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EI.

IGLISH
FORADl/AllCED
STUDIE
\/OCABULARY
SKILLS

Asst. Frof. Dr. Pratin Pimsarn


Language lnstitute
Thammasat Universityr
August, f 991
TABLEOF COttTENfS I ,;r ',",.',,

PAGE
1. LEARIUI.IGlr{ORDPARTS 1
2; f,JSIl'tcgofinpcr cLUEs , 26
3. FAITILY 69
4. CI.OZEPROCEDIJRE 76

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fJ\ ia l-'.'r';.

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,...i !, .." i'"


Thereare three possible waysto learn the meaningof an unfarniliar word.
Ore way is to 'interrupt your reading immediatelyand lmk up the word in a
dictionary. This is,the safest way. It should be used, holever, if the fol'lowing
two ways are impossib'le. One is using what you knourof word roots and rrcrd
f o r m a t i o ni .e . p re fi xe so r su ffixes to makean intelligent guessat the meani ng
of a newtord. The other is by looking carefu'lly at its context. Wor:dshave
meaningsin relation to other words and the situation in which they are used.

To provi.deyou wjth practice and understandingof howyou can overcome


y o u r d i f f i cu l ty i n re a d i n gd u e to your ljmited vocabular y,this guide bookw i l l
be concentratedon the word attack skills.

This guide book is div'ided into 4 parts as fol'lows:

L UnderstandingVlordparts

A. Prefixes
D cl,*^+^
u. t\:^/LJ

C. Sr-r'ffixes

II . Using Ccntext Cl ues

III. U n d e rsta n d i nWo


g rdF a mi ly

IV. Cloze Procedure

A. UnderstandihgWordParts
Learning the use and meaningof r,trordsin English can be madeeasier and
even enjoyable, if you understandsomethingabout one way in which manyEnglish
words are formed,

The root of a'word is its basic form, the fundamentalelementwtrich is


common
to a'l'l the other forms of the word.

A n r e f i x i s a form which 'is fixed to the beginningof a root.


A s u f f i x i s a ' form which is fixed to the end of a root.

For exanple:- root = measure


suffix = measurable
pref i x = immeasurable
A p r e f i x u s u a l l y c h a n g e s t h e m e a n i n go f a w o r d , w h i l e a s u f f i x u s u a l l y
changes its parts of speech. For examp'le, tfre suffix -able changes verbs into
adjectivcs (breakab'le, enjoyable). The prefix rm- changes the meaning to the
opposite: measqrabl.emeans "capable of being measured" but immeasurable means
"not capable of being measured".

The Eng'iish lahguagemakes frequent use of this methodof word formation.


!\,lotir-,ethe ntlneror-rsurcrtdsformed on the root aet=
pref i;x + act act + su1'fix prefix+ait+suffix

react action reaction


enact active enactment
reenar3t actively reenactment
i nteract actioni ess reactor
t ransact actabl e reactive
act'ivi ty reracti vate
activate r eactivation
activat ion inter act' ion
actor transaction
actress inactive
i naction

i}.gr.;:ningon'ly a few pref ixes arrdsuffixes, you will be abl.eto recognize


can enab'ler
or gue.u, th,a meaiingirf hundredsof English words. Word roots,'lookalso up in a
you tc enalyzethe ireaning of many words without hav'ing to them
d'ic t i c n a r y .
:;uppose that yo.r read the following passagelin a short story:
t r'. \ r, i , ..- . ,

" I t w a s i n c o m p n e r h e n s i bt'ct eM r , B u r t t e r fi e l d r a r hhy i s w i f e cculd never foresee


the consecuencesof her extravagant talk." 1'

There are several words yciu might not knowlr incomorehentiib]e, foresee'
consequgnce,g,extravagant. You might stop at thrl first new word'
incom;:refrensinfe,foot< it up in a Oict'ionary, wlite its meaning in the book or
yoLlr vocab,.lffry iecord, then sterrt reading the srntence again, stop at
?gr"**", look it up,, wiit* it dcrwn,then iead agrtin, stop at_ggnSggWncg, "ld
Soon,Butthiswouldbetiringandtime-consum'ing.Itwoulda'|soserious'|y
interrupt your understand'ingan| pleasure of the story. Instead you might-
you probably
analyze the newwords and guess at their meaning, For example,
knol tl"rat gonrprehensionmeans"utnderstanding"; the -:ngpf*:ansibie
:ible suff ix forms an
probably
adjective; the in: pref ix makes the word negaiiv,l.
such words as
means"not understandable.l' You have seen the fgre'of fgre$gg.in
ioiewarO o1 before, Foreseq mus;tmean so{nething-l'ike "to see before"'

meaningof "follol" (as in


tf you know that the root;-s€ou- has a g€t1€rFal
"close;, y,oucan makea fair]y gtood guesis
sequence)-andgon- meims "togeth,il;iF
extraltag.ant.,'
at tfre rn"aning of cottsequences. llven without knowing the meanjngof
you know that extrimeans "more than necessary", Mrs.Butterf
a6,parent'ly ield ta]kls
too inuch.

- Cf course this,rnalfticai approa'chto the rneaningof words is limited arrrl


you'into mjstakesi'
c a n n o t n a u s e d . w i t h a ] ' t w o r d s . A l s o , i t m a yo c c a s ' i o n a l l t l e a d
of no valu'e; it meansthe
An intrajuab]e thing, for examplel,is not iomething
figured; it is price'less' Very often'
thing has so muchva.lue that it cannot be
with a good degree-of confidence.'
however, YoU can analyze the meaningof rvorOl
master keys. A fey of them will opern
Word *or;ti, prefixe$, and suff ixes are like
practice using what words you already knovrto help
the conrs'to manymeranings.
you 1€;a-t11-hewords that you do not know.

lr
Learning Wordparts
(P re fi xes, Rootsand Suffixes)

1. mono- meanso n e , s i n g l e , o r a l o n e .
Whenused as part of a word, jt 'indicates one of something.
-E; monorail = a train that runs on one rail
-b. monopl
ane = an ai rpl ane wi th one wi ng ,,,',- ,,y, , i
monotone = all in the sametone, uslally in
reference to one's voice
-d. monotonous= continuing in the sametone; boring
or dull, due to sameness
-a
monochloride= a substancewhosemorecu'rescontain
a single chloride atom
2. chroma meansor refers to co'lor
- a. monochrome. = mintire in (Oifferent tints of )
one color
- b. a monochromatic = a p'icture with various shadesof
p i ctu re the same.co'lor
2
ocul meanseye
- a .' mo n o cu l ar = someth-ingaffects/invo'lves
only one eye at a time
- b. mo n o cu l arvision = vision with only one eye
- c. monocle = an eyeglass for just one eye
- d. b i n o cu l a rs = something for use of both eyes
at once
4. gram meanswritten or dravm
- a' monogram =
severar letrers, usuarly the initia'rs
of one's name, combirredto form a
s ' i n g ' l ed e s . i g n
5. te'le- means far
- a. a telegram =
a messagesent a long distance by
te1 egraphy
6. graph meansto write
- a. telegraph = a device for communicatingover a
distance via wire or radio
- b, a monograph= a written document, usually a book,
written on one subject
7. gamos meansmarriage
- a. monogamy = the practice of being married to only
one person at a time
6. arch meansruie
- a. monarch = one who is the sole ruler
- b. a monarchy =
a state having a sing'le ruler
-2-

9. matri meansmother
- a. matriarchY = a family group that is ruled or
dom'inatedby the mother

10. pat ri means father


- a. Patriarch = m a ] e h e a do f a f a m i l y / t r i b e ; f o r m e r l y
a bishop
- b. Patrimony = property 'inherited f rom one's father
or ancestors
- c. Patricide = killing of one's ownfather

11. unr- meansone


- a, unit = a single thing or a group of things
considered as one
- b. unite = to bring a numberof things or people
together to form a uni t
-c. unicycle = a o n e - w h e e l e dv e h i c l e t h a t i s o f t e n
ridden by clowns at the c'ircus
-d. un'ion = the uniting or joining of a groupof
things or people
-A
u n ify = to unjte or bring together as one
E
t. uni camera'l = one chamber or one room. It is most
f reqr.rentlyused to refer to a system
of government that has on]y one
l e g ' i s l a t i v e c h a m b eor r b o d yo f e l e c t e d
offic'ials
- g. j )=
u n ifo rm(a d a l l t h e s a m e ,o r a l l i n o n e f o r m

12. p r i m e ( p r i m a ) m e a n sf i r s t
- a . a P r i m em i n i s t e r = the f irst or the toP m'in'ister
in a governmentbodY
- b. primer(prim-er) = a beginning reader
- c. primer(pry-mer) = the first coat of paint

13. genus/genermeansbi rth


- a . P ri mo g e n i tor = a term for primitive human
beings, IiterajIY "first to
give bi rth", a forefather
- b. primogeniture = f irst to be born; o'ldest chi'ld

14. du- meanstwo of something


- a. duet = a piece of music composedfor two
voices or instruments
-b. duo = two singers or musicians who perform
together
- c. dual = two. It is often used to refer to two
t h ' i n g s t h a t a r e a 1i k e .
- d. dual PurPose= having two aims
- e. duel = an armed fight between two People
*3-

15, plex or plic m e a n sf o l d


- a. duplex = two-fo'ld or having two parts
- b. a dup'lexhouse = a two-family house
- c. duplicate (n) - one of two things that are
exactl y al i ke. Dup'li cates are
. usually copiesor reproductions
- d. d u p l i city = doubleness of' thought, speec h
or action
16. bi- meanstlvo
- a. bjcycle = a two-whee'led vehicle
- b. bicamerai = a systemof governmentthat has two
legislative chambersor bodies of
e' lectedofficials
- c. bimonthly = twice a month, or every two months
- d. b i fo ca1 = having two focal lengths,.usual l y
. refers to eyeglasses
17' ann'enn
i"::" il?3i^r"l = tw.icea year
- b. annual = " yearly
- bienn'ial = every two years
9.
18. cent- meanshundred,one-hundredth
- a. centennial = a one-hundredthanniversary
(centenary)
- b. b'icentennial= a two-hundredthanniversary
- c. century i one hundredyears
- d. centimeter = one-hundredthof a meter
19, manus meanshand
- a. manual(adj )= donewith the hands
- b. bimanual = donewith or needing two hands
20" ped/pod meansfoot
- a. biped = a two-footed creature
- b. pedestrian = someonewho travels on foot
- c. pedal = a lever pushedby the foot
- d. trjpod = a three-'leggedstand or stoo.l
21. -ary meanspertaining to
- a. b'inary = madeup of two parts
- b. military = pertainingto the rife of a sordier
- c. primary = most important or essential
22. di- meanstwo
- a. dioxide = a compound in which eachmo'lecu1e has
two atoms of oxygen
- b. dipole = two poles, a paii of magneticpo l es
- G. d i ch o tomy = a division into two, usua' llyopp os i te
parts
'r

23. plo comesfrom -ply or plex meaning fold


- a. diploma = o r i g ' i n a ' l l y a p ' i e c eo f p a p e r o r
parchmentthat had been folded in two.
The orjgina'l Greek meaningwas a
l e t t e r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o no,r a l e t t e r
of license or privilege. Its first
E n g l i s h m e a n i n gw a s a s t a t e p a p e r , o r
an official documentor a document
bearing recorcl of graduation from a
s c h o o l, u n i v e r s ' i t Y o r c o 1 1 e g e .
- b. diplomat = a person who has been awarded or
entrusted with official documentso ,r
a person ski I led in conduct'ing
r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e nn a t i o n s
- c. diplomatic = o f o r h a v i n g d i p l o m a c y ;s k i ' l l e d i n
relations with other Peop]e
- d. d'iplomacy = the art and practice of conduct'ing
negoti ations betleen nations

24. opia meanseyes or vision


- a. diplopia = doublevision

25, pteron meanswing


- a. dipterous = having two wings
- b. pterodactyl = a flying dinosaur

26. tri- m e a n st h r e e
- a. tricycle = a t h r e e - w h e e l e dv e h i c l e o p e r a t e d b y
foot pedals
- b. triplicate = t o m a k et h r e e c o p i e s
- c. triplex = a t h r e e - u n i t a p a r t m e n bt u i l o ' i n g ; h a v i n g
3 parts
- d. triple = t o m a k et h r e e t i m e s a s m u c h
- e. triennial = every three Years
- f. trio = t h r e e s i n g e r s o r m u s i c i a n sw h op e r f o r m
together
- g. triplet = one of three babies born at the same
t'ime to the samemother

27. quad/quartr/quardri- m e a n sf o u r ( L a t i n )
- a. quarrer = cne of four equal parts into which a
th'ing maybe div'ided
- b . q u a d r a n g ' l e = a f l a t g e o m e t r i c f i g u i ^ ew i t h f o u r a n g ' l e s
and four sides
- c. quadrant = a quarter of a circle, an instrument
using a quadrant to measuredistances
- d. quadruped = four-footed creature
- e. quadruple = fourfold or four times
- f. quadrennial = continuing for tour years' or occurring
once every four Years
- g. quadrennium= a four-year period
- h. quadruplet = one of four babies born at the same time
to the same mother
-5-

28. twi/twe meanstwo


-4. tw'in = one of two babies born at the same
time
to the samemother
-b. tw i ce = two times
-^V. tw i 1i g h t = the l'ight in the sky betweensunset
and
ful'l night
-d. between = in the spaceor time separating, .in
the
m id d i e
zY. tetra- means four (Greek)
-4. tetragon = a plane f.igure having four angles or
si des
30. hedra means face
- a. tetrahedron = a sorid figure having four faces
- b' polyhedron =
a solid figure havini mor" than four
faces
.
3 1. meter means to measure
- a. a speedometer =
an instrument for measuring speed
- b. telemeter
"= an instrument for measuring tfre
distance of an object from the
observer
32. hydra/hydro means water
- a. hydrate = a co{npoundformed by the union of water
w.ith someother substance
- b. hydraulic ' = operated by the pressure of water or
other liquids in motion
- c. h y d r o p h o n e ,= a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r r . i s t e n i n g t o s o u n d s
transm'itted through water
- d. hydroplane = a seap.lane
- e. hydrotherapy= the use of water in the treatment of
di seases
33. quint/quinque- m e a n sf i v e ( L a t i n )
- a. quintuplet = one of five babies born at the same
time to the samemother
- b- quinquennium = once every five
v"uii, rasting for
- c. quintessentiat = [:Y;rt:f,:"*o"t typicai or
representative example
34. folium m e a n sr e a f - t h e r e a f o f a t r e e , o r a i e a f o f p a p e r
- a. fol.iage = the .leaveson trees
- b. foliate = to sp1.it into layers or leaves, such as
gol d
- c. folio = a page numberor an oversized book
penia- meansfive (Greet<)
- a. pentagon = a piane figure with 5 sides and 5 ang.les
- b. pentagonar = something
that is in the shafe of a
pentagon
-(; -

36, -oid means appearance or form


- a. pentagonc'id= like a per,tagonin fornt

37. anthrop/anthrog> meanshumanbe-ing


* a, anthropoid - l ' i k e a h u m a nb e i n g i n f o r m o r
appearance
- b. anthropologjst = &fi sXF€rt in tlre science of humart
b ei n g s

38, morphic mearrsform


* a. anthropomorphic = described or thought of having a
h u m e nf o r m o r h u m a nq u a l ' i t i e s
- b. anthroponorphize = t o i : . t t r i b u t e h u m a nf o r m o r
qua'l'it i es to ani nrals or obj ects

39. atkrlon meansa contest


- a. pentathlcn = a c o n t e s t c o n s j s t i n g o f f i v e e v e n'lt s
- b , ath'let i cs = sports or gamesengaged'in by ski l ed
sportsmen
- c, athlete = a persontrained or ski]led in sports
o r E a m e sr e q u i r ' ' i n gp h y s i c a i s k i 1 i ,
c o o r d i n a t ' i c r ra n d s t r e n g t h

40, homo- meaf)ssame (Gr'*ek root)


- a, hornographs = words thail are spei'led the samebut
d i f f er i n meaning or pronunciat'ion
- b, hornonyms : words that are spelled and pronounced
the same,but have different meaning,
homophones
- c,, homogeneous= having the samenature or a uniform
st ructure

41. homo- meansman (Latin root)


- a, homosapiens :: humanbeings

42. syn/sym- meanswith or together w'ith


- a, synonym = a word that has the sarneor almost the
samemeaningas another word
- b, synonymorls:: having the sameor neariy the same
meanlng
- c. synchronize = to occur at the samet'ime; to operate
in unison

43. thetic mearrsto put or 1ay down


- a, synthetic = not natural, man-made
- b. synthesi:r = the combination o'i parts or elements tcl
form a who'le

44. pathos;/path/patirymeanssuffering
- a, sympathy - a sharing.rf feelings of another's
sorrow or troub'le
- h. sympathe'lic = having or showing sympathy
- c . s y m p a t h i : r e = f e e l o r e x p r e s s s y m p a t h yw i t h
- d. apathy = "irrdif f erence, or I ack of feel i ng or
emotion abrut something
-7-

45. bio meansl i f e


-4. symb i osis = the ljving together in clcse associ ati on
of two or moredifferent k'inds of
organismsto the mutual benefit of each
organism
-b. biography = a written accountof a person's life

46. -onym meansnameor word


-4. anonym = afalsename
-b. anonymous = without a nameacknow'ledged,unknor,ln
name

47. anti/ante- meansagainst or opposite


-4. antonym = a word that has an opposite meaning
-b. antisociai = being opposedto society, unsociab]e
_a
antitrust = opposedto trusts or monopolies
-d. ant'ipathy : a strong disl ike

48. sepsis/septi c meansdecay olinfected


-4. a substancethat prevents the growth
antiseptic = 'and
spreadof micro organismsthat cause
i nfecti on

49. hex- meanss l x


-4. hexagram = asix-pointedstar
-b, hexagon = a polygon having six angies and six
si des.
-c. hexahedron = a polyhedron having six faces
- d. hexapod = hav'ing s'ix feet

50. rc1ogy means sc'ience or studlr ef 'l'iving


-4. biology = the science of things
-b. anthropology= the study of humanbeings

5 1. micro- meanssmal'l
-4, m'icrobioiogy = a branch of biology that deais with
microorganism, or very smal'l f iving
thi ngs
- b. microscope = an ol:tical instrument cons'isting of
a lens or a combination of lenses for
magnifying things that are inv'isible
or unclear to the naked eye

52. zo/z@ means anima], anima] kingdomor kind


-4. zoo = a place where living animals are kept and
put on disP]aY for the Public
-b. zoology = the branch of biology that deals with
animals and animal life

53. geo means earth


-4. geology = the study of the history and structure
of the earth and its life, especia'llyas
recorded 'in rocks
- b. geo'logist = an expert in geo'logy
-rl-

54, sept- means seven


- a. September = the seventh month (of the eariiest
Romancalendar)

55. oct- meanseight


- a. October = the e'ighth month in the ear'ly Roman
cal endar
- b. octagon = a p o l y g o nh a v i n g e i g h t s i d e s a n d e i g h t
ang I es
- c. octopus = a sea creature that has e'ight arms'
or tentac'les

56. gen/genus/genos meansbirth, race or kinci


- a. generato = t o b r " i n gi n t o e x i s t e n c e , o r t o p r o d u c e
- b. generation = t h e a c t i o n o r p r o c e s s o f c o m i n go r
bringing into being; a'lsomeansa group
of peopleconstituting a single step
in the line of descent from an ancestor
- c. genealogy = the study of family ancestries or
hi stori es
* d. genetics = t h e b r a n c ho f b i o 1 o g y t h a t d e a l s w i t h
the principles of hereditY
- e. genes'i$ - origin or creation

57, nona/rpve- meansnine


- a. November = the ni,nth month 'in the early Roman
ca I en0ar
- b. novena = a RomanCatholic devotion that lasts
for nine daYs

58, astro meansstar


- a. astroiogy = the study of the various aspects and
posi'L'icnsof stars and plarets in order
'luences
to determine the'i r supposedi nf
on hurrnanaf f ai rs

59. -nomy means system of laws or arrangement


- a. astronomy = t h e s c i e n c e o f t h e c e ] e s t ' i a l b 'ol adw
i ess ;
l i ' t e r a l l y ' m e a n st h e s Y s t e mo f
governing the stars
- b, astronomer = an expert in astronomy
- c. astronomical= related to astronomy; or enormous'ly
large or great

60, naut m e a n ss a i l o r , s h i P
* a. astronaut 'into outer space
= a person who travels
- b. nautical = perta'ining to sai 1ors, navigation or
shi ps

61. cosmos meansorder or universe


- a. cosmos = an orderly, harmoniousurriverse
- b. cosmology = a h:ranchof astronomy that deals with
the origin and structure of the universe
- c. cosm'ic = related to or characteristic of the
cosmosor the whole universe
- d. cosmonaut = a sailor of the universe or astronaut
- e. cosmopolitan= representative of the world
-9-

62. decem,/deca meansten


- a. December = the tenth monthof the old Romancalendar
- b. decade = a period of ten years
- c. decathlon = an ath]etic contest comprisedof ten
field and track events

63. logue/logos meansword or speech


- a. monologue = a speechby one person
- b' prolosue = or a prerace
to
rol:::'3T"1?H,:i:::^
: - cr d'ialogue = a conversation or discussion between
two or more peop'le

64. epi- meansafter, on or upon


- a. ep'ilogue = a speech fo1'lowing the conclusion of a
p'lay, or an appendedsection at the
c o n c l u s i o no f a . l i t e r a r y w o r k
.
65. dia- means between or across
- a. diagonal =
.across from one angle to another
66. deci- meanstenth
- e. decimeter = a tenth of a meter
- b. dec'igram = a tenth of a gram

67. dem/demo means people


- a. epidimic = the rapid spread of a disease amonga
, large group of people within an area
- b. ep'idemiology=a branchof medicine dealing with the
' causes, d'istribution and control of the
spread of diseases in a commun'ity

68. gfade/gradus means step


- a. centigrade = " o n e h u n d r e ds t e p s " , r e f e r r i n g t o a
temperature scale based on one hundred
degrees betweenthe freezing and bo'i1ing
temperatures of water
- b. graduai = taking place by steps or degree little
by litt'le
- c. graduate = to move'up a step from one 1evel to
another; usually refers to completion of
a course of study
- d. graduation = the act of graduat'ing
- e. upgrade = to raise in rank or level of importance
- = 'lower-ranking
f. downgrade to reduce to a position
- g. degrade = bring someoneinto dishonor, to put
someone down

69, retro- means backward


- a. retrograde = to move backwards or to degenerate

70. m iI I i - l i 1 ' l i o n r n e a n st h o u s a n d ( L a t j n )
* a. million = a t h o u s a n dt h o u s a n d s ( 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 )
* b. m i l ] e n n ' i u m = a p e r i o d o f a t h o u s a n dy e a r s
7 1. ki]o- m , e i m st h o u s a n C( G r e e k )
- il. k'iiogran = a thousand grams
- tl. kilocycle = one thous;andcycies per second

72. myria- mei\nsten thousand


- it. myrlao = a great nlany, countjess
- tr. myriameter = ten thous;andmeters
73. hemi- meins ha'lf (Greek)
- er. hemisphere = half of a. round body, two sides of ther
bra'in or lhe north and south d.ivisions
cf the ea.th at the €euator

74. semi- mea.nshal f ( Lertj n )


- e., semiannual = takr: p'lace twice a year
- b. semicentennial = a f.iftieth anniversarv
- c. semtautomatic = p,al^r.ia y utomatic
-' d. semiconsrc'ious = onl y partly conscious
- e. semilite,rate = pari:ly 'literate, or able to read
a n dw r i t e o n l y t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t
- f. sem'ipermanent = not permanentbui: not transient

75. demi- hal f ( Frerrch)


m€,a,ts
- a. demigod : orrewho is par-t'lyd.ivjne; parily humar.l
76. multi- mearlsmany(Latin)
- a. multiplex = comm;nicationcircuitsthatcarpy
severa'l d j st'inct si gnals at the
s a m et i m e
- b, m u ]t ' i p l i c i t y = a great number
- c, multifac,eted = h a v i n g m a n ya s p e c t s , o r f a c e t s ;
- d murt'irarious = partsor
;;:l?lE**un,cJirrerent
fcrms; diverse
- e, multiple = neny
77. poly* mearrsmany (Greek)
- a, polygon = a m a n y - . a n g l epdl a r e f i g u r e
- 15. polygamy = marriag: to several peop'le at the
Same I l ine
- (t. pol ygraptr : a I i e-diatector machine
- d. polyglot = 'languages
a persotl who knows several
or a book prrnted "in 2 or more
l anguagr:s

78. proto/prot- meansf .irst (Greek)


- il. prototype| : the f ir."rt t:rpe of thing; most typ'ica1
- b. protagonist = t h e m a i r rc h a r a c t e r . i n a p ' l a y , s t o r y
or nove'i
79. finlfinis m e a n se n d
- eI. f inish = to brinti to an etrd
* b. final = the end
- c. f inale * the clol;e cr termination of a drama;
the lasi event in a s;equence
80. term,/terminum m e a n s1 i m i t , boundary or end (Latin)
a. terminate = to f injsh; to end
b. terminus = an end'ing point; a goal
c. term'inal = e'ither end of a rai 1road, bus or
'line
ai r
- /.1.
u terminat i on = an ending; a conclusion
81 ultirzultimus meanslast or f j n a l ( L a t i n )
-4. u 'l ti ma te c o m ' i n gt o t h e e n d , f i n a l , t h e l a s t
possib'le thing
-b. ultimately 'ly
f i nal

*******!i********
-12-

Frellxes
Stud)' the fo1 lcwing prefi:es and the words containing these prefixes.

