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Definicin
La mantenibilidad hace referencia a la facilidad con la cual el trabajo de
mantenimiento puede realizarse. Esto incluye el proceso de asegurar que a los
equipos se les pueda realizar el mantenimiento fcil y seguramente, y que el
soporte de mantenimiento requerido se minimice.
Directrices sugeridas:
Disear las tareas de reemplazo para que sean tan modulares como sea
posible.
Especialmente, para sistemas de transmisin, esto aplica para tornillos de
bolar, correas, bandas transportadoras y reductores. Todas estas partes
fallaran durante la vida de la mquina.
Todos los rangos de presiones (positivas o de vaco) deben ser demarcadas
con una zona verde que represente la condicin normal de operacin del
sistema al cual est unido.
Los puntos de inspeccin (rangos, medidas, niveles, cadenas, poleas,
correas y dems) deben estar:
o Claramente identificados
o Fcilmente legible desde la posicin del inspector.
o Ubicados de tal forma que ninguna guarda u obstculo deba
removerse para hacer la rutina de inspeccin visual.
Al considerar la ergonoma de una actividad de inspeccin o reparacin,
disear para el 5 al 95 % de las personas, de acuerdo con los principios
EDGE (Directrices de diseo ergonmico para ingenieros, por sus siglas en
ingles).
Marcar claramente los puntos y el peso de izaje o levantamiento.
La mayora de las mquinas deben tener un punto de acople de aire.
La mayora de las mquinas deben tener una salida de 30 Amp/ 120 VAC o
equivalente para conectar las herramientas de mantenimiento.
Si es posible, disear conexiones que solamente se acoplen de la forma
correcta.
Identificar las lneas de fluidos con el tipo de fluido y la direccin de flujo
(incluyendo las lneas neumticas, hidrulicas, de agua, lubricacin y vapor)
Proveer escaleras o plataformas de acceso adecuadamente diseadas para
facilitar el acceso a reas de mantenimiento e inspeccin de difcil acceso.
o Si no, los equipos resultaran daados por el uso de dispositivos de
apoyo inadecuados.
Las guardas de los acoples deben permitir que el acople para el engrasado
se realice sin removerlas.
Se debe fijar a la mquina la placa que detalle el procedimiento de bloqueo
y etiquetado.
Los dispositivos especiales que se requieran para el Bloqueo deben ser
parte del diseo de la mquina o instalarse en una cabina cerca al punto de
bloqueo para su fcil acceso.
Las guardas de la mquina deben ser construidos en materiales que
protejan adecuadamente del peligro, pero que permitan la inspeccin visual
e infrarroja de los aparatos. Si se usa una maya metlica, pintarla de negro
para facilitar la inspeccin visual.
Todos los tamaos de cadenas deben estar etiquetados en el equipo cerca
al punto de uso.
Las etiquetas deben ser resistentes a la grasa, por ejemplo, plstico o latn.
Las rutinas o instrucciones de inspeccin diarias y semanales deben
publicarse en la mquina.
o Todos los puntos de inspeccin deben estar claramente sealizados.
Use tanto como sea posible componentes comunes, tales como bombas,
depsitos, bateras, motores, reductores, variadores de frecuencia,
sensores y dems.
o Esto debe evaluarse tanto al nivel de planta como al individual de la
mquina.
Identificar claramente la direccin de rotacin de motores, bombas,
ventiladores, sopladores, conductores de las bandas transportadoras,
reductores y dems.
Indicar un lugar en el que se pueda marcar un cdigo de identificacin en
las piezas manufacturadas (o marcar en la fabricacin)
o Esto ayudar a identificar la parte de remplazo. Determinar el
mtodo de identificacin de la parte (estampado, tinta indeleble)
Usar el menor nmero posible de tornillos o sujetadores para las guardas o
cubiertas de las mquinas. Esto incrementar la velocidad si se requiere
remover o reemplazar las guardas o cubiertas. Use el mismo tipo de
tornillos (los cdigos pueden requerir que al menos un sujetador sea
removido con una herramienta)
La capacidad para limpiar la mquina debe ser considerada durante el
diseo y la instalacin. Esto debera incluir un plan de limpieza y como
enrutar los servicios hasta la mquina.
o Si el plan incluye el lavado, la mquina debe tener puntos de acople
de agua y piso inclinado para el drenado.
o Donde sea posible, las superficies en concreto y apoyos deben estar
inclinados hacia el drenaje ms cercanos (se requiere revisin
ambiental)
o Tuberas, conductos y cableados que proveen servicios para la
mquina deben dirigirse de forma que tengan suficiente distancia al
suelo para permitir el barrido o trapeado debajo de ellos.
