Cd-Cu The Cd-Cu (Cadmium-Copper) System By P.R. Subramai and D.E, Leughiin ‘Cernogie Mellon University Equilibrium Diagram ‘The assessed Cu-Ca equilibrium diagrain (Fig. 1) in- cluses the following phasos: (1) che ig Ls 2) the for 1 terminal solid solution, (Cu), with Sua Std anda main ‘solubility of 2.56 mS Cd at 650°°C; (8) C86, MgNiz-type hexagonal 2 or with negligible ‘homogeneity range, which rms pertectically at 549 °C; (2) complex eabic» or Casas, which forae peritecticaly at 647 °C, with a maximum homogeneity range of ~5 at.% Ca; (6) com- plex cubic d or CugCdg, which forms congruently from the liquid at 563°C, with « maximum homogeneity range botwonn 62.2 and 96 at Cd (6) DBs, AliCoy- typee or CugCayo, which forms periteationlly at 397°C, with a maximum homogensity range of ~1.8 at.% Cd; and (7) the cph A3 terminal solid solution; (Cd), with a solubility of ~0:12at.% Cuat 300°C. Figure 1 is based primarily on the experimental work of [24yen] and closely follows the assessment of [Han- sen}. However, modifications were made in the (Cu) boundary and in the e phase field to bring.the phase into accord with more recent experimental studies. seaties, The various invariant temperatures and com. are listed in Table 1. The designations fiend a Fg 1 and Table 1 for the various inter- nomenclature accepted in [Metals]. A ghort version of the Cu-Cd evaluation was published in {80BAP], This ‘evaluation supersedes the earlier work. Liquidue The Cu-Cd liquidus was investigated first by {1892Hey], who reported data for the Cd-rich region from 97.9 to 100 at.% Ca. Subsequently, {06Sah) and {24Jen}investigated the liquidus across the entire com- Besition field, but there have been no other confirm- ‘story. measurements of the liquidus. Because Ca has a fairly low boiling point (767°C) and a high vapor pres- sure, the loss of Cd becomes appreciable, especially in Gericaalley giving ree 0 erroneovselloy composi fiois, Aocordng to [24en}, precautions were taken to restrict the Cd losses to a minirainm. Although the liq- uidus data of {06Sah] and [24Jen} are in good agree- ment, [06Sah] did not observe the existence of the y. ande. ‘Withi regard toy, (24Jen] reported that this phase does under moderate rates below the equilibrium temperature for the formation of y to ~644°C. Asa result, the formation of zi suppresied, and f omtinaes fo precipitate fram the liquid at ~540°C, and a motastable eutectic of B ane is formed (coe Fig. 2). ‘Peas cont enfirmed the occur this metastable /d-entectic. The equilibrium 718 eutectic occurs at 47.8 st.% Cd and 544 °C. {1892Hey], [06Sah], and {24Jen] are in excellent ‘agreement’ with regard to the composition and temperature of the Cd-rich eutectic (97.9 at.% Cd'and B14°C). A more recent study by (84Kha] chowed that under slow heating conditions, the eutectic temperature is 314 °C, in good agreement with earlier reports. With ‘pulee heating, however, ‘occurs at 305 °C; (84Kha) attributed this difference in melting tempera tures to the evolution of heat accompanying the ex- othermic investigations. The melting points of Cd are accepted from [Melt] as 1084.87.and 321.108 °C, respectively. According to [13Bor], Cu raises the boiling point of pure 04 © about 601 0 at 30atee Cand ty 2820 C ‘*Present address: Uni ‘Syetome, Ine, 4401 Deyton Konia Noe Hayter One bkaz ° Table 1 Temperature-Invarlant Reactions in the Assessed Cu-Cd Phase Diagram “Compositions ofthe 7 Ferpestive phases, ‘Tempgeatiare, 00 1084.87 207 33,33 9 33.33, 42.86 547 429 52.2 5a4 61.54 563 660 164 397 768 99.8 314 100 821.108 160 ‘Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 11 No. 2.1990at 45at.