1. T h e p r r e fi x e n r b i : m e a n s" a r o u n c l " , " a b o u t ' o r - " b o t h , , ( d o u b l e ) .

1' ambivert = a p e r s o n D o s s i e s s t ncgh a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b o i l " r


the introverl: and the extrovert
Z. ambigu'ity = dou6le mean.ir,E
3' ambivalernce = c o e x i s t e n c eo f t o n t r a , l i c t o r y f e e l i n g s a b o u t
a particular person, object or action
4, ambidextr,>us = sk.iI l ed w.iil.i botir hands

t. The pref ix Ad: usual 1y mea,ns" t o " , " t o u l a r d "o r " n e a r " .

1. adSourn = t o p u t o f f o r d e f e r t o a n o t h e r ^d a y o r u n t i l
a latei penicd
2. address (v) = to speak, to pr-onounce
3. adjacent = joined to a thing or person
4, advance = move furthei' in f ront
5. admission = p e r m it t o e n t e r
6. adverse = acting in a c:ntrary direction

? T h e p r e f i x a n t i - 1 o r e r y [ m e a n s" a g a i n s t o r , ] p p o s i t e " .

1. antipath,y = a strong distike or a feeling of intense


dislike
2. a n t ' is e p t i c against or prrlventi ng cjisease
3. antisocial not open to fr^iendliness and companionshipr
4. anti trusi o p p o s e ctio t r r i s t s o r m o n o p l i e s
5. antarct i c; o p p o s e do f t h e n o r t h p o l e ; s o u t h p o l e
6. antonym a wr:rd that liiis the opposite meaningof
another word
7. antidote a remedyaga-i'rst a poi son
4. T h e p r e f i x b i - m e a n s" t w o " o r " d o u b ' l e "
"
1. binary rna.deup wi th 1.woparts
2" bi I ingual can speak two languages
3. biennial every two yea/'s
4. bifocal e y e g l a s s e $w i l h m o r e t h a n o n e f o c a l l e n g t h
5. bi annua'l twice a year
6. bicyc'le wi th tvrc wheels
7. bi peds two-footedthings (includjng man)
I . b'icentenni ill a two-hundred anniversar:r'
g. b'inocuiars a double telescope that is joined for use
by both eves
10. bi I atera'l with two sides
11, iricameral h a v i n g o r c o n s : i s t ' i n gc f t w o l e g i s l a t l v e
chambers, or houses
-13*

6 The prefix col- is actuaily a form of com-or co- meaning"with,, or


" t o g e t h e r " . T h e c o l - s p e l l i n g i s u s e db e f o r e i r o o t
t h a i b e g i n sw i t h ' 1 ,
1. col I ect to gather together
2. co]l ision c]ash,ingtogether ; str iking together
3. co1league people who work together
4. co'l'lapse to fai I down
5. col I aborate to work together

6. T h e p r e f i x c o m - a l s o m e a n s" w i t h " o r " t o g e t h e r ' , .

1. commerce = business dealing


2. commence = to start
3. cornpile = to put together
4. combat = to f ight a batt'le
5. compose = tO create
6. compete = to.strive with one another

7. The prefix co- means " w it h " o r " t o g b t h e r " .

1. cohere to stick or hold firmly together


2. coexist exist together at the same place or time
3. cooperate to work or to act together
4. correspond to be in agreement; to exchange'letters with
another person
5. coequal equal with one another

8. The prefix de- u su a l l y me ans"fr om " or "down".

1. clepart go away
2. derive to trace from
3. dec'li ned bent down
4. descent to climb dom
5. deport to ship from; exile
6. degrade to grade down; jower

9. p r e f i x d i - m e a n s" t w o " .

I
d'ialogue a conversat'ion or discuss.ion between two or
more people
2. dioxi de = a compoundin which each molecule has two
atoms of oxygen
di chromati c having or shorryingtwo colors
4. d'ichotomy a div'ision into tw<rparts or categories
^ di pterous having two wings
4t

10. T h e p r e f i x d i s - g e n e r a l l y m e a n s" n o t " .

1. disclose = to aliow to be seen


2. d'isagree = not agree
3. disloya1 = unfaithful
4. disregard = pay no attention to
5. di sbel 'ieve = not bel i eve
6, disconnect = to separate or sever the connection between
7. dislike = not like

11. T h e o r e f i x d u - m e a n s" t w o " .

1. duel = a f o r m a l f i g h t b e t w e e nt w o p e o p l e
2. duet = a piece of music composedfor two voices or
i nst ruments
3. dupl ex = a two-f ami]y house; havi ng two main parts
4. duplicate = m a k ea n e x a c t c o p y

12. T h e p r e f i x e x - m e a n s" o u t " o r " o u t o f " .

1. ex'it = to go out
2. export = to carry or shii, cut
3. exhi bi { = to hc,ld out ; to show
4. exhaust = to wear out; use up
5. exclude = to shut out

13. T h e p r e f i x e n - o r e m * m e a n s" i n , i n t o o r o n " .

1. embark = to begin a jounrey


2. endanger = to put in danger
3. emplace = to put in a place cr position
4. endemic - of a d i s e a s e , p e c u fi a r t o p e o p l e
5. encourage = to put heart into someone
6. ens'lave = to put into s'lavery
7. embrace = to tal<einto one's arms

14. T h e p r e f i x t - q 5 i s a f o r m o f t h e p r e f i x 1 l : w h i c k rm e a n s" i h " , " i n t o " , o r


" n o t " . T h e i m : f o r m i s u s e c lb e f o r e a r o o t t h a t s t a r t w i t h f r , F , b .

f. immature = not mature; not r ipe


2. immortal = not liable or subject to death
3. improper : not suitable
4. immigrant = o n e w h o m i g ra t e s i n t o a c o u n t r y o f w h i c h h e
i s n o t a n a t i v e f o r p e r m a n e n tr e s i d e n c y
5, imposs'ib1e = n o t p o s s i b i e ; n o t c a p a b ' l eo f b e i n g o r b e i n g
oone
1r_

15. T h e p r e f i x i n - m e a n s" n o t " .

f. inconvenience = not favourable for one's needs


2. inf requent * not happen'ingoften, rare
3. insincerity = having no sincerity
4. insuffic'ient = not enough
5. inseparab'le = that cannot be separated
6. 'insensib]e = u n c o n s c i o u so r n u m b
7, inconsiderate = not thoughtful

16. T h e p r e f i x i n t e r - m e a n s" b e t w e e n "o r " a m o n g " .

f. interval = t i m e b e t w e e nt w o e v e n t s
2. interdenta] = between the teeth
3. international = b e t w e e nn a t r o n s
4, 'interfere = enter into the concerns of others
5. i nter'l i nk = to I i nk one wi th another

17. T h e p r e f i x m u ] t i - m e a n s" m a n y " .

1. multipurpose = h a v i n g m a n yp u r p o s e s
2. mult'ifaceted = h a v i n g m a n ya s p e c t s , o r f a c e t s
3. multiplex = o f a s y s t e m f o r s e n d i n g t w o o r m o r em e s s a g e s
o r s i g n a l s o v e r t h e s a m ew i r e , c i r c u i t o r
air wave at the same time
4. m u lt i p 1 e = ma.ny
5. mult'ifarious = h a v ' i n gm a n yd i f f e r e n t p a r t s o r f o r m s

18. T h e p r e f i x n o n : m e a n s" n o t " o r " w i t h o u t " .

1. noninflamable = not easily set on fire


2. nonsense = something without sense
3. nonresistance = not fighting back
4. nonrestrict'ive = free; not restrict.ive
5. nonentity = something or sorneonewithout importance
6. nonprofit - not making money

19. T h e p r e f i x p o ' l v - m e a n s" m a n y " .

1' polygamy = marriage to several people at the same time


2. poiyglot = a perscn who knows several languages
3. pol ygraph = a I 'ie detector
4. po'lyhedron - a,s.o1id f igure having four or more faces or
s'loes
5. pol ysyl 'labi c = of more than three sy1I abl es

20. T h e p r e f i x p o s t - m e a n s" a f t e r " o r " b e h i n d " .

1. postpone = delay; set the date back


2, posterior = comingafter
3. posthumous = born after the death of its father
4. postscript = sentence added after the signature
5. postdate = put a date later than its actual date
-16*

21. T h e p r e f i x p r e - m e a n s" b e f o r e " .

1. pneview = a p r e v ' i o u ss h o w i n g
2. predecease = to die before
3. prelude = a n i n t r o d u c t o r y h a p p e n i n go r p e r f o r m a n c e
4. preliminary = before the main work; preparatory work
5. prejudice = to judge bef.grehand :
6. prefer = to want or lixe better
7. prefabricate : to build before

22. T h e p r e f i x p r o - i s u s e d f r e q u e n t l y w i t h t h e m e a n i n g" b e f o r e " o r " f o r " .

1. prologue = a preface ar introductory of a discourse


2. project = to stick out
3. promote = to go before or in front of
4. propose = to put before the group; to suggest
5. process = ; series of actions
a f o r w a r d m o v e m e n ta
6. proceed = to move forward; advance
7. proc'laim = to announce; make knownbefore the public
8. proF,el = to push or drive I'orward

23. T h e p r e f i x r e : m e a n s" a g a i n " o r " b a c k " .

1. replace = to taKe or fill the place of


?. reprint = to print again
3. recollect = to recover contro'l of (oneself)
4. recognize = to know c,r rememberaga'in
5. recensider = to cons'ideragain
6. renew = to begin again; to cause to continue in
effect

24. T h e p r e f i x s e m i - m e a n s" h a l f " , " d l m o s t " , " p a r t l y " o r " s o m e w h a t " .

1. semiannual = occuring svery six months,or twice a year


2. semiautomatic = n o t f u ] i y a u t o m a t i c ; o p e r a t e dp a r t l y
automatical'ly and partly by hand
3. sem'icentennial = a fiftieth ann'iversary
4. semiconscious = the state of be'ingpart'ly conscious
5. s e m iI i t e r a t e = able to read and write only at a ]imi ted
I evel
6. semipermanent = intended to jast for a long time, but not
permanently

25. T h e p r e f i x s u p e r - m e a n s" o v e r " , " a b o v e " o r " m o r e t h a n " .

1. superscribe = t o w r i t e o r - 't' h e t o p
2. supermarket = store brgger than the usual market
3. s u p e r fi c ' i a 1 = on the surface; sl ight or partial
4. superv'ise = to look over; to watch over
5. superheat = to heat to an extreme degree
6. superpower = power on an extraordinary sca'le
-17-

26. T h e p re fi x u l tra - me a n s" beyond"or "exceedingly".

1. u l tra ma ri n e = situated beyondor acr oss the sea


thesea
z. I
ur*aconservative :Xi::filT;tLlJli;"rike
3. ultramundane = being beyondwhat is norma'|,ordinary
4, u'ltrahigh = beyondusual frequency
5. u l tra tro p 'i ca 1 = exceedinglytr opical

27. T h e p re fi x u n - me a n s" n o t".

1. u n f i ke i Y = not pr obably
2. u n 'i n fe l l i g i b 'l e = not capableof being under stood
3. unemployed = out of work
4. unhealthY = sickly
5. ungrateful = not f eel ing thankful
6. unbeaten = never defeated

***:i**,t)t*,******
lo -

Roots

Study the fol1o,'.ringword roots and the worr:jsderiving from these roots.

1. The root ann or enn comesfrom the Latirr w:rrd annus meaning "year".

1. annual = s o m e t h i n g l h a t c o n ' L i n u e s) / e a r a f t e r y e a r
?- annu'ity = pa:rmentf i g -tr"'edby the year
3. annivers;ary = year'iy celebratjon
4. biennial = e v e n t o c c u r i r t g e v e r y s e c o n dy e a r
5. centennial : hundredtli-yei:ll event
6. perennial = c o m i n qY e a r l ' r '

'[teart".
2. The root Eqr, clur, f rom the Latin, means

1, di scord = d'isagneemeilt
?. cordiar ly = w a v ' r n ' l yf,r o n t t h e h e a r t
3. accord = hai^monY c,f mind
4. concord = with hearts t;oget-her,harnony
5. uncordial = fiot welcoini;til
6. courage = braverY
7. encounage = to insp'ire wi'ih courage

3. T h e L a t i n r o o t C j . c , o r d i c t m e a n : l" s a y " .

1. verd'ict = t h e a n s w e rc ; 1 a ' jury given to the court


2. contradiction = s p e a k i n gi n o p p o s i t i o n
3. dictatirrg machine= a n r a c h ' i nwe h j t ; h r e c o r d s v e r b a l d i c t a t i o n f o r
la'ter playhar:;kand transcniption
4, bened'icti,:n = tospeakr.vell;tobless
5. dictator - a personwho te'lls others what to do
6. dictate = to g'ive orders to someone

'to
4. The word root fac or fect means do" cr^ "to make".

1. factory = a p l a c e w h e r ' : rt h i n g s a r e n t a d e
2. faculty = ex'traordinar;'talent or sfiill
3. perf ect = marlewi thout a f 1aw; completed
4. manufacture = tc make
5, facilitata = t o m a k ee a s y o r l e s s d i f f i c u l t
6. factor = somethihg th;irt can makeor cause a change
7, facsimile = an exact col:\'ol^ ]ikeness

"wall<"'
5. T h e w o r d r o o t g r a d , S F € S S ,f r o m ' t h e L a t i r ^ . ' m e a n s" s t e p " o r

1. graduallY = s'lepbY steF


2. degrade = to Put dowrt, steP down
3. d'igress = to steP asidc'
4. graduater = to steP oitt , f i ni sh
5. transgress - to steP acrosis
6. regress = to go bacrrl
1. grade = a steP r:r le','el
*19_

6. The word root jec, ject, jet comefrom the Latin mean.ing
"to throtrr",
or "to Iie''.

1. co n j e ctu re = thr ow ( ideas) together , guess


2. dejected = cast dom, downcast, in 1owspirits
3. ej ect = thro'rrout forcef ul l y
4. reject = throw back
5. i n j e ct = thnow; intr oduce
6. ej acu'late = exclai m
7. project = liefonruard,stickout
8. a d j a ce n t = lying near or next to

7. The word root iur or'ius and the associated iud comefrom a Latin word
that first means"to take an oath" and later came.tomean"the law".

1. judge = a person who says what the law is and what


is right
2. injure = to do unjustly; harm
3. justify = to makeor prove someone to be guiltless or
b'lame;less
4. juror = a person amonga group sf,rornto.seek just'ice
5. adjudicate' = to tell what js just
6. jury = a certain numberof personsse'lected
accordingto law andswornto determinefacts

8, T h e r oo t i a t me a n s" b e a r, car r y,. car r ied".

1. re l a ti ve = car r ied back; one of the sam efam ily


2. co l l a ti o n = the act of putting som ethingtogether
3. translation = words carried across.fromone languageto
another
4. su P e rl a ti ve = excellent
5. d i l a to ry = car r ied aside fr om the m ainpoint; delay i ng
6. l e g i sl a tu re = bodywher emotions( ]aw) ar e car r ied

9. The Latin root mit means"to send" or "to place". The root m'it has
a n o t he r fo rm, mi g s (mi se ).

1. o mi t = to place out; leave out


2. transmit = to send somethingfrom one personor place
to another
3. permit = allow
4. emit = to send out
5. mi ssi l e = a weapon or pr ojectile thr ownor to be thr o1n
6. admit = to al'lor,rr
into
7. mi ssi o n = the sendingof an individual gr oup by an
authority to perform a specific service
-2C*

10. T h e L a t i n r o o t n a t m e a n s" b o r n " .

1. native = beionging io a country by b'irth


2. nat'ion = acountry
3, nature = a man's character, as born in h'im
4. natura'lize = t o m a k ea m a n a c i t ' i z e n

11. T h e L a t i n r o o t p e t m e a n s" t o t r y " o r " t o s e e k " .


'l petition = to seek permission; a request
.
2. compere = to work or play to seek victory
g. 'impetus = something that makesyou try something
4. impetuous = trying eagerly on impulse
5. perpetua'l = seeking on and on, forever

12, The root word phone tneans"sound".

1, megaplrone = device foi' enlarging a sound


2. pftsnograph - mach'inethat amplif ies or piays records
3. xylophone = mus'ical instrument that has di fferent sounds
when tapped
4. phonetics = the study of speech sounds

13. The root word sens, sent, which comesfrom the Latin sensus meaning
" t o s e n s e , f e e ' l, o r P e r c e i v e " .

f. insensitive = without feei ing


2. consent = agreement in oPinion
3. nonsense = someth'ing that makes no sense
4. assent = to express an agreementof the m'indto what
is aileged or proposed
5. sens'itive = subject to keen feel ing; responsive
6. resentment - strong displeasure
7. sentimental = s h o w i n gd e l i c a i e f e e l i n g , t e n d e r n e s s

14. T h e L a t i n r o o t t e m p m e a n s" r e g u ' l a t e d , p r o p e r l y m i x e d " o r " t i m e " .

1, contemporary = gojng on at the sametime


?. temperate = a good mixture
3. temporary = for a shori or specia'l period of time
4. tempest = bad wea.'iher
5. temperature = degree of lrotness or co'ldness
6. contemplate = examine the qua'li t i es of someth'ing
7, temperamental = acting up from time to time
-21 J

15. The root tort means" t w i s t " .

1. d i sto rt to twist out of shape


2. extort to twist out of someone
e contortion twisting ( of face or body)
4" retort to twist one's words right back
F tortoi se a low-lying animal that stands on twisted
feet

16. The word value comes from the Latin r oot val, m eaning"to be str ong".

1. deva'luate to lower the worth of someth'ing


2. equivalent of equal worth
3. available accessible; capab'leof being used
4. convalescent growing strong again
5. inva'luable of inestimable value

17, The root ven, vent from the L a t i n ; m e a n s" c o m e " .

1. co n ve n ti o n comingtogether for a meeting


2. 'intervene
comebetween
3. ve n tu re an undertakingof chance
4. avenue way of comingto a place
5. reveRue income
6. i n co n ve n i e n t nol comingor working together eas.ily

18. The root verg or vert means" t u n n " .

1. avert to run away; avoid


2. divert to turn or di rect awayfrom
3. vi ce ve rsa turned around, the other way
4. convert to tur n w' ith other s; to changebe1iefs
5. su b ve rsi ve to overturn; to derno'l i sh
6. v e r s a t il e able to use 'in manyways

19, r o o t v i t , v i v are from t h e L a t i n , m e a n ' i n g" 1 i f e , I i v i n g " .

1. co n vi vi a l enjoying f iving (and feasting) together


2. revive to set going or activate again or bring back
to I ife
3. survivor one who goes on iiving (even though others
die)
4. vi ta'l wi th the power necessary for l i f e
5. vivacious full of 1ive, f ively

i( * x ** :k,t ti )t * :r ** :l(,t
-2:2-

$uf f i xe-q

study the follo,,r.ing suf f ixes and the words conta'ining t h e s e s u f f i x e s '
"capable of being
4
T h e s u f f i x :4llg or -ible appearsfrequent'ly, mean'ing
or ma.king"

1. credible carpable of bt:i ng be] i eved


2. deductihle capable of being taken awaY
d capable of bt:ing destroYerl
3. ' le
e sg ti r u c t i b l e capable of milking terrified
4. b'le

"abie to be"
2, The suff ix -aU.e or - i b l e a l s o m e a n s

f. incalcu'lable that cannot lre calculated


2. dePendabie abl e ts be d,rpelrdedc,n
3. Presentahie able to be p^esented
4. r e s p e c t a h rel able to be r':sPected
5. workable able to be w:rKed

The suf f ix -a] means" r e l a t i n g t o " .

