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Project Work On

PHASE-AVERAGING USING POD OF PIV DATA


by

Shyam Choudhary(14117069),
Shubham Jindal(14117067),
Shubham Sardar(14117068)

Under the supervision of

Dr. Sushanta Dutta

MECAHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE.

ROORKEE-247667 (INDIA)

APRIL,2017

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work carried out in this report entitled,
PHASE-AVERAGING IN PROPER ORTHOGONAL
DECOMPOSITION, is presented for the subject MIN-301 Lab based
project submitted to the Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (India), is an authentic
record of my own work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Sushanta
Dutta, Associate Professor, MIED, IIT Roorkee.

I have not submitted the record embodied in this project report for
the award of any other degree or diploma in any institute.

17: April, 2017


Place: Roorkee
Shyam Choudhary(14117069),
Shubham Jindal(14117067),
Shubham Sardar(14117068)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the


candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Dr. Sushanta Dutta


Associate Professor
MIED
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of any inter-disciplinary project depends upon


cooperation, co-ordination and combined efforts of several sources of
knowledge. We are grateful to Dr. Sushanta Dutta, Assistant
Professor MIED, IIT Roorkee for his even willingness to give us valuable
advice and direction; whenever we approached him with a problem. We
are thankful to him for providing immense guidance for this project.

17: April, 2017 Shyam


Choudhary(14117069),
Place: IIT Roorkee Shubham
Jindal(14117067),
Shubham Sardar(14117068)
Class : B.Tech 3rd Year
IIT Roorkee
Table of contents

Chapter Page
Title
No. No.

Abstract i

List of Figures ii

Nomenclature iii

1 Introduction 1

1.
1 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition 1

1.
2 Finitedimensional representation 3

1.3 Singular value decomposition 3

1.4 Correlating Equation 5

1.
5 Lowerrank approximations 5
1.
6 Computations and correspondence with SVD 6
1.7 Phase averaging

2 Literature review 10

2.1 Approximation of a surface

2.2 Reduced Order Reconstructions

2.3 POD based Interpolation

2.4 Tomographic Reconstruction

2.5 Validation of Reconstruction Procedure with Analytically


Simulated Data

2.6 Unsteady Tomographic Reconstruction

2.7 POD Data Matrix

2.8 Case with simulated datasets

2.9 When modes are more than one

2.10 POD on Experimental Schlieren Data

2.11 Energy of the Modes:

2.12 Repairing & Generating Data


2.13 Phase identification and low-order modelling

3 SOME HELPFUL CODES

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Mean and modes images

4.2 Phase averaged fields

5 Conclusions

5.
1 Conclusions

5.
2 Scope for future work

References
Abstract

The vortex formation phenomenon in the near wake region of a 2D


square-section cylinder at incidence was captured in form of particle
image velocimetry (PIV) data. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)
used for handling out huge quantities of high-dimensional data for
obtaining low-dimensional imageries that capture much of the marvels of
our curiosity and to characterize the coherent large-scale flow
unsteadiness that is associated with the vorticity. The continuous form of
the POD is involved. Singular value decomposition(SVD) of matrices, the
discrete form of the POD, is discussed as well. Low-rank estimations to
data from the SVD are conferred. The eigenvalue decomposition and SVD
are discussed. Though only eigenvalue decomposition is used only. The
phase of an individual flow field is determined from its projection on the
first pair of POD modes, permitting phase averaging of the measurement
data to be done. Also, a low-order illustration of the flow, built from the
mean and the first pair of POD modes, is found to be almost equivalent to
the phase-averaged results. It is shown that this low-order illustration
resembles to the basic Fourier component of the flow-field ensemble with
respect to the rebuilt phase. The phase-averaged flow illustrations reveal
the dominant flow structures. Computational strategies (using MATLAB)
are mentioned. Some relevant computer code is supplied.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.

