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General Rules in English Grammar
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Nouns
Q; - What is a noun?
A; - The definition of a noun is a word that is used to define a person, animal or living
object, place, thing or quality.
Examples:
dog, house, picture, computer.
3.Only the number one can be used 3. Any number bigger than two can be
to state the amount. used to state an amount.
Nouns that cannot be represented by a number are called uncountable nouns. It is not
possible to say I need 4 airs, or 6 sugars.
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Examples of uncountable nouns
are: water, air, grass, paint, oil etc.
A or an cannot be used with uncountable nouns. "The" can be used with uncountable
nouns.
Certain quantifiers can be used with uncountable nouns, such as some, any, much, a lot
are some examples of the quantifiers that can be used with uncountable nouns.
4. Collective Nouns - Collective nouns are nouns that refer to things or people as
a unit. Examples: family, police, class, team, crew etc.
Collective nouns can be used in both the singular form and the plural form.
2. Singular collective nouns are used 2. Plural collective nouns are used like
like singular nouns. plural nouns.
Nouns that refer to a group of things or people such as family, police, workers union
etc.
6. Names’ of Books, Newspapers, Plays The New York Times, War and
etc. Peace, Midnight Summer Dream
Nouns that refer to a specific name of a person, corporation, company, product, such as
IBM, Microsoft, Mr. David Green, Dr. Mary Jones.
6. Concrete Nouns - Concrete nouns can be touched, felt, held, something visible,
smelt, taste, or be heard. Concrete nouns are something physical.
Concrete nouns can be countable nouns or uncountable nouns, and singular nouns or
plural nouns.
Concrete nouns can also be a common noun, proper nouns and collective nouns.
Common Concrete Nouns dog, cat, girl, plate air, water etc.
Uncountable Concrete Nouns water, air, oil, sugar, salt, rice, cheese etc.
7. Abstract Nouns - There are different types of nouns. All types of nouns follow
the same grammar rules. When most people think of nouns, they think of people,
places and things but abstract nouns are the opposite. Abstract nouns are
something that can't be sensed by our five senses (smell, tooth, hear, see or
taste).
Abstract nouns are any nouns that can't be touched, tasted, seen, heard or smelt
or felt.
It is a noun is not a physical object, it can't be touched physically. They are ideas and
feelings such as intelligence, love, hate, bravery etc.
Pronouns
A; - Pronouns replace the noun. A pronoun can be used as the sentences subject or the
object. Most of the time a pronoun refers to something already mentioned or understood
by the listener or reader.
2. Intensive Pronouns;-
Intensive pronouns are used when the subject isn't performing the action.
Intensive Pronouns
Myself I
Ourselves We
Themselves Them
Yourselves You
Herself She
Himself He
Examples:
3. Reflexive Pronouns;-
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are used to state the subject is performing
the action.
The reflexive pronoun can be used to emphasize the object or the subject.
Myself I
Ourselves We
Themselves Them
Yourselves You
Herself She
Himself He
Examples:
I lived myself while I was studying for my bachelor’s degree.
My sister paid for university herself. Our father didn't help her out.
4. Relative Pronouns;-
Examples:
Relative Pronouns
Adjectives can also be used with certain verbs (such as the verb "to be"). Adjectives are
used to clarify the subject that is doing the action.
Adjectives are used to describe color, material, shape, size, amount, price, quality,
origin, personality, weight, temperature, weight, age, direction, etc.
Examples:
Adjective Usage
Examples:
I was teaching in a really big high school, while I was working on my master's degree.
It is very common to use adjectives with nouns. Adjectives are used to describe the
noun.
Examples:
A; - There are times when an adjective is placed after the verb. This is more common
when the verb being used is a "linking verb". In this case it is common that an adjective
is used with the "linking verb", but the adjective doesn't describe the verb. The adjective
describes the subject that is performing the action. Adjectives are not used to describe
the verb.
Examples:
When using a adjectives and verb together, the adjectives comes after the verb. There
are times when one adjective is not enough to describe the noun or the subject that is
performing the action. When 2 or more adjectives are used together then there is a
specific order of the adjectives that is usually followed. Please see multiple adjectives.
