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DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF CALAPAN

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT


ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

SUBMITTED BY:
SHARYN D. VILLAREZ
BSCE 5

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JOSIELYN C. TAMBAL
DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF CALAPAN
ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT


ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

SUBMITTED BY:
JOHN MARK L. WATIWAT
BSCE 5

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JOSIELYN C. TAMBAL
What is Procurement?

Procurement is the act of finding, acquiring, buying goods, services


or works from an external source, often via atendering or
competitive bidding process. The process is used to ensure the buyer
receives goods, services or works the best possible price, when aspects such
as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared.[1] Corporations and
public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open
competition for their business while minimizing risk, such as exposure to
fraud and collusion.

What is Value Engineering?

Value Engineering is a fuction oriented, systematic team


approach and study to provide value in a product, system or service.
Often, this improvement is focused on cost reduction; however other
important areas such as customer perceived quality and performance
are also of paramount importance in the value equation.
Value engineering is an exercise that involves most of
the project team as the project develops, by selecting the most cost-
effective solution. However it is about taking a wider view and looking
at the selection of materials, plant, equipment and processes to see if
a more cost-effective solution exists that will achieve the same project
objectives.
Value Engineering is concerned with maximising value, not just
reducing costs, it seeks optimum solutions to remove unnecessary
waste and reduce life cycle costs whilst improving
function, quality and sustainability.

What is Quality Assurance and Project Control?


Quality Assurance - The planned and systematic activities
implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a product
or service will be fulfilled. Means of providing confidence that quality
requirements will be met.
Construction project quality assurance, or QA, and quality
control, or QC, are two fundamentally different processes with different goals
and purposes. Whether you are the owner or the contractor, you have to use
the correct methods to fulfill your role in ensuring high-quality results. When
each of the project participants knows what aspects of QA and QC fall within
their areas of responsibility, they can execute the project to the required
standards.

1. QC Verifies Design Standards Specified by QA

2. QC Selects Suppliers Qualified to QA Standards

3. QC Ensures the Construction Meets Standards Specified by QA

4. QC Verifies Project Requirements With QA Procedures

Safety and Health in Construction


DOCUMENTS NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. Copy of lot title or lot plan; either present or previous Owner


2. If lot is not owned; affidavit of consent from owner or contract of sale or
lease contract
3. Tax declaration
4. Latest tax receipts
5. Owners or building permit applicants Community Tax Certificate (cedula)
6. Lot survey c/o subdivision
7. Soil exploration or soil bore test if project is 3 floors and above
8. Barangay clearance specific for construction
9. If Building permit applicant does not stay in Philippines, Special Power of
Attorney (for construction purpose)
What is Procurement?

"Engineering, Procurement, and Construction" (EPC) is a


particular form of contracting arrangement used in some industries where
the EPC Contractor is made responsible for all the activities from
design, procurement, construction, to commissioning and handover of the
project to the End-User or Owner.

What is Value Engineering?

Value engineering is used to solve problems, identify and


eliminate unwanted costs, while improving function and quality. The aim is to
increase the value of products, satisfying the products performance
requirements at the lowest possible cost. In construction this involves
considering the availability of materials, construction methods,
transportation issues, site limitations or restrictions, planning and
organisation, costs, profits and so on. Benefits that can be delivered include
a reduction in life cycle costs, improvement in quality, reduction of
environmental impacts,and so on.

Value engineering should start at project inception where the


benefits can be greatest, however the contractor may also have a significant
contribution to make as long as the changes required to the contract do not
affect the timescales, completion dates or incur additional costs that
outweigh the savings on offer.

What is Quality Assurance and Project Control?

Quality control in construction typically involves insuring


compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order
to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These
minimum standards are contained in the specifications described in the
previous section. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples
and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or
rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is
based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.

Quality Assurance versus Quality Control


Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

1. Project QA provided Scope of Work, QC is to adopt and follow


Procureme Conditions of Contract, Specification. what are the requirements
nt in the Scope of work,
Condition of Contract,
Specification. And to
execute the project as per
such standards in no more
no less.