1 3D vortex and plot


8
2 Rank Approximations
13
3 Reconstructed Images: Eigen Modes (1st ,2nd and 3rd
resp.) 14
4 Eigen values or representative Energy of POD Modes
14
5 Energy and Eigenvalue magnitude vs. Eigenvalue
15
6 Sample image whose low order reconstructions are
shown 15

7 The sample image whose low order reconstructions are


shown 16
8 Schematic drawing of data collection using parallel
beam 17
9 Symmetric Density function in space and its
tomographic reconstructions
20
10 Asymmetric Density function in space and its
tomographic reconstructions.
20
11 Eigenfaces or POD modes for the given dataset
22
12 (Repeated)Eigen values or representative Energy of POD
Modes 23
13 Eigenfaces or POD modes for the given dataset
23
14 Energy of the Modes
24
15 Eigenvalue spectrum (a=0o)
24
16 Snapshot mode coefficient correlation
25
1 Modes and Mean phases
26

2 Phase Averaged Images


27

NOMENCLATURE

Definition as used in the convention (with


Symbol used units in bracket)
Alphabetical
symbols

v image describing matrix


A image resolved matrix
N no. of images at instants
M images Data size
U orthogonal matrix of time details
V orthogonal matrix of image details
U Mean image mode

Greek
symbols
a collection of pictures together over a period of
time
variables parted form
time dependent expression
Eigen mode functions

Eigenvalues of highest energy


diagonal matrix arranged in decreasing order
(1 > 2 >3>.>r)

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

The unsteady flow field around a square 2D cylinder at incidence has been
investigated by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV). The phase-
resolved velocity field was reconstructed from an ensemble of randomly
acquired PIV snapshots, recorded at a relatively low frame rate with
respect to the vortex frequency. The figure exemplifies the experiment:

Fig 3d Vortex Simulation Fig Its plot 1

1.1 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition or POD is a significant technique of data


analysis intended at finding lowdimensional estimated imageries of high
dimensional processes. The POD was advanced by many persons and is
also recognised as Principal Component Analysis, the singular value
decomposition and the KarhunenLove Decomposition. The POD has
been used to get estimated, lowdimensional explanations of turbulent
fluid flows, structural vibrations, and insect walk, and has been utilised for
damage finding, to name some uses in dynamic systems. It has also been
widely used in signal analysis, image processing and data compression.
An collection of pictures together over a period of time can be
characterised by the symbol i(x,t) and approximated as a finite sum in
the variables parted form,
A rational anticipation here is that the estimation turn into precise in the
limit of N approaching infinity, excluding perhaps on a set that measure

Equation 1
zero. In the above equation, x is the pixel location and symbol t is the
temporal index of the image (corresponding to the relevant time stamp).
The pixel location can be a scalar if indexing is continuous or vector
valued. The image description in terms of is a set of intensity values
recorded at a time instant t and various x locations. The sequence
depiction of is not single. With the domain of x defined on a restricted
interval X on the real line, the functions vk(x) can be expressed, for
instance as sine/cosine Fourier series or Legendre polynomials. For
individually optimal of the arrangement vk(x) that creates a base for a
course of functions (x,t) , the arrangement of time dependent functions
uk(t) = kk is different.
Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is anxious with finding one likely
option of the functions vk(x) for a group of images (x,t). If we had
selected orthonormal basis functions, i.e.

Equation 2
The persistence of the coefficient function uk(t) for a given k hinge only on
v2k(x) and not on the extra vs. This outcome has significant significances
in calculation. The orthonormality property of Equation 2 is valuable while
selecting functions vk(x)only in the limit of N impending immensity. If N is
determinate but rationally large, we choose the basis functions vk(x) in
such a way that the estimation for each N is the finest likely in a least
squares sense. That is, we could attempt to find, a order of orthonormal
functions vk(x) (k = 1.N) such that Equation 1 yields the best possible
estimation. Functions vk(x) are ordered, orthonormal functions and are
called the proper orthogonal modes of the function (x,t). With these
functions definite, Equation 1 is called the proper orthogonal
decomposition of (x,t).

1.1 Finitedimensional representation


Consider an experiment where we use extents of M state variables (these
could be intensities at M = pq pixels of each image). Accept that at N
points of time, we collect N sets of M instantaneous sizes at the pixel
locations. We arrange our data in the form of an NM matrix A, such that
an element Aij is the measurement from the jth probe (or pixel, counted
from the vectorised image) recorded at the i th time instant. The data
composed is accessible as an M N matrix A. Before additional analysis,
we subtract the arithmetic mean intensity (computed for the given time
instant) from each column of A.

