Ijetae Icmace 14 54 2

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 3, February 2014)
International Conference on Trends in Mechanical, Aeronautical, Computer, Civil, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(ICMACE14)
Unsteady Flow Over an Oscillating Airfoil

AntonSavioLewise1, Althaf Mohammad2
1
Asst. Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,Defence University College of Engineering,
Debre Zeith, Ethiopia
2
Asst. Professor,Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Defence University College
of Engineering, Debre Zeith, Ethiopia
1
kaslewise@gmail.com
2
althaf.aero2102@gmail.com
Abstract-- Aerofoil design is the complex aspect in Until very recently, important simplifying
aircraft. It is very critical to measure the flutter creation assumptions had to be introduced in order to make the
due to the aerodynamic characteristics around the aircraft problem mathematically tractable. Liberalized aerodynamic
wing. Depending upon the size and shape of the airfoil analyses methods were among the most important
flutter should vary. Calculating the frequency of the simplifications used in the past. For the analysis of low speed
flutter is important thing. Suitable selection of airfoil flutter phenomena, Theodorsen developed an incompressible
model is the important criteria to analyze the flutter with flow theory for oscillating flat plates, which was the extended
various angles of attack for the unsteady air flow. Classical to compressible subsonic flow. This tool for flutter
flutter analysis method (Time domain flutter analysis calculations. A second important simplification was also
method) gives the basic thought to calculate the frequency introduced by Theodorsen when he proposed toperform the
of the flutter. The unsteady flow creates various angles of flutter analysis in the frequency domain. In this approach, the
attacks in the airfoil and various sinusoidal waveforms. aerodynamic forces need to be computed only for the special
The aim of this project is to calculate the frequency of the case where the airfoil is assumed to execute a purely harmonic
flutter over the unsteady airflow. Find out the frequency oscillation at constant small amplitude.
of the flutter by using the classical flutter analyze method.
Aero elasticity has been an area of research interest for many
From the oscillating airfoil creates the sinusoidal wave
years. Of particular interest is the aero elastic phenomenon
form and the motion equations used to find the frequency
called flutter, which is an oscillatory aerodynamic condition
and also this flutter used many applications are explained.
resulting from fluid-structure interaction. The instability can
be associated with the formation of large vertical structures, as
in the case of the low-speed, high angle-of-attack flow regime.
Keywords - Neutral position, Critical flutter speed.
To convert the oscillation airfoil into the rotating motion by
I. INTRODUCTION using the time domain flutter analysis by that way the time
period will converted into frequency. So the frequency of the
low speed oscillating airfoil is calculated.
The phenomenon of aircraft flutter was first
II. TYPES OF FLUTTER ANALYSIS
encountered on World War I airplanes. The danger to flight
safety posed by this phenomenon stimulated the development Flutter analysis can be done with two methods. The first is
of quite sophisticated flutter analysis and testing methods in the time-domain analysis in which the airfoil motion is found
the ensuring years. It is also explained that the flutter as a function of time. It is based on discretisation of the
phenomenon is caused by the interaction of the aerodynamic, ordinary differential equation of motion.
inertia and elastic forces.
Tamizhan College of Engineering and Technology (ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution), Tamilnadu, INDIA Page 347
(ICMACE14)
IV. TESTING
The second method is the classical theoretical approach When the unsteady airflow strikes the leading edge of the
based on frequency-domainanalysis with the critical flutter airfoil the airfoil will starts to oscillate.When the unsteady
speed and frequencies are calculated. For both methods we flow move around the cambered airfoil, the airfoil tries to
consider a simple system of a two-dimensional, rigid airfoil of create flutter due to the aerodynamic design. When the
unit span, which is hinged at a specific point (pivot)but unsteady flow strikes continuously, the flutter will increases.
elastically restrained from rotating about this by a torsion
spring with constant Ka. The airfoil, which has a moment of
inertia about the pivot point Ia, is placed in an airstream so
that the unstrained position of the spring corresponds to zero
angle of attack . Then we let airfoil perform a torsional
oscillation.
FIGURE II
MODEL CREATED IN PRO-E
FIGURE I
TESTING AIRFOIL MODEL
III. TESTING DESIGN CREATED IN PRO-E
The testing model was created in pro-e which contains the

following components
Rotating device
Connecting rod
Fixed rod
Cambered airfoil
FIGURE II
FIGURE EXPLAINING THE WORKING PROCEDURE
(ICMACE14)
Due to the flutter creation, the trailing edge of the airfoil V. SINUSOIDAL WAVE FORM OF THE AIRFOIL FLUTTER
moves up and down so the connecting rod which connects to
the trailing edge and the rotating device, so the rotating device Flutter may be initiated by a rotation of the airfoil
starts to rotate. Sothe rotary motion can be created and rotates
(see in Figure 6.3a).
continuously.
As the increased force causes the airfoil to rise, the
torsional stiffness of the structure returns the
airfoil to zero rotation ( in Figure 6.3b).
The bending stiffness of the structure tries to
return the airfoil to the neutral position, but now
the airfoil rotates in a nose-down position ( in
Figure 6.3c).
Again the increased force causes the airfoil to
plunge and the torsional stiffness returns the airfoil
to zero rotation ( ).
The cycle is completed when the airfoil returns to
the neutral position with a nose-up rotation.Notice
that the maximum rotation leads the maximum rise
or plunge by 90 degrees (T/4).
VI. FREQUENCY CALCULATION