QC shall make sure that all


works to be executed as
per standards and
drawings.

2. Drawing QA ensures drawings are submitted QC will conduct periodical


and approved by the Local checks of revisions and
Authorities and or Engineer for site issue log of drawings to
application. staff to update them for
the new revisions. QC will
withdraw uncontrolled
copy of drawings.

3. QA is to make sure materials is QC is to Monitor the latest


Materials submitted via Material Approval revision of Material
Request (MAR) and shall ensure Approval Request (MAR)
compliance of specification. by acquiring material log
sheet from Document
Control. QC is to check
materials upon arrival on
site to verify compliance
from the approved MAR.
QC is to conduct site
surveillance for the
materials used on site.
Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

4. QA to record the outgoing and QC shall make sure that


Document incoming of the materials submittal such documents are
Controller or MAR, Drawings and Related stamped and filed in a
Documents and make sure recorded manner that it can be
it in log sheets. Document controlling searchable. When placed
process or procedure set out in the in box files make sure
company procedures shall be clearly labeled.
followed.
QC shall stamped
drawings with "Controlled
Copy" for the latest
revision and otherwise
stamped as "Superseded".
Drawing shall Stamped
"Issued for Construction"
when released for site use.

5. QA/QC Example: Ceramic tile Material QC shall issue a Material


Engineer QA shall make sure that material has Inspection for checking
MAR approved. with the Engineer. QC shall
verify the size, thickness,
colour shade and the
supplier. Requirements
from approved MAR shall
be verified by means of
such physical check.

6. Site QA is concern with the fabrication of QC is to check and verify


Activity Method Statement, Inspection and the activity, material and
Test Plan including Checklist for each tests by means of
activity in order to meet the Inspections as detailed in
requirements. the MS and ITP. Stages of
activity that will satisfy
standard or requirements
shall be written on
Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

Checklist.

Safety and Health in Construction


DOCUMENTS NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. Copy of lot title or lot plan; either present or previous Owner


2. If lot is not owned; affidavit of consent from owner or contract of sale or
lease contract
3. Tax declaration
4. Latest tax receipts
5. Owners or building permit applicants Community Tax Certificate (cedula)
6. Lot survey c/o subdivision
7. Soil exploration or soil bore test if project is 3 floors and above
8. Barangay clearance specific for construction
9. If Building permit applicant does not stay in Philippines, Special Power of
Attorney (for construction purpose)
Construction Terminologies 29.Conductor Alulod
30.Wrought Iron Strap
1. Post Halige,Poste Plantsuwela
2. Girder Gililan 31.Bolt Piemo
3. Joist Soleras 32.Scaffolding Plantsa
4. Flooring Sahig, Suwelo 33.Stake Staka
5. Girt Sepo 34.Plastered Course Kusturada
6. Beam Biga 35.Stucco or Plaster Palitada
7. Truss Kilo 36.Scratch Coat Rebokada
8. Bottom Chord Barakilan 37.Pickwork on Masonry Piketa
9. Top Chord Tahilan 38.Varnish Finish Monyeka
10.Purlins Reostra 39.Spacing or Gap Biyento
11.Collar Plate Sinturon 40.Concrete Slab(rough) Larga
12.Fascia Board Senepa Masa
13.External Siding Tabike 41.Alignment Asintada
14.Vertical Stud Pilarete 42.Plumb Line Hulog
15.Horizontal Stud Pabalagbag 43.Cement Tiles Baldosa
16.Ceiling Joist Kostilyahe 44.Cement Brick Ladrilyo
17.Window Sill Pasamano 45.Door Fillet Batidora
18.Window Head Sombrero 46.Groove Kanal
19.Window or Door Jamb Hamba 47.Wood Grain Haspe
20.Open Stringer Madre de 48.Pattern or Schedule Plantilya
Eskalera 49.Hinge Bisagra
21.Tread Baytang 50.Paneled Door De Bandeha
22.Riser Takip Silipan 51.Earthfill Eskumbro
23.Handrail Gabay 52.Masonry Fill Lastilyas
24.Molding Muldora 53.Adobe Anchor Liyabe
25.Eave Sibe 54.Solder Hinang
26.Projection Bolada 55.Soldering Lead Estanyo
27.Framework Balangkas 56.Temper (metal work) Suban,
28.Gutter Kanal Subuhan