1.2 Singular value decomposition

The singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix A(N M) is of the

Equation 3
form
where U is an N N orthogonal matrix, V is an M M orthogonal matrix,
the superscript T indicates matrix transpose, and is an N M matrix
with all elements zero excluding along the diagonal. The diagonal
elements ii contain of r = minimum (N,M) nonnegative numbers i,
which are organised in declining order, i.e. 1 > 2 >3 >.>r.
The numbers are called the singular values of A (they are also singular
values of AT) and are distinctive. The rank of A equals the number of
nonzero singular values obtained from the decomposition, Equation 3. In
the presence of noise, the number of singular values, greater than roughly
appropriately small fraction of the largest singular value is taken as the
numerical rank. Since the singular values are ordered, the index k of the
kth singular value can be called the singular value number.

1.1 Correlating Equations 1, 2 and 3

In Equation 3, let U = . Then the matrix is of size N M. Letting uk be


the kth column of U and vk be the kth column of V, the matrix product of
Equation 4 can be written as

Equation 4
Equation 4 represents clearly the different form of Equation 1. The
function (x,t) is signified here by the matrix A . The function uk(t) is
indicated by the column matrix uk. The function vk(x) is indicated by the
row matrix vkt. Estimation of Equation 1 in a finite dimensional space is
now meticulous.
1.2 Lowerrank approximations to A

For any k < r, the matrix k obtained by setting k+1 = k+2 == r = 0


in can be used to calculate an optimum rank k approximation to A, given
by
Ak = U kV T ......(1.4.1)
For computations, U and V are actually replaced with the matrices of their
first k columns, k by its foremost k k principal minor, namely the sub
matrix consisting of the first k columns and first k rows of .

The optimality of the estimate derives from the detail that no other rank k
matrix can be closer to A in the Frobenius norm (square root of the sums
of squares of all the elements), which is a separate version of the L2 norm.
Thus, the first k columns of the matrix V (for any k) give an optimum
orthonormal basis for estimating the image data. The columns of V can be
justifiably called the POD modes.

1.4 Computations and correspondence with SVD

On multiplying before Eq. 1 with its transpose and observing that V1 =


VT, we see that V is the matrix of eigenvectors of the symmetric M*M
matrix ATA, while the squares of the singular values are the r = min(N,M)
largest eigenvalues of ATA.
Similarly, on multiplying before the transposed Eq. 1 with this one and
noting that U1 = UT, we see that U is the matrix of eigenvectors of the
symmetric N*N matrix AAT, and the squares of the singular values are the
r = min(N,M) largest eigenvalues of AAT.
The matrix V can be created by calculating the SVD straightly using
marketable software like MATLAB. Otherwise, the calculation can be
carried out indirectly using eigenvalue/eigenvector routines, using ATA as
mentioned above.
If M >> N, it is more effective to first calculate the matrix U as the matrix
of eigenvectors of AAT. This method is called the method of snapshots in
the POD literature. For example, when interferometric images or images
from a schlieren experiment are monitored there may be M ~ 512 * 512
pixels in each image whilst there may be around N ~ 100 images over
time. In such cases, it is much generous to use the method of snapshots
rather than the direct SVD algorithm.
Once U is known, pre-multiplying Eq. 1 by UT gives

U T A = V T

The product in above equation is perceptibly still N*M. The last MN


columns of are zero; the bottom MN rows of VT, or the last MN
columns of V, are multiplied by zeros and are unspecified and unrelated. If
there are k nonzero singular values, then the first k rows of VT are
orthogonal nonzero. Their norms are the singular values. Normalizing
them to unit magnitude gives the corresponding proper orthogonal modes
vi .

