The Situation Grammar Book PDF New

R
Didacta
The Situation
English Course
C
A SYSTEM
C
L
Color Association System
The Situation Grammar Book
The situation grammar workbook was written as a self-study grammar book and
can be used for immediate consolidation. It will give the student a wider view
for the use of tenses and can be followed with any program.
Its a great source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson.
The student then has a set of conversational prompts based on listening and
speaking as a record of what has been taught and can refer to them for future
practice, so that the student doesnt forget what was acknowledged.
This book is based on situations where the student analyses, decides and
learns not only how, but when and why a tense is used.
It associates colors with auxiliaries and their use as target language.
It will make the student remember tenses permanently and faster than any
other teaching method.
By
ENGLISH R
TODAY!
A C
C SYSTEM
L
(be) Simple Simple (be) (be) Present
(s) Future (be) (be)
Auxiliaries Present
Present Present Past Present
Present Past
Past Continuous Auxiliaries
Verb Verb Verb
Example:
Simple Prompt says: (be) Past (be) (be) Present Past WC
(ed) be
Continuous going to going to Perfect Perfect verb
Present What time / wake up / Sundays? (He) Past
Past MS
Verb
Ss. think:
What time does he wake up on Sundays?
Sundays? Grammar Circles for CD
Do (es) Habits Are
Is /be
Am
All grammar formulas in one!
by
Simple Didacta be
Past verb
Yes-No Qs. Aux. Subject Verb Complement
Simple Present Do/does simple
Did Simple Past Did form Was / Were
Present continuous Am/Is/Are
Idiomatic future
I You verb +ing
Past continuous Was / Were They We going to+verb
P.P. Present Perfect Have / Has past participle P.P.
P.P. Past Perfect Had p.p. ?
Present Future Will He She It Present
continuous Would (There)
simple Perfect
Modals Can / Could form
Is / Are Must/Should Have / Has
Am Information Yes / No Qs.
Questions
Action
+ ing P.P.
Action
Action
Action
Whs Aux. ( ) Action c ?

Past Past
continuous subject verb complement
Perfect
Was / Were
(be)
Affirmative statements Negative Statements Short answers
(S)
Present
Present
Verb
*
Past
+ ing + + Verb Yes, had
Action + (be) + +
Verb
aux auxnt aux
(be)
verb Past
Verb
((not) Action No, nt
(not)
Action
Action
Future Future
Action -going to-
Whs Aux. c c
Habits Ss. Think: Am Is / Are
a
What time / wake up / Sundays? (he) Was / Were
a
Will Simple Present a does he on going to Action
Aux.
by
Didacta
We use auxiliaries for:
SUBJECT You
Affirmative statements
C aux
*except for simple present and simple past, where the tense relies on the verb. verb
E He They We I She It I I I
X * She
A
M (be) (be) (be) will am was is have had
P is Modals
L happy
Past *work(s)
Past *worked
Past work working working going to worked worked
E work p.p.
S am-is-are present past p.p.
exception
aux Note: If you have a complete circle ( ) the verbs goes in simple form.
SUBJECT You If the circle is divided in two( ), it means that the verb is altered.
verb
Questions C
E
X is do did am are
A
(be) will was have had
M He
They She We I I you you I Modals
P
L happy
Past going to worked
E work work work working working work worked
S Verb p.p.
Subject
Negative statements auxnt verb
E He They She We I I He You I

X
A
M
(be)
isnt
wasnt isnt havent had
isnt have hadnt Modals
P do
dont did
didnt wo
wont am not was
L happy
Past working working going to worked
E work work work work worked p.p.
S Verb
Contents
Lesson 1
Verb To Be in Present ................................................................... 1-5
Names & Nationalities ~ Professions / Adjectives
Possessives (conversation)................................................................. 6-7
(This-That/ These-Those) (It vs. They) ............................................... 8-9
Numbers (money) & Time .............................................................. 10
Possessive s & Family names .................................................... 11
There be (Present) with prepositions of place ................................ 12-14
Lesson 2
Verb To Be in Past ......................................................................... 16-17
Comparison (1) (more & er)............................................................. 18-19
Comparison (2) As... As... ................................................................ 20-21
Superlatives (most & est)................................................................. 22-23
Too & enough ................................................................................ 24-25
Lesson 3
Present Continuous ......................................................................... 26-29
Lesson 4
Simple Present ................................................................................ 30-33
Days, Weeks, Months and Seasons (On, In & At) ......................... 34
Review: Simple Present and Present Continuous .............................. 35-37
Singular and Plural (noun + noun) ..................................................... 38-39
Some Vs. Many / Much Vs. Little / Many Vs. Few ......................... 40-41
(Un)countable nouns ......................................................................... 42-44
Lesson 5
Simple Past ....................................................................................... 45-48
Objective pronouns Vs. Reflexive pronouns ..................................... 49-50
Lesson 6
Past Continuous ................................................................................. 51-53
Review & Drilling Simple and continuous forms of present & past .... 54-55
No, none, any / Nothing, nobody, etc. .............................................. 56-57
All, all of / most, most of / no, none of ................................................ 58-59
Both, both of / neither, neither of / either, either of ............................ 60-61
All, every & whole ............................................................................... 62-63
Each & every ...................................................................................... 64-65
a(n) and some Vs. The (1) .......................................................... 66-67
a(n) and some Vs. The (2) .......................................................... 68-69
Lesson 7
Future with going to ......................................................................... 70-71
Lesson 8
Unaccomplished Actions (was going to...) ...................................... 72
Lesson 9
Future with ing ................................................................................ 73
Lesson 10
Future with will ........................................................................... 74-75
Review: Will Vs. going to ............................................................. 76-77
Lesson 11
Present Perfect I .& II ................................................................... 78-80
Lesson 12
Present Perfect Vs. Simple Past .................................................. 81-82
Lesson 13
Past Perfect ..................................................................................... 83
Lesson 14
Present Perfect Continuous.............................................................. 84-85
Lesson 15
Past Perfect Continuous.................................................................... 86-87
Get/ have & have got ........................................................................ 88-89
Lesson 16
Can/Could (have) and (be) able to................................................. 90-91
Lesson 17
Would (have) and I wish __ would ............................................... 92-93
Lesson 18
Should (have) ................................................................................. 94-95
Lesson 19
Must (have) ................................... ................................................ 96-97
Lesson 20
May and Might (have) ............. ...................................................... 98-99
Lesson 21
Requests, Offers, Permission and Invitations ......................... 100-101
Reported speech in all tenses ........................................................ 102-104
Lesson 22
Passive Voice in Present and Past ................................................ 105-107
Lesson 23
Passive Voice in all tenses ............................................................. 108-109
have something done ..................................................................... 110-111
Lesson 24
Conditionals I .............................................................................. 112-111
Lesson 25
Conditionals II ............................................................................... 114-115
Lesson 26
Future Continuous Future Perfect ............................................... 116-117
Lesson 27
Relative clauses (1) ..................................................................... 118-119
Lesson 28
Double Questions ......................................................................... 126-127
Tag questions ............................................................................... 128-129
Lesson 29
Although, though, even though/ inspite of, despite, but ............... 130-131
Lesson 30
Used to Vs. be/get used to ............................................................. 132-133
Lesson 31
Infinitives with ing ............................................................................ 134-135
Infinitives with to .............................................................................. 136-137
Verb + object + to + infinitive ........................................................... 138-139
Verb + ing or verb + to (1) .............................................................. 140-141
Prefer & would rather ...................................................................... 146-147
Preposition + ing-verb .................................................................... 148-149
Verb + preposition + ing-verb .......................................................... 150-151
Expressions + ing-verb .................................................................... 152-153
Lesson 32
To, for & so that .............................................................................. 154-155
Adjective + to .................................................................................... 156-157
Adjective + to / Perposition ing-verb ............................................. 158-159
See somebody do Vs. See somebody doing .................................. 160-161
Lesson 33
Adjectives ending in ing and ed ..................................................... 162-163
Adjectives (word order) ................................................................. 164-165
Adjectives & adverbs (1) ................................................................. 166-167
Adjectives & adverbs (2) ................................................................. 168-169
So & such ....................................................................................... 170-171
Lesson 34
Even .................................................................................................. 172-173
Lesson 35
In case, unless, as long as, provided/providing ............................... 174-175
Lesson 36
As (time and reason) like & as ........................................................ 176-177
As if, as though & like .................................................................... 178-179
Lesson 37
Had better ..................................................................................... 180-181
Lesson 38
Too/either, so do I/neither do I. ...................................................... 182-183
I am...
The verb be in present (be)
Is/are
Names & Nationalities

Sit.1 = Situation 1
Sit.1 I am Sue.* Im Korean. I
* m from Seoul.
*
My parents are from South Korea. Tracks 1-4 1
*A verb can carry a color in simple present (white/blue) and simple past (yellow/green) only in affirmative statements.
We use the verb be to give names and to talk about nationalities.

Sit.2 My name is Carmen. Im Mexican. I am from Monterrey.
I speak two languages. My mother is from Mexico City.
Es.
Feelings & Adjectives
1. Are you happy? 7. Its very expensive.
2. Im cold. 8. Is he 20 years old?
3. Shes hungry. 9. Michael Jordan isnt short.
4. Is she tired? 10. The exam is easy.
5. Are you sick? 11. Is the class interesting?
6. Is the boss worried? 12. Is the job demanding?
Professions
Contrac
tions
1. Im a teacher. I am 4.*Theyre students.
You are = Im
They ar = Youre
e
We are = They re
=
She is = Were
He is = Shes
H
2. Kevin is a pilot. It is = I es 5. Alices a hairdresser.
t s
3. Shes an announcer. 6. Jeffs a dancer.

*Use articles a/an with professions in singular only. Theres no article in situation 4 because its plural.
To classify people or things and to say where they are.

1. Hes married. 6. The Eiffel tower is in Paris.
2. Its a fruit. 7. The pyramids are in Egypt.
3. That car is a corvette. 8. My office is in front of a bank.
4. Your answer is wrong. 9. Im in my car.
5. They are colleagues. 10. Your shoes are under the table.
1
( )
subject Personal Pronouns be
Verb Verb am/is/are
1st person (singular) I....................................................... am (singular)
1st person (plural) We................................................... are (plural) Tracks 5-7 1
2nd person (singular & plural) You........................................ are (plural)

3rd person (plural) They................................................... are (plural)
3rd person (Singular) He, She & It.............................. is (singular)
Nationalities
Complete the sentences using am, is or are + one of the words below. Choose the correct
word from the list below by looking at the pictures.
Egyptian ~ Mexican~ African ~ Spanish ~ Chinese ~ Dutch ~ Russian ~ Arabian
Hawaiian ~ English or British ~ Canadian ~ Brazilian
Spain Canada Holland Egypt Russia Arabia Mexico Brasil England Hawaii China Africa
Sit.1 Sit.2 Sit.3 Sit.4 Sit.5 Sit.6 Sit.7 Sit.8 Sit.9 Sit.10 Sit.11
Sit.12
1. He____________________. 2. I ______________________. 3. He____________________.

4. She____________________. 5. He_____________________. 6. I_____________________.
7. We____________________. 8. Tom____________________. 9. He____________________.
10. She___________________. 11. Sue___________________. 12. They_________________.
Adjectives
Complete the sentences using am, is or are + one of the words below. Choose the correct
word from the list below by looking at the pictures.
fast ~ slow 01 new ~ old 02 sweet ~ hot 03
It _____ (a/an) _________ car. The car __________. It __________.
(Affirmative) (Negative)
It _____ not _______. The car __________. The pepper ________.
(Negative) (Affirmative)
young ~ old 04 light ~ heavy 05 big ~ small 06
He ______ (a/an) ________ man. It ______________. They____________.
He _____ not _______. It ______________. Whales _________.
safe ~ dangerous 07 rich ~ poor 08 healthy ~ sick 09
It ____ (a/an) _________ animal. The man __________. He _____________.
It __ not (a/an) _____animal. He ____________. He _____________.
funny ~ serious 10 tall ~ short 11 cheap ~expensive 12
For Sale
She ____ (a/an) _______ actress. They ___________. $20.00 dollars It _____________.
(Negative) (Negative)
She ____ not ________. They ____________. It ____________.
(Affirmative) (Affirmative)
beautiful ~ ugly 13 alive ~ dead 14 clean ~ dirty 15
It ____ (a/an) ___________ rose. He _______________. The house __________.
It ____ not ________. He ______________. It ____________.

2
Professions
Complete the sentences using am, is or are + (a/an) if necessary + the correct word from
the list below by looking at the pictures. 1.3
politician ~ stockbrokers ~ archeologist ~ weatherman ~ farmers ~ postman Game
housewife ~ bartender ~ painter ~ jeweler ~ nurse ~ cashier Professions
Use page 15 to help you.
Tracks 8-9 1
a. He_________________. b. He_________________. c. She_________________.

WMD:6.557......GM:0.3345....BPW:8.9994......VTW:2.5678......TJK:0.
RFT:9.45688......HJK:0.323465.......HJO:9.44533.....NMD:9.34345...U
d. They________________. e. I__________________. f. We_________________.
g. He__________________. h. She________________. i. I___________________.
02
85.
$39
j. She__________________. k. He________________. l. I___________________.

Feelings and Adjectives
Complete the sentences using am, is or are + one of the words below. Choose the correct word from
the list below by looking at the pictures.
upset ~ smart~ hungry ~ sad ~ fast ~ sick ~ worried~ afraid

tired ~ thirsty ~ short ~ overweight
Speedy
Sit.1 Sit.2 Sit.3 Sit.4 Sit.5 Sit.6 Sit.7 Sit.8 Sit.9 Sit.10 Sit.11 Sit.12
1. Steve _________________________. 2. Laura _________________________.

3. David _________________________. 4. Ronald ________________________.
5. Danny ________________________. 6. Andrew ________________________.
7. Peter _________________________. 8. Richard________________________.
9. John _________________________. 10. Joseph ________________________.
11. Linda ________________________. 12. Amanda _______________________.
3
Use the short form.
1. He is Hes 5. She is _______ John is a writer. = Johns a writer.
2. They are _______ 6. You are _______ That is my sweater. = Thats my sweater
3. I am _______ 7. Here is _______ Here is your coat. = Heres your coat
4. We are _______ 8. Here are _______ Where is my book? = Wheres my coat.
Complete the sentences using am, is or are. Use contractions. Tracks 10-14 1
1. His name ________
S Joseph. 6. ________ your name Joseph?
2. She ________ Mexican. 7. ________ she Mexican?
3. They ________ from Texas. 8. ________ they from Texas?
am-is-are
4. I ________ a student. 9. ________ you a student? Verb to be in present
5. It ________ late. 10. ________ it late? Affirmative statements
Affirmative or negative? Write am/is/are in affirmative or negative form

to make sense. Use contractions. Contractions
is not = isnt
Sit.1 It is 11:45 pm. I ________ tired. are not = arent
Sit.2 Julie and I ate a lot. We __________ hungry. + not
am-is-are
Sit.3 I ran two miles. I ________ thirsty.
Sit.4 This bag only weighs two pounds. It ________ heavy. Negative statements
Sit.5 The Great Wall _________ in China.
Sit.6 It _______ two degrees Celsius. It _________ cold.
Sit.7 Silvester Stallone ________ from Italy. He _______ a singer. He ____ an actor.
Sit.8 The sky ________ red. It _______ blue. It _______ beautiful today.
Complete the conversation using am, is or are Use contractions.
Joe: Hello! Who ____ (be) this? Carmen: This ____ (be) Carmen. Joe: Hi Carmen.
It ____ (be) me, Joe. How ____ (be) you? Carmen: I____ (be) great! I ____ (be) with
an old friend. Her name ____ (be) Liz. She ____ (be) from Brasil. She ____ (be) a
student. She ____ (be) in a very good friend. Joe: Where ____ (be) you?
Carmen: We ____ (be) in a bank. Joe:____ (be) the bank crowded?
Carmen: Yes it ____ (be). The bank ____ (be) full of people.
Joe: ____ (be) you in a hurry? Carmen: Yes, I ____ (be). I ____ (be) late for work.
Where____ (be) you? Joe: I ____ (be) at home.
Drilling
Put the words in the correct order to make questions and affirmative statements.
Use the verb be to complete each sentence, Then match the questions with their answer.
your/what/name ______________________? a programmer/I ________________________.

from/you/where ______________________? it/12 noon ________________________.
a salesman/you _____________________? name/Joseph/ my ______________________.
finance/she/in ______________________? it/boss/my ________________________.
it/what time _________________________? Cuba/from/I __________________________.
that/who _________________________? marketing/in/she________________________.
4
Look at the pictures and make sentences. Use am/is/are + the words on the bottom of each box.
1 2 3 4
sad in love happy heavy

Shes sad
1. _____________________. 2. ____________________? 3. _____________________. 4. ___________________?
5 6 7 8
reliable friendly angry bored

5. _____________________. 6. ____________________? 7. _____________________. 8. ___________________?
9 10 11 12
Beautiful sick tired funny

9. _____________________. 10. ____________________? 11. ____________________. 12.___________________?
Tracks 15-16
(Wh)
6
Use the prompts to complete the questions and answers. 1
am-is-are
am-is-are
Sit.1 Are you from England?
__________ I No, _______
I am not. ?
(you) am-is-are Questions
am-is-are
Sit.2 Where ___________ from? I ________ from Washington.
(you) am-is-are
am-is-are
Sit.3 How old _______________? I I _________ forty years old.
(you) am-is-are
am-is-are
Sit.4 ___________ married? I No, __________ single.
(you) am-is-are
am-is-are (My name)

Sit.5 What _________________? _________________ Peter.
(your name) am-is-are
am-is-are (This)
Sit.6 Who________________? ________________ my brother Paul.
(this) am-is-are
am-is-are
Sit.7 What __________________ ? I _______________ engineer.
(You) am-is-are
Sit.8 am-is-areWhere ______________ ? (They)

__________ on the table.
(my keys) am-is-are
am-is-are
Sit.9 What time _______________? ( It )
____________ half past seven.
( it ) am-is-are
am-is-are ( It )
Sit.10 Whose wallet _______________? ________ my wallet. Thank you.
(this) am-is-are
5
1. What are you? I am fine thank you.
2. Where are you? Roll play. Im in my English class.
A B
Student A
3. Who are you? asks S. B Im from ___________. (City)
4. How are you? and vice versa. Im ___ years old. (Age)
5. How old are you? Im______________. (Name)
6. Where are you from? Tracks 17-20 1 Its ______________. (Garcia)
7. What s your last name? Im ______________. (Profession)

Use the prompts in parentheses to make sentences.
Sit. 11 You notice that Jerry has a strange accent, so you ask...
(Where/ you /from?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 12 You want to know if your friend wants to eat. You ask...
( you /hungry?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 13 Carmen has a strange look on her face, so you ask her...
( you /angry?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 14 You dont know if Nancy is married, so you ask...
( she /single?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 15 You cant find your glasses, so you ask...
(Where/ / my glasses?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 16 You see a strange object, so you ask...
(What/ / that?) _______________________________________________?
Sit. 17 You want to know the price of a watch, so you ask...
(How much/ / that watch?) ______________________________________________?
Possessive adjectives: Complete the sentences using possessive adjectives.
(I) my car 1. She is brushing _______ hair.

2. I am brushing ________ teeth.
(You) your books 3. They are building ________ house.
(He) his life 4. He is eating ________ dinner.
(She) her turn 5. The dog is wagging _______ tail.
(It) its puppies 6. The car is losing ________ value.
7. We have _______ own bedroom.
(They) their food 8. You sleep in ________ bedroom.
(We) our house 9. We feed _______ dog.
Peters gloves 10. She loves ________ husband.
Complete the second sentences so that they mean the same

Possessive pronouns: as the first.
That car is mine. 1. That is my car. The car is ________.
yours? 2. That is your watch. Its ________.
This book is
3. That is our house. Its ___________.
Is this pen his? 4. Dave is my friend. He is a friend ___________.
The decision is hers. 5. Its your job. The job is ________.
6. They are her earrings . They are _________.
The flowers are theirs 7. That is his seat. This seat is _________.
The house is ours. 8. Thats their office. That office is __________.
9. These are her drawings. They are _________.
These gloves are Peters 10. This is my car. This car is __________.
6 Note: We don't say: he is a friend mine. We say: he is a friend of mine.
Meeting people
1 Conversation Track 21 1
Listen, read and repeat.

Larry: Hi! Are you a medicine student?
Nicole: Yes, I am. My name is Nicole. Whats your name?
Larry: Im Larry. My last name is Perez.
Nicole: Its nice to meet you, Larry.
Larry: Its nice meeting you too.
Nicole: Where are you from, Larry?
Larry: Im from Mexico City. Its a huge city,
but its very dangerous too.
Nicole: Im hungry! Wheres the cafeteria?
Larry: Its in front of the library. The food is delicious there.
1 Listening exercise. 1.14
Cover the conversation above Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks.
Larry: ___! Are _____ a medicine student? Larry: Hi! ____ you __ ________ student?
Nicole: Yes, __ am. ________ is Nicole. Whats _____ name? Nicole: ____, __ am. My name __ Nicole. _______ your name?
Larry: I__ Larry. ___ last name is Perez. Larry: Im Larry Perez. My ______ ______ is _______.
Nicole: Its nice ___ ______ you, Larry. Nicole: Its nice to meet you, Larry.
Larry: Its nice _______ you too. Larry: ____ _____ meeting you ____.
Nicole: Where _____ you ______, Larry? Nicole: _______ are ____ from, Larry?
Larry: ____ from _____________. Its a _____ city, Larry: Im ______ Mexico City. Its a huge city,
but its very _____________ too. ____ it_ _____ dangerous too.
Nicole: Im ________! Where __ the cafeteria? Nicole: _m hungry! _______s ___ cafeteria?
Larry: Its ______ __ the library. The food is ________ there. Larry: Its in front of the library. ___ food __ delicious _____.
LE Listening and writing excersise.

Listen to conversation again and try to write the whole conversation.
Larry: ___! _______________________? Larry: ______________________.
Nicole: __________________________. Nicole: _______________________________?
__________________? Larry: _______________________________________,
Larry: ______________________________. ______________________________.
Nicole: ________________________________. Nicole: __________________________________?
Larry: _______________________. _________________________.
Whats your name in English?

Juan Maria
Miguel Their names are
His name is Juan
or John. Susana or Susan
Her name is Maria and Miguel or
or Mary. Michael.
Susana
Group work: Remember your classmates names by making a circle.

Student A says: My name is Mark. Student B says: His name is Mark, my name is Jerry and so on.
Then do the same, but dont say: My name is.. Say Hes Mark, Im Jerry, Shes Anna and so on.
7
This, these, that or those?
It We also use them to help someone know if
Near v Far
the subject is near or far, singular or plural.
This is That
singular
Sit18 What is that on the wall? Peter: Its an old clock.
are
These plural Those Sit.19 Are these your glasses? Peter: Yes. Where were they?
v Sit.20 Are those your nephews? Peter: Yes, they are.
They
It or they? | Is or are?
Sit. 28 What (is/are) those? (It/they) _______ _______ (is/are) toys.
Sit. 29 What (is/are) that? (It/they) _______ _______ (is/are) a key.
Sit. 30 What (is/are) your name? (It/they) _______ _______ (is/are) John.
Sit. 31 Where (is/are) my keys? (It/they) _______ _______ (is/are) in your pocket.
Sit. 32 Who (is/are) those people? (It/they) _______ _______ (is/are) my friends.
this
Sit. 21 Whose car (is/are) ____________ ? (the car is near you.)
Tracks 22-25 1
Sit. 22 How much (is/are) ____________ shoes? (they are in your hands.)
Sit. 23 Whose books (is/are) _____________? (they are far from you.)
Sit. 24 (is/are) ____________ (our/ours) teacher? (hes far from you.)
Sit. 25 __________(is/are) (my/mine) friend Joe. (hes beside you.)
Sit. 26 Who (is/are) ___________? (a person in front of you.)
Sit. 27 ________ (is/are) (my/mine) brother Pepe. (He is far from you.)
Circle the correct words.
1. Its (her/hers) problem, not (my/mine). 6. His cat is older than (our/ours).
2. Thats a nice car. Is it (your/yours)? 7. The choice is (their/theirs).
3. Thats not (my/mine). Its (her/hers). 8. Is this (his/his) cup?
4. Whose purse is this? Thats (her/hers) purse. 9. Is this thing (your/yours)?
5. That is (her/hers) husband. 10. Is he a friend (yours/of yours)?
Wh-Words Drill
Ice breaker- Choose the correct form of the verb and match the questions with the answers.
Then choose a partner and ask him/her the same questions and compare his/her answers.
1. What (is/are) your favorite color? 1. Its on August the second.
2. Where (is/are) the bathrooms? 2. Its pizza.
3. Who (is/are) your best friend? 3. The Simpsons.
4. What (is/are) the time? 4. Its Madison street 206.
5. Where (is/are) the library? 5. Because its the universal language.
6. When (is/are) your birthday? 6. The test is next week.
7. Which (is/are) your favorite food. 7. My best friend is my dad.
8. Why (is/are) you interested in learning English? 8. Its in front of the cafeteria.
9. What (is/are) your address? 9. Theyre on that corner.
10. What (is/are) your favorite TV show? 10. Its red.
11. When (is/are) the next exam? 11. Its 12 Oclock.
8
Tracks 26-29 1
Game: Student A stands in front of the group. Teacher writes a number on the board: For example: 2,543. Student A has one
2 Numbers minute to guess this number. Student A says: 5. The teacher tips by saying More or Less. In this case, teacher says A lot more.
Student A could say: One thousand Teacher says: More. Guesser says: Five thousand. Teacher says: Less and so on.
Listen and repeat. One Two Three Four Five

Thir Fif 100,200 ,300 ,400 ,500
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 (10-11-12)
H H H H H
Six Seven Eight Nine
One Two Ten Eleven Twelve

Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine
600,700,800,900
H H H H
Stress on
this syllable. 1
3
113 Thir 20 twen 2
14
14 four 3
300 thir 3 H
15
15 fif
Stress on this syllable.
40 for 4 Say and write these numbers.
16
16 six 5
500 fif
60 six
+ 5 220 - 815- 735 - 413 - 555 - 316 - 992 - 614
H H
470 - 817- 712 - 408 - 119 - 333 - 515 - 698

H H H H H H
17
17 6
,
seven
,
H H H H H H H H
18
18 eight 70 seven 7
19
19 nine 80 eight 8
90 nine 9
Say and write these numbers.
Say and write these numbers.
3,115 - 10,713 - 14,418 - 48,136 - 312,911 - 689,028
1 - 5 - 6 - 3 - 10 - 12 - 11 - 13 - 17 - 18 - 15 - 19 H H H H H H H H
20 1- 33- 35 - 48 - 55 - 64 - 92 - 81 - 76 - 67 8,277,419 - 64,788,753 - 123,047,210- 3,014,312,008 H H H H H H H H H H
49,649,615,043 - 333,313,333,313 - 919,999,919,999

Coins H H H H H H H H H H H
25 cents (a quarter) Match the prices.

1 cent (a penny) 10 cents (a dime) three cents ~three dollars ~ a quarter ~ a dime ~
three hundred dollars ~ twenty five hundred dollars
$3.00_________________. $.03 _________________. $.25_________________.
$.10___________. $300.00_________________. $2,500 _________________.
Whats the time? Half Before =To

After =Past Tracks 30-38 1
Quarter
Listen and repeat.
55 00 05 00 55 00 05 00 55 00 05 00 00
55 05 55 05 55 05 55 05
50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10
45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15
40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20
35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Its seven oclock Its twelve noon. Its six and a half Its a quarter Its a quarter Its one in the Its ten oclock
in the morning. in the evening. to one. past eleven. afternoon. at night.
55 00 05 00 55 00 05 00 55 00 05 00 00
55 05 55 05 55 05 55 05
50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10
45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15
40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20
35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Its seven-oh-five. Its three-fifty. Its eight thirty. Its fifteen to five. Its twenty past one. Its12 midnight. Its twenty to six.
What time is it? 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05
55 00 05 55 00 05
50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10
50 10 50 10
45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15
45 15 45 15
40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20
40 20 40 20
35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25
35 25 35 25 30 30 30 30 30
30 30
Its six and a half. Its twelve noon. Its eight thirty. Its ten past one. Its twenty to six. Its a quarter to two. Its twenty past one.
55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05 55 00 05
50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10
45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15
40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20 40 20
35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25 35 25
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Its a quarter Its seven oclock Its a quarter Its six-fifty-five. Its eight-oh-nine. Its midnight. Its five to three.
past eleven. in the morning. to six.
10
Possessive s
Sit. 1 George: Hi Pamela. Is this your photo album? Who is Claudia?
Pamela: She is Richards wife. George: Who is Peter?
Pamela: Hes my sisters husband. George: Are Carmen and Peter married?
Pamela: Yes, they are. George: Theyre very young!
Use possessive s to show possession. If the possessors name ends in s, just add an apostrophe.
We dont say: The car of John. We say: Johns car. We write: Carlos car. Not: Carloss car.
[ Hi, Im Pamela.
This is a picture
of my...
Im 19.
Mary is 55. Daniel is 66.
(Husband
Tracks 39-42
& Wife)
1
Richard 27.
Grand parents Claudia is 28.

John is 37.
Marge is 36.
Parents: Dad & Mom Uncle & Aunt
Cousins
Larry is 9
months old.
Carmen Peter
is 22. is 21.
Brother Me sister brother in-law.

Christian is 14. Pam
Steve is 6. Sandra is 8.
David is 5.
Cindy is 7.
Niece Nephew
Pair work
Student A asks Student B Write down Bs answers. Student B, asks Student A. Write down Bs answers.
Who (is/are)... Who is...
Christians nephew? 1____________________. Carmens daughter? 1_____________________.
Richards son? 2____________________. Christians uncle? 2_____________________.
Peters father in-law? 3____________________. Johns son in-law? 3_____________________.
Pams cousins? 4____________________. Peters mother in-law? 4_____________________.
Marys husband? 5____________________. Richards wife? 5_____________________.
How old is... (Use s)

(David) 1._____________________?
Cindys brother (Steve) 4._____________________? (Pamela) 7._____________________?
(Richard) 2._____________________? (Claudia) 5._____________________? (Marge) 8._____________________?
(Mary) 3._____________________? (Cindy) 6._____________________? (Christian) 9._____________________?
Rewrite the following phrases: Do not use possessive s for these.

1. The house of Luis ___________________ 5. Food for dogs ___________________
2. The brother of John ___________________ 6. The keys for the car ___________________
3. Is he your friend? ___________________? 7. The bell for the door ___________________
4. He is my friend. ___________________. 8. A store for books ___________________
11
There is/are...
There be in present (be)
Is/are
Existence Tracks 43-45 1
Sit.1 Sit.2 Sit.3
There are two men There arent many people There are two kids
on that post. people on the beach. on the swings.
We use there + be to say that something exists. We also use it to talk about something
or someone for the first time.
Sit.4 Sit.5 Sit.6
No vacancy
Hotel
There is more fish Are there any rooms There are children
in the box. available? on the bus.
* There is normally followed by the verb be.
{+} affirmative
There is (singular countable nouns & uncountable nouns) {-} negative {?} questions
Use a/n in {+} {-} {?} only with singular countable nouns. Use some in {+} / any in {-} {?} with uncountable nouns.
(+) Affirmative There is a(n)/some There is a fly in my soup. Theres (some)* milk in the fridge.
There is some dirt here. There isnt any time left.
*We often leave some out in {+} sentences. Is there any mud on your shoes?
There isnt an exit on this floor.
(-) Negative There isnt a(n)/any
{ There wasnt any money on my account.
Is there an ATM near here?
(?) Questions - Is there a(n)/any?
{Was there any time left?
There are (plural countable nouns)

We also use some in {+} / any in {-} {?} with plural countable nouns too.
(+) Affirmative - There are some... { There are 365 days in a year.
There were some people outside the house.
(-) Negative - There arent any... {There arent any flights to Miami.
There werent any complaints from our supplier.
(?) Questions - Are there any... {Were there any mistakes?
Are there any problems?
There (be)... in all tenses -

is/was/will be/has-had been/can be/could be/must be/may be/could- should-may-must have been
For more information about some & any, countable and uncountable nouns see unit 4.2 & 4.3
12
Prepositions of place
1. Theres food on the table. Sit.6 Theres a bank in front of my house

2. Our nose is between our eyes. Sit.7 Stop the car. Theres a cop behind us.
3. The sky is above us. Sit.8 Look to your right. Theres a snake beside you.
4. Sign your name below. Sit.9 Whats in (inside) the box?
5. Hes in the kitchen . Sit.10 Your shoes are under the bed.
Exercises Tracks 46-49 1
Choose from the two words in the parenthesis to fill in the gaps.
1. There _______ (is-are) an ATM inside the store.

2. (Is-Are) _______ there many people in the bank?
3. (Is-Are) _______ there _______ (any-some) food in the refrigerator?
4. There _______ (isnt-arent)_______ (some/any) time left.
5. (Is-Are) _______ there ________ (any/a-an) gas station?
6. (Is-Are) _______ there (someone/anyone) at the door?
7. There ______ (is-are) a new restaurant ___ (in/on) this street.

8. (Is-Are) _______ ________ (it/there) a surprise inside the box?
9. (Is-Are) _______ ________ (there/they) your keys?
10. (It/They) _______ _______ (isnt-arent) my purse.
11. (There/They) _______ are my relatives.
12. (There/They) _________ are in a meeting right now.
13. (There/They) _________ are two people in the meeting.
Some or any?
Answer #12 s2 (side two).
Write is or are + some or any where necessary .
13. _____ there ________ milk in the fridge?
14. There _____ ________ cheese left.
15. _____ there ________ sugar? Yes, there _____ ________.
16. _____ there ________ restaurants near here? No, there _____ ________.
17. _____ there _________ people in the store?
18. Dont buy ________ bread. There is still _________ at home.
19. Would you like ________ coffee?
20. Do you want ________ water?
Answer #8 s2. Mini quiz #12 s2.
13
Where is (he/she/it)?
E Prepositions of place Tracks 50-51 1
Read and learn.

John
in front of behind between

2. The blue balloon is behind the
1. The teacher is in front of the group. red one. 3. John is between the two men.
Matt
Luis
beside or on in
next to
4. Luis is next to Matt. 5. There is a clock on the wall. 6. There are two cats in the box.
Lisa
over
under upside-down Charley
beneath
9. Lisa is over Charley.
7. My shoes are under the bed. 8. Tim is upside-down. 10. Charley is beneath Lisa.
Complete the sentences by looking at the pictures. Use the words below.
in front ~ on ~ in ~ between ~ beneath~ upside-down ~ around ~ behind ~ under ~ beside
1. Betty is the one in the middle. 2. Tom is _________Jessica. There are

Shes ____________ Cindy and Carmen. more children ____________ them. 3. Are there more rabbits _____ the hat?
5. There are some sheets of paper

4. The baby is _______ dads shoulder. _____________ his feet. 6. Hes ___________ of the elevator.
7. The dog is __________________.

8. There is a wheel _ ____ his stomach. 9. The girl is ____________ that tree. 10. The baby is _________ the children.
Group work: Put some of your classmates things in different places inside the classroom.
Then ask... Where is my wallet? Its (under-behind-between-in front of- etc.). Use all prepositions.
14
Teacher takes out the famous people stickers. Stick one on your back without reading it and ask
every student 1 or 2 yes/no questions about who you are. The first to guess who he/she is, wins!
Who am I?
Sex Nationality Language Adjectives:
old~young tall~short over weight~slim
dark skin/browm skin/white skin (skinned)
blond/brunet/dark hair blue/green eyes
alive~dead rich~poor single~married
funny~boring safe~dangerous (in)sane
beautiful/handsome/goodlooking~ugly
strong/weak/fat/balled(hairless)
handicapped/blind/deaf human/animal
hardworking~lazy ambitious creative
(dis)loyal friendly (dis)honest
Occupations: politician / actor/actress
sportsman / musician / singer / composer
inventor / scientist/ priest / nun / boxer
golf player / computer programmer / fighter
princess / writer / painter / terrorist / star
Now choose a classmate and get this information from him/her. Imagine you work
for a famous company. Make up what you do(job),how many people work in the
company (workforce), how much money it makes in a year (annual turnover) and
how much money it makes taking away its costs (profit).
Name: What/be/your name?

Age: Birthday: How old/be you? When/be/your birthday?
Interests: What/be/you interested in?
Likes: Which/be/your hobbies?
Disikes: like/doing?
Skills: What/do?
Weakness: Which/be/ your weaknesses?
Job: What/be/ you? What/do?

Workforce: What/be/ the ...?
Annual turnover:
Profit:
15
I was...
The verb be in past
was-were
Tracks 52-54 1
Example Situations Present vs. Past
(five years ago) Sit.1 George was* 53 years old. He was very poor.
He didnt have a job. He was worried.
He didnt have any money and he was very hungry.
His house was for sale. He sold*his house.
*A verb can carry a color in simple present (blue) and simple past (green) only in an affirmative statement or if its the verb to be.
Present
Past
Note: There are no contractions I am
You are I was
when using the verb to be in past. They are You we
They w re
We are e
We werere
(today) She is
She wa
He iiss s
Note: There are no contractions It iiss
He was
I t w as
when using the verb to be in past.
Sit.2 George is 58 years old now and He is rich.
He earns a lot of money. He isnt worried anymore.
He has his own business. He owns a beautiful restaurant.
He is very happy.
More examples
Sit.3 Eight years ago Silvia was fifty. Now shes fifty-eight.
Sit.4 I used to go to kindergarten when I was 4.
Sit.5 We didnt worry much when we were teenagers.
Sit.6 Dave arrived ten minutes past eight this morning. He was ten minutes late.
Sit.7 They were deeply in love when they got married.
Sit.8 Jeff: Where were you? Claudia: I was in a workshop. Were you worried?
was-were
Verb to be in past
Exercises
Complete the sentences using was or were.
1. _____________ thirsty. (you) 6. _____________ absent? (you)
2. _____________ single. (she) 7. _____________ bored? (he)
3. _____________ strangers. (they) 8. _____________ tired? (they)
4. _____________ afraid of ghosts. (I) 9. _____________ a cop before? (you)
5. _____________ one hour late. (she) 10. _____________ difficult? (It)
16
Present or past?
Affirmative or negative?
Sit.1 We didnt like the restaurant very much. The food _______ cold, the dishes
_________ clean and it _______ very expensive.
Sit.2 Pete _________ absent yesterday. He ________ sick. He ________ better now.
Sit.3 John: Why ________ you so tired? (now) Linda: I ________ busy all day.
Sit.4 Yesterday was Sunday. All the banks _________ closed.
Sit.5 Where _______ Steve? (now) He ______ here five minutes ago.
Sit.6 This car _______ very expensive in the past. Now, it ________ worth much.
Sit.7 I called you, but you _________ home. Where ________ you?
Sit.8 Why ________ you wet? (now) Was it raining?
Sit.9 The meeting _____ canceled. We postponed it.
+ not
was-were
Sit.10 Steve arrived home late. We _______ a little worried. Negative statements
Do prompt #4 Tracks 55-57 1
Where were all this people at two oclock yesterday afternoon?

Use the following words to complete the sentences:
in a hotel ~ on the beach ~ at a party ~ in a restaurant ~ in a bank
Bank
1 2 3 4 5
Steve The Smiths Miss. Thomson Laura Ann & David
1. He ______________________________. 4. She __________________________.
2. They ____________________________. 5. We __________________________.
3. She _____________________________. 6. Where were you?
In pairs, use the prompts to ask and answer in past. Choose the write answer.
Student A asks: Student B answers:
(Why/you/late/today?) (It/delicious.)
__________________________________________? __________________________________________.
(Who/you/with?) (because/I/very sick.)
__________________________________________? __________________________________________.
(Where/you/this morning?) (I/with an old friend.)
__________________________________________? __________________________________________.
(How/breakfast?) (I/at home.)
__________________________________________? __________________________________________.
(Why/you/in the hospital?) (There (be)/ heavy traffic.)
__________________________________________? __________________________________________.
17
Comparison (1)
Its bigger than... / Its more economic than...
Tracks 58-61 1
Example Situations
Sit.1 A car is slower than a plane. A plane is faster than a car.
Sit.2 A car is more dangerous than a plane.
A plane is more expensive than a car.
A car is cheaper than a plane.
The comparative form is er or more.
er short words. more long words.

one syllable word two syllables or more
We use er for short adjectives. We use more for long adjectives.
fast 4faster cheap 4 cheaper cold 4colder more expensive more dangerous more comfortable
slow 4 slower big 4 bigger loud 4louder more often more serious more demanding
1. You are taller than me. 1. A gorilla is more intelligent than a dog.
2. Yesterday was colder than today. 2. Shes more patient with kids.
3. We need a bigger house. 3. The exam was more difficult this time.
We also use er for two syllable words that 4. You need to come more often.
end in y. For these we trade the y for an 5. I want a more reliable car.
i and add er. We also use more for adverbs that end in ly:
easy 4easier pretty 4 prettier funny 4funnier more softly more quickly more carefully
lucky4 luckier noisy 4 noisier early4 earlier
more slowly more rapidly more patiently
4. The player was luckier than you.
5. English is easier than Chinese. 6. Walk more slowly, please.
6. Our class was funnier today. 7. She works more quickly than me.
7. I arrived earlier this time. 8. We manufacture products more efficiently.
Note: You can use er or more with two syllable adjectives like these...
simple quiet shallow narrow clever
Its too noisy here. Lets go somewhere quieter or more quiet.
Irregular adjectives and adverbs

good / well 4 better adjectives opposites
expensive boring
The house looks good. It looks better when its clean.
exciting/fun tall/long
Our team played well. Maybe better than last season. short small
bad / badly 4 worse easy cheap
fast safe
How is your headache? You dont seem well. Is it getting worse? big clean
He did badly on the exam. The results were worse than expected. dirty quiet
dangerous difficult
far 4 farther or further modern/new/young slow
Are we there yet? You live further (or farther) than I thought. noisy old
Note: Most adjectives can become and adverb by adding ly. For example: easy4easily, careful4carefuly, etc.
18
Complete the sentences using a comparative form: older / more interesting, etc. Use than if necessary.
stronger
Sit.1 This coffee is too weak. I like it _______________________ .
Sit.2 The price is too high. I thought it was _______________________ . Tracks 62-64 1
Sit.3 I like Math, but I think science is _______________________ .
Sit.4 This meeting was _______________ the first one. It only lasted 20 minutes.
Sit.5 Sue arrived at 6:45. Anna arrived at 6:30. Anna arrived ___________________.
Sit.6 This work is not good enough. Im sure you can do it ___________________.
Sit.7 This problem is not so bad. It could be ___________________.
Sit.8 The food was surprisingly cheap. I thought it would be ____________________.
Sit.9 Youre too far away from the camera. Could you move ____________________.
Sit.10 Bees are ____________________ ants. (hardworking)
Sit.11 The exam was quiet easy. I though it would be ____________________.
Sit.12 You should call me ____________________. You rarely call me.
Complete the sentences using a comparative form of one of the following words. Use than if necessary.
soon ~ early ~ cold ~ slowly ~ reliable ~ crowded ~ thin ~ complicated
Sit.13 The weather is _______________________ in winter.
Sit.14 I was feeling sleepy last night, so I went to bed _______________________ .
Sit.15 You look _______________________ before. Have you lost weight?
Sit.16 We need to hire a _______________________ person. Someone we can trust.
Sit.17 The instructions were simple. I thought theyd be much _____________________ .
Sit.18 Dont worry. She will be here _____________________ we expected.
Sit.19 Today is pay-day. The banks are _____________________ usual.
Sit.20 The bus is going ___________________ usual.
Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use a comparative form (-er... or more...) + the word
in parenthesis.
Sit.21 Europe is far from China, but Mexico is _______________________ (far) .
Sit.22 The trip takes three hours by car or thirty minutes by plane.
It takes______________________(long) by car.
Its _________________________ (fast) to travel by _________________.
Its _________________________ (dangerous) to travel by _________________.
Its _________________________ (good) to travel by _________________.
Its _________________________ (expensive) to travel by _________________.
We will arrive _________________________ (late) by _________________.
We will arrive _________________________ (early) by _________________.
Sit.23 We worked more hours last week. We were _________ (busy) ________ usual.
19
As... as... / than
Comparison (2)
Tracks 65-68 1
Example Situations
Ronald Charles Sit. 1 Fred, Matilda, Ronald and Charles are all
very rich. Fred has $12 million, Matilda has $10
Fred
million, Ronald has $12 million and Charles has
$18 million.
Fred is rich. He is richer than Matilda.
Matilda But hes not as rich as Charles. (= Charles is richer)
Fred is as rich as Ronald. (= they have the same
12 million 10 million 12 million 18 million amount of money.)
not as.. as...
Here are some examples of not as... as...:
Sit. 2 Charles isnt as old as he looks. (= he looks older than he is)
Sit. 3 The supermarket wasnt as crowded as usual. (= its usually more crowded)
Sit. 4 The test wasnt as difficult as I expected.
Sit. 5 The food wasnt as good as it looked.
Sit. 6 The weather isnt as warm as usual.
Sit. 7 I dont know as many people as he does.
You can also say not so... as...:
Sit. 8 The exam wasnt easy, but it wasnt so difficult as the last one.
You can also say that to mean not so or so:
Sit. 8.1 The exam wasnt that easy.
Less than is similar to not as... (as):
Sit. 9 I spent less money than you. or I didnt spend as much as you.
Sit.10 The bank is less crowded than usual today. or The mall isnt as crowded as usual.
as...as...
You can use as... as... (but not so... as...) in positive sentences.
Sit. 11 Im sorry Im late. I got here as fast as I could.
Sit. 12 You can eat as much as you want. Theres plenty of food.
Sit. 13 I must see you ASAP. As soon as possible.
Sit. 14 Lets walk. Its just as quick as taking the bus.
Sit. 15 You can stay here as long as you want.
As long as can also mean only if or on condition that...:
Sit. 16 You may listen to the radio as long as you dont play it loud. (= only if you dont play it loud)
We also say twice as... as..., three times as... as..., etc.:
Sit. 17 This computer is twice as fast as mine.
We say the same as... (not the same like...):
Sit. 18 Georges schedule is the same as mine.
Sit. 19 Karen is the same age as you.
Sit. 20 What would you like for dessert? Ill have the same as you.
After than/as it is more usual to say me/him/her/them/us when there is no verb. Compare:
Sit. 21 Youre taller than I am. but Youre taller than me.
Sit. 22 He has more friends than I do. but He has more friends than me.
Sit. 23 I cant run as fast as he does. but I cant run as fast as him.
20
Rewrite the sentences using as...as... so that they have the same meaning. Tracks 69-73 1
1. My salary is high, but yours is higher. My salary isnt _____________________________________.
2. Im pretty tall, but you are taller. Im not _______________________________________________.
3. You know a little about computers, but I know more.
You dont _____________________________________________.
4. I still feel a little tired, but I felt more tired yesterday.
I dont ________________________________________________.
5. They work hard, but I work harder.
They dont ____________________________________________.
6. Today is cold, but yesterday was colder.
Its not _______________________________________________.
Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use as... as... or -er/more... than....
1. Hank is older than he looks. Jack isnt ______________________________________________.
2. I dont spend as much money as she does. She _________________________________________.
3. Your house was nearer than I thought. Your house wasnt _________________________________.
4. I go out with friends less than I used to. I dont __________________________________________.
5. Her hair isnt as long as it used to be. She used to _______________________________________.
6. There were a few customers in the shop today. There were more customers yesterday.
There werent ______________________________________________.
7. I know him better than you do. You dont ______________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using as...as... Choose one of the following:

hardworking ~ comfortable ~ bad ~ fast ~ long ~ often ~ well ~ soon
1. Im sorry Im late. I got here _____________________________ I could.
2. It was a tough situation. I did _____________________________ I could.
3. A: How long can I borrow your book. B: You can keep it _________________________ you want.
4. I need the information quickly, so please let me know ___________________________ possible.
5. I like to stay in shape, so I go to the gym _____________________________ I can.
In the following sentences use just as...as....
6. Im going to sit on the floor. Its _____________________________ sitting on that hard chair.
7. Why did only he get a raise? Im _____________________________ he is.
8. Our handwriting isnt very clear. Yours is _____________________________ mine.
Rewrite the sentences using the same(...) as.

1. My birthday is August 2. Pams birthday is August 2 too. My _______________________________.
2. Kathy and Jill are both 19 years old. Kathy is _____________________________ Jill.
3. Kathy and Jill both have blue eyes. Kathys eyes are _____________________________ Jills.
4. I arrived at 8:35 and so did you. I _____________________________.
5. Paul earns $2,000 a month and I earn 2,000 a month. Pauls salary is ________________________.
Complete the sentences with than... or as....

1. I cant reach as high as you. You are taller _______________________.
2. She doesnt know much about sports. I know more about sports _______________________.
3. I was really surprised. Nobody was more surprised _______________________.
4. You have as many responsibilities _______________________.
5. Your work is as good _______________________.
6. Shes not a good swimmer. I swim better _______________________.
21
Superlatives
The biggest... / the most economic...
Example Situations (Its the biggest... / Its the most dangerous...) Tracks 74-80 1
Sit.1 What is the tallest building in New York?

Sit.2 The snake is one of the most dangerous animals.
Tallest and most dangerous are superlative forms.
Sit.3 Bill Gates is one of the richest men in the world.
est short words. (one syllable word) most long words. (two syllables or more)
We use the + est for short adjectives. We use the + most for longer adjectives.
fast 4fastest small 4smallest cold 4coldest most reliable most sociable most ambitious
slow 4 slowest big 4 biggest strong4 strongest most motivating most expensive most practical
1. Yesterday was the hottest day of the week. 1. Hes the most important person here.
2. This is the cheapest price you can get 2. Mr. Lee is the most hard-working man.
3. This is the happiest* day of my life. 3. Mexico city is one of the most populated
*If adjective ends in y change it to i + est cities in the world.
Comparative Compare Superlative

1. This car is faster than mine. 1. This car is the fastest in the market.
2. This hotel is cheaper than others I know. 2. This hotel is the cheapest in town.
3. Laptop computers are more practical than 3. Laptop computers are one of the most
desktop computers. practical gadgets.
4. Mary is more sociable than anyone I know. 4. Mary is the most sociable girl in school.
(Comparison 2)
Before comparatives you can use: Irregular adjectives:
much quite a lot a little far slightly good4 best bad4 worst far4farthest/furtheset
1. Its much faster to travel by plane. 4.The book was far more interesting than the movie.
2. Your car is quite more economic than ours. 5. This restaurant is a lot more expensive.
3. This enterprise is a little bigger than yours. 6. Here! This bag is slightly lighter.
(Comparison 3)
You can use any or no + a comparative form (any sooner / no longer, etc.):
1. Im not waiting any longer. (= not even a little longer.)
2. We expected this car to be fast. Its no faster than ours (or Its not any faster than ours).
3. You felt sick this morning. Do you feel any better now?
(Comparison 4) the...the better/more/less, etc.

