ISSN 1068-7998, Russian Aeronautics (Iz.VUZ), 2013, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 7382. Allerton Press, Inc., 2013.

Original Russian Text Yu.A. Kirsanov, R.A. Nazipov, E.I. Ivanova, 2013, published in Izvestiya VUZ. Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, 2013, No. 1, pp. 5560.

AIRCRAFT AND ROCKET

ENGINE THEORY

A Technique for Thermal Design of a Heat Exchanger

with Porous Inserts
a b b
Yu. A. Kirsanov , R. A. Nazipov , and E. I. Ivanova
a
Akademenergo, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia
b
Akademenergo, Kazan, Russia
Received March 13, 2012

AbstractA technique of designing a heat exchanger with porous inserts that is the development of
the classical method for thermal design of recuperative finned heat exchangers is presented.
A criterion equation was suggested to calculate the effective length of a rib, which is equivalent to
a porous insert; the given equation takes into account the influence of the heat carriers flow regime,
their thermo-physical properties, geometrical and thermo-physical parameters of porous inserts. Using
a hot water calorifer as an example, we compared the thermal design techniques as well as the mass-
dimensional indicators and heat and power effectiveness of the heat exchanger with porous inserts
with similar characteristics of a standard plate-type one.
DOI: 10.3103/S106879981301011X
Keywords: heat exchanger, porous insert, thermal design, technique.

The porous materials with a highly-developed internal surfaces make it possible to significantly
intensify the heat exchange in thermally stressed units (nozzles, blades) of rocket and gas-turbine engines
[1], which is also of high priority for the recuperative heat exchangers being used in aerospace
engineering and in ground-based equipment. The inserts made of highly-porous cellular materials [2],
having minimal hydrodynamic resistance among all types of porous structures and sufficiently high
values of the specific surface area can find application in this field. One of the obstacles placed in a wide
application of the porous materials in the heat exchangers is the lack of an engineering technique of
thermal design of the heat exchangers with the porous inserts. The thermal design technique developed
earlier [3], based on the analytical solution of a conjugate problem of the internal heat carrier/porous
prism heat exchange is characterized by complex realization in the engineering practice and relatively
large machine time expenditure being measured by tens of minutes.
The present work is an attempt to extend to the heat exchangers with the porous inserts the well-
known thermal design technique based on determining the heat load being transferred through a finned
wall from the hot heat carrier to the cold one by the known formula [4]:
F0 F0
Q = T f F0 + + wall + rc1 + rc 2 , (1)
F
1 1 1 F
2 2 2 wall
where T f is the temperature head between the heat carriers, K; F0 is the smooth dividing wall area, m ;
2

Fj is the total heat exchange surface area at the side of the jth heat carrier ( j = 1, 2 ) , m ; wall is the wall
2

thickness, m; wall is the wall thermal conduction, W/(mK); rcj is the thermal resistance of contamination
on the jth wall surface, m K/W; is the factor of ribbing effectiveness; indices 1 and 2 refer to the
2

paths of the hot and cold heat carriers, respectively.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
We consider a recuperative plate-type heat exchanger consisting of alternating porous inserts 1 and 2
(Fig. 1) of a prismatic shape, divided by impermeable walls 3 of thickness w . The length l and

73
74 KIRSANOV et al.

the width B of the porous inserts is equal in both paths. In the channels the thicknesses of the porous
inserts are h1 and h2 , respectively. The external channels have the thickness h1 2, if h1 > h2 or h2 2, if
h2 > h1 Between the porous inserts and walls 3 the clearances cl are possible, which, as contaminations in
ordinary heat exchangers produce additional thermal resistances.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Heat exchanger scheme: (1) porous inserts of the hot path; (2) porous inserts of the cold path; (3) dividing plates.

Fig. 2. Temperature distribution of the framework (14) and the heat carrier (5, 6) along the flow: (1) surfaces near the
dividing wall; (2) averaged with respect to the length; (3),(5) averaged with respect to the cross-section; (46) averaged
with respect to the volume.