1. nava'l = relating to the navY


2. term'ina] = stat'ion where buses terminsls (end)
3. e x p e r im e r r t a 1 = relating to an exPeriment
4. setrtimen'!:al = rerlat i ng to sent i ment

" c o n n e c t e dw i t h " .
4. T h e s u f f i x - a f l l m e a n s" r e l a t i n g t o " o r

1. commentat'Y = rellated to comments


2. evo'luti oflarY = related to the act of evo'lving
3. I egendarlr = related to ]egends
4. momentar)/ = rerlateti to a iloment
5. s o 1i t a r Y = related to heing alone

5. The rsuff ix *or'1 means " o f o r r e l a t i n g t o "

1, mandator'/ re'lat i ng to what has beert mandated


( requested)
2. sensory relating tc the senses
3. a u d it o r Y relating to being heard
4. PreParatorY rel at i trg to bei ng preParerd
6. T h e su ffi x -fu l me a n s',fu ll of ,,.

Fi 11 i n the bl anks wi th the fol 'lowing words:

helpful , harmfu'l, graceful, careful , ioyfu.l, pi ti fu.l

a. P r e e c h ai s . . ....; e v e r y o n ea d m i r e sh i s d a n c i n g .
b. Pong is a . . person; he is ready to herp wheneverwe are
in trouble.

c. T h a t m a ni s . . . . . . . . . . . ; h e h a s a t t a c k e dm a n yp e o p l e .
d. you should be . whencrossing the street.
e. 'looks
Sunee becauseshe passes her exams.
f. That small boy looks . . . . . . . ; h e d o e sn o t e v e nh a v e
enough
clothes to wear.
7' T h e s u f f i x - o u s m e a n s" f u l ' l o f " o r ' : h a v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f , ' .

F i l ' l i n t h e b l a n k sw i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s .

contemptuous,extraneous, incredulous, prosperous

a. T h a i ]a n di s a . countr y.
b. It is t h a t ' a l l t h e s t u d e n t sf a i l e d t h e i r e x a m s .
c. T h e c r i m . i n a lg a v e t h e j u d g e a . . . look.
d' because
therewastoomuch
.
:::.:::::.i:: iffii;J:;;I""

8. The suffix -ate means "to makeor cause


to be,,.
1. l'iberate = g i v i n g s o m e o n eo r s o m e t h i n g ' t i b e r t y
2. intimidate = frightening someone
3. accentuate = give more importance or emphasis
4. frustrate = to cause frustration

9. The suff ix -ive appears f requenily in Eng'lish. It means


,,having
the
q u a fi t y o f " .

1. competi t i ve = hav.ing the qua'li ty of compet.ing


2. sensitive = having the quality of sensing
3. executi ve = hav'ing the qual .ity of di rect i ng, commandi
ng
4. definitive = having the quality of defining
5. relative = having the qualiti of being related
- 2A -

10. T h e s u f f i X l Q h c € u s u a l ' l y m e a n s" a s t a t e o r p r o c e s s , , .

f. impatience = the state of restle$s, eagerness


2- intelligence = the state of having a keenmind
3. residence = the state of I iv.ing in a piace
4. existence = the state or process of living

11. T h e s u f f i x _ - g rm. e a n s" a p e r s o n w h o " . A l s o , : _ Q ri s u s e d t o f o r m t h e


c o m p a r a t i v ed e g r e e o f a d j e c t i v e s .

C o m p i e t et h e b l a n k s w j t h t h e f c l r o w . i n gw o r d s .

I eader, gd'inter, s'inger

a. Nant'ida is a good she is welcomedwherever she goes.


b. We need a good to lead our nation.
c. His houselooks old. H e n e e d sa . . . to repa.intit.

12, The suffix:ggl- i s u s e d t o s h o wt h e s u p e r l a t i v e d e g r e e , t h a t i s , t h e m o s t .


'l
F'iI i n the bl anks of the fol I owing wi th aprrropliate words.

a. April is the .... npnth of the year.


b' The . r u n n e r i n t n e O l y m p ' i cg a m ei n 1 9 8 2 ' i s C a r l L e w i s .
c. The . . . y r a yt o g o t o H o n gK o n g i s b y p 1 a n e .

13. T h e s u f f i x - i c m e a n s" 1 i k e , b e i n g , o r r e ' l a t e d " .

1. authentic = being genuiine


2. exotic = being unusual
3. strategic = related to strategy

'l'he
14. s u f f i x i s h m e a n s" l i k e " .

C o m p l e t et h e b l a n k s w i t h t h e w o r d s g i v e n b e l o w .
'ldi
chi s h , g r e e n is h , d e v i I i s h , f e v e r i s h

a. His face is red. H e s e e m st o b e

b. Nobodywants to associate with h"imbecause he looks

c. E v e nt h o u g h h e i s o v e r t h ' i r t y y e a r s o l d , h e s t i l ' l looks

d. P a i n t i n g a r o o mi n g r e e n m a k e se v e r y t h i n g l o o k
-tq-

15. T h e s u f f i x - l e s s m e a n s" w i t h o u t " .

Complete the blanks with the words given belour;

breathless, worthless, doubtless, painless, merciless

a. That by the time he arrived at the top


' l o o rold man was ,
f of the bui'lding.

b. Talking to you is .. b e c a u s ey o u a r e r g n o r a n t .

c. It is that he is a capable man.

d. It is to help people.

e. That lady is ... w h e n s h e t r e a t s h e r e m p l o y e e sb a d ' l y .

*****X*****,r*x**
i,. .1,,. *26*

-) t
'" '.'
t---
, .'
l_
- : ,
!$inq qontext Clues : . ,.
'A i
"'
Good readers usie context c'lues to find the meaningsOf unknownwords as'
t h e y r e a d . S o m e t i m e st h e a u t h o r g ' i v e s d e f i n i t i o r r e o f u n k n o w nw o r d s i n t h e
c o r r t e x t , a n d s o m e t i m e st h e r e a d e l r sm u s t l o o k f o r c l u e s i n t h e c o n t e x t ' i n o r d e , r
to guess the meaningsof the words.

Context = what conresbefore and af ier a word, plrrase, statement,,


etc. hel pi ng tc f i x the rleaning

Clue = f a c t , i c l e a , e t c . t h a t s u l l g e s t s a p o s s i b l e a n s w e rt o a
prob'lem

Example_l

"'1 r' .' -" (,'i[* m u s i c ' i n t h e f i l m w a s d f g a d f U - l . I n f a c t , ' i t w a s s o b a - dt h a t I


had to leave the theatre. , 1 ,. . - , . i , ,
Nowwe can guess conl'ident'ly that I hcidto leave th'a theatre becauser
t h e m , u s i ci n t h e f i l m w a s u n p l e a s a n t o r b a r l .

E x a m p l e2

P r e s i d e n t A q u i n o i s a f r a i d c f b e i n g l r s s a s s i n a t e d ,a n d s h e a l w a y s
wears a bullet-proof vest, but she cannot :;tay away froln the crowds who
love her

W ec a n g u ( ) s st h a t a s s a s s i r r a . t e vde r y c l e a r ' l y m e a n sk i l l e d ; otherwise


the President wruldn't have worn a bu'llet*frroof vest.

I n a d d i t i r n t o g u e s s i n g t h e m e a n ' i f i g , : i af w o r d f r o r n i t s s u r r o u n d i n g
words, we can also use other k'inds of cont*x.tual c'lues as follorug:

1. Definitjon S o m e t i m e tsh e a u t h o r g i v e s t h e d e f i n j t i c n o 1 ' u n k n o w nw o r d s .


T l " r ec l u e s t o t h e m e a n i n g so r d e r fi n ' i t i o n a r e B E , M E A N B
, E
DEFINEDAS, BE CALLEI].

Examples: :,.

1. Feocle who study the stars'are called aqXronomers.


2' n"no
il.;--l:llo"l':?-';'[]?l['.::,:"1,3i*,.o*
Elilffil:gY-l:
different source$.

2" Explarratipl'jSc,m,:timesthe author uses strirrg$ of words or statements to


res[ate unknownwords. Signa] clues are OR, iN OTHER WORDS,
TilA'f IS. Punctuation marks f ike COMMAS, DASHES and BRACKETS
are also used to exp"iain unknon'nwords.
_27-

Exampjes:
,:.
1. T h e a n s w e r ' i s i n t h e g g n c l u s . i o n ,t h e l a s t p a r t o f t h e
story.
?. The testing center will prov'ideyou with all the materia'ls
you need. That is t-g*.ggy_, you will not need to br.ing pencirs,
pens' paper' taaftnonar'ils because
the testing.Cinterwitt
give you al'l of the things you need.
'( ' , l' :.,l: l . ., I ' .
J : :l _.
3. Contrast sometimesconnectivesshowingcontrast irldirecily help define
\ r. an.unknourn
word. context c'rue words are BUT, H6!VEVER,.
NEVERTHELESS,
WHILE,ALTI{oucH,EVENTl{otJcH,or'jrHe orHERI{AND.
Exampies: i i'
1'l
/'t
\
1
t. z Anc'ientastronomersstudied on]y the stars they could
see with
+ thei r eyes. wi th radio telescopesand sate'l.lites, rrowever.
-'t modernastronomerscan study stars
which our nakJ"v""tt*nn6t
se e .
2. If the farmers do not grow enoughtqq{this year, we w i l l
havea food ghortase. .gn the other hand',we wilr have a food
surplus if they grow too muih food for ih" *ns.rr"r. to buy.
..i t, ' ' , 1'' ',i[.r':.i';.' r,'..
'i|\'" ./

4. Il'lustrat'ion Examples
and pictures given in the text can aiso suggest
]he meaningsof unknownwords. EXampieclues are FOR
EXAMPLE,FORINSTANCE, SUCH AS. 11,, .,
' /r-
Examoies: ,-l
I I : r r.. , .{t
1. _lomerines_{renpeople are angry they insujt each other.
(--[9r gr-ample]whena person ignores a "No snloking"sign,
- anotherpersonmight say, ,,Whatlst_hqlnatter,can,t you read?.,
2. T e l e vi si o n .i s addicti\ze. { gl -if nnostcnildr en spen d
more than three hours watching"*qtplA each day, and very often
th e y ca n n o t fi n ish their assignments necauseoi
.,J "it"hing- it.
5. Synonvms Sometimesthe author gives the meaningsof a nevr-word
by
using a synonym(words that have the samemeanjl9} in
another
sentence. . | ' , '/ ' _ , t . 4 i / \ t . i ;
t "i ii,

Examples:
-\
1. G l a s s i s m a d ef r o m s i _ { i c a , w h i c h i s m o s i l / f o u n d
"in sand..
whereas diEmonds
are treaied tromcaiton;'*r.,i"i",'r;'r;ruL
found'in the form of coal .
z. The companyshe works for is A T M . S h e j o i n e d t h e f i r m
in
1 9 8 0w h e n i t w a s v e r y s m a l l . No{^,
ATM is the. largest business
in the area.
-28-

Ex e r c ' i s e1 : U se th e co n te xt a s a cl ue to def ine the under ' linedwor d in each


s e n te n ce . C 'ircl e th e I etter of your choice.

1 . G un sa re l e j h A l w e a p o ns;they can k' iii you' if you play with them.

a, modern c. useful
-h;
dead'ly . L', d. extraondinary

2. The little all day 1ong.


bcy is lachrvmose,i'crying
' c. resentful
a. awful
b. c h e e r fu l " d-; tearf u]
'
,,, j1 tat ';.l.5rei
3. Wt19ansked if I f iked her new hair-style, I candjdlv replied,
"No, it looks terrible." i; , . . , ,

a. poljtel y 9. frankly
b. cautiously d. kindlY
, ..1 (, r,.q,..i . t
4. M y m a ' i du s u a l l y i s i b l a g q a r d ; h o w e v e r , t o d a y s h e w o r k e d
energetical ly.-.. (
;,.. I !,c",,.{
a. a slow person c. an active Person
b. a hard-workingperson d. a siily person

5. My teacher is..so punctil'ious {hat he always corrects my sloppy-


speech or points out my incorrect use of certa'in words.

a. hel pf ul c. stublrorn
b. prec'ise '. , d, Punctua.l

6. P ' i t u k i s v e r y f r u q a l . E v e nt h o u g h h e e a r n s 1 i t t l e , he can save most


o f h i s m o n e ya n d l ' i v e s o n v e r y l i t t l e .
'
a. wise c,. c a r e fu ' l '
b. iavi,sft.'' thriftY.:.- l
l.. rlf lr^i-
1.41
.)
""-

7. She thinks of herself as the elite p e r s o n o n c a m p u s ,l o o k ' i n g d o w n


i her nose at others. ( {
.4

e.. l best c' si rnPlest


,.' '.1\
b;. worst -, tr- tal I est

B. M y f r i e n d i s v e r y a s t u t e ; h e b o r r o w e dm o n e ya t a v e r y l o w i n t e r e s t
rate and bui'tt it rn'to a small fortune through wise "investments.
l. I,-.i'
;i4 cunning
'b. ''
inefficient'.',.'', d. wealthy

g. Somepeople enhar.rce their own property by mowingthe lawn, platrting


s o m ep r e t t y f l o w e r s , a n d d e c o r a t i n g t h e ' i r h o u s e s ' l

c. cultivate )',
A. destroy
Fl improve d, secure ,j. .ot| ,Ci'"'i
-2q-

'i " ' "


1 0 . The war in Kampuchea
is consideredto be one of the most heinous
acts of aggressionli' li iarge numberof people including innocent
c h i l d r e n h a v eb e e nk i l l e d .
' ..) |
a, distjnguish;' ' "1'J( c. horrible t. ," ; ,, -
b. disadvantageous d. honorabls ; , 1 1'',,' i
- ' -
l ' . 1 _
l

Exercise 2 Use the context as a clue to choosethe correct meaningof the


u n d e rl i n e dw o rd s.

,:' ,.j i d
1. A s th e su n g radually em er ges
over the mountain,the gr ac eful
golden-coatedpagodabegins to coruscate

a. melt split /l
F,.
b. d i sa p p ear shine
Fl
I Vrrhen
the volcano Mount Helena in Washington eruoted in 1980,
'lot
it released a o f l a v a a n d k i l l e d s o m ep e o p l e w h o j i v e d
nearby. :,
a. formed : i'. broke out
b. was heated d. evolved "-.'

*), The doctor told hjm to abstain froml beer and any other
a l c o h o l i c d r i n k s ; o t h e r w i s e , h e w ' i 1 ' l n o t b e a b l e to recover
from his illness4
l'{'t't I rrr"
-A. r'r
l.'
'
.t!
i'"rri"l,
...4.' hold back c, reduce
b. c o n s u m e, , . , , r ' o d. keepup with

4. S p o i l e d f o o d i s n o t e d i b ' i e ; j t w i I I m a k ey o u s i c k if you eat


it.
/'' .
''&t ''i
a. d e l r'ci ous eatable
b. poisonous d. noti ceable
5. The scouts scoured the deserted town for signs of the enemy.
i,f,.r, i \
d. qaqrgedovei , as in search , a r , \ . : r ' : ' !(t', I i 1\3't' t i':
b. fought agaiRst .
c. g u a r d e da g a i n s t
d. chased betlind
A
F e e l i n g f a i n t e d , t h e o l d w o m a nt r i e d t o f i n d a s e a t b e f o r e h e r

'"""' ' ? --l--r


a. trinsferred''
'lapsed a t t e m p t e d , ' 1- i
co1 "' d. vani shed ,-r-r^ r^ir,-ri
Y
7. Howcan she vei I her emotions whenshe obviously cares greatly?
.i.,.,
:..t , i .,..
'!
a. pi ty c. appreci ate ",i ! '
b. scream (% conceal (h'ide)
,/
' -tto-

\\ / ; \ . t 'r ',() '""/\


..
;i
-
;
r' 7, -; '';''' t " 't ' '
\ .t i \ ,',
B. I often [eCge into things whenI am in a hurry.

-4" m o v ec j u l m s ' i ' l y c, divide


"'' b " col I ect (J. forget

9. W eh a v e t e n a p r p l i c a n t s f o r t h i l ; p o s . i t i o n . A c t u a l l y , w e n e e c i
only one qua'lified person so we have to weed out those who
a r e l e s s q u a ' l i fi e d .

a. supervis;er''',' '\"- <;) eliminate'.


b. c o m p r o m i s e- . 1 : rl. supply

10. s h e i s a t e n a c , i o u sp e r s o n : e v e r r t h o u g h s h e f a i ] e d h e r f i r s t
biology tests, she kept studyirrg and.erlentua'l1ypassed the
,
I,i, .. ". COUfSg. I ,,1
"
;
a. humorous r;- f i ne
b. stingy ' i :; ( ;: :li trersistent

E x e n c i s e3 R e a dt h e f o ] ' l o w i n g p i l s s a g ec a r e f u l l y a n d s t u d y t h e u n d e r ' l i n e dw o r d s
by app]yittg the skil ls you have learned to f ind the closest meaning
for each ,vord.

'like
Bangkok, o t h e r b j g c i t i e s o f d e v e l o p i n gc c u n t r i e s , i s f a c i n g t h e
problem of urban .m1griittglrby rural people. But rvhat seemsto be more alarming
'is that the majolity rf the
migrants are women.

A recent study cy the National Council of Vlomen of Tha'i'landand the


Departmentof Social htelfare shouredconcern abotrt the large inf'lux of womenintcr
the city. " N a t i o n a l e c o n o m i ca n c l s o c i a l d e v e ' l o p m , ; nwt; l l f a l l s h o r t i f n o t h i n g l
i s d o n e t o $ e m t h e f - o w o f w o m e ni n t o B a n g k o k , "l ; a i d t h e s t u d y . T h e m i g r a t i o n
r e v o l v e s a r o u n d e c o n o i n i c ,s o c i a l , c r i m i n a l , e m p l o y m e n t e , d u c a t ' i o na n d h e a l t h
p r o b ' l e m s . A n d a s w o m 3 nc o n s ti t u t e a m a i o r p a r t r : r f t h e m ig r a n t s , r e s i d e n ti a l
p r o s t i t u t t o n a n d c h i l J p r o b l e m sa r e f i k e l y t o b e a g g r a v a t e d ,t h e s t u d y p o i n t e c l
out.
I

1. migration=fi/'t'\ ii'i '

d: grow'ingmi)re mature
bi moving f rrm one place to arrother to Eiett'le
c. coi nci den,)e
d. cu'ltivati,:n
.r 'l
z. aiii*ng = ,rr-r' l'

.81 c a u s ' i n gf l a r o r e x c i t e m e n t c. €,xciting


b. waking sotneoneup d. c;onfusing
i \"'' ,'
3. influx= i ' 1i \ i 1 r " 1 " '

a. deve'lopmetrt ,d c : o n t ' i n u a lf l o w i n g i n
b. occupatiorr d. 'impact
-31 -

4. fal I short =

a. decrease-t ' 'i'


' c. capture
b. decl i ne : .. d.r fail to meet a goal
,\/
5, stem= . '.[i;',-ti.,,

a"-. part of a tree c. support


y:. stop d. arrange
6. feVOlVe = \r r '.,^,

a. enc'lose c,' cause to go around


b. attach d. br ' ing to an end
7. constitute =

1 '
8. Illdjor=ir"

a, necessary q. the h'igh rank off icer


b. the course of study d) greater in amount
')' 't : /r
^ I -\' "
9. aggravate = lit"" "
, ,.r,\.,r, ' :' I
a. exaggerate c. inform :
t'6.., m a k ew o r s e d, f luctuate . . , ' t t ' ,' \ ' .
^: '',,j
, ,.' ,.,

Exercise 4 R e a dt h e f o l i o w i n g p a s s a g ea n d t h e n f i n d t h e c i o s e s t m e a n i n g o f t h e
under'l'ined words.
'- '
tr t''
nlr"i " ''t'
The bodies of three men \,!ere found dumpedin the bushes yesterday near the
Bangna-Highwayin ChachoengsaoProvince. The bodies, which were stuffed into
three sacksl,"were discovered by a gardener, who a'lerted police. Pol Lt-Col
SuwanHoonsawat,chief inspector of Bang Pakong police station, said the three
v i c t i m s w e r e e a c h m i d d l e - a g e da n d h a d b r u i s e s a l l o v e r t h e i r b o d i e s , w i t h o n e
bearing a kn'ife wound in the neck. Their legs and hands were bound.
.-: -

' t
1. d u m P e d=
'uU. , ' ":'
thrown c. unconscious
'
b. s t a b b e d- - r \ " ) . ' " d. diminished

2- stuffed =

a. chopped c. f i l]ed forcibly ' ' -'


b. transf erred d. ]ay
1/ -

\...'
''
3. alerted = {"''.,'
, .., -,i..
.- \\

'a) ilarned or informed c. convinced


b. got ready to act d. escorted
_l
: ,

4. b r u ' i s e s=

a. s c ars c. tattco mar ks


t6; injuries by a blow d' PimPles
i' " /'"il:r. \'
it ""
5. bearing= :.i

a. giving bi rth c. carrying ,'


b. resisting \ d.. showing

Exercjse 5 Read the follow'ing passage and then f ind the mean'ingsof the
under'li ned words'

OF CHILD ABUSE
MANACCUSED

The Labour Department is to take Leggl action aga'inst the Phasi Charoen
g o 1 d s m i t hw h o a l l e g e d l v t o r t u r e d t w o c h i l d r e n w o r k i n g i r r h i s s h o p .
DepartmentCtrief ChamnanPojana said the suspect, Peera Ponual, would be
f i n e d f o r t h e i ' l l e g a l e m p l o y m e not f V i r a j K a m p o n g1, 4 , a n d h i s s ' i s t e r W a r a p o r n '
15.
T h e f a t h e r o f t h e t w o c h i l d r e n , N a r o n gK a m p o n gl,o d g e d a c o m p l a i n t w i t h
p o l . i c e o n T u e s d a ya c c u s i n g P e e r a o f t o r t u r i n g h i s c h ' i l d r e n , w h o w e r e e a c h p a i d
400 baht a monthto help in the shoP.
M r . N a r o n gp e t j t i o n e s l t h e p o l i c e a f t e r b e i n g t o l c t b y h i s s o n , h e a n d h i s
sister had been f requently bLutalisel by Peera'

1. a b u s e=

a. over-usage c. kidnap
6,, ill*treat ' 'r ri'! i ' d, assassinate
I l ' ' ,.,' : , , r ' \ . : .
'legal = '' '' ' t':\ '-' , .i3ri \ 1, ,
2.

a. gentle c. comproilising
b. strict d. c o n c e r n e dw i t h t h e l a w
'legedl =
3. al Y

a. actively c. oPtimistica'l1Y
reportedly d' overwhelmjnglY
, bj
:.'
:
4. torture =

a. dece.ive i . i 6. cause severe suf fering to


b. betraY d. have a Power upon
*33-

5' fing{=
tr
d. pun'ish,by paying some money
b. the state of a good condition
c. a cooperatjon between two persons
d. the officiaj support

6. lodge = '/
1., f n,. ...,.,t ,
i,, i . _.