Todos los sistemas presurizados deben incluir un mtodo para reducir la
presin a 0 psi y una forma para verificarlo.
Evite el uso de fundiciones en partes mviles o partes que puedan ser
golpeadas por otras de la mquina.
o Las fundiciones son muy difciles de reparar, particularmente en las
paradas de emergencia.
Las tareas de mantenimiento deben considerarse en relacin a la forma
como el tcnico de mantenimiento acceder al rea de la mquina a
reparar.
o Esto incluye la evaluacin de los espacios de acceso, altura al piso,
dispositivos para acceder a las reas de mantenimiento elevadas
(escaleras, plataformas, elevadores) y el desarmado requerido para
la ejecucin el mantenimiento.
o Se deben proveer los elementos para proteger al tcnico contra
cadas para alturas mayores a 61 .
No ubique los puntos de inspeccin a ms de 1 metro de los ojos del
inspector.
No instale puntos de inspeccin detrs de componentes, debajo de cubierta
u otros puntos que requieren trabajo acceder a ellos.
Diseo los sistemas de comunicacin para que la conexin solamente se
pueda hacer de una forma.
Awareness
The intent of this article is to raise the awareness and expectations of the entire organization
so that we ultimately have equipment installed that gives our maintenance organization the
best opportunity to meet or exceed our expectations for the operation of our assets. Our
designs should incorporate maintainability concepts, our procurement specifications should
detail maintainability requirements and our installation process should incorporate
equipment maintainability guidelines and principals.
Its not that our designers and procurement personnel dont care, it is simply a function of
not realizing the potential and often being somewhat disconnected form the environment in
which the equipment will operate. Often the focus of these individuals is to ensure basic
functionality, deliver equipment on time and within budgetary guidelines. As many of these
very capability people have not worked in the maintenance environment, many of the
concepts we will talk about, are not in their knowledge base. I was fortunate to have
worked specifically in the design, procurement, installation, operation and maintenance
functions for my employer of 38 years, Goodyear. In each of those functions I performed to
the best of my ability, but honestly was amazed at how many equipment maintainability
fundamentals I missed, until I had the opportunity to walk in the shoes of the maintenance
organization. If I had my way, every designer would be assigned to maintain their design
for a period of time after it is installed. I can say from personal certainty, that if designers
had to maintain some of their work, their next effort would reflect a different respect for the
maintainers.
Definition
Maintainability refers to the ease with which maintenance work can be done. It involves the
process of ensuring that equipment can be easily and safely maintained, and the
maintenance support required can be minimized.
We need to design maintenance into our systems. Great maintenance procedures and skilled
craftsmen can be hampered by not following some basic concepts. Properly done we should
expect:
Suggested Guidelines
o Especially for drive systems, this applies to ball screws, drive belts,
conveyor belts, and gearboxes. All of these parts will fail during the machine
life.
All pressure and vacuum gauges should be marked with a green zone that represents
the normal operating range of the system to which it is attached
Inspection points (gauges, meters, sight glasses, chains, pulleys, beltsetc.) should
be:
o Clearly identified
o Easily readable from location of inspector
When considering the ergonomics of a repair or inspection activity, design for the
5th and 95th percentile people in accordance with EDGE (Ergonomic Design
Guidelines for Engineers) principles.
If possible design connection points so that they can only fit together in the intended
way
Identify flow direction and type of all fluid lines. (including pneumatic, hydraulic,
water, lubrication and steam lines)
Provide properly designed access stairs, platforms etc to facilitate access to hard to
reach maintenance and inspection areas.
Laminated sheet detailing Lock Out Tag Out procedure should be affixed to the
machine.
Special lock out devices required to complete lock out should be designed into the
machine or installed on a cabinet near the lock out point for ready access.
Machine guarding should be made of materials that adequately protect the hazard
but still allow for visual and infra
red inspection of the apparatus being guarded. If expanded metal or fencing is used
paint the fencing black to facilitate visual inspection.
All chain sizes shall be clearly labeled on equipment near point of use.
Direction of rotation to be clearly noted for Motors, pumps, fans, blowers, conveyor
drives, gearboxes etc.