1.5 Phase averaging

In order to obtain the phase-resolved flow field reconstruction from an


ensemble of instantaneous flow field realizations, such as that provided by
PIV, the phase of each individual realization needs to be identified. The
phase may be obtained either by a simultaneous registration of an
external phase indicator (most commonly, a time-resolved pressure or a
hot-wire signal) or extracted from the realization itself. The latter approach
is especially convenient as it removes the necessity of synchronously
acquiring an additional external signal. The phase identification procedure
can be relatively straightforward when the PIV data acquisition is time
resolved, e.g., using a local probing of velocity or circulation at some
convenient location in the flow field. When the data acquisition is not
time-resolved and asynchronous with respect to the vorticity, which is the
situation more commonly encountered in current PIV applications in air
flows, the phase identification needs to be more elaborate. It usually
involves global indicators, such as (vortex) pattern recognition and
tracking. In the present study, a relatively simple and robust global phase
identification method is used that exploits the POD decomposition of the
fluctuating flow field. In this approach, the phase of an individual flow
realization is determined from its projection on the first two POD modes,
which are considered to represent the orthogonal components of the basic
harmonic of the periodic component. The procedure has several
advantages in comparison to the alternative phase identification
techniques described above. First of all, using the flow field projection on
the POD modes provides a global phase indicator, as it is not depending
on a limited region of the flow field, as in the case of using local reference
probes (either physical or virtual). In addition, the POD decomposition
filters out flow field fluctuations that are incoherent with the large-scale
motion by representing them with the higher-order modes. Both aspects
make the procedure less sensitive to phase jitter. Additionally, of great
practical significance, is that using the dominant POD modes
automatically selects the flow field information representative of the
coherent flow motion. This provides a relatively automatic phase
identification procedure that needs no case-specific knowledge of the flow
field or user intervention, as would be required for selecting a suitable
probing region.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Approximation of a surface:

Let z be given by

Equation 5
Visualize that we quantity this function at 50 equally spaced instants of t
and 25 equally spaced x points. The surface z(x,t) is shown in the figure
below.
Arranging the data in a matrix Z, we calculate the POD of Z, and then
figure rank 1, rank 2, and rank 3 estimations to Z (as outlined before low
rank approximations). These reconstructions have also been shown in the
figure. The rank 3 approximation looks non-distinguishable from the real
surface. This is clarified by figure 2(e), which displays the singular values
of Z. The singular values decline rapidly in size, with the fourth one
meaningfully lesser than the third.

Figure 3 Rank Approximations

It can be very effortlessly experiential that the first 3 modes donate to


almost 99.9 % of the energy for the given decomposition and hence are
the dominant modes in the given problem which would mean that it is
enough to make a reduced order reconstruction (for reasonably high
accuracy) just with 3 modes or 3rd Rank approximation.

2.2 Reduced Order Reconstructions

For authentication of the process, image data from a laser interferometric


reading were taken. The following is done,
From the entire dataset only half the images (N=10) are taken to
establish the data set A. Calculations for U,,V are performed by the
measures listed above. The Proper Orthogonal modes are thus obtained.
Approximations to images from the dataset are achieved by considering
several rank approximations. One of the sample images from the
collection and the POD modes or the eigen faces for this problem are
shown in Fig 2,

Figure 4 Reconstructed Images: Eigen Modes (1st ,2nd and 3rd resp.)
As can be experiential
the 1st eigen
face/mode is basically
same in form to the
mean of the dataset.
This is because means
have not been
subtracted while
executing the POD of
this given dataset.
Shown in Fig 5 are the
energies of the
conforming modes,
delineating their
significance in making
successive lower
order approximations.
From the graph of
energy vs. eigenvalue
index it can be easily
deduced that almost all
the energy is limited
Figure 5 Eigen values or representative Energy of POD within the first 45
Modes
modes and hence we
can as well leave out those modes which do not donate considerably to
the reconstruction. The semi-log curve for eigen values gives a well
visualization of the trend in eigen values and consequently the singular
values of the data matrix established by the interferometric image
dataset. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order reconstructions of one of the
images are also shown in the Fig 5. It can be simply seen that 4th order
approximation provides a rationally well reconstruction of the original
image.