?: a p l a ce to sta y c. to discuss
b. to v3'ice a statement d. to exploit ,(
7. petition = r,/i'r-, ,.,i', 1-

a. Permit "r\:" c. cooperate |,1,jfftr,fi:i'


b. exemption i.- d. make an appeal
8. brutaiise = u('\ l

a. to perform a cruel act c. to look downupon


b- t o g e t i n v o r v e dw i t h ' , d. to interfere with \

*******'t{(****:f*
1 l('rl 'l '
. lrC_ /a:

Qgn'!.extsWiih Contrastinq Words (11


'{erd
Studv 1

WORD MEANING

civi l'ian (n. ) p e r s o n w h o i s n o t a m e m b eor f t h e m i l i t a r y , o r


',
i- lir' rtlf police, or fire fighting forces
,
not simple or easy; intrjcate : :"'u''
cdnpl icated (adj . I "'
,, . .ii.;. COnCUf (V. ) ,
' ' . * agree; be of the sameopin'ion
_ '''
state or prove the truth of ; substantidt€
'in speak'ing
d' i g r e s s 4 v . ) turn aside; gel of f the main subject
)'' -' -i, oflit' .i.. or wri t i nS
i fragile (adj,)..y1..
g a l o r e ( a d 1 .) p i e n t ' i f u l ; a b u n d a n t( g a l o r e a l w a y s f o l l o w s t h e
) wor,l i t rnodif ies )
.
g e n u i n e( a d j ' ) ' n : r i - a c t , - t a l 1 yb e i n g w h a t i t i s c ' l a i m e do r s e e m st o b e ;
true; real; authentic
' - o f o r r e l a t i n g t o a n e n e m yo r e n e m ' i e s ;u n f r i e n d l y
hostile (adj. )
anxi r)L's 'l
impat'ient (adj. ) not pat i ent ; not w'iI i ng to bear de1ay; rest I es;
, 'r.t anxI ous
inter (v.), ... * put into the earth or a grave; bury
m i t i g a t P z ( v .) ' " . ' ' - rnakeI ess severe; I essen; sof ten; rel 'ieve
nOViGe (h.)i'rr'- : - c n e v . l " r oi s n e w t o a f i e l d o t ' a c t i v ' i t y ; b e g i n n e r
original (n.)^ _ a v,rorkcreated f irsthanci and f rom which copies
are made
original (adj.) belongingto the beginning; first; earliest
, FOritY (n. )', ,r something uncommon,'inf requent, or rare
r e s u m e( v . ) - begin again
! - dre,'rv
shrink (v. ) back; recoi 1 //.
sobep/(adj.) ',,' -t ' 'c'l'":
1 . not drunl(-
.-
2. serious; free from excitement or exaggeration
1,. suffice (v. ) L: - ' b e e n o u g h ,a d e q u a t e ,o r s u t f i c i e n t
vacant (a01.1 - ernpty; unoccupied; not tre'ing used J .
' ' t ' '
l ( . ,t i
| l - t '

- :l?1,.;,,- r

Apply What You Have Learned

Exercise 1: In the space provided, write the letter of tlie word or expression
that has rnost nearly the SAMEMEANING as the underlined word.
I r n , - 'i

'!.
a valiant foe

a. hosti le c. cowardly
b. weak d. brave

4
entertai nment Oi.jore

a. e x c it i n g c. p"lentiful
b. free d. prof ess'ional
-35-

3. the oriqinal owner

a, tru e c. new
b. f i rst d. legal

4. fragi le package

a. e xp e n sive c. breakable
b. genuine d. i ntr'icate

5. co n cu rri n go p i nion

a) a g re e i n g c, anxious
b. 'impati ent d. disagreeing

6. quite a rarity

a. a ttra cti on c" - ,. sur pr rse


b. cl e ve r deed d. uncomrnon thi ng

7. p ri va te i n te rment

a. entrance , .r', c. reception


b. buri al J
d.. exi t

8. u n m ' i t i g a t e df u r y 7 i , r " 3
/^'\
a. not lessened c. softened
b. decreased d. unchanged
' l ' t c

9. sober judgment

a. e xc'i te d c. hurried
b. d ru n ke n d\ serious

10. u n su b sta n ti a tedr epor t

a. authentic c. false
u n c o n f i r m e, d l ' : ' ' -" d. not true
e,
(opposite) in
Exercise 2: Each word or expression in column I has an ANTONYII
column I1. Insert the'letter of the correct ANTOIf/pl
in the space
provi ded,

COLUMNi MLUMN II

1. stick to the main top'ic a. frail


r! '
z. stro n g b. vacant

C 3. did not shrink c. novice

d. genuine
i
-_--.--rJ-_ 5. simple e. recoi led
-?6-

,,-,,,r, "i
A
: ,_ 6. not being $rhatit i s c l a ' i m e dt . o b e f. concur

U 7, oc:up'ied g. abundant " 1

i g. clerv l'r. di gress

,' 9. S;ClrCe i. confirm


I'
'.1
' 'ln r lri S
r d$l€€ j . .icated
comp1
rv. u

E x e r c i s e 3 : W h i c h o f t h e t w o t e r m $ m a k e st h e ' s e r r t e n c ec o r r e c t ?
W r i t e t h e l e t t e r o f t h e c o r r e c t a n s v / e ri n t h e s p a c e p r o v ' i d e d .

1. In your opinior, is the report or authentic?

a. genui ne) b. lrnt rue

2. The'investigertion has --_, but it i s e x p e c t e d t o r e s u m es o o n .

a. begun b. stopped

3. By thei r ___-*_ to the arrresting cf f icer, the vio'trators hoped to


mitigate the'ir of fense. i .' !
t, raa; ^+-^^^
expl anertion
a. LJ. re5 lSLCllluE ""

. .' . .:
4,Wil1thesesUpp]iessuffice,or'arethey.-?

a. enougn

5. Once i n o u r c e n t r a l r e g i c n s , t h e w h o o p i n gc r a n e i s n o wa r a r i t y ' .
I

ai. common b. unknown

Exercjse 4: Fill each blank with the rnost approtrr"iateword from the vocabu'lary
I ist below. j.'
.,/ i J
, l
\,, i
' ..
'
I
c o m pilc a t e d
suffice novice vacani hosti'ie adequate
original impatient civi'lian recoi'ed djgresr;ed resumed

1
The shov{ers sitopped a feu' momentsago, bu:: they have now
L..!- i
1. -r
[''' '

Z. You should heiveno troubie foll,Owii'rgtheso directions. They are not


,; ,,
"';1
,
t' t'
3. I can't understand why Terry has becomes() .- to me'
We l"rarlealways been f rierrds.

4. My couisin's fanily hopes lc move,intc our l:uild'ing as soon as an apartme,nt


becomes--l{:j:-'^\ ." \rt',ii'i
I '
i"

L1
-37-

t\ ' '
(lg''
5. The reprdduction was so clever that only an expert could d'istinguish it
from the t"rr I

o. tdhensomeoneasked Cathering how many fltore chairs would be needed, she


s a i d f i v e w o u ' l db e t ' r ' q r ' \ r ' L

7. Don't expect Paul to play the piano as we1l as Lori. After all, he is
only a (an) , t' 'i. ..l.' ' '''

8. Mrs,spears stopped Vincent as soon as he -rlr';tt'" and suggested that


he re tu rn to th e ma i n topic. ,
'
9. hlot a single was appointed to the d i c t a t o r ' s c a b i n e t . '
Al 'l th e p o sts w e re g i ven to m ilitar y of f icer s.

10. The supervisor never - ''t !:: from doing her duty, even though it
m'ight sometimes have been unpleasant.
,{: :'o\f('\i}'\-
\ ((o{ii. lft"-r''

*****)t*****x:f**

i{
r , . 1r (

-38-

Contexts With Qontrast i ng U/ord( 2 )

Word Study 2

WORD MEANING
: '-
aoiourn (v.) ; . c l o s e a m e e t i n g ; s u s p e n dt h e b u s i n e s so f a m e e t ' i n g ;
disband' :-
'
s h r e w d ; i ^ r i s b ;c r a f t y ; c u n n i n g
a c t o f b l a m i n g ; e x p r e s s i o no f d i s a p p r o v a l; l r o s t . i ' l e
criticism; rebuke
tear down; destroy; raz.e.,,
unlOad r"', r1i-'li- ",,t-j"'
di f fer in op'inion; disagree; object
f a ' i r t o a l I c o n c e r n e d ;j u s t ( ; : ' ,

composedor spoken w'ithout preparation; offhand;


, i m p r o m p t u ;i m p r o v i s e d
extricate (v. ),, ,' -
'.1 .
f ree f rom di f f icilfrt"ieE')disentangle .
forfeit (v.) lose or have to give up as a penalty for some
(" ,rl:'l
e r r o r , n e g le c t , o r f a u ' l t
i 1 1 e s i b l e( a d j . ) \ ' l
' '^d
- not able to be read; very hard to read; not 1egible
in a d v g r t e n t ' ly(a d v.) n o t d o n eo n p u r p o s e ;u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y ; , ,,,
\ l . rl .r\
r l!.'.;' t
' ...,
.,.t't, il
t h o u E h t l e s s l y ; a c c id e n t a ' l i
tld
" 'inappropriate (aC1.
I n o t f i t t i n g ; u n s u i t a b l e ; u n b e c o m i n gn; o t
appropri ate
l 'lucrative (adj. money-making ; prof i tabl e
permanent(adj. - i a s t i n g ; e n d u r i n g ; i n t e n d e dt o l a s t ; s t a b l e
prohibit (v. ) forb'id; ban , .
p u n c t u a ' l( a d j . 1 on tirne; prompt
rebuke (v. ) e . { p r e s sd i s a p p r o v a l o f ; c r i t i c i z e s h a r p ' l y ;
censure severely; reprimand; reprove
transient (adj. - not lasting; passingsoon; f 'leeting; short-l jved;
'{' li
r
momentary
transient (n.) * visitor or guest staying for only a short time
I
. ,:*r
!rtl:ii::lL

Exercise 1: In the space provided, write the letter of the word or expression
that has most nearly the SAIIEMEANING as the underlined word.

4
t. vote to adjourn

a. join di sapprove
t'
(D. Otsband ri approve
- \\ r r
) ca te r to -tra
- - - . 1 n si e nts
' ' 1t /(r\

a. civi I ians permanentguests


h.' s h o r t - t i m ev i s i t o r s n
novices
3. severely censured

banned a d'ischarged
t,
b. obj ected u, rebuked
-39-

4. re co rd o f p unctuality

a. promptness c. achievement
b. attendance d. lateness

5. t e m p o r a r yf i ' l l i n g

a. not 'intendedto last c. endur'ing


b. fra g i 'l e d. not painfu' l

6. i n e q u i ta b l e tr eatm ent

a. fai r c. unw' ise


b. crafty d. unjust

7. omitted i nadvertentlil iio"t

a. temporari I y c.,' acc'idental i y


b. on purpose d. permanently

8. d i s c h a r c i n q s u p p li e s
' . unloading (,
a. .' "l i c. unsuitable
b. destroying d. fleeting

f. impromptu remark

a. 'inappropriate c. hosti le
b, cunn'ing dl-l extemporaneous

10. completeiy exonerated

a. set free c. disproved


'b:' freed from blame d. prohibited

Exercise 2: In the space provided, write the letter of the word hCITRELATED in
m e a n i n gt o t h e o t h e r w o r d s i n e a c h l i n e .

1. a. object r l "" ^ t i I ; t
b. disagree c . d e m oils h d. dissent

2. a. ban b. exonerate c. prohibit d. forbi6 C'"' 'ictri

3. a. stab'le b. legible c. permanent d. lasting l n r '( '


a
r '" .r "
4. a . a bu n d a n t b . p l e n t'iful c. lpr cnative d. galor e
" ' ''r '"
5 . a . h in d e r n . o u " l b u iO"n c. encumber d. dischar ge
,..'1'l '

6. a.'improvised b. softened c. mitigated d.'lessened vtSi


'
7. a, temporary b. momentary c. prompt d. short-lived i-'
8. a. appropriate b. transient c. becom'ing d. sui tabie I -

9. a. reprimand b. forfeit c. censure d. reprove

10. a. shr,ewd l). extemporaneousc. offhartd d. impnomptu - --

Exerc'ise 3: lt/hich of the two terms mak,esthe senl:encecorrectlr


Write the letter of the correct answ()r'in the spaoeprovided.

1. T h e i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e c - r l dm o n u m e rilst h a r d 1 . or e a d ; i t i s a l m o s t
'leg 'r11egib1e
a. i b1e b.
'l 'l
Z. i f the j ury's verdi ct 'is _--_-___, the clefendant wi be exonerated'

a. guiI tY b. rrot gu'iI ty

3. Rhodahas a'lready had two slices of pizza, while somecf, us haven't had
even one. I t 'isn' t !

a. inequitable '' b.-: equitabl e

4. I f y o u a r e i m p a t ' i e n t , y o u r n a yf a l l into a trap from which 'it w'il'l be hard


to y o u r s e lf .

a. extricate b. l'aze

5.ShoutdthenewklusinessF,rc)Vejucrative,martyinvestorsw,i.|l-it'

a. enter b. avo'id

Exercise 4: F'ii'l each blank withr the fi|ost appropriate word from the vocabulary
I ist belcw.

short-l'ived intentignal ly forfei'[ed permanent'ly


astute di ssen'ied e;(temporan€ous1y 't ''
razecl
rebuked originaf inadver^tent'ly c o m pilc a t e d

t '' '
1. It was no acc'icent. I d'iclit - i.-_'
:
Z. Joan fai]ed to appear for her scheduled retnatch. As a result, accordirrg
io the t91i,fiT.ilt s;hev16sr'r t:'\rr{ -.-_ the same.
.:otes,
3. I will have to speak:___f:i::-,'iinasmuclr q3 I did not expect to be
asked to give e. talk, .:_,,:,,,,eyr,,or
'"J'
4. D a d ' s ;l e f t h a r r c il s i . . \ I L scarred as the resuit of a chi'ldhood
acci clent.
-41 *

5. :r.",
who \
Three of the club members
6. Is the tpt
'ft vacant'
,ru""n or are there somestructures
,,li;* on it that wiil be

- 7. L u c ki l y, th e p o w e rfa i l u re was .,, l- r ,


'ljghts ; in a matter of moments,the
were on again
- 8'
I:" t",TJJ#.'J;[J-:iltrv wassukhothaj
; later i t waschansed
9. y o u s h o u l d l '*.e xp e ct ' ,\(
a n o vice at chess to be as
exper.ienced player. as an
"": '
10. The officen directing traff ,1, Dl
i c -% , . t - , , ' the driver who had tried
make a p"ottioited turn. to

*.*,3* * * rf * *:t:f ,t ** * *
-4?*

(i )
Contexts VJith $itui.1a.!.-!tlot-ds

Word Studv Q

WORD MEANIN(]

cache (n. ) . , - h'iding place to strlre something


c o m m e n(dv , ) ' : - praise, mention fa'rorably
cur (n. ) worthless dog
despotic (adj.) o f a d e s p o t ( a m o n a r c hh a v i n g a b s o l u t e p o w e r ) ;
\' \. ' d o m ' i n e e r i n gd; i c t a . t o r i a l ; t y r a n n i c a l
.i
dispute (v. ) , t,.,; ,-. ' ar"Oub a b o u t ; .d e b a t e ; d e c l a r e n o t t r u e ; c a l l i n t o
.,, quest'lon; oppose
edifice (n")r
era (n. ) hi stor'ical period; period of time
initiate (v. ) .*- 1, begin; introduce; origjnate
r"'i , "" 2. admit or induct into a club by special
ceremontes
Jo1ly Roger(n. )., ^ pi rates' f lag; blar:k f 1agwith white skull and
crossoones r
m u ] t ' i t u d e( n . ) crowd; throng; horrie;swarm
perce'ive (rr. ) bercome aware of th^ough the senses; see; note;
- /
oklserve
portal (n. ) . - d c n r ; e n t r a n c e , e s 6 r e c i a 1 1 ya, g r a n d o r . i m p r e s s i v e

reservedt*ci.l ?il3t."tnedin speer:h or actlon; uncommunicat'ive


restrain il,. j .,.i-, '.),'.r back; crreik; r;urb; repress' ,:
rrcrid'
' ' t
I ,' -'retract (n. ) i- ' l' ,, ; d t ' a wb a c k ; w i t h d r a t ^ r ;t a k e b a c k
spine (n.) chain of smail bonerd s o w nt h e m i d d l e o f t h e b a c k ;
a .. i berckbone
stro]1 (n.)', {rr,
' " t i m o r o u s( a d j . ) fu]l of fear; afraid; tim'id
,,
tui tion (n. ) p e r y m e nfto r i n s t r u r : t i o n
version (n. ) - 1 . a c - c o u not r . d e s c r i p t i o n f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r p o i n l :
' '()T vlew ;i
. . ,' , , . , . : .
) 2, translation

E x _ e r c i s e1 : I n t h e g ; p , l c €b e f o r e r : a c he x p r e s s i o n i r r c o l u m nI , w r i t e t h e l e t t e r o f
i t s e q u ' i v a ] e n tf r o m c o ] u m nI I .

COLUMNI II
COLUMN

i 1. i n o u ct ('i n to e rc'tubor soc' iety)by a" cur


special ceremonies

2, i r n p r e s s i v eb u i i d i n g b. cache

3. h'istori cal period c , , s p i t r e le s s


I

4. h'iding place d. portal


.,\\ 'innp
ressi ve doc,r e" thi rteen
o.
-43-

!
i 6. account from a part'icu'lar viewpoint f. initiate
7, without a backbone g. Jo' lly Roger
8. b a ke r's d o zen- i\' ' ."' ' , "' " h. era
9. worthless dog i, version
10. black flag with white skull and j. edifice
crossbones

Exercise 2: Eachword or expression in column I has an ANToN\?f


(opposite) in
colunn II. Insert the'letter of the correct ANTONIYIVI
in.ttre
provi ded. "pa"e
@LUMNI COLUMN
II
'l and'rll
qr tvgu . .. q^ . . ^lqAl1-J
SLt(Ji ittu

2. not afraid b. perceived


i 3, censured u - . c. m u lt i t u d e
4. ran d. disputed

e. initiated
l^
---=- 6. democrati c f. retracted
| 7, reserved g. commended': " r'
- 8. small group h. timorous

:
i 10. not argued about j. ,Jespotic

Exe.rcise 3: which of the two terms makes the sentence correct?


write the letter of your answer .in the space provided.

1. Isn't it a p'ity that this beaut'iful edif ice is going to be


-" ''
a. raised fi , b.r faZed
'2,

2. Sandra shou'ld have been for being punctual.

a. commended b. reprimanded
3. Whenit comesinto power, a despotic governmentusually freedom
of speech and press

a. bans b. permits
'fT

4. If you , there is nothing to d'i:;pute.


..
a. d'issent bj ooncur

5. Haven't you somr:timeswished that you couid retract somethingyou


you had sa'id?

G." regretted b. vv'i


shed
!

Exercise-4: Fi'll each blank with the most appropt'iate word frem the vocabu'lary
I 'ist be'low.

impatient perceiveci tui tion restrained


timid ,"'.' inducted
' version ' val i ant " retracted
di sputed
.1
I

, r ..,-+.;
1. The rivals were going to tfa+e blolvs, but 1. managedto hold one of them
back and my f ri end ! r:'ir- "'\ tri'leother '

Z, The firm must,expand to se,rve thr-. increasing numbersof clients knocking


at its !''\;r1 --'
'luc|li'ly
3. I was about to take the wrong bus, but I ' my mistake
i n t'ime.

4. No one our picposa'l for sharingl the expensesl. it seemed


p e r f e c t ' l y e q u 'ti a b l e . ,

b. If ycu go to en out-of-toq'n college, you w:l'l have expenses for room and
'.'r''i < board, as well as for
----'----

6. After the plane took off , the pi'lot the landing gear.

7. J u l e s V e r n e ' s i r a g i n a t i v e n o v e l ! - ' I L E M'''Y S'' T E : R I E Ui sS Ek n o w na s T H E


MYSTERIOUS ISLANDi n the Engl i s[ -\t '''i r- -_ '

B. F o u r t e e ns t u d e , n l sw e r e \ r r i s t a a t t h r el a s t a s s e m b l y .
i n t o J u n ' i i i )A

g. BecauseI got url jate, I h,ad to rush to sclr,:o'l. There was no time for my'
usual
\ '
10. Before I learned to swim, I used to be Very - about jumping
into the pool.

:F****{.)ti*******t
1\ ,,.,\A tC

. . . : . 1 "

'la. /tr -
a/

l,

J
i , .j ' .
\

-11

Word Studv 4

MEANING
aggressor(n. ) personor nation that begins a quarre.l;,assailant
altitude (n.) h e i g h t ; . e l e v a t i o n ;h i g h p o s f t i o n ; e m i f e n c e - , ; , ,, , ,
c a ] a m i t y( n . )
congregate(v. ) ,' ,..,:. .great misfortune; c_e!Ag_!e"FJre; Ojsas{eFl.: ,, .,.*
cometogether into a crowd; assemble;gather .
convene(v. ) , meet or cometogether in a group for-a-specific
purpose
cordiality (n.),.. l friendliness; war mthof r egar d \ ..
-cr o n y ( n . ) ,.
c' losecompanion;intim ate ir iend; chum,., , .i , I
deliberately (adv.1 f. in a car efully thoughtout manner ;- on
- pur po" " ;
purposely
...1

?, in an.unhur r iedmannei ; s.low.ly


d i s p e n s e( v . ) e ,' - '(fotlowed by the pr eposition witlr l Oowithout;
get along without
d u b i o u s ( aOi .)rr.,,.r d o u b t f u l ; u p c e r t a i n ;q u e s t i o n a b l e , . , : , , . t ..
e x t r e m i t y( n . ) - v e r y e n d ; u t m o s tl i m i t " "
h i b e r n a t e( v . ) .
host (n. ) 1. lar ge num ber ;m ultitude; thr ong; cr owd
Z. person who receives or entertains a guest or
, ', ':., guests (Note also; hostess_a$/oman
who serves as a host) .,,.....,
intimidate (v. ) frighten;..inf luenceby fear ; coul;over awe
preface (n. ) introduct4on (to a book or speich);-ioieword;7. ,
tr..'
p r oiogue . ,r ,.,..
preface (v. ) i ntr oducbor begin with a pr eface; usher .in;
precede
recoil (v.) -, . . draw back becauseof fear; shrink; wince; flinch
reflection (n. ) -
1 . thought;. especia11y carefu'l thought i"i,, . ,;;:,,
2 : b l a m e ; d i s c r e d i t ; r e p r o a c h, . ! . , , ,
rel inquish (v. ) give'Lp; abandon;
tolerate (v. ) -.:" J g t g o ; r e l e a s e ; s u r r e n d e rr"
{\:
endure;bear; p'..$jr;"itx, ;iffi;'d;;iE"vs'
-- forecast( .tI predict, foretell, . .
,,,,r,. ,, i
p r o p h e s y. i..,, :> :, ' "
i' i.. . ' : l ' " ' : (
- - ' r 1 ' ' ' ^ ;
! 'i i.
" *: l ., -, .
t.i o\.rn,r , : ,- 1 ,t

r '!. t{
\'" 1''//'

E x e r c ' i s e1 : In th e sp a ceb e fo re each expr essionin


colum nI, wr ite the letter
of its correct SyNOt{yM f rom columnII.
COLUMN
I COLUMN
II
-_+__ 1. meet for a specif ic purpose a. intimidate
2: intimate friend b. host
3. i n fl u e n ce b y fear n nrr{.i a'l i *r,
vvrsrsttLJ,

+. person who receives a guest d. extremity


u tmo st 1i mit e. ca'lami
ty
-46-

6. lvar^mth
of regard f. d e 1i b e r a t e ' l y
7. spendthe w'inter Y. convene Ir

-- J n a t:i o nth a t sl a rts erquar r el h hi bernate


+ 9. i n a n u n h u rri r;dmanner i. crony
10. g re a t mi sfo rtu n e aggressor

E x e r c is e 2 : : I n t h e ' s f l a c ep r o v i d e d , w r i t e t h e l e t t e r o f the word NOTRELATEDi n


meaning1:o the other words in each 'l ine.