Construction Terminologies Girder Gililan


Joist Soleras
Post Halige,Poste Flooring Sahig, Suwelo
Girt Sepo Bolt Piemo
Beam Biga Scaffolding Plantsa
Truss Kilo Stake Staka
Bottom Chord Barakilan Plastered Course Kusturada
Top Chord Tahilan Stucco or Plaster Palitada
Purlins Reostra Scratch Coat Rebokada
Collar Plate Sinturon Pickwork on Masonry Piketa
Fascia Board Senepa Varnish Finish Monyeka
External Siding Tabike Spacing or Gap Biyento
Vertical Stud Pilarete Concrete Slab(rough) Larga
Horizontal Stud Pabalagbag Masa
Ceiling Joist Kostilyahe Alignment Asintada
Window Sill Pasamano Plumb Line Hulog
Window Head Sombrero Cement Tiles Baldosa
Window or Door Jamb Cement Brick Ladrilyo
Hamba Door Fillet Batidora
Open Stringer Madre de Groove Kanal
Eskalera Wood Grain Haspe
Tread Baytang Pattern or Schedule
Riser Takip Silipan Plantilya
Handrail Gabay Hinge Bisagra
Molding Muldora Paneled Door De Bandeha
Eave Sibe Earthfill Eskumbro
Projection Bolada Masonry Fill Lastilyas
Framework Balangkas Adobe Anchor Liyabe
Gutter Kanal Solder Hinang
Conductor Alulod Soldering Lead Estanyo
Wrought Iron Strap Temper (metal work)
Plantsuwela Suban, Subuhan
PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS
A procurement system (or sometimes known as delivery system) is an
organisational system that assigns specific responsibilities and authorities to people
and organisations, and defines the various elements in the construction of a
project (Love et al. 1998:p.222). Procurement systems can be classified as:
traditional (separated);
design and construct (integrated);
management (packaged); and
collaborative (relational)

Traditional Procurement
In the traditional approach, the employer accepts that design work will
generally separate from construction, consultants are appointed for design and cost
control, and the contractor is responsible for carrying out the works. This
responsibility extends to all workmanship and materials, and includes all work by
subcontractors and suppliers. The contractor is usually appointed by competitive
tendering on complete information, but may if necessary be appointed earlier by
negotiation on the basis of partial or notional information.

The traditional method, using two-stage tendering or negotiated tendering, is


sometimes referred to as the Accelerated Traditional Method this is where the
design and construction can run in parallel to a limited extent. Whilst this allows an
early start on site, it also entails less certainty about cost. There are three types of
contract under the traditional procurement method:
1. Lump sum contracts - where the contract sum is determined before
construction starts, and the amount is entered in the agreement.
2. Measurement contracts where the contract sum is accurately known on
completion and after re-measurement to some agreed basis.
3. Cost reimbursement where the contract sum is arrived at on the basis of the
actual costs of labour, plant and materials, to which is added a fee to cover
overheads and profit.
Design and Construct Procurement
With design and construct procurement a contractor accepts responsibility for
some or all of the design. There should be express reference to this in the contract,
and the extent of design liability should always be set out as clearly as possible.
Unless the contract states otherwise, it seems that the liability for design is an
absolute liability under which the contractor warrants fitness for the purpose
intended.
Design and construct methods offer certainty on the contract sum and bring
cost benefits. The close integration of design and construction methods and the
relative freedom of the contractor to use their purchasing power and market
knowledge most effectively can provide a client with a competitive price.
With a design and construct method, it is possible ensure a quicker start on
site, and the close integration of design and construction can result in more
effective programming. Time, however, is needed by the clients consultants to
prepare an adequate set of requirements, and time is needed to compare and
evaluate the schemes from competing tenderers. Once a contract is signed, any
changes by the client can prove costly.