The factor of ribbing effectiveness in formula (1) takes into account the heterogeneity degree of
temperature fields in the porous insert. For the ribs of a regular geometrical shape the theoretical formula
is known [4]:
= th ( mleff ) ( mleff ) , (2)

where m = u ( w f ) , m 1 ; u is the perimeter of a separate rib, m; f is the rib cross-section area, m ;

2

w is the thermal conduction of the rib material, W ( m K ) ; leff is the effective rib length, m.
Formula (2) cannot be applied to the porous inserts because in the porous structures the value leff is
unknown as opposed to the regular-shaped ribs.
With the known temperature fields in the framework and heat carrier we can calculate the value as
the factor of ribbing effectiveness of the dividing wall in the porous insert by the formula which follows
from the physical meaning of the value [5]:

(
= T fr T f ) T ( h ) T ,
fr f

(3)

where T fr and T f are the average-volumetric temperatures of the framework and the heat carrier, K (Fig. 2);
T fr ( h ) is the length-average temperature of the framework surface, adjoining to the dividing wall, K.
The information about the temperature fields in the porous insert can be obtained with the help of
the mathematic model, which is an analytical solution of the stationary conjugate problem of the internal
heat exchange in the single-phase heat carrier with a porous prism, the lateral surface of which is heated
(cooled) by the external heater (the dividing wall) [3]. In this model the porosity structure is characterized
by the volumetric porosity v, the spherical pores diameter dsph, equivalent channel diameter deq, equivalent
diameter of the framework bridges dfr, the specific surface area of porosity ffr, the relative framework
cross-section area fr [6].

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 A TECHNIQUE FOR THERMAL DESIGN OF A HEAT EXCHANGER 75

CALCULATION OF THE WALL RIBBING EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR

The thermal design of the heat exchanger with porous inserts by formulas (1) and (2) suggests that
there exists the dependence of the rib leff effective length on the parameters, characterizing the insert
geometry, the porosity structure, the properties of the framework and the heat carrier, flow regime and
other factors. Such a dependence can be obtained by generalizing the desired data array on leff and
determining parameters. In its turn, the value leff can be found by Eq. (2) using the deduced values of
the modulus m and the effectiveness factor , calculated by formula (3).
The values of the ribbing effectiveness factors of the dividing wall in the porous inserts were found by
the thermal design of the plate-type heat exchangers with the porous inserts according to the technique
described in [3]. In this way, the values leff were obtained for the following heat exchangers: hot water
calorifer (hot water atmospheric air), air cooling oil cooler (turbine oil TP-22 atmospheric air), water
cooled oil cooler (oil TP-22 water), air cooler (compressed air water). The calculations were carried
out for different porous inserts, which differ by materials, characteristics (Table 1), the thickness h and
the length l. The values of the heat carrier mass flowrate and the values of the clearances cl were varied
between the dividing plates and the porous inserts. The emissivity factor of the dividing wall and
the inserts was taken equal to 0.6 [7].

Table 1
dsph 103 deq 103 d fr 103
Insert Material v fr f fr m 1 At 103 nt Ah Bh
m m m
1 Copper 0.965 3.05 2.657 0.096 0.0119 1518 3.34 1.16 1.947 114.1
2 Nichrome 0.954 3.49 3.044 0.147 0.0159 1313 3.54 1.14 1.486 120.6
3 Nichrome 0.804 0.80 0.698 0.170 0.0759 4899 3.31 0.902 142.5 2209
4 Nichrome 0.871 3.93 3.425 0.506 0.0469 1074 4.54 1.20 5.588 510.7
5 Nichrome 0.844 2.16 1.883 0.348 0.0583 1896 4.01 1.05 17.9 810.0
6 Copper 0.966 5.27 4.590 0.162 0.0116 879 5.64 1.11 3.458 960.6
7 Nichrome 0.867 1.98 1.723 0.264 0.0487 2125 3.58 1.04 50.77 708.8
8 Nichrome 0.867 3.00 2.614 0.400 0.0485 1401 2.29 1.21 10.02 576.3
9 Copper 0.965 3.79 3.301 0.119 0.0119 1222 8.00 1.08 2.693 467.1
10 Copper 0.959 5.24 4.56 0.072 0.0141 879 9.39 1.09 3.180 1358
11 Nichrome 0.800 0.80 0.698 0.174 0.0780 4874 1.85 0.972 105.6 1088

The heat transfer coefficient and hydraulic losses in the porous inserts were calculated by the formulas:
f w 2f l
= Nu deq feff h; p = deff
*
,
2 deq
where feff = (1 fr ) f and f is the effective and molecular heat conductivity of the heat carrier [6],
W ( m K ) ; f is the heat carrier density, kg/m ; w f is the heat carrier filtration velocity, m/s.
3

The Nusselt numbers and the resistance coefficients were determined by the criterional equations
obtained experimentally [8]:
Nu deq = Atr Re deq
nT
Prf0.4 Ct ; deq = Ah + Bh Re deq ,
where Re deq = w f deq f ; Ct = ( Prf Prw ) for liquids, Ct = ( f w )
0,25 0,14
for gases; is the heat
carrier dynamic viscosity, Pas; Atr and ntr is the coefficient and the exponent of the heat transfer
equation; Ah and Bh are the hydrodynamic coefficients.
The coefficients Atr , Ah and Bh , the exponent ntr are presented in Table 1.