1
b. assemb'le c. congregate d. gather .[jjt i' t;

2 hr. questionable c" certaln d. dubious


/,.1
3. hr. blame c. discredit d. ref'lection
4.. b," endure c. bear d. tolerate
',{ 1 ' . - i " , ' , t

,l
A
kr. f l incfi c. recoil d. pinch I'
-..-i
6. b . sp e cta to r c. mu'ltituder d. crord
7. tr. fo re te l I c. pred'ict d. forego )
;,
-b.
8. elevation c. a]t i tude d. em'inence
9. b" surrender c. ban d. ref inquish

10. b. overawe c. frighten d. intrimate


. i '.'. ''',,nt- ,
if

In the $pace prov'ided, wrlte the lett,er of the word that meansthe
SAMEas or the OPPOSITE o f t h e w o r d r : r nt h e l e f t .
r ., iltirt . , i"
6,a ,i i. .,i
,
.Jri.. ,. I :".'
1. boo,1 a. connectic,n c. prophecy

2. i narjvertentI y
e) a.
ca1amity

s1ow1y
tie
. . ' , ,. . ,
'r.'- \l
d e 1i b e r a t e l y
. h sel dom quickl y

J. churn di scharge novi ce


h object . f ri end
'-''
.i .''.
4, for'lei t r e 1i n q u ' i s ; h d'rgress
h
forbi d p r o h ' i b it
6 pre'Face repeat st ress
l i . . ,' i , b. usher in pract i ce
'/
-47-

E x e r c i s e 4 : F i l l e a c h b l a n k w i t h t h e most
'list appropriate word from the vocabu'lary
belov.
/ L,
t.
hi bernated i nt i midated ' dispensed
guest toierated
proh'ibi ted - convened .'
r e f l e cti o n r el inquished
host preface Prophesied,-io..

1. was I surprised when the book I had left on the


bus was returned to me!
I a s su reyo u I h a d i rt, - ' ' ,,.i. all hopeoi g"lting
..v
it back
2. If I leave someof my dinner, Mothertakes ',..-.,
it as a (an) t, on her
cooking.

3. The socia'l committee a ' r''(,^_ i n R o o m2 1 9 a f tr=r


e r sewr
c hr\r\',,
o oIl tte plan the
o P
Thanksgiving Dance

4. \ , / e r yp c o r f o r t u n e - t e l l e ; .
fu 3ie a W h e i . r e v ey io- u h a v e , r a e , . . :r , \
s h o u l d w i n , w e h a ve l o st. '- r. .: l -, ,,t
1.7

5. Next week, al1 membersof the study..group


, ,-_ are invited to my house.
I shall be g'lad to be their

6. Grandpa wi th , hi s ear'ly morning st ro1 I today because


too windy. ''':"j
i t was
r 6r. . i ii. :^t-"j
"
7. M o s t t e x t b o o k s b e g i ' nw i t h a ( a n ; . 1.,,,--_
and end with an index.
8. Manyasea voyager in the olden t.imesyyasI i ,'rri,^ri,when
Roger f'lyihg from the mast of a ship. ----- r.r.,-.r he saw the Jolly

'late.March,
L In t h e p a t i e n t r e t u r n e d f r o m F rvo' r i' dv sa w ,p.,,
i r 'h
r ser ree rsIhI e h a d
si nce chri stmas.

10. The dumgingof poisonouschemicarwastes .into 'rakes


V"", - "
and rrvers cannot be
'rt i i-'
- / \ / /
'r'ih ,ir(r,
,\" '.irrv( 7'ii'"'i'll-:;r

***)r************
.l a'
'r rn lj,

- .1
'r n
v
--
']'
;ll

'.r-l

Com$lrnsenselQentexts
-L!-)
;.,i:, .,
Word Study 5

WORD MFANING

capsize (v. ) r" - o'r'erturn; upset


contend ('r. ) '' 1 . c o m p e r t ev;i e ; t a k e p a r t i n a . c o n t e s t ; f i g h t ;
s t r u $ g le
'r 1.1.4: i .' .'
j 2. argue; maintain as true; assert
decease (n. ) "\. :i - d,:ath
' , i I
din (n.) , , I rf,udnol se ; uproar
( v . ) ' ' * ' t , a l 1 a p e r r t ;d i f f e r e n t ' i a t e
distinguish ' !-
div911ge ) ( v ' - r - m a k ek n o w n ; r e v e a l ; d ' i s c ' l o s e
( n . ) ' . ' 1 , ' , "t '. l,lng per-i_od of dry weather; lack of rain; dryne;s
drought
f a m si h ( v . , ' ' ' ' l s t a r v e ; b e o r m a k ee x t r e m e l Y h u n g r Y
)
' . f 1 r t u m i n a t e( v . ) ' ' ; ' 1 ir ' 1 i g h t u p ; m a k eb r i g h t w i t h I i g h t
' - i r r c a p a b l eo f b e j n g h e a r d ; n o t a u d i b l e
i n a u d i b ' l e ( a d j . ) " ' t ' ,. ' " '
. incense ( v . ) ' - make ext remely angry; enrage; madden; 'infuni atr:
' i:inundate (v. ) i - f'lood; swimp;tduti,g6' :'- ''
,'
t) ' "
jeopardy (n. ) danger;peri'l 'l
' ; ' ': i -
. rlagnify (v. ) cari" to be or I ock arger; enl arge; amp'li f y
m u n i c ' i p a 1( a d j . 1 - of a c'i'ty or town rr ,
' ' - ' /' ' ; : ) * p o i n t e d p i e rce;
P u n c t u r e ( ' v .)
'-.
m a k ea h o l e w i ^ t hi t objerct;
.- : t t t
a :i";.

Parforat:e AfL:"''':',
t

','-' - search thoroughlyby turning ov'erall the


rummage (v. )
c,cntents; ransack-- )-
, s im u l t a n e o u sl y a t t h e s ; a m et i m e ; c o n c u r r e n t i Y
,' -r'" 6u b s e q u e n t (
l ya d v. ' "later; afterwards
( )
, i,'surv'ive (v. ) ..,L,i-,-,,'-. : . , . . . - ' r - l i v e ' l o n g e r t h a n ; o u t l i v e
L'
fi'r, 1a"U"fSe (V. ) r. - pass across, over, or through; cross I
' ' speed; r;wif tness;
veiccity (n.)
9e.i,9i :Y
' 5l',
EIgggj-gg-l: Which of the two terms mal<esthe sentence correct?
Write th,: letter of your ilnswer in the space prolzided.

i , r d

Si nce t h e j u r y ' s d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n d i V u l g r : r d , of us knpul


about i t .
L-
a. al'l

2. Anyone cou'ld sre that Herb was incensed; l.here was no s;ign of his usual

in cordial i ty
a. u n f r i e n d li n e s s , Ur

My bowfing c'luo meets Saturday afternoon, I f y o u r p i c n i c ' i s b e i n g h e ' l c l


, I w o n t t be able t<: come to i f

61" s i m u lt a n e o u s ' l y b. subsequent'ly


V\\
l',-"'i)"r' /-'
, . t11
"i
|
' r.i
t"'\|

*49-

4. Sunida's hopes for t a k i n g t h e c h a m p i o n s h i p


will be in jeopardy if she
today's match.

a. ]oses b. wins
l,i
5. This room is poorly i: ,we need more
lvT'"il.o;
a. air b. light

Exefc'ise 2: In the space befcre each word in


c o l u m nI , write the letter of its
correct meaning from column II.

@LUMNI
COLUMN
II
i 1 puncture one who takes part in a contest
,t 2. decease rnoi'ougiiiy searchecithrough
4L^.--..-t-r-

J. drought loud notse


---------r- 4. survivor capable of being told apart
2 5. ransacked of a c'ity or town
6. contender long period of dry weather
\ ,-. 7. din one who outlives
I

': ' 8. audi bl e death


9. municipal hole madeby a pointed object
10. di st i ngui shable capab'leof being heard

Exercise jl: In the space provided,


write the 'letter of the word NOTRELATED
.in
meaning to the other words in each 'l
i ne.

1. a. upset b. intimidate c. overturned d. capsized


2. a. peril b. jeopardy c. safety d. danger
3. a. 1ate1y b. subsequently c. later d. afterwards
.-.. !

4, a. velocity b. clarity c. rapidity d. speed


5. a. razed b. deiuged ct r t t'a t I
c. destroyed d. demol.ished
6. a. ampiified b. magnified c. contracted d. en'larged
7. a. struggle b. compete c. conmend d. vie
B. a. ransack b. traverse c. search d. rummage
-50-

9 . a . contend h
reprove assert d. maintain
1 0 . a . enraged b , maddened i ncensed d, argued

E x e r c ' i s e4 : F i I I e a c l ' b l a n k w i i l r t h e most approp^'iate word from the vocabular.,r


I i st be'lcw.
, \ , ' . ' .

t raversed -inundaterd : l

rummaged perforated
concurrentl y capsi zecl l eoparrly d i v u 1g e d
contended subseque,ntIy famishr:d; d'ifferentiated

Ai
.l -
I was
L ^.,1 :f l
'''
| .(

_ by the time I got homeb,Ercdus€


I had sk'ipped I unch.
French 1 must be taken before Frerrch2. Thel,maynot be stridi ed
' ;
T h ' i s m o r n i n gI _ ' t h r c u g h t h e c h e s t f o r t h e mateto a green sock,
without finding it.
'':'t , r!' ! :rl
4. R.ice f .iel ds are because i t take:: a great deal of water to grou/
ilrce.
I

5. T h e B i l l o f R i g h t s s a y s n o p e r s o r )s h a ] l b e put 'in doubl€


, by
b e i n g t r j e d t w i o e f o r t h e r j a m eo f f e n s e .

o. I have always-- -' l:'. tnat it is better to get a good night's sleep
b e f o r e a n i m p o r l : a n tt e s t i l r a n t o s i t u p h a t f t h e n i g h i s t u d y i n g .
-'-', - (
o n o u r d r i v e f r o m B a n g k t i kt o R a y o n g ,* " - 1 * cholburi, Bangsaen,
Pattayaand Satlahip.

Two former employees, whoselnameshave not been' - i. ' l' '


I
8.
questioned by tl.re police alput th9 robberV. , ar e being
i
q
T h ec o p y i s s o p € , r f e c t t h a t i t c a 6 h a r d l y b e i t . f rom the orig'ina1 .
After stepp'ing oll the tack, i qu'ickly removecl
my shoe and examinedthe sole
of my foot. Lr,rckily, the skin was not g1_l:__!( .

*)F*************
-5t -

Commonsense
Contexts (2)

Word Studv 6
t'{ORD MEANING
i ' I
6.(:
(v. )
accommodate 1. hold without crotd.ing or inconvenience; have
- tl .,

L + . /( | \\!
room for
2. oblige; do a favor for; friliih with something
desi red
a p p r e h e n (dv . ) - . ' r . antisiBale*(f.qresee)"rriih t"ur; dread
2. arrest ',
c l e a ve (v. ) st i ck; adh6're';'c1.ing; be f ai thf ul .
conceal (v, ) keep secret; w.ithdraw from observation; hide
c o n t e n t ( a d i . 1' . satisfied; pleased
t,,, : culprit (n.) , one guilty of a fau'lt or crime; offenderl
el iminate(v. ) .. d r o p ; e x c l u d e ; r e m o v e ;g e t r j d o f ; r u l e o u t
.
f a a a f . i a r rr vo v r t/aali \ - . g i v e i - rt o . j o k i n g ;
\svJ. /, not to be taken ser.iousty; witty
fut_igue(v. ) tire; exhaust; weary
i n f a ' | 1 \ b l e( a d j . ) - , incapable of error; sure; certain; absolutely
rel iable
pi lfer (v.) steal (in smal] amounts)
p r o v i nce (n . ) j . ,. ,4
proper business or duty; spheie; jur.isdiction
reflect (v. ) <--- think care_tull_y; meditate; contemplate
reverse (v. ) turn complete'ly about; change to the opposite
P o s i t ' i o n ; r e' ,v'o k e ; a n n u l ' . ,{ .,'
reverse (n. ) - a defe4t
s h a ' l l o w( a d i . ) ' . ' : not deep
s u p e rfl u o u s(a d j . ) beyond rvffat is necessary or des.irable; surp.lus;
needless.
surmount(v. ) c o i i i j u e r ; o v e r c o m e ;c l i m b o v e r ( . i. ,,.. .
u r b a n( a d j . 1 - having to do with
c i t i e s o r t o w n s
vicinity (n.) neighborhood; 'locality; region about or near a
pl ace
vocation(n.) r-.,.. occupation; cal'ling; business; trade

E x e r ci se 1 : E a chw o rd or expression in column I has an ANTONylvl(opposite) in


c o l u m nI I . Insert the letter of the correct ANToNyl'l
in the soace
provided.

COLUMNI COLUMN
II
la
conquerred a. to be taken seriously
2. superf 1uous b. rested
.t, included -t"* 'c.
surmount
't)

i/''. L facet i ous ) r^it


rctrt
-r-i.-. L.
t,.
i^,r ,)
tu QUllge

--.--<c+- l F
di vu'lged A necessary
Il
6. infallib'le f
deep
-\2 -

l''' t I r t ....t '


Kl 7. vic.:ory +d,4t'.1 .ti g. unrel'iable

B. s h a ll o w fr. el imi nated

I . f a.tigued ' 1, neverse


/ r','''
:L 10, / _
acrc,)mmodate ,i .i . conceal€|d
\-i- .i

E x e r c i s e ? : I n t h e s p e c ep r o v i d e d , w r i t e t h e ' l e t t e r o f t h e w o r d o r e x p r e s s i o n
that hasrinost nearly the Sr\MEMEANINIi as the under"l'inedword.

1. notring to dreASt
'
a, conceal ,ft( apprehend |
b. intimjdate I r:1. annul
-i'r'l r'(

2. s t ' i I I c l e a v in q

a" turning o. excluding


b4'' cl'ingih! '-, , il. jok'ing

3. su!e.!f I uous r€rmarks

a,, necessary (1. wittY


b, a d d it i o r r a l A( needlesr;

4. g h e l ' l o wd ' i s h

a. not f i l led r,-. deep


b. emPty i. not deep

5. t jnre to med'it.ate
/ ' ' ^v -
,a: ref l ect " 11. wi thdraw
'b, "'
rest

6. wil:hin Your iiUfSqLSf":Sn

a. - judgmen'! :. knowledge
br.'' province ., :' ;"' C. ab'ilitY
-"
7. unlinowncul ptj t
^"'' .'.'
a. vi cttm C. C f O n Y' *
b, enemy t. offender

8. glitd to .qggsmlnodate

ga do a fa',ror c. get together


b. remove d. let go
9, far from content

a. ful I d'.
'6. satisf .ied
b. displeased '{r*-''1.",'co,Jt.^\ unfrappy
10. co mmopni 'l f e rer
' , { 1( . . . - ,
,E thief , c. criminal
b. jeopardy d. novice

Exercise 3: lr/hichof the two terms makesthe sentence


correot?
write the retter of your answerin the spaceprovided.
'.
' \r\ ,. l.
, n,,l
1' Medica] help was remote. There was physician in the vicinity.
.---..---------..
-

""{
rio .o.a
', ' 't,
/\ 1. |

2' I f t h e p e r s o n a p p r e h e n d e di s
, then who.is the real culprit?
a. gujlty
,W: 'innocent
3. Yesterday': our fifth in a row. we havenot _-_-
:"iliilg.was
s i n c e M a r c hB . c l . r i , ,,
a same
," i ,.
a. l o st won
.{1
4' I k n o w m yj u d g m e n t i s f a l l i b r e b e b a u s eI h a v e o f t e n b e e n - -
p a s t. in the

7. wrong b, right
5' out , poputat'ionkeepsd#i nri{, whire our urbanpopu'ration
, grow.
cont.inues
to
a. city E farm i 1

Exercise 4t each blank with the most appropr'iate word from the vocabulary
T]11
t.ist below..

a d h e r e, , el iminated .luous
'l superf jur.isdiction
accommodated p.i f er f acet ious conceal
vocationa'l reversed f ati gued surmount

1. A (An) )" t''" ' can help you se'lect an occupation or


p r o f e s s i o n f o r w,h,i c,h y"trn".*io.
ou are qualified.

2. I have already stated quite crearry what I think


about your idea.
Any further commentby me on this subject would
be ._,,r-,1t.!1i
r, g
3. D o n ' t m a k ea n y p r o m i s e s t h a t y o u f e e l y o u c a n n o a ' 1 i . , I r
to.
- fi,4

' ' ' ' \ ' ' " \ - - t h e f o u r t h s e n t e n c e . I t l i r r 3 r e ' l rye p e a t e d w h a t i h a d


4. I ef "''
al ready stated.

S. The parents sat riown,exhaustedafter a hectic day, but ther ch'i'ldren seemecl
not tlre least bit -I:!,+i-L*--.
':'
6. N o o n e w o u l d h a r r et r i e d t o t ' -_-- t i - l il d i n g m a t e r i a l s i f t h e
c o n s t t ^ u c t i o ns i : : e h a d b e e n p r o p e r ' l y g u a r d e d'
/_'''1 "\ \

the schoo'l---**--- i' only 1050students'


7. *u* adderd,
Befor,sthe newry'110
,r.'r ,.,,r 'ri. .
.i
g. A momentago yorj were for the mot'ion, and rtrw you are agarns t t .
\'
W h yl ' i a v ey o u - . l l ' " ' i - - your opini,on?
'.j-.+
9. I f y o u t r y , y o u s h o u l c lb e a b l e t o j - ' ' -- your difficu'lties'
"enjoyed" work'ing' They thought I
10. S o m ed i d n ' t b p 1i e v e m e w h e n I s a ' i d I
was being i 1 't ' f i { ' j _ - - '

r(**********t(*trt(
,1,,,,, f 1
r,t
( ,:'\ r
-55 -

Mixed Contexts (1l

Word Study 7

WORD MEANiNG
1,- ..1-.. . -i , , , , i ,l ,
(v.) tl,' '"'
, , ,

abate 1 . b e c o m ei e s s ; d e c r e a s e ; d i m i n i s h , , - : i J ) . , i ' '


'- +.,i 2. make less; rlgdycp; moderate
accord (n. ) 'i , agreement; understanding .,...:.
accord (v. ) agree; correspond .,. '1". .
aggravate (v. ) , ' r' m a k ew o r s e ; i n t e n s j f y ' )
^ { : , ,: . .b e 1 ' l i g e r e n t ( a d j . "'"
)'. : \ ' ' { ' \ f o n d o f f i g h t i n g ; w a r ' l i k e ; c o m b a t i v e( : . - , ; , ' , , ' l
consp'icuous(adj . ) r.; ) ' ' noticeabl"; easijy seen; promjnent; striking .
craft (n. ) 1 . s k i l l ; a r t , , . . , - ; . , r i ' :. ' , l r " ' " '
/r 2 . s k i l l o r a r t i n a b a d s e n s e ; c u n i i i n g ; g u i l e n . . . . , ,f
craven (adj.; ' \'' '{\
cowardlY
currency (n.) rj.,.,' s o m e t h i n gi n c i r c u l a t j o n a s a m e d i u mo f e x c h a n g e ;
, rnoney; coin; bank notes ; .Lr;r, -1
deter (v.) :.r.,. "1* turn as_idethrough fear; discourage;
hinder; keep
nact<
duplicate (n. ) one of two.thjngs exacily alike; copy
f i c t i t i o u s ( a d i . ; : . i( - 1. madeup; imaglnqry;
not real i i,
Irr i, '
",, , 11.111tf
( ' ^ . 2. fa'lse; pretended; assumedfor the purpose of
1.",",. 4 i ' deceiving \.,i"'';
i m m a c u l a t (ea d j . ) . , . spotless; without a stain; absolgle_1y* clean
i n l e r v e n b( v . ) , , , 1. occur between; be between; cornebetween
,,ir, 2 . c o m e f g l w e e nt g - h e l p s e t t l e a q u a r r e ' l ; . i n t e r p e d e
m i n i a t u r e ( a d-i . ')';'^'n
( ^ ^ 7 :' s m a lI i t i n Y ' . , , L ) , , ' - ' " ' t ; t
quintet (n.l group of'five ^.. ": i
r 6 c o n c i ' l e( v. ) cause tg be friends again \"
rural (adj.1 '
having to do with the country (as distinguished
from the c.ity or town)
security (n.) safety; pro_t_sction ) '
stamina(n.).r.
. _ , - ;
strensthf6;A;-gnar.an"; a"" . ,\, , .i . '
volit'ion (n.) .r"p ' i.;r--l- act of wil1-ing or choosing;
will; accord
Ii

Exercise 1: In the space provided, wr ite the letter of the wnrd


NoT RELATED
in
m e a n i n gt o t h e o t h e r w o r d s i n e a c h . l i n e .
t
,i

1. a. craft b. gui1e c. cunning d. volition i'

1.
o^
d. augment b. ekaggerate c. abate d. *'ririrv
3. a. combative b. timid c. belI i gerent 1 ,r
d. warl i ke
4. a. pretended b. authentic c. genu'ine d. true
5- a- rlnw'iqo]rr h aef r r ft v a ' lI r r a , r q ^ i - - 1 . , )
ss Lu
J vvruliltYty u, $ r ' a rr I t y
1'r
lrt' ,'' i,1,. : fV':f pli',1r
6. a. agreement D , accord altercation d . understanding
r .,'
7. a. miniature b. tiny f ragi 1e d. sma'll l.{.-r,' 'i{

t9^ \
\r', \,,.,,.,..j,,' r i { l ' , . 1 r r ; ' !:
if l,'''' '
n -
)o

tl '- _
'l
,rt
}l a. arguec Lh'i intervened c, c;ontended fl
asserted
) { tC
q
a . m a g r r i f i e d b . m it i g a t e d c. diminished A
reduced
: ,'l ' r.
10. a. hinder tr. discourage -9) tolerate d. deter
fir !rr -

E x e r c i s e 2 : I n t h e r 3 p s 6 sp r o v i d e r d ,n r i t e t h e l e t ' t e r of the word or expression


that has most nearly, the SAMEMEANIN(j as t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d .

