1

8. ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES

(A) ORIFICES
8.1 Introduction to Orifices
An orifice is an opening provided in the side or bottom of a tank, through which a
fluid flows and is used for measuring the discharge.
Orifices may be classified as follows:
(a) Based on size
(i) Small orifice: An orifice is termed small when its dimensions are small
compared to the head causing flow. If the head of liquid from the centre of orifice
is more than five times the depth of the orifice, the orifice is termed a small
orifice. Velocity does not vary appreciably from top to bottom edge of orifice.
(ii) Large orifice: An orifice is termed large when the head of liquid is less than
five times the depth of the orifice. Velocity varies appreciably from top to bottom
edge of orifice.
(b) Based on shape: Circular, triangular, rectangular or square.
(c) Based on shape of upstream edge of orifice: Sharp-edged, rounded, bell-mouthed.
(d) Based on discharge conditions: Free discharging, drowned/submerged further
classified as fully submerged or partially submerged.
8.2 Discharge Through a Small Orifice
The flow through a small orifice will be as shown in Fig 8.1. The point at which
streamlines are straight and parallel to each other is called the vena-contracta.

H C 2, Vena contracta

C
Fig 8.1: Small Orifice
Consider the two points, 1 and 2 when the flow is steady and at a constant head H.
Applying Bernoullis equation to points 1 and 2:
p 1 v12 p v2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 where
w 2g w 2g
p 1 v1 p 2 v 22
2
+ = + ( z1 = z2 )
w 2g w 2g
p p
Now, 1 = H and 2 = 0 (atmospheric pressure), v1 is very small compared to v2, as the
w w
tank area is very large when compared to that of the jet of the liquid.
v 22
H + 0 = 0 +
2g
Hence, v 2 = v th = 2gH , (where vth = theoretical velocity)

h.m.m
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Hydraulic coefficients:
(i) Coefficient of velocity, Cv is the ratio of the actual velocity of the jet at vena
contracta to the theoretical velocity of the jet.
actual velocity of jet at vena contracta v
Cv = =
theoretical velocity 2gH
Cv varies from 0.95 to 0.99 for different orifices depending on size, shape and
head. For sharp edged orifice, Cv = 0.98.
(ii) Coefficient of contraction, Cc is the ratio of the area of jet at vena contracta to
the area of the orifice.
area of jet at vena contracta a c
Cc = =
area of orifice a
Cc varies from 0.61 to 0.69 depending on shape, size and head of liquid, and
may be generally taken as 0.64.
(iii) Coefficient of discharge, Cd is the ratio of the actual discharge from an orifice
to the theoretical discharge.
actual discharge
Cd =
theoretical discharge
actual velocity actual area
=
theoretical velocity theoretical area
actual velocity actual area
=
theoretical velocity theoretical area
i.e. Cd = C v Cc , where Cd varies from 0.61 to 0.65, and generally may be
taken as 0.62.

Experimental Determination of Coefficients

(a) Determination of coefficient of discharge, Cd
By maintaining a constant head of water in the tank over the orifice, the jet of
water discharged by the orifice is collected in a measuring tank. The rise in level of
water in the measuring tank is measured in a known interval of time.
Actual discharge, Qa =
(area of measuring tank rise in water level)
interval of time
Theoretical discharge, Qt = a 2gH
Qa Qa
Cd = =
Q t a 2gH
The experiment is repeated a number of times and the average value of Cd
obtained.
(b) Determination of coefficient of velocity, Cv
Constant head of water is maintained over the orifice.
Consider any point P on the centre line of the jet as shown in Fig 8.2.
Let: v = velocity of the jet at the vena contracta, the horizontal and vertical
ordinates of P being x and y with respect to the centre of the jet at vena-
contracta as origin.
t = time taken by a particle of water to move from vena-contracta to P.