Study these examples:
1. Lets leave now its getting dark. The sooner the better. (As soon as posible) (A.S.A.P.)
2. When you travel, the less luggage you have the less you have to carry.
3. I have a big family. I need a big house. The bigger the better.
(Comparison 5)
You can use as...as... and less...than (You can use less with small and long adjectives)
1. Eriks salary is the same as mine. His salary is as good as mine.
2. Robert isnt as old as he looks. 3. His collegue John is as tall as he is.
4. The mall was less crowded than yesterday. 5. Its less cold than yesterday.
22
Tracks 71-85 1
Complete the sentences using the superlative form.
Sit.1 This car is quite fast. Perhaps its _________________________________________________
the fastest car in the world .
Sit.2 Its a very cheap restaurant. I think its _______________________________________ in town.
Sit.3 It was a very happy day. It was ____________________________________________ of my life.
Sit.4 Its a very interesting book. Its one of _________________________________________ books.
Sit.5 It was a long movie. Its perhaps one of _______________________________________ movies.
Sit.6 The president is a busy person. Hes one of ___________________________________ people.
Sit.7 Medicine is a difficult career. Its one of _______________________________________ careers.
Complete the sentences using the superlative form (the ___est or the most _______) or
a comparative (___er or more _______) .
Sit.1 We went to ____________________________ restaurant in town. (expensive)
Sit.2 A four star hotel is __________________________ than a five star hotel. (cheap)
Sit.3 The United States is very large, but Canada is ______________________(large).
Sit.4 What _______________________ country in the world (polluted).
Sit.5 She was a little stressed, but she looks ___________________ (good) now.
Sit.6 Tiger Woods is one of ___________________ (good) golf players.
Sit.7 Whats ___________________ (popular) food in your country?
Sit.8 I prefer this seat. Its much ___________________ (comfortable).
Sit.9 His sickness wasnt any ___________________ (serious) than mine.
Sit.10 Your are talking too fast. Could you speak a little ___________________ (slow).
Sit.11 We are not the same age. Shes slightly ___________________ (young).
Sit.12 Playing golf is far ___________________ (difficult) than soccer.
Sit.13 Im sorry that Im late, but I couldnt get here any _________________ (soon).
Sit.14 Lets take a break. I cant work any _________________ (long).
Sit.15 It seems like shes sick and shes not getting any _________________ (good).
Sit.16 This problem is getting ________________ (bad) and ________________ (bad).
Sit.17 Keep digging ________________ (deep) and ________________ (deep).
What do you say in these situations? Use superlative + ever. Use the cues.
Sit.1 You just had a meeting. It was very long. You say...
(long/meeting/be to) This is ______________________________________________.
Sit.2 You just went to the movies. It was very funny. You say...
(fun/movie/seen) Thats _________________________________________________.
Sit.3 You are drinking a very delicious tea with a friend. You say...
(delicious/tea/taste) This is ______________________________________________.
These exercises are like those in comparison 4. Use the words in parenthesis (in the corect form) to
complete the sentences.
Sit.1 I like warm weather. The warmer the weather the ____________________ (feel).
Sit.2 If you are in business, you want to make profit.
The more goods you sell, ____________________________ (profits/make).
Sit.3 We had to wait a long time.
The more we waited the ____________________________ (impatient/became).
Complete the sentences using the same as, than or as...(fast ~long~often as...).
Sit.1 Steve and I are both 21 years old. Steve is ______________________________.
Sit.2 We are both good player. He plays as good ______________________________.
Sit.3 Im sorry Im late. I got here as soon ________________________(soon/possible).
Sit.4 We both have the same job. Your job is ______________________________.
Sit.5 Dont worry you can stay here as __________________________(long/you want).
Sit.6 I like to stay in shape, so I walk as ___________________________(often/I can).
23
Too big... / big enough
Too & Enough
Tracks 86-91 1
Compare too & enough.
We use too before adjectives or adverbs to say that something exceeds the limits.
Sit.1
Sit.1 They cant move the stone. Its is too heavy for them to move.
We use enough after an adjective or adverb to say that someone or something
Has or doesnt have as much (strenght in this case) or as many as needed.
Sit.1-2 They arent strong enough to move the stone.

Enough is commonly used in negative statements. Enough = Sufficient (from whats expected)
Compare enough with nouns and enough with adjectives or adverbs.

Sit.1 He is not experienced enough to do the job.
Sit.2 He didnt work hard enough. } Enough goes after an adjective or adverb.
Sit.3 He doesnt have enough experience to do the job. } Enough goes before a noun.
You can use too many
many/much
/much with countable and uncountable nouns.
Sit.2 This man has too much work! uncountable nouns
Sit.2-1 He has too many things to do. countable nouns
Sit.3 There arent enough workers to finish the job. both
Sit.3-1 He doesnt have enough time to finish the job.
Sit.1 This house has too many rooms for one man!
Sit.1-2 Theres too much room in this house for just one man!
Sit.2 This house is not big enough for this man!

Sit.2-2 This house doesnt have enough space!
We say too/enough... + for (someone/something) or + to (do something).

Sit.1 This fellow is too weak for the resemblance of the statue.
Sit.1-2 This fellow is too weak to resemble the statue.
Sit.2 This guy is not strong enough for the resemblance of the statue.
Sit.2-2 This person is not tall enough to resemble the statue.
Sit.2-3 This person doesnt have enough hair to resemble the statue.
Sit.3 He doesnt have enough money to buy the house. Its too expensive for him.
Sit.4 This report is too long. It has too much information.
Sit.5 I cant meet you at 8:00. Its too late. We wont have enough time.
Sit.6 I should wear my glasses. I cant see too well at night.
Sit.7 Slow down. I cannot run fast enough.
We say...
The food is very hot. We cant eat it. The boxes were very heavy. We couldnt carry them!
The food is so hot that we cant eat it. The boxes were so heavy that we couldnt carry them!
The food is too hot to eat. (without it) The boxes were too heavy to carry. (without them)
24
Complete these sentences using enough + one of the following adjectives or nouns.
Adjectives & Adverbs: fast ~ well ~ loud ~ qualified ~ safe ~ cold ~ old ~ good
Nouns: food ~ time~ sugar ~ money ~ seats Tracks 92-94 1
1. My tea doesnt have _____________________________.
2. A: Is this _____________________________? B: Yes. Thats perfect. I can hear it well now.
3. Its not ___________________________. You can do it better.
4. This car is not __________________________. I need something speedy.
5. I couldnt finish the work. I didnt have ____________________________.
6. Do you think Im ___________________________ to apply for the job?
7. There werent ______________________ for everybody. I had to sit on the floor.
8 She shouldnt get married. Shes not _____________________________.
9. Its not ________________________ to wear a jacket.
10. There is ________________________ to feed an elephant.
11. This job is not ________________________. Its rather dangerous.
12. He cant buy that car. He doesnt have _____________________________.
13. I think Ill stay home. I dont feel ___________________________ to go out.
Complete the answers to the questions by putting too (many/much) or enough with the word in parenthesis.
1. Would you like to go out tonight? (work) Sorry, but I have ___________________.
2. Can you help me make the budget? (busy) Sorry, but Im ______________ right now.
3. Could you listen to what he said? (close) No, I wasnt _______________________.
4. Can he play basket ball? (short) No, He is __________to _____________.
5. My grandfather cant carry heavy things... (strong) Hes not ________________________.
6. Hes not ready for the job... (experienced) Hes not ___________________.
7. I cant do the job either... (experience) I dont have __________________.
8. Our office is too crowded. ______________. (room) There isnt ____________________.
9. Would you like to go dancing? (tired) Thanks, but Im ___________________.
Read each situation and make a sentence using too (many/much) or enough.
1. We couldnt hear what he was saying.
We were (far away) ___________________ to _________________________.
2. I cant drink my tea.
Its (hot) ___________________ to _________________________.
3. I didnt want to jump into the pool. It was cold.
It wasnt (warm) ___________________ for me.
4. I couldnt concentrate on what I was doing.
The children were (noisy) ___________________.
5. This house is really small!
Its (small) ___________________ to ________________.
6. We couldnt climb the mountain.
It was (high) _______________ to ________________ and the weather was _______________.
7. He needs an assistant.
He has (things) ____________ to _____________ and he never has (time) _______________.
8. I cant believe it.
Its (good) ____________ to _____________ true.
25
I am doing...
Present Continuous am/is/are
ing
Actions happening at the time of speaking.

Sit.1 John is a student. He is reading a book right now.
*He is reading at the time of speaking. The action is not finished yet. Key words
Present Continuous can be used to talk about actions

happening at the time of speaking (right now). Tracks 1-4 2
Sit.1-2 John is very happy. He is having a good time. He isnt working.

Sit.1-3 Johns children are in the livingroom. They are watching TV.
Sit.1-4 Johns wife is in the kitchen. Shes cooking lasagna. It smells good.
Temporary actions not happening at the time of speaking.

Sit.2 Sit.3 Anna: Are you reading the book that I lent you?
John: Yes, I am. Im reading it in my free time.
*He is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He is in the middle of a temporary action.
Present Continuous can also be used to talk about temporary
actions that are not happening at the time of speaking.
Sit.1-2 Caroline was sick a week ago, so John asks: Are you still
taking medicine? Caroline: Yes, I am. I am also seeing the doctor for
more medical advice.
Sit.3
Sit.3 Jeff: Are you still going to the dentist?
John: Not anymore. Now Im seeing a psychologist.
*Jeff doesnt want to know if John is going to the dentist at this very moment, but as a
temporary action.
Sit.3-2 Jeff: I want to live in France. John: Are you studying French? Jeff: Not yet.
Sit.3-3 John: Are you looking for a job in France? Jeff: No, but I love the country.
Sit.3-4 John: Are you still renting the old apartment? Jeff: No, I bought a new house.
Things that are changing

Sit.4 Sit.4 Nancy: It is amazing how the world is changing.
Everybody is using cell-phones.
Present Continuous can be used to talk about changes happening now.
Sit.4-2 Nancy: Many people are getting a life insurance nowadays.
Sit.4-3 The population in Mexico city is rising day by day.
Sit.4-4 Nancy: How is your husband? Is he getting better?
26
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb and write ATS in the parenthesis if the
action is being done at the time of speaking, T for temporary actions that are not happening at the
time of speaking and C if the action talks about changes. Tracks 5-7 2
stay ~ drive ~ live ~ listen ~ improve ~ read ~ work ~ talk ~ look ~ get ~ grow ~ rain
Sit.1 You are talking too loud. I can hear you well. ( ATS )
am-is-are
Sit.2 She ________________ at the Hilton hotel. ( )
ing
Sit.3 I ________________ for my keys. Where are they? ( )
Sit.4 The plants ________________ so quickly. ( ) Affirmative
statements
Sit.5 Mark ___________ in her car. She ___________ to the radio. ( )
Sit.6 Wear this raincoat. It ________________. ( )
Sit.7 It ______________ cold. I am going to put on a sweater. ( )
Sit.8 John ________________ as a waiter for the moment,
but he wants to open his own restaurant one day. ( )
Sit.9 Mary lives with her husband. Lisa is not married yet.
She _____________ with her mom. ( )
Sit.10 My English ________________ a lot. ( )
Sit.11 I ________________ a great book. ( ) or ( )
Sit.1 I am tired. I____________ (go) to bed right now.
Sit.2 We can go out now. It ____________ (rain) anymore.
Sit.3 I ____________ (eat) chocolate for a good while. I am over weight.
Sit.4 Peter and Anna had an argument. They ____________ (talk) to each other.
Sit.5 She _______________(live) here anymore. She lives in another country.
Sit.6 He ____________ (learn) much. Hes always absent.
Sit.7 The value of gold _______________ (rise).
The number of people living in New York _______________ (increase).
Sit.8 He ________________(listen) to you. He __________ (wear) headphones.
The world is changing.

1. The English language ______________ (become) more and more necessary.
2. Technology ________________ (get) better day by day.
3. Now we ______________ (send) more e-mails than letters.
4. The population ______________ (rise).
5. People _______________ (have) less children.
6. More people ________________ (buy) things on-line.
7. People _______________ (spend) more money on electronics.
8. Scientists ______________ (find) better ways to cure people.
27
What are these people doing?
Sit 1 Sit 2 Sit 3 Sit 4 Sit 5 Sit 6 Sit 7 Sit 8 Sit 9 Sit 10 Sit 11 Sit 12
Use the these verbs to complete the following sentences.
take ~ run ~ think ~ write ~ sleep ~ walk ~ talk ~ tell ~ water ~ type ~ eat ~read
1. He_____________________
is typing. 2. I _________________a test. 3. He________________a story 4.They______________________
.
5. He_____________________ 6. She______________a pizza. 7. He_______________________
8. He_______________________
9. He_____________________ 10. He____________________ 11. He_______________________
12. I________________________
6
Use the prompts to complete the questions. Tracks 8-10 2
(Wh)
Sit.1 he
work
Is he working this week? Yes, theres a lot of work. am-is-are
ing
Sit.2 you
laugh
Why ________________? Is there something funny? Questions
She
Sit.3 Liz
study
What ___________________ ? study ______________ French.
They
Sit.4 anyone
______________ to the radio? ______________ something important.
listen say
I
Sit.5 you
learn
Teacher: __________________? Student: ______________ a lot.
learn
I
Sit.6 you
How much _________________? _____________ enough money.
earn earn
She
Sit.7 She
Why ____________________ ? cut _______________ onions.
cry
They
Sit.8 they
study
What ___________________? study
__________________ medicine.
I
Sit.9 you
What ___________________? ____________________ a training.
doing take
Sit.10 it ___________________? No, it isnt.

rain
Fill in the gaps using the prompts in parenthesis to complete the conversation.
Luis: Hi Deborah. (What/do) ______________________________?
Deborah: (write/a letter to my boyfriend) ______________________________.
Luis: Where is he? Deborah: (he/work/in Paris) ______________________________.
Luis: (What/he/do/in Paris) ______________________________?
Deborah: (he/build/a new mall) ___________________________. Hes an architect.
Luis: (Where/he/stay) ______________________________?
Deborah: (he/stay/in a hotel) ______________________________. Do prompt #2
Luis: (When/he/plan/to come back)___________________________________?
Deborah: (he/work/there for three months ) ______________________________.
28
What are you doing?
3 Conversation Track 11 2

Mr. Ki: Hello, there!
Roger: Hi, Mr. Ki. What a surprise!
Mr. Ki: What are you doing, Roger? Roger
M.r Ki
Roger: Im making some phone calls.
Mr. Ki: Where are you?
Roger: Im in a Hotel.
Mr. Ki: Who are you calling?
Roger: Im calling one of our suppliers.
Mr. Ki: Are you preparing the budget?
Roger: Yes, sir. Were getting very good prices, by the way!
Mr. Ki: Wheres your partner, Tim?
Roger: Hes in his office. Hes writing a report.
Mr. Ki: Hows your wife? Is she feeling better?
Roger: Yes, sir. Shes much better. Shes working again.
3 Listening exercise.
Listen to the conversation again and fill in the blanks.
Mr. Ki: What _____ you doing, Roger? Mr. Ki: ______ are you _________, Roger?
Roger: Im _______ some phone calls. Roger: I__ making _______ phone calls.
Mr. Ki: _______ are you? Mr. Ki: Where ____ you?
Roger: Im in _____________. Roger: ____ in the Washington Hotel.
Mr. Ki: _____ are you calling? Mr. Ki: Who ____ you _________?
Roger: I__ calling one of our _________. Roger: Im ________ one of our suppliers.
Mr. Ki: ____ you _________ the budget? Mr. Ki: Are _____ preparing ___________?
Roger: Yes, sir. _____ getting very good prices, by the way! Roger: Yes, sir. Were ______ very good ___?___, by the way!
Mr. Ki: ________ your partner, Tim? Mr. Ki: Wheres _______ _________r, Tim?
Roger: Hes ________ office. Hes _______ a report. Roger: _______ in his office. ______ writing a _________.
Mr. Ki: ________ your wife? ___ she feeling better? Mr. Ki: Hows _______ ________? Is she __________ better?
Roger: Yes, sir. Shes much ______. She__ ________ again. Roger: Yes, sir. Shes _______ better. ____s working ______.
3 Listening and writing excersise.

Listen to conversation again and try to write the whole conversation.
Mr. Ki: ______, ________! Roger: _____________________________.
Roger: __, ______. _________________! Mr. Ki: ______________________________?
Mr. Ki: ______________________, ________? Roger: ____, ____. _________________________,___________!
Roger: _____________________________. Mr. Ki: ______________________, _____?
Mr. Ki: ________________? Roger: _________________. ______________________.
Roger: ____________________. Mr. Ki: ________________? ___________________?
Mr. Ki: ___________________? Roger: ____, ____. _________________. _____________________.
Now, answer the following quetions.

1. Who is Roger talking to? ...............................................................
2. Where is Roger staying? ...............................................................
3. Who is Roger calling? ...............................................................
4. Where is Tim? ...............................................................
5. What is Tim doing? ...............................................................
6. How is Rogers wife feeling? ............................................................... 29
I do...
do...
Simple present Do
Example Situations Facts
Sit.1
Sit.1 Peter is*an architect. He builds* houses. Tracks 12-15 2
*
He is enjoying the weekend. He is resting right now.
*Peter is not building a house at the time of speaking, (He is resting, but he builds houses).
We use simple present to talk about things that happen all the time or
repeatedly. It doesnt matter if the action is happening at the time of speaking.
Routines
Sit.2 Sit. 2 Mary is a doctor. She works in a hospital every day.
She heals sick people.
Sit.2-1 She arrives to work at 8:00 am. and leaves work at 6:00 pm.
Sit.2-2 Mary is a housewife also. She has two kids.
She always takes them to school.
*She is not taking her kids to school at the time of speaking (she is working), but she takes the kids to school.
We also use simple present to talk about habits and

Sit.3 routines. We often say how frequently we do an action.
Robert is asking a patient some questions: Do you smoke?

Patient: Yes, I do. Robert: How often do you smoke?
Patient: I sometimes smoke when I am worried.
Facts and true things

Sit.4
Sit.4 Steve: Hi, I am a rock star. I come from New York. I love to sing.
I also play the guitar. I live in London. I make a lot of money.
I donate money to poor people. I dont do drugs. I am a healthy person.
We use simple present to talk about facts and true things.

Sit.5 The earth goes around the sun. The moon goes around the earth.
A week has seven days. Babies need their mothers. Cows give milk.
Frequency adverbs
Frequency adverbs We use frequency adverbs to say how frequently (often) we do things.
100% always *Frequency adverbs normally go before the verb. ~Exception: The verb to be in present and past.
90% usually
75% often Sit.5 I always do my homework. I usually go to bed at 10:00 pm.
50% sometimes
25% seldom
I often find what I like at shops. I sometimes fight with my sister.
10% rarely I seldom get lost in Mexico City. I rarely eat dessert after dinner.
0% never I never drink alcohol while I am driving. ~She is never late.
30
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb. Write R in the parenthesis if the action
is a routine, F if its a fact or something true.
eat(s) ~ breathe(s) ~ close(s) ~ arrive(s) ~ drink(s) ~ boil(s) ~ leave(s) ~ open(s) ~ come(s)
~ play(s) ~ live(s) ~ celebrate(s) ~ cure(s)
Tracks 16-17 2
drinks coffee in the morning. ( R )
Sit.1 Ann always __________
Sit.2 Some banks __________ at 9:00 a.m. and __________ at 4:00 p.m. ( )
Sit.3 I __________ to work at 8:00 a.m. and __________ at 5:00 ( )
Sit.4 My parents _______ in Texas. ( ) They_______ to visit me every summer. ( )
Sit.5 American people __________ Christmas in December. ( )
Sit.6 Alan__________ vegetables every day. ( )
Sit.7 Liz _________ tennis twice a week. ( )
Sit.8 Doctors __________ sick people. ( )
Sit.9 Dolphins __________ air. ( )
Sit.10 Water __________ at 100 degrees Celsius. ( )
Do prompt #3 s2 (side two)

Situation Exercises
Sit.1 Astronauts _____________________ (go) to the moon by helicopter.
Sit.2 A golf course _____________________ (have) nine or eighteen holes.
Sit.3 Vegetarians _____________________ (eat) meat.
Sit.4 Peter ____________ (work). He is looking for a job.
Sit.5 She has a car, but she ____________ (use) it often.
Sit.6 Bees _____________________ (make) honey.
Sit.7 A liar _____________________ (tell) the truth.
Sit.8 A jet _____________________ (fly) faster than a helicopter.
Sit.9 A horse _____________________ (run) slower than a cow.
Sit.10 A frog _____________________ (eat) more than a human.
Sit.11 Birds _____________________ (need) wings to fly.
Sit.12 Cars _____________________ (need) fuel.
Sit.13 A teacher _____________________ (teach).
Sit.14 A singer _____________________ (sing).
Sit.15 Men _____________________ (wear) skirts in Mexico.
Sit.15 A pencil _____________________ (cost) much money.
Do prompt #1 s2
31
6
Use the prompts to complete the questions.
Tracks 18-20 2
(he)
Sit.1 work
Does he work on Sundays? (be) Only if it ____ necessary.
am-is-are
(it)
Sit.2 take
How long ___________ you to get to work? It ______ me an hour.
take(s)
(you)
Sit.3 work
Where ___________________? I _________ in a discotheque.
work(s)
Sit.4 (you) What _______________? I __________ the guitar.

do play(s)
Sit.5 (your car) How much __________________? It ____________ $1,200.00 new.

cost cost(s)
(he) (He)
Sit.6 ________________ computers? fx)
________________ machines.
fix
(she)
Sit.7 teach
________________ English? No, she ___________ French.
teach(es)
(you)
Sit.8 get up What time ______________ in the morning? I __________ at 6 am.
get(s) up
Sit.9 (Mary)
go
How often ______________ to the gym? She __________ every day.
go(es)
(you)
Sit.10 ________________ to watch movies? I ________ to watch movies.
like love(s)
S What do you do? Roll play. I eat a sandwich or a hotdog. S

t Student A t
u Where do you live? asks S. B I usually get up late. u
d What time do you get up on and vice versa. d
e Student B I go out with my friends. e
n Sundays? n
must choose I live ________________. (address) t
t What do you have for lunch? the correct
A What do you do on weekends? answer. Im a _____________. (profession) B
Read the situation and use the prompts in parenthesis to make sentences.
Sit.11 You know that Henry works, but you want to know where. Ask him.
(Where/work?) _____________________________________________________?
Sit.12 You know that Anna eats at restaurants, but you want to know how often.
(How often/eat/at restaurants?) ______________________________________________?
Sit.13 You know that Johns car costs much money. You want to know how much.
(How much/(your car) cost?) _________________________________________________?
Sit.14 You dont know if Nancy has brothers. Ask her.
(have/brothers?) _____________________________________________________?
Sit.15 You dont know where John lives. Ask him. Do prompt #1
(Where/live?) _____________________________________________________?
Sit.16 You dont know what time the banks close. What do you say?
(What time/(the banks) close?) ________________________________________________?
32
What do you do?
5 Conversation Tracks 21 2

David: You dance very well, Rachel!
Rachel: Thanks. I love this music. What music do you listen to?
David: I like to listen to all kinds of music.
Rachel: Do you watch movies?
David: I love to watch movies. What do you do on the weekends? David
Rachel
Rachel: I play golf. But I dont have time to play anymore.
David: Why? Where do you work?
Rachel: I work in a Hospital. I am a doctor.
I arrive at 7 oclock in the morning and leave at 6pm.
Sometimes I stay longer if there is an emergency.
David: Do they pay you well?
Rachel: The salary is ok. I have a nice partner. Her name is Jessica.
She helps me all the time. We always go out together.
David: Where is she now?
Rachel: Shes talking to Richard. Does she know you?
David: I dont know. She doesnt look familiar.
Rachel: Do you want to rest for a while?
David: Sure. I feel thirsty.
Listen to following sentences and complete the writing. Answer the following questions according to the pictures.
1. You _______ very well, Rachel! What does she do?
2. What music ___ you ________ to? ______________________________________.
3. Do ____ _______ movies? Who does she work for?
4. ______ do you ___ on the weekends? ______________________________________.
5. I ______ have time __ ______ anymore.
6. Where ___ you ________?
7. I _______ in a __________. What does she do?
8. What do ___ _____? ______________________________________.
9. I ___ a __________. Where does she work?
10. She _______ _________ familiar. ______________________________________.
E More conversations
Complete the conversations and practice with a classmate.
1. A: ______ do you _____? 4. A: ______ your mom work? 6. A: Where _____ you _______?
B: I ___ a student. B: No, _________. B: I ________ in an apartment.
A: _______ ____ you study? B: She ________ (help) in the house. A: ___ it big?
B: I _____ in Harvard. She ________(cook) and ________ B: Yes, __________very big.
(wash) for us too. A: How many bedrooms _____ it have?
2. A: Where _______ your father work? B: It ______three bedrooms, two bathrooms,
A: When _____ she ______ (rest)?
B: He ________ in a restautant. a small livingroom and a kitchen.
B: I ______ (not know).
B: He ___ a Chef. A: ______ it _______ (have) a view?
He ______ all kinds of food. 5. A: _____ you practice a sport?
B: Yes, I ________ soccer. B: Yes, ________.
A: _____ he own the restaurant? A: ___ you pay rent?
B: Yes, he ____ the owner. A: How often ___ ____ play?
B: I _____ every weekend. A: No, ________. My father ______ (own) it.
Group work: Practice simple present in third person. Do the profession activity, but this time dont say Are you a Doctor?. Use a
verb in simple present: Do you work in a hospital? or Do you cure people? Look for 4 different people, write their
names at the end: Sam works in a hospital, He cures sick people, He is a Doctor, etc. 33
Days, weeks, months & years
On/in/at
on
Sit.1 Jeff: What do you like to do on weekends? Tracks 22-25 2
Monday
st
Mary: I like to go out on Saturdays.
21 August
We use on to talk about the days of the week and to give dates.
Sit.2 Jeff: When is your birthday? Mary: Its on September 24th.
Sit.3 Jeff: When do you go dancing? Mary: On Friday nights.
in
Sit.4 Eddy: When is the next meeting? Beth: Its in June.
We use in to talk about periods of time (in the morning, in the afternoon,
in the evening) months, seasons and years without saying an exact day.
Sit.5 Eddy: When does it snow in your country?
Beth: It normally snows in Winter.
Sit.6 I was born in 1975. Sit. 7 The train leaves in five minutes.
at
Sit 8 The class starts at 8 Oclock in the morning. Noon = around 12pm
I eat lunch at noon. Night = around 8 & 11pm
Midnight = around 12am
Sit.9 My girlfriend always calls me at nights.
We use at to talk about an specific time. We also use at in these expressions:
at New Year ~ at Christmas ~ at Easter ~ at the moment ~ at this time ~ at night
We dont use at/on/in/the before next/last/every/this.

Eg.10 Ill see you next Monday. (Not on next Monday)
Eg.11 They got married last year. (Not in the last year)
Put the days of the week in order.
Wednesday ~ Saturday ~ Tuesday ~ Thursday ~ Sunday ~ Friday ~ Monday
Write down the weekdays and the weekend days:
Weekdays: ______________ ________________ ______________ ________________ ______________.
Weekends: ______________ ________________ ______________.
STUDENT A STUDENT B
When do people go to work? What days do people assist church?
What day do people normally go to the movies? What day(s) do you like the most?
What days do you sleep late? What is the first day of the week?
What day(s) do you have trouble getting up? What day is today?
What day is tomorrow? What day was yesterday?
What day is a day after tomorrow? What day was a day before yesterday?
What days do people usually eat pizza? When does it rain in your country?
Put the months of the year in order according to the seasons.
May ~ August ~ July ~ December ~ April ~ September ~ March ~ January
June ~ November ~ February ~ October
Spring: ______________ ________________ ______________ Summer: _______________ ______________ ________________
Autumn: ______________ ________________ ______________ Winter: ________________ ______________ ________________
34
Simple present Vs. Present continuous
I do... Vs. I am doing...
ing...
Tracks 26-27 2
Compare
Use present continuous to talk about Use simple present to talk about things that
something that is happening at the time you do in general or things that happen
of speaking or around the time of speaking. repeatedly.
CC CC
Past
Now
Future Past Present
Simple present involves past, present and future.
Future
The birds are singing. The birds sing in the mornings.
Here we want to say that the action is Here we want to say that the action
happening at the time of speaking. happens all the time.
Notice that mornings has an s. This is because it happens every morning.
I am listening to rock music now. Vs. I usually listen to rock music.

The sun is shining today. The sun rises at 5:45 am.
What language is she speaking? What language do you speak?
I cant understand her. I speak German and Greek.
What are you doing? What do you do?
Im watching TV. I teach in a University.
Where are you staying? Where do you live?
Im staying at the Sheraton hotel. I live on Madison Street.
Shes reading a great book. She reads the bible.
(One day she will finish the book.) (She reads this book repeatedly.)
Present Continuous or Simple Present?

Read the situation and use the prompts in parentheses to make sentences.
Sit.1 Hi! _________________________ (you/speak/English?) Yes, I do.
Sit.2 Where is Steve? ____________________________________. (he/work/right now)
Sit.3 No, thank you. _____________________________________. (I/(not)smoke)
Sit.4 _______________________________? (What/you/watch) Im watching a movie.
Sit.5 Be quiet! ________________________________. (someone/sleep)
Sit.6 ________________________________. (an elephant/weigh/more than one ton)
Sit.7 ________________________________. (I/(not) drink/water) Im drinking a soda.
Sit.8 _____________________________________? (How often/you/go/to discos)
Sit.9 Excuse me,__________________________! (you/stand/on my foot) Oh, Im sorry.
Sit.10 Please be quiet!__________________________. (I/work)
35
Write am-is-are, do-does in negative or interrogative form in the blanks. Tracks 28-31 2
1. _____ you speak English? 2. A: Where is Peter? B: He _____ taking a shower.
3. Who ______ making that strange noise? 4. A: What ______ your father do? B: Hes a writer.
5. He ______ working. Hes on vacation. 6. A: What ______ he doing? B: Hes washing the car.
7. A: Where ______ you come from? B: I come from Los Angeles.
8. She ______ have any children. Shes single.
9. I ______ eat meat. Im a vegetarian. 10. We ______ students, were teachers.
Present continuous or simple present?
Read the situation and choose one of the following verbs using the right tense.
spend~ live ~ wear ~ cook ~ speak ~ play ~ leave ~ rob
Sit.1 Peter is a musician. He _____________ the violin.
Sit.2 Nancy is in the kitchen. She _____________ something. Do prompt #3
Sit.3 Look! Someone _____________ that bank.
Sit.4 This snake _____________ in the desert.
Sit.5 We _____________ the nights with some friends until we find a house.
Sit.6 I (not) _____________ glasses. I have perfect sight.
Sit.7 She (not) ____________ French very well, but she ____________ English fluently.
Sit.8 We _____________ now. Bye.
Right or wrong
Write right or wrong. Rewrite the sentence if its wrong.
1. It gets late. Lets go. ____________
Wrong. _______________________________________.
It is getting late. Lets go.
2. The earth goes around the sun. _________ __________________________________.
3. Look! The old lady crosses the street. _________ _____________________________.
4. What are you doing? I am a teacher.__________ _____________________________.
5. Look out! The train comes. ______ ________________________________________.
6. Hurry up! Ok. l come. ________ __________________________________________.
7. l am loving pizzas. ___________ _________________________________________.
8. l read a good novel. ___________ ________________________________________.
9. He does his thesis. __________ __________________________________________.
10. Night falls at 8:00 pm. _________ ________________________________________.
Scrambled Sentences
The words in the following sentences are scrambled. Unscramble them.
1. in the mornings / you / coffee / always / do / drink? ______________________________________?
2. usually / I / on Sundays / late / get up. ________________________________________________.
3. my husband / reading / a good / book / is. _____________________________________________.
4. it / in November / rains / rarely. ______________________________________________________.
5. learning/ a lot / we / are . ___________________________________________________________.
6. arrives / on time / Jeff / never. _______________________________________________________.
7. enjoying / you / the show / are? _____________________________________________________?
8. on / sit / this chair / you / do / always? ________________________________________________?
9. studying / you / language / are / another? _____________________________________________?
10. does / leave / time / what / the bus? _________________________________________________?
36
Write on/in/at.
on July 2nd.
Sit.1 Most people in Mexico city vote for their president _______
Tracks 32-34 2
Sit.2 We celebrate Christmas _______ December .
Sit.3 Im sorry. Mr Jones is busy _______ the moment.
Sit.4 Lets meet _______ noon for lunch.
Sit.5 I like to relax _______ the evenings.
Sit.6 The meeting is _______ Tuesday _______ 8 o'clock _______ the morning.
Sit.7 I cant listen to two people talking _______ the same time.
Sit.8 I can make an pizza _______ less than 15 minutes.
Sit.9 The leaves fall _______ autumn.
Sit.10 They got married _______ December 19th.
Sit.11 I saw you _______ last Sunday.
Present continuous or simple present. Put the verb in the correct form.
Sit.1 Lets stop in a restaurant. I ___________________ (start) to feel hungry.
Sit.2 What _________________________(your sister/do?) Shes a teacher,
but she _________________________ (not-work) at the moment. #2 s2
Sit.3 I cant fight. Thats why I _________________________ (take/karate lessons.)
Sit.4 Hurry up! Everybody _________________________(wait/for you.)
Sit.5 Speed up! We_________________________(not-have/much time.)
Sit.6 This airline is never late. It always ________________________ (arrive) on time.
Sit.7 Can I call you back later? I _________________________(have/dinner.)
Sit.8 Dont put that dictionary away. We_________________________(use/it.)
Sit.9 Some Chinese people ___________________________(believe) in Buddha.
Sit.10 My car is not for sale. I ___________________________(need) it to work.
Present Continuous Use the prompts to form sentences. Simple Present #4 s2
(work-you?) (work-you?)
1. _____________________________________? 1. _____________________________________?
(work-you.) (work-you.)
2. _____________________________________. 2. _____________________________________.
(not-work-you.) (not-work-I.)
3. _____________________________________. 3. _____________________________________.
(What/he-read?) (read he-much?)
4. _____________________________________? 4. _____________________________________?
(What/you-do/now?) (What/do-you?)
5. _____________________________________? 5. _____________________________________?
(What/she-study?) (How much/cost-it?)
6. _____________________________________? 6. _____________________________________?
(What/you-think/about?) (What/you-think/about pollution?)
7. _____________________________________? 7. _____________________________________?
(Sit/you-here?) (Where/you-sit?)
8. _____________________________________? 8. _____________________________________?
(What/Jeff-eat?) (What/Mary-eat/for her diet?)
9. _____________________________________? 9. _____________________________________?
(What music/you listen to?) (What music/you-listen to/at work?)
10. _____________________________________? 10. _____________________________________?
37
Singular & Plural / noun + noun
Sometimes we use a plural noun for one thing that has two parts. For example: Tracks 35-38 2
pants (two legs) Pajamas (top glasses/shades binoculars scissors

also jeans/slacks/shorts/trousers
& bottom)
These words are plural, so they take a plural verb: Or You can also use a pair of + these words:
My jeans are brand-new. (Not is brand new) I need a new pair of glasses.
My pajamas keep me warm at night. Thats a nice pair of jeans.
Some nouns end in -ics but are not usually plural:

economics / electronics / mathematics / physics / politics / gymnastics
Politics is his favorite topic.
Some words ending in -s can be singular or plural:
Means a means of transportation / many means of transportation
Series a television series / two television series
Species a species of bird / 100 series of birds.
News is not plural.
What time is the news on Television? (Not are the news)
We always use a plural verb with police:
The police have arrived.(Not has arrived)
The police are here. (Not is here)
A person in the police is a police officer / a police woman / a police man (not a police)
We do not often use the plural of person (persons). We normally use people (a plural word).
Hes a nice person. but They are nice people.
Many people dont have a place to live. (Not doesnt have)
We think of a sum of money / a period of time / a distance, etc., as one thing. So we use a singular verb:
Eighty thousand euros (= it ) was stolen in the robbery. (Not were stolen)
Three years (= it ) is a long time in prison. (Not are a long time)
Thirty miles (= it ) is a long way to drive every day. (Not are a long way)
noun + noun words
We often use two nouns together to mean on thing/person/idea, etc.:
a golf ball / income tax / a bank manager / a plane accident
The first noun is like an adjective. It tells us what kind of thing/person/idea etc.:
a golf ball = a ball used to play golf) / a plane accident = an accident that happens while flying a plane.
All of the following things/people have to do with television, but television isnt the main noun. Its like an adjective.
The fist noun describes the main noun (the second one):
a television camera / a television program / a television producer etc.
Compare: vegetable garden = a garden where vegetables are grown / garden vegetables = vegetables grown in a garden
When the first word ends in -ing, its usually to say that the second noun is used for doing something:
a washing machine = a machine used for washing / a frying pan = a pan used for frying
When nouns are together like this, sometimes we write them as one word and sometimes as two separate words:
a head ache or a headache / a toothpaste/ a weekend There are no clear rules for this.
Note the difference between a wineglass (the glass may be empty) and a glass of wine (=a glass with wine in it)
As we said before, the first noun is like an adjective. Adjectives cannot be pluralized. So the first noun is
usually in singular even though the meaning might be plural:
a ten dollar bill (not a ten dollars bill) / a six-page letter / a two year old child / a two hour trip etc.
38
Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes you need a or some.
series ~ shorts ~ pajamas~ scissors ~ binoculars ~ means ~ species ~ glasses Tracks 39-43 2
1. I cant see the golf ball from here. I need ________ _______________.
2. This plant is ________ very rare _______________.
3. I bought ________ new pair of ____________. I need them to read.
4. The bicycle is _______ ________________ of transportation.
5. The bicycle and motorcycle are ________________ of transportation.
6. I need _______ ____________ to cut this sheet of paper.
7. There are many American TV ____________ shown around the world.
8. I usually wear ____________ at night.
9. Tennis players usually wear ________________.
In each example the words on the left are connected with an activity (a sport or an academic subject). Write the
name of the activity. The first letter(s) of the word is given.
1. finance trade employment e__________________________.
2. computer video games chip el__________________________.
3. calculate algebra equation m__________________________.
4. gravity heat speed ph_________________________.
5. parallel bars handstand somersault gy_________________________.
6. government parliament election p__________________________.
Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural.

1. The jeans you bought for me (dont/doesnt) fit me.
2. The police (has/have) arrested him.
3. The news (was/were) very bad today.
4. The last thing you want to talk about with him (is/are) politics.
5. The weather (was/were) hot. Eighty degrees (is/are) very hot here.
6. There (was/were) too many people in the store.
7. Gymnastics (is/are) my favorite (sport/sports).
What do we call these things and people? Use the structure noun + noun.
1. A ticket for a concert is _______________________________.
2. A magazine about golf is _________________________________.
3. Chocolate made with milk is _________________________________.
4. Somebody whose job is to protect people is _________________________________.
5. The results of your exam are your _________________________________.
6. A race for dogs is _________________________________.
7. A dog that runs in a race is _________________________________.
8. A question that has two parts is _________________________________.
9. A boy who is nine years old is _________________________________.
10. A building with seven stories is _________________________________.
Complete the sentences using two (sometimes three) of the following words each time.
car ~ seat ~ room ~ ten minute(s) ~ two way(s) ~ credit ~ 20 dollar(s) ~ six page ~ round ~ 2 mile(s)
walk ~ letter ~ card(s) ~ letter~ belt ~ trip ~ call ~ accident ~ service ~ bill ~ flight ~ phone ~ road
1. There was a terrible _____________________________. The driver was badly injured.
2. We went for a ___________________________ along the beach.
3. They dont accept ___________________________ in this shop. You have to pay cash.
4. I received a _____________________________ from my grandmother. It took a while to read it.
5. Can you change a ___________________________ for two $10s?
6. It was a ___________________________________ to Miami and back to New York.
7. I cant believe I had to make a ____________________________________ to order a pizza.
8. I didnt like the _____________________________ in this hotel.
9. I always put my ________________________________ on as soon as I get in the car.
10. You can turn right on this corner. Its a ________________________________.
39
Some Vs. Any / Much Vs. Many / Little Vs. Few
Some (+) Any (-) (?) Tracks 44-49 2
We use some (also somebody/someone/something We use any in negative sentences with both countable
somewhat) in positive sentences with both countable and and uncountable nouns.
uncountable nouns.
1. We bought some flowers. some (+) 1. We didnt buy any flowers. any (-) & (?)
2. I still have some work to do. 2. I dont have any work left to do.
3. There is someone at the door. 3. There isnt anyone at the door. (Theres no one)
4. Im thirsty. I want something to drink. 4. Im not thirsty. I dont want anything to
5. This food is somewhat (a bit) spicy. drink.
We can use some in questions with both countable and We use any in questions with both countable and
uncountable nouns when offering and when we ask for uncountable nouns when we want to find out the existence
something and we expect the answer to be yes. of something (have/there is-are).
1. Could I have some more soup? some (?) 1. Do you have any luggage? any (-) & (?)
2. Do you want some peanuts? 2. Is there any work for me?
3. Would you like something to drink? 3. Are there any patients waiting?
4. Does anyone speak French?
Other uses of any:
We often use any after if. We often use any meaning it doesnt matter which or who.
If you have any questions, call me. You can come to visit me anytime.
Call me if you need anything. A: Lets go out. B: Where to? A: Anywhere. It doesnt matter.
Compare something &. Anything.
A: Im hungry. I want something to eat. B: What would you like? B: Anything. I dont care.
opposites much/little opposites many/few

We use much & little with uncountable nouns: We use many & few with countable nouns:
much work much time little money little luck many girls many cars few dollars few people
1. I have much work to do. 1. I have many friends at school.
2. Hurry up! We have little time. 2. There are a few students in this class.
A lot of/lots of = much or many / plenty of = more than enough
We use them with countable and uncountable nouns:
much many
a lot of money lots of money plenty of money a lot of books lots of books plenty of books
We use many, a lot of & lots of in (+), (-) and (?) sentences.
1. Many people have a car. 1. A lot of people have a car.
2. Do you know many people? 2. Do you know a lot of people?
Much is unusual in positive (+) sentences. Little & Few (without a) are for negative ideas.
We normally say: Little & Few = (not much & not many). Compare.
1. They dont go out much. (-) 1. He spoke (very) little Spanish. = not much
2. Did they spend much money? (?) He spoke a little Spanish. = some
But We spend a lot of time at work. (+)
2. I have (very) few problems. = not many
(not much time)
I have a few problems. = some
40
Complete the sentences using some and any.
Tracks 50-53 2
1. We didnt buy ______ souvenirs.
2. Im going out with ______ friends from work.
3. Do you have _______ questions?
4. My aunt doesnt have _______ children.
5. The building has ________ beautiful rooms.
6. Can you give me _________ information about this place?
7. If there is _____thing you need, please let me know.
8. There is _____body at the door.
9. I dont know ____one in this room.
10. Lets gou out _____where. It can be ___where. It doesnt matter.
11. If there are ______ words you dont understand, use a dictionary.
12. Would you like _______ tea?
13. Im sorry, but we dont have ______ more wine.
14. You can cash this check at _______ bank.
15. Could I have ______ more carrots?
16. I was too tired to do ______ work.
17. Come on! Say _____thing. _____thing! I dont care.
18. There was hardly _____one at the meeting.
19. Im going out. If _____one calls, please take the message.
20. Does _____one mind if I light up a cigarette?
Put in much/many/little/few.
1. I cant buy this dress. I dont have _______ money.
2. You had better hurry up. You have very _______ time.
3. My mom took ______ pictures of me when I was a child.
4. I dont have ______ to do today.
5. Could you wait ________ minutes? I wont take long.
6. There are ______ places to go in this town.
7. How _____ years have you lived here?
8. How _____ money does it cost to rent a car for two days?
9. Hes not very popular. He only has ______ friends.
10. I didnt spend ______ time in at work. Only ________ hours.
Complete the sentences using plenty of + one of the following:
room~ time ~ things to wear
1. Bill Gate has _________________. things to eat ~ money~ friends
2. There is no need to hury. We have _____________________.
3. There are ________________________ in this restaurant.
4. I dont need more clothes. I have ___________________.
5. You shouldnt feel lonely. You have _____________________.
6. Sit with us! There is ___________________.
Put in little/alittle/few/ a few.
1. I shouldnt buy this expensive car. I have ___________ debts.
2. I didnt know what to do. They gave me ___________ advice.
3. Do you mine if I ask you __________ questions?
4. There was ________ traffic, so the trip didnt take very long.
5. I need __________ time to think about it.
6. I dont think he could be a good sales man. He has _________ experience.
7. I know very _________ English. Only ________ words.
41
Countable & Uncountable nouns
A(n) / some / any / much / many / a few / enough / plenty of / a lot of
Tracks 54-58 2
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Sit. 1 I eat an apple every day. Sit. 2 I eat rice every day.
I like apples. I like rice.
Apple is a countable noun. A countable noun Rice is an uncountable noun. An uncountable
can be singular (apple) or plural (apples). noun has only one form (rice).
Countable nouns are things we can count. Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count.
So we can say one apple, two apples, etc. So we cannot say one rice, two rices, etc.
x x
We use a(n), some, any, (too)many or We do not use a(n) nor many or a few with
a few, enough and plenty of, with countable nouns. uncountable nouns.
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone. Game We use some, any, and much or little,
(without a(n)/the/my/one) enough plenty of with uncountable nouns.
(un)countables We use there is/was not there are/were with uncountable nouns.
More examples More examples
There is a lake in front of my house. There is sand in my shoes.
We dont have enough cups. I dont have enough money to buy it.
I talked to him many times. Hurry up! We dont have much time.
There are (too) many*people in the bank? There is (too) much sugar in my drink.
Eric is with some friends. Lets have some*coffee .
The company has a few company cars. I have little work today.
Are there any stores near here? Do you have any*milk and butter?
There arent any bookstores near here. There isnt any food left in the fridge!
Ive got plenty of ideas for the project. How much *water do you drink a day?
My boss has a lot of appointments today. Theres plenty of meat in the kitchen.
*Some nouns are irregular. They dont necessarily Dont worry. We have lots of time.
need an s to be plural: child > children mouse > mice
person > people foot > feet tooth > teeth die > dice *You can say: a (glass of, bowl of, cup of, piece of, game of, etc.)
We can use some,a lot of, plenty of (more than enough) for both countable and uncountable nouns.
I dont have much money.
Note: Much is usually said in negative sentences and questions.
I read a lot. Not I read much.
Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable, usually with a difference in meaning.
Countable Uncountable
Theres a hair in my food. (one single hair) How often do you cut your hair? (not hairs)
This house has three rooms. (3 rooms) This car has room for 6 people. (space)
Can you hear that noise? (one particular noise) I cant work with so much noise. (not noises)
It was a great experience! (one in particular) He has enough experience (not experiences)
I only spoke to him two times. (twice) Do you have more time? (in general)
Do you want a coffee? (one) I want some coffee. (maybe one or two)
There are some nouns that are usually uncountable, but also countable in other languages. For example:
advice baggage behavior bread chaos damage furniture information
luck luggage news permission progress scenery traffic weather
These nouns are usually uncountable so you cannot use a(n). You cant say a bread, an advice etc.
Where will you buy your furniture. (Not furnitures) You say some bread, some advice etc.
The news was very depressing. (Not news were...)
Travel (noun) means traveling in general, but you cannot say: We had a good travel. (but trip)
Im looking for a job. Im looking for work.
Its a nice day today. Its beautiful weather today.
These tables and chairs are mine. <Compare> This furniture is mine.
It has a nice view. What beautiful scenery!
Im carrying my bags and suitcases. Im carrying my luggage.
May I make a suggestion? May I give some advice?
42
Some of these sentences need a(n) or some. Correct the sentences that are wrong.
Sit.1 She doesnt have car. _____________________________________________________
Wrong. She doesnt have a car .
Sit.2 We ate dinner at a very good restaurant. _______________________________________.
Sit.3 I eat my hamburgers with a catsup. ___________________________________________.
Sit.4 Is there bathroom near here? _______________________________________________.
Sit.5 Lets buy cherries. ________________________________________________________.
Sit.6 Do you smell gas? ________________________________________________________.
Sit.7 I have interview tomorrow. _________________________________________________.
Sit.8 She wore bracelet last night. _______________________________________________.
Who (are/were) these people?
Sit.1 Madonna __________________________.
She is a singer and an actress Sit.2 Albert Einstein _______________________.
Sit.3 Shakespeare ________________________. Sit.4 George Washington____________________.
Sit.5 Mozart & Bach _______________________. Sit.6 Tiger Woods __________________________.
Complete the sentences using one of the following words + a(n) or where necessary.
blood ~ water ~ music ~ seat ~ minute ~ key ~ question ~ sugar
Sit.1 Listen! Can you hear ________________________________?
Sit.2 I couldnt get into the house because I didnt have ________________________________.
Sit.3 Dont stand there. Take __________________________, please.
Sit.4 Do you take ________________________________ on your coffee?
Sit.5 Can you wait ________________________________?
Tracks 59-65 2
Sit.6 Can I ask you ________________________________?
Sit.7 The heart pumps ________________________________ through our veins?
Sit.8 We need to save ________________________________.
Write a(n) or some if necessary, otherwise write (-).
Sit.1 I met __________ great guy in the meeting.
Sit.2 Whats wrong? Do you have __________ headache?
Sit.3 You need __________ visa to visit _________ countries, but not all of them.
Sit.4 Do you collect _________ coins?
Sit.5 I want to be _________ drummer.
Sit.6 I was very noisy when I was _________ child.
Sit.7 What _________ nice car!
Write a(n), some or any where necessary + one of the following words. Sometime they need an s.
more meat ~ water ~ hair ~ picture ~ foreign languages ~ paper
Sit.1 We brought the camera but, we didnt take ____________________.
Sit.2 Im thirsty. Do you have __________________?
Sit.3 Is there _________________ in the copy machine?
Sit.4 There is ________________ in my soup!
Sit.5 Do you want ________________? You still look hungry.
Sit.6 Do you speak ______________________?
Circle the correct word in parenthesis and (or) write many, a few, much or little.
1. There (is/are) not ______ time. 4.The weather has been dry. Weve had very ______ rain.
2. There (is/are) ______ buildings in New York. 5.Im not busy today. I dont have ______ to do.
3. She isnt very popular. She has _______ friends. 6.I have (much/a lot of) work today.
What do you say in these situations? Use the following words to complete the sentences.
advice ~ weather~ view ~ luggage
Sit.1 A friend came to visit you. You notice that he isnt carrying any bags or suitcases
You say... Dont you ______________________________________.
Sit.2 You are about to rent a room in an expensive hotel. You want the scenery to be nice.
You say... I want a room with ______________________________________.
Sit.3 You are about to take an important decision, but youre not sure about what to do
You say... Can you give me ______________________________________?
Sit.4 You look outside the window and the weather is beautiful. Its sunny and shiny.
You say... We have ______________________________________today.
43
Singular Plural
Complete the sentences using a(n), some or any a(n) Countable any C/U some C/U
acording to the picture. Tracks 66-98 2
(+) (-) (?) (-) (?) (+) Asking for & offering
U C C
a) There _____ _____ coffee. a) There _____ _____ lemons. a) There _____ ____ bananas.
b) Do you have _____ coffee? b) Do you have _____ lemons? b) Do you have ____ bananas?
c) There _____nt _____ coffee. c) There _____nt _____ lemons. c) There _____nt _____ bananas.
d) Would you like _____ coffee? d) Could I have _____ lemons? d) Id like _____ banana, please.
C U U
a) There _____ _____ onions. a) There _____ _____ rice. a) Ive got _____ popcorn.
b) Do you have _____ onions? b) Do you have _____ rice? b) Would you like _____ popcorn?
c) There _____nt _____ onions. c) There _____nt _____ rice. c) There _____nt ____ more popcorn.
d) Would you like _____ on your burger? d) Could I have _____ more rice? d) Do you have _____ more popcorn?
U C U
a) There _____ _____ cheese. a) There _____ _____ oranges. a) There _____ ____ broccoli.
b) Do you have _____ cheese? b) Do you have ____ oranges? b) Do you want ____ broccoli?
c) There _____nt _____ cheese. c) There _____nt _____ oranges. c) I dont have ______ broccoli.
d) Would you like _____ cheese? d) Could I have _____ orange? d) Ill have _____ broccoli, please.
C C C
a) There _____ _____ pineapple. a) There _____ _____ peaches. a) Ive got _____ strawberries.
b) Do you have ____ pineapple? b) Do you have _____ peaches? b) I dont have ____ strawberries.
c) There ____nt ____ pineapple here. c) There _____nt _____ peaches. c) There _____nt ____ strawberries.
d) Would you like _____ pineapple? d) Could I have _____ peach? d) Would you like _____ strawberries?
U C U
a) I want _____ garlic on my rice. a) Can I have ____ mushrooms? a) There _____ _____ bread.
b) ____ there _____ garlic? b) Do you have ___ mushrooms? b) Do you have ____bread?
c) There _____nt _____ garlic. c) There _____nt _____ mushrooms. c) There _____nt _____ bread.
d) Would you like _____ garlic on it? d) Id like _____ mushrooms too. d) Could I have _____ bread, please?
C C/U U
a) There _____ _____ grapes. a) There _____ _____ beers. a) I havent got _____ milk.
b) Do you want _____ grapes? b) Do you have _____ beer? b) Would you like _____ milk?
c) There _____nt _____ grapes. c) There _____nt _____ beer. c) There _____nt ____ more milk.
d) Would you like _____ grapes? d) Could I have _____ beer, please? d) ___ there _____ milk?
U C U
a) There _____ _____ wine. a) There _____ _____ carrots. a) There _____ ____ corn.
b) Do you have _____ wine? b) Do you have ____ carrots? b) Do you _____ ____ corn?
c) There _____nt _____ wine. c) There _____nt _____ carrots. c) I dont have ______ corn.
d) Wed like _____ bottle of wine. d) I dont want ____ carrots in my dish. d) Ill have _____ corn, please.
C U U
a) There ____ one watermelon. a) There _____ _____ sugar. a) Have you got _____ butter?
b) Do you have ___ watermelon? b) Do you have _____ sugar? b) I dont have ____ butter.
c) There _____nt ____ watermelons. c) There _____nt _____ sugar. c) There _____nt ____ butter.
d) Would you like _____ watermelon? d) Could I have _____ sugar, please? d) Would you like _____ butter?
C C C
a) There _____ _____ apples. a) There _____ _____ pumpkins. a) I have _____ pomegranates.
b) Do you _____ _____ apple? b) Do you have _____ pumpkins? b) Id like _____ pomegranate.
c) There _____nt _____ apples. c) There _____nt _____ pumpkin. c) There _____nt ____ pomegranates.
d) Would you like _____ apple? d) Could I have _____ pumpkin, please? d) ____ there _____ pomegranates?
C C C
a) _____ there _____ peas? a) There _____ _____ peppers. a) There _____ ____ tomatoes.
b) Do you have _____ peas? b) Do you have ____ peppers? b) Do you have ____ tomatoes?
c) There _____ nt _____ peas. c) There _____ nt _____ peppers. c) There ____nt ____ tomatoes.
d) Id like _____ peas. d) Could I have ____ pepper? d) Would you like _____ tomato?
U C C
a) There ____ meat in the fridge. a) There _____ _____ pears. a) Have you got _____ melon?
b) Do you have ___ meat? b) Do you have _____ pears? b) I dont have ____ melons.
c) There ____ nt ____ meat. c) There _____ nt _____ pears. c) There _____ nt ____ melon.
d) Would you like _____ meat? d) Could I have _____ pear, please? d) Could I have _____ melon?
44
I did...
did...
Simple Past Did
Certain time in the past
Sit.1 Napoleon Bonaparte was* a great leader. He won* many battles.
He had *a great army. He was* the emperor of France. He died*in Santa Elena.
We use simple past to talk about or confirm past events that happened at a certain time.
Routines
Sit.2
Past
C A
B
C
D
E
Present
Tracks 1-5 3
(A) I woke up at 6:00 am. (B) I had breakfast and (C) I went to work .
(D) I arrived at 6:00 pm. and then (E) I went to bed at 8:00 pm.
*We normally use simple past to talk in sequence.
We often say when it happened (yesterday/last night/two days ago/this morning, etc.)
Sit.1 I saw you last week. Sit.4 Did you go out last night?
Sit.2 I didnt work yesterday. Sit.5 Where were you last Wednesday?
Sit.3 We didnt have lunch today. Sit.6 What school did you go to last year?
*The verb to be in past is simple past too.
*In this case the auxiliary is not needed.
The tense relies on the verb.
1. I had a great time at the party last Friday.
2. The bank was full of people this morning. It was crowded.
3. I went to the movies last Wednesday.
(ed)
4. **Mozart composed more than 600 hundred songs. Simple Past
*Its supposed to be known when it happened in this example. Affirmative statements
Negative statements Change the sentences on the left to affirmative.
1. I didnt bring my homework. 1. ___________________________________.