; I'ti i t-' r"


1'l!'
i.,,
A4SeOted worl.l force
'ler
a. smal unski I I ed
b. trai ned t*'
en'larged

2. f icti tioug hero

a, crafty (:. belligerent


b/, i m a q ni a r y (1. val i ant

3. gl:ayen retreat (.
:
a" c o n s p ic L r o u sl i ' ) . .x: . coward'ly
b" d e l i b e r e r t gl ' t r ' ' ' ' : ci. ari fuI

+. urban affai rs

a" national c. community


b,
:,:f
rural
1 tr"--:
'TYfieinai
j-gmacu14ts-'l.v clressed
! '
{ f iitl
,'
a. richly o. becomingl y
b" appropriately -Jt< spot'lessl y
' rn
o. not to be dete,rred'1

6 di scourerged (:. divu' lged


tr" repeated (1
surmounted
inconspi.cuous posi t ircn ,'- // i i
7. ,r.1. l('

a" prominert (]. permanent


-fu: unnot i ce,able 1{ striking

B. dUBlrEa.ljpn ma.chine

a" folding .u" copying


b. adding tl e n ' l a r g in g

9. f oes €'o'-o""'
urlrQggngj_Le_d

-'{ hostile t'; lt"''' Jt',, (;. cl ever


b. timid f ri endlyt
-57-

10. guileless answer

a. tricky c. 'incorrect
b. crafty honest
,K

Exercige 3: which of the, two terms makesthe sentencecorrect?


Write the letter of your answer.in the spaceprov.ided.

1. Lama'iwas conspicuous at the dance. Almost noticed her.

a. everyone b. no one

2., I n t h e i a te st d i sp u te b e tweenthe junior s and senior s, Mr .Alber ti has


f o l l o w e da p o l j cy o f n o n i n ter vention, He has inter cededon side.
\
a. each i.b,i neither
3. Janipa expects to be tomorrcrw, unless her cold becomes
aggravated. r'( .,

a. absent ,V) Present


4. I wou'ld be more about my answer if it corresponded with the
one in the book.
'd certain i" b. dubious

5. T h e t r ip to th e th e a te r i s usual]y ionger for r esidents th an


f o r t h o se f i v'i n g i n th e ci ty.

a. urban p:) ruraI

Exercise 4: Fil'l each blank with the most appropriate word from the vocabu'lary
list below. . ,, ..
intervening stamina abating quintei currency
duplicate vo1ition,. security ' be11igerent1y. r \ .
i mmacul
atel y cc'nsp'icuous'ly i nc-reasing i nconspi cuousl y
J t L4l1 1
"'

'lived '.', ,l

1. The pioneers who through the f irst bitter winters in the rugged...,",'l,,
w'ilderness must have had rbqarkable 91.,,, , . .

2. WhenI asked your'brother to stop shout'ing out the windorrr,he said: "you'd
better mind your own businessl" I was surprjsed that he answeredme do
.,,,;i t .: I rr.i'r "

3. S a v i n g g b a n k sp a y i n t e r e s t o n d e p o s i t s a n d p r o v i d e ! ( ( t r " n \ against theft,

4. our basketball teamwas more than a match for the opposiflg 1i.'"lti .
-64-

. t. t t,'. l':

5. Entering 1ate,, Juta tr.ied to take her seat but the teacher
noticed her.

6. J a r i y ' a w a sa n n , o ) / etdh a t s h e h a d q p i l l e d s o u p o n h e r w h i t e b ' l o u s ej u s t a f t e r


'launderred
she had it so _!:_,.:t:::", .

7.. I f y o u l e f t t h e l i b r a r y , a s y o u s a y , a t 1 p . n r . a n Cd i d n ' t r e t u r n h o m eu n t i l
5 , w h e r ew e r e y c u i n t h e r r I r - , v l r l r f .f O u r h o u r s ?
't L
, .'

8. T h e b u r g ' l a r s t o o k s o m eg o l d a n d j e w e l r y , a i ; $ 1 5 0 0 i n Lrnn '' "


__,
9. Nori had to Ue,uigeO repeateOty to try ,eut for the team. She would not
have done so of her own ju',t,,, .
t ' 1 f! l*
i,i'tt'

10. Meta used to-!e-fg!d_gl the gr:itar, but hisj interest in that instrument
'is j' -l
_=, l-'.,
.,1
,-i,, n - .r ,
',ri,.: ''r

t r* * t ( * * * * * * * * * * *
( l ' . r 1 ,' 1\,

!f
- - -q -
6 t >'"'t-r- 1 t'a '''

|
a

f r''{ rr\''',i "'tr'l "'i'" (, ti


.' '{ "i 1. ,
L-,"'l .; .(r 1, a
.

MixedContexts (2)

V/ord Study I
l{ORD
MEANING ,,,
r r,{lt . 'll '/ ' | -, .1 ,
alternatjve (n:) c h o i c e ; o n e of two or more things
offered for
choi ce
beverage(n. ) drink; liquid for drinking
b l u n d e r( n . ) mi s takeor er r or causedbi stupidity or
carelessness
': d i spufq.- quar r el; , , .{
. controversy (n. ) .t .. .,.
\ ,'-custody (n. ) , . ,,. debate; str ife
ca re; safekeeping;guar dianship ,r
c F i m i n u t i v e( ad j . ) n ^ ,,\r , -
i" " - , dispel (v.) ,! lelow a v e r a g e
s i z e ; s m a l l ; t r n y .
d ri v e awaVb1 scatter ing;' sca3te_r ^;
dormant (aOi. ) ,.',, , !t,, 11" disper se i
inactive, as i f .r,
.
l'l' '
resting ,as'teep;.slt'eefriglqliptl-"iuJgi"n
. -' ' ' i . i.o /r ,
ri.r': dxclusive'ly :
{adv. ) solery; 'withoutsh-ari^n '
exempt(adj. ) ', *ith others;
\- f r e e do r r e l e a s e dt r o m i o u t v , l i a b i i i iund.ividedly
v,'or-rule
,,,,. ,
- a' to wh.ich others are subject
'',igperil (u.)
e n d a n g e r ;j e c p a r d i z e 1 . t r , / . n
l ineage (n.) ':
descent (in a Cirect l.ine from a cornmon
ancestor);
-
ancentry; family; extraction "*- i-t- , ,
major (adj. ) ,. r greater; larger; more important;
objective (n. ) principal 2
aim or end (of an action); goal
objective (adj.; .
inyo'fving facts, rather tfrin"personal
/ \ 'r :
feelings or
opinions... ,i
o p i n . i o n a t e d( a d j , )
y f y l y a t t a c h e c Jt o o n e ' s o w n o p i n i o n ; o b s t i n a t e ; - . .
stubborn
.,presenily (adv. ) short tirne; soon; before long
pr_O}Drasti
{c-,,,' nate (v. ) put things off; delay; postpone;
prodjgious (adj. ) ;.r. , defeF;.r.i,.
extraordinary in.size, quantity,
t.
or extent; vast;
enoi^mous;huge; immense
[irotract (v. ) o r a w o u t ; ' l e n g t h e ni n t i m e ; p r o . l o n g i
retain (v. ) €xt€nd ,
keep; continue to have, f,oiO, or^
I I
,i"
. | : ' l ' . . '
r . 1 : : t " ' i , . i -

Exercise 1: In the space before


each word in columnI, wrjte the
correct meaning from co.lumnII. letter of its

COLUMNI
MLUMN I I
1. descent a. 'invo'lvjng persona.l
' f eel ings rather.
than facts :
di spe'l b. released from a duty
obj ect'ive c. extraordinary jn size
4. stri fe cj. involvrng facts rather than opinions
ai
5. subj ect i ve e, extraction
o. prot ract f controversy
-L;0-

7. p rc,dj g"icus g. tlut th.ingsoff


T

o eX€,rnpted uncju'lyattached to one's own opinion


' (-
l{l-''l'-
procrabtinate i. flp6y,p crt-,lt
,f
t4^ 10. o p ' i ni o n a t e d i d r i v e i r w a yb y s c a t t r e r i n g

(oppos'ite) in
E x e r c i s e2 : Each wc;^cor expressiion in column I lras an ANT0NYM
column.tl. I n s e r t t h e l e t t e r o f t h e correct ANTOI{YM
in the space
provi Ced"

COLUMN
I (]OLUMN
II
I
a- { m'x
nor a. tJormant

2 ng'l soon h beverages


2 act'ive irany choi ces

4. f ew al ternatit'es rnajor

6 safe t ' e t a rn e d

L nr:t kept , . f frresentI y


'
I
f,r nr'6"r1 I r4n
7 fu.ll of blunde,rs r1
l,r
'/d9'i€ goal s
.-.._-1_--_---
.
) 'imperi i ed
( I
l
n o t s o 1 e ly l't .

----------{J--
*. q
clear objectives 1. , e r r o r le s s

b i0. sol id foods 1 a x c lu s i v e ' l y

E x e r c i s e 3 : W h i c ho1' the two terms makesthe senl:encecorrect?


!Vrite t h e l e t t e r o f y o u r a n s w e r i n t t r e s p a c e p r o v ' i d e d .

1. Ji rasak h a n d sl l i s r e o o r t s ' i n o n t i m e . Y o u c a n ' t a c c u s eh i m o f


procrastinatjng.

a' never M i:rlways


f i ;t I p 6r-IS,
T h e f o o d w a s s e r v e d i r r d i m rn U t i v e port i ons No wonder we were
w h e nw e l e f t t . h e t a b l e l

b. viell fed
.l
As sorcnas,the employeeleelrned t h a t s h e w a i ; b e r n g r e t a r n e d , she
iooking for a nswposition. i,, .. .,,,, , ,
ri-; t
a. started ;K
s,iopped
-61 -

4. you cannot be objective


if you present nothing but

/A
' opinions b. facts
5. Because
of a protracted controversy, the meeting
ended than usua.l.
a, earl ier
/"1 rater

Exercise 4: Fill each blank with the


'list most appropr.iateword from the vocdbulary
beiow.
' r' i l'

custody- jeopardjze
dispel r. subiective protract
objective retain
alternative 'nino. .. major
?fi:;g:"r"
'! - In ccntra", *3j the dimiiiui]ve
Be_qpreof ri Ti iput, Guri.iver seemeda(an)
gi ant r.," ,
2' TheEmperor.'claiming to be_adescendant
sheba, was exceptionil ty prouo oi;* pt ,Kingso'lomonand the eueenof
- f :_*_.
3. A b ro ke np ro mi sema y ,.'i ., ,' a f r iendship.
4, The.champio mnu s tw i n t o n i g h t , s m a t c hi f s h e i s
to (,t.. her tiile.
5' I wantedto end the discussion,p,qry;*
d i d e v e r y t h i n gs h e c o u l d t o it- ' lwas
t . serv.ingno purpose, but pat
I'rrin,:i-
6. cheesesandwich
I::JlAi:^u:,1Jr"!:r.the
Everything youhaveno 6tt,,,,i,
because
eise has been so.lcJ.
7' TheBritish forces wereordered
-acr,i
to p:t_dcwntne leoei.iion, out eeirelar
washington preventedthemtrom ;;GT;"i"=".].,,1,r.y4,1[",.
8' A1'l I could rememberwere the_1ess
important causes of the industria,l
R e v o l u t i o n . I c o-u' ,l. d; " n, : , t r e c a l i tLhr reG . t , , ., i ',
" _' ^o nne6s .c! i :,. ,42r l ri a. <. ,' )! \
9. G o r nl e f t h i " * i G , * : + c h i n n y -_*__rr-.-._-
,,,-1,.-,,
befc
*-,rre d'iving into the pool .
10. on,tle.effects of smokins
H:
t h e :l?:;|r_uf.r."::,u.,i
n o t i o n t h a t i t i s ir,,1""?e
a h a r m l e s sh
shoutd 1.,,.1
abit.
i r lr <

************u&o
-62-

9vnonyms
D'irectionq: Choosethe word that has the closest meaninqto the underl i ned wor'<l/
wonds.

Exers&il
A :;upp1emen.t an5, f. imitation
b. rn€ans g. feared
a p u t j n t o e f f e r' 'c; t h. avenged
rl ilre h'indered i. in contact w'ith
e. cc,nforming tcr j, fight

e 1 If the factories are not compi yi nsl'wi th : thra government


:rtandard, thery wi l'l be f inef.-
.lL,'1.'.i'.-t.r1 .''r{'i.n,^ : :.' ,.,1.'
l,'r, 2. l V h e nt h e f a r c t o r i e s a r e f i n e d f c r r n o t 1 ' o l o w ' i n gt h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s
requlations, the workers Feel vindrcated
-';(N.-^jI:

3. tihe used many'{gyiEes to make herself look younger.


".'it''l rct
1 A
in thei r sroarch for jobs.
f,lanynew gracluates AJ:C-XAqpe-flS
+
l-lis shoes are not expensivebecausethey were madeof simulatgg[
I eather.
I
. r,' t ^'

flhe dreaded frrcing her boyf rietrd becausesherwas caught dat'ing


another man.
-[he government policy to fine peop''le
7 s h o u l d j m p l e m e r la
! strict
'ii :'
whcl tter. r- .'' "1-'r2 "'1' -'' ''iI
-. ", '1.,

l'he food wi I I t u r n b a d v e r y q u i c k l y i f it 'is exposed to tht;


I.
ai r. 1

(J
As there are lrot enough lectu^ers in our university, many
(. ,.: ' i , ./'Adt_UnEII ecturers are hi red.
. t.t..,
I
-.-T_-I 1n l V e t a k e s o m ea n t i b i c t i c t a b ' l e l s t o c r : m b a to u r i I l n e s s e s .

Exercrse 2i

procuct i ve f propose
h 'free d
Vr remarkab'le
ir tervail ' h moti vat'ion :
'1
J
u. put up with , energetica'l1y
n6;$$ed 1 norqr-rrra'l r t'i o'c

'1
I don't thinl.i I can tolerate lris behav'lor any longer.

Berfore you tel1 m e y o u r p 1 a n , let me g_et fir_t.Lh mine.


-61 -

If y:, exerci=* day, we wiil be perfectly


h e a lt h y . "to,l*.i*]r'*u".,
,
4. over a span of time, we have time to think everything over.

The two brothers have entirely different temperaments.


j

(
6. We can judge poor people by their tattered clothes. ,

7. What do you do in your leisure time?


r ' -
\ r r f

8. Bonusesare cons'idered to be incentives for workers.


''''..'.'
q
if the project is fruitfu] for everyone, it wil'l be fu11y
supported.
. . . . . ,1
i
10. John Lennon is considered to be an extraordinary musician.

Exerc'ise 3

a. mix-up r' . '' f. unpleasant


b. force ..
.' .h ..
g tempting
c. s e n s a t i o n a l1 y , : impressive
d. barrier : i. unsubstantia'l
A
slow down j. went on and off

f, 1. To curb the spread of air po:llution is the governmentprimary


'
concern. I_ .:
,1
2. A.serious p-bgrag.l-e
to the companyis due to il^qeconflict within
the management. ,_,,"ti
; ; , 1,,.,,,,1.i.1 , : l, t.i.t. "- .t
,
3.
I

In order to solve the overpopulation problem, the government


should cgmpe'lpeople to use birth-contro'l meihods.
\ '" <-

4. During the celebration of the King's b'irthday, the decoration


of the Temp'leof Emera'ldBuddhawas speclacuiar. . .": .,-
'.:r'r -l-
,,, t', t'tj "iI
tr T h e m u s ' i ci s s o t a n t a r i z i n s t h a t I c a n ' t s t o p d a n c i n g . -
\ ! . ) t / '

l t '1: 1:J.
. :,i,

6.
.)- .:

H e i s n o t g u ' i l t y b e c a u s eo f t e n u g u s e v i d e n c e . i , - , , n , . n.
i l' /'\. / ', ,1'\ ', r ' : ' l
f r ,,.
______t_ 7. The candle flickered and then went out. r . 'r.1 I,iI

.: -. ,:.
L H o wt o g e t r i d o f c o r r u p t i o n ? I t i s a d i s t a s t e f u . l top"ic to
d'iscuss

9. The traffic rtas in a f.rightful tangle.


1c'1''lr'(

10. The v'ictims of rab'ies are esulelr aware of pain when they
in the advanced stages of the d.isease.
,1
, _
i . : , ., ., , , t ..
_64-

Exercise4
- 1i.,
'less
a. advanced f. check on a r$gular be.sis
.' , b. clverwhel ming g. termi naied
c. soon h. expensive
d. obl i gatory i" unreadabje
e. distant j. hid

-.t
1. It has becomeUgnda'tgrythat e,very driver must pay for the
i:ol l

2. l-he govcrnmentshouid nqnflpf the factories to see whether


1at i cns .
they f ol I ow the r-egu

3. I-he enemy_lulked irr the woods, waiting for an opportun'ity to


" 6 Ltta c k t h e f o r t r e s s .
'/
4. I'h: i"esults of the tlxamlvj'l'l be reieased gbgftli.
' R
J. E d r ; c a t i o n' i n E r i t a i n i s m o r e g o s t l y t h a n ' i n T h a ' i 1 a n d .
- _-:

,; r\...t::ti ;ll. ,, ,-t t


i 't'h,:
--:. 6. kjng's kindness is saicl tc be stagqe-r.irg.
,.' ' / t -
\
'it
7. T h e d o c u m e n tc o n c e r n i n g n i s w ' i t "' tt i s t o r : o ] c l a n d s h' a b b ys o
is indecipherable. i 1 " : ' ' : 1 " 1, i:) i
t' l^t" '
'l'oodand medicine.
?- B. In manyrenp;ft2areas, people liic;i<clothes,

9. Thr:economrc s,'ituat i,ofl i t'r the Plt'iI 'ippi nes i s backwardsbecause


thrtre 'is no stabi I i ty within i:he country.

2 10. Marryworkers \dere ]41d_pll duel to the loss of the company'


\ ,.r,..-. . _i . ,,1.
I ^
.
, ;:a l

Exercise 5- : '" I
:'
a, has g o n e by '' f. choice
b. emotiona'ly breakinrl s. unstableness
c, period h. rtalkr constant]y w'ithout saying much
d. many i. extrem*pa'in
e. facts j. surprised
' i' ''
'] "
"'

--*- i
_.--!_- -'- _-
1 t { ! ' r e i tr t a r t i - g S m e r n o s t i s h i s s ; : p h i s t i c a t e d idea.
'
' ,'

2, f4uc;htime haa elsiir€gds'ince lve started over on this new plarr,


-_--_
3" D r ; r " i n ?t h s f i r ' . : t f : f a . _ s q
of learrring to speak, a child is very
serisitive to r;ounds
t {

4" H i s l f r i e n d s a r e a l r r y a y tsi r e d o f h i m b e c a u s sh e a l w a y s b a b b l e s ; .

1- 5. Hewas unwil'l'ing to break his prcnise because he had no otherr


rcsQ-\]l"s€.
l:'. ''
_o?_

6. Death can be a shatterinq *y-:alence for everyone.

7. Sc'ientists gather a 'lot of data while makingexperiments.

8. Mostpeop'reare in a stat. ot eg;i'ni"n they are in an


e x t r e m e ' l ys e r i o u s a c c i d e n t . -,,..,.r , ., i
q
--------1,+ Many people were unempioyedduring the fluctuation of the
economy.

10. There qre a multitude of jobs in the Middle-East. In


order to
app'ly for it, you shoul.d contact the 'labor department.
I ,.,.
1

Ex e r c i s e6

a. tu rn f. edge
h affaa*
9l t99L g. pei^Suacie r.
al ive h' horribie ct'r''it'''
d. w'roespread i. c o m p e t ew i t h
e. force our way into .J. involved
' 'i '-4,
" ' i I .'t
.i,,

1. T e l e vi si o n h as an impacton"peop' le,slives.
2. I don't want my father to be gnggredin politics.
t":!
o. It was so crowded that we could not penetrate the
L

A
TV can 'induce people,to believe that the products advertised
on TV are worth buying.
.,,.,rr'i ,t: 't.. iL\l'^./(;., J.;,
5. Peoplealways riveir withfeach other for: the bestuiob.
6. A t th e p l a n ec r ash site, the sight of thevictim s *"* uoit- :tj f,.o..
7. wealwavsevg+ our eves*r,"n'*uilhing''"r;tii"n*our"rlt""''
,. ' t

8. someryax statues 'rook animate becauseof the very fine


craftmansh'ip used. ;._-* ,
!
9. The role of womenin Bangkok business is more pervas.ive
than
in rural areas.

10. Many factories are located on the outskirts of Bangkok.


;i ',t;
.fi r,.ri.,'r" / "-l

Exerc'ise 7

a- nA f\.ra1t te ,- r , t
qu,;ckly ]mk ovei-
b. comparativbi y g. rough / ,. |' t.
sma l l p i e ce s h
obstac'le ' '-
d. physical i
deep . ';
.
e. p ra cti ca l 1y j. resources
t^
-i^: |v1}{ r
I

1.,r,.1.1..1
\ i ) . i \ |
-66-
' : , |. .r'|
. . , . , .ai ,r , . i

DGtL-
t-'
n\
1. H i s i n j u r i e s r e s u l t e d f r o m h i s r r r o r k i n gc o n d i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l ) /
healy manuai wlrk. ,. .
trr
,t-
2. Virgglly'al1 rrf the people in Bangkokare a.ffected by the
tra''fic pr'ob1em.

-+_-
,{i 'it,u
'lage,
2 In r:rder to gain access to thi s vi I the govgrnmenthad
t o l l u i l d a c r u , l e r o a c l , t ,. : I -
i, - ;r

A
to produce c'ii qujck'ly and effectively.
OPE(Ihas the maan_-q
. I
,.,
q
M y r r e wm a i c i i s v e r y c l u m s y . S h e b r o k e t w o g l a s s e s i n t o
f r e J t m e n t so n h a r f i r s t d a y .
I itr. : j.Y,gr, L ;.
6. The weiither this wintelis .fe]el.lfgly colder than last year's.
l Before I jeave hometo work in the morning, I spend a few
7.
news,
minrrtes scernnil3gthe newspaperfor the econcrm'ic

n If 'rou give moreattention to tlhis matter, you will have a


p_fCI
le-lJlg understandi ng of i t "
!: t :' t
) '

a aking his interview test.