h.m.m
 3

Inflow to maintain constant level

H C x

C y
P
Fig 8.2
Horizontal displacement, x = vt ...(i)
Vertical displacement, y = gt ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
g x2 gx 2
y = 2 , or v =
2 v 2y
Theoretical velocity, v = 2gH
Coefficient of velocity,
v gx 2 1 x2
Cv = = =
V 2y 2gH 4yH
The experiment may be repeated taking other points on the centre line of the jet
and the values of Cv obtained averaged.
(c) Determination of the coefficient of contraction, Cc
(i) First method
The area of the jet at vena contracta is measured using a micrometer, as shown in
Fig 8.3. The instrument consists of a ring with four radial screw gauges, equally spaced.
The screws are adjusted such that the sharp points just touch the jet. The instrument is
then removed, and the spacings between the screws measured accurately.Shortcomings
noted include: (i)-Jet is not absolutely circular (ii)It is not possible to adjust all four
screws at the same time.
(ii) Second method
Coefficients of discharge and velocity are first determined. Coefficient of
contraction is then found by dividing the coefficient of discharge by the coefficient of
C
velocity. C c = d
Cv

Screw gauge

Water jet

Fig 8.3

h.m.m
 4

8.3 Discharge Through a Large Orifice.

In the case of a large orifice, the velocity is not constant over the entire cross-section
of the jet.
Consider a large rectangular orifice in one side of a tank, discharging freely into
atmosphere under a constant head, H, as shown in Fig 8.4.

H1 h
H
H2
dh d

b
Fig 8.4: Large Orifice
Let: H1 = height of liquid above top of the orifice.
H2 = height of liquid above bottom edge of orifice.
b = breadth of orifice.
d = depth of orifice = (H2 H1)
Cd = coefficient of discharge of the orifice.
Consider an elementary strip of thickness dh, at a depth of h below the free surface
of liquid in the tank as shown.
Area of strip = bdh.
Theoretical velocity of water through the strip = 2gh
Discharge through the elementary strip,
dQ = Cdarea of stripvelocity.
= Cd b dh 2gh
1
= Cd b 2g h 2 dh
Total discharge through the orifice may be obtained by integrating between the
limits, H1 and H2.
H2

Q = dQ = Cd b 2g h 1 2 dh
H1
H2
h3 2
= Cd b 2g
3 2 H 1

2
= Cdb 2g H 32 2 H13 2
3
8.4 Discharge Through a Submerged Orifice
A Submerged Orifice (or Totally Drowned Orifice) discharges at the outlet to
another liquid of the same kind as shown in Fig 8.5.
Let: H1 = height of liquid above top of orifice on upstream side.
H2 = height of water above bottom of orifice.
H = difference in water level.
b = width of orifice
Cd = coefficient of discharge.

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 5

Height of water above centre of orifice on upstream side,

H H1 H1 + H 2
= H1 + 2 =
2 2
Height of water above centre of orifice on downstream side,
H + H2
= 1 H
2

H
H1
H2
1 2

Fig 8.5: Submerged Orifice

Applying Bernoullis equation at sections 1 and 2, we get

p1 v12 p 2 v 22
+ = + ( z1 = z 2 )
w 2g w 2g
p H + H 2 p 2 H1 + H 2
Now, 1 = 1 , = H , and v1 is negligible.
w 2 w 2
H1 + H 2 H + H2 v2
+0= 1 H+ 2
2 2 2g
v2
Or H= 2
2g
v 2 = 2gH
Area of orifice = b (H 2 H 1 )
Discharge = Cd area velocity
= Cd b(H 2 H 1 ) 2gH
Or Q = Cd b(H 2 H 1 ) 2gH

8.5 Discharge Through a Partially Submerged Orifice

This has the outlet partially submerged under the liquid as shown in Fig 8.6.

