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Chapter 48
Multiple-Choice Questions
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) In certain large animals, this type of neuron can extend beyond one meter in length
A) glial cell in the brain.
B) a sensory neuron.
C) an interneuron.
D) a glial cell at a ganglion.
E) a neuron that controls eye movements.
Answer: B
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Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) A nervous system can alter activities in its target cells in muscles and glands because
A) they are electrically coupled by gap junctions.
B) the target cells have receptor proteins for the signals released by the nervous system.
C) the nervous system releases signals into the blood to control the target cells.
D) the target cells that become disconnected from the nervous system rapidly die.
E) the target cells each have an internal neural network connected to the nervous system.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of
potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in
A) depolarization of the neuron.
B) hyperpolarization of the neuron.
C) the replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions.
D) the replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions.
E) the neuron switching on its sodium-potassium pump to restore the initial conditions.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
8) Though the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its
membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the
neuronal membrane is
A) fully permeable to sodium ions.
B) slightly permeable to sodium ions.
C) fully permeable to calcium ions.
D) impermeable to sodium ions.
E) highly permeable to chloride ions.
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Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
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Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected
to
A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential.
B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.
C) prevent graded potentials.
D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules.
E)
have most of its effects on the dendritic region of a neuron.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
15) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by
A) the opening of sodium activation gates.
B) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates.
C) a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions.
D) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump.
E) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the
letters to indicate your answer.
16) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and
potassium channels is indicated by the label
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) The cell is not hyperpolarized, but repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are
closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened, at label
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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21) Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the
axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an
electronic probe, then
A) no action potential will be initiated.
B) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon
terminal.
C) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock.
D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back
toward the hillock.
E) an action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reaches the axon terminal.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.2
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
22) In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these
events that occurs is
A) the activation of the sodium-potassium "pump."
B) the inhibition of the sodium-potassium "pump."
C) the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
D) the closing of voltage-gated potassium channels.
E) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
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Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) One disadvantage to a nerve net is that it can conduct impulses in two directions from the
point of the stimulus. Most of the synapses in vertebrates conduct information in only one
direction
A) as a result of the nodes of Ranvier.
B) as a result of voltage-gated sodium channels found only in the vertebrate system.
C) because vertebrate nerve cells have dendrites.
D) because only the postsynaptic cells can bind and respond to neurotransmitters.
E) because the sodium-potassium pump moves ions in one direction.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and
a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of
A) a voltage-gated sodium channel.
B) a voltage-gated potassium channel.
C) a ligand-gated sodium channel.
D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel.
E) a chemical that inhibits action potentials.
Answer: C
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Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
29) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to
A) potassium ions.
B) sodium ions.
C) calcium ions.
D) ATP.
E) all neurotransmitter molecules.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) The steps below refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse:
1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.
2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm.
3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal.
4. The ligand-gated ion channels open.
5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
Which sequence of events is correct?
A) 1 2 3 4 5
B) 2 3 5 4 1
C) 3 2 5 1 4
D) 4 3 1 2 5
E) 5 1 2 4 3
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Analysis/Evaluation
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions
into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately
and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol
ingestion are likely due to
A) increased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons.
B) decreased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons.
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C) more action potentials in your "common sense" neurons.
D) more EPSPs in your "common sense" neurons.
E) fewer IPSPs in your "common sense" neurons.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
34) When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations,
depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of
A) temporal summation.
B) spatial summation.
C) tetanus.
D) the refractory state.
E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) When several IPSPs arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendritic
location, hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic cell more and more and thus preventing an action
potential, this is an example of
A) temporal summation.
B) spatial summation.
C) tetanus.
D) the refractory state.
E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of - 0.5 mV at the axon hillock, and that
a single EPSP has a positive magnitude of + 0.5 mV. For a neuron with initial membrane
potential is -70 mV, the net effect of the simultaneous arrival of 6 IPSPs and 2 EPSPs would be
to move the membrane potential to
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A) -72 mV.
B) -71 mV.
C) -70 mV.
D) -69 mV.
E) -68 mV.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
37) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way
synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the
A) axonal membrane.
B) axon hillock.
C) dendritic membrane.
D) mitochondrial membrane.
E) presynaptic membrane.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) Functionally, this cellular location is the neuron's "decision-making site" as to whether or not
an action potential will be initiated:
A) axonal membranes
B) axon hillocks
C) dendritic membranes
D) mitochondrial membranes
E) presynaptic membranes
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) The primary neurotransmitter from the parasympathetic system that influences its autonomic
targets is
A) acetylcholine.
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B) adenosine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) adrenaline.
E) dopamine.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 48.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Self-Quiz Questions
Answer: C
2) Why are action potentials usually conducted in only one direction along an axon?
A) The nodes of Ranvier can conduct potentials in only one direction.
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.
D) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction.
E) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.
Answer: B
Answer: C
4) Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon
terminal?
A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.
B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.
C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential.
D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.
E) An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell.
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: E