H e r v a sv e r y a B p r e h e n s i v _t e

10. Knotvingmor$ than one ianguagecan get rid c,f a hindrance


undrlrstandi ng.

ExerciseB

nake up ' - ' : '' :


dea'lh ?

g.
"''
ver\/ i mportant c I evefness
verify ,; h *ere grouped
at '-he present time u n c le a r
1!unctions
j

sol id'ly ).

He lras Ljfn_];r-rJecided not to run for election.


. "i:,"i

T h e p i c t u r e s a r e b l u r r v b e c a u s et h e y a r e o u t o f f o c u s .

It 'is such a crucial matter that the it*e s h o u l d t a k e


serious action. "o**i

Cungnt-1y, man'/ scfrool chi I dren are addicted to tel ev'ision.


'l

-...-.---.--]-_- Nowadayswomenp l a y s e v e r a l c r u c i a ] r o l e s ' i n v a r i o u s s e c t o r : ;


of :;oc'iety. '' 'l
'-'"i i' ; '
'1
t i e r s i n T h a ii a n d , g i r ' l students const i tutt2
i n p u b li c u n ' i V r l F S
m o r e t h a n o n e l r a ] f o - 1a' l l t h e s t u d e n t s .
C-
Don't forget to Eqrlflrm your reservation before you depart.

E i s ' : e i n ' s i n g e t l u j - L yl e d t o m a n 5i'n v e n t i o n s .


I ,i :', ,

,:r(
4,.:r
6,'
- o/ -

9. In so meA fri can countr ies. t h e m o r t a l i t y r a t e i s s t i l i very


hish.
10. The camperswere c'lustered ar oundthe campfir e singing.

Exercise g

a. recent1y f primary
b. eventual1y g. referred to
c. a cl o se w a tch h. comeout
d. a cce p t' i. reserved
A
too severe combine
1

1. His idea has been cited in several meetings.


'i
T h e p o l i c e h a v e b e e nt i ^ y - . i n vge i y h a i d t o m a k et h e t i u t h
emeige.
J. when ta]king to your employee, you should not oe harsrrl

4. somchai is not very pleased about it, but he -isl l resigned to


Paying that f ine. " t: ,. .. , r.,
(r'":'
5. Becauseof his ret.icent nature, he was hes'itant to
defend
hi mse'lf .

6. l V h a td i d y o u d o l a t e l v ?
'" r ('
7. s a l t i s f o r m e d w h e n s o d i u m a n d c h l o r i n e c o a l e s c e . / , n ,L . , .
^ ('
L The police maintained,sgryeil.-i-angg
of the arrested criminajs.
1;tt\ '- '''Vri
9. T r a f f i c i s a m a i o rp r o b ' l e m , , b
o ifg. c i t i e s .
l/1
ul-timatelv, the suspectedmurdererwas arrested after
w i t n e s s e sh a d s u p p l i e ds u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n . the
r r , , . i;. r { i i . t ;
Exercise 10

c:.. setonfire,,,,-,' f. scarcity of food l


h
expresseddi sapprova'l g. without
v'i o le n t h. punishment
rl
aware i. spr eadout
e. po'li ute j. cramped

I
Frequentiy, there is a famine in Eth.iopia,especia'l1y
sttmmer tima
in the

He was not consciou-sof what. he was doing when he was drunk.

BecauseNarongis so ta11, he feets very Sgnsld_qled in


his
friend's small car.
-6e-
IJ
tc a

I .u

- ) 4. It 'i s tru e th a t l i fe eteyAid


of p:easur ecanbe ver y unbear able.
t- 5. D n r i n g r a g i n g s t o r m s , w e s h o u ' l c rl e m a i n i n s h e l t e r s .
:
1^
6. S e v e r a ' lp e o p l e w e r e k : i l 1 e d d u e 1 : ot h e t o x i c g a s w h i c h r a { i a t e (
f rom the p] ant . '

7. B e l f c r ec o o k i n g , a n c i e n t p e o p l e u s e d s t o n e t o i g n i t e w o o d .
L''- ^
u. rrtrrbagealrd sewageqrnlam'inate the water.
n -,*l

10. There is a p_en4l*"ty


foli'l1ega1 parking in someareas.

l. rr rl{

*,t******:t*,f*****
_69*

Word Form/Word Fam.iI v

D'irections: Choose the correct form of the word to fit into each senrence.
'{ ,71

1. t o benef i t, benefiii al , benefi ci a'l 'ly '


"
a. D o y o u s e e a n y . , . - . . , : . . . ' , . . , t o h a v i n g a n e wd a mi n K a n c h a n a b u r i ?
b. My son was .r..:.'.. helped ny tfrat herbal medicine.
^
V. Learning a foreign language is :,r'j\[.\i! ]r-,].. for everyone.
\ '-- 'nrI
2. "u . '
t o assume, assumpt.ion

a. Many students that the final exam is always more


di f f i cu] t than the midterm €Xdrrr.
b. W h a tk j n d o f . . . ' . . . . i . ' : i do you have about this course?
3. i o systemat'ize,system, systematic, systematically
;.
a. S o m ep e o p l e h a v e v e r y . ' . ' ' . . t 1 ' , - . ; . . ' . 1 , . , ' i n i nadnsd l i k e t o d o e v e r y t h i n g
in order .;
b. Good bookkeepers a'lways work j.1.;.t.'.. .". .'.,r.,
c. T h e y k n o w h o w t o . . , . ' i ' . , . '..j . ' . . . t h e f i l e s .
A I n t h e c a p i t a l . i s t ' i c . . . ' j r ' . ' . " ; . . . , . . , t h e e n t r e p r e n e u ri s t h e p e r s o n
who initiates business.

4. t o s e c u r e , s e c u r i t y , s e c u r e , s e c u r e 'yl f ( . , . \ .I ' o' . ,

a. Every worker needsjob ....'..


b. Before leaving home, we shpuld lock the doors
c. It is not to wa'lk alone in the street at night.
. d. H o wc a n w e . . our l.ives in this critical srtuationt
'
5. to effect, effect, effective, effectively i r i , ,r i { i
r i | ,7 | (V', , , , y: ', o , ;t;,t ,
3E - . . . t
a. Television is the most . . m e a n so f c o m m u n . i c a t i o n
b. He was pnomoted because he works
c. What is the negative ... of the Visit Thai]andyear?
d. He tries every way to his goa1.
l,.Jr
6. t o d e t e r m i n e , d e t e r m i n a t ' i o n , d e t e r m . i h e d ,d e t e r m i n i n g , d e t e r m i n e d l y

a. We need a lot of to run a new busjness.


b. My boss always has a expression on his face.
l-
She . to do a good job.
d. T h e m a n a g e r. . 'led
reshuff the worker's schedule,
e. The factor in flood control is an effective
drainage system
7. to interpret, i,lterpreter, interpretation, interpretative

a. Economist:; economictrends f rom il,reir research


s t u d ie s .
b. There 'isi ,lfi 'learn
cer,ter in the park where you can
about herbs and flowers.
c. If you wart to be an you have to tre able to speak
more tha,n one language.
d. C o m m e n trs>rnt h e s h o wv a r y a c c o r d ' i n gt o i n d i v i d u a ] ' $ . . .
''-.. ' i j
/
'ly
B, to except, exc:epti on , excepti'ona'l, excepti cnal

a. He . . m e f r o m t h e p a y r o l1 .
b. Sheis.,. talentedinmusiic.
c. There are no to the laws.
d. Wipa has ;rn ski 1I i n I anguagel earni ng.
.i I 1 -
r i r , {i ' . . ^ jr j l : 1 , 1\ - . , t}'

9. t o d e f e n d , d e f e n d e r , d e f e n s ' i v e n e s s ,d e f e n s e , d e f e n d a n t , d e f e n s j v e ,
d e f e n s iv e 1y

a. W h e nw e a s ; k e dh i m a b o u t h i s p o l i t i c a l views, he was very .


b. The attonrey asked the . several questions,
c. I t ' i s n a t u r a l f o r e v a r y o n et o himself.
d. T h e c r i m i n a l ? . h s w e r € tr hJ e p o f i c e
e. The opponr:nthas a v,sry strong
' '.
fot I ,,r,, ,..r
10. priva'te, privatt:1y, privac'l

a. No one is allowed to enter property,


b. There is no i n t h e rp u b l i c p a r k s .
c. T h i s c o m p a n y' i s . . . owned.
i.

11. h o s t i - l e , h o s t i ' l e r l y ,h o s t i l ' i t y

a. T h e r ew a s a ] o t o f b e , t w e eH
n it l e r a n d h i s v i c t i m s .
tl. North an<isouth Korea regard each otherr ,.. wheneverthey'
encounter each other
c. Both Nonth and south Korea are towards each other's;
ideas most of the tinre.
'
' ': '
'l
,'t'.

12, to justify, justification, just'ifiab1e, jusrifiably

a. Fatti ra 'is angry abou'ithe comments he's gotten.


b. Her objer:tions about the commentsare
c. There 'is no for the way she behaves.
d. I can't b u y i n g a c o m p u t e rt e r m i n a l f o r o u r o f f i c e .
lru
13. t o e m p r l o y ,e m p " l c y e r ,e m p l o y , e ee, x p l o y m e n t ,r : x p i o y e d , e m p ' l o y a b l e

a. At present, the . , . . . w o r k o r sa r e w e l l - t r a i n e d .
b. Before Nitaya was . . . . a t o u r o f f i c e , s h t ] w o r k e da s a
c a s l r ie r .
c. Her ftrrmer ... a d n r i r e dh e l y v o r k i n g p e r f o r m a n c ea l o t .
d. S h e w a s c h o s e nt o b e t h e b e s t .... of the year.
e. Manyrecelnt graduates are looking for desperately.
f. If you want trr .. you r;hould take somecomputer
courses.
l ' t 1 ' a'
14. to equal i ze, equal i ty, equa'l, equal I y

a. People always claim that they have . ri ghts.


b. In somecountries, people from low and midd'le class are strugg'ling
for
c. It i s th e co mp a n y's
policy to employment
opportunity
amongall sectors of the society.
d. She accusedher boss of not treating her
15. t e c h n o l o g y , t e c h n o l o g i s t , t e c h n i q u e , t e c h n o ' r o g . i c a l ,t e c h n i c a l 1 y ,
t e c h n o l o g i c a i1 y , t e c h n i c a l

a. H ew o rksa s a . .... for the Centr alDepar tment Cor por a ti on.
b. Due to recent advanced :.... manycountries uti I ize
c o m p u t e r isn a l m o s ta l l t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
Manyteacherscan improvethejr instruction by emp'loying new.teaching
cj. , the pr ocessof pasteur ization.isquite conpl ex .
e. Ja p a ni s sa i d to b e the most ... advanced countr y in As i a.
f. This is a . age for ever y countr y.
g. Her lecture is too ...... r . . . . . . . . f o r l a y m e nt o u n d e r s t a n d .
16. to distribute, d'istribution, distr.ibutor

a. of products is carefu'l1y arrangedby the company.-


b. KamolSukosol works as a . for ttaida automobiles.
c. salesmen products to retail store throughout the
country.
.",r,,' " I 't
i",.' 1
17. enormous, enormousiy, enormity, gnormousness

a. H9 is very ambitious. He atways 0."#'", owning an


'piece
of property.
b. The kidnapper received 'life sentences becauseof the
of his crime.
c. The need of se'lf re'l .iance grows . . . after peop'le have been
w e l l e d u ca te d .
d. I t w a s h e r f i r s t t i m e i n NewYork City. She was impressed by the
.. of the buiI di ngs.
18. to enforce, enforcer, enforcement, enforceability, enforceable
a. The poi'ice act as the law -
h. , t t w o u ' l db e g o o d i f t h e l a w i s . . .
c. If this is true, how can we the law?
d. The . of tiie law is not that diff icult.
e. The canned-food'factory doubted ttre . ... cf the new
,, regulations.
',''
.to *a .ina,i ^+ ih^.: ^+^-^^ i -- i - r
Lv rrlsr-L, trtrt-LEtl\,e, ili!;tSLgflI,'lnslSIenT ly

a. His
b. He .. d e m a n d fso r t r i s s h a r e o f t h e o r o f i t .
c. He uponpaying his share all tfre time.
d. I t s e e m st o m e t h a t w a t a n a i s t h e m o s t .....person I have
ever met.
-'12*
'o"
r'_!.
.r; ,ii' ,' :'

20. e v i d e n c e ,e v i d e n t , e v i d e n t i y

a. T h e d e f e n J e r w a s r e q u e s t e dt o p r e s e n t h ' i s ,. to the judge.


b, It was that he was rnnocent.
c. ..-i...
,rr i,'1'r. .',;'i. '.,i,:',''; i(.

2 1. t o c o i n c i d e , c o i n c i d e n c e , c o i n c i r l e n t a l, c o " n c i d e n t a l y

a. V r l h aat . . t h a t f i v e p e r r p l e i n 1 6 i s r : 1 a s sw o r k ' i n t h e r
sameof 1''ice.
b. Her bi rth<lay th i s yearr w"ith Chines,eNewYear's Day.
c. . . , f i v e p e o p l e v { e r et n e s a m et y p e o f T - s h i r t t o d a y .
d. It is t h a t h e r b i r t h d a y a n d C h i n e s e N e wY e a r ' s D a y
are on\ the same day..
'
,\,/ | ',"!t'
-'
2?. to appear, appearance, apF,arent, apparentl)t

a. It is t h a t P i t u k n t a d ea m is t a k e .
b. His . is very sloppy.
c. The news in the paper this morning is horrib'le.
d. . . , P i t u k n i a d ea m i s t i r k e . H e m a i l e d a l e t t e r t o t h e
wrong company
't"'' ''i''t" i'
e! "t':
23. t o c o n s i s t , ' c o n s i s t e n c y , c o n s i s t e t r t , c o n s "t i; t e n t l y

a. T h e n a m et : f t h e c u s t r l m e r ss h o u j d b e i i s t e d in the f ile.
b. I n t h e f i i e , i t i s i r n p o r t a n ti o m a i n t i l i n ... for the sake
of clari ty.
c, The governmentbody . of two parties.
d. .' :Y o u s h o i t l d b e e b o u t 1 : h ew a y y o u k e e p t h e f i l e s .
' ri
24. c o m p a t i b l e ,c o m p a t i b l y , c c m p a t j b i l i t y

a. M y f r i e n d a n d h i s r n c t h e r - i n - ' l a wI i v e t J t o g e t h e r
b. M yp a r e n t : ; h a v e l i v e c t o g e t h e r i n r e l a l i v e .. for 45 years.
c. I w i l ' l n o t n r a k ea n y c o m m i t m e ntto h e r u n t i l I k n o l vw e w i l l b e

l:
"t
25. to he,sitate, hesitatiort, heiitant, hesitanr:ly, hesitancy

a. H e a p p r o a : h e dh e r . . - . b e c i l u s eh e w a s n o t s u r e a b o u t h e r ,
b, He w'i'll t o a s k h e r t c >m a r r y h i n .
c. H ' i sa c t i o ; 1 i s m a r k e db y . , , a s t h o u g hh e i s u n w ' i l l i n g
t o c o m m ' i th i m s e l f t c r a n y t h i n g .
d. It seemedto her that he ei lot before he approachedher.
-73-

. , , . . , t 6 . . , ,. : (: ': -'-
! r' i
r '-l l' i'
',{'
,' :l
26. t o a u t h o r i z e , a u t h o r i t y , a uthor ization, author itar ian,
author jtative,
a u t h o r i t a t i v e 1y

4.. This document you to sell the land granted by your


parents
b. Somehigher cfficers are by nature While someare
tryi n g to b e so .
c, Thebook you bought.yesterday is the .
d. I n r n o s tg o v e r n m e n
o tf f i c e s , w e n e e do f f i c i a l .......... in order
to e n te r.
e. I told the . in charge what had
f. Eventhough she was not in charge oitni, ,uit.., happened.
she acted
towards everybodyaround her.
27. to forrn, form, formation, formula, formulate,
formuration, formative
a. The geo'logists were studying the unusual rock
b. f\^^1^-i
^r- -happ;il';;;;;;';;"
..
alwayshavequesiionsaboutwhat
:::llg:"ts
ea rth 's year s.
c. is usua'r
l.v..
d. l^:#it*:-":::i:iion :..... bythestudentbody. ;i#;;r#'il:ffii
naf hamaf .ino
mathemat'ics.
e. It is awesomd howhe
f. the theory of re.lativity.
Scu l p tu re i s a - typ e study of
g. T h emi n i ste r o f fo re i g n attair s is ."ipon*ibr
.i
--r-' e for
I v ' the
r r r s -. ' |
of, foreign po1 cy.

28. , b i g u o u s,."l y, r i , , t ' , " .


a r n b i g u i t ya, m b i g u o uasm & |'l.rr''
f ., r;,t"fi.1.t,,,.
I f r,,
a. There is a lot of .. ....,.... i n h i s j e c t u r e . M a n ys t u d e n t s a r e
confused.
b. He speaks the students are confused.
c. , His lecture is so . that manystudents are confused.
29. t o d o n i i n a te ,d o mi n a ti o n .

a. J a p a nw a n t s t o . . . . t h e w o r . l dm a r k e t i n e v e r y w a y s h e
b. Movies are the can.
c.AfterWor.tdWarII,Japanquick.lyeStab1i;hedeconomic..
over the other Asian countries.
d. S h e i s c o n s i d e r e dt o b e a . . . . . . . . . . p e r s o n a m o n gh e r c l a s s m a t e s .
e'
::.T:.::ll:. ::Tff;';],'?"f;i":,"rn.*u:iut perhaps
a r itile too
. i

30. to 'inhabit , i nhabitant , r,aoiiut hab.itat


, ion, habitabre
a. The desert is too hostile so it is
b.
I?fr.;;: : . of cotd ct imatea.tways
wear'thickctothesin the
Somewi id animals ar-emore_satistied_with
their natural
than wi th the zoo.
d. .Fwampy*qreas,areusuajly the .... 41f frogs and insects.
i."
.ji_..1if

'.:,ri' .' i
.,1 ,. at\t
l . .
3 1. to e x t e n d , e x t e t l s i o n , e x t d n t , e x t e n s i v e , e x t e n s i v e l y

S o c i o l o g i { ; t sa r e m a k i n g . . , , . s t u d i e s o f t h e p r o b ' l e mo f
rural areils,
h
They are {;tudying this problem ..
The . , , . o f t h e i n d u s t r a l d e v e ' l o p m e ntto i n c l u d e t h e
rural areas is stronrlly recommended.
d
Gradual1y, students the.ir abi I i ty to I earn.
The reseinrch study by' the ar;haeo1ogisl.sled to an ..
of our kncn'ledgeof our own heritage.
,' ,,)i: - . . , . ', , , i " . ' . . , .
, :. l
29 to r{ourish, noulishment, nourishing, nourished

a. It 'is suggested that r,,ieshould eat a v€rriety of foods;


in order 1o be hea'lthy.
b. $ a b ' i e ss h o u l d b e . . . . . b y r n il k d u r i n g t h e e a r ' l yo f i n f a n c y ,
c. W es h o u l i l e a t a v a r i e t y o f f o o d s i n o r d e r t o h a v e p r o p e r
r -) ' ..,i- , , '

33. to perce'ive, percept i on, pt:rcepti ve, perceFrt.l


rrely

a. T o b e g o o da t a n a ' l y s i n gt h i n g s , w e s h o u l d h a v e ... minds.


'look
b. W es h o u l r l at the world
c. W e. . . . . . o u r n e wb o s s a s b e l i n gi n t e r e s t . i n g ; o t h e r s m i g h t :
find him [oring.
d. People a lu,ay$have di f f erent
t, 't',
''' '
"
1A
to purify, pur'ity, purifier, purificat'ion, llure, purely, purified

a. I watch Ohinese moviers f or sel f ish reasons.


I enjoy them.
b. W es h o u l d d r i n k . . ., water.
c. I f t h e w a t ( ) ri s n o t c i e a n , w e c a n u s e a w a t e r ,.. to filter
the water for .
d. Water methodshave bee,t1 develoned
dirtywal:er - .i.i
, . . ri r . l" \ ,'r"'

35. to infect, infection, jnfec,tious, infect'iour;ly

a. The cut on rny hand bec;eime .. ,,.. so i have to see a doctor.


b, I always develop 1 ' r o mi n s e c t b ' i t e s .
c. He laughs
d. H i s ' l a u g l ' r t e ri s v e r y . O n c eh e s t a r t s i a u g h i n g ,
most peoplg around hjm do too,
1( , ...
., -.r, .., .-. _,

36. t o o r i g i n a t e , o r i g ' i n , o r i g i n a l i t y , o r i g i n a t , : > r ,o r i g i n a i , o r i g i n a l ' l y

a. M a n yp e o p ' l r b e l r e v e t h a t a d v a n c e dc i v i l l z a t i o n in
Greece; somedi sagree wi th that .
b. P a it o o n , a n e w w r i t e r , w r i t e s w i t h g r e r a t H is n o v e l
wonthe first prize this year.
c. The . . . , o f m a n i : s s a i d t o k r et h e a p e
d. he planned to opeir"atea French restaurant.
L a t e r h e c l r a n g e dh ' i s m i n d .
-75 -

i..