Management Procurement
Several variants of management procurement forms exist, which include;
management contracting, construction management and design and manage. There
are some subtle Page | 14 differences between these procurement methods. In the
case of management contracting, the contractor has direct contractual links with all
the works contractors and is responsible for all construction work. In construction
management, a contractor is paid a fee to professionally manage, develop a
programme and coordinate the design and construction activities, and to facilitate
collaboration to improve the projects constructability.

Value Engineering

Value Engineering is a conscious and explicit set of disciplined procedures


designed to seek out optimum value for both initial and long-term investment. First
utilized in the manufacturing industry during World War II, it has been widely used in
the construction industry for many years.

Planning

At the Planning stage of development, there are additional benefits to be


derived from a Value Engineering Workshop. An independent team can:

Review the program


Perform a functional analysis of the facility
Obtain the owner/users definition of value
Define the key criteria and objectives for the project
Verify/validate the proposed program
Review master plan utility options (e.g. Central Utility Plant versus individual
systems)
Offer alternative solutions (square footage needs per function, adjacency
solutions, etc.)
Verify if the budget is adequate for the developed program

The benefits are tremendous.

Any changes to the program at this stage have very little if any impact on
schedule and A/E time and redesign costs.
The project will be developed with fewer changes, redesigns, and a greater
understanding by all parties of what the final function and space allocations
will be.
An independent team can bring a fresh outside view of alternate solutions
from other similar projects.
Design

This is the stage that most VE participants are used to becoming involved,
when the design has at least made it to the schematic stage. Most government
agencies require at least one VE session at the design stage on projects over a
certain $ size. The primary tool available to the VE team is the Workshoptypically
a 40-hour session (or less for smaller or less complex projects).

Methodology and Approach

During the actual Workshop portion of the VE study, the five-step Job Plan is
followed, as prescribed by SAVE International:

The VE Job Plan follows five key steps:

Information Phase
Speculation (Creative) Phase
Evaluation (Analysis) Phase
Development Phase (Value Management Proposals)
Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation)

These five key steps are described as follows:

1. Information Phase:
At the beginning of the VE Study, it is important to:

Understand the background and decisions that have influenced the


development of the design through a formal design presentation by the
design A/E.
Analyze the key functional issues governing the project. The functions of any
facility or system are the controlling elements in the overall VE approach.
This procedure forces the participants to think in terms of function, and the
cost and impacts associated with that function.
Define Owner's objectives and key criteria governing the project.
Determine Owner's definition of Value.

2. Speculation (Creative) Phase:


This step in the VE study involves the listing of creative ideas.

The VE Team thinks of as many ways as possible to provide the necessary


function within the project areas at a lesser initial or Life-Cycle Cost which
represent improved value to the client.
Judgment of the ideas is prohibited.
The VE Team is looking for quantity and association of ideas, which will be
screened in the next phase of the study.
Many of the ideas brought forth in the creative phase are a result of work
done in the function analysis. This list may include ideas that can be further
evaluated and used in the design.

3. Evaluation (Analysis) Phase:


In this phase of the Project, the VE Team, together with the Client and/or Users,

Defines the criteria to be used for evaluation.


Analyses and judges the ideas resulting from the creative session. Ideas
found to be impractical or not worthy of additional study are discarded. Those
ideas that represent the greatest potential for cost savings and value
improvement are developed further. A weighted evaluation is applied in some
cases to account for impacts other than costs (such as schedule impacts,
aesthetics, etc.).

4. Development Phase:
During the development phase of the VE study, many of the ideas are expanded
into workable solutions. The development consists of:

Description of the recommended design change.


