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Problem 13.1 Given the circuit in Figure 13.1 and k = 1 , find I1 and I 2 .
M
j
10 10
+ +
0 V
10 I1 j10 j10 I2 0 V
10
Figure 13.1
In order to find the equivalent circuit containing the induced voltages, we need to know the
mutual inductance, M.
Then,
M = k L1 L 2 = L1 L 2
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Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic
circuit analysis. The goal of the problem is to find two currents. Hence, mesh analysis will
be used.
Thus,
L1 = L 2 = 10 and L1 = L 2 = L .
Hence,
M = L1 L 2 = L and jM = jL = j10 .
j10 j10
+ +
0 V
10 I1 I2 0 V
10
+
j10I2 +
j10I1
In matrix form,
1 + j - j I1 1
- j 1 + j I = -1
2
or
1+ j j
I1 j 1 + j 1
I = -1
2
where = (1 + j) 2 (-j) 2 = (1 + j2 + j2 ) j 2 = 1 + j2 .
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Now,
1+ j j
I1 1 + j2 1 + j2 1
I = j 1+ j
2 - 1
1 + j2 1 + j2
Therefore,
1+ j j 1 10
I1 = = = = 0.4472 - 63.43 A
1 + j2 1 + j2 563.43
j (1 + j) -1 1180
I2 = = = = 0.4472 116.57 A
1 + j2 1 + j2 563.43
Inserting the values for I1 and I 2 results in valid equations. Thus, our check for accuracy
was successful.
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
Problem 13.2 [13.1] For the three coupled coils in Figure 13.1, calculate the total
inductance.
2H
4H 5H
6H 8H 10 H
Figure 13.1
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For coil 1, L1 M 12 + M 13 = 6 4 + 2 = 4
For coil 2, L 2 M 21 M 23 = 8 4 5 = -1
For coil 3, L 3 + M 31 M 32 = 10 + 2 5 = 7
L T = 4 1 + 7 = 10 H
or L T = L1 + L 2 + L 3 2 M 12 2 M 23 + 2 M 12
L T = 6 + 8 + 10 (2)(4) (2)(5) + (2)(2)
L T = 6 + 8 + 10 8 10 + 4 = 10 H
Problem 13.3 For the frequency domain circuit shown in Figure 13.1, determine the value
of v out ( t ) for v in ( t ) = 10 cos(377 t ) and a coupling coefficient k = 0.8 .
+
j20
5
M
j I2 Vout
+ I1
Vin
j5
Figure 13.1
Before an equivalent circuit can be drawn, we must determine the value of M . Using k = 0.8 ,
M
k= .
L1 L 2
Because the circuit is in the frequency domain rather than the time domain, we know the value of
L rather than the value of L . So, transform the equation for k to include . Then,
M
k= .
(L1 )(L 2 )
Hence,
M = k (L1 )(L 2 ) = (0.8) (5)(20) = 8
We also need to transform the voltage source from the time domain to the frequency domain.
Let's assume a reference of
A cos(377 t + ) .
Then,
Vin = 100 .
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The circuit can be redrawn as
+
j20
5
j8 I2 Vout
+
0 V
10 I1
j5
Using the dot convention, we can draw an equivalent circuit to incorporate the induced voltages
from the coupling effects.
With this circuit, we can use mesh analysis to find the answer in the frequency domain.
Loop #1 : - 10 + 5 I1 + j5 (I1 I 2 ) j8 I 2 = 0
Loop #2 : j8 I 2 + j5 (I 2 I1 ) j8 (I1 I 2 ) + j20 I 2 + Vout = 0
This is a system of two equations and three unknowns. We need a constraint equation. Due to
the open circuit, it is obvious that I 2 = 0 .
