MED PHYS 1E03

X-Radiography Diagnostic
Medical Imaging.

Image Production
Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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It is believed that the ulnar artery is

repetitively damaged by blunt compression
against the hamate. Our patient was a postal
worker who frequently used a rubber stamper.
Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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Digital Radiography
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Computer number representation
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If we have n bits we have 2n values

8 bits gives us 256 values

16 bits gives us 65636 values
32 bits give more than 4x109 values
Sampling
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Matrix size
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512 x 512

256 x 256

128 x 128

64 x 64

32 x 32
Grey level quantisation
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Grey level (G) given to each pixel is also governed by G = 2n

n is usually 8 giving us 256 grey levels from 0 to 255.

The number of grey levels determines quality in an image.

Grey level quantisation
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256 128
Grey level quantisation
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64 128
Grey level quantisation
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64 32
Grey level quantisation
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16 32
Grey level quantisation
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16 8
Grey level quantisation
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4 8
Grey level quantisation
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4 2
Digital Radiography
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MED PHYS 1E03
MED PHYS 1E03
Flat Panel Detectors : Indirect

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Phosphor layer eg Gd2O2S:Tb

or scintillator eg CsI:Tl
Placed in intimate contact with
an active matrix array Phosphor or
scintillator
X-rays converted to light
photons and the charge stored
in each pixel element.

The magnitude of the charge in

each pixel is the latent image.

Active matrix array is read out.

Glass substrate
Photosensitive
storage element Switching
element
Flat Panel Detectors : Direct

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Layer of photoconductive
material (amorphos silicon
or amorphos selenium)
Conductive electrode added

Capacitive storage element High voltage Photoconductor

added to store charge electrode

Interacting x-rays produce charge

which is attracted to the
electrode and the capacitive
storage element.

Active matrix array is read out.

Glass substrate
Capacitive
storage element Switching
element
Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Array made up of pixel
electrodes. Amplifier
Each pixel has a switch.

Each row has a single control

line to activate switch.

Each column has a single Switching control

signal line with a readout
amplifier.

This allows the imager to be

read out one line at a time.
Unlike CCDs there is no
charge transfer from one
pixel to the other.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Initialisation state ready to

acquire image.

Switching control
All array switches are held
off while exposure is made.

Charge collected in pixel

storage elements.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switch on the first row are

now switched on.

Switching control
Charge transferred down
appropriate signal lines,
digitised and stored via the
multiplexer.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switch on the first row are

now switched on.

Switching control
Charge transferred down
appropriate signal lines,
digitised and stored via the
multiplexer.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switch on the first row are

now switched on.

Switching control
Charge transferred down
appropriate signal lines,
digitised and stored via the
multiplexer.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer ADC

Switch on the first row are

now switched on.

Switching control
Charge transferred down
appropriate signal lines,
digitised and stored via the
multiplexer.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Switching control
Next row similarly treated.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Switching control
Next row similarly treated.

Switch is closed.
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Switching control
Next row similarly treated.

Switch is closed.

Charge is read out.

 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Switching control
Next row similarly treated.

Switch is closed.

Charge is read out.

 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer ADC

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Switching control
Next row similarly treated.

Switch is closed.

Charge is read out.

 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Next row similarly treated.

Switching control
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Next row similarly treated.

Switching control
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Next row similarly treated.

Switching control
 Flat Panel Detectors

MED PHYS 1E03 Multiplexer ADC

Switches now returned to

the off position.

Next row similarly treated.

Switching control
Contrast

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The difference in density (contrast) will depend

E1 E2 where on the characteristic line of the detector the
two exposures fall.
Contrast
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Latitude
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MED PHYS 1E03

X-Radiography Diagnostic
Medical Imaging.

Image Production