2. She did not come to work today. 2. ___________________________________.
3. I didnt hear you. 3. ___________________________________.
4. They werent at home last night. 4. ___________________________________.
45
Make Yes/No Questions
1. I invited him to the party. 1. ________________________________.
2. I bought these shoes for ten dollars. 2. ________________________________.
3. I liked the show. 3. ________________________________.
4. The staff was in a meeting. 4. ________________________________.
5. They were absent. 5. ________________________________.
Tracks 6-8 3
Exercises
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb.
spend ~ win ~ eat ~ buy ~ drink ~ find ~ be ~ stop ~ buy ~ travel ~take
bought a new car.

Sit.1 We _________
Sit.2 I __________ two cups of coffee this morning.
Sit.3 I __________ one hour in the bank.
Sit.4 My parents ________ to Europe last year.
Sit.5 I ________ the lottery and ________ a house.
Sit.6 I (not) _____________ a shower today. I was in a hurry.
Sit.7 I ________ afraid of ghosts when I was a child.
Sit.8 I ________ my wallet under the bed.
Sit.9 My dog __________ all the food left in the kitchen.
Sit.10 The car __________ because it ran out of gas.
Do prompt #5
Sit.1 The weather was cold, so I __________________ (put) on a sweater.
Sit.2 The food wasnt good. I __________________ (enjoy) it.
Sit.3 I was very tired, so I _________________ (go) to sleep.
Sit.4 The bags were almost empty. They _________________ (be) heavy .
Sit.5 The bed wasnt comfortable. I _________________ (sleep) well.
Sit.6 We _________________ (not go) out last night. It was raining.
Sit.7 The test was difficult, so I _________________(have to) study a lot.
Sit.8 The car was too expensive. We _________________ (can) buy it.
Sit.9 The glass fell, but it _________________(break).
Sit.10 Im sorry that I _________________(bother) you.
46
Is/are Vs. Do & Was-were Vs. Did
Use was-were or did to complete the sentences using the prompts.
1. Where/(you)/go/last night? _________________________________________________?
2. Where/(you)/go/on weekends? _____________________________________________?
3. What/(she)/buy you for your birthday? ______________________________________?
4. What/(she)/buy/ the groceries? _____________________________________________?
5. Why/(your brother)/sad? (now) _____________________________________________?
6. Why/(your brother)/sad yesterday? ________________________________________?
7. What time/(the plane)/leave? _____________________________________________?
8. (the food)/good (after eating)? ____________________________________________?
9. (the food)/good (now)? ____________________________________________________?
10. Why/(you)/not wear/a coat? (now) ________________________________________?
11. Why/(you)/not wear/a coat? (past) ________________________________________?
12. (the weather)/nice/yesterday? _____________________________________________?
13. (the weather)/nice? (now) _________________________________________________?
14. (the patient)/take/her medicine last night? ________________________________?
15. (the patient)/take/her medicine every 8 hours?
_______________________________________________________________________________?
16. (the teacher)/sick (now)? __________________________________________________?
17. (the water)/cold? (past) ___________________________________________________?
Do prompt #5 s2 C
Past
A
B
C
D
E
Present Tracks 9-10 3
Use the simple past form of the verb to talk about past events using sequence.
Today I __________(get) up at 6:00 in the morning. I __________ (take) a shower,

__________(have) breakfast and __________(drive) to work. I __________ (get) to
work late. I __________(arrive) at 8:20 in the morning. I _________ (have) a meeting
with Mr. Peter. He _________(say) many important things. He __________(talk) about
the goals for the company. The meeting _________ (end) at one oclock. Everybody
__________(feel) hungry, so we __________(order) some pizzas. They _________(be)
delicious. I __________(leave) work at six in the evening and __________(go) back
home. I hadnt remembered that I __________ (have) a date with an old friend, so
I __________(call) her. We _________(go) shopping. She __________(buy) an expensive
watch. It __________(cost) her a lot of money. She__________(invite) me to the movies.
The movie ________(be) great. I________(enjoy) it a lot. We________(say) goodbye.
I__________(take) a taxi and __________(go) back home.
How was your weekend?
Now write about what you did on your weekend.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
47
Did you have a good weekend?
6 Conversation Tracks11-12 3
Kate: Hi, Tracy. How was your weekend? Did you have fun?
Rachel: Oh yes I did. I had a great time. I went out with Jeff.
He invited me for dinner. He took me to a nice restaurant.
Kate: Wow! No wonder you look so happy.
Rachel: What did you do on your weekend?
Kate: Well, I didnt have so much fun.
I did the laundry and cleaned the house.
Rachel: Did you go out anywhere?
Kate: No, I didnt. I stayed home and watched TV.
Karl: Hi, girls. You arrived early today.
Did you study for the test?
Rachel and Kate: Do we have an exam today?
Karl: Yes, we do. Good luck girls.
Rachel and Kate: Oh, oh. I didnt study.
Kate: Hi, Tracy. How ____ your _______? Did you ______ fun? Rachel: Did you ___ out anywhere?
5 Oh yes I ____. I _____ a geat time. I ______ out with Jeff.
Rachel: Kate: No, I ______. I ______ home and ________ TV.
He ______ me for dinner. He _____ me to a nice restaurant. Karl: Hi, girls. You ________ early today.
Kate: Wow! No wonder you _____ so happy. _____ you _______ for the test?
Rachel: What ____ you ___ on your weekend? Rachel and Kate: ___ we _______ an exam today?
Kate: Well, I _______ have so much fun. Karl: Yes, we ___. Good luck girls.
I ____ the laundry and ________ the house. Rachel and Kate: Oh, oh! I didnt _______.
Now, answer the following quetions.

1. Who did Rachel go out with? ..............................................................
2. Where did Jeff take Rachel? ...............................................................
3. Did Kate go out on her weekend? ...............................................................
4. Who stayed home? ...............................................................
5. Did Rachel and Kate arrive early to class? ....................................................
6. Did they study for the test? ...............................................................
More conversations
E Complete the sentences.
1. On Friday night, I _________ (finish) my homework 2. A: My family and I ______ (go) to France.
and __________ (watch) Television all day. We __________ (take) a lot of pictures.
I __________(not go) anywhere. I __________ (call) We __________(see) the Eiffel Tower.
my friends, but they ___________(not answer). B: Did you ________ (meet) new people?
I guess they ________(no be) home. A: Yes, we _______ (meet) a tourist from New York.
On saturday, I _________ (visit) Sandra. He ________ (stay) in the same hotel.
We _____ (have) lunch together. We _____(eat) pizza. We _____ (want) to go back again.
48
Objective Vs. Reflexive Pronouns
Me / you / him / her... Myself / yourself / himself / herself...
Objective pronouns Tracks13-18 3
We use objective pronouns to know who or what receives an action.
Sit. 1 David likes Mary. David asked her to marry him. He bought her a beautiful house.
He painted it blue. Mary had twins. Mary loves them very much. They bought a dog.
They named it Rocky. Singular: I > me You > you He > him She > her It > it
The objective pronouns are: Plural: We > us You > you (all) They > them
We use reflexive pronouns when

the subject and object are the same.
Sit. 1 David hurt himself with a hammer.

The reflexive pronouns are:
Singular: I > myself You > yourself He > himself She > herself It > itself
Plural: We > ourselves You > yourselves They > themselves
Sit. 2 You dont need to pay for me. I can pay for myself.
Sit. 3 The house was on fire, so he threw himself out the window.
Sit. 4 I dont know how she put herself in this situation.
Sit. 5 This computer turns itself off. You dont need to do it.
Sit. 6 Its not our fault. We shouldnt blame ourselves.
We do not use reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, etc.) after bring or take.
Use take/bring something with you/me... instead.
Sit.1 It might rain. Ill take an umbrella with me. (Not with myself)
Sit.2 I brought a map with me. In case we get lost. (Not with myself)
We do not use reflexive pronouns after concentrate/feel/relax/meet:
Use take/bring something with... instead.
Sit.2 You need to concentrate on what youre doing. (Not concentrate yourself)
Sit.3 I feel sick. (Not feel myself) Sit.4 Relax! Its only a game. (Not relax yourself)
Sit.5 Why dont we meet at your place? (Not meet ourselves)
We also use reflexives this way:
Sit.6 A: Who fixed the car? B: I fixed it (by) myself.
Sit.7 Larry is 18 years old. He can take care of himself pretty well.
Sit.8 I dont think Carmen will get the job. She herself thinks she wont get it!
Sit.9 Please dont help me. I can do it myself.
Sit.10 The product itself isnt useful unless someone has a good reason to use it.
Reciprocate pronoun (each other) Vs. Themselves
Frank Anna
Study these situations.
Sit.1 Anna and Frank are looking at each other (one another).
Annas looking at Frank and Franks looking at Anna. Theyre looking at each other. each other
Sit.2 Theyre looking at themselves in the mirror. themselves

Shes looking at herself and hes looking at himself.
49
Put I, he, she, (personal pronouns) me,him,her etc. (objective pronouns) or myself, himself, herself etc.
1. Carl hired a secretary. __________ offered to pay __________ a good salary.
__________ got the job and helped __________ a lot.
2. Ronald cut __________ while __________ was shaving.
3. Its not his fault. You cant blame __________ Tracks19-23 3
4. What they did was wrong. They should be ashamed of __________!
5. Dont worry about John and me. _________ can take care of ___________.
6. This house is too big for _________. I wont be able to clean it ___________.
7. A: Excuse me, can I have some more coffee? B: Sure! Help ___________.
8. A: He should take some money with ___________ just in case.
9. The boss gave _________ a raise. They deserved it for their hard work.
10. They gave _________ a key so that we could let __________ in without bothering _________.
Complete each sentence using myself, himself, herself etc., with one of the following verbs in its correct form.
put ~ enjoy ~ burn ~ hurt ~ turn off ~ blame ~ control ~ express
1. Dont play with fire. You can _______________________.
2. Dont ____________________. Its not your fault.
3. We had a great vacation. We really ____________________.
4. Sometimes she cant say exactly what she feels. She should try to ____________________ more.
5. I almost ____________________ while I was changing a light bulb.
6. You wont know what it feels unless you ____________________ in my position.
7. The computer ran out of battery and ____________________.
8. Peter can get carried away sometimes. He needs to ______________________.
Complete each sentence using myself, himself, herself etc., only where necessary. Use one of these verbs.
talk ~ feel ~ defend ~ relax ~ dry ~ meet ~ concentrate
1. Becky is learning karate. She wants to bea able to __________________.
2. I dont __________________ well. I think Im sick.
3. You are all wet! __________________ with this towel.
4. Im going out with Peter. We are __________________ at my place at 6:00 pm.
5. We tried to study, but we couldnt __________________ with all the noise.
6. On Sundays I like to sit down and __________________.
7. Alex is acting a little strange. He keeps __________________.
Complete the answers to the questions using reflexive pronouns.
1. Who repaired your TV? Nobody. I _______________________.

2. Do you want me to mail your letter? No thanks. I _____________________.
3. Who told you it was my birthday? You _____________________.
4. Could you call Liz for me? Why cant you____________________?
5. Why are you so alone? I want to spend sometime with _________?
Complete each sentence with ourselves/themselves or each other.

1. We have known __________________ since we were children.
2. If we work hard, we can make __________________ rich.
3. People give ________________ presents at Christmas.
4. Some people are too selfish. They only think about ________________.
5. I need you and you need me. We both need ________________.
6. We couldnt leave the room. We had locked ________________ accidently.
7. They had a fight. They are not talking to ________________.
8. They introduced ________________ to the audience before they talked about their plans.
50
I was doing...
ing...
Past continuous was/were
ing
Tracks24-27 3
Actions happening at a certain time in the past.
Sit.1 Sit.1 Yesterday afternoon, John was doing the crossword puzzle.
*You can get a better picture of the action when using past continuous.
We use past continuous to say that someone was in the middle

of doing something that had already started, but was still doing.
Sit.1-2 John was having a good time at home.
yesterday during Sit.1-3 John wasnt working. He was relaxing.
the evening.
Actions done at a certain time.

early in the at 5:00pm
morning
Sit.2 Sit.2-1
C
C
CC
Past
then
Present Past
then
Present
Sit. 2 The birds were singing Sit.2-1 Caroline was playing tennis
early in the morning.. at 5 pm. She was winning.
Compare
Sit.3 I was playing when you called me. I played tennis yesterday.
*Past continuous is more specific as to when the action was happening.
We often use simple past and past continuous together.

Sit.4 Nancy was making breakfast at 7:15 am.
Sit.5 At this time last year we were celebrating Christmas in L.A.
Sit.6 We waited while the old lady was crossing the street.
Sit.7 She was cooking while we were watching the soccer game on TV.
Sit. 8 Dave was talking on the phone when I arrived.
Sit. 9 Steve hurt his hand while he was playing golf.
Sit. 10 We were waiting outside while Peter was taking a test.
*We often use while with past continuous and when with simple past as connectors.
was-were was-were
was-were not
ing ing ing
Affirmative statements Negative statements Questions
I was listening to you. I wasnt listening to you. Were you listening to me?
51
Sit.1 What were you doing at this specific times? *You can also use the verb to be in past.
(last night at 9:00 pm)___________________________________________________________.
(last Sunday at 10:00 am)________________________________________________________.
(yesterday in the afternoon)______________________________________________________.
(at this time yesterday)__________________________________________________________.
(during the last break)___________________________________________________________.
(while your teacher was teaching)_________________________________________________.
(two hours ago)________________________________________________________________.
(last Friday at 8:00 pm)__________________________________________________________.
Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use past continuous.
Sit.1 Dave broke a bone while ________________________________________________.
Sit.2 I got a flat tire while ____________________________________________________.
Sit.3 We saw an accident while _______________________________________________.
Sit.4 We heard a strange noise while __________________________________________.
Sit.5 The radio was on, but nobody ___________________________________________.
Do prompt #6 and #7.
Simple past or past continuous?
Fill in the gaps using the words in parenthesis with the correct tense.
Tracks28-30 3
Sit.1 __________________________(you/have) a good time last night?
Sit.2 What __________________________(you/do) during the break? Pair work:
Sit.3 Where __________________________(you/go) when I saw you?

Sit.4 Where __________________________(you/be) yesterday?
Sit.5 I __________________________(love) to play with toys when I was young.
Sit.6 What movie __________________________(watch) when I called you?
Sit.7 I ___________________(study) when suddenly, the lights ______________(go) out.
Sit.8 She __________________________(talk) before you interrupted.
Sit.9 He _________________________(snore) while he______________________ (sleep).
Sit.10 Why __________________________(you/not go) to the party last Saturday?
Sit.11 How fast ___________________(you/run) before you ___________________(trip)?
Sit.12 Who ___________________(you/wait) for when I ___________________(come) in?
Sit.13 Liz ______________________(wave) at me, but I____________________(not look).
Sit.14 Dave _________________(take) ten pictures of me while I _____________(play).
Sit.15 We ______________(see) Tom at the hospital. He______________(not look) well.
Sit.16 It ______________(rain) hard when we ______________(leave) the office.
Sit.17 Stephe ______________(fall) and ______________(hurt) his knee when he
______________(ride) his horse.
Sit.18 The taxi driver ______________(drive) at 50 miles an hour when the
accident ______________(happen).
Sit.19 At noon, when you _____________ (telephone), I ____________(take) a shower.
Sit.20 We ____________ (sit) in front of the bank while someone ___________(rob) it.
52
Simple past or past continuous?
Complete the conversation by filling in the gaps using the words in parenthesis with the correct tense.
Student A Student B
1. I ________ (see) Joe walking down the street.
Really? Where ______________ (he/go)?
2. I think he ______________ (go) to school.
What ______________ (he/wear)?
3. He ______________ (wear) his uniform.
What ______________ (you/talk) about?
4. We just ______________ (say) hello.
Where ______________ (you/go)?
5. I ______________ (come) back from work.
Where were these people born? Pair work: Do prompt #8 and #9.
Where was Ricky Martin born? Where were The Beatles born? Where were you born?
was born in Puerto Rico.
He _______ They _______ born in ___________. I _______ born in _____________.
Where
_______was born
____ Ronaldo _______? _______ ____ Shakira _______? When were you born?
He _______ born in ____________. She _______ born in ____________. I _______ born in ____________.
Conversation: Making friends at school

Use the prompts to rewrite the sentences correctly. Student A asks student B. Tracks31-33 3
Student A Student B
you in my math class?

1. am-is-are 2.Affirmative.
_________________________________________?
(subject) _________________________________________.
3. Howold am-is-are you? 4. I nineteen.
(subject) am-is-are
_________________________________________? _________________________________________.
5. Where am-is-are you from? 6. I from Japan.
am-is-are
_________________________________________?
(subject)
_________________________________________.
7. speak another language? (you) 8. Yes, I also_________ Japanese.
speak(s)
_________________________________________?
9. Where /(you) live? 10. I /stay/with a friend these days.
_________________________________________? _________________________________________.
11. What /(your father) do? 12. He a chef.
am-is-are
_________________________________________? _________________________________________.
13. What /(he) do/now? 14. (He) sell/his restaurant.
_________________________________________? _________________________________________.
15. (you) miss/ your father? 16. Yes I do. He _________ me too.
miss(es)
_________________________________________?
17. (You) feel/hungry? 17. (You) like/japanese food?
_________________________________________? _________________________________________.
18. (I) think/about the same thing. 19. I __________ a very good restaurant.
_________________________________________. know(s)
(I) not have/breakfast. Im hungry.

20. nt 21. (You) bring/your car?
_________________________________________. _________________________________________?
22. Yes, I ___________(bring)my car. 23. Lets go! (I) starve.
_________________________________________.
Past _________________________________________.
53
I do... / I am doing...
Present Vs. Past
ing... / I did... / I was doing...
ing...
Put the verb into the correct form: simple present (I do), present continuous (I am doing), simple past
(I did), past continuous (I was doing).
1. We can go out now. It ______________ (not/rain) anymore.
2. Jeff ______________ (wait) for me when I ______________ (arrive).
3. The singer ______________ (sing) while we ______________ (dance). Tracks34-37 3
4. I ______________ (get) hungry. Lets go out for lunch.
5. My sister usually ______________ (check) her mails at night.
6. The salesman ______________ (sell) more than usual last week.
7. The company director ______________ (travel) on business once a week.
8. Mr. Soto cant come to the phone right now. He _____________ (attend) a course.
9. What ______________ (you/do) during the meeting?
10. He arrived to the airport and ______________ (take) the plane to Miami.
Cross out the incorrect words.
1. My boss is the one who (is wearing/wears) the black suit right now.
2. The movie (ended/was ending) at 4pm.
3. Jane (sees/is seeing) the doctor these days.
4. A: What (do you do/are you doing)? B: Im making an invoice.
5. A: What (do you do/are you doing)? B: Im a lawyer.
6. Where (are you coming from/do you come from)? Are you Japanese?
Make questions from these statements by using the following words. The answer to each question is underlined.
how often ~ where ~ who ~ when ~ why~ how much ~ how many ~ what ~ whose ~ whom
1. Im studying medicine because I want to help people with serious problems.
_____________________________________________.
Why are you studying medicine?
2. The meeting is next week.
__________________________________________. Make Yes/No questions.
3. I travel twice a week. 1. They canceled the meeting.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
Did they cancel the meeting?
4. I was talking to our new boss. 2. The plane leaves in 5 minutes.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
5. Im reading the sales report. 3. She was in her office.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
6. Lauras flight was canceled. 4. We are taking a brake.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
7. I interviewed five people this morning. 5. You were taking notes.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
8. The trip costs two hundred euros. 6. We can meet at noon.
__________________________________________. _____________________________?
9. I was heading home.
__________________________________________. 7. They are punctual.
_____________________________?
10. I have two sons and a wonderful daughter.
54 __________________________________________.
Do(es) Can Did
Simple Present Abilities Simple past
always tell / the truth? trust people? smoke in the classroom? type fast? Student A Student B
use an alarm clock? believe in god? see well? cook? met a new friend visited a friend
make/your own food? Where
Where/come from? Where/
Where/buy some coffee? ride a horse? wrote many e-mails go shopping
Where
Where/go shopping? What
What/do? understand chinese? drive a car? watched the news chose your career
wear/a uniform? have a pet? change a wheel? swim? studied for a test saw a movie
miss/someone? like taking trainings? eat dairy products? sing well? made breakfast spent time at home
Have/a part-time job? How
How/handle stress? Where(I)buy a phone card?
speak french fluently? Where came to school chose to leave town
How
How/come to school? How
How/make a living? keep a secret? sing well? bought lunch played a sport
do the laundry? What
What(microsoft) sell? do me a favor? use a computer? took a long naps told a story
How often
often/go to church? How much
much/want/earn? give me a ride home? eat in the classroom? had guests won a prize
Which cereal
cereal/eat? How much
much/weigh? Unscramble the following sentences. was at home all day entered a competition
Where
Where/like/swim? *Who
Who/clean your house? leave we our can later until luggage later? was busy every day left a mess at home
What
What/want/study? How often
often/buy groceries? I you but cant am come sorry in. ate in a restaurant fell in love
Where
Where/want/work? Where
Where/live? you my borrow you can if want computer. drank lots of coffee found a good pub
Who
Who/live with? How many languages
languages/speak? go you now can. read the newspaper sold old clothes
take a nap? have a cell-phone? problem can I how this solve? gave someone a ride got up late everyday
need/wear glasses? How often
often/watch TV? can where park I? went to a meeting wore loose clothes
know the city well? How
How/spell your name? you can something ask I? spoke english was sick
like/traveling? What time
time/get up? it cannot have you? got a lot of e-mails read a good book
mind/working extra hours? How often
often/clean the car? faster I a can run lot. went dancing drove around town
like/queue? What time
time/get up? (A) Match column A with column B. (B) paid the bills flew to a beach
How long
long(this class)last? always arrive on time? You cant be hungry! I paid much less before. send some faxes had a great time
What time
time/go to sleep? like/to eat dessert? It cant cost that much! You must leave now.
always tell the truth? How often
often/visit your parents? You cant be serious! We just had lunch. Write a checkmark on the squares that discribe
pay rent? Where
Where/(the pope)live? She cant come in! Its 11:00 am. some of the things that student A or B did last
smoke? When
When/(spring) begin? He cant still be in bed! The door is locked. vacations. Match the blocks that you think
like parties? How
How/feel today? I cant be late! You must be joking. student A or B did.
are/is/am Verb to be Have/has

Present Continuous in present Present Perfect
Why
Why/study/English? What book
book/read? an ambitious person? a creative person?
What tense
tense/practice? How
How/do/today? What
What/be/interested in? lazy? Student A Student B
What
What/do/now? What
What/do/tonight? be/a workaholic? hardworking? drive/a truck before? ice-skate?
What career
career/study? What
What/think about? How
How/be/you? punctual? make/a friend on/line? have/a car accident?
look/for a job? have/a good time? What
What/be/your name? What
What/be/phone number? take/ the toefl exam? be/stuck in traffic?
What kind of job
job/look for? How old
old/be/you? A reliable person? there/be/an earthquake? write/a song?
What
What/do/now?(your -dad-mom-bestfriend-) Who
Who/be/best friend? what/be/favorite sport? finish/your homework? hear/the news today?
take/a break read/the newspaper Which
Which/be/favorite color? a reliable person? go/to a rock concert? cut/your hair?
check/e-mail listen/to music What
What/be/address? what/be/the time? (the sun) come up? see/a doctor recently?
work study/at school When
When/be/birthday? which/be/favorite food? How long
long/be/ a student here? read/the vinci vode?
cook travel What
What/be/you? where/be/you from? work/before? buy/your house yet?
watch/tv have/meal Why
Why/be/you here? single? catch/someone cheating? had/breakfast yet?
take a nap do/home work Who
Who/be/your boss? When
When/be/the next exam? eat/lobster? study/for the test?
look/for a job talk/on the phone Now make some of these questions about a third person. (Your brother/father/mother/bfest friend) ride/a horse? get/a good job?
buy/the groceries sleep He is a doctor? She teaches French. be/fired? find/true love?
attend/a meeting clean/the house He is a chef? She flies planes. start/your own business? win/a contest?
Wh
Where is Peter? What is he doing? Match the boxes She is a teacher? I sing romantic songs. sell/something on-line? How How/be/lately?
Hes in the bathroom. Play/football. She is a pilot. He writes nobels. What companies
companies/work/for? Where
Where/be/lately?
Hes in a restaurant. Take/pictures. He is a writer. He heals people. What countries
countries/be/to? speak/to a foreigner?
Hes on the field. Take/a shower. I am a singer. He cooks food. get/lost? see/the star wars movie?
Hes in a museum. Talk/to a friend. Where were you last Sunday at 11 am? feel/jealous? make/plans for next vacations?
Hes in his bedroom. Have/dinner. in a mall I/sleep. read/the bible before? live/somewhere else?
Hes on the phone. Rest. at church I/have/a good time. purchase/something on-line? meet/the schools director?
Scrambled sentences in bed I/swim.
we movie are horror watching a. in a party Listen/to a priest.
It What doing is here? in my office I/finish/a project.
Tense drill. Choose a prompt from any of these tenses and surprise a student with a real question.
Are what you weekend doing this? on the beach I/shop.
55
a she great is reading book.
No/none/any Nothing/nobody, etc.
No & none
We use no + noun. No = not a or not any.
We had to walk to school because there was no bus. (= there wasnt a bus)
We had to take a taxi because there were no taxis. (= there werent any taxis)
We decided to eat in a restaurant because there was no food. (= there wasnt any food)
There were no banks open. (= there werent any banks)
You can use no + noun at the beginning of a sentence: Tracks38-41 3
No news is good news.
No pain no gain.
We use none without a noun:
A:How much money do you have? B:None. (= no money)
All the stores had been closed. There were none open. (= no stores)
Nothing, nobody/no one, nowhere
You can use nothing, nobody/no one and nowhere at the beginning of a sentence or alone (as
answers to questions):
A:What happened? B:Nothing.
No one came to see me on my birthday.
A:Where are you going? B:Nowhere. Im staying here
Nothing/nobody, etc. = not anything/anybody, etc.
I didnt buy anything. (= I bought nothing)
No had nothing to work on.
You can also use these words after a verb, specially after be and have:
The house is empty. There is no one living here.
I wont tell anyone about your problem. (= I wont tell no one)
The airport isnt anywhere near here. (= is nowhere near here)
When you use nothing/nobody/no one/ and nowhere, etc., do not use a negative verb (isnt, didnt, etc.):
I said nothing. (Not I didnt say nothing)
Nobody got paid (Not nobody didnt get paid)
We also use any/anything/anybody, etc. (without not), to mean it doesnt matter which/what/who.
Compare no- and any-:
There was no bus, so we walked home.
You can catch any bus. They all go down town. (it doesnt matter which)
A:What do you want to eat? B:Nothing. Im not hungry.
A:What do you want to eat? B:Anything. Im starving. (it doesnt matter what)
The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (everybody failed)
The exam was too easy. Anybody could have passed. (it doesnt matter who)
After nobody / no one you can use they/them/their:

Nobody called, did they? (= did she or did he)
The party was a disaster. No one enjoyed themselves. (= himself or herself)
but we do not use a plural verb:
No one in the office has their office clean. (not have)
56
Complete the sentences with no, none or any
1. It was a holiday, so there were _______ banks open.
2. I dont have _______ money. Could you lend me some?
3. I couldnt make a pizza because there was _______ cheese.
4. I couldnt make a pizza because there wasnt _______ cheese.
5. How much cheese do you have left? _______. Should I go and buy some? Tracks42-45 3
6. I tried different dresses on, but _______ of them were my size.
7. Feel free to ask me _______ question.
8. I couldnt answer _______ of you're his questions. They were too personal.
9. _______ of his questions were easy to answer.
10. There is _______ more paper in the printing machine.
Answer these questions using none / nobody or no one / nothing / nowhere.
What did you say? 1. ________________.

Where are you going? 2. ________________.
How much time do you have left? 3. ________________.
How many books have you written? 4. ________________.
What do you need? 5. ________________.
Who were you with? 6. ________________.
Now answer the same questions using complete sentences with any/ anybody or anyone / anything / anywhere .
I didnt say anything.
7. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
8. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
9. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
10. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
11. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
12. (1) ______________________________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences with no or any + body/one/thing/where.

1. I dont need ___________ to help me. I can do it myself.
2. I have ___________ to help me. I cant do it all by myself.
3. I dont want ___________ to drink. Im not thirsty.
4. A: Where did you go on vacation? B: ______________. I stayed home.
5. A: What did you buy? B: _____________. I couldnt find ______________.
6. I went to the mall, but I didnt buy ______________.
7. The place was still the same when I returned. ______________ had changed.
8. Have you seen my glasses? Ive looked everywhere in the house, but cant find it ______________.
9. Everyone was silent. ______________ said ______________.
Choose the right word by crossing out the wrong one.

1. He didnt tell nobody/anybody about his future plans.
2. There was an accident, but fortunately nobody/anybody got hurt.
3. I looked out the window, but a couldnt see anyone/no one.
4. My job is very easy. Nobody/anybody can do it.
5. A: Whats in your hand? B: There is nothing/anything.
6. These streets are too dangerous. Nothing/Anything can happen.
7. I dont know nothing/anything about politics.
8. Dont worry! No one/Anyone is watching.
9. Im sorry. I cant tell no one/anyone.
57
All/all of, Most/most of, No/none of, etc.
all most some any much/many little/few no
You can use these words above with a noun (some food / few minutes, etc.):
All cars have wheels.
Most cars are safe to drive.
Some cars are automatic.
Many cars are manufactured in Japan. Tracks46-50 3
(on a sign) No cars are allowed.
You cannot say: all of cars, most of people, etc.
Some people are left-handed. (Not some of people)
Note that we say most not the most:
Most people have a car in this town. (Not most of people)
some of... most of... none of..., half of ... etc.

You can use these words above with of + a definite noun (the.../this.../these.../that.../my, etc.):
Some of the people I work with are helpful.
None of this money is mine.
I havent seen any of those movies.
He speds most of his time at work.
You can omit of after all or half:
All my friends are from South Korea. or All of my friends are from South Korea.
Half this money is mine. or Half of this money is mine.
Compare some.../most.../none... with some of.../most of.../none of...

All flowers are beautiful. (=in general)
All (of) the flowers in my garden are beautiful. (= a particular group of flowers)
Most women get married and have children. (=in general)

Most of the women in this building are married. (= a particular group of women)
You can use all of / some of / none of etc. + it/us/you/them:

A: How many of these people do you know? B: Only a few of them.
Do any of you want some more dessert?
A: Did you like my work? B: Some of it.
Before it/us/you/them you cannot omit of after all and half:
All of us (not all us) half of them (not half them)
She invited all of us to her wedding.
You can use all / most / some / any / much/many / little/few alone, without a noun:
Some cars have two doors and some have four.
Most stores were closed, only a few were open.
Half (of) this money is yours and half (of it) is mine. (Not the half)
58
Put in of where necessary. Leave and empty space (-) if the sentence is already complete.
1. Most ______ people wear clothes. 6. Most ______ my friends are single.
2. Ive lived in New York most ______ of my life. 7. Many ______ people use the internet.
3. Some ______ people in my work are sick today. 8. Most ______ days I get up at 6:00.
4. Some ______ people get angry very easily. 9. A few ______ these pills will help you feel better.
5. None ______ these keys are mine. 10. Are any ______ those letters for me?
Choose from the list to complete the sentences. Use of where necessary.
the population ~ my colleagues ~ his work ~ computers ~ the people I invited ~
birds ~ the movie ~ them ~ books ~ accidents
1. I havent read many ________________________. Tracks51-54 3
2. All ________________________ have a keyboard.
3. Many ________________________ are caused by bad driving.
4. She didnt invite Jane nor Monica. She doesnt get along with any _________________________.
5. Not many people live in the north. Most __________________________ live in the South.
6. Only a few ___________________________ could come to my wedding.
7. None ___________________________ arrived late to work today.
8. I was too tired. I could only see half ___________________________ .
9. Erik is very smart. He has finished most ___________________________ .
10. Not all ___________________________ can fly. The penguin cant fly, for example.
Complete the sentences using the words in parentheses. Sometimes no other words are necessary.
Sometimes you need the or of the.
1. I didnt feel well yesterday. I spent ________________________________ in bed. (most / day)

2. ________________________________ dont like parties. (a few / my neighbors)
3. ________________________________ can eat more than humans do. (some / animals)
4. ________________________________ in this test, were difficult to answer. (None / questions)
5. She lost ________________________________ at the airport. (all / her belongings)
6. ________________________________ are more modern than others. (some / countries)
7. The food was too spicy. I could only eat ________________________________ (half / my food)
8. I didnt like vacation much. I spent ________________________________ in the hotel. (most / time)
9. We were very productive. ________________________________ was wasted. (little / time)
10. She spends ________________________________ on clothes. (all / her money)
Complete the sentences. Use all of, some of, none of, one of + it/them/us. (all of it/ some of them/none of
us, etc.)
1. These books are all mine. ________________________ belong to you.
2. A: Are all these your books? Have you read _______________________? B: Yes, all.
3. We all got lost because _______________________ had brought a compass.
4. Our boss canceled the meeting because ________________________ had showed up late.
5. Some of this money is yours and ________________________ is ours.
6. I asked some people for directions, but ________________________ could help me.
7. He started making up stories, but ________________________ was true.
8. Not all the people who work here are American, ________________________ are from Korea.
9. I read most of the book, but not ________________________.
10. We left some food in the kitchen. When we returned home _____________________ was gone. The dog ate it all.
59
Both/both of, Neither/neither of, Either/either of
both / neither / either
We use both/neither/either to talk about two things. You can use these words with a noun (both cars,
neither car, etc.)
For example: you are talking about two cars:
Both cars are fast. Tracks55-59 3
Neither car is slow.
I can buy either car. (= one or the other, it doesnt matter) I have enough money.
both of / neither of / either of

We use both of/neither of/either of + the/this/my/Johns..., etc. So we can say both of the cars,
neither of these cars, either of his cars (not either of cars).
Both of these cars are fast.
Neither of the cars you chose were (or was) slow.
I can buy either of those cars. (= one or the other, it doesnt matter) I like them both.
You can omit of after both. So you can say:
Both my parents are from Australia. or Both of my parents are from Australia.
You can use both of / neither of / either of + us/you/them:
Talking to two people for example:
A: Can either of you speak French? B: No. Neither of us can speak French.
You must say both of before us/you/them. (you cannot omit of):
Both of us were very excited. (not both us)
After neither of, a singular or a plural verb is possible:
Neither of us were (or was) tired.
You can also use both/neither/either without of:

I couldnt decide which of the two cars to buy. I like both.
Are your parents English or American? Neither. They are both Australian.
A: Do you want coffee or tea? B: Either. I dont care. (= one or the other) I like both of them.
You can say:

Both Joni and Yuen are foreigners.
Both... and ...:
I was both tired and hungry that day.
Neither... nor...: Neither Jeff nor Robert failed the test.
He said he would contact me, but he neither called nor wrote.
Either... or...: A: Do you want coffee or tea? B: Either. I dont care. (= one or the other)
Either you apologize or face the consequences.
Compare either/neither/both (two things) and any/none/all (more than two):

There are two good hotels in town. There are many good hotels in town.
You can stay at either of them. You can stay at any of them.
We tried two hotels. Neither of them We tried a lot of hotels. None of them
had any rooms. Both of them were full. had any rooms. All of them were full.
60
Complete the sentences with both/neither/either.
1. A: Do you want juice or water? B: ______________. It doesnt matter. Tracks60-64 3
2. A: Where is Luis? Is he at school or at work? B: ______________. Hes at home.
3. A: When should I visit you, morning or afternoon? B: ______________. Ill be home all day.
4. A: Where did you go on your vacation? Cancun or Hawaii? B: I went to ______________. One week in each one.
5. A: Whats todays date? Is it the 19th or the 20th? B: ______________. Its the 21st.
Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. Use of where necessary.

1. To get down town, you can take the freeway or this street. You can go _________________ way.
2. ______________ my parents are from Canada.
3. I tried to call Jeff, but _______________ times the line was busy.
4. I have two sisters and one brother. My brother is still going to school, but my _____________ my sisters are married.
5. There was a car accident. One car drove into the front of another. Fortunately _______________ driver was injured,
but _________________ cars were damaged.
6. ______________ Lauras parents is American. Her mother is Canadian and her father is Mexican.
Complete the sentences with both/neither/either of + us/them.

1. Do you like horror movies or action movies? B: ________________________. I prefer romantic movies.
2. I asked two people the way to the airport, but _________________________ could tell me.
3. I was invited to two parties, but I didnt go to _________________________.
4. I wanted to buy a pink dress and a blouse, but I forgot my purse, so I couldnt buy _____________________.
5. Jeff and I speak Spanish, but _______________________ can speak very well.
6. I tried two pet-shops, but _______________________ sold cat food.
7. Joseph and John wanted to apply for the job, but _______________________ was qualified.
Rewrite sentences with both... and... / neither... nor... / either... or...

1. He didnt write and he didnt call. __________________________________________________________________.
2. Ann is on vacation and so is Tim. __________________________________________________________________.
3. Gill doesnt smoke and he doesnt drink. ____________________________________________________________.
4. It was a long speech and it was too long. ____________________________________________________________.
5. That book is mine or its Toms. It belongs to one of us. _________________________________________________.
6. I dont have the time to go on vacation. And I dont have the money.
I have _________________________________________________________.
7. We can order a pizza or we can make something to eat. Whichever you prefer.
We ___________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences with neither/either/none/any.

1. We tried a lot of restaurants, but ________________ of them were good.
2. I took two books with me on my trip, but I never read ________________ of them.
3. I invited some friends to my house, but ________________ of them could come.
4. There are several bookstores downtown, but ______________ of them sell the book that I want.
5. You can call me ______________ at 6:00 or at 7:00.
6. You can call me at ______________ time you like. Ill be in my office all day.
7. A few letters came this morning, but ______________ of them were for me.
8. Two letters came this morning, but ______________ of them were for me.
9. I need one of you two to help me. Would ______________ of you be available this afternoon?
10. I need one of you three to help me. Would ______________ of you be available this afternoon?
11. Sindy and I couldnt get into the apartment because ______________ of us had the key.
61
All, Every & Whole
All & everybody/everyone
We do not normally use all to mean everybody or everyone:
Everybody enjoyed the party. (Not all enjoyed...)
But we can say all of us/you/them, not everybody of...
Tracks65-69 3
All of us enjoyed the party. (Not everybody of us...)
All & everything
Sometimes you can use all or everything:
I did all I could to help him. or I did everything I could to help him.
But we can say all of us/you/them, not everybody of...
All of us enjoyed the party. (Not everybody of us...)
You can say all I can, all I want, all I need etc., but we do not normally leave all alone.
He thinks he knows everything. (not knows all)
The advertising campaign was a disaster. Everything went wrong. (not all went...)
You can say all you want. You wont convince me.
We use all in the expression all about:
Luisa told me all about her vacations.
We also use all (not everything) to mean the only thing(s):
All Ive eaten today is a sandwich. (= the only thing Ive eaten today is a sandwich)
All I know is that I love you.
Every / everybody / everyone / everything
Every/everybody/everyone/everything are singular words, so we use a singular verb:
Every computer belongs to the school. Everyone was sick last month.
Every seat has wheels. Everybody knows me here.
But we often us they/them/their/themselves after everybody/everyone:
Everybody said they enjoyed themselves. Everyone brought their umbrellas.
Whole
Whole = complete, entire. Most often we use whole with the/her + singular nouns:
Did you read the whole book? (= all of the book, not just part of it)
Did you eat the whole pizza? (= the entire pizza, not just part of it)
I have lived here my whole life. (= all (of) my life, not just part of it)
We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns. We say:
I spent all the money I earned. (= not the whole money)
Every / all / whole with time words
We use every to say how often something happens. We say every day, every month, every year,
every five minutes, every two weeks, every time etc.:
When I was a student, I used to play tennis every Saturday.
We get paid every two weeks.
All day / the whole (day/morning/afternoon/everning) = the complete day from beginning to end.
We spent the whole evening doing homework. We watched TV all night. (Not all the night)
Compare all the time and every time:
They are at work all the time. (always) They arent at home every time I call. (on every occasion)
62
Complete these sentences with all, everything, or everybody/everyone.
1.________________ Ive eaten is a pie.
2. It was a great party. ________________ enjoyed themselves.
3. ____________________ left the building as soon as they heard the alarm ring.
4. Kim told me ________________ about her new job.
5. Can ________________ remain in their seats, please?
6. Money is important, but it isnt ____________________ in the world.
Tracks70-73 3
7. Nothing changed. ____________________ is the same.
8. I dont have much money with me. ____________________ I have is a dollar.
9. ________________ makes mistakes. Nobody is perfect.
10. ____________________ of us passed the test. We all did well.
11. ____________________ passed the test.
12. I can help you, but dont expect me to do ____________________ for you.
Write sentences with whole.

1. I fell asleep during the entire class. ____________________________________________________________.
2. I saw movie from beginning to end. I saw _______________________________________________________.
3. Everyone in Toms family play a musical instrument.
The ______________________________________________________.
4. The firemen checked the building from top to bottom.
They _____________________________________________________.
5. I opened a box of candy and ate all the candy in it. _______________________________________________.
6. Yuen worked from early in the morning until late at night.
She ________________________________________________________________.
7. We couldnt go out from 6:00 am to 12:00 noon. It was raining.
It __________________________________________________________________.
8. We went camping but we couldnt sleep because of the weird noises. We remained awake all night long.
We had to____________________________________________________________.
Now write sentences 6, 7 and 8 using all instead of whole.
9. Yuen ________________________________________________________________.
10. ____________________________________________________________________.
11. ____________________________________________________________________.
Complete these sentences using every with one of the following:

four years ~ twelve minutes~ five minutes ~ six months ~ eight hours ~
1. I visit the dentist ____________________________.
2. The Olympic Games take place ____________________________.
3. We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over ____________________________.
4. Im sick. I have to take a pill ____________________________.
5. The bus service is very good. There is a bus ____________________________.
Choose the correct alternative by crossing out the wrong one.

1. Joni works every day / all days except Sunday.
2. Im tired. I worked all the day / all day.
3. I spent the whole money / all the money on gifts.
4. Your whole luggage / all your luggage was stolen while you were checking in.
5. I tried to call him, but every time / all the time I tried to call, the line was busy.
6. I hate the weather here. It rains every time / all the time.
7. It was a terrible earthquake. Whole / The whole building was destroyed.
63
Each & Every
Each and every are similar in meaning. Often it is possible to use each or every:
Every time I see you, youre smiling. or Each time I see you, youre smiling.
one by one x + x + x
groups
x x x xx x xx x x x
small x xx xx x xx xx x xx xxx
number x xx xx x
large number
Each man is wearing shorts. Every house has a garage and a chimney in this neiborhood.
Each is more usual for a small number: Every is more usual for a large number or groups:
There were four books on the Kim loves reading. She reads every book in the house.
table. Each book was different. I want to visit every country in the world.
At the beginning of a poker game Every tree in this forest is more than 50 years old.
each player gets two cards. Every house should have a swimming pool.
Each (but not every) can be used for two things/teams,etc.:

In a soccer game each team has eleven players. (Not every team)
Even though we can talk about nouns in plural (each team = 2 teams), the verb is always singular.
We use every (but not each) to say how often something happens:
A:How often do you play a sport? B: Every day. (Not each day) Tracks74-77 3
Theres a flight to New York every four hours. (Not each four hours)
Compare the structures with each and every:
You can use each with a noun: You can use every with a noun:
each book each player each man every book every player every man
You can use each alone (without a noun): You can use every one but not every alone:
None of the rooms were the same. Each A: Did you read these books last year?
was different. (= each room) B: Yes, every one.
Or you can say each one:
Each one was different.
You can say each of with the/these/my, etc.: You can say every one of with the/these, etc.:
Study each of these sentences carefully. I read every one of those books.
Each of the sodas has a different flavor. I read every one of them.
Each of them has a different flavor. I read every one of his books.
You can also use each in the middle or at the end of a sentence
The students were each given a book. (= each student was given a book)
These apples cost 99 cents each.
Be careful with everyone and every one.
Everyone is for people only (= everybody) Every one is for people and things (similar to each one)
Everyone passed the test.
I love every one of his books.
64
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with each or every.
A+p
st p
Te pp
p
p
ppp
p
X1.5
X
1.5
1.5
X1.5
1. ________________ musician has a guitar.