% Cu, There are no datatto establish theboiling, point trend for Ca at higher Cu contents, ‘Cu Terminal Solid Solution, (Cu) ‘The (Cu) solidus and colvus boundaries wore deter- mined by X-ray measurements [330we, 47Rau, 62Sul], metallography [35Pog, 47Rau, and microhardness ‘measurements [81Gla], covering the temperature Cd-Cu range 260 to'1056 °C (Table 3), The results from these investigations are plotted in Fig. 3. The retrograde shape of the (Cu) solidus was established clearly by [47Rau], [62Sul], and [81Glal, although the-actual position of the solidus shows some variations among these investigations. The data of {95Pog] do not show the retrogrede nature of the (Cu) solidus. Moreover, Fig.1 . Assessed Cu-Ca Phase Diagram Weight Percent Cadmium taw§ # © we swsuere| » E ° % ao cu ‘Atomic Fercent Ceaminm ca Atomie Percent Cadmium ® pe Oe gpm. Be ‘000 sxusre| -™ & 5 SE SS EL a co Weight Peroent, Cadmisim ca PR. Subramanian and D.E. Leughlin, 1990. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 11 No. 2 1990 161,“Cd-Cu Fig.2. Assessed Cu-Cd Phase Diagram In the Range 30 to 70 at.% Cd Weight ‘Percent Cedatua Temperature Fig.3 Cu-Fllch Region of the Cu-Cd Phase Diagram ‘Weight Percent Cadmium na Temperature saci x Atbinie: Peraent Cadmicm (a) Frou X-ray measurements. (b) From métallography. (c) From microhardness measurements. PR. Subramanian and DE. Laughlin, 1990. Atomie Fercent Cailmium HDashed lines chow the metastable eutectic reaction between f and at 640°C. PR: Subamanian and DB. Laughlin, 1990, & Es ‘their data show a marked disagreement with those later and are therefore not cofiaidered in the assesment of the solidus boundary. The solidus data of {628ul] and [81Gia] are in fair agreement, whereas the discrepancy in. the solvus data is somewhat larger. Tsopiestic: measurements by {57Ray] confirmed the ‘solubility to lie between 1.8 and 1.4 at.‘% Cd at 600°C. ‘The accepted (Cu) solvus is from [62Sul], who deter- mined the boundary from lattice parameter measuré- ‘ments‘on alloys annealed between 300 and 1056 °C for ‘periods ranging from 4707 hat the lowest temperature to 02h at 1055 °C. The assessed retrograde maximum of 256 at. Cd at 650 °C is in close accord ‘with {47Rau], [62Sul], and [81Gla]. The (Cu) solubility is ac- opted as 2.07 at Cd-at the peritectic temperature of 548°C, Phase : ‘Tus (Cu) + L +B peritectic reaction. was reported by (W6Sab] to occur between 545 and 552 °C. from dif- forential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements, Sub- sequently, thermal {24Jen), lattice parameter {62Sul], and microhartiness measurements (81Gla] confirmed the peritectic temperature to lie at 549 °C. 6 is stoichiometric at the CugCd composition, with almost no homogeneity range. 7 Phase ‘The formation of ris suppressed under normal rates of cooling [24en], probably because of the, complexity of the 7 unit cell. This gives rise to the metastable BO Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 11:No. 2.1990"eutectic at 540 °C, (24Jen] identified the existence of this phase from metallographic investigation of alloys containing 36.1 to 51.2 at.% Ca, following annealing at 450°C for extended periods, (678am] confirmed this by noting the gradual conversion of the metastable Bi ‘sutectic into y from X-ray analysis of powder samples taken after various stages of annealing. y forms at 547 °C through the peritectic reaction L + 6 = y, with a ity range reported as ~2 at. Cd at.300 °C [24Jen}, A recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation by {87Ben] suggested that equi- librium y forms by the eolid state decomposition of a tuetentale tetengonal phane that intlly forms from melt. ‘Table 2_ Experimental Cu-Cd Liquidus Data ‘Composition, ‘Temperature, Composition, Temperatore, aieca cy aleca PS ‘From [06a], cont, 312.86 8141 915.95 316.56 317.18 918.25 819.12 919.95 . 3198 920.14 220.18 a 321.108 Note: Liquidus temperatures correspond to data from cool- ing. curves. ‘Temperatures on heating are given in paren- theses. Cd-Cu 3 Phase ‘The liquidus is very flat.in the region corresponding to the congruent formation of 6. [06Sah] and {24Jen} as- sumed its composition to be CugCds at the congruent maximum. More recent studies showed that is the CugCdg prototype; consequently the congruent point in Fig. 1 ard.2 ig shown to correspond to the CugCdy composition (61.54 at. % Cd). Metallographicinvestiga- Table 3_ (Cu) Sotvus and Solldus Phase Boundaries Spee Tames Caps Tareas roi [628u0](@), cont. 300 0.95 480 400 181. 