H1 H
H2
1 2

Fig 8.6: Partially Submerged Orifice

Total discharge is equal to that of the submerged portion and free portion.

h.m.m
 6

Discharge through submerged portion is given by:

Q1 = Cd b(H 2 H1 ) 2gH (submerged portion)
Discharge through the free portion is given by:
2
( )
Q 2 = Cd b 2g H 32 2 H13 2 (free portion)
3
Total discharge,
Q = Q1 + Q 2
2
(
Or Q = Cd b(H 2 H 1 ) 2gH + Cd b 2g H 32 2 H 13 2
3
)
8.6 Time of Emptying a Tank Through an Orifice
(a) Cylindrical tank
Consider a circular tank with an orifice at the bottom as shown in Fig 8.7.
Let : A = area of tank top surface.
a = area of orifice.
H1 = initial height of liquid.
H2 = final height of liquid
T = time in seconds for level to fall from H1 to H2.

dh

H1
h

H2

Orifice

Fig 8.7: Cylindrical Tank

Let at any time, height of liquid above orifice be h, and liquid surface fall by dh in
time dT.
Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT = A(-dh) (i)
(negative sign indicates level is falling)
Theoretical velocity through orifice, v = 2gh
Discharge through orifice in time dT,
dQ = Cdarea of orificetheoretical velocity
= C d a 2gh dT (ii)
As volume of liquid leaving tank is equal to volume of liquid flowing through orifice
in time dT,
A( dh ) = C d a 2gh dT
Adh h 1 / 2 dh A
Or dT = = k where k =
C d a 2gh
C d a 2g C d a 2g
By integrating the above equation between limits H1 to H2, total time T is obtained:

h.m.m
 7

H2
h1 2
T H2

T = dT = k h 1 / 2
dh = k = k 2h [
12
]
H2
H1
0 H1 1 2 H1
Or T = k 2 H12 2 H11 2

T =
[
2A H 11 2 H 12 2 ]
Cd a 2g
To empty tank completely, H2 = 0
2A H 11 2
T=
Cd a 2g
(b) Hemispherical tank
Consider a hemispherical tank as shown in Fig 8.8
Let R = radius of tank
a = area of orifice.
H1 = initial height of water in tank.
H2 = height of water in tank after time T
h = head of liquid over orifice at any instance of time, x being the radius of the
liquid surface.

R R
dh

C D H1
h
H2

Orifice
Fig 8.8: Hemispherical Tank

Area of liquid surface, A = x

Theoretical velocity of liquid through orifice,v = 2gh
Let liquid level fall down by dh in time dT.
Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT,
= A(-dh) = -xdh (i)
Also, volume of liquid flowing through orifice,
= Cdarea of orificevelocity
= Cd a 2gh
Volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
= Cd a 2gh dT (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii)
x 2 ( dh ) = Cd a 2gh dT
(negative sign introduced since with increase of T, h decreases)

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 8

x 2 dh = Cd a 2gh dT (iii)
From figure and considering OCD, OC = R, and DO = R-h
2
CD = x = OC 2 OD 2 = R 2 ( R h )
2
or x 2 = R 2 ( R h ) = R 2 ( R 2 + h 2 2Rh ) = 2Rh h 2
Substituting value of x in equation (iii):
( )
2Rh h 2 dh = Cd a 2gh dT

or dT = = (
2Rh h 2 h 1 2 dh )
Cd a 2g Cd a 2g

= (
2Rh 1 2 h 3 2 dh )
Cd a 2g
Total time T required to bring level from H1 to H2 is obtained by integrating the
above equation between limits H1 to H2:
H2 H2

T = ( )
2Rh h dh = k 2Rh 1 2 h 3 2 dh ,
12 32
( )
H1 Cd a 2g H1

where k =
Cd a 2g
H2
h3 2 h5 2
Or T = k 2
3 2 5 2 H1
4 2
= k R ( H 32 2 H13 2 ) ( H 52 2 H15 2 )
3 5
4 2 52
=
Cd a 2g 3 R ( H 32
1 H 32
2 )
5
( H1 H 52 2 )

For complete emptying of tank, H2 = 0;

4 2
T= RH13 2 H15 2
Cd a 2g 3 5
(c) Time of Emptying a Circular Horizontal Tank
Consider a circular horizontal tank as shown in Fig 8.9, of length L, and radius R,
containing liquid up to a height H1.

