GC woman university sialkot

Lab report1

Subject :

Applied chemistry

Submitted to:

Mam Anum noor

Submitted by:

Shaherbano

Roll no:

(58)
Purpose:

To determine the alkalinity of water sample as tap water and distilled water by titration.

Theory: (intro)

Alkalinity is the name given to the quantitative capacity of an aqueous solution

to neutralize an acid. Measuring alkalinity is important in determining a stream's ability to
neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. It is one of the best measures of the
sensitivity of the stream to acid inputs. There can be long-term changes in the alkalinity of
streams and rivers in response to human disturbances. Alkalinity is related to the pH of a
solution (its basicity), but measures a different property. Roughly, the alkalinity of a solution
is a measure of how "strong" the bases are in a solution, whereas the pH measures the
"amount" of chemical bases. A good example is a buffer solution, which can have many
available bases (high alkalinity) despite having only a moderate pH level.

Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater
treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly
greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have
supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L.
Alkalinity is the measure of the resistance of water to the lowering of pH when acids are
added to the water. Acid additions generally come from rain or snow, though soil sources are
also important in some areas. Alkalinity increases as water dissolves rocks containing
calcium carbonate such as calcite and limestone.

Alkalinity is sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For example, the pH
of a solution can be lowered by the addition of CO 2. This will reduce the basicity; however,
the alkalinity will remain unchanged. When your body is highly acidic your body will leach
alkaline minerals to balance your pH. This means it draws calcium from your teeth and bones,
potassium from your muscles and nerves, magnesium from your arteries, and sodium from your
joints. Unfortunately its not looking to release any of the acid toxins that your body is storing in its
fat cells. So in the end, our bodies hold onto the acidic toxins and we loose valuable bone
supportive minerals.

We all have a delicate pH and our bodies prefer a slightly alkaline environment. When the foods we
consume push our pH toward acidity our bodies find alkaline minerals stored internally to cure the
imbalance. While our bodies are amazing machines and have the ability to do this and keep us in
healthy pH range, the process of repairing this imbalance requires a severe loss of the very minerals
you work hard to supplement daily. Even more scary, acidity is a silent killer, causing inflammation
in the body which is the root of all disease. Alkalinity of natural water is determined by the soil
and bedrock through which it passes.
 The main sources for natural alkalinity are rocks which contain carbonate, bicarbonate, and
hydroxide compounds. Borates, silicates, and phosphates also may contribute to alkalinity.
Limestone is rich in carbonates, so waters flowing through limestone regions or bedrock
containing carbonates generally have high alkalinity - hence good buffering capacity.

Conversely, areas rich in granites and some conglomerates and sandstones may have low
alkalinity and therefore poor buffering capacity.

WHO Guideline Value:

World health organization suggested a guideline value for alkalinity:

Low alkalinity < 50mg/lit as CaCO3

Medium alkalinity 50 - 250 mg/lit as CaCO3

Alkalinity > 250 mg/lit as CaCO3

PH indicators:

A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so

the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually. Hence, a pH indicator is
a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydrogen ions (H+) in the Arrhenius model.
Normally, the indicator causes the color of the solution to change depending on the pH.
Indicators can also show change in other physical properties; for example, olfactory indicators
show change in their odor. The pH value of a neutral solution is 7.0. Solutions with a pH value
below 7.0 are considered acidic and solutions with pH value above 7.0 are basic (alkaline).
Methyl orange: 3.5 - 4.5

Phenolphthalein: 8.2 10.0

As most naturally occurring organic compounds are weak protolytes, carboxylic

acids and amines, pH indicators find many applications in biology and analytical chemistry.
Moreover, pH indicators form one of the three main types of indicator compounds used in
chemical analysis. For the quantitative analysis of metal cations, the use of complexometric
indicators is preferred,whereas the third compound class, the redox indicators, are used in
titrations involving a redox reaction as the basis of the analysis.
Apparatus:

Stand ,dropper, beaker, sucker.

Burette, funnel, conical flask, pipette .

Chemicals:

Methyl orange solution , tap water, distilled water

Standard solution ( H2SO4) having normality 0.02

Procedure:

1. Take 50 ml of water sample that is tap water in a flask and note the initial PH of the water
sample. Add six drops of methyl orange indicator in the sample (water), note the initial
reading of the burette containing H2SO4 (N=0.02)

2. Start the titration till the color changes and note the reading of the burette, Calculate the
methyl orange alkalinity using the formula alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) X
100/50

3. Now add six drops of methyl orange in the second water sample that is distilled water
note the initial PH of the water sample . Note the initial reading of the burette and start
the titration till the color changes to gray and note the final reading.

4. Start the titration till the color changes and note the reading of the burette, Calculate the
methyl orange alkalinity using the formula alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) X
100/50

5. Calculate total alkalinity by using the formula,

Total alkalinity = (final reading - initial reading) x 100/50

Observations and Calculations:

1. For tap water:

Initial pH of the tap water = 6.3

 Amount of water used = 50ml

Volume of the acid used = 4ml

Final pH of tap water =

Formula :

N1 V1 = N2 V2

N1 = 0.02 20/50

N1 = 0.008 50 1000mg/L

N1 = 400mg/L

2. For distilled water:

Volume of water = 50ml

Volume of acid = 20ml

Initial pH of water = 8.3

Final pH of water =

Formula:

N1 V1 = N2 V2

N1 = 0.02 4/50

N1 = 0.0016 50 1000

N1 = 80mg/L