bend the material at a bending angle allowing for the
spring-back value, or to use a die set matching the sheet thickness and
pressing the material until it is in perfect contact with the die set.

For commercially pure titanium, cold (room temperature) bending is

possible up to KS40S to KS70. KS40S and KS40 will respond to most
bending angles, although it depends on the sheet thickness. Materials of
higher strength require a larger bending radius. Hot bending is effective
(2) Press-forming Table 11:Stretch formability of commercially pure titanium, titanium alloy and
in bending high-strength materials (ex. KS85m, KS100, etc.) exceeding steel material
Press-forming is mainly applied to commercially pure titanium, and is
KS70. Caution must be used with KS40 and KS50 because hot bending
T-bending usually performed at room temperature. The formability of titanium Stretch
may deteriorate the bendability characteristics.
alloy is comparable to that of commercially pure titanium KS50
Thickness Erichsen value
Material (mm) forming height
KS70, but be aware that high spring-back will cause difficulty in
(mm)
(mm)
The bendability of commercially pure titanium is generally better for T-
Rolling direction forming and achieving dimensional accuracy.
bending than for L-bending. (Fig. 14) Therefore, care must be exercised
KS40S 12.1 36.2
in sheet cutting. On the other hand, the sheet cutting direction does not
The main deformation conditions in press forming are stretch forming
generally need to be considered when cutting titanium alloy because
and deep drawing, but the deep drawing properties of commercially pure KS40 11.2 35.4
of less anisotropy in the bending plane. Commercially
titanium are better than its stretch forming properties. Thus it is
important to consider deep drawing factors when selecting an pure KS50 10.3 33.7
In some cases, the bending properties of titanium may deteriorate
appropriate press-forming condition and designing a forming die set.
titanium
depending on the surface roughness of the bending surface. In such KS60 1.0 7.5 26.3
cases, the surface may be effectively smoothed by buffing, but it is
Of the commercially pure titanium metals, the softest, KS40S, is suited
important to buff perpendicularly to the bending axis. Furthermore, it is KS70 6.9 23.1
to press-forming subjected to many stretch forming factors.
much more effective to remove buffing traces by pickling. L-bending In contrast, KS40 and KS50 are also suitable for press-forming subjected Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al 7.9 27.6
to many deep-drawing factors.
Tables 7 10 show the bending properties of commercially pure 13.0
Table 11 shows the stretch formability of various materials. SUS304 40.5
titanium and titanium alloys.

Titanium galls easily to die sets, so lubrication is required to suit the SUS430 8.8 29.7
press-forming conditions. For example, lubricants such as grease and 0.6
Mild steel 10.1 37.2
oil, or wax-based lubricants and graphite grease are used in press-
forming at room temperature. Taken from:page 84 of "Titanium Press-forming Technology" edited by Japan Titanium Association
It is also effective to affix a polyethylene sheet to the blank. and issued by the NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN.LTD.
Fig.14:Definition of bending direction and KOBE STEEL's internal technical data
 JOINING
Various joining techniques such as welding, brazing, pressure-welding,
22 Table 13:Representative brazing materials and brazing temperatures
diffusion bonding, and mechanical joining (e.g. bolting, etc.) may be
20
used to join titanium plates. (Fig. 15) Brazing material Brazing temperature (˚C)
Heated & quenched
18
Ag-3Li 800
16
1% H2SO4 Ag-7.5Cu-0.2Li 920
TIG welding(GTAW) 14

Corrosion rate (mm/year)

Arc welding MIG welding(GMAW) Ag-28Cu-0.2Li 830
Plasma welding 12
Electron beam Annealed material Ag-20Cu-2Ni-0.2Li 920
Welding welding 10
methods Ag-20Cu-2Ni-0.4Li 920
Laser welding 8
Spot welding
Resistance Seam welding Ag-9Ga-9Pd 900
welding 6 Portion welded under Portion welded under
Flash butt welding perfectly shielded imperfectly shielded argon gas atmosphere Ag-27Cu-5Ti 840
Available 4 argon gas atmosphere
joining
methods 65% HNO3 Annealed and heated & quenched Fig.18:Appearance of TIG-welded portion of titanium Ti-15Cu-15Ni 930
2
Brazing Explosive Ti-20Zr-20Cu-20Ni 890
welding 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Pressure Rolling pressure Iron content (%) Ti-25Zr-50Cu 890
Other welding welding : Annealed : Heat & quenched (simulation of welded portion)
methods Friction
Diffusion Fig.16:Effects of welding on corrosion rate of commercially pure titanium
bonding welding

Mechanical joining (bolting, etc.)