O
dh
R A B C
h H1

L H2

Fig 8.9: Circular Horizontal Tank

h.m.m
 9

Let a = area of orifice at bottom of the tank. Time required to bring level from H1 to
H2 is obtained as follows:
Let at any time, height of liquid over orifice be h, and in time dT, let height fall by
dh.
Let at this time width of liquid surface = LAC
[
But AC = 2 2AB = 2 AO 2 OB 2 = 2 R 2 (R h ) ] 2

(
= 2 R 2 R 2 + h 2 2Rh = 2 2Rh h 2) ( )
Surface area, A = L AC = L 2 2Rh h 2 ( )
Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT,
= A(-dh) = 2L 2Rh h 2 (dh) (i)
Also volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
= Cdarea of orificevelocity in time dT
But velocity of liquid at time considered = 2gh
Volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
= Cd a 2gh dT (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii):
2L 2Rh h 2 (- dh ) = Cd a 2gh dT
(negative sign introduced as with increase of T, height h decreases)
2L 2Rh h 2
dT = dh
Cd a 2gh
2L (2R h )
= dh (taking h as common )
Cd a 2g
H2 12
2L(2R h )
Total time, T =
H1 Cd a 2g
dh

H2 H2
2L
(2R h ) dh = k (2R h ) dh
12 12
=
Cd a 2g H1 H1
H2
(2R h ) 32

= k 1
32 H1
4L
Or T=
3Cd a 2g
[
(2R H 2 )3 2 (2R H 1 )3 2 ]
For complete emptying of the tank,
4L
T=
3Cd a 2g
[
(2R )3 2 (2R H 1 )3 2 ]
8.7 Time of Flow From One Vessel to Another
Consider two tanks with communicating orifice in the common wall as shown Fig
8.10.

h.m.m
 10

h
Area, A1
Area, A2
a,v

Fig 8.10

Let: A1 and A2 be the areas of the two tanks

a = area of the orifice.
Let at any instant the water level in the tank of area A1 be h units above the
water level of the other tank, i.e. h = head causing the flow.
Let in a small interval of time dT the fall in water level of the first tank be dh1,
and the corresponding rise in water level of the other tank be dh2.
Quantity discharged in dT seconds,
= A1dh1 = A2 dh2
A
dh 2 = 1 dh 1
A2
Change in the head causing the flow,
A A
dh = dh 1 + dh 2 = dh 1 + 1 dh 1 = 1 + 1 dh 1
A2 A2
dh
dh 1 =
A
1 + 1
A2
Since the quantity discharged from the first tank equals the quantity that has
passed through the Orifice,
A 1dh 1 = Cda 2gh dT
A 1dh 1
dT = h 1 2
Cda 2g
A1 dh
= h 1 2
Cda 2g A
1 + 1
A2
A
= h 1 2 dh
A
Cda 2g 1 + 1
A2
Suppose initially the difference of water levels in the tanks is H1. Let after time
T the difference of water level in the tanks be H2.
Integrating the above equation between the lower and upper limits of h,

h.m.m
 11

1 H
A1
T=
A h 1 2 dh
Cda 2g 1 + 1 H 2
A2

=
(
2A 1 H 1 H 2 )
A
Cda 2g 1 + 1
A2
Duration of flow:
For this condition, put H2 = 0.
2A1 H1
T=
A
Cda 2g 1 + 1
A2
8.8 Discharge From a Tank With Inflow
Consider a tank receiving an inflow as shown in Fig 8.11.
Q

dh
H1

h
H2

q
Fig 8.11

Let: A = area of tank

a = area of orifice
Q = uniform inflow of water into the tank
q = rate of outflow through the orifice
h = head of water over orifice at an instant of time
dh = change in level in a small interval of time, dT
Amount of inflow = QdT
Amount of outflow = qdT
= Cda 2gh dT
= kh 1/2 dT , where k = Cd a 2g
Increase of liquid in tank,
= Adh = QdT-kh1/2dT = (Q-kh1/2)dT
Adh
dT =
(
Q kh 1/2 )
Let T be the interval of time in which the head of water increases from H1 to H2;
H2
Adh
T= 1/2
H1 Q kh