2. Lisa answered ________________ question correctly.
3. ________________ book has a different color.
4. There are many palm trees on ________________ street. Tracks78-80 3
5. Carmen read ________________ book on the shelf in less than a year.
6. ________________ ball has a different number.
7. A perfect square has the same length on ________________ side.
8. ________________ apartment on the second floor has a balcony.
Put in each/every/everyone.
1. Shes wearing five rings. One on _____________ finger.
2. Our soccer team won _____________ game last season.
3. The party was great. _____________ had a good time.
4. Theres a bus that goes downtown _____________ ten minutes.
5. The football world cup is ______________ four years.
6. Study ______________ sentence carefully.
7. ______________ sentence must have a verb.
8. Hes very popular. ______________ likes him.
9. The movie was excellent. I enjoyed ______________ minute of it.
10. ______________ car has a seat belt.
11. A motorcycle has two wheels. _________________ wheel has a break.
12. Answer all five questions. Write your answer to ______________ question on a sheet of paper.
13. I get paid ______________ two weeks.
14. Did you understand ______________ word I said?
15. The exam is divided in four parts. _________________ of these has two sections.
16. Nick plays golf _________________ Sunday.
17. There are three keys for _________________ door. The door in the front and the one in the back.
Complete the sentences using each.

1. The hotel wasnt expensive. I paid $45 and so did you. We __________________________________________.
2. The price of one of those pears is 60 cents. Those ________________________________________________.
3. One of these postcards costs 25 cents. Those postcards ___________________________________________.
4. I have five dollars and so does Mary. Mary and I have _____________________________________________.
65
A(n) & Some Vs. The (1)
A(n) and some Vs. The
I ate a pie and some Karl says a pie and some grapes because
grapes for lunch. this is the first time that he talks about them.
The pie was delicious, Karl says the pie and the grapes because
Tracks81-85 3
but the grapes werent Liz knows which pie and which grapes
very good. Sit. 1 he is referring to. -The pie and the grapes he had for lunch.
Compare a(n) and some with the in these situations:
Karl
Sit. 2 A man and a woman were standing beside me.
The man was old, but the woman looked pretty young.
Sit.3 We have a car and a bike. My father drives the car and I ride
Liz the bike. Sometimes I take a bus. The bus is pretty slow though.
We use the when we are thinking of one particular thing.

Sit. 4 Stephen entered a room. Stephen entered the principals office.
(one of many) (the only one)
Sit. 5 She sat on a chair. <Compare a(n) and the.> She sat on the teachers chair.
(one of many) (a particular chair)
Sit. 6 Do you have a car? (one of many) He washed the car last night. (his car)
We use the when its clear or obvious which person or thing we mean. For example, in a company we talk about
the boss / the chairman / the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), the salesmen / the secretary / the manager etc.
Sit. 7 Charlie is with the boss. (the only one in the company or his only boss)
Sit. 8 Mr. Robert is the chairman. (theres only one in each company)
For single things in a room (the light / the floor / the table / the door) or in a town (the airport / the station / the stadium).
Sit. 9 Could you shut the door, please? (the only door in the room) Sit. 10 Lets sit on the floor.
Sit. 11 We were waiting for you at the airport. (theres only one in town) Sit. 12 Turn off the (light/TV/radio).
Other uses of a. We use it in situations like these:
1. I travel once a week. (a=per) 2. How much are those potatoes. A dollar a pound. 3. I work 8 hours a day.
We use the when theres only one of something. (The sky / the sea / the clouds / the ground / the environment etc.)
13. Rome is the capital of Italy. (theres only one.) but There isnt an elevator in this building.
14. What is the longest river in the world? (theres only one longest river.)
15. Dont look at the sun. You can stay blind! but The sun is a star. (one of many.)
16. The restaurant where we ate was a very nice one. (one of many.)
17. *There are millions of stars in space. (not in the space.)
We use the before same (the same). (not same color). Also: the doctor / the dentist / the hospital.
18. His car and mine are the same color. 19. I took the car to the mechanic. (my usual mechanic).
20. These twins look almost the same. (not same). 21. I didnt feel well so I went to the doctor. (my usual doctor).
We say (go to) the movies, the theater, the mall. (listen to) the radio, but not watch the TV. We say watch TV.
22. Dave was listening to the radio while I was watching TV. (not the TV).
We do not normally use the with the names of meals (breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper.)
23. What did you have for breakfast? (Not for the breakfast) But we use a(n) before an adjective. I had a nice lunch.
We do not use the before noun + number.
24. My plane leaves from Gate 5. (Not the gate five) 25. Do you have these shoes in size 12? (Not in the size 12.)
66
Put in a(n), some or the.
Sit.1 I bought _____ newspaper and _____ magazines. _____ newspaper was interesting, but ____ magazines were boring.
Sit.2 I have ______ dog and _______ turtles. _______ dog is in the kitchen, but I dont know where _____ turtles are!
Sit.3 I saw ______ terrible accident. ______ car crashed into ______ trees. ______ driver of ______ car wasnt hurt.
Sit.4 There is ______ white car and ______ sports car outside my house. ______ sports car is mine.
Sit.5 My cousins live in _____ house next door. It has ______ big garden and _____ flowers. Its ____ garden of my dreams.
Put in a(n) some or the in these situations.

1. a) Tell me about ___ house you are selling. 2. a) Where is ____ bathroom?
b) It has ___ kitchen and three bedrooms. b) There isnt ___ bathroom on this floor.
a) Does it have ___ yard? a) We met ___ great guy at the meeting.
b) Thats right. There are ___ flowers in ___ yard. b) What was ____ name of the person beside him?
Put in a(n) some or the where necessary. _____________

7. Wheres nearest bank?
1. Would you like grapes? _____________
some grapes 8. Do you have good doctor? _____________
2. Do you have car? _____________ 9. How often do you visit doctor? _________/__________
3. Could you shut windows, please? _____________ 10. Chairman is in airport. _____________
4. Manager wants to see you. _____________ 11. Are you finished with book I lent you? _____________
5. I want to be pilot. _____________ 12. I got job in bank. _____________ /_____________
6. Is there bank near hear? _____________ 13. We buy groceries twice month. _________/_________
Answer the following questions. Use a or per.
1. How often do you go to the movies? __________________________________________.
2. How much does it cost to rent a car in your country? __________________________________________.
3. Whats the speed limit in your country? __________________________________________.
Put in a(n), the or (-) if its not necessary.
1. a) Where did you have ___ lunch? 4. a) Did you have ___ nice weekend?
b) We went to ___ restaurant next to ___ hospital. b) Yes! It was ____ best weekend Ive ever had!
2. a) Where is ____ nearest gas station? 5. a) Would you like to go to ___ moon?
b) Theres one on ___ next block. b) Id prefer to go to ___ movies.
3. a) Do you listen to ___ radio? 6 a) Can you tell me where ___ Room 304 is, please?
b) I dont have ___ radio. b) Its on ___ third floor.
Put in the or (-) if its not necessary.
1. Why dont we lay on ___ grass and look at ___ stars for a while?
2. Did you have ____ dinner at home today?
3. Sarah spends most of her time watching ___ TV. Tracks86-93 3
4. I dont usually have ______ breakfast, but I always have ___ good lunch.
5. Youll find ___ information you need at ___ end of ___ page 4.
Put in or take out the or a(n) where necessary.

1. What is highest mountain in world? 1. _______________________________________?
2. Sun is star. 2. _______________________________________.
3. If you live in foreign country, you need to learn language. 3. _______________________________________.
4. Your watch is same as mine. 4. _______________________________________.
5. Next plane leaves in five minutes from the gate 5. 5. _______________________________________.
Complete the sentences using one of the following. Use the if necessary.
sky ~ breakfast ~ movies ~ question 4 ~ dinner ~ flight ~ lights ~ gate 3
1. I didnt feel like eating ______________. I wasnt really hungry this morning.
2. The test wasnt really difficult, but I couldnt answer ______________.
3. ____________ seems a little cloudy.
4. _____________ number 326 to New York is now boarding ______________.
5. Were going to ______________ after ________________.
6. Someone forgot to turn off ________________.
67
A(n) & Some Vs. The (2)
Tracks 1-6 4
Compare school and the school.
Sit. 1
Christian is 17 years old. Every day Today Christians father is at the school.
he goes to school. He was at school. He went to the school to speak to
He leaves school at 2:00 pm. Christians teacher.
Sit. 2
When we say someone goes to Christians father is not a student.

school (as a student), we are not He doesnt go to school. So he is
necessarily thinking of a particular not in school. He is in the school.
school. We are thinking of school He went to the school (Christians
as a general idea. school) to talk to Christians teacher.
Christian Christians father
We use college, church, jail/prison in a similar way. We do not use the when we are thinking of a general idea of
these places and what they are used for.
Sit. 3 We go to church on Sundays. <Compare> The workers went to the church to repair it.
(we are not thinking of a particular church) (not for a religious service)
Sit. 4 When he finishes high school, he wants to go to college. Hes a student at the college where I used to go.
(we are not thinking of a particular church) (a particular college)
Sit. 5 The smuggler went to prison. The smugglers attorney went to the prison to
(He is a prisoner. We are not thinking of a particular prison) help on the case. (as a visitor)
Use work, home, bed and sea in a similar way.
We say come/go to work, be at work, start/finish work. We say go to bed or be in bed, etc. (not the bed).
Sit.8 What time do you start work? Sit.10 Im tired. Im going to bed.
Liz didnt come to work. She is sick. I had breakfast at bed.
My father is at work. but I sat down on the bed.(a particular piece of furniture)
We say come/go home, be at home, get home. etc. We say go to sea, or be at sea.
Sit.9 Its getting late. Lets go home. Sit.11 Sailors spend most of their time at sea. (on voyage)
Liz didnt come to work. She is sick. but I live near the sea. (beach, sun, ground, sky etc.)
I phoned her, but she was not at home. Whales live in the sea.
When we are talking about things or people in general, But we use the when we refer to particular things or people.
we do not use the. Sit. 19 I took the dogs out. (my dogs)
Sit. 12 Im afraid of wolves. (Not a particular group of wolves.) Sit. 20 I loved the restaurant, the food and the music.
Sit. 13 Doctors heal sick people. Sit. 21 Could you pass the sugar, please?
Sit. 14 Life has become easier now. Sit. 22 The Chinese food you prepared was delicious.
Sit. 15 I love Chinese food.
Sit. 16 Crime is a problem in most big cities.
Sit. 17 My aunt listens to jazz music.
the Sit. 23 He was jailed for the crime of murder.
Sit. 24 Do you listen to the radio?
Sit. 25 Do the people in this place have a visa?
Sit. 18 Sugar isnt very good for you. Sit. 26 All the things in this room belong to me.
The does not always refer to one particular thing. Study these sentences.
Sit. 27 The lion is a very dangerous animal. Sit. 30 Can you play the piano or the guitar?
Sit. 28 The car is en excellent means of transportation. Sit. 31 The car is en excellent means of transportation.
Sit. 29 The euro is the currency in Europe. Sit. 32 The world is evolving day by day.
The + adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people like:

the young the rich the sick the hearing impaired the injured the unimployed the dead
the old the poor the disabled the first one(s) the last one(s) the elderly the homeless
The + nationality You can use the with some nationality adjectives to refer to the people in that country.
Sit. 33 The Italians are well known for making pizza.
Sit. 34 The Chinese invented printing.
Sit. 35 The French are famous for their food. Note: French=plural/ a Frenchman=singular/ the same with Chinese, Dutch, British, Irish etc.
68
Complete these sentences using a preposition (to/at/in, etc.) + one of the following words.
home ~ prison~ work ~ school ~ church ~ bed
Sit.1 He is sick. Ha cant go _____________. He cant leave ______________. He must stay ______________.
Sit.2 If you commit a serious crime, you will be sent ________________.
Sit.3 My mom takes me ____________ early in the morning and then she goes _________________. Tracks 7-15
4
Sit.4 People normally assist _________________ on Sundays.
Complete these sentences with the correct word given. (School/prison). Usethe where necessary.
school jail
a) Parents are invited to ____________ every year. a) There were many reporters in ______________.
b) Its 11 am. My Children are still at ___________. b) The judge decided to fine him with $300 instead of
c) I love _________ where my son goes. (You are not a student) sending him _____________.
d) Hurry up. I dont want to be late for ___________. c) He was in _____________ for robbery.
Complete these sentences with one of the following words. Usethe where necessary.
home/work/bed (at) sea
1. There is no place like _____________. a) You can see ________ from this window.
2. Lets meet after ________________. b) It was a long voyage. We were ________ for days.
3. I like to stay in ________________ and watch TV. c) We live in front of __________.
4. I finished ___________ late last night.
Correct the sentences that are wrong.
1. We like to play the football. ______________________ 1. Do you like the Chinese food? ______________________
2. Im allergic to the cats. ______________________ 2. Are you interested in the music?_____________________
3. Are you good at math? ______________________ 3. Do you like box? _______________________
1. The carrots are good for your eyes. _________________ 1. Women live longer than men. _____________________
2. Who are people in this photo. ______________________ 2. Who are people in this photo? ______________________
3. Music makes the people happy? ____________________ 3. English drink much tea. ______________________
Animals Birds Inventors Currencies
Answer the questions by choosing the correct
answer rom the boxes. Use the if necessary. elephant / lion eagle / parrot cell-phone / wheel dollar / yen
giraffe / cheetah penguin / owl ca r/ computer peseta / peso
1. Which of the animal is the fastest? 1. Which bird lives in the north pole?
2. Which of the animal is the heaviest? 2. Which bird flies at night?
3. Which of the animal is the tallest? 3. Which bird can see very well?
1. Which is the oldest invention? 1. What is the currency of Australia?

2. Which is the most recent? 2. Whats the currency in Japan?
3. Which is the most important for you? 3. What is the currency in Spain?
Put in the, a(n), some or - where necessary.
1. Can you play ____ drums? 1. Sandra come from ____ large family?
2. Can you play ____ musical instrument? 2. When was ____ paper first made?
3. Do you like to go to ____ concerts? 3. The basic unit of society is ____ family?
Complete these sentences using the + one of the adjectives in the box . Injured Sick
1. Doctors care for ____________. 4. __________ have the future in their hands.
Hungry Unemployed
2. Life is hard for _____________. They need a job. 5. ________ take money from the ________.
Young Poor
3. We should feed _______________. Rich
What do you call the people from these countries? One person (a/an...) The people in general
1. France
2. England
3. Germany
Countries 4. Japan
5. Russia
6. Japan
7. (Your country)
69
Future with going to
I am going to do...
am/is/are
going to
Example Situations Intended actions

Sit.1 There is a problem with my car. Im going to fix it.
*He has already decided to fix his car.
Future with going to: You can use it to talk about something that you intend to do in the future.
This means you have already decided to do it before the time of speaking.
Sit.2 I have a test tomorrow. Im going to study hard.

*I have already decided to study.
Sit.3 I have a headache. Im not going to work.
*I have already decided not to work.
Tracks 16-18 4
Sit.4 I am thirsty. Im going to get something to drink.

*I have already decided drink somehting.
Example Situations Predictions with things about to happen

Sit.5
Sit.5 Look at the dark clouds. Its going to rain today.
Future with going to You can use it to say that something is going to
happen as a result of something.
Sit.6
Sit.6 He needs to wear a helmet. If he falls, hes going to hurt his head.
Sit.7 Sit.6 This kid is going to get into trouble.
Sit.8 Sit.8 Mary is pregnant. She is going to have a baby.
Sit.9 Sit.9 Hes running barefoot. He is going to fall.
Sit.10 The sun is shining today. It is going to be a beautiful day.

Sit.10
Structures
not
Affirmative statements Negative statements Questions
He is going to pass the test. He isnt going to pass the test. Is he going to pass the test?
70
Read the situation and use the prompts in parentheses to make sentences in future.
Sit.11 A friend of yours won the lottery, you ask him...

(What/you/buy?) _____________________________________________________?
Sit.12 You just gave birth to a baby girl. A friend of yours asks...
(What/you/name/her?) ________________________________________________?
Sit.13 Your Mom is on vacation and you miss her. You ask her...
(When/you/come back?) ______________________________________________?
Sit.14 You have a party soon and you dont know what to wear. You ask yourself...
(What/I/wear?) ______________________________________________________?
Sit.15 You have a wedding and you dont know who to invite. You ask...
(Who/we/invite?) _____________________________________________________?
Sit.16 Your cousin is deciding to buy something. You ask...
(you/buy/it?) ________________________________________________________?
Sit.17 You have guests tomorrow. You say...
(I/fix/the house.) _____________________________________________________.
Sit.18 Tomorrow is your fathers birthday. You say...
(I/buy/him/a watch.) __________________________________________________.
Sit.19 You have an important test coming. You say...
(I/study/hard.) _______________________________________________________.
Tracks 19-21 4
Sit.20 The TV isnt working. I ___________________________(fix) it.
Sit.21 You feel sick. You decide: I ___________________________(call) a doctor.
Sit.22 You can keep a secret, so you say: I __________________________(tell) anyone.
Sit.23 You dont like your job. You say: I __________________________(quit) soon.
Sit.24 Youre driving fast. You say: We ____________________________(get) there soon.
Sit.25 Youre feeling cold. You say I __________________________(put) on a sweater.
Sit.26 You want to lose weight. You say I ____________________(eat) fat-food anymore.
Sit.27 Your car is getting old. You decide: I _________________________(sell) it.
Sit.28 You see an accident. You decide: I ______________________(call) an ambulance.
Sit.29 Its going to rain soon. You decide: I _____________________(take) a raincoat.
Sit.30 The service was bad. You decide: I _____________________(leave) a tip.
Predictions - Affirmative or negative?
Sit.31 Some kids are playing with fire. You say: They_________________________(have) an accident.
Sit.32 A thief is robbing a bank. You predict: He_________________________(end) up in jail.
Sit.33 The boat you are on, has a hole. You predict: It_________________________(sink).
Sit.34 There are many dark clouds. You predict: It_________________________(rain) dogs and cats.
71
Unaccomplished actions
I was going to do...
was/were
going to
Example Situations
Tracks 22-25 4
Sit.1 I was going to play golf, but it started to rain.

* He intended to play golf, but he didnt. The action was not accomplished.
Use was/were + going to to talk about something that

was going to happen, but didnt happen for some reason.
Sit.2 We were going to prepare dinner, but we decided to order
a pizza. *It all happened in the past.
Sit.3 I was going to be a rock star, but I became a teacher.
Use was/were + going to to make sentences

Sit.1 (we/get married)____________________________________, but we didnt have a job.
Sit.2 (they/win?)____________________________________? Yes, but they didnt.
Sit.3 (my in laws/visit me.)____________________________________, But they canceled.
Sit.4 (you/fly/to Europe?)____________________________________? Yes, but the weather was bad.
Sit.5 (She/study/medicine,)____________________________________, but she got married.
Sit.6 (I/go/to work,)____________________________________, but I got sick.
Sit.7 (John/have/a meeting?)____________________________________? Yes, but it was canceled.
Prompts
Form questions using the prompts. Using
Sit.1 (What/you/say?) ________________________________________________?
Sit.2 (Where/he/work?) ________________________________________________?
Sit.3 (What/she/cook?) ________________________________________________?
Sit.4 (What/you/study?) ________________________________________________?
Sit.5 (Who/you/marry?) ________________________________________________?
Unintended actions & Misunderstandings
not Sit.4 I wasnt going to accept the offer. It wasnt good enough.
Use wasnt/werent + going to to say that something was unintended.
Sit.1 I ___________________________________(not/pay) more for this.

Sit.2 Who do you take me for? I _________________________________(give) it back to its owner.
Sit.3 Believe me. I __________________________________(not/tell) your secret to anyone.
Sit.4 You know me. I __________________________________(not/bother) you at this time of the day.
72
I am doing...this Friday
Future with ing am/is/are
ing
Arrangements Tracks 26-29 4

Sit.1
Weekly planner Sit.1 This is Carmens appointment book.
monday thursday What is she doing next week?
Meeting
tuesday friday She is having a meeting next Monday.
Daves birthday Shes going to Daves birthday next Tuesday.
wednesday saturday She is going to a concert next Wednesday.
Concert Soccer game
Shes watching a soccer game next Saturday.
Use present continuous to talk about something that you have already arranged.
Student A Student B
Sit.2 What are you doing on Saturday? Sit.2 I am visiting a friend from Tokio.
Sit.3 Where are you going this Friday? Sit.3 I am going to the movies.
Sit.4 What time are you leaving today? Sit.4 We are leaving at 8:00 pm.
Sit.5 Are you working tomorrow? Sit.5 Yes. I am taking a training course.
Sit.6 We are not leaving yet. Sit.6 Was the flight canceled?
*We normally use a future time expression.
Prompts
Student B is planning to go on vacation soon. Ask B about his/her plans. Use the prompts and match the answers.
Sit.7 Student A Student B

1.(Where/go?)_________________________________? (Next Friday)__________________________________.
2.(How long/stay?)_____________________________? (No, I/bring/a friend)_________________________.
3.(When/leave?)_______________________________? (Chile)________________________________________.
4.(travel/by car?)______________________________? (One week)___________________________________.
5.(come back/alone?)__________________________? (No, travel/by train)__________________________.
Do prompt #10 Prompts Do prompt #10 s2

Sit.7 Anna wants to ask you out, but you are very busy. Use your appointment book to explain why you cant come.
1. Anna: Can you come on Monday?

Weekly planner You: Sorry, but _______________________________.
monday thursday 2. Anna: Could you come on Tuesday?
Tennis 8:00 am. Meet Joe. You: Oh no! _________________________________.
3. Anna: How about Wednesday?
tuesday friday You: Im sorry. _______________________________.
Breakfast with my in-laws Take the car to the mechanic. 4. Anna: And Thursday?
wednesday saturday You:__________________________________________.
Dentist Fix the house. 5. Anna: What are you doing on Friday?
You:__________________________________________.
Answer: #11 S2 6. Anna: What about Saturday?
You:__________________________________________.
73
I will do...
Future with will Will
Example Situations Future decided at the time of speaking.
Sit.1 Sit.1 Waiter: What would you like to drink? You: I will have a soda, please.
Sit.2 The phone is ringing. Ill answer it. Menu Drinks
Red wine
Sit.3 Someone left the window open. Ill close it. Lemonade
Coffee
Sit.4 Im tired. I think Ill stay home today. Sodas
Tracks 30-33 4 Beer
Sit.5 Ill call you up tonight. Orange juice
Use will when you have just decided to do something at the time of speaking.
*Use going to (not will) to talk about something you had decided before the time of speaking.
We often use will with...

Sit.6 (I) think I think he will like your gift.
Sit.7 (I) guess He has a lot of work. I guess he wont come to the party.
Sit.8 (I) doubt I doubt he will pass the exam. He didnt study at all.
Sit.9 (I) suppose When do you suppose she will be back from vacation?
Sit.10 (I) wonder I wonder what will happen tomorrow?
Sit.11 (Im) sure Im sure that he will call you soon.
We normally use simple present to talk about timetables, schedules, arrivals etc.
(For example: public transportation, movies, events, etc.)
The movie starts at 6:30 pm. (not The movie will start at 6:30 pm.)
Tomorrow is Friday. (not Tomorrow will be Friday.)
What time does the train leave? What time do you finish work?
We often use will in these situations:
Sit.12 Promising to do something:
I will pay you back tomorrow. Thanks for lending me money.
I promise I wont tell your secret to anyone.
Sit.13 Offering to do something:
You look tired. Ill drive.
The dogs must be hungry. Ill feed them.
Sit.14 Asking someone to do something:
Will you close the door please?
I cant reach that box. Will you get it for me?
Sit.15 Agreeing to do something:
Ill see you tomorrow.
Ill give you your book back a day after tomorrow.
We often use wo
wont when... We often use will or wont when...
Sit.16 Somebody or something refuses Sit.17 Predicting the future:
to do something: Sales will be low this month.
I tried reasoning with her, but she I wont come tomorrow.
wo
wont listen to me. It will be a great party.
The car wont start.
74
Complete the sentences using I will or Ill + an appropriate verb.
Sit.16 Have a nice trip. Thanks. I ______________ you a post card.
Sit.17 I dont know how to solve this math problem. Ok. I ______________ you.
Sit.18 Im too tired to walk home. I think I ______________ a taxi.
Sit.19 There is no food in the house. Dont worry. I ______________ a pizza. Tracks 34-37 4
Sit.20 Its getting hot in here. Youre right. I ______________ the cooler.
Sit.21 Thanks for the money you lent me. I ______________ you back soon.
Sit.22 What would you like to drink? I ______________ a soda, please.
Sit.23 Are you coming to the party with me? No, I think I ____________ home.
Underline the correct form.

Sit.24 Oh no! I forgot to call Liz. (I am calling/ Ill call) her right now.
Sit.25 I wont be able to go out tonight. (I am having/ Ill have) guests tonight.
Sit.26 The movie (starts/will start) at 8:45 pm.
Sit.27 (I am meeting/ Ill meet/I meet) you outside the school after class.
Sit.28 (Were having/Well have/we have) a party tonight. Do you want to come?
Sit.29 What (are you doing/will you do) this evening?
Sit.30 I cant get up. (Do you help me?/Will you help me?)
Sit.31 If you need money, (I lend you some./Ill lend you some.)
Sit.32 I asked her what was wrong, but (she doesnt/she wont) say anything.
Sit.33 Goodbye. (I see/Ill see) you tomorrow.
Write will or wont.
Sit.34 If you dont eat anything now, you ____________ be hungry later.
Sit.35 Im sorry for what I did. It ____________ happen again.
Sit.36 Luis doesnt like mushrooms. I bet he ____________ eat them.
Sit.37 Theres no more milk. I guess we ____________ have to buy some.
Sit.38 You ____________ believe what happened! I crashed your car.
Sit.39 Shes very smart. Im sure she ____________ pass the exam.
Sit.40 ____________ (you) wait for me? I ____________ take long.
Questions
Read the situations and make questions using the prompts in the parenthesis.
Sit.41 You want to borrow some money. You ask...
(lend/me/some money) ________________________________________________?
Sit.42 You want to know when the movie starts. You ask...
(What time/the movie/start) ________________________________________________?
Sit.43 You need some help. You ask...
(you/help/me please) ________________________________________________?
75
I will do... Vs. I am going to...
Will Vs. Going to
Tracks 38-40 4
Example Situations Future decided at the time of speaking Vs. future before the time of speaking.
Sit.1 Kevin is talking to Cindy: Use will when you just decided to do
something at the time of speaking.
Lets have a party!
Kevin
Good idea! I will invite
some friends from school.
Betty
past
C decision
taken now
now
will
future
Future decided before the time of speaking. Use (be) going to when you had
Sit.1-1 Later that day: already decided to do something.
Kevin and I decided to
go out. Im going to invite
all my friends.
past
C
decision taken
before now
(be)
now
going to
future
Future decided at the time of speaking.

Sit.2 Peter called you this morning. Thank you. Ill call him back today.
Sit.2-1 Peter called you this morning. I know. Im going to call him later.
Sit.3 Sue is sick today. Really? Ill visit her tonight.
Sit.3-1 Sue is sick today. I know. Im going to visit her tonight.
Predicting the future.

Sometimes you can use both in these cases:
Sit.4 I think it will rain today.
Sit.4-1 I think its going to rain today.
Sit.4-2 Im getting bored. I think Im going to leave.
Use going to when you think that something is going to happen because of the situation now:
Do not use will in situations like these:
Sit.5 The clouds look black today. I think its going to rain today.
Sit.6 I feel terrible. I think Im going to get sick.
Sit.7 I didnt study. I think Im going to fail the exam.
In other situations will is more common:

Sit.8 I think the movie will get better very soon.
Sit.9 She will be back from work before 10:00 pm.
Sit.10 Im sure he wont get in trouble. Hes very intelligent.
Sit.11 Do you think that hell like this present?
76
Will or going to?
Complete the sentences using will or going to.
Sit.12 Anna: Why are you in the kitchen?
Jeff: ______________________ (I/cook) something. I am hungry.
Sit.13 Jeff is in a restaurant with Anna. Jeff says: I forgot my wallet at home!
Anna: Dont worry. ______________________ (I/pay).
Tracks 41-43 4
Sit.14 Jeff: I have a headache.
Anna: Take and aspirin and the pain ______________________ (go/away).
Sit.15 Jeff: What are you doing with that hose?
_____________________________________? (you/wash/the car)
Sit.16 Jeff: I have decided to buy a car.
Anna: Really? _____________________________________? (what car/you/buy)
Sit.17 Jeff: Im going shopping.
Anna: Really? __________________________________? (you/take me/with you)
Sit.18 Anna: I cant open this can. __________________________? (you/help me)
Sit.19 Jeff: Have you decided what youre going to study when you grow up?
Anna: Of course! __________________________________? (I/study/medicine)
Sit.20 These exercises are very simple. _________________________ (I/finish/soon).
Sit.21 Someone is at the door. _________________________ (I/open it).
Pair work: Do prompts #12 and #13

will or going to.
Read the situations and complete the sentences using will (ll) or going to.
Sit.22 You: I ______________________ have a salad, please.
Waiter: Ok. _______________________________ (It/be/here) in a minute.
Sit.23 Your friend offers to take you home, but you prefer to walk. You say:
No, thanks. I think I _______________________________. (walk)
Sit.24 Your friend is worried because he lost his keys. You say:
Dont worry. Im sure you _______________________________ (find) them.
Sit.25 You are driving in your car and you notice that you are in a traffic jam.
You say: I think we _______________________________ (be) late to work.
Sit.26 Someone wants you to tell a secret, but you refuse to do it.
You say: I _______________________________ (tell) you
will, going to, ing or simple present.

Sit.27 Jeff needs to catch a plane tomorrow morning. Do prompt #11
Jeff: I need a ride to the airport tomorrow morning.
Anna: Dont worry. I ________________________ (take) you.
What time _________________________? (you/leave)
Jeff: The plane __________________ (leave) at 10:00 am.
The next day a friend of yours offers to take you to the airport.
You say: No, thank you. Anna ______________________ (take) me to the airport.
77
I have done...
Present Perfect (1) Have/has
past
participle
Example Situations Experiences
Sit.1 Sit.1 Have you seen Star Wars before?

*It doesnt matter when the action happened, but if it has ever happened.
We use present perfect to talk about experiences.
Tracks 44-47 4
Sit.2 I have seen that movie twice.
Sit.3 Have you ever seen a ghost? (ever normally goes before the verb)
Sit.4 Have you gone to the movies lately?
Sit.5 Have you had any problems so far?
*We often use ever / before / lately / so far with present perfect. They dont say exactly when.
Compare: I saw the movie yesterday.
*It does matter when the action happened when you use simple past.
Experiences
Sit.6 Ive eaten lobster. Have you eaten lobster before? I havent eaten lobster.
Sit.7 Hes never been to Europe. Have you ever been to Europe? No, I havent.
Sit.8 We havent been robbed before. Have you ever been robbed?
Past actions connected to now

We use present perfect to talk about a past action that has a connection to now.
Contrac
t ions
Sit.9 Steve has broken his arm. I hav
You hav e = Ive
They ha e = Ive
v
Sit.10 Carmen feels sick because she hasnt taken her pill. We hav e = They ve
e
She ha = Weve
s=
Sit.11 Carmen feels better now because shes taken her pill. He has Shes
=
It has = Hes
It s
Sit.12 The mall closes at 9 pm. Its 9:05. The mall has just closed its doors.
Already (+/?) / yet (-/?) / just (a))..
Already = sooner than expected. (it normally goes before the verb)
Sit.13 The plane leaves at 8:00 am. Its 7:50. It has already taken off.
Sit.13-1 Have you fixed your car already? (you are surprised)
Yet = until now. (it normally goes at the end) (Use it in negative statements and questions)
Sit.14 Its 11:00 pm. and Peter hasnt arrived yet. Have you finished yet?
Sit.14-1 Have you fixed your car yet? (you are not surprised)
Just = a short time ago. (It goes before the verb.)
Sit.15 The banks have just closed? Theyve just gotten married.
*You can also use simple past with already / yet / just in American English.
I have forgotten my keys. or I forgot my keys.
She has just left. or She just left.
78
Experiences
Use the prompts in parenthesis to make personal (you) questions in present perfect.
1. (be/to a concert/before?) _________________________________________________?

2. (do/your home work/yet?) ________________________________________________?
3. (ever/be/to Canada?) ___________________________________________________?

4. (ever/sing/in public?) ___________________________________________________?
5. (ever/get lost/in Mexico City?) ____________________________________________?
6. (flunk/a test/before?) ___________________________________________________?
7. (love/someone/before?) ________________________________________________?
8. (ever eat/Chinese food?) _______________________________________________?
Read the following situations and use the verbs to form sentences in present perfect.
~ go up ~ leave ~ break ~ lose ~ steal ~ drop ~ start ~ improve~
Sit.16 Liz cant find her purse. She ___________________
has lost it.
Sit.17 Its too late. The plane ___________________.
Do prompt #14
Sit.18 Hurry up! The movie _______already __________.
Sit.19 I cant move my arm. I ___________________ it.
Sit.20 Wow! My English ___________________ a lot! Tracks 48-50 4
Sit.21 My car was here. Now its gone. Somebody ___________________ it!
Sit.22 Last year my car cost $15,000. Now its $17,000. The price _______________.
Sit.23 The temperature was 50 degrees. Now its 40. It _____________ .
Read the following situations and write sentences using the prompts in parenthesis.
Add already, yet or just to each sentence according to the situation.
Sit.24 Youre at a Cindys home. She asks you: Would you like something to eat? You had
lunch a short time ago. You say: No, thanks. _____________________________. (have/lunch)
Sit.25 You have a lot of work and you need to use the computer, but your brother is using it.
You ask: ______________________________________? (finish)
Sit.26 Youre in a restaurant. You are eating your breakfast very slowly. A waiter comes and
takes your plate. You say: ______________________________________. (not finish)
Sit.27 You want to tell your parents about your new job. They werent expecting you to find a
job so quickly. You say: ______________________________________. (found/a job)
Sit.28 A friend of yours has an emergency and needs to borrow your motorcycle .
You ask: ______________________________________? (drive/one before)
Sit.29 Youre at school and youre introducing a friend of yours to Richard.
You ask: ______________________________________? (meet/Luis)
Do prompt #14 S2
Sit.30 Youre surprised because Anna has eaten all her food in only 5 minutes.
You ask: _______________________________________? (finish)
79
Present Perfect (2)
I have done...
Have/has
past
participle
Example Situations Uninterrupted actions for a period of time.

Sit.1
Sit.1 They have been married for 20 years. Tracks 51-54 4
*We normally present perfect it to talk about periods of time. (hours, months, semesters,
years etc.)
We use present perfect when we talk about an action that started in
the past and continues now.
since = the time the action started
Sit.2 How long have you been married? since Sit.2-1
*We normally use how long for questions in present perfect
and when for questions in simple past.
Sit.2-1 I have been married since 1986.
*We normally use since or for to say how long.
C
past
1986
for 20 years
present
Sit.2-1 I have been married for 20 years now. for = total amount of time
When Vs. How long
Sit.3 When did you live here? I lived here when I was a child. Now I live in L.A.
(He doesnt live here anymore. Now he lives in Los Angeles.)
How long have you lived here? Ive lived here since I was a child.
*He still lives here now. or Ive lived here *all my life.
*We dont use since or for with all my life/ all the time/ enough/ too much, etc.
When did...? correct
Use simple past to know when an action started.

x
When have...? incorrect
When did you get married? I got married in April 19th 1986.
When did you start studying English? I started 2 years ago. (ago = back)
How long have you studied English? Ive studied English for 2 years.
*We use ago with simple past only.
Since, for, ago or -?
Ive worked here ______ ten months. Ive lived here ______ March.
Shes known her ______ all my life. Shes cooked ______ decades.
Ive loved him ______ I met him. He went to sleep an hour _______.
Ive watched cartoons ______ a long time. Ive talked to you ______ hours.
I saw Amy two days ______. It has been like this ______ quite long.
When Vs. How long
Make questions using when and how long.
___________ did you first meet your teacher? Adam is studying French. You ask...
(When/start?) _______________________________.
___________ have you known your teacher? (How long/study?) ___________________________.
___________ have you lived here?
I have known Adam for a long time. Sue asks...
___________ did you start studying English? (When/first meet/him?) _______________________.
__________ have you been awake? (How long/know/him?) _______________________.
80
Do prompt #20 s2
Present Perfect Vs. Simple past
I have done... Vs. I did...
Example Situations Compare Tracks 55-57 4

Sit.1 I lost my wallet. Did you see it? or I have lost my wallet. Have you seen it?
*In some cases you can use simple past or present perfect for important past events, but...
We dont use present perfect when we talk about a finished time (for example:
last year/yesterday, last night, one week ago, etc.). For this we use simple past.
Sit.1-1 I lost my wallet yesterday.

*Use simple past if you want to say when it happened.
There is normally no connection to now.
Pele won many soccer games.
past *He doesnt play now. present

C
Sit.1-2 I have lost my wallet.
*Use present perfect if you want to talk about an experience
that has a connection to now.
I have won many soccer games.
past *I still play now. present

C
Sit.2 Shakespeare wrote many plays. Sit.3 Celia Cruz was a great singer.
*He doesnt write anymore. *She doesnt sing anymore.
Sit.2-1 I have written many books. Sit.3-1 Madonna has been a great singer.
*I probably still write. *She still sings now.
Compare.
Use simple past to talk about a finished time in Use present perfect to talk about a period of time
the past. For example: yesterday - last week - finished unfinished that continues from the past to now. For example:
last year - from 1988 to 1998 etc. ,
Sit.4 It snowed last week. C

past
last
week
last
week
now
today - this week - this semester - since 1999 etc.
Sit.4-1 It has snowed this week.
Sit.5 What did you do last Friday? C

past
last
Friday
lately
now
Sit.5-1 What have you done lately?
Sit.6 She waited five minutes and left. C

past
waited
left
so far
now
Sit.6-1 She has waited for an hour so far.
Sit.7 We lived here from 1991 to 1996. C

past
1991 to 1996 for 5
years
now
Sit.7-1 We have lived here for 5 years.
Sit.8 I worked there for two years. C

past
finished unfinished
now
Sit.8-1 I have worked here for 2 years.
Example situations
Write sentences about yourself using the prompts in parenthesis.
Sit.9 (something you havent done today) ___________________________________________________.
Sit.10 (something you didnt do yesterday) __________________________________________________.
Sit.11 (something you havent done in a long time) ___________________________________________.
Sit.12 (something you didnt (couldnt) do when you were a child) ____________________________
____________________________________.
Sit.13 (something you have done recently) ___________________________________________________.
81
Right or wrong?
Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct those that are wrong.
Sit.13 right
Ive crashed my car. I have to walk to work now. _________________________
Sit.14 Have you seen Jessica at school yesterday? did you see
_________________________
Sit.15 Where were you lately? _________________________
Sit.16 They have gotten married 2 years ago. _________________________
Sit.17 Aristotle has been a great philosopher. _________________________
Sit.18 That book was published in 1989. _________________________
Sit.19 Did you ever play golf? No, never. _________________________
Sit.20 I worked here since 1996. _________________________
Sit.21 Ive lived here ten years ago. _________________________
Sit.22 This trip has been great. (It hasnt ended) _________________________
Simple past or present perfect? Tracks 58-60 4
Use the prompts to make sentences in simple past or present perfect.
Sit.23 (it/be/windy/yesterday?) ________________________________________?
Sit.24 (it/not rain/this week.) ________________________________________.
Sit.25 (I/not read/the newspaper/yet.) ________________________________________.
Sit.26 (you/get paid/last week?) ________________________________________?
Sit.27 (I/learn/a lot/this semester.) ________________________________________.
Sit.28 (we/not travel/by plane/before.) ________________________________________.
Sit.29 (they/be/married/for three years.)________________________________________.
Sit.30 (she/not drive/a car/before.) ________________________________________.
Sit.31 (she/talk/to you/yet?) _______________________________________?
Sit.32 What time ____________________________ (you/go) to sleep last night?

Sit.33 When ____________________________ (you/arrive)?
Sit.34 How long ____________________________ (you/be) a student here?
Sit.35 I__________ (be) very tired when I ____________ (finish), so I ___________ (take) a nap.
Sit.36 They _______________________ (be) busy this week. (they are still busy)
Sit.37 Where_____________________ (you/work) before you came here.
Sit.38 Laura _____________________ (study) here for two years and moved to Spain.
Sit.39 My grandparents _____________ (die) 26 years ago. I _____________ (never/meet) them.
Sit.40 This year _____________________ (be) full of surprises. (It hasnt ended yet.)
Sit.41 Where _____________ (you/travel) last year? I ___________ (go) to India.
How long _______________ (you/stay) in India? I ________ (stay) two months, but
I _________ (keep) contact with some friends that I ___________ (meet) there.
Do prompt #19 s2 Exercises 1-7
82
I had done...
Past Perfect Had
past
participle
Sit.1
Tracks 61-64 4
Sit.1 When she arrived to the airport, the plane had already left.
*It doesnt matter the order in which a sentence is being said. If an action is in past
perfect, it means that this action happened first.
We use past perfect to say that an action happened first or before another past action.
Sit.1
C C (breaking sequence)
The plane
had left
past 10:00 am
(2)
She arrived
to the airport
(1)
10:10 am now
She had taken the
past
(3)
8:00 am
(breaking sequence)
wrong bus to the The plane She arrived
airport left
(1)
late because
10:00 am
(2)
10:10 am
Sit.1-1
now
Sit.1-1 (1)She arrived to the airport. She missed the flight Sit.2 (breaking sequence)
Sandra
C
Peter
because (3)she had taken the wrong bus to the airport. had left arrived.
Sit.2 Steve left the party at 10pm. Anna arrived at 11pm. (2) (1)
past 10 pm now
When Anna arrived, Steve had already gone home. 11 pm
Steve didnt study and he didnt pass the test. Steve didnt pass the exam because he hadnt studied.
Sit.3
C He didnt
study
(1)
past 10:00 am
(sequence)
He didnt
pass
(2)
10:10 am now
Compare C
Sit.3-1
past 10:00 am
y
(breaking sequence)
He hadnt
studied
(2)
He didnt
pass the exam
(1)
10:10 am now
Read the situations and complete the conclusions by using the prompts in parenthesis.
1.You visited your parents, but they werent there. 5.I arrived late to the concert. The doors were closed.
(they/go out) ____________________________________. (they/already/close)________________________________.
2.I left my purse on a table. It wasnt there when I got back. 6.You went to the movies, but you arrived late.
(someone/take/it) _________________________________________. (the movie/begin) __________________________________.
3.You arrived home. You found that your things were gone. 7.Dave didnt want to watch the movie.
(a thief/break in) ____________________+__________________. (he/already/seen/it)________________________________.
4.You offered Anna something to eat, but she wasnt hungry. 8.It was the first time I won the lottery.
(she/already/eat) ______________________________________. (I/never/be/lucky/before)___________________________.
Use the graphic example to make sentences. Follow the sequence indicated with the numbers in the circles.
C C
Sit.9
past
(2) (1)
now
(1) The police arrived.
Sit.11
past
(1) (2)
now
(1) I made an invoice.
Sit.9 When ______________________________________
the thief__________________________________________.
Sit.10 I __________________________________________
(2) The thief escaped. (2) I sent it right away. but_______________________________________________.
C C
Sit.10
past
(2)
(1) I called you.

(1)
now
Sit.12
past
(2) (1)
(1) I didnt get wet.

now
Sit.11 The accountant _________________________ and
then ______________________________________________.
Si.12 I __________________________________________
(2) I remembered to take because __________________________________________.
(2) You left early.
a raincoat.
Do prompt #17 83
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
doing...
Have
been
ing
Repeated actions Tracks 65-68 4
Sit.1-1 He has been playing tennis for two hours now.
Sit.1-2 He has been playing tennis since he was a child.
*He has played since he was five.
*It doesnt matter if its still happening right now.
We use present perfect continuous to say that a repeated action started

Sit.1 in the past and still continues now or has a connection with now.
Sit.2 Sit.1 He has been lifting weights. (recently stopped)

*He is not lifting weights now, but we can conclude that he has been doing it for a good while.
We also use present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently
stopped or just stopped. There is a connection to now in both cases.
Sit.2 Eric smells a little strange. You say: Have you been running? (just stopped)
Sit.3 Everybody is buying umbrellas, because it has been raining these days.
Sit.4 You have decided to quit smoking. You say: I have been smoking too much.
Sit.5 Your English has gotten better. Have you been practicing your English?
Present Perfect Continuous or Present Continuous
Conclusions
Sit.6 Sit.6 It has been raining for one hour now.
Sit.6-1 She has been waiting for the rain to stop for twenty minutes.
Sit.6-2 She is waiting for the rain to stop now.
*Use present continuous to say whats happening now and present perfect to say how long.
Sit.6-1
C It has been raining
for one hour
been
now
Compare It is raining
right now.
Sit.6-2
now
*The action started an hour ago. *The action is happening now. Its not important
It is important to say how long it has been happening. how long it has been happening.
Sit.7-1 Ive been sick for days.
*You can also use present perfect to say Sit.7-2 Im sick now.
how long, but it doesnt emphasize the verb.
Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect (Simple)
Sit.8
C
A: Why are your hands dirty?
B: I have been fixing the car.

been
now
Compare
We can use the car now.
C I have fixed it!.

Present Perfect
now
In this case the activity is still happening. In this case the activity is no longer happening.
Sit.9 How long have you been working here? Or How long have you worked here?
In some cases we can use both, but Present Perfect Continuous is more about how long something has been happening
and present perfect is more about how much How many (times) something has happened.
Sit. 10 Laura is still writing letters. She has been writing all day? She has writen five letters.
Sit. 11 How long have you been reading that book? Compare How many pages have you read so far?
Sit. 12 We have been watching this movie for 2 hours now. How many times have you seen this movie?
84
Present perfect (simple) or present perfect continuous?
Sit.1 You meet someone who is a writer. You ask... (How long/write) __________________________.
Sit.2 (How many books/write) __________________________________.
Sit.3 Roy is a golf player. He began playing when he was six. He is champion for the second time.
You say... (play/since he was five) ______________________________________________.
(win/the championship twice) ________________________________________________.
Sit.4 You have just arrived to meet a friend. He is waiting for you. You ask...
(How long/wait) ________________________________________________.
Sit.5 A friend fo yours is a teacher. You ask...
(How long/teach) ________________________________________________.
Sit.6 Look! Somebody _________________________ (break) the window.
Sit.7 You look tired have you _________________________ (work) extra hours?
Sit.8 Ive ________________ (read) the book you lent me, but I havent _________________ (finish).
Complete the sentences using the prompts in present perfect continuous.
Sit.9 Karens eyes look sad. You ask her: (Why/you/cry?) Do prompt #15
________________________________________________?
Sit.10 A friend of yours has lost weight. You ask: (you/follow/a diet?)
_________________________________________________?
Sit.11 Mary says: You look tired. You answer: (I/work/a lot this week.)
_________________________________________________.
Sit.12 You arrive late to a meeting. You say: Im sorry. (you/wait/long?) Tracks 69-72 4
_________________________________________________.
Sit.13 A friend of yours is coughing a lot. You ask: (you/smoke/again?)
_________________________________________________.
Sit.14 You notice that Peter is playing golf a lot better. You ask: (you/practice?)
_________________________________________________.
Sit.15 A friend of yours lives in London, but you dont know for how long. You ask:
(How long/you/live/there?) _________________________________________________?
Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use present perfect continuous.
Sit.16 We got on the car and headed to work at 6:30 am. Its 7:00 am.
We havent arrived to work yet. We ___________________________ (drive) for 30 minutes.
Sit.17 It started to rain an hour ago and it is still raining now. N
o *you cannot use present perfect
It ________________________________for an hour. t
e
continuous with the verb to be
Sit.18 You started English classes in August and you are still studying English now.
You ________________________________since August.
Sit.19 You started working in the morning. Its 9:00 pm and you are still working.
You ________________________________all day.
Sit.20 *You got sick a week ago and you are still sick.
Pair work: Do prompts #16 and #17 s2
You ________________________________for more than a week.
Present continuous or present perfect continuous?
Sit.21 David _________________________ (study) English now. Do prompt #15 s2
Sit.22 David _________________________ (study) English for 3 months.
Sit.23 They _________________________ (wait) for you since ten Oclock.
*Sit.24 I _________________________ (be) a teacher for twenty years.
Sit.25 I _________________________ (look) for my book. Have you seen it?
Sit.26 This company _________________________ (manufacture) hardware for years.
85
I had been doing
Past Perfect Continuous
doing...
Had
been
ing
Example situation Conclusions

Last week Sit.1
Sit.1 Last week Peter and Joe were playing with snow.
It had been snowing the day before.
*It wasnt snowing while they were playing. It had been snowing the day before.
We use past perfect continuous to say that something had been
happening for a period of time before something else happened.
Sit.1 When they came into the house their clothes were wet and Joe had a black eye.
They had been throwing snowballs at each other.
*We normally use past perfect continuous with past tenses.
Tracks 73-76 4
More examples
Sit.2 They had been building a bridge for several months when a huge wind
destroyed it. (or) A huge wind destroyed the bridge that they had been building.
Sit.3 Dave quit smoking five years ago. He had been smoking for fifteen years.
He had been coughing a lot before he quit smoking.
Sit.4 Pete finally finished his project. He had been working on it for months.
been <Compare> been
Sit.5 It has been raining for one hour now. Sit.5-1 It had been raining for one hour.
*Its still raining now. *Its not raining anymore.
Sit.4
past
C It has been raining
for one hour
been now
C
Sit.4-1
It had been raining

for one hour
been past now
Sit.6 She is tired. She has been working hard. Sit.6-1 She was tired. Shed been working hard.
Sit.7 The teacher hasnt arrived yet. Sit.7-1 The teacher has finally arrived.
We have been waiting for him for ten minutes. We had been waiting for him for 10 minutes.
<Compare> been
Sit.8 The sun was shining yesterday, but the ground was still wet. It had been raining.
Sit.9 Peter was sleeping like a baby. He had been working all day.
Sit.10 The team was practicing more than usual. They had been losing many games.
*Note some verbs like want and know are not used in the continuous tenses.
Sit.11 We are good friends. We have known each other for years. (not have been knowing.)
86
Read the situations and make sentences from the words in parenthesis using past perfect continuous.
Sit.12 Jeff looked very tired. I asked... (What/you/do) ____________________________?
(He/play/tennis/for three whole hours.) ____________________________________________.
Sit.13 Monica left the party too soon. (She/not enjoy/the party)
_________________________________________________.
Tracks 77-79 4
Sit.14 There was a smell of cigarette smoke when Anna left. I am sure that...
(she/smoke)_________________________________________________.
Sit.15 The teacher noticed that two tests had the same answers.
(someone/cheat/during the test)______________________________________________.
Sit.16 Thomas was not coming to class anymore. I suppose...
(he/travel/much)_________________________________________________.
Sit.17 Steward woke up very frightened. I am sure that...
(He/have/nightmare)_________________________________________________.
Sit.18 I looked at her sad eyes and noticed that...
(She/cry) _________________________________________________.
Read the situations and complete the sentences.