Fig.15:Titanium jointing methods TIG torch HEAT TREATMENT

Shield gas
Strain relief annealing is applied to commercially pure titanium and An electric furnace with a fan agitation function is preferable for
Table 12:Mechanical properties of titanium thick plate to plate welded joint
titanium alloys after hot and cold working. Annealing is also applied to temperature control in the heat-treatment of titanium (Fig. 19).
After-shield recover or re-crystallize the deformed microstructure. Thus, annealing is Furthermore, when using an annealing furnace, in order to prevent
Base metal Weld Filler
effective for stabilizing the microstructure and dimensions of the treated hydrogen absorption, it is necessary to increase the air ratio and make the
Thickness Tensile Hv Tensile Hv
Material Stainless wool product, and to improve the cutting properties and mechanical furnace atmosphere one of weak oxidation, and to contain the product to
(mm) strength hardness strength hardness
(MPa) (10kg) (MPa) (10kg) properties. be treated in a muffle to protect the product from direct contact with
Shield gas flame.
Commercially pure titanium 9 375 145 419 155
(JIS Class-2) Heat treatments such as solution treatment & aging (STA), and double
solution treatment & aging (STSTA) are applied to titanium alloys to Table 14 shows typical conditions for the heat treatment of titanium
Commercially pure titanium improve strength, toughness, and fatigue properties. Titanium alloys of materials.
(JIS Class-3) 20 530 185 562 218
Titanium plate
more phase exhibit better heat-treatment properties. With titanium
Ti-0.15Pd alloy, after solution treatment it is possible to achieve tensile strength of
5 401 153 405 178
(JIS Class-12) Back shield around 1600 MPa by a two-stepped aging process of low-temperature
Welding method: TIG welding Tungsten electrode aging and high-temperature aging.
Shield gas
Electrode: same material as base metal ( 2mm)
Fig.17:TIG welding torch and shield jig for titanium plate

(1) Welding Table 14:Representative heat treatment conditions for titanium materials
Titanium has excellent properties of weldability, and there is little If the welded portion reacts to gas, the result is discoloration as shown in
change in the mechanical properties or corrosion resistance of the Available heat treatment methods
Fig. 18. This phenomenon allows us to determine the weld quality, to
welded area. (Table 12, Fig. 16) some extent, by an inspection of its appearance. Material Stress Solution
Annealing Aging
However, at high temperatures titanium has a high affinity for oxygen relief treatment
gas and nitrogen gas, and reaction with these gases may result in The welding of titanium to steel materials had previously been
Commercially pure 480-595˚C 650-815˚C - -
hardening and embrittlement which could cause a decline in ductility considered difficult, but the technology developed by KOBE STEEL for
titanium 15-240min 15-120min
and the occurrence of blowholes in the welded area. Hence, welding to welding heterogeneous metals has enabled techniques such as the direct
titanium must be performed in an inert gas or vacuum. In addition, the lining of titanium to steel plate. (Please refer to "Steel Pipe Piles for
welding material and electrode, and the welding environment must be 370-595˚C 650-790˚C
Wharf" on page 6.) Ti-3Al-2.5V - -
cleaned thoroughly before welding. - 15-240min 30-120min
(2) Brazing titanium
Of all titanium materials, commercially pure titanium and titanium
alloy 480-650˚C 705-870˚C 900-970˚C 480-690˚C
Brazing is applied when titanium cannot be welded to other metals or Ti-6Al-4V
alloy have the best properties of weldability. when welding is difficult due to complex structures. Brazing to titanium 60-240min 15-60min 2-90min 2-8hr
is performed under a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. The use of the
Of the welding methods shown in Fig. 15, TIG welding is the generally 790-895˚C 760-815˚C 760-815˚C 480-675˚C
brazing materials listed in Table 13 is recommended. titanium Ti-15V-3Cr
used. As shown in Fig. 17, a welding torch with a gas shield jig is used alloy -3Sn-3Al 30-60min 3-30min 2-30min 2-24hr
for TIG welding. A Reaction of the welded portion to oxygen, etc. is
prevented by putting it under an argon gas atmosphere. Taken from: AMS-H-81200 Product shapes: thin plates, thick plates Fig.19:Furnace for titanium products
 SURFACE TREATMENT
Ammeter
1400 min 10 30 60 120
700˚C ˚C Ti-6Al-4V A
V DC power
1200 400
Solid lubricated
Ti-6AI-4V
Voltmeter
Oxide film thickness (Å=10 mm)