Put: Q kh 1/2 = z

h.m.m
 12

2

Qz
h 1/2 = or h =
(Q z )
k k2
2(Q z )dz
dh =
k2
dh 2(Q z )dz
or Q kh 1/2
=
k 2z
2 Q
= 2 1dz
k z
2
= 2 [Qlog e z z ]
k
2
[ (
= 2 Qlog e Q kh 1/2 Q kh 1/2
k
) ( )]
-2A H2
T= Qlog e Q - kh1/2 - Q - kh1/2
( ) ( )
2
k H1

-2A
= { (
Qloge Q - k H 2 - Q - k H 2)( )} - {Qloge ( Q - k H - Q - k H
)( )}
1 1
k2
-2A Q - k H2
or T = Qlog e
k2

Q-k H
+k ( H 2 - H1

)
1

Examples 8.1. A circular vertical tank of diameter 4m contains water up to a height of

5m, and has an orifice of diameter 0.5m at the bottom. Determine the time required: (a)
for water to fall from 5m to 2m (b) to completely empty the tank. Take Cd = 0.6

Solution
2
Diameter of tank, D = 4m, A = 4 = 12.566m 2
4

Diameter of orifice, d = 0.5m a = 0.5 2 = 0.1963m 2
4
Initial height of water, H1 = 5m
Case 1 : When final height of water, H2 = 2m;
2A
T= (
H 11 2 H 12 2 )
Cd a 2g
2 12.566
= (5 1/2
)
21/2 = 39.58s
0.6 0.1963 2 9.81
Case 2 : When final height of water, H2 = 0;
2 12.566
T= (
51/2 0 = 107.7s )
0.6 0.1963 2 9.81
Examples 8.2. A hemispherical tank of diameter 4m contains water up to a height of
1.5m. An orifice of diameter of 0.05m is provided at the bottom. Find the time required:
(i) for the water level to fall from 1.5m to 1.0m (ii) to completely empty the tank. Take Cd
= 0.6.

h.m.m
 13

Solution
Diameter of hemispherical tank, D = 4m, Radius, R = 2m

Diameter of orifice, d = 0.05m a = 0.05 2 = 0.001963m 2
4
Initial height of water, H1 = 1.5m; Cd = 0.6
Case 1: (H2 = 1m)
4 2
T= (
R H13/2 H 3/2
2 ) (
H15/2 H 5/2
2 )
Cd a 2g 3 5
4 2
= ( ) ( )
2 1.5 3/2 13/2 1.5 5/2 15/2
0.6 0.001963 2 9.81 3 5
= 921.4s = 15min 21.4s
Case 2: (H2 =0)
4 2
T= RH 13/2 H 15/2
Cd a 2g 3 5
4 2
= 2 1.5 3/2 1.5 5/2
0.6 0.001963 2 9.81 3 5
= 2286.33s = 38min 6.33s

(B) - MOUTHPIECES
8.9 Introduction to mouthpieces
A mouthpiece is a short length of pipe which is 2 to 3 times the diameter in length,
fitted into the side of a tank or vessel containing liquid and it is used for measuring the
discharge.
Mouthpieces are classified as follows:

Based on position of tank where fitted Internal or external mouthpiece.

Based on shapes Cylindrical, Convergent or convergent-divergent.

Based on nature of discharge (for internal mouthpieces only): (Bordas or re-
entrant mouthpieces) -Running full or Running free (jet not touching the sides of
the mouthpiece).
8.10 Flow through external cylindrical mouthpiece
Consider an external cylindrical mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.12.