Example:
The winter is
colder than the
summer.
cold - colder
The green hat is
-er is added to the end of a
small - smaller smaller than the
1-syllable adjective
yellow hat.
tall - taller
Most basketball
players are taller
than me.
I came home
earlier than my
early - earlier sister.
-er is added to the end of an
adjective with 2 syllables, if happy - happier I am happier now
the word ends in -y. than 1 year ago.
crazy - crazier
My friend is
crazier than me.
modern - more
modern
expensive -
more
expensive
comfortable -
more
comfortable
My house is
bigger than, my
sister’s house.
adjective that end in a big -bigger
consonant, vowel, My sister is fatter
fat- fatter
consonant - the last than me.
consonant is doubled hot -hotter
The summer is
hotter than the
winter.
The structure of a comparative usually consists of the root of the adjective root of the
adjective plus the suffix -est. or "more" or "less" is added before the adjective in its root
form.
The amount of syllables the adjectives contain determents if -er is added to the end of
the adjective or if "more" or "less" is added before the adjective.
Note: "Than" is usually used after the comparative adjective.
Short words - words with 1 syllable or words with 2 syllables if the word ends in -y. -er is
added to the end of the word.
Notes:
Adjectives that end with a consonant, vowel, consonant - the last consonant is
doubled and -er is added to the end of the adjective.
Examples
Long words - words with 3 more syllables, and words with 2 syllables that don't end in -
y. The word "more" is placed before the adjective.
Note: Adjectives that end in -e, only -r is added to end of the adjective.
Examples
A; - Superlative adjectives are used to define the highest degree of a noun. Superlative
adjectives are used only if 3 or more things or people are being compared.
Examples:
The structure of a superlative usually consists of the root of the adjective root of the
adjective plus the suffix -est. or "most" or "least" is added before the adjective in its root
form.
The amount of syllables the adjectives contain determines if -est. is added to the end of
the adjective or if "most" or "least" is added before the adjective.
The chart below is a guide to help you understand the correct structure of superlative
adjectives.
"most" or "least" are used for honest - most The policeman are the
adjectives that consist of two honest most honest people that I
syllables, if the word doesn't
end in -y. adjectives that end difficult- most know.
in -y, change the -y to i and difficult
The last test was the most
add -ed
modern - more difficult.
modern
Our generation is the
most modern.
A;- The building structure of superlative adjectives are divided into 2 groups "short
words" and "long words”. Short words - words with 1 syllable or words with 2 syllables if
the word ends in -y. -est is added to the end of the word.
Notes:
Adjective that end with a consonant, vowel, consonant - the last consonant is
doubled and -est is added to the end of the adjective.
Examples
Long words - words with 3 more syllables, and words with 2 syllables that don't end in -
y. The word "most" is placed before the adjective.
Note: Adjectives that end in -e, only -r is added to end of the adjective.
Examples
A; - The main verb tense states the action of the subject. The main verb can be the only
verb in the sentence, but the main verb can also be used with an auxiliary verb or a
verb. The auxiliary verb and the modal verb must be used with a main verb tense.
The main verb tense can be in its infinitive/basic form (simple past/v2), past
participle/v3.
The main verb tense states what the action of the subject.
-ed -ing -s -es are some common endings that can be added to the main verb according
to the tense.
It is common that the main verb doesn't change form, because the auxiliary words
change form.
When using the continuous tense and the perfect verb tense auxiliary verb(s) are used
with the main verb tense.
When an auxiliary verb is used the main verb doesn't change form according to the
subject.
The main verb tense can change form when an auxiliary verb is used to according to
the verb form.
Examples:
A; - A verb tense group consists of a main verb tense and an auxiliary verb or a
verb.
Verb groups are needed in certain kinds of sentence structures according to the
type of verb.
Examples:
1. Auxiliary verbs (sometimes known as helping verbs) are verbs that are used to
assist the verb.
6. Auxiliary verbs are used in the sentence structure of the verb sentence.
Do - Does - Did
Do is used with the present simple tense. Do-Does are used as part of the
sentence structure for negative statements/sentences with the present simple
tense
Do- Does are used as part of the sentence structure for questions, with the
present simple tense.
Did is used with the past simple tense.
Did is used as part of the sentence structure for questions, with the past simple
tense.