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76 KIRSANOV et al.

GENERALIZATION OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED

Figure 3 shows the results of calculating the ribbing effectiveness factor for the porous inserts for
separate heat carriers. Some of these results for air are given in Table 2. Here we also present
the theoretical values of the ribbing effectiveness theor determined by formula (2) at leff = h 2.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. The ribbing effectiveness factor in media: (a) in air; (b) in water; (c) in oil; (1), (2) water calorifier; (3), (4) air-
cooled oil cooler; (5), (6) is the water-cooled oil cooler; 1, 3, 5 are copper inserts; 2, 4, 6 are nichrome inserts.

The analysis of the results obtained with the use of the thermal model of the plate-type heat exchanger
showed that the ribbing effectiveness factor of the porous inserts is influenced by the porosity
characteristics ( v , dsph , d fr , f fr ) , the inserts dimensions (h, l), the heat conductivity of the inserts material
w and the heat transfer coefficient . In the case of oil and water, a noticeable influence is exerted by
the heat carrier thermophysical properties expressed by the Prandtl number Prf . At the same time, we
find no noticeable influence on the factor of the clearances cl , values of which varied in the range
from 0 to 0.1 10 3 m.

Table 2
Insert Re deq Nu deq Bi dfr 106 h, m l, m , W/m2K theor 2leff/h
1 316.5 2.365 4.960 0.5 1.0 21.12 0.0860 0.4912 0.1682
360.3 2.727 11.37 0.05 0.5 46.83 0.5355 0.5183 1.042
2 756.7 5.933 555.2 0.5 0.5 44.24 0.0125 0.4676 0.0259
58.63 0.3208 30.93 0.025 0.2 3.216 0.7811 0.5044 2.009
4 870.4 13.65 3892 0.5 0.5 91.51 0.0162 0.4838 0.0323
1605 28.48 8404 0.0833 0.2 209.8 0.0662 0.4620 0.1390
6 545.6 5.348 10.98 0.5 1.0 27.71 0.0975 0.4871 0.1927
191.6 1.673 5.312 0.025 0.5 13.08 0.9596 0.7430 2.957
8 334.0 2.247 661.9 0.5 0.5 19.65 0.0311 0.4686 0.0642
136.8 0.7636 238.2 0.025 0.2 8.413 0.7733 0.5176 1.901
9 184.0 1.992 4.539 0.0833 0.2 15.47 0.6058 0.4955 1.298
368.2 4.227 9.619 0.0833 0.2 32.79 0.4487 0.4765 0.9336
10 4226 76.36 199.5 0.125 0.2 411.8 0.1117 0.4505 0.2414
200.4 2.713 9.989 0.025 0.2 20.16 0.9497 0.7070 2.901
11 45.55 0.0661 31.68 0.5 0.5 2.193 0.0620 0.4624 0.1301
16.22 0.0243 12.32 0.025 0.8 0.9196 0.9234 0.6852 2.445

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 A TECHNIQUE FOR THERMAL DESIGN OF A HEAT EXCHANGER 77

The significant discrepancy between the factors and theor presented in Table 2, in both directions,
shows that the conditions leff = h 2 at the estimation of are unacceptable. The most noticeable
influence on the ratio between and theor is exerted by the insert thickness h and heat transfer : at
small h and the factor theor > , in other cases theor < .
When generalizing the results obtained we solved a question of choosing the objective function and
determining factors. As the determining factors we considered various combinations of parameters
forming non-dimensional complexes, which represent the influence of the porosity structure, the insert
dimensions, the heat transfer intensity, the thermophysical properties of the framework and the heat
carrier. As an optimality criterion for the amount of factors we used the root-mean-square deviation of
the objective function values obtained from the generalizing criterional equation at the minimal possible
quantity of the factors being used. As a result, the following values were chosen as factors: the Biot
number Bi dfr = d fr w , the relative porous insert length 2l h, the relative thickness of the framework
bridges d fr dsph , volumetric porosity v , relative specific surface area of the porous insert f fr h 2 and
the Prandtl number Prf .
When choosing the objective function we took into account the situation when at the low values of
the Biot number, as it follows from Fig. 3, the generalizing equation for can give the factor value
> 1, which is in conflict with the physical meaning of this magnitude. Therefore, the relative effective
length of the rib leff dsph was chosen as an objective function.
The data obtained on the parameter leff and the determining factors were generalized in the logarithmic
coordinates by the Gaussian method with choosing the main element in the column separately for each
heat carrier considered and for all heat carriers together. The results obtained are summarized by
the regression equation:
leff deff = Al Bi ndfr1 ( 2l h ) 2 ( d fr d sph ) nv 4 ( f fr h 2 ) Pr fn6 .
n n3 n5
(4)
Table 3 gives the values of the multiplier Al , the exponents n1 ,..., n6 and the root-mean square
deviations of points from function (4). The application domain of the equation is the following:
0.03 < d fr dsph < 0.218; 0.8 < v < 0.966; the other factors see in Table 4. The generalization results are
shown in Fig. 4.