Combining like terms and introducing the constraint, the equations become
(5 + j5) I1 = 10
and
Vout = j13 I1
Clearly,
10 100
I1 = = = 2 - 45
5 + j5 5 245
and
Vout = j13 I1 = (1390)( 2 - 45) = 13 2 45
Using the reference assumed above, the voltage converts to the time domain as
v out ( t ) = 13 2 cos( 377t + 45) V
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Problem 13.4 Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, find the coupling coefficient, k, and the
voltage across the 1- resistor.
j100
100
+
+
0 V
10 j100 j100 V1 1
Figure 13.1
k=1 V1 = 0.10 V
+ I1 I2 +
V1 L1 L2 V2
Figure 13.1
M
The coupling coefficient is k = .
L1 L 2
Given values for M , L1 , and L 2 , we need to modify the equation for k to be
M
k= .
(L1 )(L 2 )
5 5
k= = = 0.5
(10)(10) 10
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To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit that takes into account the coupling
effects, i.e., the induced voltages.
10 10
j10 j10
+ I1 I2 +
10 V 10 V
+
j5I2 +
j5I1
In matrix form,
10 + j10 - j5 I1 10
- j5 10 + j10 I = - 10
2
10 + j10 j5
I1 j5 10 + j10 10
I = - 10
2 (25)(1 + j8)
(50)(2 + j) 4 + j2
I1 (25)(1 + j8) 1 + j8
I = =
2 (50)(-2 - j)
- 4 - j2
(25)(1 + j8) 1 + j8
Thus,
4 + j2 4.472126.57
I1 = = = 0.5547 - 56.31 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
- 4 - j2 4.4721 - 153.43
I2 = = = 0.5547 123.69 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
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Now, find the power absorbed in the circuit. Look at the power absorbed by each element.
The voltage sources absorb 3.0769 watts, or deliver +3.0769 watts, the resistances absorb
3.0769 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power.
Problem 13.6 [13.13] Determine the currents I1 , I 2 , and I 3 in the circuit of Figure
13.1. Find the energy stored in the coupled coils at t = 2 ms. Take = 1000 rad/s.
k = 0.5
I1 8
I2
j10 I3 j10
+
90 A
3 4 j5 0 V
20
Figure 13.1
k = 0.5
4 8
j10 I3 j10
+ +
90 A
12 I1 j5 I2 0 V
20
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M k
k= or M=
L1 L 2 L1 L 2
1
I1 = = 2.462 72.18 A
2
I2 = = 0.878 - 97.48 A
I 3 = I1 I 2 = 3.329 74.89 A
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Problem 13.7 Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, V1 = V2 = 10 volts, R 1 = R 2 = 10 ohms,
L1 = L 2 = 10 , and M = 5 , find the coupling coefficient, k, the currents in the primary and
secondary circuits, I1 and I 2 , and the power absorbed.
M
R1 R2
+ I1 I2 +
V1 L1 L2 V2
Figure 13.1
To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit which takes into account the coupling
effects, i.e., the induced voltages.
10 10
j10 j10
+ I1 I2 +
10 V 10 V
+
j5I2 + j5I1
In matrix form,
10 + j10 j5 I1 10
j5 =
10 + j10 I 2 - 10
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10 + j10 - j5
I1 - j5 10 + j10 10
I = - 10
2 (25)(1 + j8)
(50)(2 + j3) 4 + j6
I1 (25)(1 + j8) 1 + j8
I = =
2 (50)(-2 - j3)
- 4 - j6
(25)(1 + j8) 1 + j8
Thus,
4 + j6 7.211156.31
I1 = = = 0.8944 - 26.57 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
- 4 - j6 7.2111 - 123.69
I2 = = = 0.8944 153.43 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
Now, find the power absorbed in the circuit. Look at the power absorbed by each element.
The voltage sources absorb 7.9994 watts, or deliver +7.9994 watts, the resistances absorb
7.9995 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power.
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M
R1 R2
+ I1 I2 +
V1 L1 L2 V2
Figure 13.1
k = 0.5
I1 = 0.5547 - 56.31 A
I 2 = 0.5547 123.69 A
The voltage sources absorb 3.0769 watts, or deliver +3.0769 watts, the resistances absorb
3.0769 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power.
+ I1 I2 +
V1 L1 L2 V2
Figure 13.1
k = 0.5
I1 = 0.8944 - 26.57 A
I 2 = 0.8944 153.43 A
The voltage sources absorb 7.9994 watts, or deliver +7.9994 watts, the resistances absorb
7.9995 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power.