500 1.50:.. . 600 160... 520 From [S5Pog](b) 174 vn 530 0.58... 1.88.. aeons 689 1.89. ~ 540 199. $46 2.07 860 218. 567 216. 560 221. - 870 2.32. 588 2:36... 593. BRB eines 608: 245... 613, . 62 652 ere ~ 700 . 730 766 - 800 823 . 848 S11 900 929 . 965 oe 984 1028 1085 “800 - 400 .- 500, - 600, - 660 From [628i Ka) 700) V26.ccmnneninee 800 - 800 0.48... 350 960 0.63, 400 (a)From lattice parameter measurements, (b)From metal- lography. (¢)From microhardness messurements, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 11 Ne. 2 1990 163Cd-Cu tion-by {24Jen) indicated a wide homogeneity range for this phase, extenditig from ~52.2 at.%-Cd on the Cu- tich side to ~64 at.% Cd-on the Cé-tich side. Sub- sequent metallographic and magnetic susceptibility measurements [50New] on alloys annéaled at 400 °C for 48 h showed the limiting composition to lie st some- what higher Cd contents—about 66 al.% Cd. [76Wal] studied the 6 phase transformation with electrical resistivity and heat capacity measurements on a Cu- 59.4 at.% Cd alloy. The heat capacity ve temperature trend showed an anomalous heat effect in the range 188 to 197°C of 295/mol, which the authors speculated ‘tobe associated with a short-range ofdering efféct.. ¢ Phase ‘The early phase diagram investigation of [06Seh] did not reveal the existence of e. ‘The metallographic inves- tigation of 124Jen] showed that this phase forms at 397 °C through the peritectic reaction L + 3. e, with a composition. corresponding to. CuCds and a homo- ‘geneity range of ~1 at-% Cd at 300 *C. More recent metallographic and DTA measurements {82Raj} con- firmed the peritectic formation of this phase at 397°C, ihut with a stoichiometry of CugCd;o- Metallography showed the maximum homogeneity range to extend ‘from ~75.6 to 76.9 at.% Ca. In-alloys containing ~75 to 16 at.% Ca, (82Raj] observed an unexplained DTA ef fect at ~247°C. Table 4.. Lattice Parameter Data for the Metastable’ (Gd) Terminal Solld Solution a 0.5616 0.5606 0.5596 0.5684 0.5578 0.5878 ‘Note: Measurements taken on rapidly quenched samples. Equilibrium values at.0 at.% Cu are a = 0.29793 ande = Cd Terniinal Sotutlon, (Ca) ‘The solid solubility of Cu in (Ca) was reported to be 0.12 at.% Ca at 300 °C by [24Jen} and between 0.00 and 0.17 at.% Cu at.270 °C by [28Tam]. {76Mas] reported that the equilibrium solid solubility of Cu in (Cd) is about 0,.2.at.% Cu. Metastable Phases Extensive studies have been reported on the structure of Cu-Cd alloys obtained by electrodeposition on various cathodes [66Ahu,” 74Lon, 78Boj1, 78Boj2, 78Boj8, 80Lag, 81Lagl, 81Lag2, 81Lag3). From these reports, it is ovidont that the solubility of Cd in (Cu) can be dramatically extended from the equilibrium value of ~2.1.at.% Cd toa maximum value of ~27 at.% Cd, with ‘solid solubility increasing with increasing deposition potential. Moreover, the metastable solid solubility of - Cd in (Cu) was found to depend on the surface-orienta- tion of the single-crystal cathode. In electrodeposited alloys in tho composition range between ~13 and 98 at.% Ca, [66Abul observed the formation of 8, 3, e;and (Ca) phases, depending on composition, According te these authors, y is not formed a3 a primary product of electrolysis, but occurs only after annealing; this ‘is analogous to the behavior reported for in melt-formed alloys {24Jen). From the variation of the lattice parameters of (Cd) terminal solid solution in rapidly quenched samples (Gee Table 4), [76Mas] ‘concluded that: the solubility limit of Cu in (Ca) is extended metastably to a value of ~2.5 at.