Vena contracta
H C 1

C 1

Fig 8.12
Let: H = Height of liquid above centre of mouthpiece
vc = velocity of liquid at vena contracta
ac = area of flow at vena contracta
a1 = area of mouthpiece at outlet

h.m.m
 14

Cc = Coefficient of contraction
Applying Continuity equation at C-C and 1-1:
av v
a c v c = a 1 v1 or v c = 1 1 = 1
ac a c /a 1
But a c /a 1 = Cc 0.62
v1
vc =
0.62
Due to sudden enlargement at 1-1, there will be head loss hL, given as,
2
hL =
( v c v1 )
2g
But v c = v1 /0.62
2
v1
v1 2
0.62 v12 1 v12
hL = = 1 = 0.375
2g 2g 0.62 2g
Apply Bernoullis equation to point A and 1-1;
p A v 2A p v2
+ + z A = 1 + 1 + z1 + h L
w 2g w 2g
But zA = z, vA is negligible, and p1/w = atmospheric pressure = 0 gauge pressure,
pA/w = H.
v2 v2
H + 0 = 0 + 1 + 0.375 1
2g 2g
2
v
H = 1.375 1
2g
2gH
v1 = = 0.855 2gH
1.375
Theoretical velocity of liquid at outlet is,
vT = 2gH
Coefficient of velocity for mouthpiece,
actual velocity 0.855 2gH
Cv = = = 0.855
theoretical velocity 2gH
Cc for mouthpiece = 1 as the area of the jet at inlet is equal to area at outlet.
Thus Cd = CcCv =10.855 = 0.855
Since Cd for mouthpiece is > Cd for orifice, the discharge will be more.
Discharge, Q = Cda1v1 = 0.855a1 2gH
Pressure head at vena contracta:
Apply Bernoullis equation at A and C-C:
p A v 2A p v2
+ + zA = c + c + zc
w 2g w 2g

h.m.m
 15

pA p
But = Ha + H, v A = 0, z A = Zc , c = Hc
w w
where Ha = atmospheric pressure
v c2 v2
Ha + H + 0 = Hc + or Hc = Ha + H c
2g 2g
v1
But v c =
0.62
2
v1 v12 1
Hc = Ha + H /2g = Ha + H
0.62 2g (0.62 )2
v12 v12
Also H = 1.375 or = H/1.375 = 0.7272H
2g 2g
1
Hc = Ha + H 0.7272H
(0.62)2
or H C = Ha + H 1.89H
H C = Ha 0.89H

8.11 Flow Through a Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece

Consider a convergent-divergent mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.13.

C 1
H

a1, v1

C 1

Fig 8.13: Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece

Apply Bernoullis equation to the free water surface in the tank and section C-C.
p v2 p v2
+ + z = c + c + zc
w 2g w 2g
Assume datum at centre of mouthpiece:
p p
= Ha, v = 0, z = H, c = Hc, z c = 0
w w
2
v
Ha + 0 + H = Hc + c + 0 (i)
2g
v c2
Or = Ha + H Hc
2g
v c = 2g(Ha + H Hc ) (ii)

h.m.m
 16

Now, Apply Bernoullis equation at section C-C and 1-1;

p c v c2 p v2
+ + z c = 1 + 1 + z1
w 2g w 2g
p
But z c = z 1 and 1 = Ha
w
2
v v2
Hc + c = Ha + 1
2g 2g
Also from equation (i),
v2
Hc + c = Ha + H
2g
v2
Ha + 1 = Ha + H
2g
or v1 = 2gH (iii)
By continuity equation,
a1 v c 2g(Ha + H Hc ) Ha Hc
a c v c = a 1 v1 or = = = +1
a c v1 2gH H H
a1 Ha Hc
or = 1 + (iv)
ac H
Discharge, Q = Cdareavelocity, with Cd = 1 for this mouthpiece.
Q = a c 2gH (v)

Examples 8.3: A convergent-divergent mouthpiece having a throat diameter of 40mm

discharges water under a constant head of 2m. Determine: (i) the outlet diameter for
maximum discharge. (ii) the maximum discharge. Take Ha = 10.3m of water and Hsep =
2.5m of water (absolute).