DO', 'BE' and 'HAVE' are the English auxiliary verbs used in a negative structure, a
question or to show tense.
1. 'DO', 'DON'T', 'DOES' and 'DOESN'T' are used for questions and negatives in the
Present Simple Tense, and 'DID' and 'DIDN'T' are used in the Past Simple Tense.
2. 'BE' is used with the Present Participle in Continuous (Progressive) Verbs. It is also
used with the Past Participle in the Passive.
3. 'HAVE' is used with the Past Participle to form the Perfect Aspect.
A; - Modal Verbs are also called auxiliary verbs, helping verbs and model auxiliaries.
Model verbs are not complete verbs, and they can only be used with a verb.
Model verbs stay in the base form - bare infinitive - the bare infinitive is the infinitive
without "to" before the verb.
The following model verbs are used to with the present tense:
Yes, we can.
No, I don't.
Model verbs can be used as part of the grammar structure of the sentence, such as
when used with the perfect tenses.
Will and shall can be used to state predict that an event or an action will take place or
will occur The model verbs can used to make a prediction about an event or action
about the future.
To make requests, offers or suggestions can be stated with the model verbs
Can, could, may and might are model verbs that can be used to give permission or deny
permission to do something or to someone.
A; - The verb "to be" can be used as the main verb tense or as the auxiliary verb.
The verb to be is used as the main verb tense to state that something or someone
exists.
The verb tense "to be" changes form according to the subject when used as both the
auxiliary verb and the main verb.
The verb "to be" changes form according to the subject when used as both the auxiliary
verb or as the main verb.
When the verb tense "to be" is used as a main verb tense it is used in the simple tense
only.
When the verb tense "to be" is the only verb, when used as a main verb.
When the verb tense "to be" is used as the main verb tense.
Negative statements/sentence uses the word "not" without "do - does - did". - - -
Questions are formed by putting the verb "to be:" before the subject.
am was been
We, They,
You, Plural are were been
Nouns
He, She, It
Singular &
is was was
Uncountable
nouns
Q; - How is the verb tense "can" used?
A; - The verb tense "can" is used as both an auxiliary verb and a modal verb? Can is
almost always used with a main verb.
1. When using as a verb or an auxiliary verb the verb tense "can" stays in its base
form.
3. Can is followed by a main verb tense. The main verb tense also stays in its base
form. (The main verb tense that is used with can doesn't change form according
to the subject.)
to
Negative We - All
can not go the
Sentences subjects*
store
to
Questions** Can they - go the
store
* All subjects is I, we, they, you, plural nouns, singular nouns and uncountable
nouns.
**Questions - Questions using the verb tense "can" the verb tense "can comes
before the subject.
A; - The English verb "could" is used as both an auxiliary verb and a modal verb? Could
is almost always used with a main verb tense.
Could is used as the past tense of "can".
Usually when could is used in the present tense, it is used to ask a question.
Examples:
Structure of "could":
1. When using as a model verb or an auxiliary verb the verb "could" stays in its
base form.
3. Could is followed by a main verb. The main verb also stays in its base form. (The
main verb that is used with could doesn't change form according to the subject.)
Negative to the
We could not go
Sentences store
to the
Questions** Could they - go
store
* All subjects are: I, we, they, you, plural nouns, singular nouns and uncountable nouns.
**Questions - When could is used to ask a question, could comes before the subject.
1. When using as a verb or an auxiliary verb tense the verb "could" stays in its base
form.
2. Could doesn't change form according to the subject.
3. Could is followed by a main verb. The main verb tense also stays in its base
form. The main verb tense doesn't change form according to the subject.
the "Main
-- Subject verb - Verb -
"could" Tense"
Positive
I could - go to the store
Sentences
Negative
We could not go to the store
Sentences
* The subjects are I, we, they, you, plural nouns singular nouns and uncountable nouns.
**Questions - When could is used to ask a question "could" comes before the subject.
A; - In all the simple tenses, the verb "have" can be used as the main verb.
In all the perfect tenses the verb "have" is used as an auxiliary verb.
When the verb "have" is used as the main verb, it is usually used only in the simple form
(static verbs).
The verb "have" can be used in the progressive tense, only in the present and future.