Any guards or covers on the machine should be attached by the fewest number of
screws or other fasteners necessary. This will facilitate speed if these guards or
covers must be removed or replaced. Same type screws. (Codes may require at least
one fastener that must be removed with a tool)
Ability to clean the machine should be considered during design and installation.
This would include a cleaning plan and how services are routed to the machine.
o If plan calls for wash down, machine should have water fittings and floor
sloped to drain.
o Where possible all concrete surfaces and piers should be sloped to the
nearest drain (environmental review needed)
o Pipes, wires, tubing that are providing services to the machine should be
routed so that they have enough ground clearance to allow for sweeping or
mopping of the floor below
All pressurized systems must include a method for reducing system pressure to 0
psig and a means to verify this.
Avoid castings for moving parts, or parts that may be hit by other parts of the
machine
Maintenance tasks on the machine must be considered with regard to how the
maintenance techs will access the area of the machine to be maintained.
o This should include assessment of clearances for access, height from floor,
provisions made for access to machine areas elevated from floor (steps,
platforms, ladder), and disassembly required to perform maintenance
o Fall Protection tie offs shall be provided for access to components which if
accessed would expose the technician to a fall hazard of greater than 6.
Do not locate inspections points more than 1 meter from the inspectors eyes
Design interfaces so you can only install the correct component, employing unique
bolting patterns, guide pins etc.
Minimize disassembly and special tools needed to repair items that are wear parts,
parts that are expected to fail frequently, or will need to be adjusted frequently
Drive belts should be removable without removing other machine parts (this does
not include guards)
o Other parts should not trap the belt
o Drive Belt Guards shall use expanded metal to allow IR Inspection for
misalignment.
o In cases where thermal expansion is significant and will affect the alignment
cold alignment specifications and tolerances must be supplied by the
manufacturer
Belt type and tension shall be labeled and affixed at or near the belt point of use.
Provide jack screws with lock nuts for all axes to be aligned
o Ensure that if base bolts with nuts are used, that a full sized wrench can
access the base bolt nuts and allows for tightening
Test points, key pads etc should be made accessible without exposure to energized
conductors
110v coils for solenoid valves should have indicator lights to determine if they are
energized
Control wiring must be separated from power wiring to avoid transient noise
feeding in to the control system
Route cables so that 100 percent of a cable will be viewable for inspection without
using any special tools such as a borescope.
Use positive locking, quick disconnect electrical connectors and identify all pins on
each connector to save man-hours, prevent foreign object damage (FOD) and
decrease the chance of personal injury.
Select connectors so that contacts on the live or hot side of the connection are
socket type rather than pin type to minimize personnel hazard and to prevent
accidental shorting of live circuits.
If possible avoid fasteners smaller than in diameter. Fasteners smaller than this
are easy to damage by hand. They shear, and the socket fails frequently.
When high strength fastener needed, label to avoid use of inadequate material
Chemical thread lockers should be avoided on fasteners that must be adjusted often.
Match marks shall be painted by the vendor on all fasteners at time of final
acceptance, except for items requiring disassembly for transport.
All fasteners shall be match marked at final acceptance.
Fastener re-installation torque and socket size shall be labeled for all fasteners that
must be disassembled to perform manufacture recommended maintenance by a
small label affixed near the fastener(s).
All oil filters should have differential pressure gauges or sensors that indicate when
replacement is necessary
Oil filters should be in a duplex arrangement that allows changing a filter while the
machine is running
Replacement filter part number shall be labeled and affixed near the filter
Grease points must be safely accessible. (Preferable that they are assessable with the
machine running)
All lube points should be easily identifiable on the machine and frequency, type and
amount of lubricant information easily accessible.
A laminated lube chart with diagram of lube points, frequency, quantity, and type of
lubricant shall be posted on machine.
o Type
o frequency
o Quantity
All hydraulic units and gearboxes that hold greater than 10 gallons of oil should be
equipped with proper sampling points
Max and Min levels for all fluid reservoirs shall be clearly marked on all reservoirs.
This should typically be done by including a sight glass on the reservoir with
min/max levels marked.
All systems shall have provisions for the adding of oil through a filter such as a 3
micron, Beta>100 line filter
Conclusion
In an ideal world, the majority of the suggestions covered in this article will be addressed
during design and installation. If not, there is still much to be gained in reviewing existing
equipment and making modifications that improve the maintainability of our assets.
This article was previously published in the Reliable Plant 2013 Conference Proceedings.