Figure 6 Energy and Eigenvalue magnitude vs. Eigenvalue

2.3 POD based Interpolation


In an interferometric experiment, the camera registers interferograms of
convection patterns at a certain speed. The proper orthogonal
decomposition described above can be used to recognise dominant modes
in the convection pattern, either in an entire
time sequence or in single interferogram. In the current study, POD has
been used in a somewhat dissimilar context. The transients in convection
are invariably faster than the camera speed (that is of the order of 2550
frames per second). It is possible that certain important transitions (or
bifurcations) are lost during the recording process. The data is then said to
be gappy. It is proposed here that the POD modes can be used to make an
Figure 7 Sample image whose low order reconstructions are shown
essentially continuous time sequence of transient convection, and thus
serve as a powerful interpolation tool. This idea can be mathematically
expressed as, the elementary POD technique delineated in the preceding
unit deliberated timevarying data or images by taking a sequence of
images at diverse moments in time. The process could also be functional
in parameter space that is, attaining flow snapshots while permitting a
parameter to vary.
A technique for quick calculation of the image (or any other physical
quantity) solution U at any value of t is as follows: From the current
dataset make the POD data matrix (A) and find the POD basis
functions/modes (V) and their own time history (U). One can now build any
rank approximation of the given data at the time moments declared or at
which the data was collected.
If k(t)uk(t) is a smooth function of t, interpolation can be used to
determine the POD coefficients for transitional values of t that were not
included in the original collective. The forecast of Ati at any value of ti via
the POD expansion is given by

Equation 6
where the coefficients uk(ti) are found by cubic spline interpolation of the
column matrix Uk.

Figure 8 The sample image whose low order reconstructions are


Shown in Fig 6 are the original image (that was not a part of the collective
used in POD calculations) and a reconstruction of the image by
interpolation of the time component of the matrix U. It is simply seen that
POD gives good reconstructions for such data and hence is an operative or
intellectual way of achieving interpolation.
It is now authenticated that reduced order reconstruction and
interpolation based on POD work well with respect to both precision and
computational efficacy. We can now spread these thoughts for use in
unsteady tomographic reconstruction of concentration field around a
growing KDP crystal.

2.4 Tomographic Reconstruction

Tomography has been used in the current work to reconstruct two


dimensional concentration fields over individual horizontal planes from
their onedimensional projections. The third dimension is occupied by
moving from one plane to the next in the third (vertical) direction. The
footage outline as shown in Fig 7 is the parallel beam geometry. The
convolution back projection (CBP) algorithm has been used in the current
study for tomographic reconstruction. Noteworthy benefits of this method
include its noniterative character, obtainability of analytical results on
convergence of the solution with respect to the projection data, and
established error estimates.

Figure 9 Schematic drawing of data collection using


2.5 Validation of Reconstruction Procedure with Analytically
Simulated Data

To authenticate the process followed for reconstruction we use data


simulated analytically in which concentration decreases in a normal curve
fashion along the radial lines. Projections are taken using the radon
function whilst reconstruction is achieved using the iradon function.

As is seen the reconstruction has been done for both symmetric (Fig 8)
and asymmetric data (Fig 9). With 10 and lesser projections error
increases significantly. Hence it is suggested that the minimum no. of
projections should not be less than, preferably 20.

Figure 10 Symmetric Density function in space and its tomographic


Figure 11 Asymmetric Density function in space and its tomographic
reconstructions
2.6 Unsteady Tomographic Reconstruction for Crystal Growth
Process
Growth of a crystal is experiential in order to understand the fundamental
mechanisms and hence control the crystal quality Tomography has
conventionally been employed to reconstruct the steady state flow
patterns Integrating POD & CBP based reconstruction would be a first
method to reconstruct unsteady density/concentration field for the given
data using principles of tomography and POD. Our aim here is to decouple
the time and space components for the plane data.

2.7 POD Data Matrix:


The Data Matrix for POD is formed as follows: At each time-instants we
have several projections: We form a POD data matrix for each projection
successively in one row. Similarly, the data for other times forms the rest
of the rows. We now find the POD modes and the individual time
components for each of these projections.

2.8 CASES with SIMULATED datasets:

The concentration is simulated as a normal distribution along the radius in


space and sinusoidally varying in time. The function of density for one
plane can be articulated as (x,y are the coordinates w.r.t center),

Equation 7
The 2d Modes for this dataset are revealed below. This case is for the data
which is symmetric in space and
varies temporally. Observe in
Fig 10, the 1st Eigen face or
the 1st mode itself signifies
most of the energy with other
modes donating to a very
small part.

