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Pseudocode algorithms
NATALEE A. JOHNSON sum of the numbers and output the sum of the numbers, the While some assignment statements just involve assigning
Contributor output statement would be: values to variables (initialization), such as:
OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 19 in our series of
Let us examine the parts of a pseudocode algorithm in more Control Structures (Sequence, Selection, Repetition)
details.
These statements are used to control the amount of time a
statement or sequence of statements is carried out based on some
INPUT STATEMENTS
condition. We will look at each of these separately in the next
OUTPUT STATEMENTS lesson.
The input statement is used to get data from outside the
computer from a particular input device into a variable for We also have a statement called the prompt statement. A An algorithm can be represented using a pseudocode or a
manipulation by the pseudocode. The key words we will use for prompt statement is actually an output statement which displays flowchart. Below is an example of a pseudocode representation of
input will be input or read. To read data into a variable you write on the screen a message indicating to the user what actions to an algorithm, where you will be able to observe the different parts
the word input or read followed by the variable name. take based on the program written. For example, you may be of an algorithm we have discussed thus far.
asked to write a pseudocode algorithm to accept two numbers and
This is the way in which it will be written: prompt the user to enter the numbers (this would be done via the Example 1
keyboard). This is how you would write the prompt statement.
READ VARIABLE_NAME Write a pseudocode algorithm to find the square of a number.
Output the square of the number.
The variable_name is the name given to the location where the
value is to be stored, as you learnt previously. For example, if I Start
am reading a math score into a variable, my variable name could Algorithm Square_of_number {The algorithm header}
be score and the read statement would therefore be:
This algorithm finds the square of a number. {The Declaration}
Declare number and square as integer {Indicating the data type
of the variables}
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT
For example, if you were required to read two numbers, find the Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School.Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
JAMAICA, 1831
CAUSES
Jamaica (1831-1832) The underlying cause of the rebellion was the widespread belief that freedom was being withheld
Sam Sharpe by the local authorities. The activities of nonconformist missionaries amongst the enslaved
population were also another factor.
SOURCES
NATURE & CONSEQUENCES
1. Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems Hilary Beckles & Verene
The revolt began on Plantation Magdalenburg on the Conje River on February 23, 1763. By March Shepherd
1763, the revolt had spread to the Berbice River. The enslaved peoples were able to capture several 2. Caribbean Story, Bk 1 William Claypole & John Robottom
plantations along the river and Coffy played an instrumental role in this area. Though Coffy 3. Caribbean Revision History for CXC Peter Ashdown & Francis Humphreys
committed suicide, the enslaved peoples were still committed to the cause of freedom. The colony
Debbion Hyman is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS LESSON: THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION NEXT LESSON: THE END OF CHATTEL SLAVERY IN THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN
Limestone
JUDITH HENRY
Contributor
FOCUS QUESTIONS:
What is limestone?
What are the characteristics of limestone?
What are the processes leading to the formation of limestone features created on the surface
and underground? Diagram showing clint and gryke formations.
Clints and grikes form under relatively deep cover of soil where water, carrying carbonic acid
LIMESTONE which is formed from dissolved carbon dioxide as well as organic acids from decaying vegetation,
Is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the picks out vertical lines of weakness (joints) in the rock. These fissures widen over the years as the
mineral calcite. acidic water preferentially attacks the lines of weakness.
It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. COCKPIT
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral,
algal, and fecal debris. On the map of Jamaica below, the Cockpit Country is shown as an area outlined in pink.
Can also be a chemical sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from
lake or ocean water.
Is generally light-coloured.
Is a permeable rock - meaning that water can enter limestone through pores, joints or cracks in
the rock.
Is laid down in layers or beds, as limestone is a sedimentary rock, separated by bedding
planes which are caused by changes in deposition rates or content of material deposited.
Can be slowly dissolved by water.
Limestone is formed from the solidification of minerals out of solution into rock form. Because the
chemicals in limestone can be readily dissolved by acidic solutions and water, they can form karst
topography.
In many limestone areas, the chemical weathering processes of solution and carbonation have
produced distinctive landscapes known as karst landscapes.
Formation of limestone features created on the surface
EXAMPLES OF LIMESTONE FEATURES ON THE SURFACE:
COCKPIT COUNTRY:
Clints and grykes
Cockpits Is a large area with many small hills and depressions.