*Do is used in the present simple tense with the following pronouns I. you, we, they, and
plural nouns.
*Does is used in the Present Simple Tense with the following pronouns he, she, it and
plural nouns and uncountable nouns.
A; - An adverb is a word or a group of words that are used to help define the action of
the verb. Adverbs can also be used to define adjectives, or other adverbs.
A word is an adverb if it answers one of the three questions, when, where or how.
Examples:
In most cases adverbs are created by added -ly to the end of an adjective. Some
common adverbs are quietly, quickly, beautifully etc.
A; - Frequency adverbs are adverbs that state how often something happens or
someone does something.
A; - In frequency adverbs are used just like any other adverb. They come before the
main verb, except if the main verb is the verb "to be" then adverbs comes after the verb.
Below is a chart a frequency adverb, the numbers after the adverbs will give you an
idea of the how often an event would take place.
Frequency Adverbs
Always
Usually 80%
Often 60%
Sometimes 50%
Occasionally 40%
Never 0%
Frequency adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The
frequency adverbs are placed after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to
be).
Examples:
Frequency Adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The
frequency adverb is placed before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be".
When questions use the verb "to be" as the main verb the frequency adverb is placed
after the subject.
Does she always walk to work?
Questions with the verb "to be" as the main verb. In question when the main verb is the
verb "to be" the frequency adverb is placed after the subject.
Adverbs of frequency are used in positive sentences. The frequency adverb is placed
after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to be).
Examples:
Adverbs of frequency are used in positive sentences. The frequency adverb is placed
before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be"
Frequency adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The
frequency adverb is placed after the main verb (if the main verb is not the verb "to be).
Examples:
Frequency Adverbs are used in positive sentences and negative sentences. The
frequency adverb is placed before the main verb if the main verb is the Verb "to be".
In question when the main verb is not "to be". the frequency adverb is placed before the
main verb.
Does she always walk to work?
4. In questions when the verb "to be" as the main verb. In question when the main verb
is the verb "to be" the frequency adverb is placed after the subject?
Determiners are words that are used with nouns to clarify the noun. They can clarify:
to state possessives
There are different types of determiners. There type of determiner depends on the type
of noun. Singular nouns always need a determiner. Plural nouns the determiner is
optional. Uncountable nouns the determiner is also optional.
There are about 50 different determiners in the English language they include:
Examples
There are 4 demonstratives that, this, these and those. Demonstratives are used
to state the distance from the speaker. The distance can be either psychological
or physical.
The difference between the demonstratives distance (near and far) and singular
and plural.
"This" is used for singular nouns that are close to the speaker.
"That" is used for singular nouns that are far from the speaker.
"These" is used for plural nouns that are close to the speaker.
"Those" is used for plural nouns that are far from the speaker.
This x - x -
That x - - x
These - x x -
Those = x - x
Demonstratives Demonstrative
Adjectives
Quantifiers: few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc.
Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of
something without stating the actually number.
Quantifiers can be used with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Quantifiers must agree with the noun. There are 3 main types of quantifiers.
Quantifiers that are used with countable nouns, quantifiers that are used
with uncountable nouns. and the 3rd type are quantifiers that are used with
either countable nouns or uncountable nouns.
Countable Uncountable
-
Nouns Nouns
A;-Some and any are used to state the quantity, amount of something.
When using some or any the exact number is not stated. Some and any are
quantifiers.
Negative sentences
When asking a question.
Any is used when a sentence is grammatically positive, but the meaning of
the sentence is negative.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
A; - Prepositions are words that specify place, direction, and time. There are three types
of prepositions.
2. Prepositions can be used with all forms of nouns (e.g. collective nouns, pronouns
etc.).
3. Prepositions can't come after a verb, but can be used before a gerund or verb in noun
form.
4. The rules above do not change and there are no exceptions to the rules.
1. Time Prepositions –
At On In
on the first
at
day of the in a couple of months
lunchtime
school year
Note: We say in the morning, in the afternoon, or in the evening BUT we say
'at night'
2. Place Propositions –
To the left of - The blue box is to the left of the green box.
To the right of - The orange box is to the right of the yellow box.
A;-The 3 most common English prepositions that are used to represent time are:
for - while - during.