% Cu. [76Mas] observed no difference between the lattice parameters of a split-cocled ¢ phase and those of the equilibrium e phase. [87Ben] examined rapidly solidified Cu-Cd alloysin the composition region 37.2 to 60.5 at.% Cd by TEM. The presence of an icosahedral phase with point group m35 was detected in the 60.5 at.% Cd alloy. In alloys with 448 and 50.7 at.% Cd, [87Ben] observed a tetragonal phase with ¢ = 0.99 nm, a cubic phase with a = 2.587 nm, and another cubic phase with.a large unit cell of a 9.80100 nun a 25° (Massalak), = 3.25 nm and composition close to CusCdg. The alloy with 37. 2at.% Cd was glassy. ‘Table 5 - Cu-Cd Crystal! Structure Data Pearvon “Space bericht Phase aeca” ‘symbol group designation. Prototype Reference «Cup.. ssc Oto 20.6 OFS Fm3m Al cu {King Beene “ 33.3 AP24 ‘P6gimme C36 ‘MgNig, [628ul] : 4181944 Ma) oF 1124 Tae m, o CugCdg > {673am} . 62.2t0 66 ef ‘T48m we CusCds, {74Bra) te 560769 APIS PGvmme” DB ‘AlnCoz {S29 (cai ~988%0100 AP. -POgimme. AB Mg {King} (a) At 300°C, 184 Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 11 No. 21990Fig.4 Lattice Parameter of the (Cu) Sold Solu- Aion as a Function of Composition ami even abi PR. Subramanian and D.E. Loughlin, 1990. Fig.5 Variation of Lattice Parameters with Com- position ind late Parsee H omen Caan PR, Subramanian and D.E. Laughlin, 1990. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol, 11 No. 21990 Cd-Cu Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters. Crystal structure data for the equilibrium Cu-Ca phases are summarized in Table 5, and lattice parameters are listed in Tables 6 and 7. Pertinent fea- tures of the phases are summarized below. {Cu} Terminal Solid Solution : Lattice parameter data for the fee (Cu) terminal sélid solution are plotted in Fig. 4. In general, the trends ‘show agreement. At higher Cd concentrations, the lace petemetars report! by [380 wel are some, what lower. Phase. From powder X-ray data, [52Kri] reported that § has the hexagonal C14, MgZno-type strecture, with four formula units of CagCd in the unit cell. Subsequently, {61Bor] suggested that this phase is isotypic with MgNig, rather than MgZng, with a ¢ parameter double that.of [62Kri]. [61Bor] observed that: long annealing periods are required to obtain equilibrium 8. Conse- Table 6 Lattice Parameter Data tor the (Cu) Terminal Solid Solution ‘Com paramete Reference “ated tm Comment 1830wel(a).. 0.96181 Annealed at 500°C 0.36192 "Annealed at 500°C 0.96241 Annealed at 500°C 0.96275. Annealed at 600°C 0.36288 Annealed at 500°C 0.96909.» Annealed at 600°C 0.36147 Annealed at 500°C 0.36225. Annealed at 500°C 0.96285 At 549°C [a7Rauliad ..... 0.36150 (bb 0.36187 (by 096219 ty 0.96241. cbr 0.36261 (bt 0.96266 tb 0.36268 (b). os6s19 thy 0.36323 © (br 0.36358. (b> [628ul].. 0.96152 Annealed at 650°C 0.96188. Annealed at 650°C 0.96231. Annealed at 650°C 0.36271” Anneuled at 650°C 0.96285. or 0.36322 - Anfealed at 650°C 0.36987» Annealed at 650°C 176Chal.. 0.38225. AtS50°C 0.86230 AL 650°C “0.36310. ~ At 650°C. 0.36310 “Ar 650°C" Massalaki] 0.96148- AL 25°C (a)From graph. (b)Anneeled for periods rangiig from 2h at: 1000°C to 500h at 300°C. (c)Composition of alley may not be accurate, 165" Cd-Cu ‘quently, the discrepaiey in the data of {52KriJ could be attributed to incomplete equilibrium, because the alloy of [52Kri] was annealed for only 24 h at 500 °C. The C36, MgNiy-type (space group P6q/mmc, Pearson eym- bol AP24) structure of # was confirmed subsequently by {62Sul] and [67Sam). y Phase [38Lav] reported that is isomorphous with the Al-Mg ‘B phase of approximate composition AlsMgo, whose structure subsequently was determined by [44Per] to be complex cubic, with ~1166 atoms/cell. Preliminary, investigations by [62Sam) and [65Sam] on single crys- tals of y with CuyCdg composition showed that it is complex cubic, with. ~1116 atomajoell. However, the diffraction pattern was observed to he quite different from that of fAlsMgo, in contradiction to the report of [38Lav}. Powder diffraction