This is also evident from the


plot of energy vs. eigen value
index shown in Figure.

Once the modes have been


reconstructed using CBP: one can
easily obtain the
information for the given plane by multiplying with the
time component as
demonstrated in the Figure 12 Eigenfaces or POD modes for the
algorithm. given dataset
2.9 When modes are more than
one
Let us now deliberate the case wherein the data is not symmetric in space
itself. The Eigen faces/ modes for such a dataset have been presented
below. In this case 2 eigen faces can be seen to be leading Thus in this
case the eigen faces and eigenvalues graph shows that more than just
one mode is leading and the reconstruction will require us to consider

Figure 13 Eigenfaces or POD modes for the given


dataset

Figure 14 (Repeated)Eigen values or representative


Energy of POD Modes
higher orders too.

2.10 POD on Experimental Schlieren Data


SYMMETRIC CASE:

POD based tomographic reconstruction has been completed for an image


sequence, one of the images are presented here. An entire period has
been occupied and this has been used for reconstruction. The images here
are only for one projection. For the instance deliberated here the
projection data has been retained the same for all the projections and
reconstructions have been through with 90 projections.

The common process of tomographic reconstruction is altered a slight:


First the modes are calculated for all the projections (which happen to
be the same in this instance)
The modes of each projection relate to each other and thus for the
modes of each projection the tomographic reconstruction is caused.
Finally to reconstruct the images this 2d mode is multiplied by the
particular time component got from the matrix U. In case of many
projections being dissimilar from each other, the conforming time
component for the 2d mode is calculated by the average of the time
component found for all the projections.

2.11 Energy of the Modes:

The graph of energy vs. the


eigen value index displays
that up to almost 10 modes
of 18 are leading or
pertinent to the
present problem as they
almost make up for 99% of
the energy.

The data used here is taken


to be symmetric and
synchronous. However, the
data obtained from a
typical
experiment is both
synchronous and
asymmetric. In such a
situation let us inspect
Figure 15 Energy of the Modes if the modes still turn
out to be the same.

If the data is just time displaced with respect to the projections it means
that the modes would still remain same and would travel even though the
individual projections might not travel well. Projections are viable at only
one projection. Therefore, at a given time only one projection can be
noted. The data from one projection (over time) is given a specific
displacement. But the modes are likely to remain the same only changes
are likely in time matrices. The procedure delineated has been applied to
this data to see if modes match!
A look at the Figure 2 shows that the modes match totally which is what
was probable.
This technique gives us a decent approximation of the modes. However,
the time averaging of the U matrix generates some false projections
To obtain a better estimate of the reconstructed the following could be
done.
Once modes have been created for the given problem suitable
projections can be multiplied by the time matrix for that projection to
produce a improved reconstruction
This method however doesnt entirely decouple the spatial and temporal
components: the time matrices will now have a dependence on the
projection data.
However, the technique works in a more improved way especially for the
asynchronous case where averaging out has led to some false results.

2.12 Repairing & Generating Data

Sometimes, the entire collective (all view angles at a given time instant)
of data is not present, one can still use this method for reconstruction.
Obtain the modes from a single projection data by supposing a
symmetric field.
The existing matrix has only one projection data for each time Define a
Mask vector accordingly.
Define this data in terms of the representative modes and iterate to
match with the modes.

2.13 Phase identification and low-order modelling


The domination of the first two modes in the POD analysis is verified from
the POD eigenvalue spectrum in the Figure 14, for the cases of =0o, as
well as for the first four eigenvalues for all incidence angles considered.
The weakened dominance of the first pair of modes is possibly linked to
the loss of symmetry when the body is at
incidence. As, for =0o, the first and second
POD modes together represent 75% of the
total kinetic energy fluctuation (first and
second modes contribute 42% and 33%,
respectively). Including the third and fourth
modes captures nearly 80% of the energy in
this case. For the other incidence angles, the
energy captured by the first pair of modes is
slightly less (6166%), while also the
difference between the first and second eigenvalues becomes larger.
Figure 16 eigenvalue spectrum (a=0o)