Table 3
Medium At n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 , %
Air 2.17 0.44 0.09 0.94 0.66 0.082 0 22
Water 25.7 0.44 0.11 1.5 8.2 0.035 0.15 25
Oil 0.091 0.19 0.21 0.42 0.12 0.38 0.79 40
All 0.77 0.33 0.065 0.52 1.4 0.22 0.045 43

Table 4
Thermal Bidfr l/h ffrh Prf
design Medium
technique min max min max min max min max
8
Air 7.7 10 0.047 0.4 1600 2.19 2437 0.697 0.715
5
2 Water 7.6 10 2.46 4 2240 2.1 245 2.11 7.04
6
Oil 3.5 10 0.145 4 2240 2.2 245 86 171
8
3 All 7.7 10 2.46 0.4 2240 2.1 2437 0.697 171

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78 KIRSANOV et al.

(c) (d)

Fig. 4. The generalization of the rib effective length in media: (a) in air; (b) in water; (c) in oil; (d) in any of them ( 111
are the insert numbers).

ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE OF THERMAL DESIGN

The thermal design technique being suggested for the plate-type heat exchanger with the porous
inserts is similar to the classical technique of designing the ordinary recuperative heat exchangers with
the ribbed surface; the difference is that the rib effective length is determined by Eq. (4), while the
thermal load is found by modified formula (1):
T f F0
Q= . (5)
1 1 wall r31 r32 1 1
+ + + + + +
11h1 f fr1 2 2 h2 f fr 2 wall h1 f fr1 h2 f fr 2 31 32
Here
redj T frj ( h j ) Twallj T frj ( h j ) T frj
2 2
fj
clj = j + C0 + + ,
clj 100 100 100 100 100

clj is the heat transfer coefficient of the clearance between the porous insert and the dividing wall
( ) ( )
surface in the jth path, W m 2 K [3]; C0 = 5.67 W m 2 K 4 is the black body radiator emissivity;
redj is the reduced emissivity factor of the system dividing plate surface porous prism surface from
the side of the jth heat carrier.

THE WATER CALORIFIER THERMAL DESIGN

The water calorifier is intended for heating the atmospheric air by hot water up to the temperature
T2out 348 K. The heat carrier flowrates: G1 = 0.5 kg/s and G2 = 1 kg/s; initial parameters: T1in = 90 C;
T2in = 20 C and p2 = 0.105 MPa. Air pressure losses must not exceed p2 5 kPa.

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 A TECHNIQUE FOR THERMAL DESIGN OF A HEAT EXCHANGER 79

We considered two design variants of a calorifier (Table 5), which differ in material, porosity
characteristics, separate insert thickness h , thickness of all inserts of the specific path H, insert mass M, the
heat exchange surface area F, and the insert length l. In the variants being compared the inserts width is
B = 0.55 m. The quantity of the dividing plates, which is equal to the sum of parallel channels in both paths,
equals 20. The dividing plates were made from stainless steel 12Kh18N10T of 1 10 3 m in thickness.