data of [65Dey] showed thaty is tetragonal, with possible space group P4ginent. Finally, [67Sam] {same author as [62Sam]. and [65Sam]} conducted a detailed structural investigation ‘of y. Alloy samples prepared from elements of 99.9% purity were annealéd for 1680 h at temperatures tang- ing from ~620 °C to slightly above the melting point G4T°C) to obtain single crystals of CujCap gg composi- tion, Density measurements were obwerved to be in ac- cord with the data of [65Deyl. According to [67Saml, ‘however, comparison of their powder data with those of [65Dey}' showed that although there is: qualitative agreement between the two patterns, 16 lines from the pattern of [65Dey] could not be explained onthe basis of any established Cu-Cd phasés. [67Sam] attributed these lines to the presence of oxides; moreover, there were missing reflections in the pattern of [65Dey]. From. Laue, rotation, and Weissenberg data, [67Sam} determined that 7 is complex cubic, with a lattice parameter of 2.5871 nm and space group F48m. The unit cell was shown to contain 1124 atoms distributed among 29 exystallographically different positions. The structure is of considerable complexity and is madé up ‘of 568 icosshedra of ligancy 12, 288 centered pen- ‘tagonal prisms, 144 centered polyhedra of ligancy 15, and 124 Friauf polyhedra of ligancy 16. ‘The atomic positional parameters are listed in [67Sam]. Table 7_ Lattice Parameter Data for the Cu-Cd Intermediate Phases ‘Composition, Lattice parameters, nim Phase. ate Cd « 3 e (Comment Reference 383 0.496 0.79%a) ‘ela = 161 (52K) 0.500 1617 fa = 3.23 [61Bor] 382 0.60315 16210 cla = 323,(b) [e2Sul) Ye 2.583 oe 2 (62Sem} 2.687 o : [65Sam} 1.8701 0.6444e) Annealed at 470°C, (2) (65Dey} 2.5871 ... Annealed between 520 and 547°C. {675am} , 09316) ‘Metastable [87Ben] 0.9655 + Anmeaied betiveen 250 and 900°C: [81Bra]. 0.9615 ‘Annealed at: 300°C [380we} 0.985, - {67Sam] 0.95888 Anrealed at 590°C (68efei] 0.9597, . [69Beg] 0.9597 {69Bes) 0.9597 (69Beg] 0.9578 [60Beg! 0.9575 [69Beg] 0.9597 {69Bog) 0.9694 [99Beg] 0.9649 [69Beg] 0.9685 : (69Bes} 0.9674 : [69Beel 0.9615 Single crystal; at 23°C (74Braj 0.9540 Quenched from 638°C (74Bra} 0571 Quenched from 451°C (74Bral 0.9625 Quenched from 538°C [74Bral 0.9658 we Quenched from 461°C (74Bral ogi 0876 . {61Bor] 0.810 0878 Annealed at 250°C [68Dey) osiZ 0.8755 E (76Mas] 765 osiis. 08761 ‘ * [B2Rajl {a)Not secepted; incomplete equilibrium due to short annealing periods. (b) Aninealed at 525°U.(c) Reported tobe tetragonal. ‘(@)Composition of the y phase in alloys qienched from the two-phase field, obtained from the phase boundary data of [Hansen}. {(e) Powder data fromalloys annealed at 385°C and water quenched; single exystal data from alloys annealed at 275°C and cooled. ‘to room temperature over a period of 3days. 168 Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol, 11 No. 2 1990Convergent beam electron diffraction investigations [87Ben] of melt-spun Cu-44.8 and -50.7 at.% Cd alloys. indicated the presence of a tetragonal phase with ¢ = 0.99 nm, similar to that reported by [65Dey], in addi- tion to the cubic phase reported by [67am]. ‘Although the authors stated that the tetragonal phaso can be formed directly from the melt without the need for prolonged.annealing, they subsequently suggested that this phase is metastable and most likely leads to the precipitation of the equilibrium cubic phase. It soome that the stability of this tetragonal phase reported by [65Dey] and [87Ben] is at best marginal. 