The above explanations suggest that the coherent phase-resolved


component of the flow can be recognized in a first approximation with a
low-order flow model incorporating only the mean and the first two POD
modes

Equation 8

Equation 9
where is the vorticity phase angle, assumed to increase linearly with
time according to d/dt = 2(pi)f, with f being the fundamental vorticity
frequency. The higher order modes neglected in the low-order model
contain the higher order harmonics of the coherent motion as well as the
random turbulent motion. That the first pair of modes does indeed
represent the orthogonal components of the basic coherent harmonic can
be verified from cross plotting the corresponding mode coefficients a1 and

Equation 10
a2 of the individual realizations. According to second equation above, the
coefficients a1 and a2, although statistically uncorrelated, are not
independent, but instead are predicted to form an ellipse in the (a1, a2)
plane:
The cross plot in figure below confirms this relation, which is given by a
circle in the normalized (a1, a2) plane. The observed scatter of the data
points around the theoretical curve could be an indication of cycle-to-cycle
variations of the vorticity process, induced by small-scale fluctuations or
turbulence.

This brings us to a particular application of POD in the present study,


which is that of direct phase identification of the individual flow field
realizations. Having obtained the mode
coefficients a1(i) and a2(i) for a particular
realization from projecting it onto the
POD modes, the phase /i is extracted as
the angle in the normalized (a1, a2)
plane, i.e.:

Equation 11

where ri is the radius of the


normalized
Figure 17 Snapshot mode
coefficient correlation
Equation 12

ellipse through a1(i) and a2(i):


After identifying the phase of each realization, the data ensemble can be
phase-sorted to obtain phase-re-solved or phase-averaged
representations of the vorticity.
The result of this procedure, obtained with two different phase bin sizes,
15o and 45o, is displayed in the figure for =0o, and compared to the
phase-resolved prediction of the low-order model for the same mean
phase (bottom). The diagrams display the instantaneous streamline
pattern overlaid on colour contours of instantaneous vorticity. Note that
the regions near the upper and forward surfaces are unreliable because
they are not optically accessible. It is observed that the methods
essentially provide the same flow structure, and that the bin size does not
have a large effect on the phase-averaged results.

The low-order model seems to have a smoothing effect similar to a spatial


filter or an enlarged ensemble size, which removes irregularities due to
small-scale flow fluctuations and measurement noise. The noise character
is most prominent in the vorticity fields, but seems to have little effect on
the streamline patterns.

The entire ensemble contains about 500 realizations, which indicates that,
when using the phase-averaging method, the average bin filling is about
60 for phase bins of 45o. For this approach, the total ensemble size is
indeed relatively low for statistical convergence, which explains the noisy
results, even for a relatively large bin sizes. Comparison to the POD-based
low-order reconstruction illustrates the strength of the latter approach as
a very efficient way to obtain the coherent component of the flow in
comparison to the direct conditional-averaging approach, even for such a
limited ensemble size. Rather than computing the phase-averaged
realizations for a given phase only from a limited number of binned
recordings, now all recordings contribute to the result, so that a
significantly smaller statistical ensemble is required to obtain similar
results. The statement that all realizations contribute to the coherent part
in the POD reconstruction can be supported by the following analysis. In
the case that the POD is obtained from an ensemble of uncorrelated flow
field realizations (snapshots), the number of independent modes
returned is equal to the ensemble size (the number of snapshots), while
each POD mode can be written as a linear combination of the snapshots:

where i is the realization number and M is the ensemble size. Substitution


Equation 13
of this relation, collectively with the phase reconstruction relations allows
the low-order model of above equations to be written as:

Equation 14

This reveals that the coherent part of the low-order model can be
identified as the basic Fourier component of the data ensemble with
respect to the reconstructed phase, weighted according to the identified