Sit.19 The kids played baseball yesterday. Ten minutes after they began playing, they
broke a window.
They ____________________________for
had been playing baseball 10 minutes, when __________________________.
they broke a window
Sit.20 Anna worked in a factory. Six years later the factory closed down.
At the time the factory __________________, Anna ___________________ there for 5 years.
Sit.21 This evening we were watching a movie and then a child started to cry.
We _______________________ a movie when a kid ___________________________ to cry.
Sit.22 I had arranged to meet Monica outside her school. I arrived and waited for her.
After 30 minutes, I realized that I was in the wrong school.
I _________________ for 30 minutes when I __________________it was the wrong school.
Past continuous, past perfect or past perfect continuous.
Put the verb into the most appropriate form, past continuous(I was doing), past perfect (I had
done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).
Sit.23 The party was great. Everybody ___________________________ (have) a good time.
Sit.24 I was very tired after the trip. I ___________________________ (travel) for 18 hours.
Sit.25 He worked double because he _______________________ (not come) yesterday.
Sit.26 I woke up late this morning. I ___________________ (forget) to set my alarm clock.
Sit.27 Someone _________________________ (leave) the door opened before I arrived.
Sit.28 When I arrived, Steve_____________________ (wait) for me. He was upset with me
because he _________________ (wait) for 20 minutes.
Sit.29 I cried when I left my hometown. I __________________(live) there for a long time.
Sit.30 When we won the game, everybody ____________________ (celebrate).
We ___________________(never play) like that before.
Sit.31 The kids _________________ (study) while their parents were at work.
87
Get (=obtain / arrive / go for, etc.)
Get + adjectives / have & have got
Adjective & illness
We use get (as feel or become) with adjectives to talk about something that happens to someone:
Liz gets happy every time she sees me. (Not happy herself)
George and Mildred got married last month.
My boss gets angry whenever I arrive (also get) late.
I usually get hungry at 12:00 noon.
Did you get wet in the rain? Tracks 80-83 4
We can also use get (as catch) with illness or (as obtain) for things:
He got the flu last night.
catch { I got a headache, thanks to your loud music.
He got a raise from his company because of his hard work.
obtain { Did you get my e-mail this morning?
I got an A+ on my geography exam.
Arrive & go for
We also use get as arrive/go for/buy:
I wasnt able to get to the airport on time.
arrive { What time did you get home?
Could you get me a coffee, please?
go for { Im going to get some water. Do you want some?
I got some food at the supermarket.
buy { Where did you get those shoes?
Have & have got
Have and have got (= own, posses) are similiar in meaning. We can use have got instead of have:
Simple We have a new car. We have got a new car. Present
or
present She has a new boyfriend. She has got a new boyfriend. perfect
Do you have a new car? Have you got a new car?
or
Does she have a new boyfriend. Has she got a new boyfriend.
When have means posses ayou cannot use continuous forms (is having / are having ,etc.):
I have a headache. or Ive got a headache.
For the past we do not use have got, but had (affirmative) or did you have ((questions):
)
She had long hair? Did you have long hair?
Have breakfast/fun/trouble/a good time, etc.
Have (but not have got) is also used for many actions and experiences. For example:
breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / something to drink, etc.
a party / a safe trip / a good flight, etc.
have a look (at something) / a seat, etc.
a baby (give birth to a baby) / an operation, etc.
difficulty / trouble / fun / a nice time, etc.
In the expressions in the box, have is like other verbs. You can use continuous forms and other tenses:
Im going to have a baby. Did you have a good time? Have a seat, please. etc.
Have got is not possible in the expressions in the box. Compare:
I usually have a hot dog for lunch. Ive got some hotdogs. Would you like one?
88
Put the meaning of get in the parenthesis. Choose from the following words:
feel ~ become ~ catch ~ obtain ~ arrive ~ go for ~ buy ~ be punished ~ hit ~ to affect or delight ~be allowed
1. I got a cold last night. (get= ____________________)
2. Im going to get some food at a restaurant. (get= ____________________)
3. I got this coat for $20 dollars. (get= ____________________)
4. What did you get for Christmas?(get= ____________________)
5. Im sorry I couldnt get here on time. (get= ____________________)
6. I got to go to the movies by myself. (get= ____________________)
7. He got fired because of his bad behavior. (get= ____________________)
8. The beauty of the mountains really gets (to) me (get= ____________________)
9. He got really happy when he saw me. (get= ____________________) Tracks 84-87 4
10. The thief got 5 years in jail for the robbery. (get= ____________________)
11. The bullet got him on the leg. (get= ____________________)
12. He got furious when he found out his car was stolen. (get= ____________________)
13. Im getting married in three months. (get= ____________________)
Write these sentences with have and have got (when possible) by using the prompts in parentheses.
Some are present and some are past.
1. I wanted to make a phone call, but (I/not have/any change) ____________________________________________.
2. I need to make a phone call. (you/have/any change?)
Do__________________________________________? or Have________________________________________?
3. I cant climb up on the roof. (a letter.)
____________________________________________ or ______________________________________________.
4. I cant visit the national museum. (enough time.)
____________________________________________ or ______________________________________________.
5. We couldnt find the way to his house. (a map) We____________________________________________.
6. She cant pay her bills. (any money)
____________________________________________ or ______________________________________________.
7. They cant get into the house. (a key)
____________________________________________ or ______________________________________________.
8. I couldnt take any pictures. (a camera) I____________________________________________.
Complete these questions with have or have got (if possible). Some are present and some are past.
1. Excuse me, ________________________ a dictionary I can borrow?
2. A: The music is too loud. I ____________ a headache. B: I _______________________ a headache too.
3. I need a rubber band. _________________________________ one?
4. When you took the test, _________________________________ enough time to finish it?
5. A: ______________________________ the time, please? B: Its a quarter to eight.
6. It started to rain while I was walking to work. Fortunately, I ______________________ an umbrella with me.
Complete these sentences. Use an expression form the list, and put the verb into the correct form when necessary.
have a cold drink have a good trip have trouble have a meeting
have breakfast have a look have a good time have a baby
1. Im getting hungry. Have you _______________________ yet?
2. We _________________________ this Friday. Its about sales.
3. May I _________________________ at your work. It seems interesting.
4. May I help you. It seems like you are _________________________ with this machine.
5. Paula _________________________ another baby. Its her third child now.
6. You look hot. Why dont you _________________________ ? Youll feel better.
7. You meet Crystal. He has just arrived from his trip. You say: Hi, Crystal. Did you ___________________________.
8. The party was great. Everybody ___________________________.
89
I can/could do...
Abilities & Possiblities
Be able to...
Can Could
Sit.1 Can you speak any foreign languages?

Sit.2 I can see better with my glasses.
Can Sit.3 Lisa cant swim. Tracks 88-93 4
Sit.4 We cannot come to the party.
*Notice that can and not go together as one word.
We use can to say that someone has the ability to do something, or to say that something is possible.
Sit.5 Could you understand the lesson?

Sit.6 We could notice that they were in the meeting.
Could Sit.7 I could listen to every word that they were saying.
Sit.8 We could smell something burning in the building.
Could is sometimes the past of can. We use it with verbs like:
notice/understand/remember/feel/see/smell/hear/taste/listen.
Sit.9 My grand father could swim very long distances.

Sit.10 The last pope could speak more than five languages.
Could We also use it to say that someone had the ability or permission to do something.
Sit.11 We could go to sleep until ten Oclock on Sundays.
Sit.12 We could do whatever we wanted. (we were allowed to...)
(be - able to)
(be) able to is possible instead of can or could. Can is more usual.
Sit.13 Are you able to come on Saturdays? or Can you come on Saturdays?
*Use (be) able to or manage to to emphasize on the verb.
Sit.14 Were you able to see Anna Yesterday? or Could you see Anna yesterday?
Could Vs. was able to
Use could for general ability. Use was able to or managed to for a particular situation.
Sit.15 We couldnt speak their language, but we were able to communicate.
Sit.16 Jeff was a great golf player. <Compare> Sit.17 Steve managed to beat Jeff.
He could beat anyone. or Steve was able to beat Jeff.
Can only has two forms: can (present) and could (past). Its necessary to use (be) able to for the other tenses.
Will you be able to take me home after work? I might be able to see you tomorrow.
I havent been able to solve this problem. I wont be able to see you today.
I used to be able to play golf. You must be able to work under pressure.
Sit.18 We couldnt call you yesterday.
Could
Couldnt Sit.19 My grandfather couldnt speak German.
Sit.20 Peter was a great player, but he couldnt beat me.
Use couldnt for all situations.
90
Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Remember, can is more common.
Sit.21 Kevin is a great athlete. He ____________________ play almost any sport.
Sit.22 Stephanie ____________________ (not) read without her glasses.
Sit.23 I wont____________________ come this Friday. Tracks 94-97 4
Sit.24 ____________________ you speak French?
Sit.25 We havent ____________________ get a hold of you? Where have you been?
Sit.26 Ask Peter about your problem. He might ____________________ help you.
Sit.27 I would like to ____________________ speak more than three languages.
Sit.28 I used to ____________________ swim long distances, but Im too old now.
Sit.29 Have you ____________________ contact Steve?
Sit.30 I ____________________ (not) understand what you are saying. Do prompt #8 S2
Complete the sentences with can/cant, could/couldnt + one of these verbs.

wait ~ sleep ~ hear ~ understand ~ stay ~ speak~ watch
Sit.31 Im sorry, but I ______________________ any longer. I must leave.
Sit.32 When I was a child, I ______________________ TV late at night. It was forbidden.
Sit.33 Dont worry. Take your time. I ______________________ .
Sit.34 You look tired. I know, I ______________________ last night.
Sit.35 ______________________ (you) louder? We ________________ you.
Sit.36 I ______________________ French, but I can speak English.
Complete the answers to the questions with (was/were) able to or (wasnt/werent) able to.
Sit.37 Did you find your keys? Yes, we _______________________ find them after a while.
Sit.38 Did you manage to finish your work on time?
No, we _______________________ finish the work on time. We have to continue tomorrow.
Sit.39 Did the police catch the thief?
No, they _______________________ catch him. He managed to escape.
Sit.40 Could you contact Mr. Smith?
Yes, I _______________________ contact him very quickly.
Complete the sentences using (was/were) able to / (wasnt/werent) able to or could/couldnt.

Sit.41 Mozart was a great composer. He _____________________ compose since he was 4.
Sit.42 I looked everywhere for you, but I _____________________ find you.
Sit.43 I had forgotten to bring the tickets, so we _____________________ watch the game.
Sit.44 I hadnt slept well, so I _____________________ concentrate.
Sit.45 A little girl was drowning. Fortunately we _____________________ save her.
Sit.46 After hours of practice, we ____________________ to compete against professionals.
Sit.47 My grandfather was a great chef, he _____________________ cook anything.
Sit.48 We found the safe box, but we _______________________ open it.
The combination had changed.
Sit.49 The smuggler ran so fast that we _____________________ catch him.
Sit.50 He didnt want to come, but at the end I _____________________ persuade him.
91
Imagining situations & possibilities Would
I would do... I would have done...
Would
have
done
[ Sit.1 It would be nice to have an assistant. Tracks 1-6 5

now Sit.1
We would sell more products.
We use would when we imagine situations.
Continuous
would
We use could when we imagine a possible action. be
I wouldnt arrive home late every night. ing
h
I could spend more time with my kids.
I would be doing more important things. (I would be doing)
Would have done (past) & Could have done (past)

thenSit.2 I decided to quit because the boss didnt want to hire an assistant.
Would Sit.2-1 It would have been nice to have an assistant. Could
have Sit.2-2 We could have sold more products. have
P.P. Sit.2-3 I would have arrived home early each night. P.P.
(past) Sit.2-4 I could have spent more time with the children. (past)
We use would have or could have when we imagine situations or actions in the past.
Will Vs. Would
Sit.3 Ill pay the bill. I have money. Sit.3 I would pay, but I dont have any money.
Sit.4 Ill help you. I know how. <Compare> Sit.4 Id help you, but I dont know how.
Sit.5 Ill stay a little longer. I have time. Sit.5 Id stay a little longer, but I must leave.
Sometimes would is the past of will.

Sit.6 Oh no! The car wont start. Sit.6 The car wouldnt start yesterday.
<Compare>
Sit.7 Alex is upset. He wont talk to me. Sit.7 He was upset. He wouldnt talk to me.
Sit.8 Ill take you home. Sit.8 He said he would take you home.
I wish ___ would ___ I wish ___ could ___

Sit.9 I wish this wouldnt happen so often.
*The speaker is complaining about this situation.
Sit.10 I wish theyd stop crying. I wish they could entertain each other.
Sit.11 I wish they wouldnt call me every 5 seconds.

*The speakers are not happy with these situations.
We also use would to talk about things that happened regularly in the past.
Sit.12 When I was unemployed, I would visit all of my friends.
Would Sit.13 Whenever he was happy, he would start jumping.
Sit.14 When I was a smoker, I would smoke one pack a day.
*In these situations, would is very similar to used to.
92
Complete the sentences using would (present) or would have (past) + one of the following verbs.
be ~ do ~ pay ~ give ~ enjoy~ feel ~ get (you can use could in some cases.)
Sit.15 You should take a pill for your headache, you ____________________________ better.
Sit.16 Its a pity you couldnt come to the party with us, you _________________________ it.
Sit.17 I didnt have any money with me. Otherwise I ______________________ for the food.
Sit.18 I dont know what I ____________________ without my car last night. It was raining
dogs and cats.
Sit.19 Call me tomorrow. I ____________________ glad to help you with your new project.
Sit.20 I ____________________ you a hand, but I was very busy.
Sit.21 You should study English, you ____________________ a better job.
What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish ___ would or I wish ___ could.
Sit.22 You want to swim, but you dont know how. You say...
I wish __________________________________________(swim).
Sit.23 You want to play golf, but its raining. You say...
I wish _________________________________________(stop raining).
Sit.24 You are stuck in traffic. You say... Tracks 7-10 5
I wish I __________________________________________(fly).
Sit.25 You are waiting for a call, but they dont call you.
I wish they ___________________________________________(call me soon).
Sit.26 David is a friend of yours. He hasnt been able to find a job. You say...
I wish he ____________________________ (find) a job.
Sit.27 You have two little brothers and they are always fighting. You say...
I wish they _______________________________________ (stop fighting).
Use wouldnt for the following situations.
Sit.28 Eric is your friend. He talks a lot and he never listens. You dont like it. You say...
I wish ____________________________ (talk) so much.
Sit.29 Your neighbors are having a party and their making too much noise. You say...
I wish _______________________________________ (make) so much noise.
Sit.30 Anna always cries whenever she sees a sad movies. You say...
I wish __________________________________________(be) so sentimental.
Sit.31 Anna smokes in public places. This bothers you. You say...
I wish _________________________________________(smoke) in public places.
Sit.32 Steve drives too fast. You dont like it. You say...
I wish __________________________________________(drive) so fast.
Read the following situations about things that regularly happened in the past. Use would + one of
these verbs to complete the sentences. cry ~ leave ~ make ~ slam ~ be~ bark
Sit.33 When David was a baby, he _______________
1 his toys everywhere.
He ______also ______ whenever he wanted attention.
2
Sit.34 Whenever she got angry, she _______________

3 the door.
Sit.35 Jerry used to be a very sociable person. He 4_______________ friends with anyone.
Sit.36 We had to sell our dog. It ______________
5 to anyone crossing the street.
Sit.37 Jeff was a very nice guy. He ______________
6 there whenever you needed him.
93
Past
Advice & Opinioins Should

Should
have
done
I should do... I should have done...
Sit.1 Sit.1 Someone should tie that dog.
Sit.1-2 It shouldnt be loose. Tracks 11-17 5
Sit.1-3 I should warn the owner.
We use should to give advice or to give an opinion.
Sit.2 He should call a professional.

Sit.2-1 He shouldnt fix it himself.
Sit.2-2 He could have a serious accident next time.
Sit.3 She shouldnt panic.

Sit.3-1 She should ask for help.
Sit.3-2 If she hurries, she could save the fish.
We use should when we expect something to happen. Continuous

Sit.4 Why isnt Erik here. He should be here by now.
should
be
Sit.5 Hes very intelligent. He should pass the test easily. ing
Sit.6 The weather is cold. You should be wearing a sweater right now.
Sit.7 This shirt is too expensive. It should cost less.
You can use ought to instead of should. You ought to practice more. or
Its normally used in this tense only. You should practice more.
Should have done (past)
Sit.8 He should have used the seatbelt. Should
Sit.8-1 He shouldnt have brought his briefcase.
have
P.P.
We use should have when giving opinions or advice about the past.
Sit.9 Sit.10
I shouldnt have parked here. She should have been
more careful.
I wouldnt have gotten a ticket.
She wouldnt be upset now.
Sit. 11 He should have been here 10 minutes ago.

We use should have when we expect something to happen in the past.
Sit.12 She feels sick. She shouldnt have eaten so much junk food.
94
Write should or shouldnt + one of the following prompts, for each situation.
save money~look for a job~practice it more~eat fat food~smoke~interrupt~taste it~dial 911
Sit.13 Peter is forgetting his English. He ____________________________ .
Sit.14 Laura needs to earn money. She ____________________________ .
Sit.15 Erik needs to lose weight. He ____________________________ .
Sit.16 You ____________________________ in case of an emergency .
Sit.17 I ____________________________ in a bank. Tracks 18-21 5
Sit.18 Shes always coughing. She ____________________________.
Sit.19 The food is delicious! You ____________________________.
Sit.20 You ____________________________ people when they are talking.
Read the situations and give an opinion using the verbs in parenthesis with I think (they) should
or I dont think ____should.
Sit.21 David is not getting a good salary. (look for)___________________________________ .
Sit.22 Lisa is not feeling well and she wants to go out. You say...
(stay/in bed)______________________________________________________ .
Sit.23 Its raining and you dont want to drive in the rain. You say...
(wait)_____________________________________________________ .
Sit.24 Anna and Paul are planning to get married, but theyre too young. You think its
a bad idea. You say... (get married)________________________________________________ .
(should...) Present Vs. Past (should have...)

Complete the sentences with should (present) or should have (past) + the verb in parenthesis.
Sit.25 We _______________________(buy) more computers. We only have one.
Sit.26 I didnt know you were married. You _______________________ (tell) me before.
Sit.27 The party was excellent! You _______________________ (come).
Sit.28 I enjoyed your company! You ____________________ (come) to visit me more often.
Sit.29 Where is she? She ____________________ (be) here an hour ago.
Sit.30 I didnt know this seat was taken? I ____________________ (ask) you first.
Sit.31 Steve had to walk home yesterday. I ____________________ (offer) him a ride home.
Sit.32 I dont know what to say. What do you think I ____________________ (tell) her?
Read the situations and write your own sentences using should(nt) (present) or should(nt) have.
Sit.33 The light went off and you lost the information in your computer.
You say... ___________________________________________________.
Sit.34 A friend of yours is driving his car to work. You notice that he hasnt put on the
seatbelt. You say... ___________________________________________________.
Sit.35 Im feeling sick. I ate too much. I ______________________________________________.
Sit.36 You are on vacations, but you dont have any money.
You say... ______________________________________________.
Sit.37 A friend of yours is drinking while he is driving.
You say... ______________________________________________.
Sit.38 Your waiting for a friend. Hes always on time.
You say... ______________________________________________.
95
Past
Very Necessary Actions & Conclusions Must Must
have
I must do... I must have done... He must be doing... done
Very necessary actions
Sit.1 Sit.1 Engineers must wear a helmet while theyre working.
Sit.2 In China you must take off your shoes before you
enter peoples homes.
We use must to talk about things that are very necessary.
Sit.3 Its late. I must leave!
Sit.4 Its getting late. I must go.
Tracks 22-25 5
Must Sit.5 You must exercise every day.
Sit.6 You mustnt smoke when you are in a gas station.
Sit.7 You must drink two litters of water every day.
Have to (no other choice) Vs. Must (ethically speaking)
Sit.8 I have to pay rent every month. (its my responsibility)
Sit.9 I dont own a house, so I must pay rent. (its my duty)
Sit.10 This is delicious. You must taste it. or You have to taste it. (both)
Sit.11 I have to work eight hours a day. (obligation)
Sit.12 I have to take the subway, because I dont have a car. (no other choice)
We use have to to talk about things that are necessary as a responsibility or obligation.
Dont
Do have to Vs. Mustnt
Dont have to and mustnt are completely different.
Sit.13 You dont have to give him a tip. Sit.13 You mustnt give him a tip.
Its already included. He could get fired.
You can if you want (its not an obligation). Its very important not to give him a tip.
You dont have to do something = Its not necessary You mustnt do something = Its necessary that
that you do it, but you can do it if you want. you not do it.
We use had to to talk about things that are necessary in the past. We dont use must have for necessary actions in the past.
Conclusions
Sit.14 Anna: I have six children. Carmen: It must be hard to take care of them.
Sit.15 Anna: I bought a huge house. Carmen: It must be hard to keep it clean.
Sit.16 Anna: We live in front of a freeway. Carmen: It must be very noisy.
Usemust have done (past) for past conclusions. Continuous
Must Sit.16-1 Anna: We used to live in front of a freeway. must
have be
Carmen: It must have been noisy.
Sit.17 Theres nobody at home. They must have gone out. ing
P.P. Sit.17-1 Wheres my wallet? I must have forgotten it at home!
Sit.17-2 Wheres Tom? He must be taking a nap.
Compare cant & mustnt
Sit.18 David drank 2 glasses of water. Sit.18 David didnt want anything to drink.
He cant be thirsty. He mustnt be thirsty.
I am sure that... Its possible that...
96
Complete the sentences using have to / has to, had to or must + one of the following verbs.
make ~ mail ~ work ~ study ~ wear~ choose ~ wash ~ get (you can use must too.)
Sit.19 Frederic couldnt meet us last night, he ____________________________ late.
Sit.20 Can you wait a second? I _________________________ a phone call.
Sit.21 You cant do both things at the same time. You _______________________ one.
Sit.22 His car was dirty. He _________________________ it.
Sit.23 I___________________ home right away.
Tracks 26-30 5
Sit.24 I ____________________ this letter immediately.
Sit.25 Doctors ____________________ gloves during an operation.
Sit.26 I cant meet you tomorrow. I ____________________ for the math exam.
Write must / mustnt or must have / mustnt have + the verb in parenthesis in the gaps.
Sit.27 The restaurant ____________________ (serve) excellent food. Its always full.
Sit.28 The mall ____________________ (be) closed. The parking lot is empty.
Sit.29 You have been working hard this week. You _____________________ (be) tired.
Sit.30 The movie was boring. They _____________________ (have) a bad time.
Sit.31 I cant find my glasses. I _____________________ (forget) them at school.
Sit.32 Liz passed the test without studying. It ________________________ (be) very difficult.
Sit.33 Pamela hasnt come to work. She _______________________ (be) sick.
Sit.34 Monica arrived home late at night. Her Mom _____________________ (be) worried.
Sit.35 Why am I sneezing? It _______________________ (be) the weather.
Write mustnt or do(es)nt have to in the gaps.

Sit.36 Its a secret. You ____________________ tell anyone.
Sit.37 This building has an elevator. We ____________________ climb the stairs.
Sit.38 Its just a casual party. You ____________________ wear a suit.
Sit.39 You ____________________ arrive late. Its an important meeting.
Sit.40 You ____________________say anything. I understand.
Sit.41 Today is Sunday. I____________________ wake up early.
Sit.42 You _____________________ pay for everything. We can share expenses.
Sit.43 You _____________________ have much money to have a good time.
Sit.44 You _____________________ chew gum in a job interview.
Complete the sentences using must not (mustnt) or cant.

Sit.45 I just saw Estevan at school. He ____________________ be on vacations.
Sit.46 Richard doesnt want to buy her a dress. He ____________________ have money.
Sit.47 How can you say that? You _______________ be serious. You ____________ be kidding.
Sit.48 I just left my food here. It ____________________ disappear.
Complete the sentences using mustnt have or couldnt have.
Sit.49 He started washing the car a minute ago. He _________________ (finish) already!
Sit.50 I waved hello, but she kept walking. She ____________________ (see) me.
97
Past
may
Possiblities might
may/might
have
done
I may/might do... I might have done... He might be doing...
Possibilities (now) Tracks 31-35 5
Sit.1 Sit.1 Everybody is looking for John. Where could he be?
Sit.1-2
Sit.1-1
Sit.1-1 He might be sick. Sit.1-2 He might be asleep.
Sit.1-3 He may be in his office. Sit.1-4 He may be in trouble.

Sit.1-4
Sit.1-3
Sit. 2 What is he doing?
Sit.2-2
Sit.2-1
Sit.2-2 He might be sleeping.
Sit.2-1 He might be resting.
Sit.2-3 He may be working. Sit.2-4 He may be asking for help.
Sit.2-3 We use may or might to say that something is possible now. Sit.2-4
Examples
1 It may be true. 2 He may be telling the truth. Continuous
Perhaps it is true. Perhaps he is telling the truth. may/might
be
3 He might not know the answer. 4 He might not be studying now. ing
Perhaps he doesnt know the answer. Maybe he is not studying right now.
Possibilities (future)
Sit.3 Im not sure where to go on vacations. I might stay home. (maybe I will stay home.)
Sit.4 Look at the clouds. It might rain soon. (maybe it will rain soon.)
Sit.5 Im not feeling well. I might not go out tonight. (perhaps I will not go out tonight.)
We use may or might to say that something is possible in the future.
Past
Sit.6I dont know where I left my keys. You might have left them in your car.
Sit.7I wonder why Jeff didnt answer the phone. He may have been asleep.
Sit.8John didnt say hello to me this morning. He may not have seen you.
might /may Sit.9 John didnt come to the meeting. He may have forgotten.
have Sit.10 Liz was in a bad mood. She may have been feeling sick.
P.P. Sit.11 Who was the lady beside Peter? It may have been his sister.
Could has a similar meaning to may or might.

Could
Someone is knocking the door. It could be Joe. (It might be Joe)
Could But couldnt has a very different meaning from may or might not.
have
I saw John yesterday. It couldnt have been him. Hes sick. P.P.
I saw someone that looked just like John. It might have been him. Past
98
Complete the sentences using might/may and one of the following verbs. Tracks 36-38 5
fall ~ wake up ~break~be able to~ rain ~ bite ~ go ~ need ~ lose
Sit.12 Dont play inside the house. You __________________________ something .
Sit.13 Take an umbrella with you. It __________________________ soon.
Sit.14 You shouldnt leave your keys everywhere. You __________________________ them.
Sit.15 Lets not play the music loud. We __________________________ the neighbors.
Sit.16 Watch your step! You _________________________.
Sit.17 Bring some money with you. We __________________________ it.
Sit.18 I dont know what to do this summer. I __________________________ to Spain.
Sit.19 Watch out for that dog. It __________________________ you.
Sit.20 Ask your father. He __________________________ help you with your homework.
Rewrite the following sentences using may/might + verb or may/might + have + p.p.
(present or future) (past)
Sit.21 Perhaps Mark is at home. He may/might be at home.
_________________________________ .
Sit.22 Perhaps Laura is feeling sick. _________________________________ .
Sit.23 Perhaps I will go to Mexico next month. _________________________________ .
Sit.24 Perhaps he worked late. _________________________________ .
Sit.25 Perhaps John will help us. _________________________________ .
Sit.26 Maybe they are sleeping. _________________________________ .
Sit.27 You could be right. _________________________________ .
Sit.28 Maybe she isnt at work. _________________________________ .
Sit.29 Maybe she isnt working. _________________________________ .
Sit.30 Maybe she is looking for a job. _________________________________ .
Sit.31 Maybe she was looking for a job. _________________________________ .
Sit.32 Maybe she went out. _________________________________ .
Sit.33 Maybe he didnt see you. _________________________________ .
Sit.34 Perhaps they are having a meeting. _________________________________ .
Sit.35 Perhaps they were having a meeting. _________________________________ .
Read the situations and make sentences using the prompts in parenthesis + may/might / (have).
Sit.36 I cant find Liz anywhere. I wonder where she is.
(She/working) ____________________________________________________.
(She/leave/town) ____________________________________________________.
(She/be/at her mothers house) __________________________________________________.
Sit.37 I cant find my purse. Have you seen it?
(It/be/in your car) ____________________________________________________.
(You/leave/in your office) ___________________________________________________.
Sit.38 Why didnt Beth answer my call?
(She/be/in a meeting) ___________________________________________________.
(She/forget/her cell-phone at home) _______________________________________________.
(She/be/doing something important) _______________________________________________.
99
Requests, offers & Permission*
Can Could Will Would may
Could you do... *
Requests (asking people to do things)
We use can/could/will/would to ask for things.
Sit.1 Sit.1 Can you open the door for me? or
Could you open the door for me, please?
Sit.1 Sit.1 Can is less formal than could.
Will you open the door for me, please? or
Would you open the door for me, please?
Would is more polite than will, but can and could are more common.
Informal: Sit.2 Can you help me? Formal: Could you help me, please?
or Will you help me? (are you willing to...) Polite: Would you help me?
You can also add: Do you think you could help me? Tracks 39-41 5
Sit.3 Will you do me a favor?
Sit.4 Informal: Can you pass the salt? Sit.5 Can you speak louder?
Sit.6 Formal: Could you pass the salt? Could you speak louder, please?
Sit.7 Rhetorical: Will you pass the salt? Polite: Would you speak louder?
Analyze these example situations

Sit.8 Informal: Can you wait a second? or Could you wait a minute?
Will you wait until Im ready? Would you wait 5 minutes?
Analyze these example situations
Sit.9 Informal: Youre talking to a close friend on the phone and you want
to ask him to call you later, you can say... Can you call me later?
Sit.10 Formal: Youre talking to your father on the phone and you want
to ask him to call you later, you can say... Could you call me later?
Sit.11 Polite: Youre talking to your girlfriend on the phone and you want
to ask her to call you later, you can say... Would you call me later?
Asking for things
Use can / could / may when asking for things.
Can Could
Sit.12 Can I have a salad? or Could I have a salad please?
may
Sit.13 May I have a word with you? May is more formal and less common.
Permission
Use can, could or may when asking or offering something.
Can Could Sit.14 Can I talk to your sister? or Could I leave the room? may
Sit.15 May I leave a message?
Offering and inviting
To offer something or to invite someone out use would.
Would Sit.16 Would you like something to drink?
Sit.17 Would you like to go to the movies?
100
Read the situations and use the prompts +can/could/will/would to complete the following requests.
Sit.18 You are eating your meals and you want your sister to pass you the salt. You ask:
____________________________? (pass/the salt) or __________________________, please?
Sit.19 You are in a new building and you dont know where the elevators are. You ask:
____________________________show me the way to the elevator? (very polite)
Sit.20 You are out of money and you want to borrow some from a friend. You ask:
____________________________ lend me some money? (are you willing to...)
Sit.21 You car is not working and you need a ride home. You ask a friend...
____________________________ take me home? (informal) Tracks 42-44 5
Sit.22 Your teacher is talking, but you cant hear what he is saying. You ask...
____________________________ speak louder please?
Sit.23 You phone Jack, but someone else answers. You ask...
_________________________________________? (speak with Jack, please)
Read the situations and use can/could/would or may to complete the following requests, offers
and invitations.
Sit.24 You need to borrow your colleagues car. What do you say?
Do you think _______________________________________________?
Sit.25 You notice that a friend of yours is having problems with his car. You offer to help him.
You say: _______________________________________________?
Sit.26 You arrive late to class and you want to ask permission to enter. You say:
_____________________________? (come/in) or __________________________? (come/in)
Sit.27 You are at a friends home and you want to use her phone. You say:
_____________________________________? or __________________________________?
Sit.28 You are at work and you have an emergency. You must leave. You ask your boss:
_____________________________________? or __________________________________?
Sit.29 You are the secretary of a company and a person is looking for you boss, but he isnt there.
You say: ____________________________________________________________?
Sit.30 A friend calls you and you are attending a very important client. You say...
________________________________________________________________?
What would you say in these situations?

Sit.31 You have a party and you want to invite a friend. You say...
___________________________________________________________________?
Sit.32 A friend has come to visit you. You want to offer him a drink. You say...
___________________________________________________________________?
Sit.33 You are a tourist and you dont know were the train station is. You ask someone...
___________________________________________________________________?
Sit.34 Youre the waiter of a fancy restaurant and you want to take the order. You ask...
__________________________________________________________________?
Sit.35 Youre in a restaurant and you want to take an extra chair from another table.
You ask the people beside. ________________________________________________?
Sit.36 You are on a bus. You have a seat, but an elderly woman is standing.
You offer her your seat. ___________________________________________________?
Now read the sentences you have written and put an R if its a request or O for an offer.
101
Reported Speech
He said... He asked... He told...
Tracks 45-49 5
Direct Speech Vs. Reported Speech
Sit.1 I am pregnant! We use reported speech to say (or tell somebody) what sombody said.
There are two ways:
You can repeat Paulas exact words: (direct speech)
Sit.1 Paula said, I am pregnant. Note: Always use quotation marks.
Or you can report what Paula said in your own words: (reported speech)
Paula Paula said (that) she was pregnant. Note: that is optional.
When we use reported speech or direct speech, the main verb or the first sentence is usually past.
Paula said (that)... Or Paula said, I...
Use tell or say to when you want to say who the speaker is talking to.
eWho
w
Paula told me that she was pregnant. (Not, Paula said me that...) Tell
Paula said to me that she was pregnant. Say e What
Otherwise use say when its not important to say who the speaker is talking to.
*Paula said that she was pregnant. (Not, Paula told that...)
Orders, Questions & Requests
We use tell when reporting orders and ask + infinitive form (to + verb) for requests. Use ask if for questions.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Wear a coat! Its cold outside, he said. Order He told me to wear a coat.
Can you show up tomorrow? he said. Question He asked me if I could come tomorrow.
Please dont tell this to anybody, he said. Request He asked me not to tell anyone.
You can also use other words in reported speech. He asked me to keep it secret.
Reported Speech
The present form in direct speech changes to past form in reported speech.
Present Y was
am/is go/have/see etc. Y went/had/saw etc.
Past
Y
are were dont Y didnt will Y would can Y could
The past & present perfect form in direct speech changes to past perfect form in reported speech.
did Y did was doing Y had been doing

did *
have done Yhad done
had done would Y would could Y could
*The simple past form usually stays the same in reported speech, but you can also change it to past perfect.
You met Eric. Here are some of the things he said to you in Later you tell somebody what Eric said. You use reported speech.
Y
direct speech:
My sister is better now. Eric said that his sister was better now.
I am going to quit smoking. Eric said that he was going to quit smoking.
I am feeling great today! Eric told me that he was feeling great (today).
Erik I want to go out, but I dont Eric said that he wanted to go out, but he didnt have
have any money. any money.
Can we meet tonight? Eric asked me if we could meet tonight.
I will call you when I get back. Eric said that he would call you when he got back.
I saw you last Friday.* He said that he had seen (saw) you last Friday.
I havent heard from you. Eric said to me that he hadnt heard from you.
Yesterday you met Sam. Here are some of the things he said to you:
Tracks 50-51 5 Sit.1 Im studying a new language.

Sit.2 I love shopping.
Sit.3 My cousins are coming for Christmas.
Sit.4 I am going to miss my parents
Sit.5 I cant figure out this problem.
Sit.6 Will I see you again?
Sit.7 I dont know what I am doing.
Sit.8 I called you yesterday.
Sit.9 I havent found a good place to live.
Sit.10 You can see me when class is over.
Sit.11 What time did the show end?
Sit.12 Frank, would you like to come to my party?
Sit.13 The game had been canceled.
Sit.14 I want to buy that car but I cant afford it.
Sit.15 I was taking an exam at that moment.
Later that day you tell a friend of yours what Sam said. Use reported speech.
Sam said (told me) that he was studying a new language
Sit.1 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.2 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.3 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.4 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.5 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.6 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.7 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.8 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.9 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.10 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.11 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.12 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.13 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.14 __________________________________________________________________.
Sit.15 __________________________________________________________________.
A says something to you that is the opposite of what A had said before. Write an appropriate
answer beginning with I thought you said... or but you said....
Sit.16 A: This place is dangerous. B: _________________________________________.
I thought you said it was safe
Sit.17 A: Im not going to the party. B: ________________________________________.
Sit.18 A: I love meetings. B: Really? _________________________________________.
Sit.19 A: I didnt write down his number. B: ____________________________________.
Sit.20 A: She will be here by noon. B: ________________________________________.
Sit.21 A: Liz is going to stay. B: _____________________________________________.
Sit.22 A: I can speak German. B: You can? ____________________________________
_.
Sit.23 A: I havent had lunch yet. B: __________________________________________.
103
Here are some of the things that Luisa said to you:
I cant drive. I wont be able to see you today.
I havent been to Paris. I dont like watching movies.
I left work early today. I am not working tomorrow.

I was with my parents last night. My boss is from England.
But later Luisa says something different to you. You say: But you said...
1. My parents went to Cancun last week. But you said they were with you last night
______________________________. You
2. I didnt go to work today. ______________________________.
3. My boss was born in Italy. ______________________________.
4. I have to go to work tomorrow ______________________________.
5. Have you seen my pictures in Paris? ______________________________.
6. I bought a new car last month. ______________________________.
7. Would you like to watch a movie? ______________________________.
8. Would you like us to meet today? ______________________________.
Complete the sentences with say,tell or ask in the correct form.

1. Carl ________ good bye to me and left.
2. ________ me about your new project.
Tracks 52-54 5
3. You look upset! Do you want to ________ something?
4. Lets wait a little longer. He ________ he would be here by noon.
5. The counselor ________ us to be patient.
6. The doctor ________ that I should stay in bed for at least three days.
7. Dont ________ anyone what I ________ . Its supposed to be secret.
8. A: Did I ________ you what happened? B: No, you havent ________ anything.
9. Can I _______ you a favor?
10. The teacher _______ me to sit down.
The following sentences are in direct speech:
Hurry up! Dont worry!

Will you marry me? Stop here, please!
Please, call me in five minutes Are you listening to me?
Dont wait for me! Slow down!
Choose one of these to complete each sentence below. Use tell or ask + infinitive in reported speech.
1. I didnt want to keep her waiting, so I _______________________________________________.
told her not to wait for me.
2. I was in a taxi on my way to work when I saw you. I ___________________________________.
3. I noticed she wasnt paying attention to me. I _________________________________________.
4. I was a bit busy when she called. I _________________________________________________.
5. Robert was taking a long time to get ready, so I ______________________________________.
6. She was worried about the exam. I said, _________________________. Its an easy one.
7. He pulled out a diamond ring and ______________________________________________.
8. Ivon was driving too fast. I said, __________________________. Theres no hurry.
104
Passive Voice in all tenses
DIDACTA
The best way to learn without stress!!!
Information
Questions
Must be Would be Affirmative
Whs statements
Should be Shall be
Yes-No Qs. ( )
Could be Might be
(be) subject
s m ore importan
t needs to be
th Yes-No Qs.
Can be ct i
e a
obj
hates being (be)
th
e
e
( ) Will be s
Has been
subject Was (be)
Were Had been P.P.
~When th
Verb
ubject ~
P.P. Am (Could
(Could / Past Part.
Verb (being)
ing)
Past Part. Is would/must/may) P.P.
(Wh) Are Verb have been it object
(be) Negative Statements: (be)

C
it object
done + + done
C (be)nt
not .P.
PVerb
? .
105
Passive voice in present & past am/is/are
P.P.
was/were
P.P.
It is/was done...
Active Vs. Passive Tracks 55-58 5
Sit.1 (subject) (object)
Sit.1 A Hindu built the Taj Mahal. Active
We use active voice when the subject is more important than the object.
We also use it to say what the subject does.
Sit.1-1 (object) Passive
Sit.1-1 The Taj Mahal was built in India.
*In this case there is no subject. Past
We use passive voice when the object is more important than the subject.
Passive Vs. Active
Sit.2 active Sit.2 The company employs eight hundred people.
passive Eight hundred people are employed by the company.
Sit.3 active Sit.3 Special agents protect the bank.
Present
passive The bank is protected by special agents.
*We use by to say who or what causes the action.
active Sit.3-1 The police takes the money.
passive The money is taken by the police.
We use passive voice to say what happens to the object.
It is usually unimportant who or what causes the action when we use passive voice.
Sit.4 The banks are closed at 6 pm.
*In this case the subject is completely unimportant.
Sit.5 A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
Sit.6 Steve was not invited to the wedding. Were you invited?
We can also use get instead of be in passive voice.
Sit.6-1 Steve didnt get invited to the wedding. Did you get invited? Yes, I got invited.
Compare
(Present) Active (Present) Passive
Sit.7 They close the mall at 9 pm. Sit.7 The mall is closed at 9 pm.
(Past) (Past)
Sit.8 They finished the work on time. Sit.8 The work was finished on time.
(Present) (Present)
Sit.9 How do you pronounce your name? Sit.9 How is your name pronounced?
(Past) (Past)
Sit.10 How much money did they steal? Sit.10 How much money was stolen?
Sit.11 Somebody cleaned my room. Sit.11 My room was cleaned.
Passive voice is be: am-is-are / was-were (being) -will be-has been- must be, etc.
+ a verb in past participle: (done - seen - taken - cleaned - built - etc).
106
Present or Past?
Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs in passive voice.
invite ~ cause ~ translate ~ give ~ treat ~ make ~ steal ~ find~ serve
Sit.12 The class ____________________________ by a new teacher yesterday.
Sit.13 My car _________________________ last night. I must report it to the police.
Sit.14 We _______________________ to the party this morning.
Sit.15 Accidents _________________________ by road rage. Tracks 59-62 5
Sit.16 A self-service place is where things __________________ by yourself.
Sit.17 My glasses _______________________ in the bathroom.
Sit.18 Our patients ________________________ by professional doctors.
Sit.19 Cheese ____________________ from milk.
Sit.20 Words ____________________ from English to Spanish in this dictionary.
Present or Past?
Form questions by using the prompts in parenthesis. Use passive voice.
Sit.21 (When/TV/invent?) ______________________________________________________?
Sit.22 (Where/you/bear?) ______________________________________________________?
Sit.23 (What/copper/use for?) ___________________________________________________?
Sit.24 (When/the bible/write?) ___________________________________________________?
Sit.25 (When/dinosaurs/extinguish?) _____________________________________________?
Present or Past? Active or Passive? Affirmative or Negative?
Put the verb into the correct form.
Sit.26 This place is just for men. Women ____________________ (allow) to enter.
Sit.27 My dog _______________________ (kill) in a car accident.
Sit.28 My dog _______________________ (die) five years ago.
Sit.29 According to the bible, the earth _______________________ (make) in seven days.
Sit.30 According to the bible, Jesus _______________________ (betray) by Judas.
Sit.31 Water _______________________ (cover) most of the earth. 1-7 change from
active to passive.
Sit.32 Most of the earth _______________________ (cover) by water. Do prompt #19
Sit.33 This building _______________________ (own) by the goverment. 8-14 Present or past?
Form questions
Sit.34 Skirts _______________________ (wear) by men in the U.S.A.
Sit.35 Jane _______________________ (fire) because she would always arrive late.
Sit.36 Where __________________________ (this picture/take)? In Mexico?
Sit.37 I saw a robbery. I________________(call) the police. No one ________________(hurt).
Sit.38 These shoes ______________(make) in Japan. They _____________(cost) me $25.00.
Rewrite these sentences in passive voice. *Note: You can use get instead of be in some cases.
Sit.39 Somebody stole my camera. ______________________________________________.
My camera got stolen. or It was stolen
Sit.40 Did they fire you? _______________________________________________________.
Sit.41 They didnt clean my hotel room. ______________________________________________.
Sit.42 They canceled the meeting. ________________________________________________.
Sit.43 They told us not to take any pictures. __________________________________________.
Sit.44 How does someone make glass? _____________________________________________.
107
Passive voice in allbetensesbe
being being
modals
been been
It is/was done...
Active Vs.Passive (Presen Continuous)
active
Sit.1 The fireman is saving the cat. Tracks 63-68 5 being
The action is happening now.
Sit.1 passive Present

Sit.1 The cat is being saved by the fireman. Continuous
The action is happening now.
Active Vs.Passive (Past

(Past Continuous
Continuous))
Sit.2
active
Sit.2 Somebody was cleaning the chimney last night. being
passive
The chimney was being cleaned last night. Past
Last night Continuous
active Sit.3 They will close the mall in five minutes.

passive The mall will be closed in five minutes. be
active Sit.4 They can see us from here.
passive We can be seen from here. Future
active Sit.5 Somebody should stop the fight.
passive The fight should be stopped.
modals
active Sit.6 They must cancel the flight.
passive The flight must be canceled.
be
active * Sit. 7 We need to fix the TV.(infinitives) Modals
passive * Sit. 7 The TV needs to be repaired. (infinitives)
active Sit. 8 A snake has bitten her.
passive She has been bitten by a snake.
Present
active Sit. 9 Have they invited him to the party yet? Perfect been
passive Has he been invited to the party yet?
active Sit.10 Someone has robbed me!
passive I have been robbed!
active Sit.11 There were many police officers. Somebody had robbed the bank.
passive There were many police officers. The bank had been robbed. Past
passive Sit.12 The car worked very well. It had been fixed. Perfect been
passive Sit.13 The house looked tidy. It had been cleaned.
(should have - must have - might have - seem to have etc.)
active Sit.14 They should have warned us to stay home during the storm. Modals
passive We should have been warned to stay home during the storm. have
active Sit.15 Ralph is not working with us anymore. They must have fired him.
been
passive Sit.16 Ralph is not working with us anymore. He must have been fired.
108
Complete the sentences using be, been or being + one of the following verbs in passive voice.
take ~ use ~ change~ cook ~ postpone ~ sell ~ cause ~ drive ~ follow ~ catch~ invite
Sit.17 The game must ____________________________. Theres too much rain.
Sit.18 The kids should ____________________________ to bed now. Its late.
Sit.19 Have you _______________________ to the party?
Sit.20 He is too drunk to drive. He needs to _________________________ home.
Sit.21 The car was almost new. It had never _________________________ .
Sit.22 The babys diapers need to _______________________ for new ones.
Sit.23 The fire could ___________________ by a cigarette.
Sit.24 The food is ____________________ by a Mexican chef now. Tracks 69-72 5
Sit.25 I think we were ____________________ last night by detectives.
Sit.26 The thief had ____________________ before the police arrived.
Sit.27 The house is too old. It is not going to ____________________ easily.
Write down the meaning of these words using can or cant in passive voice. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. Secret ____________________________
It cant be told . 2. Invisible _____________________________.
3. Edible ____________________________ . 4. Portable _____________________________ .
5. Unbreakable _______________________ . 6. Untouchable __________________________ .
7. Enjoyable __________________________ . 8. Unforgettable_________________________ .
Rewrite the following sentences in passive. * You can also use get instead of be.
Do prompt #20
My car *got stolen. (was stolen)
Sit.28 Somebody has stolen my car. _____________________________________________.
Sit.29 Somebody is using the copy machine. _________________________________________.
Sit.30 Somebody was filming us. __________________________________________________.
Sit.31 They built a new restaurant near the school. ____________________________________.
Sit.32 They will open a new English school. __________________________________________.
Sit.33 Somebody should take her home. ____________________________________________.
Sit.34 They must have blocked the road. ____________________________________________.
Sit.35 They are going to paint the house. ____________________________________________.
Use the prompts to make sentences in passive voice. (some should be made in active voice.)
Sit.36 Your hair looks different. (you/color/your hair) __________________________________?
Sit.37 Jeff doesnt have a job anymore. (he/fire) _____________________________________.
Sit.38 My purse has disappeared. (someone/take it) __________________________________.
Sit.39 Someone has taken my wallet. (it/steal) _______________________________________.
Sit.40 I lost my dog . (it/(not)find yet) ______________________________________________.
Sit.41 I was robbed once. (you/ever/rob) ___________________________________________?
Sit.42 My car is not working. (it/fix/now) ____________________________________________.
Sit.43 We couldnt go inside the room. (it/clean) _____________________________________.
Sit.44 Its pay day and Jeff is very happy. (he/pay) ___________________________________.
Sit.45 There was an accident. Fortunately (nobody/hurt) ______________________________.
109
Have something done
Compare too and enough. Tracks 73-76 5
Sit.1 There was a storm and the roof was damaged. Anna arranged for somebody
to repair it for her. Today, shes having the roof repaired. She didnt do it
Anna
herself. She arranged for someone to do it for her. She had it repaired.
We use have someting done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do
something for us. Compare: Anna repaired the roof. (She repaired it herself)
Anna had the roof repaired. (She didnt do it herself)
We can use have something done in all tenses.

Sit.2 I need to have the light bulbs changed by tomorrow.
Sit.2-1 I will have them changed by the janitor.
Sit.2-1 I should have them changed now.
Sit.3 Did July make the cake herself or did she have it made?
Sit.3-1 Its too much work. I always have it made.
This is the word order: before the p.p. verb

Subject + have + object + past participle
Mary had the car fixed.
fixed
Where did you have your hair cut?
cut
We have our house painted each year.
How often do you have your car tuned?
tuned
She is having
ing her dress cleaned
cleaned.
I dont like having my picture taken
taken.
In informal spoken English we can also say get something done instead of
have something done.
Sit.2 The bus driver gets the bus washed early en the morning.
Sit.2-1 He just got it washed.
Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. Example:

Sit.2 Jeff had his arm broken in a hockey game.
Of course this doesnt mean that he had arranged for someone to break his arm.
It just means that someone did it. (Its commonly something unpleasant.)
We use it to say that someone did something to you, not for you.
Sit.2-1 George has just had his money stolen.
110
Fill in the gaps with the correct name or complete the sentences saying who does the action and who has it done.
Sit. 2 Sit. 3 Sit. 4 Sit. 5
Sit. 1 The police The painter Steward
The employee
Mark
The doctor
Sit.1 __________ is having his preasure taken. Sit.2 The bricklayer______________________.

Sit.1-2 __________ is checking his presasure. Sit 2-2.The boss __________________________.
Sit.3 Did the police ________________(arrest)? Sit4 The painter __________________________.