5 Phase Structural analysis by [81Bre] showed that the unit cell ofé-has atomic positions similar to that of y brass, with 52 atoms/cell. However, intensity studies indicated ‘that the distribution of atoms in these positions is not the same in Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn. Powder X-ray data of [830we} confirmed that this phase is analogous to y brase, with four formula units of CugCdy in the unit ceil. Subsequent. refinements of the structure of 4, based on single-crystal X-ray investigations of [68Hei} -and [74Bral, confirmed the observations of [31 Bra], al- though there are minor variations in the reported posi- Sony Darameters of the Cu and Ce atoms (see [Pear son3)). ‘The atomic distribution data of (31Bra] and [63Hei) showed 20 Cu.and 32 Cd atoms distributed in the various sites as follows: § Cu atoms each in an inner tetrahedral and outer tetrahedral site, respectively, and the remaining 4 Cu and 82 Cd atoms distributed among an octahedral and a distorted cabo-octshedral position. The results of [74Bra] showed a slightly ‘higher Cu concentration at the octahedral ‘site, cug- gesting that increasing the Cu contents within the 3 phase field leads to preferential occupancy of the addi- tional Cu atoms at the octahedral sites. [69Beg] and [74Bra} studied the variation of the lattice parameter of 6 with ‘composition. Their results:contradict one another, as seen in Fig. 6. The lattice trend of [69Beg] shows @ minimum at'~59 at.% Cd, whereas ‘that of [74Bra} shows a monotonic linear increase with increasing Cd concentration. © Phase Xray studies by [61Bor], {63Dey],. and [67Sam] showed that ¢ has hexagonal structure. From density measurements, [63Dey] reported a unit cell with six formula units of CuCdg. From single-crystal and pom der X-ray data, {82Raj] concluded that ¢, wi pica imate stoichiometry Cagdjo, is homooiypie with lio, with space group PSginwme. Because an extra atom position, 2(q), with 6m2 symmetry is partly filled, the prototype isnot truly Mngaly, but D811, AlgCog (as pointed out by [Pearson3]). Lattice parameter data from [61Bor], {63Deyl, (76Mas], and (82Raj] are in ‘reasonable agreement, although {70Tro] claimed that the indexing of the diffraction lines for by. (68Dey] ‘was erroneous. Cd-Cu Thermodynamics Uquia Thermodynamic data for liquid Cu-Cd alloys were determined by emf (54Ric, 57Nik], vapor pressure [BlJel, 42Sch, 68Aza, 80Str, calorimetry [56Kle], and theory [68Bol]. The assessed srermedyanm data in {Hultgren,B] were based on {64Ric], {56Klel,157Nik), anid [68Aza]. Data of [31Jel] and [428ch] were rejected on the grounds that their methods were unreliable. Solid Thermodynamic measurements for various Cu-Cd solid wore conducted by caloris [2SBil, Daset alu, om [6ovee, 87Vee) and vapor proseurs [61Bor}; and results are summarized in [Hultgren,B]. Partial molar enthalpy and Gibbs energy values deter- mined. by [84Zos] from emf measurements are ua- usually large. {81Gla} calculated tho interaction paramotors for (Cx). and L based on oxporimental liquidus and solidus boun- daries and as ie data from {Hultgren,B). ‘The (Cu) solidus caloulated from their optimized inter- action parameters is in close accord with their own ex- perimental data, Noother the ic calculations of phase boundaries have been reported in the litera- ture. Cited References: 1902Hey: CT ond FH. Neville, “On theLoweringof the Freezinj of Cadmium, Bisinuth, and Lead When, Alloyed with Other Metals,” J. Chem, Soc., 62, 888-914 (1892), (Equi Diagrain; Experimental 06Sah: R. Sahmen, “On Copper-Cadmium Alloys," Z, Anorg, ‘Chem, 49, 901-310 (1006) in German, (Bqui Diagram; Ex: perimental; # 18Bor:K. Bornemann and K. Wagenmahn, “The Blectrocon- ductivity of Metallic Alloys in Liquid State,” Ferrum,-11, 289-820, 380-343 (1919-1014) in German. 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Carnigie ‘Ropputed iy aM INTERNATIONA adobe and Moterials Science, of Energy through the Joint Programon Critical Commi cal Data coordinated through the Oifice of Standard Reference Data (OSRD), National Institute of Si and, Mellon Uz Pittsburgh, PA 16223. This work wos non ri ot Physicl and bens y. Literature. ‘senrched through 1987, Part ofthe bibliographic search provided by ANM INTERNATIONAL. Professor Laughlin is the ASM/NIST Data Pro- ‘gram Category Editor forbiiary copper alloys.