Swallow holes Is formed in an area with white limestone.
Surface depressions Features rocks with many joints. These joints cross each other as some run from east to west
Limestone pavements are bare limestone rock surfaces composed of slabs of rock separated by and others run generally from north to south.
variable-width vertical crack. Has water collected in these joints.
Has rocks, near the joints, which dissolved relatively quickly, forming depressions.
The most characteristic surface features of limestone pavements are: There are many caves and sinkholes within the Cockpit Country.
Their division into blocks, called clints. No rivers or streams can be found on the surface in the area because they have all disappeared
Their being bound by deep, vertical fissures known as grykes. into swallow holes and flow underground through caves.
Clints are the blocks of limestone that constitute the paving; their area and shape are directly There are at least two theories as to how cockpit karst forms.
dependent upon the frequency and pattern of grykes. The solution theory proposes that heavy tropical rainfall washing through a fissured limestone
Grykes are the fissures that isolate the individual clints. plateau over millions of years dissolved, eroded the fissures, washed the debris through the
The most dominant gryke system runs almost north to south and there is a secondary, less- sinkholes, and eventually out to sea.
developed system at right angles to it. The collapse theory maintains that the formation and subsequent collapse of cave systems is the
Grykes take many thousands of years to form under the soil, as the rate of solution is slow. primary mechanism for cockpit karst formation.
Grykes can stretch for hundreds of feet until they suddenly terminate or are lost beneath
superficial deposits. Judith Henry teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS LESSON: MASS MOVEMENT NEXT LESSON: SWALLOW HOLES AND SURFACE DEPRESSIONS
W lessons on Section C, we need to focus our attention on another topic. I hope everything
went well for you last week and that this week will be equally good! Right now, we will be
looking at some of the practical principles involved in the study of the environment. These, along
The placing or positioning of the quadrats.
At this level of your studies, the third point is the most important of the three. In order to reduce
bias, the placing of the quadrats should be done randomly. Simply throwing the quadrat over your
with the identification and classification of organisms, form the basis of many of the structured shoulder will give some degree of randomness, but there are more accurate ways of doing this. This
questions on Paper 02. Before we begin, you will need to familiarise yourself with some key terms. can be done by dividing the area to be studied into squares and using computer-generated random
These are terms that will be used in the questions that you will be asked to answer; if you do not numbers as coordinates. For example, if random numbers 3, 4 are generated, then walking 3 squares
know what they mean, then you will not be able to answer the questions adequately.
KEY WORDS AND TERMS
Population: A group of organisms of the same kind (species) found in a particular area.
Community: Several populations living together in a particular place, e.g., all the organisms living
under a fallen tree or all the organisms living on a Barbados cherry tree.
Niche: The position occupied by a particular type of organism within the community.
Habitat: This is the place where the organism lives. Habitats can be either terrestrial on land or
aquatic - fresh water (rivers, lakes), sea water (marine), brackish water (estuaries).
Ecosystem: The interaction of living organisms with their environment.
Species density: The average number of organisms belonging to a particular species captured in
10 throws of a 1m2 quadrat.
Y
K
d
from one corner in a straight line along one edge and then 4 squares down into the field would
indicate the position to place the quadrat.
PREVIOUS LESSON: ANIMAL VARIETY NEXT LESSON: STUDYING THE ENVIRONMENT PART 2
Al3+ and Pb2+ both form white precipitates when reacted with aq Head of the Caribbean School of Nursing, Dr Adella Campbell, pinning first-year nursing student
NaOH and NH3. In aq NaOH, the precipitates are soluble in Shafeeqah Abdul-Jabbar.
excess, while in aq NH3, they are insoluble in excess. As can be EXAMINATION-TYPE QUESTIONS acid, a yellow-green gas is given off. S bleaches damp litmus
seen, Al3+ and Pb2+ give the same results so, to differentiate 1. Describe what is observed (with the aid of equations) in each paper.
between them, other reactions must be taken into consideration. of the following reactions:
Pb2+ will form precipitates with I-, Cl- and SO42- ions (PbI2 (a) Identify the gases represented by the letters Q, R and S.
(a) Aqueous NaOH is added to aq iron(III) sulphate.
3+
(yellow), PbCl2 (white), PbSO4 (white), while Al will not. (b) State the formula of manganese (IV) oxide.
(b) Dilute HCl is added to solid sodium carbonate.