Solution
(i) Given: dc = 40mm, H=2m, Ha = 10.3m, Hsep = Hc = 2.5m absolute

a c = 0.04 2 = 1.2566 10 4 m 2
4
Ratio of areas at outlet and throat is given by:
2
d1 2
4 d d
= 1 = 2.2135 or 1 = 1.4877
2 dc dc
dc
4
d 1 = 1.4877d c = 1.4877 40 = 50.5mm
(ii) Q max = a c 2gH = 1.2566 10 4 2 9.81 2 = 0.00787m 3 /s
8.12 Re-Entrant on Bordas Mouthpieces (or Internal Mouthpieces)

Bordas mouthpiece running free
Consider Bordas mouthpiece running free as shown in Fig 8.14.

h.m.m
 17

Let: H = Height of liquid above centre line of mouthpiece.

a = area of mouthpiece
ac = area of contracted jet
vc = velocity of jet through mouthpiece

H 1
vc

Fig 8.14: Bordas Mouthpiece Running Free

Pressure force on entrance to mouthpiece,

= w a h = w a H (i)
where h = distance of centre of gravity of area a from free surface=H.
The net force is equal to the rate of change of momentum:
Mass of fluid flowing/s = acvc
Liquid in tank is initially at rest, (v = 0), but final velocity is vc
Rate of change of momentum,
= mass of fluid flowing/s change of velocity (final-initial velocity)
= acvc(vc-0)
= ac v c2 (ii)
Equate equations (i) and (ii):
w a H = ac v 2c
w w
= ac v c2 (since = ) (iii)
g g
Applying Bernoullis equation to free surface of liquid and section 1-1,
p v2 p v2
+ + z = 1 + 1 + z1
w 2g w 2g
Taking datum at centre of mouthpiece,
p
= Ha = 0 (gauge pressure), v = 0, z = H, p1 = 0, v1 = v c , and z1 = 0
w
v2 v2
0 + 0 + H = 0 + c + 0 Or H = c
2g 2g
v c = 2gH
Substitute vc in equation (iii),
w
w a H = ac 2gH , Or a = 2 ac for the mouthpiece
g
ac
= 0.5
a
Since there is no loss of head, Cv = 1.0
Cd = Cc Cv = 0.5 1.0 = 0.5
Discharge, Q = Cd a 2gH = 0.5a 2gH

h.m.m
 18

Bordas mouthpiece funning full:

Consider Bordas mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.15.
Let H = height of liquid above centre of mouthpiece
v1 = velocity at outlet, 1-1
a = area of mouthpiece
ac = area of flow at C-C
vc = velocity of liquid at vena-contracta

C
H 1

C 1

Fig 8.15: Bordas Mouthpiece Running Full

Since jet enlarges suddenly after C-C, there is loss of head due to sudden
enlargement.
(v v 1 )2
hL = c (derived in chapter 9) (i)
2g
From continuity equation,
a1 v1 v v
ac v c = a1 v1 or v c = v1 = = 1 = 1 ( Cc = 0.5)
ac ac /a1 Cc 0.5
v c = 2v1
Substitute the value in equation (i);

hL =
(2v1 v1 )2 = v12
2g 2g
Applying Bernoullis equation to free surface of liquid in tank and section 1-1;
p v2 p v2
+ + z = 1 + 1 + z1 + h L
w 2g w 2g
Taking datum at centre line of mouthpiece,
v12 v12 v12 v12 v 12
0+0+H = 0+ +0+ or H = + =
2g 2g 2g 2g g
v1 = gH
where v1 is the actual velocity since losses have been considered.
vT = 2gH
v1 gH 1
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = = = = 0.707
vT 2gH 2
Since area of jet at outlet = area of mouthpiece, Cc = 1
Cd = Cc Cv = 1.0 0.707 = 0.707
Discharge, Q = Cd a 2gH
or Q = 0.707a 2gH

h.m.m