1000 600˚C
Gas-nitrided
-7

450
Ti-6AI-4V
Electrolytic vessel
800 Non-lubricated
WC sprayed SUJ2 Friction distance : 500m Electrolyte
500 Ti-6AI-4V Cathode (AI)
600 Speed : 83.3mm/sec Anode (Ti)
Load : 980N Fig.25:Schematic diagram of anodizing method
KENI COAT
400 Ti-6Al-4V
500˚C 550
0 50 100 150 200
200 Wear (mg)
400˚C
600 Fig.24:Sliding wear test results of Ti-6AI-4V alloys to which various surface
treatments were applied
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Atmospheric oxidizing time (minutes)
Fig.20:Relationship between atmospheric oxidizing time and oxide film thickness 650

700

300 Conforming to the atmospheric oxidizing treatment conditions in Fig.20 2000

Atmospheric oxidizing treatment Fig.21:Appearance of commercially pure titanium specimens after
atmospheric oxidation Pink

Oxide film thickness (Å=10 mm)

1500

-7
70˚C Green yellow
200 Green
Susceptible to corrosion
Temperature (˚C)

2.0
1000 Purple
Corrosion reduction (mg/cm2)

PdO-TiO2 coated titanium Yellow

100 Commercially pure titanium
500
Polishing Blue
Immune to 1.0
corrosion Brown
Anodizing Gold treatment
0
0 Ti-0.15Pd 0 50 100 150
2 4 6 Voltage for anode oxidizing (V)
HCI (mass %)
Fig.26:Relationship of anode oxidizing treatment voltage vs titanium oxide
Fig.22:Boundary of active area to passive area of surface treated titanium film thickness
materials in hydrochloric acid solution 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
HCI (mass %)
Fig.27:Appearance of anodized titanium
(The numerals show the applied anodizing voltages)
Fig.23:Corrosion resistance of PdO-TiO2 coated titanium, commercially pure
titanium and Ti-0.15Pd alloy in hydrochloric acid
(2) Surface treatment for wear resistance (3) Surface treatment for surface design
(1) Surface treatment for corrosion resistance ¥ KENI COAT By forming an oxide film on the titanium surface using the anodizing,
¥ Atmospheric oxidizing treatment ¥ Noble metal coating "KENI COAT" is a hard electric Ni-P plating technology for light interference allows us to achieve beautiful color tones of high
The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium is due to a thin film of The general corrosion resistance and crevice corrosion resistance of improving wear resistance, which is one weak point of titanium. saturation, according to the film thickness. (Figs. 25 27)
titanium oxide on the surface that is no more than a few dozen angstrom titanium can be further improved by coating the surface with a film The hardness (Hv450-900), toughness, lubricity, and adhesion
in thickness. Hence, the corrosion resistance can be further improved by incorporating PdO-TiO2. (Fig. 23) properties of titanium are balanced to an outstanding level, so that (4) Surface finishing
investing the titanium with additional oxide film through atmospheric the treated titanium exhibits excellent wear resistance. Various surface finishes are available including mirror, Scotch-Brite,
oxidizing treatment of its surface. (Fig. 24) Treated titanium is a champagne-gold color, and can also hairline, vibration, blast, dull, and embossed.
(Fig. 20 22) Furthermore, atmospheric oxidizing treatment greatly be blackened.
inhibits hydrogen absorption.