(c) Write equations for the action of heat on (i) sodium nitrate
(ii) lead (II) nitrate.
(a) Aqueous barium chloride is added to dilute sulphuric acid. (d) Oxygen can react with metals and non-metals to form
Two other cations form white precipitates. Zn2+ forms a white (b) Aqueous silver nitrate is added to aq sodium chloride. (88 oxides. Write a balanced equation to show how oxygen reacts
precipitate, which is soluble both in excess aq NaOH and NH3. MARKS) with (i) sodium (ii) sulphur.
Ca2+ forms a white precipitate, which is insoluble in excess NaOH (e) What would you observe if water is added to the product
but does not form a precipitate when treated with ammonia. The (a) A rust-brown precipitate is formed which is insoluble in formed in each of the reactions and the solution tested with a few
NH4+ ion can be identified based on the evolution of ammonia excess NaOH. drops of litmus solution?
(NH3) gas when warmed with aq NaOH. Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) == Fe(OH)3 (s) (a) The gases Q, R, S are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxygen (O2),
(b) Sodium carbonate would dissolve and a gas would be given and chlorine (Cl2), respectively.
Another method of identifying metallic ions is the flame test. off. (b) Formula of manganese (IV) oxide - MnO2
This is based on the fact that compounds containing metallic ions Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) == 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g) (c) 2NaNO3(s) ? 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g);
produce different coloured flames when heated. (c) A white precipitate will be seen which will remain insoluble. 2Pb(NO3)2 ? 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2 (g)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) == BaSO4(s) (d) Na (s) + O2(g) ? 2Na2O(s); S (s) + O2(g) ? SO2 (g)
(d) The silver nitrate would react with the chloride ions to form (e) A very vigorous reaction would take place when water is
HOW IS THE FLAME TEST CARRIED OUT? a white precipitate of silver chloride. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) == AgCl (s) added to sodium oxide, which would also dissolve. This solution
Nichrome wire is first dipped into concentrated hydrochloric would cause no change to the blue litmus solution. The sulphur
acid. A small amount of the compound to be tested is then placed 2. When manganese (II) nitrate Mn(NO3)2 is heated, the only dioxide produced would dissolve in the water, forming a solution
on the wire and the loop is held into blue flame (from a Bunsen products are manganese (IV) oxide and a brown gas Q. When which would change the blue litmus solution to red.
burner). The colour of the flame produced is noted and used to manganese (IV) oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide, a
identify the metallic ion present. The colours of the common ions colourless gas, R, is given off. R relights a glowing splint. When Francine Taylor-Campbell is an independent contributor. Send questions and
are shown. manganese (IV) oxide is added to hot concentrated hydrochloric comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS LESSON: WATER NEXT LESSON: IDENTIFICATION OF IONS AND GASES PART 2
WORKED EXAMPLE:
D
D ^
W
W Z
^Z
Kingston College team members (from left) Shemar Henry (captain), Josephat
Ononiwu, Lowarne Martin and Zackarie Campbell.
/
SOLUTION:
^ > W >
D WZ D
W >
^ D W
^>
Z ^
All purchases and purchase returns were subject to a trade discount of 10% off the list price. [>1] ^>
You are required to:
1. Select the appropriate balances and prepare the purchases ledger control account for the month
of March 2015.
2. Identify TWO advantages of preparing control accounts.
REASONING:
1. PURCHASES LEDGER CONTROL ACCOUNT
[>1] Trade discount is not a part of double-entry accounting and should be ignored in this
account.
2. TWO advantages of preparing control accounts are to:
tKZ</E'^ i. Find the total figures of debtors, creditors, stock, et al, at any given time without having to add
all the figures on the individual records.
W Z ii. Have a cross-check on the accuracy of the subsidiary records.
Follow us as we trend towards doing a comprehensive coverage of the key areas of the syllabus.
W
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS LESSON: SOLE TRADE AND ITS ADJUSTMENT NEXT LESSON: THEORY OF DOUBLE-ENTRY PART 2
POSSIBILITY
This means that all parties to the contract
must be capable of performing the acts in the
contract.
PREVIOUS LESSON: THE HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICE NEXT LESSON: THE ACCOUNTS OFFICE
Separation The separation of powers doctrine ensures that the balance of power is maintained within each
arm of the state. As it relates to Jamaica, separation of powers exists as there are safeguards put in
place to ensure that no institution overpowers the other or usurps its function.