37. controversy, controversia.l, controversial


1y
a, The construct'ion of the Ekamai-Ram-intra
subject. Highway is a
b. Onhigher levels, there js considerab.le
c. ...
The.results of the debat" u."
newspapers. ... criticized in al1 major

38. terminate, term.ination, terminal,


terminal(adj . ), terminally
a. S h ew i l ' l U : w a i t i n g , f g .hr e r d a u g h t e r
b. rhe patient realtie:otrat r''e-[ii';-..::-::,* a t t h e ouu
bus...
c. Hewas because
d' rhe . oi r.,i;';;;;;;;iir".,r".r.o;::ff:;"""_.
of rris joo:ur""o him-toi.;; ;;;" and
e. ... _i.t.tpJopr;;;; unabteto recover. dignity. \v | gwY

39 to approve, approval, approved,


approvingly
a. The
b. no"t'p*opi;';;;; vervsoon.
:.:::r:::.:rll.:",:;j J?;:.::"'ation
:
d.
l?in'f,i:":,:::ff:t";:
The univers.ity board of
w.i11probab.ly . the project
of expand.ingnew graduate-regents
p.og.*=.-
44. vary, variety, various, variously

4..
- I n T h a i l a n d , t h e t e m p e r a t u r ei n t h e w i n t e r
to p1ace. . from place
b. There is a wide
of fr ui ts i n T h a i l a n d .
c. Before he was il;' l;l' t r i e d
operatehis business. ";";;;;frt',' methods to
;.-;,.
4 1. to verify, verifjcation, verifiable

a. Thjs reseach is intended to


inefficient traffic systems the set hypothes.is that
b. cause traffic congestion.
The resuit of the st;;J;-ian ne
c. Many researchers have been working
theory for over five yeais. on the . .,. of the
.
.l
42. t o r e q u ir e , r e q u i r e m e n t , r e q u i .
s i t e - - -. i , , ( ( , t -, . - .\ ' , , ' , ' : , i t , , ,
a' He cannot graduate at the .amg
time as h.is crassmates because he
has not fu1f i I I ed the universi
b. t y ..
... facitities ror the ru rrospita.l
JH";;;;:. have a.lreadybeen
c. S u c c e s s. .
hard work'
v . r : , . . . . , ,r
43. advanta_ge,adrlantagecus, advantageousi
y
a. There are some
t4 to merging the two compan.ies.
M e r g i n g t h e t w o c o m p a n i e si s
. .-.' for the workers as well
a s f o r t h e r n a n a g e r i a ls t a f f .
He was directed towards crosing the contract
the architectural firm. with
1i
l" -76-
-i
i.,

\i:.',''t'- ii''

44. to negotiate, regotiation, negotiable, nelltotiative

a" T h e P r e r s i d e n to f t h e U , S . A . a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o r r
are inl'olved in peace
b. Theystr'rngly befieve that this issue 'is ...
c. T h e P r e s i d e n t o' lfe at hdre>rP h i l i p p i n e s i s r r y i n g t o with
the comm;nist in order to maintain in the country,
-i -, {

45. . t o i m p 1 y , i m p rilc a t i o n , i m p l ' i c i t , i m p fi c ' i t 1 y


',., r 1
"

a. T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e s e a r c hs t u d i e s i t a v es e v e r a l
f or educat 'ional oract i ce .

b. T h e g o v e r n m e n t. . . that the e'lectjon can be held after


t h e b ' i1I ' i s r e j e c t e d .

c. The teaclter require:; the students to f ind the


information in that reading passage.

d. The main idea is .. stated in the last paragraph.

t.) ' Cloze Procedure


't'
t rdlt't
r , ! c " " r r ' ' ' 1 ' T h e ' a b " i l i ttyo f i l l t h e m i s s i n g w o r t l s d e p e , n dos n s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . O n e o f
-,those is
tho knowledgleof vocabulary. In order to choose the correct word/words
(t.' " t o f i l l i n t h e b l a r r k s , t h e r e a d e r s h o u l d r e a d t k t e s e n t e n c eo r t h e p a s s a g e
a1..,"'. thorcughly and then ask himself what the passageris about. l-hen study each
t , , , , r t r b l a n k ; u s i n g c o n t e : r t c l u e s o r t h e l i k e t o d e t e r n t i n et h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r .
. . ,' , ' - , .
AjIggUgnS: Choose the best answento f it in ea,:;hblank.
'
Passage 1

H'istory tells; us that pecple have used turtnels since 2000 B.C. whenthe
a n c i e n t P e r s i a n s d u g t h e m t o m c v ew a t e r f r o m o n e p l a c e t o a n c l t h e r . L a t e r , i n
India and Egypt, peolle often the'ir dead in tunne1s, In the f ifteenth
century, fighting armies learned to dig tunnels under their - 2 Then
they cameout of the tunne]s ar,d took the enemysoldiers by - 3 -

r.
I
(A) f ed r\ R
a'j
)' buried \{'
(C) aided (D) arrested

2. (A) coats (B) tabi es


G> enemies; .t, { (D) bri dges

(A) accident \D/ chance


(C)'r surpri se (D) petition
-77- I,r

Bassagel
T u n n e 'l ca
s n _ b eb u i l t i n har d or soft gr ound. '
and easier to bui I d. Workers 1 tunnels ar e s afer
, 2 , - thj rock Awaywi th,.dynami te and then
use big 3 to maketh; tundG bigger.--*tt-nound
4 to build, becausethe loose tunnels
'in],=ruXr=
are more
people have died doing this dangerous can easily s
"ui[t.r
work.

1. (A) smalI (B) hard-ground


(c) short (D) soft-ground
2. (A) case (B)
(c) drowse
b l a st (D) ptus
3. (A) drills ,ii;r'" ( B) tanker
(c) sh o ve l r.' (D) conductor
4. ( A) p re fe ra b l e (B)
(c) advantageous
dangerous (D) nutritious
\ ', :
5. (A)' cave. t . $r'1'
(B) wi thstand
(c) sob ;, (D) maintajn ' i-
.t. r i - , . . . t t . .r , . ,- . o p i 1 - r',
Passage 3

About four hundredyears can'#v birds were taken from the canary
Islands to Europq. There tfrey 1,^o-yiro were
found them to be 2 " compan'ion;;Altir"ush ff,* wi'ld canaries had aiways
3 ' their songs necamemore beautiful uit". the b'irds
o v e r t h e y e a rs, th e g re e n i strco ior of were trained.
yellow color that tarnecanari"i the wilJ 'canar i"r - l- 4"- ' to a br .i ght
h"u* toJ"v."'-

1. (A) toasted - (B) j issied


(c) enlarged (Df tamed
2. (A) si lent (B) grouchy /, .
(c) cheerful (D) noisy
3. (A) h6{6hsd '";\,' (B)
' (c) sung
nursed (D) embraced
4. (Ai turned (B)
(c) embarked
deported , ,, f{..ih,..." (D) '1.
cu]tivated $
- : \' ' ' /
Passage 4

An ante'loPehas four stomachs, the way


a cow does. when an antelope eats,
it 1 its food whore and stores the z in one of its stomachs.
W h e n e v e rj t i s , the uni"i"p";l;"A;prrt of the food up to its mouth
it. so tl.reanterope,iust r.ik;tk is a1ways,, 5
iffi.=--e- "o*, its
-=..-)t ' Ll
l.,l t', ,t"''{
r,i.1.r
1. (A) eats t11/ < 1gi e s t s
(c) feeds ( D ) r swallows

2. ( A)
(c)
p r ese rve s rPl
(o1r 1'ood
c rabs
hardware
/-\
3. (A) hungry (B) 1 Fel x i b l e
(c) avai lable (D) anxl0u$
A (A) swal lows . (B) conf i rms
(c) chews ,''"1 (D) recommenos

(A) recal 1i ng (B) chewing


carting . (D) d e f e n d rn g
,i.r
1(\'i" rl

Passage5

In addition tc'rjtamins andminerals, citrus fru'its contain c'itric acid.


T h i s a c i d _ 1 - l e n n c n s ,1 i m e s , a n d g r a p e fr u i t t d - )t a s t e s o u r . L i k e v i t a m i n C - i
citric acid helps to h u m a n sf r o m d i s e a s e s . A n d i t e r v e n 3 ./
e n e r g y f o r , c u r w o r k a r r dp l a y , C i t r i c a c i d i s a l s o u s e d t o m a k es o f t d r i n k s ,
candy, and even som€' 4 medicjnes.
f,/t{r:( r""''l'

1. (R)' causes (B) cnhances


(c) spcils ' (D) r:'l'iminates

2. (A) &buse "i,"


prevent ,
@
(D)
['rotect
(:;on$t
(\.,, . ,1 i tute

(A) def i nes {lestroys


', , prrovices ,, (n, " ?
di ssolves

4. (A) horri bl e (B) important


{q del i c'ious .' { D) 1:ratent

Passage 6

Packagingtoday is more tha.nsimply wrapping up products. Economy,safet'/


and handling ease are consjderations of 1 __ importance. It is over a
decade noursince Bangi<okPolysack '.2 the uror]d of modernpackag'ing, a
/ -consortium of three. c<>mp.4nies plbdg6b to _ 3 ._to expand'ingrequirementq irr
' z the
e x c h a n g eo f c o m m o r J i t i e st.f , u ailt y i s ; o u r g u i d i ' r E 4. Through 5 _
- "''\echnology,
our prodr;c;tsw , hetherst'atB'f'fbr indus;trial or househ,rlO use, sintpt],l
d a i n t a i n ' i n t e r n a t i o n a ' ls t a n d a r d s
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r p r o t e c t i v e p u r p o s e s ,f n e e t " a n m
of excel lency. (Bangi<okPost, December30). 86)
''t
r , " 'v: ''t' 1
r'( lt \

v.ital (^"-, 'inapproprrate


i. LN /'4. \
\vl
(B) i mpati ent ,'rt\
\ u./
'imlrlj ci t
'conf
L. (A) el 'imn
i ate,l (C) i rmed
(B) cracked PY etttered 'r'
-79*

3. (A) resume (c) prohibit


(B) respond ( D) demol:i
sh
4. (A) suggestion ' .' ;,
te) pr incip' le ,
(B) restriction (D) al'location
5. innovative ,...,i
'W
(B) (c) supp'lementary,'
destructive (D) temporary

Passage 7 ,

'' west Germanv


is Tha'and'". p-qda"r in westernEurope.
This has been so for severa'l years]ufg:"]^iFq..ing
anC lgg6 showeOno
that status' Thailandhas fqrlhs.naqt-lcu+gad;ll"veila f of changing
WestGermany.In19B5,i!ofaboutg,4a7mil]ionbaht, traoe z * with
accordingto the German-Thaichamberof cdffid.
Rccording to the chamber, Thai rand goods
4 worth 14,25g mi.r.rion
baht to west Germanv,and impoiteJ-g*Jr wortfrlo,8s1
5 'largest million
-macrrin".y, baht in 1985.
Qryl Bangkok'sthi rd supplier of
and chemica)products in 1985, and 1986showeo eilct;o-tecfrn.ical
(Bangkokpost, December " no changein'tr,ai position)
,\
ovsrrrvsl 80, oQ
rovl A6) )
\_--"'--
,

1. (A) benef i t ( c)
(e) evidence
si gn (D) requirement
2. (A) deficit ,
tef surplus
|.tJ/ | oan ( D) negot' iat' ion
(A) disposed, (c) d o m i n a t e-d. ; r . - ' . .
,J.

(B) originated (D) regi stered , . ,-,-{rr(


4. (rE) exported (C) distributed
(B) produced ( D) im por ted
5. (A) a c c u m u t a t e d. , , / '\'
s.'.'' i
(B) Jgf rema'ined ){'rl, , +
a]located (D) col lapsed

Pagsage 8
t

,',

After'.lhe first casesappeSr:_d__inth_eU.s.;heariy a decadeago, the public


generally assumel,t\et vict jms'of
"risk sroups,'r AIDSwourdbJ q/."tineo to ceiiarn f,{Qlhdefjne,d
na,1afl1h"r"";;;rs
-- ino j;f.;;;Jus_drug-u-sers. But there is an
W:f"!l"li- r - -- tTaTalmosteveryone
mvsteiiou.;;:*n:fl:"ilS.-.__"f,!g$":'
:Y:ifi:T,ins
ff-TlHn is
fl.
z z.th *,e
hl?.
prediction
yet. ev 1esg,-waFned t," woril=;":ffil8[:li::rilX-,H:
miI 'ti on. fi:?ol?'
;YT?::":' Notarr ^-** ,,ii,:^:
ot-trrem
worr i1?at;a"i-.i:dwi,je
j n""oil.
i"i"ir ;i j;: courci 6
'ilI."?il"i ioo
be carriers. . 1
(Time, December 86) *mt
,| "_r"lXl,..*
1. (A) catastrophe rAt evidence 1'^" "'
(/ nr\1 , .elrvPrre
controversy lvt
(D)
" prescription", ,,' . t ,
-BO-

1 u h t . < ' , - ' ' '' i{r


..

2., (A) skept'ical (C) s ; u b s t a n tai l


v u l n e r a b i Br r ' . . r . (o t nrutua]
,W e,u:k
,
(,iJ,r. i,r ,- t^.,it.'",.1
'ro'rd'er{ '
o
J"4f i n c u r a b l @: n : ' ' (c) f ' r u g a l t' ' .;
' (D)
(B) ignorant ; ,, i llegible

4. (A) fantast'ic^ (C) ( : ; o n v e n t ' i o n a' ' 'ilA '


(B) contemporary @f 1'rightening
*
5. (A) cortsoli dated ' J-qY
(D) i nf ected
(B) c o n t a m i n a t e dr r " r " 6 , : i i s c l i m ' i n a t e rdi .;,' "
/' '/
6. (K) reach (C) nranipul ate ;,;1,r ''
(B) imProvise 1)' ' (D) [)enalize
..,,;

Passaqe9
, ,,,,..,n! "- ...
There is considri11tble mystraryabout how the iVory goes from Africa to the
'Far
E a s t . O v e r t h e p a 3 1 - * , - t _ . , a s m u c ha s f o u r - f i 1 ' t h s o f t h a t i v o r y h a s b e e n
of 2 . o r i g i n - S a C h e d , t h e n s m u g g l e d . S o m g t i m e st h e 3 -- cross
borders t o h u n t , a s f t ' o m S o m a l i a i n t o K e n y ao r Z a r n b ' i i
a n t o Z i m b a b w e t
, h en carry
the 4- baqk b y n i g h t . S o m e p o a c h e r s a r e !1.p!f v i l l a g e r s , 5 and
poor, who stalk th'eir 6 _ _ o n f o o t , v { a l k i i n gf o r w e e k s , 1 i ' r i n g o f f g a m e . A
poachelin-fenya says ne nei ieves tlibal 7 _ _ - -m a k eh i m i n v i s i b l e t o
4 a n t i p o a c h i n gu n i t s . H e b u r i e s h i s t u s k $ i n t h e village latrine or B ,
tffiave'Heseljsthemforap1llenEc(aslittleas$40foratusk
t h a t m a ye v e i n t u a l l y t i r i n g $ 1, 0 0 0 i n J a p a n ) t o a r e l : ; p e c t e db u s i n e s s m a n in a nearby
t o w n , w h o s e l ' l s t h e m t o s o m e o n ee l s e f o r t h r e e t ' m e s w h a t h e p a i d . (Time,
October16, Bg)
:
I
tkf decade (c) s;tarvation
(B) a d vo ca l e , (D) :;l aughter ./
.',:1,41,
rt (A) el i g'ib'le '' (c) l)rogressive
(B) exot i c ! r\X
)
"i legal
)/e

a
(A) i n v e s ti g a t o r s (c) ilerobati cs
poacher"$t; :' - i r r cdi e n t s
- 1 1 '. , ' v , . 1 : '
WT [D)
., .'.'1,' ri,..'s.1
.A+ . (A) componentg , (c) ":usks i :' "
(B) d e h r is '(D) (:arsoes

:,\r,\k 5. w
(B)
i1literate "
n u d ih ' 1 e
(c)
(D)
rrcurishi ng
<lver-fed
1n\ tiisaster',
V. l-KT' excursion \v,/

p rii.c,^rtt, (B) combat i<'c, (D) l)feY * q)(r


\./
/\ nv , /1 'thsuF$€r'lc!
, !. I (A) r e ' li g i o n . . / __

w c h a r m sr 1 . . , : . . . . 1 . , t . (D) r;ett I ement


'
a (A) consumes rl
t rX\ I r i c i e s" , 'il'i
!rj' l'
ni (B) "l ''
comprom'i$es (D) r"esides
" '
il"{i" ii , r tr ,.(t'1f-f'r'r
!..'r\"

d ^J 4
ttl

Passage10

F o r a 'l j th e i r sp a rkle, the most useful thing about djamondsis


hardndsE. Their slpngth makesthemgoociat 't thei r
holes and cutting glass.
For the samereason-that they are rraio-trrey are e under conditions of
immense pressure and high 3 , deep ins.ideihe earth-they are arso
and expensive, becausethey do nofoften makeit to the surface. 4
industrial diamonds-as s
good as the real thing but cheapeF-area'popuGi-
for research.',f'lowsomescientists are makingdiamondsthat
be better than those may even
' . . . . wreiifao from the bowe'tsof the eaitn., --r;--,:?t J"*i ;'.;'
., t _).9ur1. ,-'7- ?, -.'trrrli,
A diamond'sstrength comesfrom the way that its atoms
carbonatom in a diamond'is 7' . Each
8- by chemjcalbondsto four"."'1" others; each atom
i s a t th e ce n tr" :l wittr four m or e- atomsat its cor ner s. ( T he
E c o n o m i s t , A p r i l2 3 ," .]:tf" ) \n2 , ^ :
1 9 g Bruq- :r:):;_
\ )r<.

1. (A) integrat'ing . Lq dr il I ing *i' ' ' ' ( iatr)


(ts) expanciing (D) c a t e g o r i z i n ga . i - .\ , , 1, . " .
2. (A) po]i shed (c) refined
-IB) formed ( D) engr aved
3. (A) e x p ' l o so
i n (c) atmosphere
(B) accommodation
P) temperature
4. w
(B)
rare
amb'iguous
(C) sanitaryrrrr,'
( D) r elevant
5. (A) B e n e f ic i a l
tel Artificial'^''-'
(B) Productive i :. (, ' r '-r,
ID) Visible
A (A) target '',,,, 1'7
subj ect '- 1,
(B) qual.ification ' (9Y
D) ' ,-
i' , d e n ti . t. ,y, . _
^t.t;1
.
:.., ..,,

7. (A) detected (C) converted


9{ arranged -.' ', (D) compi'led . ';!

8. (A) addicted (C) c'lashed


tPY I inked (D) reformed

Passage1'l 1'

Brain transp'lantsfor alcoholics sJjno t'ike a sick


But work at LondonUn'iversity's Institute it 7l u oro.
ior,u'ou".l.reard
12V"n;atry.is pqu'ng-!!g_H€D/ fo_r
o f b ra i n ti ssu e , taken fr om abor ted toetuses, to tFat the 2-
brain damage causedby chronic alcoholism. Foetal brain tissue Lu"'rir*uot'o"*
used 3 to tre a t P a rkinson' sdisease in Br itain, tq]lo- uinga lea d"fr om .,
swedenand Mexico. If p_rgeti!4i'pr:oblernsand mora'lob'jections
s i m i l a i ^ 4 f o i ^ a j c b-r ' o i i i , " b i . a i n , J " i n " g e u i " y ' , u- '1 b e- 1f .a" r a w a y . can be ovb-iome,
irir.i-. 1,^,,T,- -:: l'. 1'' ,;
Heavydrinking over long periods oftJn leads to Korsako$r,s
after the Russian neurotogist-who f irst b , named
_ 6 -- lr-. p"t*;;;;*.#, f.;g;#;i
and cannot 7 They may have disturbed ser and poor muscu'l -.+ '
Thev
T babbte
hev b and
ahh'lp a n r { halrucinite.
hn'llrrnino+^ A i + ^ ^ ^ . . . , ^ i r ^ ggriisL
After a wh.i1e,- - . t o = " r" ir,5-*Jn"ry;ii;''.,"tj"rp:
-ar -
thedamagebecomesirrevers.ible.(TheEconomiffiir,r.ri...1.ll...'..'"o,
-o(-

. i ,/ -' , . ' . '


(A) I egaci es ( C )- - - , l s s e m b ' l i e s
fi
,l&l!( \; 'laci ' '
f a'l es jtrf implants'
.'.!B)
'',/ '' '
2. w) sevgre " lhri11ing ,.
(B) t remendous\ n'i' (p) r;ubtI e
' '"
(A) attentiv€ly '" (c) ,lompetitively
(B) experimen,tal'ly'",' ',- rn) t^especti vel y

4. (A) p e r c e p ti c n r ' ' ,ldf treatment ngirr.t


(B) termination\r ,, ' ' (D) ^efiner^y
, r

(A)
(B)
Precaut'icl'l ' "'
i nfect i on
w
(D)
:;yndrome
r>peration

6. (A) defined ( (c) rJonated1'"


(B) concealeciJ"" - 'i, : { (D) occupied

7. (A) maintai tl ^ e t a in
w concentrate !.c'i rn\ \/ani sh

a (A) S U S P e n S I C ni ; ' (c) il'lustration


(B) therapy -,''-r iPr{ r;o-ord'inat i on

P a s s a g e1 2
'".''-tl\'')
A n i m a l d i s e a s e s a r e s t i l l a b ' i g p r o b l e m i n T h a i l a n d . H c l o fa n d m o u t h
d . i s e a s eh a s b e e n f o u n d " j p . s e v e r c r lm a j o r .1 -_ regions of the country and
this has 2 curfHi"lbd tlre potential for be:f and pork e:xports to nations
l i k e J a p a nw h i c h 3 the 'importat'ion of meat f rom 4 . areas. In
October, the first step to set utp disease-free livgSlOek-J.e9ions was 5 -
when a Frerrch firm, Fhone MerrieruxCo, won tfre Cidding to E-uf'lcl-afac'i'lity to
produce -_ 6 aga'inst hoof.end mouth d'isease. The plant was to cost 441
m i ' l l i o n b a h t a n d t o b r r_ 7 i n f ' l a k h o nR a t c h a : ; ' i mPar o v i n c e . T h e p l a n t w o u l d
eventually B _ : ] 0 m i l l i o n r J o s e sc , f v a ' : c ' i n e ' , v o r t h 2 O Om i l l i o n b a h t a y e a r ' .
Th'is would I _ T h a i ' l a n d t c i e x p o r t v a c c i n e < > n b e ' t h ef a c t o r y w a s f u l ] y
'10 Vaccine would be produceclsoon. Bu'l after only two weel'isof
suUsequentdevelopmentsarising f rom tl"re French c()mpany'supward revaluation Of
its b'icj bec;auseof foreign excherngel problems tha'i had been unforeseen at the
t i m e t h e b i d w a s m a c i e t, h e p r o j e i c t w as still not officially going ahead.
(BangkokPost, December30, Bo) , r '' x'r-r
ird.'{"-
Ct:r{r''(

1. (AL plantation (C) t l e fe c t i v e


' (o)
tW l.ivestock;- resident'ial

2. (A) s.impty J6 :;everejY '{ritc":\''


(B) moderately (D) t:onclusjvely ri'r,r,'i

\"t"t r}rrr' 'i (c) 'i rri tates !'\'i.'|$ r ' .' (
3. lrars P{r'r''('"t
'W
(B) (D) uxpands :' '{
s t i m u l a t € - qr r ' , r ' ' ' t
lrl
,-l ,tr- I '' l't
4. (A) e x p tr e o (c) penali zed
I infected i'1.
(B) fac'i Iitated f'"'i t"""r'tr1
/"D)
-R?-

5. W initiated.;)'\...t (c) s u b s i d i z e d. \
(B) su sta i n e d
6. (A) d'ignity . ' . l , i" '
(C) ePidemic qro
(B) deficiency. irr rr vaccine- "
!D)
7. (A) p o i n te d o u t ( C) car r jed out
9*" s e t u p . : \ , . \ . r i1 r , . ' \r\i - ' , v b ' < 'i O i b r o u g h tu p
8. (Aj produce (C) m o d fi y
(B) re ca l1 (D) duplicate
n
e. (Al
(B)
disptay .:, gt enable
ci rculate (D) restri ct
10. lA) operational (c) p r e d ' i c t i v e - " . .. ' -' r 1
re q u isi te 'I
1el (D) informative ,''.

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