Table 5
Heat Hot path Cold path
l, m
exchanger
Insert h1, m H1, m M1, kg F1, m2 Insert h2, m H2, m M2, kg F2 , m 2
1 1 0.005 0.05 6.8 42.1 10 0.048 0.48 77.5 194 0.8
2 7 0.003 0.03 16.6 41.0 2 0.040 0.40 76.8 270 0.9

The heat exchanger overall dimensions taking into account the pipe connection diameters (0,25 m), the
seal width along the plates edges (5 mm) and dividing plates thickness are 1.35 0.6 0.5 m and
1.45 0.6 0.42 m for heat exchangers 1 and 2, respectively. The total mass of the package, including
porous inserts and dividing plates, is equal to 219 and 231 kg; the total surface of heat exchange is
2
236.1 and 311 m , respectively.
The thermal designs were carried out without taking into account contamination of the heat exchange
surfaces at three values of the clearance between the inserts and the dividing plates: cl = 0; 0.01 and 0.1 mm.
The calculations were carried out using three techniques. Technique 1 is the technique described in
[3]. Technique 2 is the heat exchanger design by formulae (5) and (2) with the estimation of the value leff
by formula (4) at the values Al , n1 ,..., n6 , taken from line 1 and 2 of Table 3, that is, for each medium
separately. Technique 3 is similar to technique 2; the only difference is that the values Al , n1 ,..., n6 , were
taken from the lower line of Table 3.
The results are presented in Table 6. To estimate the heat and power efficiency of the heat exchangers,
the values of M.V. Kirpichevs criterion are given here [9]:
Q Q
E= = .
N p1G1 1 + p2 G2 2
Table 6 shows that in the porous inserts considered the value leff noticeably exceeds the magnitude
h 2 ; this points that the condition leff = h 2 in the designs is unacceptable. It is also evident that the
values , found by technique 1, in the inserts of the hot path exceed slightly the values , calculated by
techniques 2 and 3, while in the inserts of the cold pathvice versa. However, these differences have
an insignificant influence on the thermal loadthe discrepancies in the values Q do not exceed 5 %.

Table 6
Hot path
Heat Thermal
, W
exchanger design Insert cl1 T1yx , C p1 , Pa 1 , kg/m 1 , 1 (2leff/h)1
mm m2 K
With porous inserts

1 38.9 154 980.3 299 0.852 3.347

2 0 41.3 153 979.5 285 0.676 5.876
3 1 40.6 154 979.7 279 0.821 3.908
1
1 40.3 154 979.8 303 0.851 3.344
0.01
2 42.7 153 979.1 289 0.676 5.839
3 42.0 153 973.3 282 0.820 3.891

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80 KIRSANOV et al.

Table 6 (Contd.)
Hot path
Heat Thermal
design Insert cl1 ,
W
exchanger T1yx , C p1 , Pa 1 , kg/m 1 , 1 (2leff/h)1
mm m2 K
1 53.1 150 975.7 329 0.842 3.322
2 0.1 54.1 150 975.4 314 0.679 5.551
3 53.6 150 975.5 310 0.817 3.757
1 40.8 15238 979.7 313 0.686 2.729
2 0 42.1 15231 979.3 296 0.664 2.936
3 42.0 15231 979.3 292 0.782 2.140
1 42.1 15231 979.3 316 0.685 2.725
2 2 7 0.01 43.3 15224 978.9 299 0.664 2.923
3 43.3 15224 978.9 295 0.782 2.134
1 53.2 15176 975.7 337 0.679 2.694
2 0.1 53.5 15175 975.6 319 0.668 2.821
3 53.5 15175 975.6 316 0.780 2.086
GOST 15518-87 - 38.8 6948 980.3 2234 1 0

Cold path
Heat Thermal 2 ,
cl 2 , T2yx , 2 , kg/ Q, kW E
exchanger design Insert p2 , Pa W 2 (2leff/h)2
mm C m3
m2 K
1 85.4 4940 1.057 76.9 0.593 1.904 107.0 22,91
2 0 80.5 4796 1.087 76.3 0.647 1.680 102.0 23,12
3 81.8 4810 1.084 76.1 0.716 1.413 103.4 23,31
1 82.6 4909 1.063 77.0 0.593 1.903 104.2 22,56
1 2 10 0.01 77.7 4766 1.092 76.3 0.647 1.680 99.12 22,72
3 79.1 4780 1.090 76.1 0.716 1.413 100.5 22,91
1 56.7 4624 1.116 77.3 0.593 1.902 77.37 18,67
With porous inserts

2 0.1 54.5 4521 1.140 76.6 0.647 1.679 75.22 18,97

3 55.5 4532 1.138 76.4 0.716 1.412 76.22 19,14
1 82.2 4879 1.064 50.4 0.504 0.583 103.5 22,52
2 0 78.9 4760 1.090 50.1 0.595 0.474 100.3 22,94
3 79.0 4760 1.090 50.2 0.548 0.529 100.4 22,95
1 79.5 4853 1.069 50.5 0.504 0.582 100.7 22,14
2 2 2 0.01 76.4 4737 1.095 50.1 0.595 0.474 97.77 22,56
3 76.5 4737 1.095 50.2 0.548 0.528 97.84 22,57
1 56.8 4638 1.116 50.7 0.504 0.573 77.32 18,57
2 0.1 55.7 4548 1.137 50.3 0.594 0.468 76.44 19,08
3 55.7 4548 1.137 50.4 0.546 0.524 76.44 19,08
GOST 15518-87 - - 85.9 4820 1.057 109.9 1 0 107.1 23.48