Descriptive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed
recommendation.
Cost comparison and LCC calculations.
Each recommendation is presented with a brief narrative to compare the
original design method to the proposed change.
Sketches and design calculations, where appropriate, are also included in this
part of the study.

5. Presentation Phase:
The last phase of the VE Study is the presentation of the recommendations in the
form of a written report. A briefing/oral presentation of results is made to the Client
and Users, as well as the Design Team representatives. The recommendations, the
rationale that went into the development of each proposal, and a summary of key
cost impacts are presented at that time so that a decision can be made as to which
Value Management proposals will be accepted for implementation and incorporation
into the design documents.

The VE process therefore produces the following benefits:

Opportunity to explore all possible alternatives


Forces project participants to address "value" and "function"
Helps clarify project objectives
Identifies and prioritizes Client's value objectives
Implements accepted proposals into design
Provides feedback on results of the study
Construction

During this phase value engineering is still possible through the use of Value
Engineering Change Proposals (VECP). Contractors can be provided monetary
incentives to propose solutions that offer enhanced value to the owner, and share in
the financial benefits realized. Clearly the owner must consider contractor-
generated proposals very carefully, from a life-cycle perspective and a liability
perspective. The A/E team must be brought in to the decision-making process to
agree to the proposed change as not having any negative impact on the overall
design and building function. The evaluation of a VECP is treated similarly to any
change order during construction, with issues such as schedule and productivity
impacts being considered along with the perceived cost savings generated.

Conclusion

In the final analysis, Value Engineering is not only beneficial, but essential because:

The functionality of the project is often improved as well as producing


tremendous savings, both initial and Life-Cycle Cost.
A "second look" at the design produced by the architect and engineers gives
the assurance that all reasonable alternatives have been explored.
Cost estimates and scope statements are checked thoroughly assuring that
nothing has been omitted or underestimated.
Assures that the best value will be obtained over the life of the building.

Quality Assurance versus Quality Control

Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

1. Project QA provided Scope of Work, QC is to adopt and follow


Procureme Conditions of Contract, Specification. what are the requirements
nt in the Scope of work,
Condition of Contract,
Specification. And to
execute the project as per
such standards in no more
no less.
Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

QC shall make sure that all


works to be executed as
per standards and
drawings.

2. Drawing QA ensures drawings are submitted QC will conduct periodical


and approved by the Local checks of revisions and
Authorities and or Engineer for site issue log of drawings to
application. staff to update them for
the new revisions. QC will
withdraw uncontrolled
copy of drawings.

3. QA is to make sure materials is QC is to Monitor the latest


Materials submitted via Material Approval revision of Material
Request (MAR) and shall ensure Approval Request (MAR)
compliance of specification. by acquiring material log
sheet from Document
Control. QC is to check
materials upon arrival on
site to verify compliance
from the approved MAR.
QC is to conduct site
surveillance for the
materials used on site.

4. QA to record the outgoing and QC shall make sure that


Document incoming of the materials submittal such documents are
Controller or MAR, Drawings and Related stamped and filed in a
Documents and make sure recorded manner that it can be
it in log sheets. Document controlling searchable. When placed
process or procedure set out in the in box files make sure
company procedures shall be clearly labeled.
followed.
QC shall stamped
Item Quality Assurance, QA Quality Control, QC

drawings with "Controlled


Copy" for the latest
revision and otherwise
stamped as "Superseded".
Drawing shall Stamped
"Issued for Construction"
when released for site use.

5. QA/QC Example: Ceramic tile Material QC shall issue a Material


Engineer QA shall make sure that material has Inspection for checking
MAR approved. with the Engineer. QC shall
verify the size, thickness,
colour shade and the
supplier. Requirements
from approved MAR shall
be verified by means of
such physical check.

6. Site QA is concern with the fabrication of QC is to check and verify


Activity Method Statement, Inspection and the activity, material and
Test Plan including Checklist for each tests by means of
activity in order to meet the Inspections as detailed in
requirements. the MS and ITP. Stages of
activity that will satisfy
standard or requirements
shall be written on
Checklist.

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