Sit.3-2 Did they _______ the thief _____________? Sit 4-2. We ______________________________.
Sit.5 Steward ___________ some pictures of Ann. Sit 5-2. I _________ my picture ______________.
Answer the questions by using have/get.... done + one of the following verbs.
repair ~ install ~ cut ~ make ~ service~ remove
Tracks 77-81 5
Sit.1 What did you do to your hair? ______________________________________.
Sit.2 My car isnt working well. Ill have to ______________________________________.
Sit.3 My computer isnt working. ______________________________________.
Sit.4 One of my molars was hurting, so ______________________________________.
Sit.5 We dont have a phone yet. We will ______________________________________.
Sit.6 Did you make that dress yourself? No, ______________________________________.
Write sentences in the way shown.

Sit.1 Betty didnt wash the car herself. She ______________________________________.
Sit.2 We didnt paint the house ourselves. We ______________________________________.
Sit.3 Joseph wont cut his own hair. He ______________________________________.
Sit.4 I did make this table myself. I ______________________________________.
Sit.5 I dont have time to clean the house. I usually _____________________________________.
Use the prompts to complete the sentences. Use the structure [have something done.]
Sit.1 We _________________________________(the car/service) at the moment.
Sit.2 I lost my key. I will have to _________________________________ (another key/make).
Sit.3 When was the last time your _________________________________ (preasure/take).
Sit.4 Where is my pizza? I _________________________________ (it/deliver) an hour ago.
Sit.5 What are those people doing? I _______________________________ (air conditioning/install).
Sit.6 A: Could I see the pictures you took from the wedding.
B: Im sorry but I ________________________________ (the film/not develop/yet.)
Now use have something done with its second meaning.

Sit.1 Jimmys arm was broken. What happened to him?
He ________________________________________________(get/his arm/break).
Sit.2 My fathers wallet was stolen. What happened to him?
He ________________________________________________(get/his wallet/steal).
Sit.3 Lauras job was taken. What happened to her?
Her job ________________________________________________(get/take away).
Sit.4 Thier electricity was turned off because they hadnt paid the bill. What happened to them?
Their electricity __________________________________________(get/turn off).
111
Conditionals 1
If I do... I will/may/can/could
If I do... (Cause & effect)
Tracks 82-85 5
Sit.1 Richard is looking for Jane. Richard asks Laura:
Richard: Have you seen Jane? Laura: No, I havent.
If I see her, Ill tell her that youre looking for her.
There is a possibility that Laura might see Jane, so she says: If I see her, Ill tell her.
If + subject + verb in simple form and subject + will + verb in simple form
If I see her, I will tell her.
or Subject + will + verb in simple form and If + subject + verb in simple form
I will tell her, if I see her.
If you smoke, you (will - can - could - might) get lung cancer.
If you drink and drive, you (will - can - could - might) have an accident.
If they catch you cheating, you will get in trouble.
He might get upset, if you tell him the truth.
We will leave, if you dont hurry.
If I did... (Imagining present situations without expecting them to happen)
Sit.2 Richard is asking Jane for help. Richard asks Laura:
Richard: Could you help me solve this math problem?
Laura: I am sorry. Im short in time.
If I had more time, I would be glad to help you out now.
In this case, shes not thinking about a possibility. Shes imagining a situation.
If + subject + verb in past and subject + would + verb in simple form
If I had more time, I would help you.
or Subject +would + verb in simple form and If + subject + verb in past
I would help you, if I had more time,
We normally dont use would in the if part of the sentence.

Sit.3 You must accept their gift. They would be hurt, if you didnt accept it.
Sit.4 Silvia doesnt need a car. She wouldnt use it, if she had one.
Sit.5 I wouldnt accept the offer, if I were you.
Sit.6 I would be very happy, if someone gave me a rose.
Sit.7 Would you mind, if I asked you a personal question?
Sit.8 What would you do, if you won a million dollars?
Sit.9 I would buy a big house, if I had a million dollars.
Sit.10 If I were rich, I would help poor people.
Sit.11 If I knew the answer, I would tell you.
Sit.12 If I could fly, I would be a hero.
You can also use wish to talk about unreal situations. For example:
Ex.1 I wish I had a million dollars.
Ex.1 I wish I were a little bit taller.
Ex.1 I wish I could help you, but I cant.
112
If I do, I will... or If I did, I wolud...
Sit.1 If someone tried to break into my house, I _____________________(call) the police.
Sit.2 If we leave now, we _____________________(get) there on time.
Sit.3 I will call you, if I _____________________(need) anything.
Sit.4 I would have more children, if I _____________________(have) more money.
Sit.5 The company will increase its sales, if we _____________________(invest) more.
Sit.6 I _____________________(not risk) my life, if I were you.
Sit.7 If they _____________________(offer) me the job, I would take it.
Sit.8 Would you mind, if I _____________________(borrow) your phone?
Tracks 86-88 5
Sit.9 If you read more, you _____________________(become) wiser.
Sit.10 I _____________________(call) you when I get home.
Sit.11 What _____________________,(happen) if someone arrived late to the company?
Sit.12 What would you do, if you ____________________(can) live 200 years?
Sit.13 The sales _____________________,(go up) if we advertised our products on TV.
Sit.14 If I _____________________(find) a wallet on the street, Id give it back to its owner.
Sit.15 If my house _____________________(be) bigger, I would hire another maid.
Sit.16 They would be insulted, if you ____________________(not accept) their invitation.
Sit.17 You wont find a good job, if you ____________________(not study).
Use the prompts to answer the following situations.
Sit.18 A: Its getting late. Should we take a bus?
If we take a bus, we will arrive late
B: No. (arrive/late.) ________________________________________________________.
Sit.19 A: Are you going to apply for this job?
B: No. (spend/time with the kids.) _____________________________________________.
Sit.20 A: Do you think I should buy this expensive coat?
B: No. (have/any money left.) _________________________________________________.
Sit.21 A: Why dont we rent a car?
B: Sure. (not have to spend/so much money on taxis.)__________________________________.
Sit.22 A: Lets tell him the truth.
B: No. (not believe/us.) ______________________________________________________.
Sit.23 A: Lets play the music louder.
B: No. (wake up/the neighbors.) _______________________________________________.
Sit.24 A: Should we invite Lisa?
B: No. (have to invite/all her friends.) _______________________________________________.
Sit.25 A: Lets make a plan to escape.
B: No. (not work.) _________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using you own ideas.
Sit.26 If you study more, __________________________________________.
Sit.27 If I could fly, ________________________________________________. Do prompt #18
Sit.28 If I were president, __________________________________________.
Sit.29 What would you do if __________________________________________.
Sit.30 I would feel very happy if __________________________________________.
Sit.31 If I didnt go to work tomorrow, __________________________________________.
113
Conditionals 2 (past unreal)
If I had done... I would have...
If I had known... (unreal possibilities in the past)
Sit.1 I saw Jane walking down the street. I said hello, but she didnt see me.
If she had seen me, she would have said hello too. (But she didnt)
Use past unreal to imagine what would have happened in the past, in case of a certain situation.
If + subject + had + verb in past part. and subject + would + have + verb in part part.
If she had seen me, She would have said hello.
Or subject + would + have + verb in part part. and If + subject + had + verb in past par
She would have said hello, if she had seen me.
Tracks 89-94 5
More examples
Sit.2 Christie and I went to the movies. We didnt like the movie.
If we had known that the movie was so bad, we wouldnt have seen it.
Sit.3 I didnt arrive to the meeting on time. I was stuck in a traffic jam.
If I hadnt been stuck in a traffic jam, I would have gotten on time.
Sit.4 I didnt know it was your birthday.
If I had known it was your birthday, I would have bought you a gift.
<Compare>
Sit.5 I am tired. If I werent so tired, I would go to the party.
I was tired. If I hadnt been so tired, I would have gone to the party.
Sit.6 I am not on a diet. If I were on a diet, I wouldnt be eating ice-cream.

I wasnt on a diet. If I had been on a diet, I wouldnt have eaten ice-cream.
<Compare>
Sit.7 If I had gone to the party, I would be very tired today.
If I had gone to the party, I would have been very tired yesterday.
Sit.8 we would have gone out.

If it hadnt
been raining, { we could have gone out. (We would have been able to go out.)
we might have gone out. (Perhaps we would have gone out.)
Note that d can be used for I would (Id) or for I had (Id)
Sit.9 If Id known you were here, Id have knocked the door before entering.
You can also say I wish I had (known, done, etc.)
Sit.10 I wish Id known where you were. I wouldnt have looked for you everywhere.
114
Sit.1 I didnt know you were sick. If _____________________ (I/know) you were sick,
_____________________(I/call) you to see how you were doing.
Do prompt #18 S2
Sit.2 Kim had to stay up late last night and study for her exam.
If _____________________ (Kim/not study), _____________________(She/not pass) the exam.
Sit.3 Im not hungry yet. If _____________________ (I/be) hungry, _____________________
(I/stop) at a restaurant.
Sit.4 Im glad you reminded me to get some gas. If ______________________ (you/not tell)
me to stop in a gas station, _____________________ (we/run out) of gas on the way.
Sit.5 A: How was the party? Did you enjoy it? B: It was OK, but_______________________
(it/be) better if _____________________ (you/come) with us.
Sit.6 Tim was very lucky. If _____________________ (he/leave) the house two minutes later,
_____________________ (he/miss) the bus.
Sit.7 I dont know what ______________________(I/do) if someone tried to kidnap me.
Sit.8 I dont know what ______________________(I/do) if someone had tried to kidnap me.
Sit.9 If ____________________(you/warn) about the mad dog, _____________________ (I/be)
more careful.
Tracks 95-97 5
Write a sentence using if for each situation. Use contractions.
Sit.10 I was tired, so I went to bed.
If I hadnt been so tired, I wouldnt have gone to bed.
________________________________________________________________________.
Sit.11 I didnt offer Ana a ride because I didnt know that Anas car broke down.
________________________________________________________________________.
Sit.12 Nothing happened to Luis because he had worn a seat belt.
________________________________________________________________________.
Sit.13 I was able to pay the bill only because Jessica lent me some money.
________________________________________________________________________.
Sit.14 You didnt sleep well last night, thats why youre tired.
________________________________________________________________________.
Sit.15 Im sorry I woke you up. I didnt notice you were here.
________________________________________________________________________.
Imagine you were in these situations. Use wish for each situation.
Sit.16 You have worked too much and now you have a headache.
You say: ____________________________________________________________________.
Sit.17 When you were younger you didnt learn to play golf. Now you regret it.
You say:_____________________________________________________________________.
Sit.18 You go to a restaurant and you really like it, but your best friend is not with you.
You say:_____________________________________________________________________.
Sit.19 You bought a blue car, but now you think that red would have been better.
You say:_____________________________________________________________________.
Sit.20 You applied for a job, but you dont like it anymore.
You say:_____________________________________________________________________.
115
Future continuous / Future perfect
I will be doing... / I will have done...
Plans
Tracks 1-6 6
Sit.1 George wants to find some free space to go out with his girlfriend,
but his date book is full.
Lets take a look at Georges date book for next week.
On Monday he will be having guests. His parents will be coming to visit him.
On Tuesday he will be going abroad. He will be staying at a friends house.
On Wednesday he will be having a meeting. It will have ended too late.
On Saturday hell be taking a training course. It will have finished at 5pm.
Perhaps he can go out with his girlfriend on Saturday at 6pm.
I will be doing...
Use future continuous to say what you will be in the middle of doing something.
Sit.2 The soccer game begins at 2pm and ends at 4pm. So during this time,
george will be watching the soccer game.
Sit.3 Im leaving on vacation next week. Next week Ill be flying to Cancun.
Will be doing Vs. I will do

Sit.4 Dont call me between 4 and 6. Ill be making an important call then.
Sit.4-1 Dont call me. I will call you.
Sit.4 Dont worry about me. Ill be watching TV while youre away.
Sit.4-1 Lets go out together and then we will watch TV.
Arrangements (see unit 9) & Things you want or need
Sit.5 Kevin: What will you be doing in the next two hours?
Luis: Ill be working on this report.
Kevin: Will you be using your computer? Luis: No, I wont. Do you need it?
Will have done

Sit.6 Its 6pm and the movie ends in one hour. It will have ended by 7:15pm.
We use future perfect to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future.
Sit.7 Larry always leaves work at 7:30. It takes him 10 minutes to get home,
so he will have arrived home by 8 oclock.
Sit.8 Were 5 minutes late for the movie. When we get there, the movie will
already have started.
Future Perfect Vs. Present perfect
Sit.9 They have been married for 5 years.
Sit.9-1 Next month, they will have been married for 6 years.
Sit.10 By the end of the semester, I will have learned many words.
116
Read about Pete. Write a check ( ) by the true sentences. There is at least one true for each group.
Sit.1 Jeff goes to college every day. He leaves home at 6:20 and arrives to college
at a quarter to seven. It takes him 20 minutes to drive to college. He takes Spanish
class from 7am to 9am. From 9am to 10am he plays tennis. He eats lunch at
12 noon. (It takes him 30 minutes to finish lunch). He and his girlfriend
meet at the library. They usually spend an hour together studying from 1
to 2pm. Then Jeff goes home for a nap. He stays home for 2 hours and goes
to work. He has a part time job. He works at a pet shop from 5pm to 9pm.
Tomorrow at... Tomorrow at... Tracks 7-8 6
6:00 am 6:30 am
(a) he will be leaving home. ( ) (a) he will be leaving home. ( )
(b) he will have left home. ( ) (b) he will have driven to college. ( )
(c) hell be getting ready for college. ( ) (c) hell be driving to college. ( )
(d) he will be having breakfast. ( ) (d) he will have left home. ( )
Tomorrow at... Tomorrow at...
8:00 am 9:30 am
(a) he will arrive to college. ( ) (a) he will have played tennis. ( )
(b) he will have arrived to college. ( ) (b) he will be playing tennis. ( )
(c) hell be taking spanish class. ( ) (c) he will have taken spanish class. ( )
(d) he will have taken spanish class. ( ) (d) he will be taking spanish class. ( )
Tomorrow at... Tomorrow at...
12:00 noon 1:30 pm
(a) he will have lunch. ( ) (a) he will have met his girlfriend. ( )
(b) he will have finished lunch. ( ) (b) he will be meeting his girlfriend. ( )
(c) hell be having lunch. ( ) (c) he will have studied. ( )
(d) he will have started lunch. ( ) (d) he will be studying. ( )
Tomorrow at 3:30 pm, Jeff will be ___________________ and will have _______________________.
Tomorrow at 7:30 pm, Jeff will be ________________ and at 9pm hell have __________________.
Put the verb into the correct form: will be (do)ing or will have (done).
Sit.1 Dont look for me in my office. I _____________________ (have) lunch in the cafeteria.
Sit.2 We can go out tonight. I _____________________ (finish) all my work by then.
Sit.3 Dont call me at 6pm. We ______________________ (watch) a movie in the cinema.
Sit.4 If you work hard, you ______________________ (earn) more money next year.
Sit.5 Lisa __________________ (study) chemistry for 3 whole years.
Next year she _________________ (graduate) from college.
Sit.6 Lisa wants to go out with Jeff tomorrow, but Jeff has to work at the pet shop.
Lisa: What _____________________(do) this evening?
Jeff says, sorry but I ____________________ (work) at the pet shop this evening.
Lisa: What about at 9:30 pm? Jeff: Sure, I __________________ (leave) work by then.
Sit.7 If you need to contact me, I ______________________ (stay) the Clinton Hotel.
Sit.8 Students _____________________ (acknowledge) all the basic rules after the semester.
Sit.9 Do you think we ____________________ (do) the same job in the next five years?
Sit.10 A:____________________ (you/use) your car tonight? B:No. Do you need to borrow it?
117
Relative clauses 1
With: who / which / that (substituting they / he / he / she / it a a subject)
Relative clauses specify which & what kind Tracks 9-14 6
Study this example situation:
The man livess next door. He is a dentist. Y The man who lives next door is a dentist.
relative clause
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us 1 which or 2 what kind of person or thing
the speaker means. We use relative clauses to substitute a third person (they/he/she/it).
1. The man who lives next door... who lives next door specifies which man.
2. Women who work... who work specifies what kind of women.
Who
We use who in relative clauses when we are talking about people (not things).
We use who instead of he/she/they.
The man - he lives next door - is a dentist. I know people - they live in Canada.
Y
Y
The man who lives next door is a dentist. I know people who live in Canada.
You can also use that instead of who. Sometimes you must only use who.
The woman that lives in front is my teacher. (or who lives in front)
A taster is a person who judges the taste and quality of food, wine and other products.
Hes the guy who lost his wallet. (or that lost his wallet)
Anyone who is interested in the job must apply before Thursday. (or that is interested...)
that/which
We use that or which in relative clauses when we are talking about things.
We use that or which instead of it & they.
Where are the cookies?- They were in the kitchen. The machine - it broke down- has been repaired.
b b
Where are the cookies {which
that
} were in the kitchen? The machine {which
that
}broke down has been repaired.
more examples
I dont talk about things that (which) can hurt other people.
We live in a house that (which) has four bedrooms.
Larry works in a company that (which) makes wheels.
That is more usual than which. But sometimes you must use which.
what
You cannot use what in sentences like these:
The things/ the words, etc... that (it needs a subject -everything, the things, the words etc..)
Tell me everything that happened. (Not everything what happened)
What = the thing(s) that... (it does not need a subject -everything) It is implied in what
Tell me what happened. (Not that happened)
118
Explain what these words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who.
{ {
preache(s) the gospel. steal(s) from a store.
(he/she) do(es)nt believe in god. (he/she) design(s) buildings.
they cannot hear. they break(s) into house to steal things.
sell(s) houses. take(s) care of old people.
Sit.1 is someone who steals from a store.

A shop lifter ___________________________________________________.
Sit.2 are people...
Priests _______________________________________________________.
Sit.3 An architect ___________________________________________________.
Sit.4 Burglars ______________________________________________________.
Sit.5 An atheist _____________________________________________________.
Sit.6 A deaf person __________________________________________________.
Sit.7 Geriatricians ___________________________________________________.
Tracks 15-17 6
Make a sentence out of two. Use who/that/which.
Sit.1 The customers bought a safe box. They are complaining about safe box.
_________________________________________________.
Sit.2 The waiter served us. He was very friendly.
_________________________________________________.
Sit.3 The burglars robbed my house. They have now been arrested.
_________________________________________________.
Sit.4 A building was destroyed in a fire. It has now been rebuilt.
_________________________________________________.
Sit.5 A girl works with us. She is pregnant.
_________________________________________________.
Sit.6 A bus goes to the airport. It runs every fifteen minutes.
_________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences. Choose the most appropriate ending from the box and make it into a relative clause.
{
He invented the telephone. They broke into my house.
It has the biggest population (he/she) It gives you synonyms of words.
They fall in love. they It makes chocolates.
It was on the wall. They dont listen.
Sit.1 Alexander Graham Bell was the man ______________________________________.

Sit.2 Where is the picture____________________________________________________.
Sit.3 I dont like people _____________________________________________________.
Sit.4 Romeo and Juliet is a story about a couple _________________________________.
Sit.5 The police caught the burglars ___________________________________________.
Sit.6 M n Ms is the brand of a company ______________________________________.
Sit.7 Mexico is the city ______________________________________________________.
Sit.8 A thesaurus is a book ___________________________________________________.
119
Relative clauses 2
With or without: who / which / that (substituting the object)
Relative clauses referring to the subject Tracks 18-21 6
Subject
The man who lives next door is a dentist. Subject
The man lives next door. Who (= the man) is the subject. object
Subject
Where are the cookies that were in the kitchen?
The cookies were in the kitchen. that (= the cookies) is the subject.
You cannot take out who/which/that when it is referring to the subject. You cant say...
The man lives next door is a dentist.
You can only put or take away who/which/that when it is referring to the object.
Object Subject
The girl (who/that) I want to marry has the most beautiful eyes.
or The girl I want to marry has the most beautiful eyes.
Relative clauses referring to the object
Who/which/that can also be the object of the verb. For example:
object
The girl who I want to marry has the most beautiful eyes.
I want to marry the girl. who (= the girl) is the object.
object
Have you read the book that I lent you?
I lent you the book. that (= the book) is the object.
Who/which/that are optional when it is referring to the object. (No commas are used)
The girl (who/that) I want to marry... or The girl I want to marry...
Have you read the book (that/which) I lent you? or Have you read the book I lent you?
The dog that you bought is very agressive. or The dog you bought is very agressive.
The movie that we saw was boring. or The movie we saw was boring.
Isnt that the dress that I gave you? or Isnt that the dress I gave you?
Is there anything that I can do for you? or Is there anything I can do for you?
Notice the position of prepositions in/at/for/with etc. in relative clauses.

do you know the man? - Liz is talking to him.
Do you know the man (who/that) Liz is talking to.
I work with a man - He is very reliable.
The man (who) I work with is very reliable
Are these the keys (that) you are looking for?

You cannot use what in sentences like these.
This is the house (that/which) I live in.
120
In some of these sentences who & which are optional. If they are optional put them in parenthesis.
1. The lady who lives on the second floor has a swimming pool.
2. Is that the man who crashed his car?
3. The people who we met spoke English quite well.
4. The people who went to our wedding gave us man y gifts.
5. Anyone who needs to see me can do it now.
6. Did you like the present that I gave you?
Tracks 22-25 6
7. This is the house that you need.
8. This is the house that has four bedrooms.
9. Its the best food that I have ever tasted.
10. This is the worst thing that has happened to me.
11. Hes the person who(m) owe money to.
Complete the sentences with a relative clause. Use the sentences in the box to make relative clauses.
Leave out who/that/which when possible.
I took the pictures We want to watch a movie We invited some people They get things done
You are wearing a tie We took a test yesterday It has a DVD player included It can hunt ducks
1. Have you seen the pictures... ______________________________________?
2. I like the tie ______________________________________.
3. I like people ______________________________________.
4. The movie ______________________________________ is rated Pg13.
5. The test ______________________________________ had many difficult questions.
6. This is the TV ______________________________________.
7. Some of the people ______________________________________ couldnt come.
8. Whats the name of the dog ______________________________________.
Complete the sentences using a relative clause with a preposition.
You told me about a restaurant Im looking at the picture We were invited to the party You can rely on him
You were looking for these keys You applied for the job You were with the person We went to a place
1. This is the picture _____________________________________________.
2. Are these the keys ____________________________________________.
3. We couldnt go to the party ______________________________________.
4. Did you get the job ____________________________________________?
5. Whats the name of the restaurant ________________________________?
6. Who is the person _____________________________________________?
7. Jeff is a great person. He is someone ______________________________?
8. Is this the place ______________________________?
Put in that or what. Write that in parenthesis if its optional.
1. This is all the money _______________ I have .
2. Tell me _______________ wrong?
3. Show me things _____________ you wrote.
4. Show me _____________ you wrote.
5. Show me _____________ you wrote.
6. I dont agree with _____________ you said.
7. I dont agree with the things _____________ you said.
8. Im happy with _____________ I have.
121
Relative clauses 3
Whose / whom / where
Whose (possession)
Tracks 26-30 6
We use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their.
That is the girl- her father works in the navy.
Subject
That is the girl whose father works in the navy.
whose (= her father) He works in the navy.
Subject
We use whose mostly for people:
A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.
Thats the girl whose mother is my teacher.
Compare who & whose:
I met a woman who knows you.
I met a woman whose brother knows you.
Whom
Whom is possible instead of who when its the object of the verb.
I wanted to see a man- he was in a meeting.
object
The man whom I wanted to see was in a meeting.
whom (= the man) I wanted to see the man.
Subject object
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom etc.):
Shes the woman with whom I fell in love. (He fell in love with her.)
We dont normally use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that or nothing.
We normally say:
Hes the man I wanted to see. Or Shes the woman I fell in love with. etc.
Where (place)
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
The restaurant- we ate there yesterday- it wasnt very clean.
That restaurant where we ate yesterday wasnt very clean.
where (= there) We ate there yesterday / It wasnt clean there.
This is the city where I grew up.
Is this the place where you can buy anything without paying tax? (Is it here?)
This is the school where I studied.
We say: the day / the year / the time etc. that(optional) something happens.
The fourth of July is the day (that) the Americans celebrate their independence day.
Do you remember the day (that) we first met? (that is optional)
When was the last time (that) you saw Laura?
We say: the reason that/why(optional) something happens. (that & why are optional)
The reason (that) Im calling you is to remind you about tomorrows meeting.
The reason (why) Im calling you is to remind you about tomorrows meeting.
The reason Im calling you is to remind you about tomorrows meeting.
122
You met these people at a meeting.
My father writes books. My mom is a teacher. Our son can read and
write. Hes only five.
1 2 3
We just got married. My husband is a pilot. I write books too.
4 5 6
Later you tell a friend about these people. Complete the sentences using who or whose.
1. I met a lady _________________________________________________________.
2. I met a boy __________________________________________________________.
3. I met a couple ________________________________________________________.
4. I met a couple ________________________________________________________.
5. I met a woman ________________________________________________________.
6. I met a lady __________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences. Use the sentences in the box to make relative clauses with where.
I can cash this check. I was born here. Famous people have their hair cut there.
Most people ride bicycles Luis is spending the night there. I can make a phone call there.
1. Do you the name of the hotel ___________________________________________?

2. Is there a place near here _____________________________________________?
3. Thats the town ______________________________________________________.
4. China is the country ___________________________________________________.
5. Is there a bank _______________________________________________________?
6. Thats the barber shop _________________________________________________.
Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. Whats the name of the man __________________ shop was robbed? Tracks 31-33 6
2. A composer is a person __________________ makes music.
3. This school is only for students __________________ first language is German.
4. An orphan is a person __________________ parents are dead.
5. A cemetery is a place __________________ dead people are buried.
6. This school is only for students __________________ first language is German.
7. Ann bought a computer. It didnt work so I took it back to the store ______________ she bought it.
Use you own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. I will always remember the day __________________________________________________.
2. I cant forget the time __________________________________________________________.
3. The reason _________________________________________________________________.
123
Relative clauses 4
Extra information Tracks 34-39 6
which or what kind extra information
Type 1 There are two types of relative clauses: Type 2
A relative clause that tells us which or what kind A relative clause that doesnt tells us which or
of person or thing the speaker means. what kind of person or thing the speaker means.
The man who lives next door tell us which man.
We already know which person or thing is meant.
My brother Tim, who is getting married, invited
A company that makes silk tell us what kind. us to his wedding.
The restaurant (that)she recommended tells which. We stayed at the Royal Hotel, which she
recommended to us.
We do not use commas (,) in these clauses. We use commas (,) in these clauses.
People who come from England love tea. My colleague, who just had a baby, bought a dog.
We use who for people & which for things. But... In Type 2 you cannot use that:
in Type 1 you can use that: Larry, who (not that) speaks Italian, can help you.
Do you know anyone who/that speaks Italian? Kevin told me about his job, which (not that) he likes
very much.
Kevin works in a company that/which makes cotton.
You can use whom when its the object.
Kevin drives a car that/which has a sixth gear. Do you know anyone who/that speaks Italian?
You can leave out that/who/which when it is the You cannot leave out who or which:
object. (see unit 27.1) We stayed at the Royal Hotel, which she
We stayed at the hotel that/which she recommended. recommended to us.
In this case we dont know which hotel. In this case we know which hotel. (The Royal Hotel)
In both types of relative clause you can use whose or where.

We saw someone whose car had broken down. Jeff, whose car had broken down, was furious.
Where is the place where you camped. Were going to Rome, where the pope lives.
(Clauses 2) Prepositions + whom/which with extra information
In extra information clauses you can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things).
So you can say to whom / with whom / about which / for which, etc.:
Mr. Jones, to whom I spoke this morning, is our most important customer.
Fortunately we had a compass, without which we would have gotten lost.
In spoken English we often keep the preposition (to/without/for/etc.) after the verb. We often use who instead of whom.
This is Pete, the supplier who I was telling you about.
We visited the museum, which I had never been to before.
All of, most of, some of, etc. + whom & which.
I have three sisters. All of them are married. (2 sentences) whom (people)
I have three sisters, all of whom are married. (1 sentence)
I was aked too many questions. I couldnt answer most of them. (2 sentences)
which (things)
I was aked too many questions, most of which I couldnt answer. (1 sentences)
In the same way you can say: none of / neither of / any of / either of / some of / many of / much of /
(a) few of / both of / half of / one of / two of / etc.
Which Study these situations.
Carmen crashed her car. This scared her very much. (2 sentences)
Carmen crashed her car, which scared her very much. (1 sentences)
In this example which = the fact that she crashed her car. Use which not what in these sentences.
Jane couldnt come to my graduation, which was a shame. (Not what was a shame)
124 The weather was fine, which is something we hadnt expected. (Not what we hadnt expected)
Make one sentence from two. Use the sentences in parentheses to make a relative clause.
You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where. Be careful when using commas.
1. Carl is very helpful. (He lives next door.) ____________________________________________________________________.
2. We stayed at the Royal Hotel. (It was very expensive.) _________________________________________________________.
3. I read your poem. (It was very romantic.) ____________________________________________________________________.
4. Veronica is moving to New York. (I have known her for a long time.)
_______________________________________________________________________.
5. There is a man living next door. (He is a doctor.) ______________________________________________________________.
6. The new stadium was opened last month. (It can hold 80,000 people.)
_______________________________________________________________________.
7. I have been looking for a nice house to buy. Ive found it now. Tracks 40-44 6
Ive found _______________________________________________________________.
8. Mark is away from work a lot. (His job involves a lot of traveling.) __________________________________________________.
9. George has a son. He showed me a picture of him. Hes a famous singer.
George showed me _______________________________________________________.
10. Alaska is the largest state in the United states. (Ann lives there.) ________________________________________________.
In some of these sentences you can use that or which; in others, only which is possible. Cross out that if only
which is possible. Also, put commas where necessary.
10. I work in a company that/which makes chocolate.
11. Ronald told me about his new job that/which he enjoys very much.
12. My apartment that/which is on the third floor of the building is quite cozy.
13. The apartment that/which I rent is very comfortable.
14. I know some things that/which you dont know.
15. The sun that/which provides us with heat and light is one of millions of stars.
Use the sentence on the right to make a relative clause with a preposition.
1. Mr. Jones is interested in buying some shares. (I spoke to him on the phone this morning.)
Mr. Jones, ____________________________________________________________________.
2. I ran into an old friend. (I used to play football with him). I ran into _________________________________________________.
3. That is the person. (I was telling you about him). Thats the person ________________________________________________.
4. My room has a large window. (You can see the whole school.)
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. The chairman of the company finally arrived. (We had been waiting for him.)
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Use the sentences with all of / most of / etc. + whom/which
1. I have six students. (All of them passed the exam) _____________________________________________________________.
2. We were given information. (Most of it was useless) ____________________________________________________________.
3. There were a lot of people. (I had met a few) _________________________________________________________________.
4. I had sent her two letters. (She hasnt read neither of them)_________________________________________________________.
5. Five people applied for the job. (None of them were suitable) ________________________________________________________.
6. I have two computers. (I hardly ever use one of them) ___________________________________________________________.
7. Tim earns $10,000. (He saves half of it in a bank) ______________________________________________________________.
8. Beth has two sisters. (Both of them are dentists) _____________________________________________________________.
Join a sentence from box 1 with a sentence from box 2 to make one sentence. Use which. On a note book
Box 1 Box 2
1. Kenneth could come to the party. 1. This made him very sad.
2. Bob has lost her dog. 2. This is good news.
3. Our flight was delayed. 3. This makes it difficult to get a hold of him.
4. This place is too crowded. 4. This scared everyone from work.
5. Tom doesnt have a cell phone. 5. This was a shame.
6. Our market share has increased. 6. This means we should come back later.
7. Mary was fired. 7. This means we have to stay one more day.
1. Kenneth couldnt come to the party, _______________________________________________________________.
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________. 125
(Double) Questions
Tracks 45-49 6
We say... What time will the party begin?
but we can also say... Do you know what time the party will begin? (Not will the party begin?)
Lets call these double questions.
When a question (Do you know / Can you tell me etc.) is part of another question (what time will
the party begin etc...), the word order changes. The first part follows the normal word order (Do you
know / Can you tell me etc.), but the second part is affirmative (what time the party will begin etc...).
Compare
Sit.1 What time is it? but Do you know what time it is?
Sit.2 Where are the bathrooms? but Do you know where the bathrooms are?
Sit.3 What time can I see you? but Can you tell me what time I can see you?
Sit.4 Where has he gone? but Tell me where he has gone.
Sit.5 When will she return? but Do you have any idea when she will return?
Sit.6 What are you doing? but I would like to know what you are doing.
Be careful with simple present and simple past questions.
Sit.7 Where does he live? but Do you know where he lives?
Sit.8 Where did he go? but Do you know where he went?
Sit.9 Why did she leave? but I wonder why she left.
Sit.10 What do you mean? but Please explain what you mean.
Yes/No Questions
If its a yes/no question use if or weather.
Sit.11 Did he say anything about me? but Do you know if (weather) he said anything about me?
Sit.12 Is he coming to the party? but Do you know if (weather) he is coming to the party?
The word order is the same in reported questions.
direct: Sit.13 My teacher said to me, Are you ready for tomorrows exam?
reported: My teacher asked me if I was ready for tomorrows exam.
Sit.13 Is he coming to the party? but Did he say if (weather) he was coming to the party?
*Remember that we usually change the verb to past when reporting a speech or finding out what someone else said.
Study this situation. You had an interview for a job, and these are some of the questions that the interviewer
asked you:
Can you speak English? How long had you
been working at
Do you have a drivers licence? your past job?
Are you willing to travel? You
Where did you
What do you do in your spare time? go to school?
Later you tell a friend what the interviewer asked you. You use reported speech:
He asked me if I could speak English. He asked me what I did sin my spare time.
He asked me if I had a drivers licence. He asked me how long I had been working.
He asked me if I was willing to travel. He wanted to know where I went to school.
126
Make a new sentence from the question in parenthesis. Use the folowing expressions:
Do you know (if)... / Could you tell me... / Do you have any idea... / I cant remember... / I wonder... / I have no idea...
1. (When will he come back?) ________________________________________________________?
2. (Where are my keys?) ________________________________________________________?
3. (What did our supplier say?) ________________________________________________________.
4. (What were you doing?) ________________________________________________________.
5. (Where does he live?) ________________________________________________________?
6. (Who is she?) ________________________________________________________.
7. (Where do I start?) I have no idea _______ to start.
8. (Where did she go?) ________________________________________________________
9. (How far is it to the airport?) ________________________________________________________?
10. (How do I get to your house?) _______________________ to get _________________________?
11. (What should I do?) ______________________________________________________?
12. (What would he say if I left without him?) I dont know... ______________________________________?
13. (What are you wearing?) Can you tell me... _____________________________________________?
14. (Is it going to rain?) Do you think... ___________________________________________________?
15. (Was he going to cancel the meeting?) I cant believe... ______________________________________?
16. (How could the thief escape?) Someone tell me... ______________________________________?
17. (Has the plane left?) Do you know if... _________________________________________________?
18. (Is this seat taken?) Do you know if... _________________________________________________?
19. (What do you mean?) I dont know... _________________________________________________?
20. (Was she here five minutes ago?) Do you know if... ________________________________________?
You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Carl, but he isnt there. Someone else answers the phone.
This is what you want to know.
(1) Where is he? (2) When is he coming back? (3) Did he take his car? (4) Does he have cell-phone?
Complete the conversation:
21. Do you know... _________________________________________? Sorry, I have no idea.
22. Thats ok. I dont suppose you know... _________________________________________? Im afraid I dont.
23. Would you mind telling me... _________________________________________? I think he did.
24. One last thing. Do you happen to know... _________________________________________? I think he did.
You have been away for a while and have just come back to your hometown. You meet Larry, a friend of yours.
These are some of the things he asks you:
1. How are you? 5. Will you stay for good? 6. Did you miss me?
2. Where have you been? 7. Can you lend me your new jacket?
3. When did you arrive? 8. Have you called your parents?
4. Are you feeling hungry? 9. Do you remember my little brother?
You tell another friend what tony asked you. Use reported speech.
1. He asked me... ________________________________________________________?
2. He wanted to know _____________________________________________________? Tracks 50-52 6
3. _____________________________________________________________________?
4. _____________________________________________________________________?
5. _____________________________________________________________________?
6. _____________________________________________________________________?
7. _____________________________________________________________________?
8. _____________________________________________________________________?
9. _____________________________________________________________________?
127
Tag Questions
...are you? ...were you? ...do you? ...did you? ...can
...can you? ...have you?
There is another way to make questions. Study these example situations...
You havent seen Luis today, have you? The food was delicious, wasnt it?
Yes, I have. Yes, it was.
Have you? and wasnt it? are tag questions (=mini questions that we put at the end of an affirmative
sentence in spoken English.) In tag questions we use an auxiliary verb (is/was/do/did/have/will, etc.)
Be careful with simple present and simple past.
Mark works in a hospital, doesnt he? He saw us, didnt he?
You dont eat meat, do you? You didnt forget your keys, did you?
We normally use a negative tag question after ...and a positive tag question after
a positive sententece. a negative sententece.
Shelly will come, wont she? Shelly wont home, will she?
(+) (-) (-) (+)
You can swim, cant you? You cant surf, can you?
He should quit smoking, shouldnt he? He shouldnt smoke, should he?
He is Jewish, isnt he? He isnt Jewish, is he?
The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it. If your entonation goes down (retorical),
youre not really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you:
A: Its a beautiful day, isntxit? B: Yes, it is.
A: He didnt sing well, didx
Tracks 53-56 6
he? B: No, he was awful!
A: Hes very funny, isnt x
he? B: Yes, he has a great sense of humor!
But if the entonation goes up, its a real question:

x
A: You havent seen Jeff, have you? B: No, I havent. (= Have you seen Jeff by any chance?)
w
We normally use a negative sentence + a positive tag to ask for things or information or to ask
some one to do something.
x
A: You dont know where Sandra is, do you? B: Sorry, I have no idea.
xx
A: You wouldnt have an extra pencil, would you? B: Sure, here you are.
A: You couldnt lend me some money, could you? B: How much do you need?
You can also use other tag questions like: right? / huh?/ dont you think? etc.
You havent seen Jeff, right? Its a nice day, dont you think?
After Lets... the question tag is Shall we?:
Lets eat out, shall we?
After an imperative like do.../ listen.../give... etc.), the tag is usually will you?:
Close the door, will you?
Note: We say arent I ( or am I not) in this tense: I am late, arent I?
128
Put a tag question at the end of these sentences.
1. Kim is not here, _____________? She has just left.

2. You havent had breakfast, _____________? No, not yet.
3. You do like it, _____________? I do. I do. Tracks 57-58 6
4. You have a brother, _____________? No. I dont.
5. Youre watching the football game, _____________? Thats right.
6. She didnt recognize me, _____________? I dont think so.
7. You had seen this movie before, _____________? Yes. Its a classic!
8. You couldnt call me, _____________? Im sorry. I was too busy.
9. You can speak French, _____________? Just a few words.
10. I shouldnt panic, _____________? I would!
11. You wont be late, _____________? Dont worry. I wont.
12. There isnt a problem, _____________? No. Not at all.
13. She wont mind if I borrow her dress, _____________? I really dont know.
14. You wouldnt mind if I use your phone, _____________? Not at all. Go ahead!
15. You wouldnt happen to have a spare wheel, _____________? Sure. I do.
16. I am invited, _____________? Of course!
17. Hurry up, _____________? Dont rush me!
18. You werent listening, _____________? You werent listening,
19. You arent going to buy that expensive coat, _____________? Of course not! Its too expensive.
20. He wasnt going to park here, _____________? I dont think so.
Read the situations and write a sentence with a tag question. In some situations you are inviting your friend to agree
x x
with you ( ), in some situations you are asking for information or people to things ( ). Draw an arrow according to
the appropriate intonation in the parenthesis.
Sit. 1 You look out the window. The sky is cloudy and windy. You say...
(windy day) ________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 2 You need a pencil. Perhaps Frank has one. Ask him.
__________________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 3 Youve just come out of a movie theater with a friend. You really enjoyed the movie. You say...
(great movie) _______________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 4 Youre trying on a suit. You look in the mirror and you dont like what you see. You say...
(not/look/very nice) __________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 5 Youre at a friends house. He offers you some water water, but you prefer a coffee. You say...
__________________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 6 You and a friend are offering a product to a new customer. He didnt seem very convinced you.
You say... _________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 7 You are looking for your keys. Perhaps Kate has seen them. Ask her.
__________________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 8 You think your salary is low. You think you should earn more money. You tell one of your colleagues...
(earn/more money) I _________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 9 You need a ride home. You tell a friend...
(give/me/a ride home) I _______________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 10 Youre looking for Andrew. Perhaps Laura knows where she is. Ask her.
You ______________________________________________________________________________? ( )
Sit. 11 You and a friend a walking down a street. Its late at night and you are a bit scared. You say...
(not seem/very safe) This street ________________________________________________________? ( )
129
Although / though / even though / inspite of / despite / but
Last week Carl and Cindy went out for a walk. It rained a lot, but they had a good time.
We can use but, although, even though, in spite of and despite of to show contrast between two
sentences. If the first sentence is said as a negative sentence, then we can show contrast by using
the bold faced words and a positive sentence (idea) and vice versa.
You can also say: Although it rained a lot, they had a good time. (Even though is stronger)
Or: In spite of (-) (+)
In spite } the rain, they had a good time.
(-) (+)
Structutures
After although we use a subject + verb:
S
Although it rained a lot, they had a good time.

I couldnt pass the test although I studied all night. Tracks 59-64 6
Compare although and beacause:
We went out (even) though it was raining.
We didnt go out because it was raining. (There is no contrast)
After inspite of or despite we use a noun, pronoun or an ing-verb.

S
In spite of (despite) the rain, they had a good time.

Despite (in spite of) being qualified, I didnt get the job.
Despite (in spite of) being sick, she went to work. or
She felt sick, but inspite of this, she went to work.
In spite of what I said, I still love you. Or Inspite of the fact that she was...
Despite the fact that she was...
In spite of and despite are the same.
Compare in spite of and beacause of:

We went out inspite of the rain.
We didnt go out because of the raining. (There is no contrast)
Compare although with in spite of / despite:

Although the weather was bad,
In spite of the weather,
} we went out.
We were able to arrive on time,} Even though we were stuck in traffic.

In spite of the heavy traffic.
Sometimes we use though instead of although:

He got the job though he didnt have the qualifications.
In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence.
The movie was too long. It was very interesting though.
He is my neighbor. Ive never spoken to him though.
130
Complete the sentences using although (or even- though) + a sentence from the box.
We dont like her much He didnt speak the language We have known each other for a long time
I had never played it before He doest earn a lot of money He didnt need the money.
It was freezing The heat was on It was her first day at school
1. _______________________________________, he has been able to get by.
2. I wasnt wearing a coat, _______________________________________.
3. He sold his car, ____________________________________________.
4. _____________________________________, he managed to make himself understood.
5. We are not very good friends, ___________________________________.
6. I was able to hit the ball pretty well, ___________________________________.
7. She felt pretty confident, ______________________________________.
8. The room was cold, ______________________________________.
9. We invited her to our party, ______________________________________.
Use although / in spite of / because / because of to complete the sentences.

1. ___________ it rained a lot, we enjoyed the trip.
2. ___________ all our plans, some things went wrong.
3. ___________ we had planed every thing, some things went wrong.
4. I didnt go to work ____________ I was feeling sick. Tracks 65-67 6
5. I went to work ____________ I was feeling sick.
6. We had a great vacation, ____________ the bad weather.
7. We had a great vacation, ____________ the weather was bad.
8. We couldnt go to sleep ____________ the noise.
9. We couldnt go to sleep ____________ they were making too much noise.
10. He managed to see the sign ____________ he wasnt wearing glasses.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences.
1. He won the race although _______________________________________.
2. He won the race because _______________________________________.
3. The class was interesting. _________________________________though.
4. He didnt get the job, despite ______ing ____________________________.
5. Even though I had my glasses on, _________________________________.
Make a sentence from two. Use the words in parenthesis.
1. I managed to get back home. I didnt have any money. (Despite)__________________________________________.
Or (although) __________________________________________________.
2. He did a good job. He doesnt have enough experience. (in spite of) _______________________________________.
Or (although) __________________________________________________.
3. He was able to understand what I was saying. He was def. (despite) _______________________________________.
Or (although) __________________________________________________.
4. We lieve in the same neighborhood. We hardly see each other (despite) ____________________________________.
Or (although) __________________________________________________.
5. I couldnt go to sleep. I was very tired. We hardly see each other (despite) __________________________________.
Or (even though) __________________________________________________.
6. She came to our party . She wasnt invited. (despite) ___________________________________________________.
Or (even though) __________________________________________________.
Use the words in parenthesis to make a sentence with though at the end.
1. His outfit isnt very nice. (like / the tie) _______________________________________.
2. The house is beautiful. (need / painting) _______________________________________.
3. Hes reliable. (Owe/ a lot of money) _______________________________________.
4. Carl is a very nice person. (not like/ his wife) _______________________________________.
131
Used to Vs. Be/get used to (accustomed) to something
Used to (only in past)
6 years ago Study this example situation: Now
John quit playing golf. He doesnt play golf anymore.
But he used to play 6 years ago. (Now he is a boxer)
Now
He used to play golf.

He doesnt
play now.
6 years ago
We use used to as a verb to talk about past habits that we did in the past, but we dont do anymore.
1. My mother used to read stories to me when I was a child.
2. My job used to be fun. Now its getting boring. Tracks 68-72 6
3. We used to have a dog, but it got lost.
We also use used to for things that were true, but are not anymore.
4. I started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before.
5. This building is a bank. It used to be a movie theater.
6. I used to have very long hair when I was a teenager.
We use used to in past only. There is no present form. You cant say I use to...
7. There used to be a lot traffic on this street until they built an avenue.
8. Where did you use to work before you came to work here?
9. I didnt use to wear a tie.
be/get used to something
Ann is from Alaska. She is used (accustomed) to very cold temperatures.
She now lives in Africa. She wasnt used to the hot weather there.
It was difficult for her to get used to high temperatures.
I am used to something = It is not new or strange to me. I am accostumed to it.
be/get used to doing something
Study this example situation: be/get used to + verb + ing.
Firemen are used to risking their lives. (Not used to risk their lives)
They are used to working overtime. (Not used to work overtime)
We can use be/get used to in different tenses. Not only in past. Used to is not the verb.
Ralph is a new fireman. He hasnt gotten used to saving lives yet.
He will get used to it soon.
I used to do and I am used to doing are completely different:
I used to do something. = I did something in the past, but no longer do it.
Example: I used to live in a small town. Now I live in New York.
I am used to (doing) something. = It isnt new or strange for me. Im accustomed to (doing) it.
Example: I am used to the weather in this country.
Example: I am used to living here. I am getting used to waking up early.
132
Complete the sentences with used to + an appropriate verb.
1. Sandra quit smoking a year ago. She _______________________ a pack of cigarettes a day.
2. John _______________________ a bike, but he sold it last year.
3. I _______________________ in a small town. Now I live in England.
4. I _______________________ a lot of candy when I was a child. Tracks 73-77 6
5. David and I _______________________ best friends. We dont see each other anymore.
7. There _______________________ a hotel near the train station, but it closed a few years ago.
8. I (not) _______________________ a tie to work. Now, I have to wear one to work every day.
9. _______________________ long nails?
10.Where _______________________ before you came to work here?
Gloria changed her lifestyle. She stopped doing some things and started doing other things:
She stopped { studying

living with her parents
playing golf
She started { paying rent
working
sleeping late
Write sentences about what Gloria used to and didnt used to do.
She used to...
1. ___________________________________________. She didnt use to...
4. ___________________________________________.
2. ___________________________________________. 5. ___________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________. 6. ___________________________________________.
Compare what Laura said six years ago and what she says today.
Six years ago Today
I work in a pet-shop. I live with my husband.
Im hardworking. I smoke a lot.
I live alone. My cat died.
I dont smoke. Im married.
I have a cat. Im a little lazy.
I have many friends. Im a housewife now.
Im single. I dont have many friends.
Now write the sentences about how gloria
She used to...
1. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
now she...
2. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
4. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
5. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
6. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
7. ___________________________________________, but ___________________________________________.
Complete the sentences with be/get used to according to the situations.
Sit. 1. You live alone. You dont mind this. You have lived alone for a good while. A friend asks you...
Do you get lonely sometimes? You say... No, _______________________________________________________.
Sit. 2. You have to work overtime. Its not a problem for you. It always happens. A colleague asks you...
You dont mind working overtime, do you? You say... Not at all, __________________________________________.
Sit. 3. Jeff is a doctor. A year ago he started working nights. At first he found it difficult to sleep late. He didnt like it.
He ____________________________ nights. It took him a long time to ___________________________________.
He __________________________________now and he even likes it.
Sit. 4. A friend of yours has just moved to an apartment near a busy street. You ask him...
Have you ________________________________________________noise?
Use the prompts to complete the sentences using used to or be/get used to.
1. Marge hasnt ____________________ cold weather. 7. ______________________ (you) live here? (past)
2. Marge cant ____________________ (sleep) late. 8. ______________________ (you) living here? (past)
3. He ___________________ (you) drink a lot of tea. 9. I dont like working with people. I ___________________
4. He ___________________ (you) drinking a lot of tea. (work) alone.
5. We ___________________ live in a small town. 10. What will a foreigner have to get used to if went to your
country? He would have to _________________________
6. We ___________________ (not) living in small towns. _____________________________________________.
133
Infinitives with ing
Infinitives: to + verb / verb + ing Tracks 78-85 6
An infinitive has no tense. The tense in a sentence relies on the main verb.
There are two types of infinitives. Infinitives with to and infinitives with ing.
Some main verbs can go with both types of infinitives.
For example like: Infinitive Infinitive
e
e
I like to play tennis. Or I like playing tennis. They both mean the same.
e
e
main verb main verb *An infinitive cannot carry a color because it has no tense.
Infinitive: verb + ing

Look at these examples:
I enjoy watching TV. (Not I enjoy to watch TV.)
Would you mind opening that window? (Not to open that window)
Michael suggested going to a restaurant. (Not to go to a restaurant)
After enjoy/mind and suggest we use ing (not to).
Here are some more verbs that are followed by ing:

stop avoid finish quit deny practice involve
admit miss delay risk consider imagine
He has stopped drinking. (Not stopped to drink.)
Have you considered starting your own business? (Not considered to start)
We also use ing (only) after:

Give up (= quit) Tim hasnt given up trying to lose weight.
Go on (= continue)
I cant go on living like this.
Keep(on) (= do something repeatedly)
*These are followed by a verb + ing as a gerund not an infinitive. He keeps interrupting me.
With some verbs you can use the structure verb + somebody + ing:
I cant imagine him teaching children. Hes not patient at all.
Did I keep you waiting? (verb + ing as a gerund not an infinitive.)
Note the passive infinitive (being done/seen/brought/kept/asked etc.):

I dont mind being asked personal questions in public.
I dont remember being brought home.
When youre talking about finished action you can use a perfect infinitive (having done/said/taken etc.):
He didnt admit having stolen the gold.
I dont remember having said such thing.
It is not necessary to use having done. You can also use the simple ing form for finished actions.
He didnt admit stealing the gold.
After some of the verbs in this page (specially admit/suggest/deny etc.), You can use that without
an infinitive:
He denied having stolen the gold. or He denied that he had stolen the gold.
or He denied stealing the gold.
134
Complete every sentence with one of these verbs:
paint play make talk speak apply be smoke surf mow(n)
1. I enjoy _______________________ football.
2. Would you mind_______________________ louder? I cant hear you from here.
3. She avoids ___________________ to strangers.
4. Gill gave up _______________________ thanks to his program against cancer.
Tracks 86-90 6
5. I cant imagine my grandmother _________________ on the beach. Not at her age.
6. 4. I considered _______________________ for the job.
7. Could you please stop _______________________ so much noise?
8. Ive put off _______________________ the lawn too many times. Im doing it today!
9. I considered _______________________ for the job.
10. Be careful when you cross the street. If you dont look where youre going, you risk __________________ run over.
11. Have you finished ______________________ the walls.
Complete the sentence for each situation
1. Lets do something Lets pay Ann a visit. He suggested ________________

fun.
2. Could you take a Sure! Why not! He didnt mind ________________

picture for me?
3. He denied ___________________
Did you paint this picture? No, I didnt. He denied having
4. She admitted _________________

Are you eating fat food? Yes, I am.
5. He decided __________________
Could you wait for me? Ok. Ill wait a little longer.
Ill be there in 5 minutes.
Complete the sentences using the underlined verb in the infinitive form, so that they mean the same as the first sentence.
avoid mind put off go on admit mind

1. We cant live like this. We cant ________________________.
2. I dont think its a good idea to travel during rush hour.
Its best if we ______________________________________.
3. Should we leave tomorrow instead of today? Should we _____________________________ until _____________?
4. Our tourist guide said he didnt know where we were. Our tourist guide ___________________________________.
5. Could you shut the door please. Would you ________________________________________________________?
6. Please, dont make that noise. Would you _________________________________________________________?
Use your own ideas to complete the sentences.
1. Hes a very interesting person. I always enjoy ______________________________________________________.

