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Body_ID: HC002003
Acute inflammation is a rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign substances that
is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury. Once there, leukocytes
clear the invaders and begin the process of digesting and getting rid of necrotic tissues.
Body_ID: P002008
Acute inflammation has two major components (Fig. 2-2):
Vascular changes: alterations in vessel caliber resulting in increased blood flow
(vasodilation) and structural changes that permit plasma proteins to leave the circulation
(increased vascular permeability).Cellular events: emigration of the leukocytes from the
microcirculation and accumulation in the focus of injury (cellular recruitment and
activation). The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neutrophils
(polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
INFLAMASI AKUT
Body_ID : HC002003
peradangan akut adalah respon cepat untuk cedera atau mikroba dan zat asing
lainnya yang dirancang untuk memberikan leukosit dan protein plasma ke situs
cedera . Sesampai di sana , leukosit menghapus penjajah dan memulai proses
mencerna dan menyingkirkan jaringan nekrotik .
Body_ID : P002008
peradangan akut memiliki dua komponen utama ( Gambar 2-2 . ) :
Perubahan vaskular : perubahan dalam kaliber pembuluh mengakibatkan
peningkatan aliran darah ( vasodilatasi ) dan perubahan struktural yang
memungkinkan protein plasma untuk meninggalkan sirkulasi ( peningkatan
permeabilitas pembuluh darah ) peristiwa .Cellular : emigrasi leukosit dari
mikrosirkulasi dan akumulasi dalam fokus cedera ( rekrutmen seluler dan
aktivasi ) . Leukosit utama dalam peradangan akut adalah neutrofil
( polymorphonuclear leukosit ) .
page 34
Body_ID: P0034
Changes in blood vessels begin rapidly after infection or injury but may develop at variable rates,
depending on the nature and severity of the original inflammatory stimulus.
After transient vasoconstriction (lasting only for seconds), arteriolar vasodilation occurs,
resulting in locally increased blood flow and engorgement of the down-stream capillary
beds (see Fig. 2-2). This vascular expansion is the cause of the redness (erythema) and
warmth characteristically seen in acute inflammation.As the microvasculature becomes
more permeable, protein-rich fluid moves into the extravascular tissues. This causes the
red blood cells to become more concentrated, thereby increasing blood viscosity and
slowing the circulation. These changes are reflected microscopically by numerous dilated
small vessels packed with erythrocytes and slowly flowing blood, a process called
stasis.As stasis develops, leukocytes (principally neutrophils) begin to accumulate along
the vascular endothelial surface, a process called margination. This is the first step in the
journey of the leukocytes through the vascular wall into the interstitial tissue (described
later).
vaskular Perubahan
Body_ID: HC002005
Perubahan vaskular Caliber dan Arus
Body_ID: HC002007
halaman 33
halaman 34
Body_ID: P0034
Perubahan pembuluh darah mulai cepat setelah infeksi atau cedera tetapi dapat
berkembang pada tingkat variabel, tergantung pada sifat dan tingkat keparahan
dari stimulus inflamasi asli.
Setelah vasokonstriksi transien (berlangsung hanya untuk detik), vasodilatasi
arteriol terjadi, mengakibatkan peningkatan secara lokal aliran darah dan
kendurnya tempat tidur hilir kapiler (lihat Gambar. 2-2). ekspansi pembuluh
darah ini merupakan penyebab kemerahan (eritema) dan kehangatan khas terlihat
pada inflammation.As akut microvasculature menjadi lebih permeabel, kaya
protein cairan bergerak ke dalam jaringan ekstravaskuler. Hal ini menyebabkan
sel-sel darah merah menjadi lebih terkonsentrasi, sehingga meningkatkan
kekentalan darah dan memperlambat sirkulasi. Perubahan ini tercermin
mikroskopis oleh banyak pembuluh darah kecil melebar dikemas dengan eritrosit
dan perlahan mengalir darah, sebuah proses yang disebut stasis.As stasis
berkembang, leukosit (terutama neutrofil) mulai menumpuk sepanjang permukaan
endotel vaskular, sebuah proses yang disebut marginasi. Ini adalah langkah
pertama dalam perjalanan dari leukosit melalui dinding pembuluh darah ke dalam
jaringan interstitial (dijelaskan kemudian).
Figure 2-3 Formation of transudates and exudates. A, Normal hydrostatic pressure
(blue arrows) is about 32 mm Hg at the arterial end of a capillary bed and 12 mm
Hg at the venous end; the mean colloid osmotic pressure of tissues is approximately
25 mm Hg (green arrows), which is equal to the mean capillary pressure. Therefore,
the net flow of fluid across the vascular bed is almost nil. B, A transudate is formed
when fluid leaks out because of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased
osmotic pressure. C, An exudate is formed in inflammation because vascular
permeability increases as a result of increased interendothelial spaces
Although these mechanisms are separable, all of them may participate in the response to a
particular stimulus. For example, in a thermal burn, leakage results from chemically mediated
endothelial contraction as well as from direct injury and leukocyte-mediated endothelial damage.
Body_ID: P002017
Responses of Lymphatic Vessels
Body_ID: HC002009
Much of the emphasis in the discussion of inflammation is on the reactions of blood vessels, but
lymphatics also participate in the response. As is well known, the small amount of interstitial
fluid formed normally is removed by lymphatic drainage. In inflammation, lymph flow is
increased and helps drain edema fluid from the extravascular space. Because the junctions of
lymphatics are loose, lymphatic fluid eventually equilibrates with extravascular fluid. In addition
to fluid, leukocytes and cell debris may also find their way into lymph. In severe inflammatory
reactions, especially to microbes, the lymphatics may transport the offending agent. The
lymphatics may become secondarily inflamed (lymphangitis), as may the draining lymph nodes
(lymphadenitis). Inflamed lymph nodes are often enlarged, because of hyperplasia of the
lymphoid follicles and increased numbers of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells lining the sinuses
of the lymph nodes. This constellation of pathologic changes is termed reactive, or inflammatory,
lymphadenitis (Chapter 12). For clinicians, the presence of red streaks near a skin wound is a
telltale sign of an infection in the wound. This streaking follows the course of the lymphatic
channels and is diagnostic of lymphangitis; it may be accompanied by painful enlargement of the
draining lymph nodes, indicating lymphadenitis.
SUMMARY
Body_ID: B002002
Vascular Reactions in Acute InflammationVasodilation is induced
by chemical mediators such as histamine (described later), and is the
cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow.Increased vascular
permeability is induced by histamine, kinins and other mediators that
produce gaps between endothelial cells, by direct or leukocyte-
induced endothelial injury, and by increased passage of fluids through
the endothelium; increased vascular permeability allows plasma
proteins and leukocytes to enter sites of infection or tissue damage;
fluid leak through blood vessels results in edema
RINGKASAN
Body_ID : B002002
Reaksi vaskular pada akut InflammationVasodilation diinduksi oleh mediator
kimia seperti histamin ( dijelaskan kemudian ) , dan merupakan penyebab
eritema dan stasis darah flow.Increased permeabilitas pembuluh darah diinduksi
oleh histamin , kinin dan mediator lainnya yang menghasilkan kesenjangan
antara sel-sel endotel , oleh langsung atau leukosit yang disebabkan cedera
endotel , dan dengan meningkatnya bagian dari cairan melalui endotel ;
peningkatan permeabilitas pembuluh darah memungkinkan protein plasma dan
leukosit untuk memasuki situs dari infeksi atau kerusakan jaringan ; kebocoran
cairan melalui hasil pembuluh darah di edema