The executive is kept in check by the Parliament to which it is accountable and, by a large extent,
of powers
by the electorate. The judiciary also ensures that the executive does not abuse its power; the process
of judicial review of the actions of the executive ensures this. In addition, the judiciary is given the
power to declare legislation that goes against the Constitution of Jamaica as void. This safeguards
the rights of the citizens and ensures that the executive does not wield arbitrary power.
THE LEGISLATURE
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor
B separation of power in The Spirit of Laws (1748), contending that a governments executive,
judicial and legislative functions should be administered by separate branches.
The term separation of powers describes the distribution of power between different branches of
government. In most Caribbean countries, this is between the executive, judicial and legislative
responsibilities of a government which, to a large extent, are separate and distinct bodies. It is widely
believed that a separation of power would prevent the abuse of power by an individual or any single
governmental body.
The picture above depicts the Senate or the Upper House. Both sides of the House consist of both
government and opposition senators.
The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the Government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral
body, composed of an appointed Senate, also known as the Upper House, and an elected House of
Representatives, also known as the Lower House.
The governor general represents the queen in Parliament, and his role is a formal one. Once a
Jamaica, our island home, is a constitutional monarchy with a British parliamentary system of year, at the official opening of Parliament, he delivers the Throne Speech.
government. The Constitution of Jamaica is, therefore, based on the British sociopolitical culture and CONTINUED ON PAGE 24
is modelled on the Westminster-Whitehall (British) system of government.
PREVIOUS LESSON: TYPES OF GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS NEXT LESSON: HOW A BILL BECOMES LAW
PATRICK PLANTER/
PHOTOGRAPHER
From left: Dr Peter Ruddock,
manager, Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency Department,
Petroleum Corporation of
Jamaica; Lincoln McLntyre,
chairman of the board of
governors of the Wolmers Trust
High School for Girls; Dr
Andrew Wheatley, minister of
science, energy and technology;
Mrs Colleen Montague,
principal, Wolmers Trust High
School for Girls; Shanae
Christian (head girl) and Suen
Chang. Occasion was the
Wolmers Trust High School for
Girls Energy Intervention
Projects handing over cermony
on Friday,February 10.
PREVIOUS LESSON: THINGS FALL APART NEXT LESSON: A CONTEMPLATION UPON FLOWERS - PART 2
Research Part 4
TRUDI MORRISON REID DISADVANTAGES OF DOCUMENT Respondents may not feel comfortable
current national security minister would be from
the response from the Opposition spokesperson
on security.
3. SOCIAL BIAS
Factors such as age, race, gender and social
Contributor REVIEWS providing answers that present themselves in an class can colour an individuals perspective on
Information stored in the documents could unfavourable manner. any matter.
HIS WEEK, we will take a look at some Surveys with closed-ended questions may
3) The length of ST. 7. Timothy had to change his appearance so nobody would
SOLUTION recognise him.
8. He had to make up his mind quickly about the college he
1) Gradient m = y2 - y1
x2 - x1
Substituting, m = - 2 - 6
Focus wanted to attend.
9. He had to fix his attention on the problem so that he could find a
solution.
0-6
m=-8=4
-6 3 on 10. Year after year, people from other countries come to Jamaica to
participate in the Jazz and Blues Festival.
See you next week!
2) Midpoint M = 0 + 6 , - 2 + 6 = ( 3 , 2)
2 2
3) ST 2 = ( 0 - 6)2 + ( - 2 - 6 )2 = (- 6)2 + (- 8 )2
where Melissa McKenzie teaches at Old Harbour High School. Send questions and
comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
= 36 + 64 = 100
ST = 100 = 10.
you want
HOMEWORK
Given the points A(-6, 1) and B(4 , - 3), find the following
with respect to the line AB:
(i) Gradient, m (ii) midpoint, M (iii) length of the
to go, yl: communication studies
line AB (iv) Gradient of XY which is parallel to AB
(v) the gradient of AC which is perpendicular to AB. not on CONTINUED FROM PAGE 22 information, other than the boys,
who can help with your research.
(b) For response provided in part
All the best for the week ahead.
fear.
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
crime impacts the educational
Trudi Morrison Reid teaches at The
achievement of teenage boys in the Queens School. Send questions and
community of Waterwork Valley. comments to
(a) Name two sources of kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com