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LINEAR TRANSFORMERS
5H
15 H 20 H
Figure 13.1
(a) L a = L1 M = 10 H
L b = L 2 M = 15 H
Lc = M = 5 H
L1 L 2 M 2 275
LA = = = 18.33 H
L2 M 15
L1 L 2 M 2
LB = = 27.5 H
L1 M
L1 L 2 M 2 275
LC = = = 55 H
M 5
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IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
Problem 13.11 Given the ideal transformer circuit in Figure 13.1, find V10 .
0.9 1 : 10
+
+
0 V
10 V10 10
Figure 13.1
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic
circuit analysis. Using either nodal or mesh analysis will produce two equations with four
unknowns. In either case, we need to find two constraint equations. So, let's use mesh
analysis for the initial attempt to find a solution. Then, nodal analysis will be used to check
the solution.
0.9
1 : 10
+ + +
+
0 V
10 I1 V1 V2 I2 V10 10
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Mesh analysis yields,
Loop 1 : 10 = 0.9I1 + V1
Loop 2 : V2 = 10I 2
This is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are needed.
1:n
+ +
+ I1 I2
VS V1 V2 ZL
There are many ways to find the values of V1 , V2 , I1 , and I 2 . Let's find I1 . To do this,
find V1 in terms of I1 and substitute into the equation for loop 1.
Therefore,
V10 = V2 = 10 V
V2 0
At node 2, + ( -I 2 ) = 0 or V2 10 I 2 = 0 (2)
10
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Again, this is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are
needed. From the ideal transformer, we have
V2 = 10V1 (3)
I1 = 10I 2 (4)
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
V10 = 10 V
Problem 13.12 [13.33] For the circuit in Figure 13.1, find Vo . Switch the dot on the
secondary side and find Vo again.
20 mF
10 3:1
+
+
10 cos(5t) V 2 Vo
Figure 13.1
1 1
C = 0.02 F becomes = = - j10
jC j (5)(0.02)
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We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below.
j10
I3
10 3:1
+ + +
+
0 V
10 I1 V1 V2 I2 2 Vo
Using mesh analysis,
2 100 j100
I2 = = = 1.482 32.9 A
- 20 j 93.33
Vo = 2 I 2 = 2.963 32.9 V
Switching the dot on the secondary side affects only equations (4) and (5).
V2 = - V1 3 (9)
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I1 = - I 2 3 (10)
2 100 j100
I2 = = = 1.482 - 147.1 A
- 20 + j 93.33
Vo = 2 I 2 = 2.963 - 147.1 V
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
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1:n
A
a
B 20MVA
Load
b
C
c
VL 7200 1
n= = =
3VLp 12470 3 3
20 MVA
Hence, I Lp = = 1,604 A
12.47 kV
20 MVA
I Ls = = 2,778 A
7.2kV
3 I Lp = 3 1603.85 = 2,778 A
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PSPICE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
Problem 13.14 [13.63] Use PSpice to find V1 , V2 , and I o in the circuit in Figure 13.1.
16 j8
Io
2 j4 j12 20
1:2
+ +
+ +
60 V
40 V1 V2 0 V
30
Figure 13.1
In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592.
After simulation, we obtain the output file which includes
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Thus,
V1 = 19.55 83.32 V V2 = 68.47 46.4 V
I o = 443.4 - 92.6 mA
APPLICATIONS
Problem 13.15 [13.73] A 4800-V rms transmission line feeds a distribution transformer
with 1200 turns on the primary and 28 turns on the secondary. When a 10- load is connected
across the secondary, find :
V2 N 2
(a) = =n
V1 N1
N2 28
V2 = V1 = (4800) = 112 V
N1 1200
V2 112
(b) I2 = = = 11.2 A
R 10
I1 = n I 2 , where n = 28 1200
28
I1 = (11.2) = 261.3 mA
1200
2
(c) p = I 2 R = (11.2) 2 (10) = 1254 W
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