Equation 15
strength of the coherent mode (the ri factor). It may be observed that the
Fourier decomposition is performed with respect to the phase and not
time. Although in the analysis it has been assumed that the phase is linear
with time in order to express the mode amplitude in relation to the
eigenvalue, this limitation is not very essential. In principle, the above
procedure could be prolonged to extract higher order phase harmonics.
For example, in analogy to the above expression, the second harmonic
can be obtained as:
The given definition of the second harmonic in relation to the snapshot
ensemble may be unimportant from the appearance of the r i2 term, which
is included to allow the amplitude functions A 2(x) and B2(x) to be obtained
in terms of correlations of the mode coefficients a i. In conclusion, the low-
order illustration is found to be a convenient technique of extracting the
coherent flow component, based on a relatively limited ensemble of
uncorrelated flow field realizations. The recognition of spatial coherence
inherent in the POD decomposition offers an extra sifting of the incoherent
component, which, for a conditional-averaging of flow field or pointwise
dimensioning, could only be attained from hiking the ensemble size or by
applying extra spatial filtering on the phase-averaged stream fields. In
fact, the low-order depiction based on the basic POD modes is analogous
to the result of a number of statistical processes on the ensemble (phase
recognition, weighting of the individual realizations conferring to the
recognized coherent mode strength, and Fourier component extraction),
without essentially executing these statistical operations explicitly.

Chapter 3
SOME HELPFUL CODES
Chapter 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 We reconstructed the vorticity images from the two principle eigen
modes which are shown below,

Figure 18 Modes and Mean phases


4.2 The phase average fields are also shown,

Figure 19 Phase Averaged Images

Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The unsteady flow-field around a square cylinder at incidence has been
examined by using of particle image velocimetry (PIV). The phase-
resolved velocity field was rebuilt from an ensemble of arbitrarily captured
PIV snapshots, recorded at a comparatively low frame-rate w.r.t the vortex
frequency. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modal analysis of the
instantaneous flow fields has provided info on the mean and coherent flow
organization. The experimental evolution of the mean flow topology with
incidence settles with earlier flow field studies. The POD analysis delivers
an effective method for describing the large-scale coherent fluid motion.
The findings are that the POD decomposition is suitable as a stoic global
phase identifier of individual flow field realizations. Phase identification is
the most important part for understanding the fluid flow shapes. Plus, a
low-order picture composed of the mean flow and the 1st two POD modes
provides a good portrayal of the coherent vorticity, permitting the
identification of the main features and to understand proficiently the
effects of incidence on the vortex formation and vorticity. Also, since only
the modes commute and not the individual projections, there is no other
choice but to resort to this method for reconstruction of the description.
Modes for synchronous and asynchronous data are the equivalent and this
helps us recreate the data even with small number of projections. The
spatial properties of the problem are simply recognized just looking at the
modes.
5.2 Scope for Future Work
The method can be easily applied for gappy data one that is feasibly
obtained forms the experiments. The algorithm defined here can be used
to construct the modes of asynchronous problems too. Developments
must be made for field reconstruction by modifying the U matrix.
Parametric Tomography to find the density field at parameters which
cannot be attained in the laboratory. Moreover, all equations shown here
have been made just for one plane. Executing similar analysis for all
planes can give us the 3d recreated dataset.

References
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Elkhadim Bouhoubeiny, Philippe Druault; 2009; Note on the POD-
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Roi Gurka, Alexander Liberzon, Gad Hetsroni; 2005; POD of vorticity
fields: A method for spatial characterization of coherent structures.
J. Kostas, J. Soria, M. S. Chong; 2005; A comparison between
snapshot POD analysis of PIV velocity and vorticity data.
Rodolphe Perrin, Marianna Braza, Emmanuel Cid, Sbastien Cazin,
Arnaud Barthet, Allain Sevrain, Charles Mockett, Frank Thiele; Phase
averaged turbulence properties in the near wake of a circular
cylinder at high Reynolds number using POD.
Carl D. Meinhart, Steve T. Wereley, Juan G. Santiago;2000; A PIV
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Chong Pan, Hongping Wang and Jinjun Wang; 2012; Phase
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velocimetry with a low sampling rate.
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2004; Phase-resolved characterization of vortex shedding in the
near wake of a square-section cylinder at incidence.
Anindya Chatterjee;2000; An introduction to the proper orthogonal
decomposition

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