2. There isnt any orange juice left. Would you mind ___________________________________________________?
3. We were all bored. So I suggested ______________________________________________________________.
4. The meeting was too long. I couldt help (avoid) ____________________________________________________.
5. Theres something my watch. It keeps ___________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs so that they mean the same as the first sentence.
Use regret or admit + perfect infinitive with the underlined verb + ing.
1. Did you regret saying it? _____________________________________________________________________?

2. He admited taking the money. ________________________________________________________________.
3. I regret talking to you like that. ________________________________________________________________.
135
Infinitives with to
Infinitive: to + verb
need promise decide threaten deserve afford forget fail
hope agree refuse intend mean arrange attempt aim
plan offer learn(how) manage
If these verbs are followed by another verb (infinitive verb), the structure is usually main verb + to...
We need to take a brake. Its lunch time. I cant afford to buy this car.
I forgot to call you last night. We failed to accomplish our goals.
He learned (how) to drive when he was a kid. He didnt agree to come with us.
Note these examples with a negative not to:
Tracks 91-95 6
I decided not to call you last night. I promise not to scare you again.
You cannot use to + verb with many verbs like avoid/enjoy/suggest/think etc.
I avoid talking to strangers. (Not avoid to talk...) I suggested staying home.
I enjoy watching movies. (Not to watch movies) Im thinking of buying a car.
We also use to + verb after seem/pretend/tend/claim/appear.

He seems to know what he is doing. She pretended to see me.
My teacher tends to finish class a little late. He claimed to be the father of the child.
There is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done).
They seemed to be having a good time. I pretended to be doing my homework.
They seem to have lost weight. He seems to have understood the lesson.
After dare or help you can use the verb with or without to.
I wouldnt dare to tell him. Or I wouldnt dare tell him.
Help me to clean the house. Or Help me clean the house.
You can use a question word (why, where etc.) + to after these verbs:
ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand wonder
He asked me how to get to the airport.
Have you decided where to go this weekend?
I dont know whether to take the offer or not.
I forgot who to talk to in this situation.
I forgot what to do? to in this situation.
Also: tell/show/teach/advise somebody how/what/where to do something:

Could you show me how to use this program.
Dont tell me what to do.
Be careful not to use to after modal verbs like can & must. We say:
I cant speak German (not cant to speak) not I must leave. (not must to leave)
136
1. Where did you buy Im not going to tell you. She refused _________________
your purse?
2. Please, dont tell I promise I wont. She promised ________________

anyone.
3. They arranged ________________

Lets meet tonight. Good idea!
4. She offered __________________

Let me iron that shirt. Its just a wrinkle!
5. He decided __________________
You mustnt smoke. I wont smoke again.
6. She agreed __________________

Please, help me! Of course!
Put the verbs in parenthesis into the correct form, to..., ...Ing or plane form.
1. I need _______________________ a phone call. (make)
2. When I am tired, I enjoy ______________________ a nap (take) Tracks 91-99 6
3. We decided _______________________ the meeting for next week. (put off)
4. I dont mind _______________________ a little longer. (wait)
5. Can you imagine me _________________ the general manager. (be)
6. I dont have anough money. I cant afford _______________________ the night in this hotel. (spend)
7. Have you learned how _______________________ this computer program? (use)
8. I wish those kids would stop _______________________! (yell)
9. Out neighbor threatened to call the police _______________ our dog didnt stop __________________. (call/bark)
10. We were tired, so I suggested __________________ a brake. (take)
11. Nobody dared ______________________ any questions after the discussion. (ask)
12. Could you help me______________________ this problem? (figure out)
13. I have a lot of work to do. I hope ______________________ soon? (finish)
14. I cant ___________ any longer. I must ______________________ soon? (wait/leave)
Make new sentneces so that they mean the same as the first sentence. You will have to use a pefect & continuous
infinitive in some sentences. Use the verbs in parenthesis.
1. He has undestood the lesson. (seem) He _______________________________________________.
2. Jeff is worried about the new project. (appear) Jeff ______________________________________________.
3. You know a lot about this enterprise. (seem) __________________________________________________.
4. My English is getting a lot better. (seem) __________________________________________________.
5. I forget things. (tend) __________________________________________________.
6. They have found a solution. (claim) __________________________________________________.
Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:

use get do study admit say
1. Do you know ________________________ to my house?
2. I cant make up my mind ________________________ law or medicine.
3. He was astonished. He didnt know ________________________.
4. Could you shoe me ________________________ this machine?
5. Do you know ________________________ in case of an emergency?
6. My cousin taught me ________________________ a motorcycle.
137
Verb + object + to + infinitive
Infinitive: to + verb or object + to + verb
want ask help expect beg would like would prefert
These verbs are followed by to + infinitive. Tracks 1-4 7
The structure can be... Or it can be...
Would you like to stay? Would you like me to stay?
She doesnt
doesnt want to know. She doesnt want anyone to know.
I didnt
didnt expect to win. I didnt expect him to win.
Be careful not to say want that...
Do you want me to help you? (Not Do you want that I help you?)
Infinitive: object + to + verb

tell order remind invite force
enable ask help warn get (= persuade, arrange for)
These verbs usually have the structure:
verb + object + to + infinitive.
Remind me to check my e-mail.
I got Joe to sing for us in the wedding. It wasnt difficult to convince him.
Sally warned her child not to get near the mad dog.
You can also use passive:
He was told not to smoke inside the house.
Remember that you cannot use suggest with this type of structure.
Monica suggested that I buy a car. (Not Monica suggested me to buy a car.)
advise allow encourage permit forbid

There are two possible structures after these verbs:
verb + ing (without an object) and verb + object + to (without an object)
I dont advise taking that flight. I dont advise you to take that flight.
My teacher doesnt allow eating in class. He doesnt allow anyone to eat in class.
Compare these examples with (be) allowed (passive):
Chewing gum isnt allowed in class. Were not allowed to chew gum in class.
make & let

These verbs have the structure verb + object + base form.
verb + ing (without an object) and verb + object + to (without an object)
They made me open my case at the customs office.
Airplanes make me feel dizzy.
Please, let me go. (= allow me to go)
Let me help you with that suitcase. (= allow me to help you)
138
Complete the questions. Use do you want me to...? r would you like me to...? with one of the following verbs.
lend go on come close (shut ) show
1. Are you going to go alone, or ________________________________________________________________?
2. Do you have enough money, or _______________________________________________________________?
3. Should I leave the door open, or _______________________________________________________________?
4. Do you know how to use this gadget, or _________________________________________________________?
5. Do you want me to stop, or ___________________________________________________________________?
1. Would you like to come Im not sure I can. She invited __________________
to my graduation?
2. May I use your Im expecting a call. She wouldnt let ______________

phone?
3. She asked ___________________

Could you help me? Sure!
4. She warned __________________

Please, be careful. Dont worry. Ill be fine.
5. She told__________________
Dont touch your face. Ok.
Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.
1. He looks smart when he wears glasses. Glasses make ______________________________________________.
2. Im surprised it snowed in this area. I didnt expect it ________________________________________________.
3. Dont stop him from going. Let __________________________________________________________________.
4. My boss said I could take the day off. My boss allowed ______________________________________________.
5. I think you should tell me the truth. I want _________________________________________________________.
6. My attorney said I should tell the truth. He adviced ___________________________________________________.
7. At first I seemed reluctant, but at the end I believed his story.
He persuaded ____________________________________.
8. Dont let me forget to get some gas. Remind _______________________________________________________.
9. They told me to follow the procedure. I was told _____________________________________________________.
10. If you have internet, you are able to comunicate with more people.
Having internet enables _______________________________________.
Put the verb in the corect infinitve form: verb + ing, to + verb or base form.
1. She doenst allow me __________________ loud music in the house. (play) Tracks 5-8 7
2. Id like __________________ your friend. (be)
3. What do you advice me __________________? (do)
4. He wouldnt let me __________________ to him. (talk)
5. The prisoner was allowed __________________ a phone call. (make)
6. I wouldnt advice you __________________ with that guy. Hes very promiscuous. (go out)
7. The song was so sad it made me __________________. (cry)
8. Most parents encourage their children __________________ hard. (study)
9. Let me __________________ you a secret. (Tell)
10. Could you help me __________________ this sweater? (take off)
139
Verb + ing or Verb + to 1
Compare:
Compare verb + ing and verb + to: Tracks 9-13 7
verb + ing verb + to
He denied stealing the purse. He decided to steal the purse.
I enjoy watching movies. I want to watch a movie.
We often use ing for an action that happens We often use to for an action that follows the
before the first verb or at the same time. So first verb. So you decide doing something before
you deny doing something after you do it. you do it. Or you want to do something before
Or you enjoy doing something while you do it. you do it.
ing or to
Some verbs can be followed by ing or to with a difference in meaning:
remember
I remember doing something. = I did it and I remembered to do something. = I remembered
now I remember this. You remember doing I had to do it, and so I did it. You remember to do
something after you do it. something before you do it.
I remember locking the door. = I did it and I remembered to lock the door. = I remem-
now I remember this. You remember doing bered it, and so I did it.
something after you do it.
ing or to
regret
I regret doing something. = I did it and now I regret to say/ to tell you/ to inform you = Im
Im sorry I did this. sorry for what Im about to say.
I now regret doing what I did. We regret to inform you that we are unable
I shouldnt have done it. to offer you this job.
ing or to
go on
Go on is followed by a verb + ing, not as an Go on to do = do something new.
infinitive, but as a gerund.
The chairman went on talking about the The chairman went on to talk about the
new advertisements. policies after talking about sales.
begin start continue bother

These verbs can be followed by a verb + ing or a verb + to. With little or no difference in meaning.
You can say...
It has started snowing. or It has started to snow.
Dont bother shutting the window. or Dont bother to shut the window.
140
Put the verb into the correct form, verb + ing or to + verb. Sometimes either form is possible.
1. I enjoyed ________________ you. (meet). I hope ________________ you soon. (see)
2. The cop forgot ________________ his rights. (read)
3. I dont want ________________ tonight. (go out)
4. The crowd began ________________ when the pop star showed up. (scream)
5. Do you promise ________________ the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth? (tell)
6. I refuse ________________ any personal questions. (answer)
7. My son is very curious. He keeps ________________ me questions. (ask)
8. I am beginning ________________ to understand the story. (understand)
9. It hasnt stopped ________________. (rain) Tracks 14-16 7
10. I enjoy ________________ video games. (play)
11. They denied ________________ the house. (rob)
12. Rich people can afford ________________ a yacht. (buy)
13. He admitted ________________ during the test. (cheat)
14. I remembered _________________ (pick up) Jane and made a u-turn.
15. I dont remember _________________ (say) that.
Read the information about Richard when he was a child.

1. He lived in a small house near a lake. 4. He joined a football team.
2. He went to New York to visit his relatives. 5. He was a popular student.
3. Once he was bitten by a snake. 6. He wanted to be an athlete.
He can remember 1, 3 and 5, but he cant remember 2, 4 and 6. Write sentences beginning He can remember...
or He cant remember...
1. __________________________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________________________.
6. __________________________________________________________________________.
Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb in the correct form, verb + ing or to+ verb.
Use the following verbs to help you complete the sentences:
lend call lock leave
1. a) Dont forget ___________________ the door when you go out.
b) A: Here is the money you lent me last month.
B: I dont remember ________________ you any money.
c) A: I tried __________________ you, but nobody answered the phone.
d) Dont bother ______________________ for me. Ill be out of town.
e) Someone must have taken my food. I remember _______________________ it ob this table.
say fix come become inform work
2. a) I believe that what I said was fair. I dont regret _________________ it.
b) (after the evaluation exam) We regret ________________ you that you have failed the exam.
c) Do you regret ________________ to this place? I dont.
3. a) Laura joined the company seven years ago. She became an assistant manager after three years.
A couple of years later, she went on __________________ the general manager of the company.
b) I cant go on ______________________ here anymore. I dont like this job.
c) Carl was fixing his car. He looked up and said hello to me and then went on _________________ his car.
141
Compare:
try to do try doing
= it also means to do something as an
= attempt to do, make an effort to do.
experiment or as a test.
I was too tired. I tried to remain awake, These cookies are delicious. You should try
but I couldnt. one. (to see if you like it)
Its best if you try to calm down. John tried different jobs until he found the
right one. (he experimented different jobs to
Please, try to be quiet. Im trying to get see if he liked one of them.)
to sleep.
If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb,
If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb,
we use ing.
we use to.
If your car doesnt work, try using mine.
I tried to move the TV, but it was too heavy. I didnt like where the TV was, so I tried
(so I couldnt move it) moving it to my bedroom.
need to do
I need to do something = it is necessary for me to do something.
We need to learn more.
I need to buy a car. Tracks 17-19 7
need to be done
Something needs to be done = someone needs to do something.
The batteries in my radio need to be changed.
The house needs to be painted.
need doing
Sometimes we use need doing instead of need to be done.
The batteries in my radio need changing.
The house needs painting.
help
You can say help to do or help do (with or without to):
Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or Everybody helped clean up after the party.
Can you help me to move this sofa? or Can you help me move this sofa?
cant help
Something needs to be done = someone needs to do something.
I cant help gaining weight, no matter how many diets I try following. (He cant stop
himself from gaining weight)
Im sorry Im nervous. I cant help it. (Theres nothing I can do to stop being nervous)
142
Make suggestions. Write sentences using try + one of the following:
take an aspirin change the battery call her at work eat less turn it the other way
1. My car wont start. I wonder whats wrong? Have you tried ________________________________?
2. I cant open the door. The key wont turn. Try ________________________________.
3. I cant reach Ann. Shes not at home. Did you try ________________________________?
4. I have a terrible headache. Why dont you try ______________________________?
5. Im gaining too much weight. You should try ______________________________.
Compleate each sentence using need + one of the following verbs:

Tracks 20-22 7
tighten paint cut empty wash clean
1. This skirt is dirty. It needs ____________________________________________________________.
2. The grass is too long. It ______________________________________________________________.
3. This room is a mess! ________________________________________________________________.
4. The garbage can is full. ______________________________________________________________.
5.The screws in this door are loose. They __________________________________________________.
6.The walls in this house look old. ________________________________________________________.
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. A) I was very tired. I tried ______________ (keep) my eyes open, but I couldnt help _______________ (fall) asleep.
c) I tried ____________________ (ask) for help, but there was noone around.
d) A: I tried ____________________ (find) you, but I couldnt.
B: Did you try ___________________ (call) me on my mobile?
e) I dont know what to do about this radio. I tried __________________ (change) the batteries, but it didnt work.
I tried _______________ (fix) it, but It was too difficult.
f) I tried to lift his bags, but they were too heavy.
g) Turn the radio off. Im trying _________________ (watch) TV.
h) Leave me alone. Im trying _________________ (concentrate).
2. a) I need a change. I need _________________ (meet) new people.
b) Hes too young. He cant take care of himself. He needs _______________________ (take) care of.
c) The car is needs _________________________ (tune).
d) Your shirt is wrinkled. It needs _________________________ (iron).
3. a) They were talking to loud. I couldnt help _________________ (overhear) their conversation.
b) Could you help me _________________________ (put) this coat on.
c) I couldnt help _________________________ (laugh) after I heard the joke.
d) Being in a good mood helped _________________________ (make) the work an easy task.
143
Compare:
like love hate cant stand cant bear
Tracks 23-27 7
After these verbs you can use to or ing.
We normally use ing for a situation that already exists or existed. For example:
I live in Boston. I like living there. (Not I like to live there.)
Do you like being a student. (You are astudent now.)
That job was horible. I hated working there. (I used to work there and I hated it.)
In other situations you can use to or ing. To is more usual.

I love to play golf. or I love playing golf.
Jane hates to travel by plane. or I like playing golf.
I dont like people calling me late at night. or I dont like people calling me late at night.
I cant stand to smell tobacco. or I cant stand smelling tobacco.
She cant bear to be alone. or She cant bear being alone.
After enjoy and mind we can only use ing:

She enjoys meeting people. (Not she enjoys to meet people.)
I enjoy spending time with my friends.
Oliver doesnt mind working extra hours. (Not to work extra hours.)
I dont mind helping him. Hes been a very good friend.
Would you mind passing me the salt?
Would like / would love / would hate / would prefer are usually followed by to + infinitive:
How would you like to be called?
I would like to have a lot of money.
Id love to be able to speak more than one language.
Compare I like & I would like:
I like to eat Chinese food. (= I enjoy it in general.)
I would like to eat Chinese food today. (= I want to eat Chines food today.)
You can also use would like to have done to imagine past situations.
I would like to have studied more.
You can use the same structure with would love / would hate / would prefer :
I would hate to have been in his situation.
Id (=I would) love to have spent more time with my grandparents.
144
Write sentences with like + a verb in ing.
1. He is a Chef. He likes it. ____________________________. Tracks 28-32 7
2. Alice and Jane live in Italy. They like it. ______________________________.
3. I used to work in a Supermarket. I didnt like it at all. _____________________________________________.
4. People call me Ricky. I dont like it. (Passive) _______________________________________________.
5. Karina teaches math. She enjoys it. ________________________________________________.
6. George lives alone. He cant bear it. ________________________________________________.
Write sentences about yourself. Say weather you like or dont like these activities.
Choose one of these verbs for each sentence.
like enjoy love dont mind hate dont like
1. (play/chess) ___________________________________________________________.
2. (do the ironing) _________________________________________________________.
3. (travel) _______________________________________________________________.
4. (read books) ___________________________________________________________.
5. (lie on the beach) _______________________________________________________.
6. (work on Saturdays) _____________________________________________________.
Imagining situations. How would you feel about these situations? Use one of these in your sentences.
Id like I wouldnt like Id love Id hate I wouldnt mind
1. (Have two jobs) _________________________________________________________.
2. (Be a teacher) __________________________________________________________.
3. (Work at nights) _________________________________________________________.
4. (Be a cop) _____________________________________________________________.
5. (To get married soon) ____________________________________________________.
6. (Have many children) ____________________________________________________.
Write an appropriate verb in the correct form, ing or to. Sometimes either form is possible.
1. I need a new job. I cant stand _____________________ here anymore!
2. William crashed his morotcycle. He cant bear __________________ to take the bus now.
3. When I was a child, I hated _____________________ to bed early at night.
4. Its nice to be with other people, but sometimes I enjoy _____________________ alone.
5. Do you have a minute? I would like __________________ you some things about your brother. Have you seen him?
6. I dont like people _________________ me when I am studying.
7. Jeff wear ties. He hates ________________________ them.
8. Im not ready yet. Would you mind _________________ a little longer.
9.I would love _______________________ to your party, but I have a lot of work left.
10. Do you like __________________ in this small town?
11. Would you like __________________ a seat?
12. Do you mind _________________ off your radio? Im talking on the phone.
13. I cant stand __________________ in small spaces.
14. I used to surf when I was a student. I loved __________________.
Write sentences with would like to have done.... Use the verbs in parenthesis.
1. Its too bad I couldnt go to your birthday party. ______________________________________________________.
2. Its a shame I didnt take any pictures of our trip. _____________________________________________________.
3. Im glad I didnt lose my glasses. _________________________________________________________________.
4. Its too bad I didnt meet your friend. ______________________________________________________________.
5. Im glad I was alone. ___________________________________________________________________________.
6. Its a shame I couldnt speak their language. _______________________________________________________.
145
Prefer & Would rather
Prefer to do & prefer doing
Tracks 33-36 7
You can use prefer to do or prefer doing to say what you prefer in general:
I dont like big cities. I prefer to live in the country. or I prefer living in the country.
Study the differences in structure after prefer:
I prefer something (no verb) to something else (no verb).
I prefer doing something to doing something else.
but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.
I prefer this tie to the one I am wearing right now.
I prefer traveling by plane to traveling by car.
but I prefer to travel by plane rather than travel by car.
I prefer to live in the country rather than in a city. (or rather than living in a city.)
Would prefer (Id prefer)
We use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a particular situation (not in general):
A: Would you prefer coffee or tea? B: I would prefer tea, please.
We say would prefer to do (not doing):
A: Should we take the train? B: No, I would prefer to drive. (Not Id prefer driving)
I would prefer to eat out rather than cook something. (Not Id prefer eating)
Would rather (Id rather)
We use would rather + base form (do/stay/have, etc.) to say the same thing.
Compare:
A: Should we take the train? or
{
B: No, Id prefer to drive.
B: No, Id rather drive. (Not Id rather to drive or driving)
A: Would you rather have coffee or tea? B: Id rather have tea, please. (Not Id rather tea)
We say I'd rather do something than do something else.
I rather stay home than go out tonight.
The negative form is Id rather not (do something):
Im tired. I rather not go out tonight.
A: Would you like to come with us? B: I rather not.
Would rather you did something
We use Id rather you did something (not I rather you do something):
A: Ill finish the work tomorrow. B: Id rather you finished it today.
We use Id rather + someone else + a verb in past base form (do/stay/have, etc., but the meaning
is not past. We use it to say what we would prefer someone to do.
Compare:
{
Id rather drive. Same tense, different person.
but Id rather you drived.
The negative form is Id rather you didnt do something. (= I would prefer that you not do it.)
Id rather you didnt tell anyone.
146
Which do you prefer? Write sentences using I prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else.
Put the verb into the correct form when necessary.
1. (drive / travel by train) ____________________________________________________________________.
2. (golf / soccer) ___________________________________________________________________________.
3. (write e-mails / call people) ________________________________________________________________.
4. (rent movies / go to the movies) _____________________________________________________________.
5. (going to a restaurant / making dinner ) _______________________________________________________.
Do the same using I prefer (to do) something rather than (do) something else.
1. (drive / travel by train) ____________________________________________________________________.
2. (golf / soccer) ___________________________________________________________________________.
3. (write e-mails / call people) ________________________________________________________________.
4. (rent movies / go to the movies) _____________________________________________________________.
5. (going to a restaurant / making dinner ) _______________________________________________________.
Write sentences using Id prefer... or Id rather... + one of the following:

Tracks 37-41 7
wait a little longer ~ watch tv ~ stand ~ eat in a restaurant ~ you (go) with me ~ think about it first ~ call a cab
1. Shall we walk home? (rather) ________________________________.

2. Do you want to go alone? (prefer) ________________________________.
3. Do you want to listen to music? (rather) ________________________________.
4. Take a seat, please. (prefer) ________________________________.
5. Do you want to have dinner now? (rather) ________________________________.
6. I think you should take a decision now. (prefer) ________________________________.
7. Would you like to make dinner? (rather) ________________________________.
Write sentences using than or rather than.

1. (take a bus / take a taxi) Id prefer ________________________________________________________________.
2. (go for a walk / watch TV) Id rather _______________________________________________________________.
3. (finish today / finish tomorrow) Id prefer ____________________________________________________________.
4. (think about it for a while / decide now) _?__________________________________________________________.
5. (Talk to you personally / on the phone ) ____________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using would you rather I or I would rather you...
1. Are you going to make breakfast, or would you rather I ________________________________________________?
2. I dont want to tell Nick what happened. Id rather you _________________________________________________.
3. Are you going to answer the phone, or _____________________________________________________________?
4. Are you going to tell them the truth, or _____________________________________________________________?
5. Are you cleaning the house by your self, or _______________________________________________________.

1. Should I tell Frank the good news? You: No, ________________________________________________________.
2. Would you like me to go with you? You: No, _________________________________________________________.
3. Would you like to go out this weekend? You: No, _____________________________________________________.
4. This is a private letter. I would rather ______________________________________________________________.
5. Do you mind if I turn on the radio? You: Id rather you ___________. I have to study for tomorrows exam.
147
Preposition + (verb)ing
Prefer to do & prefer doing
If a preposition (in/for/at/about etc.) is followed by a verb, the verb must end in ing.
For example:
Are you interested in working for us?
Hes very good at playing sports.
You must be fed up with working in the same department.
What are the advantages of studying in this school?
Tom went to work In spite of being sick.
He bought a motorcycle instead of buying a car
How about taking the day off.
These glasses are only for reading books.
Note the following preposition + ing:

before + (verb)ing
after + (verb)ing
I took a coat before going out. (Not before to go out.)
What did you do after graduating?
You can also say before I went out and after you graduated. Tracks 42-44 7
We can use by + (verb)ing to say how something happens:
You can improve your English by reading more.
The burglars got into the house by breaking the window.
without + (verb)ing
He worked twelve hours without taking a brake.
He needs to study without people distracting him.
She walked through the house without anybody hearing her.
(or without being heard)
Its nice to have a vacation without having to worry about work.
to + (verb)ing
To is often part of an infinitive. (to do / to go / to be etc.)
We dicided to visit my grandparents.
Would you like to play golf?
But to (like in/at/with etc.) is also a preposition:
I drove from Mexico to Los Angeles.
I prefer tea to coffee.
Im looking forward to your presentation.
If a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in ing.
I prefer drinking tea to drinking coffee.
Im looking forward to seeing your presentation.
148
Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentences in parenthesis.
1. (Why is it useful to have a car?)
What are the advantages of ______________________________________________________?
2. (I dont intend to lend you any money.)
I have no intention of ____________________________________________________________.
3. (Roy can play domino very well.)
Roy is pretty good at ____________________________________________________________.
4. (Justin cant win the race. He has no chance.)
He has no chance of ____________________________________________________________.
5. (Did you get into trouble because you were late?)
Did you get into trouble for ________________________________________________________?
6. (We didnt go out. We played video games instead.)
Instead of _____________________________________________________________________.
7. (I think that playing golf is better than plating tennis.)
I prefer ________________________________________________________________________.
8. (We won the game even though we played badly.)
We won the game in spite of _______________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using by + ing. Use one of the following with the verb in the correct form.
break a window ~ trun the key ~ use a ladder ~ buckle the seat belt! ~ borrow too much money ~ read more
1. Your English can improve _________________________________________________________.
2. I was able to get the cat down from the tree ___________________________________________.
3. You can avoid serious injuries _____________________________________________________.
4. Mark got himself into financial trouble _______________________________________________.
5. The burglars got into the house ____________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences with an appropriate word. Use only one word each time.
1. I like to have a good breakfast before ___________________ to work.
2. It was a long trip. I was very tired after _________________ on the train for sixteen hours.
3. We took a break after ______________ for more than six hours.
4. I ran eight miles without _________________________. Tracks 45-48 7
5. I dont know was the decision is being made without anybody ________________ me.
6. That man left the restaurant without _________________________ his bill.
7. He was able to ask for directions without ____________________ a dictionary.
8. Its a nice evening. How about ______________________ for a walk?
9. I cant believe he left woithout _______________ goodbye.
Write a sentence with (not) looking forward to for each situation.

1. Youre going to the dentist tomorrow. You dont like to go to the dentist. You say...
I am not _________________________________________________________________.
2. You like playing golf. Youve arranged to play golf tomorrow. How do you feel about this?
________________________________________________________________________.
3. Youre getting married next month. You cant wait for it to happen. You say...
________________________________________________________________________.
4. You are going on vacation. You are excited about this. You say...
________________________________________________________________________.
5. David is a good friend of yours. Hes coming to visit you. You will see him soon. You say...
________________________________________________________________________.
149
Verb + Preposition + (verb)ing
Many verbs have the structure verb + preposition (in/for/about, etc.) + object.
For example:
verb + preposition + object
talk (about) We talked about the problem.
apologize (for) I apologize (to you) for what I said. Tracks 49-50 7
If the object is another verb, it goes in ing:
verb + preposition +...ing (object)
We talked about fixing the problem.
I apologize (to you) for saying what i said.
Here are some verbs with this structure:
succeed (in) Have you succeeded in finding a job yet?
insist (on) He insisted on taking me home.
think (of) Im thinking of buying a vehicle.
dream (of) I dreamed of getting a house.
approve (of) Do you approve of gambling?
decide (against) I have decided against moving to Canada.
feel (like) I dont feel like going out tonight.
look forward (to) Im looking forward to seeing her again.
With some verbs you can use the structure verb + preposition + somebody + an ing verb:
insist (on) They insisted on me (or my) staying longer.
approve (of) She doesnt approve on him (or his) gambling.
look forward (to) Were looking forward to Sam (or Sams) coming home.
The following verbs can have the structure verb + object + preposition + an ing verb:
congratulate (on) I congratulated Charly on having a son.
accuse (of) She accused me of telling lies.
suspect (of) Nobody suspected the man of being a spy.
prevent (from) This pill will prevent you from catching a cold.
keep (from) The noise kept her from falling asleep.
stop (from) This fence will stop people from walking on the grass.
thank (for) Have I thanked you for helping me?
excuse (for) Excuse me for interrupting.
Some of these verbs are used in passive. For example:
He was accused of breaking into a house.
He was suspected of being the murderer.
He was kept from seeing his best friend.
150
Complete the sentences using an appropriate verb.
1. I apologize for __________________ so rude.
2. I wanted to mow the lawn alone, but Mary insisted on _______________ me.
3. I feel tired. I dont feel like __________________ any work. Tracks 51-53 7
4. The rain kept me from ___________________ to work on time.
5. His parents didnt approve him ___________________ low grades.
6. I havent heard from Tom in a long time. Im looking forward to __________________ from him soon.
7. I dont like my salary. Im thinking of ________________ somewhere else.
8. The arrested man is suspected of ___________________ illegal documents.
9. Ive decided against ______________ a motorcycle. I think its too dangerous.
10. Im sorry I cant go to your wedding, but thanks for _________________ me anyway.
Complete the sentences using a preposition + one of the following verbs. (In the coreect form):
harm ~ watch ~ live ~ rob ~ drive ~ step ~ solve ~ tell ~ meet ~ spend ~ interrupt
1. Do you feel _________________ a movie?
2. We finally succeeded ___________________ the problem.
3. Ive always dreamed ___________________ near the beach.
4. My neighbor accused me ____________________ his dog.
5. The fence around the garden is to keep people ____________________ on the flowers.
6. Excuse me _________________ your conversation, but we must close in five minutes.
7. He was accused _____________________ lies.
8. Where are you thinking __________________ your next vacations?
9. The police werent able to prevent him __________________ the bank.
10. Im really looking forward _______________________ your new friend.
11. Jeff is a real gentleman. He insisted _______________________ me home.
Complete the sentences using a preposition + one of the following verbs. (In the coreect form):
1. It was very nice of you to invite me Ted thanked ____________________________

your party.
You Ted
2. I hear you got a raise at work. Ki congratulated _________________________

Congratulations!
You Ki
3. It was nice of you to come to Laura thanked ___________________________

see me. Thanks.
Laura
4. I apologized ____________________________
Im sorry Im late.
You
5. She insisted ____________________________

Lets stay one more week.
I insist.
Stop cheating! She accused ____________________________

6.
151
Expressions + (verb)ing
When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in ing:
Theres no point in...
There is no point in explaining if he wont listen. Tracks 54-57 7
There is no point in having a pet if you never play with it.
or Theres no use... / Its no use...
There is no use worrying. Theres nothing you can do.
Its no use fixing this old TV. Its more expensive fixing it than buying a new one.
or Its no good...
Its no good trying to persuade me. I wont accept your offer.
Its (not) worth...
I live three blocks form here. Its not worth taking a taxi.
You should read this book. Its really worth reading.
I think this task is too dangerous. Its not worth risking our lives.
Was the movie worth seeing?
We say...
Have trouble/difficulty...
Did you have trouble getting to my house?
I had difficulty finding a place to rent.
I didnt have any trouble getting a visa.
We normally use ing after...

A waste of money/time... (To is also possible)
This book is trash. Its a waste of time reading it. (Or to read it)
I shouldnt have bought this. I never use it. It was a waste of money.
I didnt have any trouble getting a visa.
Spend/waste (time)...
She spend hours studying for her final exam.
He wasted one whole day trying to fix his old car.
(be) busy... (Not as an infinitive, but as a gerund)
John said he couldnt come. Hes too busy doing other things.
He wasted one whole day trying to fix his old car.
We use go + (verb)ing for a number of activities (specially sports):

Go shopping/go skiing/ go swimming/go fishing etc.
Have you ever gone sailing?
Women love to go shopping.
Id like to go fishing this weekend.
152
Complete the sentences on the right.
1. Should we take a taxi home? Its not that far. Its not worth _____________________________.
2. Why dont you ask Bob to help you? Theres _______________________________. Hes on vacation.
3. I really dont want to by that dress. Dont buy it then! Its no ________________________________.
4. Should I invite George? Dont waste your time _____________________. He wont come.
5. Should we make a complaint? Its not worth _______________________. They wont do anything.
6. Lets watch this movie! Good idea! Peter said it was worth ________________________.
7. Do you ever watch the news? No. I think its a waste of time ____________________________.
Make sentences with worth + (verb) ing or not worth + (verb) ing. Choose one of these verbs:
visit ~ read ~ see ~ keep~ repair ~consider
1. The movie is awesome. ______________________________________________________________.
2. Thats a quite interesting offer. ________________________________________________________.
3. If you have time, you should go to Cancun. ______________________________________________.
4. It would cost too much to fix this TV. ____________________________________________________.
5. I think its a very interesting book. ______________________________________________________.
6. Its time to get rid of these old things. ___________________________________________________.
Write sentences using trouble or difficulty

1. I got my drivers licence very easily. It didnt have trouble ____________________________________________.
2. I cant remember peoples birthday. I have difficulty _________________________________________________.
3. I managed to get the job, but it was difficult. _______________________________________________________.
4. Do you think is difficult to understand him? Do you have _____________________________________________?
5. It wont be difficult to get a flight to Miami. You wont have any _________________________________________.
6. It was difficult to find a good place to eat. I had ____________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences.

1. Calm down. There is no use in ___________________ angry.
2. A: Wheres Gloria? B: Shes busy ___________________ e-mails. Tracks 58-62 7
3. Check out this article. Its really worth ___________________.
4. Every day my sister spends about an hour ___________________ ready to for school.
5. My little brother wastes too much time ___________________ video games.
6. Its a waste of time ___________________ things you dont need.
7. Theres no point in ___________________ for the job. Im almost sure I wont get it.
Complete the sentences with one of the following:

go surfing ~ go surfing ~ go skiing ~go shopping~ go fishing
1. My mom loves to ____________________. Shes dangerous carrying credit cards.
2. Michael lives by the ocean. He like to ____________________ a lot.
3. Ann had a horse. She used to ____________________ every summer.
4. We ____________________ last winter.
5. Have you ever ____________________? Its very exciting when you catch your first fish.
153
To..., For... & So that... (Purpose)
to...
Tracks 63-68 7
We use to to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of an action)
A: Why did you buy that cat? B: To get rid of the mice.
An old friend of mine called to invite me for lunch.
We sent the staff a note to remind them about tomorrows meeting.
We use to to say why something exists or why somebody has/wants/needs/ something:

Was it difficult to find a place to park?
Would you like something to drink?
I have much work to do.
We also use money/time/chance/opportunity/energy/courage, etc., to do something.

I need money to buy a car.
I didnt have a chance to see you.
I need a few more minutes to finish my report.
for... and to...
We use for + noun: We use to + verb:
Im going to France for a vacation. Im going to France to learn French.
(Not for learn, nor for learning)
What would you like for breakfast? What would you like to eat? (Not for eat)
Lets go to the caf for coffee. Lets go to the caf to have coffee.
Note that you can say for somebody to do something:
This book is for you to read. This company car is for us to use.
Use for + (verb)ing to say what the general purpose of a thing is.
This knife is for cutting bread.
You can use What... for? to ask about purpose:
What is this tool for? What did you do that for?
Use how + my/your/his, etc. + infitive (without to or for) to say how something is done:
Hows my driving? Do I drive too fast?
Hows my cooking? Am I good at cooking?
Hows his listening? Is he improving?
so that...
1) When the purpose is negative (so that... wont/wouldnt):

I hurried so that I wouldnt be late. (=Because I didnt want to be late)
Leave early so that you wont (dont) get stuck in traffic.
2) With can and could (so that... can/could):
He is looking for a job so that he can get married.
She learned English so that she could move to England.
3) When a person does something so that another person does something else:
I gave her my e-mail so that she could contact me.
We wore a mask so that they wouldnt recognize us.
154
Use a sentence from Box A and a sentence from box B to make a new one.
A B
1. I had to go to the bank. I want to buy a house.
2. Im saving money. I had to have an operation.
3. I called the police. I needed to make a reservation.
4. Im wearing a sweater. I wanted to keep warm.
Tracks 69-72 7
5. I went to the hospital. I wanted to report a robbery.
6. We called the travel agency. I needed to cash a check.
1. ________________________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________________________.
4. ________________________________________________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________________________________________________.
Complete these sentences using an appropriate verb.

1. I need a bag __________________ all these things.
2. I need new clothes. I dont have anything nice _______________________ for the party.
3. Even though I live near Jeffs house, I went to his house by taxi. I didnt have the energy ______________________.
4. A: Would you like something ____________________? B: Sure! Ill have some ham and eggs.
5. Famous people have a group of bodyguards _____________________ them.
6. We need a mechanic __________________ the problem.
7. Its too much work for me. I need someone _______________________ me.
8. I saw July at the wedding, but we didnt have a chance _______________________ to each other.
9. I didnt have enough time _____________________ the news.
10. I dont have enough money __________________ the rent.
Put in to or for.
1. Im going to Europe _____ visit a friend.
2. Im going to Europe _____ business.
3. I dont have a lot of experience ______ this job.
4. You need a lot of experience ______ do this job.
5. This place is not _____ smoking.
6. I went to the doctor ______ a check up.
7. I went to the doctor ______ get a check up.
8. I had tu put on my glasses ______ read her letter.
9. I think we need a dog _____ the children _____ play with.
10. Do you wear pajamas _____ sleeping?
Write sentences with so that.

1. I put on two sweaters. I didnt want to catch a cold. __________________________________________________.
2. I hurried. I didnt want to be late. _________________________________________________________________.
3. I gave the baby some milk. I wanted him to stop crying.
________________________________________________________________________________.
4. She whispered in my ear. She didnt want others to listen.
________________________________________________________________________________.
5. He locked the door. He didnt want to be disturbed. __________________________________________________.
6. I stopped the car. The children needed to cross the street.
________________________________________________________________________________.
7. Turn down the radio. I cant hear you. _____________________________________________________________.
8. Alice is studying German. She wants to live in Germany.
________________________________________________________________________________.
155
Adjective + to
hard to understand, etc.
Compare sentences A and B.
Tracks 73-77 7
Ralph doesnt speak very clearly. { a) It is hard to understand him.

b) He is hard to understand.
Sentences A and B have the same meaning. A would be active voice and B passive voice.
You can use the same structure with:

easy / difficult / hard / impossible / dangerous / safe / expensive / cheap / nice / interesting
and a number of other adjectives:
Do you think its safe to park in this place?
Do you think this place is safe to park in? (Not to park it in)
Your handwriting is awful. It is impossible to read it (it = your handwriting).
Your handwriting is impossible to read. (Not to read it)
I like spending time with Erik. It is interesting to talk to him.
Erik is very interesting to talk to. (Not to talk to him)
You can use this structure with an adjective + noun:
Thats a difficult question (for me) to answer.
Its nice of you to...

You can use this structure to say what you think of what someone else does:
It was nice of you to give me a lift home. Thanks.
You can use other adjectives beside nice. You can also use these adjectives:
careless / considerate / foolish / clever / unfair / generous / mean / kind / stupid / silly
It was clever of you to buy the tickets ahead of time. They ran out a week ago.
I think it was mean (of you) to leave the dog out in the rain.
Itm sorry...
Use this structure to say how you react to something:
Im sorry to hear that you were fired.
You can use other adjectives beside sorry. You can also use these adjectives:
happy / glad / pleased / delighted / sad / disappointed / surprised / amazed / astonished /
relieved / shocked
I was surprised to see you at the shopping mall.
I was shocked to hear about you grandfathers death.
The first (person) to..., The next plane to arrive

We use to with these expressions:
If I have more information, youll be the first (the only, the last the next) to know.
The last plane to arrive gate 3 was flight 367 from Boston.
Every body was on time except me. I was the only one to arrive late.
156
Tracks 78-82 7
Write these sentences in another way.
1. Its hard to understand him. He is hard _____________________________________________________________.
2. Its difficult to use this machine. This machine is ______________________________________________________.
3. It was easy to pass the test. The test _______________________________________________________________.
4. It was impossible to handle this tool. _______________________________________________________________.
5. Its not safe to step on this floor. ___________________________________________________________________.
6. Its cheap to maintain this car. ____________________________________________________________________.
7. Its safe to drink this water. ____________________________________________________________________.
Complete the second sentence using the adjective in parenthesis. Use a/an + adjective + noun + to.
1. I like to live in this place. (nice) Its a ______________________________________________________________.
2. I couldnt answer the question. (difficult) It was a difficult _______________________________________________.
3. Everybody makes the same mistake. (common) Its a _________________________________________________.
4. I had a lot of fun with George. (fun) He is a _________________________________________________________.
5. We enjoyed watching the movie. (good) It was a _____________________________________________________.
Make a new sentence beginning It.... Use one the following adjectives each time.
careless ~ nice ~ unfair ~ considerate ~ kind
1. Frederic offered to take me home.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
2. You keep making the same mistake.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
3. Her parents offered me to spend the night.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
4. The boss gave everyone a raise except me.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
5. Larry left without telling me.
It wasnt very _____________________________________________________________________.
Use the following cues to complete the sentences.

surprised/see ~ glad/hear ~ pleased/get ~ sorry/hear ~
1. We _________________________ your letter last week.
2. I ___________________________ youre doing well.
3. We _________________________ him at the party. We werent expecting him to come.
4. I ___________________________ that your sister is sick. I hope she gets well soon.
Complete the second sentence using the word in parenthesis + to.

careless ~ nice ~ unfair ~ considerate ~ kind
1. Nobody left after me. (the last)
I was _____________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Everybody else arrived after Luis. (the first)
Luis _______________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Jeff didnt pass the exam. All the other students passed. (only one)
Jeff _______________________________________________________________________________________.
4. I complained to the hotel manager about the air-conditioning. Another two customers had already complained. (the third)
I was ______________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969. Nobody had done this before him. (the first)
He was ____________________________________________________________________________________.
157
Adjective + to / Preposition + (verb)ing
Afraid to do... Afraid of doing...
Afraid to do
I am afraid to do something = I dont want to do it because its dangerous or the result could be bad.
We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally.
Many people are afraid to go out at night. (They dont want to, because they think its dangerous.)
The child was afraid to tell his parents about his low grades. (He though they could get angry.)
Afraid of doing
I am afraid of something happening = Its possible that something bad will happen. (an accident for
example). We do not use afraid of doing for something we do intentionally.
The sidewalk was icy. So we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling. (It was
possible that we would fall) (Not we were afraid to fall)
I dont like dogs. I am afraid of being bitten. (Not we were afraid to be bitten)
You can be afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a result:
I was afraid to get near the dog (intentionally) because I was afraid of being bitten (possibility).
Interested in doing & interested to do

I am interested in doing something = Im thinking of doing it, and I would like to do it.
I am trying to sell my motorcycle, but nobody is interested in buying it. (Not to buy)
We use interested to... specially with verbs like hear/know/see/learn/read.
I was interested to hear his opinion. (= I heard it and It was interesting for me)
I would be interested to know what he has to say.
This structure is the same as surprised to / delighted to, glad to / sorry to, etc. (See lesson 32.1)
I was delighted to see him.
I was surprised to hear that he got promoted.
sorry to do & sorry for doing

We usually say sorry to do... to apologize when (or just before) we do something.
I am sorry to bother you, but I need to talk to you for a few minutes.
We use sorry for... to apologize for something we did before.
Tracks 83-87 7
I am sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (Not sorry to shout)
Or you can say:
I am sorry I shouted at you yesterday.
Note that we say:

I want to (do) / Id like to (do) or Im thinking of (doing) / I dream of (doing)
I failed to (do) or I succeeded in (doing) / I dream of (doing)
I allowed them to (do) or I stopped/prevented them from (doing)
158
Read the situations and use the words in parenthesis to make sentences. Use afraid to... or afraid of -ing.
1. I rarely carry my passport with me.
(I / afraid / lose / it) _____________________________________________________________________________.
2. The streets arent safe at night.
(many people / afraid / go out) ____________________________________________________________________.
3. The wether was very cold.
(we / afraid / get sick) ___________________________________________________________________________.
4. We rushed to the airport.
(we / afraid / miss / our flight) _____________________________________________________________________.
5. We were climbing a high mountain.
(I / afraid / look / down) __________________________________________________________________________.
6. The floor had just been cleaned.
(I / afraid / walk / through the floor) _________________________________________________________________.
7. The food didnt smell right.
(I / afraid / eat / it) ______________________________________________________________________________.
(I / afraid / get / sick) ____________________________________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using one of these verbs:

see ~ buy ~ start ~ go ~ hear ~ work
1. Are you interested ____________________ a new computer.
2. Kevin is interested ____________________ his own business.
3. I was interested ____________________ your new car. Tracks 88-91 7
4. Joseph is only interested ____________________ with computers.
5. Tell me what you think. Im interested ____________________ your opinion..
6. Theres a party tonight. Are you interested __________________?
Complete the sentences using the verb in parenthesis.

1. I am sorry for ____________________ so rude yesterday. (be)
2. Sorry _______________________ you, but can I borrow this chair? (interrupt)
3. Sorry ____________________ you last night. I was too busy. (not / call)
4. Im sorry ____________________ what I did yesterday. I didnt mean to do it. (do)
5. A: My car was stolen last night. B: Im sorry ______________________ that. (hear)
Complete the sentences using the verb in parenthesis.
1. a) I wanted ____________________ the office. (leave)

b) We werent allowed _________________ the building. (leave)
c) We were prevented _________________ immediately. (leave)
2. a) Monica failed ____________________ the problem. (solve)
b) Frank succeeded _________________ the problem. (Fix)
3. a) Im thinking ____________________ the day off. (take)
b) Id like _________________ the day off. (take)
c) Im hoping ___________________ for vacations next month. (go away)
d) Im looking forward ___________________ for vacations next month. (go away)
4. a) Tony wanted ____________________ me dinner. (buy)
b) He promised _________________ me dinner. (buy)
c) He insisted ___________________ me dinner. (buy)
d) Patricia is the most popular girl in school. She wouldnt dream _________________ with me. (go out)
159
See somebody do Vs. See somebody doing
See somebody do Tracks 92-95 7
Tim got on his bike and left. You saw this. You can say:
I saw Tim get on his bike and leave.
In this structure we use the verb (get/drive/do, etc.) in base form:
Somebody did something. I saw this.
I saw somebody do something.
Note that we do not use to.
I saw him go out. (Not to go)
See somebody doing

ing
You saw Gloria yesterday. She was crossing the street. You can say:
I saw Gloria crossing the street.
In this structure we use ing as a gerund.
Somebody was doing something. I saw this.
I saw somebody doing something.
Study the difference in meaning between these two structures:

1) I saw him do something. (= He did something |simple past| and I saw this. I saw the complete
action from beginning to end.
2) I saw him doing something. (= He was doing |past continuous| and I saw this. I saw him when
he was in the middle of doing something. This doesnt mean I saw the complete action:
She was crossing the street.
I saw this when I drove past in my car. {
I saw Gloria crossing the street.
Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use either form:
Ive never seen her dance. or Ive never seen her dancing.
We use these structures with see and hear and with a number of other verbs:
I didnt hear you come in. (= You came in, but I didnt hear it.)
Did you notice anyone go out.
Henry felt something touch him on his back.
I could hear it raining. (= It was raining and I could hear it.)
Listen to the birds singing.
I can smell something burning.
He was caught cheating.
The missing puppies were seen playing.
160
Complete the answers to the questions.
Tracks 96-98 7
1. Did anybody go out? I dont think so. I havent seen ________________________.

2. Has Tom arrived yet? Yes, I think I heard him _____________________________.
3. How do you know I took your coat? I know because I saw you ___________________________.
4. Did the doorbell ring? Im not sure. I didnt hear ____________________________.
5. Did I lock the car? Yes, you did. I saw _________________________________.
6. Why did the teacher take away his exam? He was caught ____________________________________.
In these situations you and a friend saw, heard, caught or smelled something.
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
I smell something.
Listen! Its David.
Look! Theres Ann.
Something is burning.
1 2 3
Subway Station
Is that Carmen?
I thought you said
Alice didnt smoke.
Yes, it is. Look, theres Pete.
4 5 6
1. We saw Ann __________________________________________________________.