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 A TECHNIQUE FOR THERMAL DESIGN OF A HEAT EXCHANGER 81

The magnitude of the clearance cl considerably reduces the thermal load, especially at large values
cl without noticeably influencing , as it was pointed out above.
The designing process on a computer using the engineering technique being suggested takes a fraction
of a second, which is a doubtless advantage over a more exact technique of the thermal design for heat
exchangers with the porous inserts, described in [3]. Therefore, the thermal design by the engineering
technique can be considered as a preliminary one, especially in engineering designs.
To estimate the mass-dimensional indices of the heat exchanger with the porous inserts it was
compared with the standard plate-type one according to GOST 15518-87 with the plates of 0.6r type
made from the 12Kh18N10T stainless steel of thickness 1 10 3 m [10]. The application sphere of these
plates are liquids, steams and gases.
Characteristics of the plate 0.6 r [10, 11]:
2
The heat exchange surface area .................................................................. 0.6 m
The plate dimension (length width) ............................................ 1.370 0.6 m
Mass ........................................................................................................... 5.8 kg
Permissible flowrate
of liquid .................................................................................. 200 m 3 h
of steam or gas ................................................................... 3500 nm 3 h
The largest nominal diameter of the pipe connection ................................ 0.25 m
The channel width .................................................................................... 0.545 m
The corrugation height....................................................................... 4.5 10 3 m
The channel cross-section area ....................................................... 2.45 10 3 m 2
Equivalent hydraulic diameter .......................................................... 8.3 10 3 m
The thermohydrodynamic characteristics of the plates 0.6r are determined by the following equations [11]:
Nu deq = 0.12 Re 0.73 deq Pr f
0.43
Ct ; deq = 15 Re 0.25 deq .

The limiting factor in the given heat exchanger is hydraulic losses of air. Therefore, the air path of
the heat exchanger according to GOST 15518-87 consists of one package having 64 parallel channels.
The water path consists of 16 packages located sequentially with four channels in each. The package of
the basic variant contains a total of 130 plates, two of which are adjacent to the basic and clamping plates
[11]. Thus, the thickness of the plate package is 130 (1 + 4.5 ) 10 3 = 0.715 m, while the dimensions of
the whole package (length width thickness) are 1.370 0.6 0.715 m. The total area of the heat
exchange surface is equal to 76.8 m . The plate package mass is 130 5.8 = 754 kg.
2

The comparative analysis of the heat exchangers with the porous inserts, on the one hand, and
the standard plate-type one, on the other hand, makes it possible to conclude that the porous inserts,
especially those made of the high heat conductivity materials allow the mass and overall dimensions of
heat exchanger to be reduced at about equal heat and power efficiency and thermal load.
Thus, we suggested the engineering technique of thermal design for the plate-type heat exchanger with
the porous inserts, that is characterized by adequate accuracy and small expenditure of the machine time. It
was shown that the porous inserts being applied in the plate-type heat exchangers make it possible to reduce
by 3040 % the overall dimensions and more than three-fold the mass of the heat-transmitting plate package
as compared to that of the standard plate-type heat exchanger without losses of heat and power efficiency.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work was performed by the program of joint investigations with the Scientific center of powder material
science (Perm) (contracts AE-2010/1, AE2010/2, AE2010/3). The authors express gratitude to the RAN
academician V.N. Antsiferov for the work support and the porous materials patterns given.

RUSSIAN AERONAUTICS Vol. 56 No. 1 2013

82 KIRSANOV et al.

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2. Antsiferov, V.N. and Khramtsov, V.D., Highly Porous Permeable Cellular Materials and Alloys. Application
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3. Kirsanov, Yu.A. and Ivanova, E.I., Thermal Design of a Plate-Type Heat Exchanger with Porous Inserts,
Izvestiya RAN. Energetika, 2012, no. 5, pp. 8089.
4. Mukhachev, G.A. and Shchukin, V.K., Termodinamika i teploperedacha (Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer),
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RUSSIAN AERONAUTICS Vol. 56 No. 1 2013