FIGURE III
SINUSOIDAL WAVE FORM EXPLANATION
y = air pressure (sound pressure amplitude).
If the graph shows at the x axis the time t, we see the
period .
If the graph shows at the x axis the distance d, we see the
wavelength .
The largest deflection or elongation is referred to as
amplitude .
A. The reduced frequency for the airfoil chord

k= c/U = 2c/
FIGURE IV
GRID GENERATION PROCESS DONE BY ANSYS
(ICMACE14)
Where, OUTPUT FOR VARIOUS FREQUENCY CHANGES

Mean velocity- U
The frequency of oscillation of the body and the
disturbance
The spacing or wave length of the disturbance =
T.U or = 2U/
VII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

FEA is the familiar numerical modeling method used to
analyze complex non-linear behaviors.
The commercial software ANSYS Workbench.12.1 used as
a FEA tool in this analysis work. By considering the hardware
memory and reduction of CPU timing for the analysis, the
model is reduced as shown in the fig.
FIGURE VI
OUTPUT GRAPH BETWEEN AMPLITUDE AND
FREQUENCY
FIGURE V
LOADVARIATION DUE TO FREQUENCY OVER AN
AIRFOIL
FIGURE VII
OUTPUT GRAPH BETWEEN ANGLE AND LOAD
TABLE I
(ICMACE14)
VIII. CONCLUSION
Flutter analysis has been done by using the cambered

[8]. Ahmadi, G., 1979. An oscillatory wind energy
airfoil NACA4412 in the analyzing software of FLUENT. The converter. Wind Engineering 3 (3), 207215. Ahmadi,
suitable cambered airfoil was analyzed with varying low G., 1983. Performance of an angular flange aeroelastic
airspeeds and varying angle of attacks. Then the new setup wind energy converter. Journal of Energy 7 (3), 285
was produced for analyzing the airfoil, from that way how to 288.
get the frequency from that test. It shows, the ways to getting
output from this setup either electric power or driving power [9]. Bisplinghoff, R.L., Ashley, H., Halfman, R.L., 1955.
Aeroelasticity.. Dover Publica- tions Inc.,Mineola, NY,
to operate any machine.
USA.
IX. REFERENCES [10]. www.library.nu
[1]. McKinney, W. and DeLaurier, J., The Wingmill: An

Oscillating-Wing Windmill, Journal ofEnergy, Vol. 5,
No. 2, March-April 1981, pp. 109-115.
[2]. Jones, K. D. and Platzer, M. F., Numerical

Computation of Flapping-Wing Propulsion and Power
Extraction, AIAA Paper No. 97-0826, Reno, NV,
January 1997.
[3]. Anderson, J. D., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 2nd

edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1991, pp. 16-17.
[4]. Ekaterinaris, J. A. and Menter, F. R., Computaiton of

Oscillating Airfoil Flows with One- and Two-Equation
Turbulence Models, AIAA Journal 32, 1994, pp.
2359-2365.
[5]. Robert W. Kermeen water tunnel test of NACA4412

WALCHNER PROFILE 7 HYDROFOILS IN
[6]. NONCAVITATINC AND CAVITATING FLOWS

Report No. 47-5, February 1956.
[7]. Ahmadi, G., 1978. Aeroelastic wind energy converter.

Energy Conversion 18, 115120.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Unsteady Flow Over an Oscillating Airfoil

III. TESTING DESIGN CREATED IN PRO-E

The testing model was created in pro-e which contains the

VI. FREQUENCY CALCULATION

A. The reduced frequency for the airfoil chord

Where, OUTPUT FOR VARIOUS FREQUENCY CHANGES

VII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Flutter analysis has been done by using the cambered

[1]. McKinney, W. and DeLaurier, J., The Wingmill: An

[2]. Jones, K. D. and Platzer, M. F., Numerical

[3]. Anderson, J. D., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 2nd

[4]. Ekaterinaris, J. A. and Menter, F. R., Computaiton of

[5]. Robert W. Kermeen water tunnel test of NACA4412

[6]. NONCAVITATINC AND CAVITATING FLOWS

[7]. Ahmadi, G., 1978. Aeroelastic wind energy converter.

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