2. We _________________________________________________________________.
3. ____________________________________________________________________.
4. ____________________________________________________________________.
5. ____________________________________________________________________.
6. ____________________________________________________________________.
Complete these sentences. Use one of the verbs in the correct form:
come ~ bit ~ say ~ slam ~ cry ~ tell ~ swim ~ explode ~ wait ~ eat
1. I felt something _________________________. It was a mosquito.
2. Can you hear the baby ______________________?
3. We listened to our grandfather ______________________ an interesting story.
4. I didnt hear you ______________________ in.
5. I heard Bill ________________________ the door. He must be angry.
6. I thought I heard somebody _____________________ Hello! So I looked back.
7. Look at those dolphins ______________________.
8. When we got home, we found our dog ________________________ all the food in the refrigerator.
9. I was driving on the street when I saw July _____________________ at the bus stop.
10. We all heard the bomb _______________________. It was a tremendous noise.
161
Adjectives ending in ing & ed
Boring / bored
There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed: for example, boring and bored.
Merrily has been doing the same job for a very long
bored time. She does exactly the same thing every day.
She doesnt like it anymore. She wants to do something
different.
Merrily is bored. (at the moment) Tracks 1-4 8
boring
Merrilys job is boring. (all the time)
We normally use -ing to say how something usually is, and -ed to say
how something or someone feels at the moment.
Somebody gets bored if something or someone else is boring.

If something or someone else is boring, it makes other people bored.
Kenneth always talks about the same things. He is boring. (all the time)
Hes making me feel bored. (now)
Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed:
boring Im bored.
My job is
{ interesting
tiring
relaxing
depressing
satisfying (etc.)
The -ing adjective tells you how the job is.
Im
Im
Im
Im
Im
still interested in my job.
always tired.
never stressed.
always depressed.
satisfied with my job.
The -ed adjective tells you how someone feels
(about something -the job).
Compare these examples
interesting interested
I met someone interesting. Are you interested in this job?
I think science is very interesting. Im interested in science.
surprising surprised
It was a surprising story. Everyone was surprised.
Im surprised to see you here.
shocking shocked
The news was shocking. We were shocked when we heard
the news.
disappointing disappointed
The film was disappointing. We were disappointed in the movie.
We expected it to be much better.
162
Complete the sentences or each situation. Use the word in parenthesis + -ing or -ed.
1. Were going to Paris next week. I have never been there before.. (excit-)
a) It will be an __________________ experience for me.
b) I am really _____________________ to go there.
2. I dont like going to banks when its pay day. There are too many people. (stress-)
a) Its __________________ going to a bank on pay day.
b) I get _____________________ when I go to a bank on pay day.
3. Carmen works in a kindergarten. Its a hard job, but she enjoys it. (exhaust-) Tracks 5-7 8
a) She likes the job, but its often __________________.
b) At the end of the week, shes often _____________________.
4. Look at the clouds! Its going to rain. I hate rainy weather. (depress-)
a) This weather is __________________.
b) This weather makes me _____________________.
5. The book wasnt as good as I expected. (disappoint-)
a) The book was __________________.
b) I was _____________________ in the book.
Choose the correct word by crossing out the wrong one.

1. My grandfather is a very interesting/interested person.
2. I dont get embarrassing/embarrassed easily.
3. Hes a little boring/bored. Hes always talking about the same thing. I wish he said something interesting/interested.
4. The tennis game was quite exciting/excited.
5. He has made astonishing/astonished progress since last year.
6. Are you interesting/interested in sports?
7. I didnt expect to win the race. I was really amazing/amazed when I won.
8. Its often embarrassing/embarrassed to ask people for money.
9. Im getting boring/bored. Change the channel! That looks boring/bored.
10. Riding the roller coaster was a terrifying/terrified experience. Everybody was shocking/shocked.
11. We didnt find the situation funny. We werent amusing/amused.
12. She was disappointing/disappointed in her new boss. She expected him to be more honest.
Choose the correct word by crossing out the wrong one.
boring/bored annoying/annoyed amusing/amused

exciting/excited disgusting/disgusted surprising/surprised
interesting/interested exhausting/exhausted confusing/confused
1. The kitchen was really ________________. It hadnt been cleaned for ages.
2. Im getting married next month. Im very ________________.
3. The teachers explanation was ________________. Most of the students couldnt understand him.
4. He works really hard. Im ________________ hes never tired.
5. I was ________________ after eleven hours of hard work.
6. The lecture was so ________________ that I even took notes.
7. I dont have anything to do. Im ________________.
8. The loud noise was ________________ for all of us.
9. Larry is good at telling jokes. He can be very ________________.
10. I asked Jeff if he wanted to have lunch with me, but he wasnt ________________.
11. Working with kids can be quite ________________.
12. His strange accent was ________________. We couldnt understand him.
163
Adjectives: Word order / Adjectives after verbs
A nice car / You look tired
Tracks 8-10 8
Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:
My grandparents live in a nice beautiful house.
They have an old large round wooden clock in the livingroom.
Adjectives like old/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us factual information about
age, size, color, etc.
Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what somebody thinks of someone
or something.
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives:
opinion fact
a nice long winter vacation
an interesting old man
a delicious fresh salad
a beautiful large round wooden clock
Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives together. Very often (but not always) we put adjectives
in this order:
1 2 3 4 5
how
big? Y how
old? Y what
color? Y where
from? Y what is it
made of? Y Noun
a tall young man (1 Y 2) a large wooden clock (1 Y 5)

big brown eyes (1 Y 3) An old Spanish song (2 Y 4)
a small white paper bag (1 Y 3 Y 5) a new red cotton shirt (2 Y 3 Y 5)
Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/long/short, etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape
and width (squared/round/fat/thin/slim/wide, etc.):
a large round table a tall thin lady a long narrow street
When there are two or more color adjectives, we use and:
a pink and white table a blue, white and red flag
but a long brown dress (not a long and brown dress)
We use adjectives after be/get/seem/become:

Be careful!
As the meeting went on, it became more and more interesting.
Her friend seems jealous.
Are you tired?
Im getting hungry.
We also use adjectives to say how somebody looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells:
You look tired. / I feel sleepy. / You sound sick.
The food smells delicious.
The water tastes strange.
But to say how somebody does something, we use an adverb (next unit):
Drive carefully!
She sings beautifully.
He plays golf well. (not plays good).
164
Tracks 11-13 8
Put the adjectives in parentheses in the correct position.
1. a black jacket (leather) ____________________________________________________.
2. an old sweater (brown) ____________________________________________________.
3. a new blouse (nice) ____________________________________________________.
4. an unusual watch (gold) ____________________________________________________.
5. an old house (big) ____________________________________________________.
6. a beautiful clock (wooden / round) ____________________________________________________.
7. a metal box table (yellow / tiny) ____________________________________________________.
8. a long face (thin) ____________________________________________________.
9. a round table (long) ____________________________________________________.
10. big clouds (grey and black) ____________________________________________________.
11. a lovely day (sunny) ____________________________________________________.
12. an American song (old) ____________________________________________________.
13. a wide avenue (long) ____________________________________________________.
14. a scary movie (old / nice) ____________________________________________________.
15. a huge swimming pool (squared / nice) ____________________________________________________.
16. an old coat (dirty / ugly) ____________________________________________________.
17. an old painting (interesting / French) ____________________________________________________.
18. a blond hair (long / beautiful) ____________________________________________________.
19. a fat dog (black / big) ____________________________________________________.
20. a little country inn (old / charming) ____________________________________________________.
Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) from box A and an adjective from box B.
A B
look seem feel fine awful nice
smell taste sound wet interesting upset
1. I cant eat this. I just tried it, and it ___________________________.
2. You ______________________. Have you been out in the rain?
3. Karen was sick yesterday, but she ___________________________.
4. David told me about his new job. It ______________________.
5. Laura ___________________________ this morning. She didnt even say hello.
6. The flowers are beautiful, and they ___________________________ too.
Choose the correct word in parenthesis.

1. This milk tastes ____________________. (strange / strangely)
2. The prisoner became ____________________. (aggressive / agressively) after two years in prison.
3. Our team was playing ____________________. (bad / badly)
4. I feel ____________________ when the sun is shining. (happy / happily)
5. Are you ok? You look ____________________. (terrible / terribly)
6. Hes not doing his work ____________________. (good / well)
7. You dont look ____________________ today. Are you sick? (good / well)
8. The food smells ____________________. (delicious / deliciously)
9. This soup tastes ____________________. (good / well)
10. I usually drive ____________________ whenever its raining. (slow / slowly)
165
Adjectives & Adverbs 1
Quick / Quickly
Tracks 14-16 8
Look at these examples:
Our summer vacation was too short. The time passed very quickly.
The driver was seriously injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Adverbs can go before or after a verb. Many adverbs are made
from and adjective + -ly:
adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad perfect nice etc.
adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly perfectly nicely etc.
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:
adjective: friendly lonely lovely silly lively elderly etc.
Adjective or adverb?
Adjectives (quick/bad, etc.) tell us about a noun. Adverbs (quickly/badly, etc.) tell us about a verb.
We use adjectives before nouns and after some We use adverbs before and after a verb. It tells us
verbs (look/feel/sound/taste, etc.) specially be: how someone does something or how it happens:
Roy is a careful driver. (Not a carefully Roy drove carefully along the narrow
driver) road. (Not drove careful)
We didnt go out because of the heavy We didnt go out because it was raining
rain. heavily. (Not raining heavy)
Be quiet, please. Speak quietly, please.
My exam results were bad. I did badly on the exam.
It was a serious accident. The car was seriously damaged.
past participle
Compare:
He speaks perfect English. He speaks English perfectly.
ajective + noun verb + object + noun
Be careful with look/feel/seem/smell, etc. (unit 32.1)
Why do you always look so serious? He always takes things seriously.
Compare these sentences with look:
Gil looked happy when I saw him. Gil looked at me happily.
(he seemed happy; his expression was happy) (he looked at me in a happy way)
We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs, for example:
reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective)
terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)
incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)
Its a reasonably cheap hotel, and the service is extremely good.
Im terribly sorry. I didnt mean to step on your shoe.
Kim learns sports incredibly quickly.
The exam was incredibly easy.
The food was simply delicious.
We also use adverbs before a past participle verb (damaged/injured/distroyed/written/organized, etc):
The book was well written.
The food was poorly prepared.
166
Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb are given.
1. We waited p___________________ without complaining.
2. I didnt know Nicole was coming to see us. She arrived unex___________________.
3. We had to stop the car because it was raining h___________________.
Tracks 17-20 8
4. I I like to stay in shape by going to the gym reg___________________.
5. My team lost the game because we were playing b___________________.
6. I had no trouble passing the exam. I passed the test quite ea___________________.
Put in the right word.
1. The driver of the car was ___________________ injured. (serious / seriously)
2. I think you behaved a little ___________________. (childish / childishly)
3. My wife can be a little ___________________ sometimes. (childish / childishly)
4. She acted ___________________ when she was asked to donate blood. (selfish / selfishly)
5. Im ___________________ upset about losing my wallet. (real / really)
6. This cant be ___________________. I must be dreaming. (real / really)
7. Were ___________________ sorry for the misunderstanding. It wont happen again. (terrible / terribly)
8. There was a ___________________ change in our schedule. (sudden / suddenly)
9. Everyone at the wedding was ___________________ dressed. (nice / nicely)
10. Maria likes wearing ___________________ clothes. (nice / nicely)
11. He fell and hurt himself quite ___________________ (bad / badly)
12. I wouldnt climb up that ladder if I were you. It doesnt look ___________________. (safe / safely)
13. He looked __________________ when they told him he was hired. (happy / happily)
14. He looked at me __________________ when the boss told him he was fired. (angry / angrily)
Complete each sentences by using a word from the box. Sometimes you need an adjective (happy, etc)
careful(ly) continuous(ly) complete(ly) fluent(ly) financial(ly)
happy/happily perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly) perfect(ly)
1. His English is very ___________________, even though hes not very accurate.
2. We are ___________________ married.
3. I tried on these shoes and they fit me ___________________.
4. Id like to buy a house, but its ___________________ impossible for me at the moment.
5. Our vacation was too short. The time passed ___________________ very. (quick / quickly)
6. I made this cake ___________________ for you. I hope you like it.
7. The night was quiet. There was ___________________ silence.
8. Jeff works ___________________. He never seems to stop.
9. I usually feel ___________________ on the first date.
10. Have a nice trip. Drive ___________________.
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentence.
absolutely reasonably completely cheap ill enormous
badly seriously unusually damaged changed quiet
slightly unnecessarily extremely long planned dangerous
1. What a big mansion. Its _______________ ________________.
2. My dog is normally very lively, but today its _______________ ________________.
3. I thought the hotel would be expensive, but it was _______________ ________________.
4. Everything went wrong on our trip because it was _______________ ________________.
5. Ronalds grandmother is _______________ ________________. Shes been in the hospital for a week now.
6. Some snakes are _______________ ________________.
7. When I returned home after 15 years, everything had _______________ ________________.
8. The movie was _______________ ________________. It almost lasted three hours.
9. It wasnt a serious accident. The car was only _______________ ________________.
167
Adjectives & Adverbs 2
Well / fast / late / hard / hardly
good/well Tracks 21-23 8
Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:
Your English is good. but You speak English well.
Frederic is a good tennis player. but He plays tennis well.
We use well (not good) with past participles (dressed/known, etc.)
well dressed well known well educated well paid well prepared etc.
fast/hard/latel
Fast/hard/late are both adjectives and adverbs:
ajective adverb
Henry is a fast runner. Henry runs fast.
Kate is a hard worker. Kate works hard.
The train was late. The plane arrived late.
Lately = recently:
What have you done lately?
hardly
Hardly = very little, almost not at all. Study these examples:
Sofia wasnt very friendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
(= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all.)
Sindy and Michael want to get married, but theyve only known each other for a few
weeks. I dont think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other.
(= they know each other very little.)
Hard and hardly are completely different. Compare:
He got an A+ on his exam because he had studied hard for it. (= he studied a lot)
He got an F on his exam because he had hardly studied for it. (= he studied very little)
We often use hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere:
A: How much money have you got?
B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none)
We need to go shopping. We hardly have any food. We hardly have
He hardly ate anything. He wasnt hungry. any food.
(= she ate very little, almost nothing)
The exam results were very bad. Hardly anyone in our class
passed. (= very few students passed)
Note the position of hardly. You can say:
We hardly have any food. or We have hardly any food.
He hardly ate anything. or He ate hardly anything.
I can hardly do something = Its almost impossible for me to do it:
His pronunciation is strange. I can hardly understand him.
My leg is hurt. I can hardly walk. (= its almost impossible for me to walk)
Hardly ever = almost never:
Im almost always at home. I hardly ever go out. (= I almost never go out)
168
Put in good or well.
1. I play golf, but I Im not very __________. 7. Our business is going __________ at the moment.
2. You did very __________ on your exam. 8. I like your coat. It looks __________ on you.
3. Your exam results were __________. 9. Hes always __________ dressed.
4. Did you sleep __________ last night? 10. Ive met David a few times, but I dont know him very
5. Jim speaks English very __________. __________.
6. Jims English is very __________. 11. Sandra is ________ known for her _______ grades in school.
Complete these sentences with well + one of these words:

paid informed kept behaved balanced dressed known prepared
1. You should eat different types of food. Your diet should be _________ _______________.
2. Neil has a lot of responsibility in his job, but he isnt very _________ _______________.
3. His garden is neat and clean. Its _________ _______________.
4. The children were very good. They were _________ _______________.
Tracks 24-28 8
5. Judy is quite _________ _______________. She know a lot about many things.
6. I dont think Tim will get the job. He isnt _________ _______________.
7. My clothes were wrinkled and dirty. I wasnt very _________ _______________.
8. Im surprised you havent heard of him. Hes quite _________ _______________.
Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. Im tired because Ive been working hardly. __________________________
2. I tried hard to remember his address, but I couldnt. __________________________
3. This dress is practically new. Ive hardly ever worn it. __________________________
4. Hes very good at golf. He hits the ball hardly. __________________________
5. Hell never be a good tennis player. He hardly ever practices. __________________________
6. Dont walk so fast. I can hardly keep up with you. __________________________
7. Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired? __________________________
Complete these sentences with hardly + one of the following verbs in the correct form.
hear speak wait change recognize sleep know say
1. Youre speaking very quietly. I can _________ _______________ you.
2. Sarah and Keith have only met twice. They _________ _______________ each other.
3. Our neighbors had a party last night. The music was too loud. I _________ _______________ last night.
4. Kathy is very excited about her new presents. She can _________ _______________ to open them.
5. You look so different. I _________ _______________ you.
6. John was very quiet. He _________ _______________ a word.
7. You look almost the same as you looked 20 years ago. Youve _________ _______________.
8. We were so shocked about the news, we could _________ _______________.
Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever.

1. It was nice driving this evening. There was _________ _______________ traffic.
2. I hate this town. Theres _________ _______________ to do and _________ _______________ to go.
3. A: Do you know much about cars? B: No, _________ _______________.
4. I usually have too much work every day. I _________ _______________ watch TV.
5. We used to be close friends. Now we _________ _______________ see each other since we started working.
6. Well have to go shopping. Theres _________ _______________ food.
7. My boss isnt very popular. _________ _______________ talks to him.
8. The restaurant was almost empty. There was _________ _______________ having dinner.
169
So & Such
Well / fast / late / hard / hardly
so & such Tracks 29-32 8
Compare so and such: We use such + noun:
We use so + adjective/adverb: such a story such people
so nice so nicely We also use such + adjective + noun:
so quick so quickly such a long story such nice people
I didnt enjoy the book. The story I didnt enjoy the book. It was such a boring
was so boring. story. (Not so boring story)
I like Nick and Alice. They are so nice. I like Nick and Alice. Theyre such nice people.
We use such + plural/uncountable noun
& such a + singular noun.
So and such make the meaning of an adjective (or adverb) stronger:

I feel so warm in this jacket. This is such a warm jacket.
(= really warm) (= a really warm jacket)
I had a good time. Time passed so I had such a good time.
quickly. (= a really good time)
You can use so... that...: You can use such... that...:
The book was so good that I couldnt It was such a good book that I couldnt
stop reading it. stop reading it.
I was so hungry that I ate the whole I had such hunger that I ate the entire pizza.
pizza.
You can leave out that: You can leave out that:
I was so tired (that) I fell asleep It was such nice weather (that) we decided
to go swimming.
We also use so and such to mean like this:

Ive never felt so tired. (= as tired as this) Ive never seen such a mess. (= a mess like this)
I was surprised to hear the value of the I was surprised to hear the value of the
car. I didnt realize it was so expensive. car. I didnt realize it was such an expensive
(= as expensive as this) car. (= as expensive as this)
We say so long but such a long time:

I havent seen him for so long (that) Ive I havent seen him for such a long time.
forgotten what he looks like. (Not so long time)
We say so far but such a long way:
I didnt know it was so far. I didnt know it was such a long way.
We say so much/many but such a lot of:
There are so many people here. There is such a lot of people in this building.
Why did you buy so much food? Why did you buy such a lot of food?
170
Put in so, such or such a(n).
1. Hes hard to understand because he speaks __________ quickly.
2. Hank and Mario are __________ nice people.
3. It was a great party. We had __________ good time.
4. This salad tastes __________ good.
5. This salad has __________ good taste. Tracks 33-35 8
6. Everything is __________ expensive these days, isnt it?
7. Today is __________ nice day! We have perfect weather.
8. I have to go. I didnt realize it was __________ late.
9. She wears __________ nice clothes. She always looks __________ good.
10. I never knew Peter was __________ wealthy.
11. I never knew Peter was __________ wealthy guy.
12. It was __________ shock to hear about his accident.
13. I was __________ shocked when I heard about his accident that I couldnt speak.
14. The food at the restaurant was __________ awful. Ive never eaten __________ awful food.
15. They have __________ much money (that) they dont know what to do with it.
16. They have __________ a lot of money (that) they dont know what to do with it.
17. I didnt know you live __________ long way from school.
18. I didnt know you live __________ far away from school.
19. This machine is __________ problem. It never works!
20. It was __________ exciting movie (that) I couldnt go to sleep.
Make one sentence from two. Use so...(that)... or such...(that)....

1. Ive got a lot to do. We decided to go camping.
2. The service in the restaurant was good. You could hear it from miles.
3. I was tired. I dont know where to start.
4. It was a beautiful day. He got a raise.
5. He plays tennis well. I didnt feel hungry until the next day.
6. It was terrible weather. You would think it was his native language.
7. The music was loud. I gave that waitress a nice tip.
8. I had a big lunch. He became a champion.
9. He worked hard. I couldnt keep my eyes open.
10. He speaks Spanish well. We decide to stay home and rent some movies.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________________________________________
10. _________________________________________________________________________________________
Use your own ideas to complete these pairs of sentences.

1. We enjoyed our vacation. It was so ______________. We enjoyed our vacation we had such _________________.
2. I dont like L.A. Very much. Its so ________________. I dont like L.A. Very much. Its such ___________________.
3. I love my grandmother. Shes so _________________________.
I like Marge. Shes such ____________________________.
4. I wouldnt like to be a cop. Its so _________________. I wouldnt like to be a cop. Its such ____________________.
5. I cant play golf. Its so _________________________. I cant play golf. Its such ____________________________.
171
Even
Even as an adjective
Even = the same in measurement This pair of socks is uneven.
(weight, distance, height, etc.), tied, One sock is green and the
equal, paired, etc. other one is blue.
Each wrestler weighs 254 The numbers 2, 4 and 6 are
pounds. They both have even numbers. 1, 3 and 5 are
even weight. 254 pounds 254 pounds
odd numbers.
Even as an adverb
Even = more, to a greater extent (worse,
harder, better, etc.)
Laura can take care
Marge makes breakfast, takes
of the twins, clean the
the children to school, goes to
house and even chat
work, cleans the house and she
with her friends on line.
even fixes the car.
My mom takes me to school, My mother cooks, works,

works and she even reads plays tennis read stories
stories to me at night. to me at night and she
even cuts my hair.
Note that even goes between a
subject and a verb.
Some more examples:
This picture isnt very good. Even I can take better pictures than these. (and Im certainly
not a good a good photographer)
Note that even goes after an auxiliary.
Roy is a mean person. He didnt even call his mother on her birthday.
Henry has traveled all over the world. He has even been to India.
I cant cook. I cant even boil an egg. Tracks 36-40 8
They werent very friendly to us. They didnt even say hello.
Study these examples with not even:
Nobody would lend him money - even her father. or Not even her own father would lend
him any money.
Nobody believed her. Not even me.
Richard can read and write and hes not even six years old.
You can use even + a comparative (cheaper / more expensive, etc):
I got up early, but Jane got up even earlier.
We were surprised to get a letter from him. We were even more surprised when when
she came to see us a few days later.
Even though / even when / even if
You can use even + though/when/if to join sentences. You cant use even alone in these sentences:
He bought a watch, even though he already had one.
She never shouts, even when shes angry.
I wouldnt buy a motorcycle even if I had the money.
Compare even if and if:
I wont go swimming if it rains. I will go swimming even if it rains.
172
Jody, Natasha and Carmen are three friends who went on vacation together. Use the information given about them
to complete the sentences using even or not even + one of their name(s) (Jody, Natasha and Carmen).
Jody... Natasha... Carmen...
is usually happy is a little miserable is always late

is always on time doesnt like hotels loves staying at hotels
likes sleeping early usually hates seafood loves art
is friendly isnt very friendly is a little lazy
1. They stayed at a wonderful hotel. Everyone liked it, even ___________.

2. They arranged to meet early in the morning the next day. They all arrived on time, __________ ___________.
3. They went to an art gallery. Nobody enjoyed it, __________ ___________.
4. They werent in such a good mood that afternoon, __________ ___________.
5. They went to a seafood restaurant. They all liked the food there, __________ ___________. Tracks 41-44 8
6. They didnt take any pictures, __________ ___________.
7. The next they met new people. They were all very friendly, __________ ___________.
Make sentences with even. Use the words in parentheses.

1. He has been all over the world. (India) She has _____________________________________________________.
2. She has to work every day. (on Sundays) She ______________________________________________________.
3. They painted the whole house. (the attic) They ______________________________________________________.
4. The thief stole everything in the house. (an old picture) He _____________________________________________.
5. He wouldnt hurt anyone. (a fly) He _____________________________________________________.
Use not even in the following sentences.
6. She didnt say anything to us. (hello) She didnt ______________________________________________________.
7. I cant remember anything about him. (his name) I ____________________________________________________.
8. Theres nothing to do in this small town. (a movie theater) ______________________________________________.
9. She didnt tell anyone where she was going. (her family) ______________________________________________.
Complete these sentences with even + a comparative.

1. This building is 300 hundred, but the church next to it is _______________ __________________.
2. It was very cold yesterday, but today its _______________ __________________.
3. Neither of us were hungry. I ate very little and my friend ate _______________ __________________.
4. Thats a great idea, but I have _______________ __________________ one.
5. I did badly on the exam, but some of my classmates did _______________ __________________.
6. The first partial exam was difficult, but the second was _______________ __________________.
Put in if, even, even if, or even though.

1. __________________ he cant speak French, he went to France.
2. The plane leaves in 5 minutes. We cant catch it __________________ we took a taxi.
3. Hurry up. The plane leaves in 5 minutes. You can catch it __________________ you run.
4. His French is not very good, __________________ hes lived in France for two years.
5. His French is not very good, __________________ after four years in France.
6. __________________ with the air conditioner, it was still hot.
7. __________________ I was very tired, I couldnt sleep.
8. I wont give him a second chance, not __________________ he begs me.
9. He can win the match __________________ he practices he begs me.
10. He couldnt win the match __________________ he practiced for a year. He needs a lot more practice!
173
In case, Unless, As long as & Provided/providing
In case
We use in case to say why somebody does (or doesnt do). You do (did) something now (in the past)
in case something happens (happenned).
James always carries his
camera, in case he finds I brought my umbrella,
something interesting. in case it rained.
Some more examples of in case:

Carl might call tonight. I dont want to go out, in case he calls. (Not in case he will call)
We should bring a compass, in case we get lost.
We use just in case for a smaller possibility: Tracks 45-48 8
I dont think it will rain, but Ill take an umbrella just in case.
In case is not the same as if. Compare:

Well buy some more food, in case Jeff Well buy some more food, if Jeff comes.
comes. (= perhaps Jeff will come; well buy (= perhaps Jeff will come; well buy some food
some food now, weather he comes or not; until he comes; if he doesnt come, we wont
then we will already have the food if he comes.) buy any food.)
In case of... is not the same as in case. In case of... = if there is... (especially on signs, etc.):
In case of fire, please leave the building immediately.
In case of emergency, dial this number.
Unless
Unless (= except if...) is very similar to if... not:
You cant buy any drugs, You cant purchase anything

unless you have a prescription. in this store unless you have
(= if you dont have a prescription) cash. (= if you dont have cash)
Some more examples of in case:

Dont spend too much time on the computer, unless its very necessary.
I wouldnt drink that water, unless I was extremely thirsty. (except if I was very thirsty)
We often use unless in warnings:
Well be late unless we hurry. (except if we hurry)
Unless you practice more, you wont improve your skills. (except if you study or practice)
As long as
As long as / so long as / provided (that) / providing (that) = if or on condition that:
You can use my car as (so) long as you drive carefully.
You can borrow this money as (so) long as you pay it back tomorrow.
Hell pass his exams provided (ing) that he studies hard.
Children are allowed to use the swimming pool provided that they are with an adult.
174
Cynthia is going for a long walk in a new country. She is going to take the following things with her:
a camera some candy an umbrella a map travelers checks a cell phone a book
She has decided to take these things because:
she might get bored / she might want to take some pictures / its possible that she loses her purse.
Maybe it will rain / Maybe someone needs to talk to her / she could get lost / she could get hungry
Write sentences with in case saying why Cynthia has decided to take these things with her:
Shes going to take a camera in case...
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
7. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
Rewrite these sentences using in case.

1. I wrote an e-mail to Mario, but I didnt get a reply. So I wrote to him again because I thought that perhaps he
hadnt got my first letter. I wrote to him again _______________________________________________________.
2. I noticed that my neighbors dog had just had puppies. I told him I was interested in getting one. Maybe they were
too many for him to keep. I told him... _____________________________________________________________.
3. There was a possibility that Joni would call. So I didnt go out.
I didnt go out... ______________________________________________________________.
4. I thought that my mother would be worried about me, so I called her.
I called ... ___________________________________________________________________.
Put in in case or if.
1. Write your name and telephone number on your wallet, __________ you lose it.
2. I hope you can come to Mexico some time. __________ you come, you can stay with me.
3. You should call the police __________ you saw that your car was stolen. Tracks 49-54 8
4. This is Toms book. Can you give it to him __________ you see him?
5. David might call this evening. I dont want to go out __________ he calls.
Write a sentences with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.
1. He has to apologize or Ill never talk to him again. Ill never _____________________________________________.
2. Im going to the party if you go, too. Im not going _____________________________________________________.
3. The company has to offer me more money or Ill start looking for a better job.
Ill start ______________________________________________________________________________________.
4. You need to speak louder or he wont be able to hear you. He wont ______________________________________.
5. The doctor will see you today only if its an emergency. He wont _________________________________________.
6. Listen carefully or you wont know what to do. You wont know what to do _________________________________.
7. You are allowed into the club only if you are a member. You arent allowed into the club _______________________.
Choose the correct word for each sentence.

1. Im playing golf tomorrow unless / provided it rains tomorrow.
2. Im plating golf tomorrow unless / provided it doesnt rain tomorrow.
3. You may go to the party as long as / unless you come home before midnight.
4. Im leaving now provided / unless you want me to stay.
5. I dont watch TV unless / as long as I dont have anything else to do.
1. Well be late unless __________________________________________________________________________.
2. You can borrow the money providing ____________________________________________________________.
3. I usually take the bus to school unless ___________________________________________________________.
4. I dont mind cleaning the house so long as ________________________________________________________.
5. You can meet me tomorrow unless ______________________________________________________________.
175
As (time & reason) / Like & As
As (time)
You can use as when two things happen at the same time:
I watched him as he entered the room. (I watched and he entered the room at the same time.)
As they walked along the street, they looked in the store windows.
Or you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (= in the middle of
something else):
Mary slipped as she was getting off the bus.
The thief was seen as he was breaking into the house.
As is very similar to while. We often use as when two short actions happen at the same time:
I waved good-bye to Betty as she drove away in her car.
Turn off the light as you go out, please.
But we also use as when two things change together over a longer period of time.
I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it.
As the day went on, the weather got better.
You can also use just as (= exactly at the moment):
Just as I sat down, the phone rang.
Tracks 55-58 8
We use when (not as) if one thing happens after another:
When I got to work, I turned the computer on.
As (reason)
As sometimes means because:
As it was a national holiday, no one went to work. (= because it was a national holiday)
You can also use since in this case:
Ronald had more privileges inside the company as he was son of the CEO.
or Ronald had more privileges inside the company since he was son of the CEO.
When we use as with a situation (not an action), the meaning is usually because:
As I was asleep, I didnt hear the phone ring. (because I was asleep)
We use while or when with short and long actions (not situations):
The phone rang while I was asleep. (= at that time I was asleep) (not as I was asleep)
I met her when (while) I was going to high school. (= during that time) (not as I was going)
Like = similar to, the same as. In these sentences like is a preposition. So its followed by a noun
(like a sports car), a pronoun (like you), or an ing verb (like driving). You cannot use as.
What a fast car. Its like a sports car. (Not as) Shes a teacher like you. (Not as you)
This van is huge. Its like driving a truck. (Not as driving)
Sometimes like = for example. You can also use such as:
Some sports like skiing and boxing can be dangerous.
We use as to mean in the same way, but before a subject + a verb:
I did exactly as (like) you told me. Do as I say, please.
We also say as usual/as always/as you know/as(like) I was saying/as he expected/as I thought, etc.:
He arrived early as usual. As you know, today is our anniversary. I did as he expected.
As can also be a preposition, but the meaning is different from like. Compare.
Henry is our manager. As the manager he Beth is the coordinator. Like the manager,
has many responsibilities. Beth has many responsibilities, too.
As (preposition) = in the position of, in the form of, etc.:
He works for the school as a boss driver. Many English words (like water and rain
176 can be used as nouns and verbs.
Use as to join a sentence from box A with one from box B.
A We all waved good bye to Kim B I was driving along the road
I burned my hand I was pulling out a hot dish out of the oven
The crowd cheered She walked away
A cat ran out in front of the car The players ran onto the field
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________________________________.
Put in as or when. Sometimes you can use either as or when.

1. The train slowed down ________ as it aproached the station.
2. I used to read a lot ________ I was a student.
Tracks 59-63 8
3. David got married ________ he was 25.
4. I started working ________ I finished studying.
5. My luggage got stolen ________ I was on vacation.
What does as mean in these sentences? because at the same time

1. I hit the car as I was parking. ______ ______
2. As we climbed up the stairs, we got more and more tired. ______ ______
3. As he lives near us, we see him very often. ______ ______
4. As I was tired I went to bed early. ______ ______
5. Erica slipped as she was getting off the bus. ______ ______
6. As we dont have time to play with our pet, we decided to sell it. ______ ______
Circle the number of the sentences where as means (because) since.
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I saw you as ________________________________________________________________________________.
2. It began to rain just as ________________________________________________________________________.
3. As I didnt know the way to the airport ____________________________________________________________.
4. Just as I saw her ____________________________________________________________________________.
Put in as or like. Sometimes either word is possible.

1. Claire is a dentist ___________ her father.
2. Brenda looks exactly ____________ her mother.
3. Kenneth works in my school ___________ a teacher.
4. Did you do it ___________ I told you?
5. Ill pick you up tomorrow ___________ usual.
6. ___________ you know, today is my birthday.
7. Kelly failed her driving test ____________ she expected.
8. My brother drives ___________ crazy when hes in a hurry.
9. Your advice seems wise. Ill do ___________ you said.
10. Its a shiny day. I love weather ____________ this.
11. Your Spanish is very good. I wish I could speak ____________ you.
12. My father game me his golden watch, ____________ a birthday present.
13. Do ____________ you wish. Its your decision.
14. Hes 24, but he sometimes behaves ____________ a ten year old.
15. Rodrigos house is full of interesting things. Its ____________ a museum.
16. Pamela has been working ____________ a stewardess for four months now.
17. We dont use all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them ____________ a study room.
18. He wastes too much time doing things ____________ watching TV.
19. We have a garage, but we dont have car, so we use it ____________ a workshop.
20. This soup is awful, it tastes ____________ water.
177
As if, As though & Like
As if
You can use as if to say how something or somebody looks/sounds/feels, etc.:
This wall looks as if it

Harry sounded as if he had a cold.
had been on a fire.
It feels as if it were Friday, but its
And the house looks like
still Monday.
its going to fall down.
Compare: Tracks 64-68 8

You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look as if you didnt sleep well. (look + as if + subject + verb)
You can use as though or like instead of as if:
You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look as though you didnt seep well. (look + as if + subject + verb)
You can also say:

looks as if... It looks as if the It looks like
It + { { {
sounds
smells
+ as though...
like...
fish has caught
him.
hes having
lots of fun.
It smells as though It doesnt sound like It looks as if he

someone has made its going erupt. has never had a
coffee. computer before.
You can use as if / as though / like with other verbs to say how somebody does something:
He played like he was a professional.
After she slipped and fell down, she got up as if nothing had happened.
She looked at me as though I was crazy when I told her my story.
After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example:
I dont like Sam very much. He talks as if he knew everything.
The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (as if he knew) because the idea is not
real. We use the past in the same way with if and wish. See lesson 24.
I dont like Sam very much. He talks as if he knew everything.
Here are some more examples:
Carl is only 45. Why do you talk to him as if he was (were) an old man?
My classmates are always asking me things as if I were the teacher.
Like and as though are not usually said in these type of sentences.
Why do you always want me to pay. You look at me as if I had a lot of money.
Shes always asking me to do things for her, as if I didnt have enough to do. .
178
Choose from the box to complete the sentences. Use as if or like.
Tracks 69-72 8
A He was enjoying it B She meant what she was saying
He needs a good rest They didnt want to come
She hadnt eaten for days He had hurt his knee
1. I dont think she was jocking. She looked ___________________________________________________________.
2. Ann had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didnt look ________________________________.
3. David looks very tired. He looks __________________________________________________________________.
4. Jane was extremely hungry and ate her lunch very quickly. She ate ______________________________________.
5. Ronald was having trouble walking. He looked ______________________________________________________.
6. I called Joe and invited him to the party, but he wasnt very enthisastic about it.
He sounded ___________________________________________________.
What do you say in these situations? Use you look / you sound / I feel + as if ... Use the prompts in parentheses
to make your sentences.
1. You meet Erik. He has a black eye. You say to him:
You _______________________________________________________ (be / in a fight)
2. Betty comes into the room and looks shocked. You say to her:
Whats wrong? You_______________________________________________________ (see / a ghost)
3. Youre talking to Henry on the phone and you notice that something happened to his voice. You say to him:
You_______________________________________________________ (catch / a cold)
4. A friend of yours has just gotten promoted. Hes quite excited about it. You say to him:
You_______________________________________________________ (win / the lottery)
Make sentences using it looks like or it sounds like...

A its going to rain B Ill have to walk
you had a food time theres been an accident
he isnt coming they are having an argument
1. Tony said he would be here two hours ago. You say: It looks _____________________________________________.
2. The sky is full of dark clouds. You say: It ___________________________________________________________.
3. You hear your neighbors shouting at each other. You say: It _____________________________________________.
4. You see an ambulance, some police officers and two damaged cars on the street.
You say: It ___________________________________________________________________________________.
5. You have just missed the last bus home. You say: It __________________________________________________.
6. Pamela has just been telling you about all the interesting things she did on her her trip to London.
You say: It __________________________________________________.
Complete the sentences using as if.
1. Jeff is a terrible driver. He drives _________________ his eyes closed.

2. It was a long time ago that we first met, but I remember it _________________________ yesterday.
3. Im 18 years old now, so please dont talk to me _________________ a kid.
4. John has only met Juen twice, but he talks to her _________________________ all her life.
5. Grace wasn very friendly at the party. She looked at me _________________________ strangers.
179
Had better
Had better (Id better / youd better, etc.)
Id better do something = it is advisable to do it. If I dont, there will be a problem or a danger:
Wed better stop for gas soon. The tank is almost empty.
A: Do you think I should take a raincoat with me? B: Youd better. It might rain.
I have to pick up Marge from school. Id better go now or Ill be late.
The negative is Id better not (= I had better not do something)
A: Are you coming to the party? B: Id better not. I have a lot of work to do.
You dont look very well. Youd better not go to work today. You could get worse.
You can use had better when you warn somebody that they must (not) do something:
Youd better be on time or youll get in trouble. or Youd better not be late.
Had is a past form, but in this expression the meaning is present or future, not past:
Id better go to the bank now/tomorrow.
Had better & should
Had better is similar to should, but not exactly the same. We use had better for specific occasions
(not for things in general).
Its freezing outside. Youd better wear a coat when you go out. (specific occasion)
I think all drivers should get a life insurance. (in general)
Had better is also used when theres danger or a problem if you dont follow the advice.
Should = its a good thing to do.
Its time...
You can say its time (for somebody) to do something.
Its time to go home. or Its time for us to leave. Tracks 73-76 8
You can say its time (for somebody) to do something.
Its late. Its time we went home.
Even though we use verbs in past (went) in these expressions, the meaning is present or future, not past.
Its been two years and he hasnt got a job. Its time he started looking for a job.
We also use this structure to criticize or to complain:
That car is dirty. Its (about) time somebody washed it.
Its long (way) past bed time. Its time the children were in bed.
Subjunctive (I suggest you do)
We use the subjunctive after these verbs:
suggest recommend insist propose demand
I suggest you continue working tomorrow. You look very tired.
The doctor recommended (that) I take a vacation.
He insisted (that) I have lunch with them.
The negative is not + the base form of a verb (not be, you not leave, etc.)
The doctor suggested I not eat this food.
You can use the subjunctive in present, past or future:
I insist you come with me.
He insisted I go with him.
You can use other structures after insist and suggest:
I suggested going swimming.
180
Read the situations and make sentences with had better. Use the words in parentheses.
1. You are about to go out for a walk with a friend. It looks like its going to rain. You tell your friend...
(an umbrella) We _____________________________________________________________________.
2. Its getting late and your car wont start. You say...
(a taxi) I ____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Youre in at a party with Caroline. She forgot to tell her mother about the party. You say...
(call / your mother) You ________________________________________________________________.
4. Sebastian has just cut himself. It looks bad. You say...
(a bandage) You _____________________________________________________________________.
Put in had better or should. Sometimes either is possible.

1. I have a job interview in thirty minutes. I ____________ now or I will be late.
2. This food is delicious. You ____________ try it.
3. I ____________ go to bed now. I have an early flight tomorrow.
4. Thanks for coming. You ____________ come more often. Tracks 77-81 8
5. Its a great song. You ____________ listen to it.
6. I think everybody ____________ practice a sport.
Read the situations and write sentences with its time.

1. You havent taken a vacation in a long time. You need one now.
Its time ____________________________________________________________________________.
2. I think the children should be in bed. Its already 10:00.
Its time ____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Youre sitting on a plane waiting for it to leave. Its ten minutes late already.
Its time ____________________________________________________________________________.
4. The company you work for is not well managed. Finally a good manager takes control.
Its time ____________________________________________________________________________.
5. You like having parties. You havent had one for a long time.
Its time ____________________________________________________________________________.
Write sentence that means the same as the first sentence.

1. Why dont you learn a new language.
John suggested that I _________________________________________________________________________.
2. You have to stay a little longer.
I insisted that John ___________________________________________________________________________.
3. Why dont we drop by Davids house.
I proposed that we ____________________________________________________________________________.
4. You have to pay the rent by Friday.
The landloard demanded that we ________________________________________________________________.
5. Lets have lunch together.
He suggested that we _________________________________________________________________________.
Lisa is a bit depressed, and her friends made some suggestions:
Why dont you meet How about trying a Take vitamins. Why dont you read
someone new? sport you like? a good book?
Write sentences telling what Lisas friends suggested.

1. Mary suggested that she _______________________________________________________________________.
1. Tom _______________________________________________________________________________________.
1. Nicole ______________________________________________________________________________________.
1. Karen ______________________________________________________________________________________.
181
Too, either / So do I, Neither do I
Too & either Tracks 82-85 8
Too = as well
A: I feel like going to the movies. B: I feel like going to the movies too.
We use too at the end of a sentence to say that we think the same way or that we are in the
same situation.
A: I have a lot of work. B: I have a lot of work too.
A: Lets get something to eat. Im starving. B: Me too.
We use not with either or neither (without not) the same way in negative statements.
A: I dont like cats. B: I dont like cats either. or I dont either.
A: Martha cant speak Spanish very well. B: Me neither.
Never can have the same meaning as not:
A: I never judge people by how they look. B: I dont either.
We can use too or either for all tenses:

A: I hadnt
had seen her in a very long time. B: I hadnt either. or Me neither.
A: We will spend this Christmas eve with my in-laws. B: I will too. or Me too. (not I too)
A: I didnt have a good sleep last night. B: I didnt either. or Me neither. (not I neither)
A: I am having trouble getting used to the new schedule. B: Im having trouble too.
A: I have learned a lot this semester, B: Ive learned a lot too.
So do I & Neither do I
We use so + an auxiliary (do/did/can/will, etc.) + a subject (I/we/he, etc.) to mean too (as well)
A: I feel like going to the movies. B: So do I.
We use so + do/did, etc.+ I to say that we think the same way or that we are in the same situation.
A: I had a lot of work last week. B: So did I.
A: Lets get something to eat. Im starving. B: So am I.
A: Liz can speak two languages. B: So can I.
We use neither + do/did, etc. + I the same way in negative statements.
A: I dont like cats. B: Neither do I. (not neither dont I)
A: My parents dont live together. B: Neither do mine.
A: I havent been to Mexico before. B: Neither have I.
I do / I dont, etc.
Study this example:
A: I feel like going to the movies. B: I dont.
In this case we do not think the same way or we are not in the same situation.
A: I had a lot of work last week. B: I didnt.
A: Lets get something to eat. Im starving. B: I am not.
A: Liz can speak two languages. B: I cant.
If the first speaker makes an affirmative sentences, we use a negative one, and vice versa.
A: I dont like cats. B: I do.
A: My parents dont live together. B: Mine do.
A: I havent been to Mexico before. B: I have .
Note: Listen carefully to the intonation of the second speaker.
182
Put in too, either or neither to complete the sentences.
1. A: I live downtown. B: I live down town _________. Tracks 86-89 8
2. A: I havent found a job yet. B: I havent found one _________.
3. A: My dogs name is Bruno. B: What a coincidence! My dogs name is Bruno _________.
4. A: I dont eat sugar. B: Me _________.
5. A: I am from Australia. B: Me _________.
6. A: I was wearing a leather jacket yesterday. B: I was _________.
7. A: I wont be at home tomorrow. B: I wont _________.
8. A: I dont think its a good idea to go out. B: I dont _________. The weather seems pretty chilly.
9. A: I couldnt call you last night . B: Me _________. I was very tired when I got home.
10. A: I didnt have a good time at the party last night. B: I didnt _________. I never thought it would be that boring.
Put in so + auxiliary or neither + auxiliary to mean you do or think the same way.
1. A: Mark usually drives fast. B: ________________________________________.
2. A: I have never had a day off at work. B: ________________________________________.
3. A: I didnt feel well this morning. B: ________________________________________.
4. A: I use two cell-phones. B: ________________________________________.
5. A: I wont come to work tomorrow. B: ________________________________________.
6. A: I would love to live by the ocean. B: ________________________________________.
7. A: I cant see well without my glasses. B: ________________________________________.
8. A: I saw a great movie last night! B: ________________________________________.
9. A: I have seen that movie twice. B: ________________________________________.
10. A: I have a swimming pool at home. B: ________________________________________.
Use too, either or neither so + auxiliary or neither + auxiliary to mean you do or think the same way.
1. A: I live in a small town. B: ________________________________________.
2. A: I birthday is in August. B: ________________________________________.
3. A: I didnt have breakfast today. B: ________________________________________.
4. A: I cant cook. B: ________________________________________.
5. A: I dont have a car. B: ________________________________________.
6. A: I will be on vacation next week. B: ________________________________________.
7. A: Im not making dinner today. B: ________________________________________.
8. A: I wear glasses. B: ________________________________________.
9. A: I dont like weddings. B: ________________________________________.
10. A: I was having a great time a the party. B: ________________________________________.
Write so + auxiliary or neither + auxiliary, I do/dont, etc. according to your real life.
1. A: I have a big family. You: ________________________________________.
2. A: I want to work for a huge enterprise. You: ________________________________________.
3. A: I live in an apartment. You: ________________________________________.
4. A: I woke up late today. You: ________________________________________.
5. A: Im studying medicine. You: ________________________________________.
6. A: Im not hungry right now. You: ________________________________________.
7. A: I can play the piano. You: ________________________________________.
8. A: I havent got a job. You: ________________________________________.
9. A: I wont come to school tomorrow. You: ________________________________________.
10. A: I watch TV a lot. You: ________________________________________.
183

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R

Whs Aux. ( ) Action c ?

Negative statements auxnt verb

E He They She We I I He You I

Names & Nationalities

We use the verb be to give names and to talk about nationalities.

3. Shes an announcer. 6. Jeffs a dancer.

To classify people or things and to say where they are.

2nd person (singular & plural) You........................................ are (plural)

1. He____________________. 2. I ______________________. 3. He____________________.

It ____ not ________. He ______________. It ____________.

a. He_________________. b. He_________________. c. She_________________.

d. They________________. e. I__________________. f. We_________________.

g. He__________________. h. She________________. i. I___________________.

j. She__________________. k. He________________. l. I___________________.

upset ~ smart~ hungry ~ sad ~ fast ~ sick ~ worried~ afraid

1. Steve _________________________. 2. Laura _________________________.

Affirmative or negative? Write am/is/are in affirmative or negative form

Complete the conversation using am, is or are Use contractions.

your/what/name ______________________? a programmer/I ________________________.

sad in love happy heavy

reliable friendly angry bored

Beautiful sick tired funny

am-is-are (My name)

Sit.8 am-is-areWhere ______________ ? (They)

7. What s your last name? Im ______________. (Profession)

Possessive adjectives: Complete the sentences using possessive adjectives.

(I) my car 1. She is brushing _______ hair.

Complete the second sentences so that they mean the same

Listen, read and repeat.

1 Listening exercise. 1.14

LE Listening and writing excersise.

Whats your name in English?

Group work: Remember your classmates names by making a circle.

Listen and repeat. One Two Three Four Five

One Two Ten Eleven Twelve

470 - 817- 712 - 408 - 119 - 333 - 515 - 698

20 1- 33- 35 - 48 - 55 - 64 - 92 - 81 - 76 - 67 8,277,419 - 64,788,753 - 123,047,210- 3,014,312,008 H H H H H H H H H H

49,649,615,043 - 333,313,333,313 - 919,999,919,999

25 cents (a quarter) Match the prices.

$.10___________. $300.00_________________. $2,500 _________________.

Whats the time? Half Before =To

Grand parents Claudia is 28.

Parents: Dad & Mom Uncle & Aunt

Brother Me sister brother in-law.

How old is... (Use s)

Rewrite the following phrases: Do not use possessive s for these.

Existence Tracks 43-45 1

Sit.1 Sit.2 Sit.3

There are (plural countable nouns)

There (be)... in all tenses -

1. Theres food on the table. Sit.6 Theres a bank in front of my house

Exercises Tracks 46-49 1

1. There _______ (is-are) an ATM inside the store.

7. There ______ (is-are) a new restaurant ___ (in/on) this street.

Read and learn.

in front of behind between

1. Betty is the one in the middle. 2. Tom is _________Jessica. There are

5. There are some sheets of paper

7. The dog is __________________.

Name: What/be/your name?

Weakness: Which/be/ your weaknesses?

Job: What/be/ you? What/do?

1. He. 2. I . 3. He__.

It not . He . It __.

a. He_________. b. He_. c. She_________.

d. They. e. I. f. We___.

g. He. h. She. i. I_.

j. She. k. He. l. I_.

1. Steve _. 2. Laura _.

your/what/name ? a programmer/I __.

$.10___. $300.00_. $2,500 _________.

7. There ____ (is-are) a new restaurant _ (in/on) this street.

Sit.4 (you) What _____? I the guitar.

Sit.5 (your car) How much ______? It $1,200.00 new.

Today I (get) up at 6:00 in the morning. I (take) a shower,